cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia (also known as Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis) is a parasite that infects the intestines and causes giardiasis or 'beaver fever'. Giardia affects humans, cats, dogs and birds, cows, beavers, deer, and sheep.
New Boston, New Hampshire
New Boston is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States.
Rockport
Rockport can mean:
Elektrostal
Elektrostal (Электроста́ль) is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is 58 km east of Moscow. As of 2010, 155,196 people lived there.
Animism
Animism is a belief common in many different religions and philosophies. An animist is a person who believes or practices animism. Animism is the belief that there is more in nature than the physical things that can be seen and touched. The part that is not physical can be called a soul, life force, or spirit. Physical things come in two types: things that are alive and things that are not alive. Animals and plants are alive. Most animists believe animals and plants have a spirit. Some animists also believe some non-living parts of nature have spirits. These non-living parts of nature include the wind, the rain, and geographic features like mountains and rivers.
Differences between Animism and similar beliefs
Animism is different from other similar beliefs. However, it is often confused with other similar beliefs. First, Animism is not Hylozoism. Hylozoism claims that the entire universe is alive and has an animating power like a spirit. Animism does not claim that the universe is alive. Animism does not believe all things are alive. Second, Animism is not Panpsychism. Panpsychism claims that all things have a mind and that mentality is the reason why the universe can exist. Animism claims that only some things have a mind. Animism does not believe that things must have a mind in order to exist. Third, Animism is not Vitalism. Vitalism claims that things which are alive cannot be explained without a spiritual as well as physical reason. Animism does not always believe that everything alive has a spirit. Animism also sometimes believes that non-living things have spirits.
Differences between Animism and Theism
Animism is often compatible with Theism. Theism is the belief in the divine. The divine can be a single god (monotheism), many gods (polytheism), or everything (pantheism). Theists believe that the divine is "transcendent," separate from human life. However, Animism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. The spirits of Animist belief are not transcendent, and that is why humans interact with them. Also, Animism is not pantheistic. The spirits of Animism are not all one (monism), but are unique to each thing with a spirit.
"Old Animism" and "New Animism"
Animism is an idea described by anthropologists, not Animists. As anthropologists have studied Animism, they have changed their minds on how to describe it. This means that the first definition of Animism is now known as "Old Animism." The first definition was offered by Ernst Stahl in the 1800s. Stahl was a chemist and physician. He was not describing a religious belief. However, Edward Tylor borrowed his word to use for religious beliefs in other parts of the world. These beliefs were different and older from what Tylor believed. Because they were different and older, Tylor argued that his beliefs must have developed from Animist beliefs. He argued that all people groups develop in this way. The main change he proposed was that people move from religious explanations for the world to scientific explanations for the world. This was called the social evolutionary approach to anthropology. It is not popular with anthropologists since the 1920s.
Now, anthropologists have stopped thinking of Animism as a way of explaining the world. Now, Animism is described as a way of relating to the world. This is the difference: the "old Animism" explained the unknown, but "new Animism" builds relationships with non-human people. This change in definitions is possible mostly because of Alfred Irving Hallowell. Hallowell studied the Berens River Ojibwe of North America in the 1930s. He lived with them. He learned that the Ojibwe do not think there is a spirit in all things at all times. They do not believe spirits explain every question. Instead, the spirits of things which interact with humans as persons. Animism for the Ojibwe is about relationships. Hallowell said the best way to understand this "new" Animism was to also believe in it. It is not common for anthropologists to believe similar things to the people they write about. However, this definition of Animism is the one that anthropologists are writing about today.
Castelletto d'Erro
Castelletto d'Erro is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Yamagata
Yamagata (山形市) is a city in the Tōhoku region of Japan. It is the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture. It is on the island of Honshu. It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.
The sightseeing spot of Yamagata are the peaks of the Zaou, Rissyaku Temple and Yamagata castle. This place is site of Hanagaza festival. This festival is held in August.
Yamagata is hot in summer and cold in winter.
Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia (Arolsen, 2 August 1858 – Den Haag, 20 March 1934), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont, was the second wife of king William III of the Netherlands. She was married to him from 1879 until he died in 1890. After his death, she became Queen-Regent of the Netherlands because her daughter Wilhelmina was only 10 when her father died, and too young to reign.
Early life
Emma was the fourth of seven children. Her father was George Victor, king of Waldeck and Pyrmont, and her mother was Helena, Princess of Nassau-Weilburg. Her grandmother on her father's side, Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, was a grandchild of princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau and Karel Christiaan of Nassau-Weilburg. Her grandfather on her mother's side, Willem of Nassau-Weilburg, was also their grandchild. This means that Emma was related to the House of Orange-Nassau through two family connections.
The princess grew up in Schloss Arolsen in Germany. Her daughter, the later Queen Wilhelmina wrote in her autobiography that her mother's home life was very modern and well informed for that time.
Her husband, William III
The king was married before, to his cousin Sophie of Württemberg. She died in 1877. Their marriage was unhappy, they had lived apart since 1855. William III had a few relationships outside his first marriage. The newspapers even reported on his relationships with the American barmaid Elisa Parker and the opera singer Leonora d'Ambre from Paris.
After Sophie died, and the sons did not marry anyone, William thought it best to re-marry. That way, the family name of Orange would not die out. He met Sophie after going to her house to meet her older sister Pauline. He had also looked into marrying his niece Elisabeth van Saksen-Weimar-Eisenach.
When they were engaged in September 1878, Emma was 20 years old, and William was 61. They married on 7 January 1879, and on 31 August 1880, Wilhelmina was born.
The marriage
The first years of the marriage were happy for Queen Emma. She liked to do woodcarving, and spent a lot of time in her workshop in Utrecht. She also spent a lot of time on taking care of her Wimmy. But soon things changed. In 1884, William's youngest son Alexander died. He was 32 years old, and was not married. William's other sons had already died: Maurits in 1850 age 6, and William in 1879 aged 38. This meant that princess Wilhelmina would now be next in line to become Queen.
Regent
The health of the King went downhill fast in 1888. In May the family moved from The Hague to their palace in the quiet of Apeldoorn. The king could no longer rule the country. The government voted that Queen Emma would be Regent, and she took the oath to rule for her husband on 20 November in The Hague. She ruled in his place for only three days; William died on 23rd November 1890. He was 73 years old. From that day, at 10 years old, Wilhelmina officially became the Queen. Emma became Queen-regent for her daughter until 1898.
Emma worked in the same way as her husband. She made sure she would meet all ministers once every fourteen days. Unlike her husband, she opened up for everyone who wanted to speak to her. She also opened a lot of the post that was sent to her personally. In her period as Queen-widow-regent, she had to reshuffle her cabinet three times. She found this a difficult task.
Queen-mother
Young Wilhelmina soon chose her own path when she became Queen. She tried to get away from her mother, but often had to rely on her good knowledge of protocol. At first they lived together in Palace Noordeinde. When Wilhelmina married, Emma moved to Palace Lange Voorhout. She was no longer involved in reigning the country but still would receive diplomats and other people as widow of the king.
The next in line to the throne, Juliana, was born in 1909. The government again looked for a regent. They did not think Wilhelmina's husband Hendrik was good. Because they had good memories of Emma as regent, they requested that Emma again be Regent. Wilhelmina agreed, and from 1909 to 1927 (when Juliana would be 18) Emma once again was regent. This time it was not needed.
Emma died on 20th March 1934 from the complications of bronchitis.
Colloquialism
A colloquialism is a word that is not used in formal speech, writing or paralinguistics. Colloquialisms are also sometimes referred to collectively as "colloquial language". Colloquialisms or colloquial language is considered to be characteristic of or only appropriate for casual, ordinary, familiar, or informal conversation rather than formal speech or writing. Dictionaries often mark colloquial words and phrases with the abbreviation colloq. as an identifier.
Carlisle United F.C.
Carlsile United F.C. is an English football team in Football League Two. Jordan McDowall is the manager.
New Ipswich, New Hampshire
New Ipswich is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States.
Saulius Skvernelis
Saulius Skvernelis (born 23 July 1970) is a Lithuanian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Lithuania from 2016 until 2020. He is also a member of the Seimas. Previously he served as police commissioner, and he was Minister of the Interior from 2014 to 2016.
Vampire (Olivia Rodrigo song)
"Vampire" (spelled in all small lettters) is a song by American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo. Geffen Records released it on June 30, 2023, as the first song from her future second studio album, Guts (2023). Rodrigo co-wrote the song with its producer Dan Nigro. A music video for the song directed by Petra Collins was released on June 30 as well.
Rabindra Prasad Adhikari
Rabindra Prasad Adhikari (रविन्द्र प्रसाद अधिकारी; 4 June 1969 – 27 February 2019) was a Nepalese politician who was a member of the Communist Party of Nepal. He was Minister of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation from 16 March 2018 until his death on 27 February 2019. He was born in Bharat Pokhari, Nepal.
Adhikari died in a helicopter crash which killed six other people while returning from Pathibhara Devi Temple, Taplejung, Nepal, on 27 February 2019. He was aged 49.
Sheila E.
Sheila Escovedo (or Sheila E.; born December 12, 1957) is an American musician and singer. She has worked with Lionel Richie, Kanye West, Prince, Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez. She put out "Let's Go Crazy" and many other popular hit songs during her career. She was nominated for a Grammy Award for her song "The Glamorous Life".
Sheila E. was born in Oakland, California, a suburb of San Francisco.
Pelham, New Hampshire
Pelham is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States.
White asbestos
White asbestos, also called chrysotile asbestos or serpentine asbestos, is one of the six types of asbestos. About 95% of asbestos found in buildings is white asbestos. It is considered by experts to be less dangerous than the other types of asbestos, but it is still a major health hazard and exposure can cause cancer and asbestosis.
Nièvre (disambiguation)
Nièvre can mean:
We Can't Stop
"We Can't Stop" is a popular hit song from singer and songwriter Miley Cyrus. The lyrics are about recreational drug use at house parties. The single sold well beyond two million units in the United States. The song managed to reach number one in the UK, number two in the US, and number three on the charts in Canada. Cyrus performed the song at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards with American-Canadian singer-songwriter Robin Thicke as a medley with his 2013 hit song, "Blurred Lines". This performance was very provocative and was widely reported following the award show.
A music video of the song came out on June 19, 2013. The video got mixed reviews from the critics.
Timor
Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.
The island's surface is 11,883 square miles (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of timur, Malay for “east”; it is so called because it is at the east end of a chain of islands.
-9.23333°N, 124.93333°W
Sámi people of Norway
The Sámi ethnic group in Norway, or Sámi people in Norway, are part of an ethnic group that also lives in Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
In Norway, the core-area of the Sami, is in 4 municipalities in Finnmark county and 1 municipality in Troms county: Kautokeino, Karasjok, Porsanger, Tana og Nesseby and Kåfjord.
The core area is inside Norway's part of Sapmi (or Lapland). (Lapland is a part of 4 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.)
The Sami languages in Norway, are Northern Sami (en), Lule Sami language (en), and Southern Sami language (en).
The government's definition
"[P]eople who want to vote for", or want to be a member of "the Sami Parliament (en), they must register as Sami. The definitions of Sami" that started to be used by "Sami organizations, including the Nordic Sami Council, in the 1950s, became part of Norwegian law in 1987. A Sami is defined as a person who: 1) has Sami as his/her first language, or whose father or mother, or one of whose grandparents, has Sami as their first language, or 2) considers himself/herself a Sami and lives in entire accordance with the rules of the Sami society, and who is recognized by the representative Sami body as a Sami, or 3) has a father or mother who satisfies the above-mentioned conditions for being a Sami".
History
"Archeological research indicates that a culture identified as Sami arose in the Scandinavian peninsula between 1500 and 1000 B.C."
"[R]ecorded reference to the Sami", was made as early as 98 A.D. - by Tacitus .
One account (or description) from 896, was told to Alfred the Great, by Ohthere of Hålogaland (en) - a Norwegian chieftain, that had some connection to the English king's court.
[Old] Norse literature, such as the Icelandic sagas tells about the Sami; "Olav Tryggvason's Saga says "that the king killed a big man who was "troll-wise" and "there followed him a great number of Finns whenever he had need of them". ("Finns" is a name that sometimes meant "Sami people".)
Regarding getting the Sami to change their religion to Christianity: In the 18th century Thomas von Westen, a pietist, led missionary work (among the Sami), that has been called a concerted (or special) effort. "About a century later, Niels Vibe Stockfleth worked among the Sami and translated [the Bible's] New Testament into" [one of the Sami languages].
At Dovrefjell when Harald Hardrada was king, there was profit from the keeping of herds of reindeer, and the business was at its highest intensity.
In regard to Sami (in Norway) that had reindeer herds; when these Sami moved their herds (every year), then they would interact with people who lived permanently on the coast; the interaction also included verdde: a friendship of convenience; for example, Sami needed milk and fish after having been on a plateau (or highland) for some weeks; Sami might need repair of equipment; trade was done: People from the coast traded fish for meat from reindeer.
People living permanently on the coast in North Norway, were [largely] Sami; these Sami had permanent housing, and it became easier for these Sami to stop behaving like Sami; in some areas one was not allowed to own land, if one was Sami; some Sami changed names, to names that might sound more Norwegian (and family names such as Sæter, Strømeng, and Kalvemo became new family names).
Sami language [largely] disappeared among the Coastal Sami. Sami that did reindeer farming, and Coastal Sami slowly lost the close contact [between the two groups].
Policies to "Norwegianize" the Sami
"There were organized attempts to eradicate [or make to disappear ] the Sami language and culture[,] as a step in assimilating the Sami into Norwegian society". Policies to "Norwegianize", Samis - were in place from the late 1840s, into the 1980s.
"From the late 1840s to the 1950s, missionaries, agricultural experts and schoolteachers" tried "to Norwegianize the Sami"; the "first formal act of Parliament regarding the Norwegianization of the Sami people was made in 1848: 'The government is requested to investigate ... [find out if, and how far] there should be opportunity to bring the Norwegian Lapps, especially those living in coastal areas, instruction in the Norwegian language for the enlightenment of these people, and that the result of their findings be reported to the next Parliament'".
[Norway's] authorities [or government] made "a language directive (or rule) in 1880, which" was "made more forceful in 1898. It" said "that 'Teachers in those districts where the Lappish ... and Finnish (kvænsk) languages are permitted for the sake of facilitating instruction in the public schools shall do their utmost to spread knowledge of the Norwegian language and seek to promote its use in the circles where they work'". Furthermore, the "government had a major objective for the school[s]: Not a single Sami word was to be heard on the school grounds" [or in school buildings].
"The authorities also" used "economic measures to carry out the work of Norwegianization, including the Land Act. A regulation [or part of the law] from 1902" says that "Sale [of land] may only be made to Norwegian citizens ... who can speak, read, and write the Norwegian language and use it on a day-to-day basis".
A report by the "Parliamentary School Commission, appointed in 1922" said, without being able to show [ evidence], "that that the Sami are less educable [or able to learn] than others"; the report also said that the Sami population is less gifted and the "Sami culture does not lend itself to development".
Creation of associations
[Possibly the first] Sami association (in Norway) was started during the New Year's weekend in 1911: Buolbmag Same Særvve, in Polmak municipality.
Reindeer farming
Reindeer farming, which is a type of animal husbandry, is done by Sami, between the White Sea and [towards the West and the South, across Russia's Kola peninsula, Finland, Sweden and Norway, into Norway's] county of Hedmark.
In reindeer farming, "the Sami travel with their flocks [of reindeer] according to an established cycle"; the cycle makes sure "that the" [reindeer] can eat properly during the various [or different] seasons of the year. For example, the spring migration to summer pastures, which have a rich variety of grasses and herbs, takes place just before new calves are born in May. Summer is a time when the calves grow and the adult animals regain their strength following a long, hard winter".
Among the Sami people are nomads that do reindeer farming. They lived in their cold environment by domesticating the reindeer. The Lapps were able to get everything they needed from the deer. They ate mostly meat, milk, and cheese. Their clothing was made from reindeer skins and wool. Their tents were also made from raindeer skins. The wool clothes were beautifully decorated.
The Lapps protected the herds, moving with them as they migrated from summer to winter pastures. They used reindeer to pull sleds carrying their supplies. During the winter, the herds moved south of where the trees grew. The Lapps lived nearby in homes made of logs or sod.
Winter clothing was made from layers of reindeer skin. The inside layer would be worn with the fur facing in toward the person's skin. The second layer was worn with the fur facing out. Boots were also made of fur and lined with grass that had been gathered during the short summer. Every evening the grass would be taken out and dried by the fire, so it would be ready to use again the next day. This way, a Lapp could be warm and comfortable in even the coldest weather.
Today only a few of the Lapp people still follow the herds. Those few use modern tools on their ancient migration. They use snowmobiles to herd the reindeer and rifles to kill the wolves that chase them. Even helicopters and radios are used to locate and move the reindeer. Most of the Lapp people now live on small farms in one of the four nations of Lapland. They raise crops and animals, including a few reindeer, to meet their needs. The sale of reindeer meat is an important source of income for the Lapp people.
The Lapps were careful not to waste anything they got from the reindeer. Milk was taken from the reindeer to drink or make cheese. Meat was taken for food. The blood was frozen and then used for soup and pancakes. Knives and belt buckles were carved from the bones and antlers. The sinews (tendons) were used as sewing thread. Cleaned-out stomachs were used to carry milk or cheese. Every part of a dead reindeer was used.
Sami clothing
Sami clothing is called 'gakti' and was originally made from reindeer leather, but now it is usually made from wool, cotton, or silk. Usually, there are different types of clothing for men and women.
Religion and spirituality
Sami shamanism is the main religion of the Sami people. These beliefs are connected to the land, animalism, and the supernatural. There is some practice of bear worship. Sami shamanism is a polytheistic religion. It believes there are many gods. The Sami shaman are called the 'Noadi'. There are some 'wise men' and 'wise women' who try to heal people who are sick. They use rituals and herbal medicine. Some Sami people have changed their beliefs to Christianity. They join either the Russian Orthodox Church or the Lutheran.
In popular culture
Publications by Snorri Sturluson(1178-1241) say that a Sami woman, Snøfrid, married Harald Fairhair; furthermore, none of her children or grandchildren became kings; first when Harald Hardrada became a king, then her blood became part of the blood of the royal family.
List of most visited art museums in the world
This article lists the most visited art museums in the world. This list of 100 is based on an attendance survey compiled by The Art Newspaper published in April 2013.
The country with the highest number of visitors in the top 100 is the United Kingdom. The country with the most museums appearing in the list is the United States.
The list also includes exhibition centers organizing temporary art displays. Several major art museums, such as the Palace Museum in Beijing, which annually draw close to 12 million visitors, the Museo del Prado in Madrid, with 2,800,000 visitors in 2012, and the National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico City, with 1,767,092 visitors in 2011, were not included.
Annual fluctuations occur due to the popularity of special exhibitions and improved collections. For example, the National Gallery of Victoria 2,800,000 visitors in 2017, placing it well into the top 20.
Rock Port, Missouri
Rock Port is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is the county seat of Atchison County. In 2010, 1,318 people lived there.
Fossano
Fossano (Fossan) is an Italian city in Piedmont. It is the fourth-largest city of the Province of Cuneo, after Cuneo, Alba and Bra. About 24,400 people live there.
Regina Resnik
Regina Resnik (August 30, 1922 – August 8, 2013) was an American mezzo-soprano opera singer. She sang on many stages in the United States. She was known for performing in Il trovatore, La Gioconda, and in Aida.
She was born in The Bronx, New York. She died at age ninety.
List of galaxies
List of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Because there are so many galaxies in the universe, this list has been divided into several categories.
The first catalog that catalogues galaxies is the Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies.
List of nearby galaxies
This is list of nearby galaxies to the Milky Way Galaxy, our galaxy. The first four listed below are part of the Local Group of galaxies, a galaxy group containing at least 50 galaxies, including the Milky Way and Andromeda.
List of farthest galaxies
Note that the idea that the radius of the observable universe must amount to only 13.8 billion light-years (like the age of universe) is incorrect. Light travel distance (LTD) is time required for light to reach the observer.
And other galaxies :
Stoneware
As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired in a kiln at temperatures in the range of about 1,000°C (1,830 °F) to 1,200 C; stonewares at between about 1100 C to 1300 C; and porcelains at between about 1200 C  to 1400 C.
École du Louvre
École du Louvre it is a public institution of French higher education located in the Louvre Palace in Paris and teaches art history studies.
Founded in 1882 in one of the parts of the Louvre Museum, from an institution originally devised to study archeology, it became an institution covering the entire art history. It is organisationally and administratively dependent on the French Ministry of Culture and has been a public body since 1997.
Peterborough, New Hampshire
Peterborough is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States.
290s
The 290s decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299.
Orne (disambiguation)
Orne can mean:
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology which studies what the body does to a drug. Pharmacokinetics looks at how a substance enters, moves through and exits the body. It relates how the dose delivered affects the concentration within the body. It is closely related to another branch of pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, which describes how a drugs affects the body.
ADME
When developing new drugs, it is important to know exactly what happens to the chemical once administered. There are four important parameters of pharmacokinetics, usually known by the acronym ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion. This model was developed in order to simplify perception of the many processes that take place once a drug enters an organism.
Absorption
Absorption describes the movement of a drug from the dosage form to the site of action, usually the blood. The bioavailability (F) of the drug is the fraction of the drug being administered that reaches the blood circulation.
Effects of lipid solubility acidity
Once the drug is in the body, it enters many cells. Cells are surrounded by a protective membrane made of lipid bilayer. For this reason, only lipid soluble, (lipophillic) drugs can enter cells. Sometimes the substance gets trapped within the lipids of waste products that need excreted, and leave the body without ever being absorbed. For this reason, there must be a balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of drug molecules. The acidity of a pharmaceutical compound can also affect absorption. It is important to know how acid or basic the substance is in order for the body to accept it, giving our bodies a biological effect.
Parental route of administration
One way to overcome the need to absorb the drug in the stomach (where it can be destroyed by bile), is to inject it in the skin (intradermal), subcutaneously, in the muscle (intramuscular) or directly into the bloodstream (intravenously).
Other routes include the topical route, where the drug is applied directly to the skin or mucosal surface on which it is intended to act. These drugs are also known as ointments and include eye drops, thrush cream and eczema lotion. Though absorption is slow, there is a high concentration of the substance in this one area, meaning a pharmacological affect at only the site of application is produced.
Nasal spray and inhalers are other routes of admission which bypass the stomach.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is the apparent volume into which the drug is distributed, expressed in liters (L).
Vd = Dose/Initial plasma concentration
Vd is a hypothetical volume of fluid that will contain the total amount of drug administered to the body. One inside thebody, the drug can move around either by diffusion (soaking through a membrane due to a lower concentration), or by transport in the blood. The body should be considered as being multicompartmental, where drugs can be distributed into plasma (blood) - 8%, interstitial fluid (a liquid that surrounds tissues) - 24%, intracelullar fluid (which surrounds cells) - 65% and also fat.
A lower Vd value infers that the drug is retained within the plasma.
A higher Vd value suggests that the drug is retained in volumes outside of the plasma (i.e. in peripheral tissues).
Factors affecting drug distribution
There are many factors which affect drug distribution, the most important ones are the following:
Metabolism
Metabolism describes how a drug is altered chemically in the body into its metabolite, which may be more or less active. This process usually occurs in the liver, but can also take place in the plasma, lungs, stomach, small intestine, kidney and skin. It contains two phases: phase 1 and phase 2.
Put simply, this process converts lipid soluble drugs to water soluble metabolites.
First pass metabolism
All drugs that are absorbed from the small intestine are first transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein, in many cases a large proportion of the drug is then metabolized immediately before the drug enters the systemic circulation. This process is called first pass metabolism. Some drugs undergo extensive first pass metabolism such that only about 10% of the administered dose enters the circulation: "10% bioavailability". In the case of some drugs, the metabolism occurs within the gut before even reaching the liver.
Excretion
This is how a drug or its metabolite is removed from the body. Usually this occurs in the kidneys (urine), but can also take place in the biliary system (faeces), gastrointestinal tract (GIT), skin (sweat) and lungs (expired air).
Factos effecting drug excretion
Many of the products of hepatic metabolism are water soluble metabolites of lipid soluble drugs, these enter the systemic circulation and are transported to the kidney where they are eventually excreted in the urine.
Drugs and metabolites that are in free aqueous solution may also be excreted in sweat or expired air. Where the drug or metabolite is not freely water soluble, it is normally excreted into the gut via the bile duct from when it is excreted in the faeces.
Some chemicals, for example lead, accumulate within the tissues.
Factors effecting plasma drug concentration
The actual concentration of drug present within the plasma (bloodstream) following administration is dependent on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Plasma concentrations of a drug after administration of identical doses either by intravenous injection or orally. Only about half of the dose administered orally actually enters circulation, however the plasma half-life of the drug is approximately 3 hours both orally and via IV.
In most therapeutic circumstances, drugs are not given as a single dose but as multiple doses. This has profound effects on the plasma concentrations achieved. The state of constant maxima and minima is called "steady state". This is the point where rate of drug availability equals rate of elimination, and the optimum therapeutic effect is reached.
D'yer Mak'er
"D'yer Mak'er" is a 1973 song by Led Zeppelin and taken from their fifth studio album Houses of the Holy. It went to number 20 in the United States and New Zealand and number 24 in Canada.
Formula One Grand Prix
A Formula One Grand Prix is an automobile event using open wheel cars. The Grand Prix takes place over an entire weekend. There are two practice sessions on Friday. On Saturday, there is one more practice session and then the qualifying session. The race takes place on Sunday.
Formula One Grand Prix are run under the rules and control of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Typically, a FIA support series, such as the Formula Two, also runs during the weekend.
Practice
All days of the week and times given are local.
The practice sessions allow the drivers to learn the circuit and the teams to test their cars. Teams may test new parts on their cars. The car's wings and suspension settings may be changed to make the car faster. The teams may also allow one of their test drivers to drive the practice session.
The practice sessions have become more important starting in. With the FIA ban on testing during the season, the Friday sessions are the only time a team has to test new car parts.
The last practice session, called Practice 3, takes place on Saturday from 11:00 to 12:00. This allows the teams a final tune-up before qualifying starts.
Special races
The Monaco Grand Prix has a special schedule. The practice sessions that normally take place on Friday are moved to Thursday. The F1 teams do not have any sessions scheduled on Friday.
The Singapore Grand Prix, Bahrain Grand Prix and Abu Dhabi Grand Prix are the only night races in the Formula One calendar. Because of this, the session times are changed. Practice 1 runs from 18:00 to 19:30, and practice 2 runs from 21:30 to 23:00. The practice 3 session runs from 19:00 to 20:00.
Qualifying
On Saturday at 14:00 the qualifying session takes place. This session will determine the running order at the beginning of the race. This is often called setting the grid. The qualifying session is split into three parts, called Q1, Q2, and Q3. Q1 is 18 minutes long, followed by a seven minute break. Q2 is 15 minutes long, followed by an eight minute break. Q3 is 12 minutes long. During each part of qualifying, the fastest lap time set by a car is recorded. Drivers may run as many or as few laps as they wish.
Loiret (disambiguation)
Loiret can mean:
Formula One Grand Prix
Qualifying
After Q1 is complete, the five slowest cars are eliminated (removed) from the qualifying session. This would include any cars that did not set a qualifying time. The remaining 15 cars advance (move on) to Q2. The five cars eliminated are placed in the last five start positions, based on their fastest time from Q1. The procedure is repeated for Q2. The five slowest cars from Q2 are placed in the 11 through 15 starting positions on the grid.
The top ten cars remain for Q3. After this final part of qualifying, the top ten starting positions on the grid are set. The fastest qualifier is placed in the first position, which is known as the pole position. This car will have an advantage at the start, because they do not need to follow any other cars.
Driving a qualifying lap
Generally, a driver will leave the pits and drive around the track back to the start/finish line. This is called the out-lap, and is not a timed lap. This lap often starts out at a slower pace to warm up the tyres. They will be up to full speed by the time they reach the start line. When they cross the line, they will try to drive the quickest time they can around the circuit. This is called a flying lap or a hot lap. A driver may run several hot laps in a row. The fastest of these hot laps is used in setting the grid position. Finally, the driver will slow down and drive around the track. They re-enter the pit-lane on this in-lap. If there is still time left, they may put on fresh tyres and try to set a faster hot lap.
DNQ
In the past, there were more cars entered for each race than the track had available space. When this would happen, not all cars would qualify. The slowest cars would not be able to race and would be listed as Did not Qualify (DNQ) in race results.
107% rule
As the number of cars entered fell below 26, a new problem started. All cars entered would automatically qualify for the race. Some cars were much slower than most of the other cars. The 107% rule was introduced in. If the qualifying time of a car was not within 107% of the pole time, the car would not qualify for the race. For example, if the pole time was 1m 30s, the slowest a car could go to qualify would be 1m 36s. The race stewards could allow a slow car to race if they thought there was a good reason for it being slow. For example, rain may have slowed down the qualifying session. This rule returned for the F1 season.
Race
The starting light system is a set of five red lights mounted above the start/finish line. The red lights turn on one at a time, until all five red lights are on. Then there is a short delay of several seconds. Then the red lights turn off the race starts. The delay is different each time to keep the drivers from guessing when the race will start.
The length of the race is at least 305 kilometers. The fewest laps needed to race at least 305 km is determined for each circuit. The race in Monaco is different from all the rest as the race is set at 78 laps for 206.5 km.
Pit stops
Any time the car needs to be serviced, the driver must make a pit stop. The pit lane is next to the main straight with the start/finish line. The driver must enter the pit lane using the marked entrance road and select the pit limiter button, speeds vary from race to race. If they do flaunt the limit, they will receive a penalty. The driver stops the car in the team's pit box. Each team has one pit box to service both of their cars. After the work is done, the driver reenters the pit lane. At the end of the pit lane, they enter the pit exit road. Here they speed up the car to race speed. The driver may not cross the white line, until the end of the pit exit lane, otherwise they will receive a penalty. Pit stops are usually completed in a few seconds.
Dry weather tyres
Teams are supplied with tyres from Pirelli. They receive two different types of slick (tyres that have no tread) dry weather tyre compounds. The prime tyres and the option tyre. The prime tyre is made from harder rubber and will last longer. The option tyre is made from softer rubber. It will provide more traction in the corners, but will not last as long as the prime tyre. Each car is required to use at least one set of prime and one set of option tyres during the race.
The drivers who qualify in the first ten positions must start the race with the same tyres they qualified on. The remaining drivers may start the race on the tyre of their choice.
Wet weather tyres
Teams are supplied with two different types of wet weather tyres. The intermediate and wet tyre. Intermediate tyres are used when the track surface is damp or during a light rain. Wet tyres (sometimes called full wets tyres) are used when the track surface is very wet.
Whenever wet weather tyres are used, the requirement to use both types of dry tyres is dropped.
Fuel
Teams are no longer allowed to refuel their cars during the race. The cars must start the race with enough fuel to complete the full race distance.
In the past, refueling was allowed. The amount of fuel a team would add to the car was part of the race strategy. Less fuel would make the car lighter so it would go faster. But more pit stops would be required to add fuel.
Race end
When the leader completes the last lap of the race, and crosses the finish line, the race ends. Any remaining cars on the circuit race to the finish line and complete the lap they are on. If they are also on the lead lap, they are scored as being so many seconds behind the leader. If they are not on the lead lap, they are scored as being so many laps behind the leader. Any cars not still running are normally scored as retired (Ret). If they have completed 90% of the race distance, they scored with a finishing position.
The first three finishing positions are called a podium finish. The three drivers take their places on a podium. They stand as the national anthem of the race winner's home country and that of his team are played. Dignitaries from the country hosting the race then present trophies to the drivers. A constructor's trophy is presented to a representative from the winner's team.
Points system
Points are awarded to drivers and teams based on their finishing order. The winner receives 25 points, the second place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10 and a bonus point for setting the fastest lap for any driver who finishes in a points scoring position. If a race is stopped before 75% of the scheduled race distance has been completed, the points awarded are cut in half. If two or more drivers tie for a position, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. Constructors receive points as well as drivers. Each constructor receives the same amount of points that their two drivers earned.
The winner of the annual Driver's Championship is the driver with the most points. The same hold true for the Constructors' Championship. If two or more drivers (or constructors) have the same number of points, a tie breaker system is used. The one with the most wins is ranked higher. If the number of wins are the same, it goes to the one with the most second places and so on.
In Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna were the drivers for McLaren. They were the best two drivers of that year. There were 16 races that year, but only the best 11 results counted towards the championship. Prost won seven races and finished seven races in second place. He scored a total of 105 points, but only 87 of them counted for the championship. Senna won eight races and finished second in three, giving him 90 points for the championship and 94 for the season. This resulted in the strange event where Prost took a record number of points, yet Senna won the championship.
Badlands National Park
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The Badlands Wilderness protects 64144 acre of the park as a designated wilderness area. It is a site where the black-footed ferret, one of the most endangered mammals in the world, was reintroduced to the wild.
The South Unit, or Stronghold District, includes sites of 1890s Ghost Dances, a former United States Air Force bomb and gunnery range, and Red Shirt Table, the park's highest point at 3340 ft.
Authorized as Badlands National Monument on March 4, 1929, it was not established until January 25, 1939. Badlands was redesignated a national park on November 10, 1978.
The park also administers the nearby Minuteman Missile National Historic Site. The movies Dances with Wolves (1990) and Thunderheart (1992) were partially filmed in Badlands National Park.
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Christopher G. Kennedy
Christopher George Kennedy (born July 4, 1963) is an American businessman. He is Chair of Joseph P. Kennedy Enterprises, Inc. He is a son of former U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a member of the Kennedy family. Kennedy served as Chair of the Board of Trustees for the University of Illinois from 2009 to 2015. Until April 2012, he was also president of Merchandise Mart Properties, a commercial property management firm based in Chicago.
He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.
Brunswick, New York
The town was in the past agricultural, but began experiencing suburban sprawl in the later decades of the 20th century, which continues today. Historically, most of the developments have happened around the town's two major crowded roads: New York Route 7 and New York Route 2, known locally as Hoosick Road and Brunswick Road. Brunswick became a popular place to settle in upon the completion of the local highway system in the Capital District, mostly the fix of Route 7 into a four-lane highway in the 1980s.