cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
The Legacy (professional wrestling)
Priceless
After holding the titles for just over a month, they dropped it to John Cena and Batista on the August 4 edition of Raw. The following week, DiBiase and Rhodes used their rematch clause to regain the title. Rhodes and DiBiase were joined by Manu, forming a stable of multi-generational superstars. On the October 27, 2008 edition of Raw, Rhodes and DiBiase lost their titles to Kofi Kingston and CM Punk. During this time, Rhodes, DiBiase and Manu entered a storyline with Randy Orton where Orton constantly criticized and insulted them, and attacked DiBiase on November 7, on Raw; punting him in the head. At Survivor Series, Rhodes, along with Orton, was a sole survivor, for Orton's team, in the Elimination match.
The Legacy (Mid 2008-Early 2010)
Rhodes and Manu accepted Orton's offer to form an alliance a few weeks after the "DiBiase incident"; attacking John Cena along with Chris Jericho, and the trio dubbed themselves "The Legacy"; debuting the following week in a 2 on 3 handicap match against Batista and the WWE Champion Triple H, and although they were now a stable, neither one of the three made any changes in their attire.
The December 15th edition of Raw they defeated Batista and the World Heavyweight Champion John Cena, in a match where Orton punted Batista in the head, leaving him indefinitely inactive (actually due to a torn hamstring), also that night Cody and Manu interfered in Rey Mysterio's match against Sim Snuka, giving a beating to Rey, who was later attacked by Mike Knox.,
Randy Orton and Cody Rhodes and Ted Dibiase JR formed Legacy
In the Elimination Fatal Four Way to determine who would follow to face John Cena at the Royal Rumble, in between Y2J, Orton, Shawn Michaels and JBL, just as Jericho prepared to lock JBL into the Walls of Jericho, Michaels laid out the first ever Undisputed Champion Chris Jericho with a Sweet Chin Music. Next up, it was Orton who found himself on the receiving end of Sweet Chin Music.
Orton opened Raw the night after the Royal Rumble, flanked by the members of the Legacy, Rhodes and DiBiase, as well as two lawyers and a therapist. He followed to reveal that he (kayfabe) suffers from IED (Intermittent Explosive Disorder, a mental condition that caused him to experience violent outbursts when provoked, losing all control of his emotions and actions). According to Orton and his therapist, WWE knew of the condition, and if fired, the Orton said that he planned on not only taking Rhodes and DiBiase with him, but also on bringing a lawsuit against the company.
At the close of the show, Stephanie McMahon entered the ring, expressing her desire to speak to Randy Orton face-to-face. Accompanied by his therapist, two lawyers, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, the 2009 Royal Rumble winner made his entrance, reiterating the consequences waiting for Stephanie if she was to fire him: Two costly lawsuits being filed against WWE as well as DiBiase and Rhodes walking. The Legend Killer went even further, threatening to file an injunction to stop WrestleMania, the event at which he is guaranteed a World Title Match.
After daring McMahon to fire him, the Raw General Manager announced that they had other plans for him – even beyond the Superstars that engulfed the ring. With that, Stephanie’s brother Shane McMahon made his entrance, and attacked Orton with such ferocity that it took the entire Raw roster to restrain him.
The following week Orton challenged McMahon to a No Holds Barred match at No Way Out, which Shane accepted.
In wrestling
Finishing and signature moves
Randy Orton
Cody Rhodes
"Priceless" Ted DiBiase
Francisco Luzón
Francisco Luzon Lopez (1 January 1948 - 17 February 2021 ) was an economist and banker Spanish. He was born in El Cañavate, Spain. He participated in the transformation of Spanish and Latin American banking in the last thirty years, assuming important responsibilities in entities such as Banco de Vizcaya, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya , Argentaria or Banco Santander. He has been a promoter of educational projects and platforms such as Universia, based on public-private collaboration, which promote networking, especially between Spain and Latin America. On November 6, 2016 announced that a patient of ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) since his diagnosis in October 2013. It also announced the creation of the Foundation Francisco Luzon to fight the disease and support research. He died on February 17, 2021.
David Fonseca (politician)
William Henry "David" Fonseca (1 May 1954 – 30 April 2015) was a Belizean politician and businessman. He served as the Mayor of Belize City from 1 March 1999 until 1 March 2006. He was a member of the People's United Party.
Fonseca died on 30 April 2015 in Belize City, aged 60. He committed suicide (killed himself) by shooting himself in the head.
Cerignola
Cerignola is an Italian city in Apulia. It is about 40 km southeast of Foggia and has about 58,500 inhabitants.
Ajay Mandal
Ajay Mandal (born October 1, 1988) is an Indian doctor.
Luminous red nova
A luminous red nova (LRN) is an explosion in space. It is probably caused when two stars merge to become one. Their red colour is distinctive. The light curve near the star stays in the infared. Luminous red novae are different from normal novae. Those are explosions on the surface of white dwarf stars.
History and discovery
The first luminous red nova found was in the Messier 85 galaxy. It was discovered when people working at the Rickett Observatory were searching for supernovas. Astronomers from U.C. Berkeley and Caltech investigated it. They found that it was different from normal novae and thermal pulses. Afterwards, they announced that luminous red novae are a new type of star explosion.
More luminous red novae were found after the discovery. Researchers found V1309 Scorpii in 2008. The star system was a contact binary. Researchers were studying it for six years before it merged and exploded. In 2015, two different luminous red novae were found. One was in the Andromeda galaxy, and the other was in the Pinwheel galaxy. Astronomers think that in 2022, KIC 9832227 will merge and become a new luminous red nova. This star system is 1800 light years away from the Sun. A team from Calvin College found that the orbital period of the star system was slowing down and that the stars were coming closer to each other.
Traits
Luminous red novae have these traits:
Karaikal district
Karaikal district is one of the 4 districts of the Puducherry union territory. It is the 2nd biggest district of the union territory after the Puducherry district. The capital is Karaikal port city. The district is made of communes Kottucherry, Nedungadu, Thirunallar, Neravy and Thirumalairajanpattinam.
The Karaikal district formed an integral part of the Pallava kingdom in the 8th century. Thirunallar Saniswaran Temple and Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple can be found in the district.
The rivers Arasalar, Veerasolan River, Kodamurutti River, Kaveri River's other tributaries reach the sea here. The Karaikal Port is one of the biggest in South India. The Karaikal Airport is being constructed. It will be the first airport built entirely with private capital.
Élysée Palace
The Élysée Palace (Palais de l'Élysée; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. It was used as the office of the French President for the first time in 1848.
Palm-leaf manuscript
In Southeast Asia, Palm leaves were used as a material to write on. Their use is known in the 5th century BC, but may have started earlier. To prepare them for writing, palm leaves are cooked, dried, and polished. Due to the nature of palm leaves, the manuscripts use "landscape format". These leaves are between 15 cm and 60 cm wide, but only 3 cm to 12 cm high.
Spencer Museum of Art
The Spencer Museum of Art is an art museum located on the University of Kansas campus in Lawrence, Kansas. The museum has nearly 36,000 artworks and artifacts in many different forms. The collection shows the history of European and American art from ancient to contemporary, as well as East Asian art.
Palm-leaf manuscript
Old manuscripts are prone to putrefaction, and they are commonly consumed by silverfish.
Gadzhi Gadzhiev
Gadzhi Gadzhiev (born 28 October 1945) is a Russian football manager.
Laura Fürst
Laura Fürst (born 23 April 1991) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.
Electoral division of Karama
Karama is an electoral district of the Northern Territory. It was created in 1987.
Karama is in Darwin.
Martin Mystère
Martin Mystère is a fiction character from The Martin Mystère comics,where is the main character.
Martin is a fictional detective from New York born on 26th june 1942,his job is to investigate weird cases,usually accompanied with the caveman Java. He is one of the most known italian comic characters.
Molfetta
Molfetta is a city in southern Italy. Molfetta is in the Apulia Region. It has about 59,000 inhabitants.
Martin Mystère
Martin appared also in the animated series Martin Mystery,where is a student.
One Piece
It is the story of the Strawhat Pirates, led by captain Monkey D. Luffy, on their adventures in Grand Line. The main theme is Monkey D. Luffy's dream to find the One Piece, a grand treasure that the King of the Pirates, Gold Roger left behind. One Piece seems to take place in a world with one continent, many different islands, and a vast and large sea filled with monsters, pirates and treasure. One Piece is serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump. The most successful One Piece movies are One Piece Film: Red,One Piece Film: Z and One Piece: Stampede.
Monkey D. Luffy
Monkey D. Luffy is the main character of One Piece and is captain of the Strawhat Pirates. His other name is 'Straw Hat Luffy'. He ate a Devil Fruit called the "Gum-Gum No Mi" fruit when he was 7 years old, giving him the power to stretch like rubber. His Strawhat was given by Shanks. His older brother is Ace.
Sanji
Sanji is an amazing cook, with very good culinary skills. He is also a martial artist (who uses his feet only) that falls in love with almost every girl he sees. His other name is 'Black Leg Sanji'. His dream is to find 'The All Blue', and as a cook he values his hands greatly. Because of a period of starvation in his early life (while in the company of owner of the Baratie, Zeff), Sanji will always feed someone who is hungry. He is 21 years old. He is a smoker.
Nami
Nami was a thief who stole from pirates. She is a navigator of the Strawhat Pirates now. Her other name is 'Cat Burglar Nami'. She is 20 years old. Her sister is Nojiko. She is from Cocoyashi. She likes oranges, and respected her late foster mother, Bellemere.
Usopp
Usopp is a great sniper but a coward who lies often. His epithet is 'God Usopp', and he has an alter-ego going by the name Sogeking (meaning sniper king) His weapon is a slingshot, and he has excellent aim. Luffy officially made him the crew's sniper after he had perfect aim on his first try at shooting a cannon, destroying an island in one blow (which also happened to be the island where Yosaku and Johnny were resting). His father is Yasopp, a sniper on the crew of the Red-Haired Pirates.
Tony Tony Chopper
Chopper is a blue-nosed reindeer who ate a devil fruit which gave him the ability to become partly human. His epithet is 'Cotton Candy Lover Chopper'. He is the doctor of the Straw Hats crew, and has a habit of "hiding behind objects" in a way where he is completely visible.
Nico Robin
Robin, formerly member of the crime organization Baroque Works, joins the crew after being saved by Luffy. Her epithet is "Devil Child". She ate a Devil Fruit that lets her create replications of her body parts on any surface she wants, including living organisms.
East Blue Saga
Once upon a time, "The King of Pirates", Gol. D. Roger attained all things the world had to offer. As he was being executed by the marines, he gave a speech regarding his treasure, which he left on an island in the Grand Line, the treasure titled the "One Piece". Many pirates wish to claim the 'One Piece'. This has caused what is called "The Great Pirate Era". Then, a boy living in Foosha Village, Monkey. D. Luffy, made friends with "Red-Haired" Shanks. Shanks is a powerful pirate, given the title of Yonkou (Four Emperors, consisting of four of the strongest pirates) staying in the town. During his stay, the town was attacked by pirates, which were defeated quickly after. One day, Luffy ate a Devil Fruit called the "Gomu-Gomu no Mi" (Gum Gum/Rubber Rubber fruit), giving him the ability to stretch like rubber, in exchange for taking away his ability to swim. At one point, Luffy made bandits angry, so they threw him into the sea. Luffy was nearly eaten by a Sea King, a sea monster similar to a Sea Serpent, but Shanks helped him, losing his arm in the process. When Shanks left Foosha Village, he gave Luffy his straw hat. In exchange, Luffy had promised Shanks to become the King of the Pirates and deliver him his straw hat.
After 10 years, Luffy is 17 years old and he had trained a large amount. He leaves his town, Foosha Village to begin his journey to become the king of pirates. But soon, he met with a disaster, then he met Koby. Koby's dream is to be a marine, but unfortunately he is forced to stay on Alvida's crew. Alvida is a pirate. Koby is unable to defeat or escape Alvida. However, after learning of the situation, Luffy defeats Alvida and helps Koby, and sails to Shells Town with him.
In Shell's Town, Luffy meets Roronoa Zoro, legendary pirate hunter, who is tied to a post.
Velletri
Velletri is an Italian city in Lazio. It has about 53,000 inhabitants.
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
The following is a list of the 319 communes of the Lot-et-Garonne département, in France.
Lalevade-d'Ardèche
Lalevade-d'Ardèche  is a village and commune in the Ardèche département in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 1,000 people as of the year 1999.
Georgian Bay
Georgian Bay (Baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada. The main part of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To its northwest is the North Channel.
Rosignano Marittimo
Rosignano Marittimo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about 80 km southwest of Florence and about 20 km southeast of Livorno. As of 31 December 2004, it had 31,516 people. It has an area of 120.3 km².
Georgian Bay
Georgian Bay is surrounded by (listed clockwise) the districts of Manitoulin, Sudbury, Parry Sound and Muskoka, as well as the more populous counties of Simcoe, Grey and Bruce.
Rosignano Marittimo
The comune of Rosignano Marittimo contains the frazioni of: Castiglioncello, Rosignano Solvay, Vada, Castelnuovo della Misericordia, Gabbro, and Nibbiaia.
Rosignano Marittimo borders the following comuni: Castellina Marittima, Cecina, Collesalvetti, Livorno, Orciano Pisano, Santa Luce.
The More the Merrier
The More the Merrier is a 1943 American World War II romantic comedy movie directed by George Stevens and starring Jean Arthur, Joel McCrea, Charles Coburn, Richard Gaines, Bruce Bennett, Donald Douglas, Frank Sully. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and won an Academy Award and was nominated for 5 others in 1944. It was remade in 1966 as Walk Don't Run.
Gesche Schünemann
Gesche Schünemann (born 3 August 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.
She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.
Tampines MRT station
Tampines MRT station (EW2/DT32) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the Downtown line and East West line in Tampines, Singapore. The station is close to Tampines Bus Interchange and the new Tampines Concourse Bus Interchange. It is also one of the few interchange stations where the MRT lines are not connected.
In Tampines, the other two stations are Tampines West and Tampines East.
At Tampines MRT Station (DTL), the passenger service centre (control station) is only available at the exit to Tampines Bus Interchange. While preparing for the closure of the station at overnight, passengers are not allowed to use Tampines Concourse faregates, and the shutters at the Tampines Concourse will be closed first, following by shuttering the bus interchange entrance.
History
The station was opened on 16 December 1989. The Downtown Line Stage 3 station started construction in September 2011 and completed on 21 October 2017.
Incidents
On August 8, 2003, a train travelling towards Boon Lay lost traction current at 10.13 pm and could not move along the track between Pasir Ris and Tampines. An empty train was used to push the train towards Tampines and service resumed at 10.35 pm. The same issue occured 21 minutes later and it was only fixed shortly before the end of the train service.
On 7 May 2007, a man in his 50s hit his head against a train that was entering the station and got his foot was stuck in the platform gap. Train services towards Boon Lay were disrupted for about 8 minutes.
On 21 January 2008, a maintenance works train which was carrying out repairs between Tampines and Simei broke down. It caused a service disruption from the start of service until 12.45pm and affected 57,000 passengers.
Exits
There are several exits in Tampines MRT Station. However, some will not be linked together when Downtown Line opens in 2017. Station name with respective exits signs have been put up for Tampines station for the Downtown Line in August 2017 therefore there are 7 exits for the entire station with letters ranging from A to G.
East West Line:
Downtown Line:
Charrat
Charrat is a municipality in the district Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Tampines MRT station
Services and Connections
Tampines station is connected to Tampines Bus Interchange and there are a lot of bus services that provides connection to other parts of Singapore.
Sunshine Coast, Queensland
The Sunshine Coast (population 312,908) is a coastal region in South East Queensland, north of the Queensland capital of Brisbane. On 15 March 2008, the former Councils of Noosa Shire, Maroochy Shire and Caloundra City combined to form the Sunshine Coast Regional Council.
Tampines MRT station
Former codes
Formerly the code was: E11
Sunshine Coast, Queensland
History
The Glass House Mountains, located south-west of Caloundra, were first sighted by James Cook from the deck of the HM Bark Endeavour in 1770.
The Sunshine Coast's first white inhabitants were three castaways who shared the life of the aborigines for eight months. Later it became the home of many runaway convicts. It was also the scene of some of the most bitter skirmishes of Australia's Black War.
Timber-getters used its rivers and lakes as seaways to float out logs of cedar, and prospectors climbed its mountains to reach the Gympie gold. With the coming of the railway line to Gympie, the coastal towns, which were founded as ports for the early river trade, were bypassed. The Sunshine Coast later grew into a holiday destination, which was further expanded in the development boom of the 1960s and 1970s.
Tourism
The Sunshine Coast is a centre for tourism. The attractions include: Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo, UnderWater World marine park, Aussie World with the Ettamogah Pub, The Buderim Ginger Factory, The Big Pineapple and the Majestic Theatre at Pomona.
Environment
The Sunshine Coast contains many beaches. Many well-known beaches within the Sunshine Coast region are located at Noosa Heads, Alexandra Headland, Mooloolaba (the spit), Coolum, Maroochydore and Kings Beach in Caloundra.
The region is also home to more national parks than any other region in Queensland. The natural variety of the area has been protected by five separate parks in both coastal and inland regions, including Mapleton Falls National Park, Kondalilla National Park, The Glasshouse Mountains National Park, Noosa National Park, and the Great Sandy National Park, which includes sections on Fraser Island and in Cooloola near Rainbow Beach.
Aadesh Shrivastava
Aadesh Shrivastava (4 September 1964 – 5 September 2015) was an Indian composer and singer. He worked on over 100 Hindi movies, including Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), Baghban (2003), Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors (2008), and Raajneeti (2010).
Shrivastava was born to a Hindu Kayastha family in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. He was married to actress Vijeta Pandit from 1990 until his death. They had two sons.
Shrivastava died from cancer on 5 September 2015 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He was 51.
Lage
Lage is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, approximately 8 km northwest of Detmold. It has about 36,000 inhabitants.
Twin Towns
The town is twinned with
Sham 69
Sham 69 is a punk rock band from England. The band was formed in Hersham in 1975.
Putrefaction
Putrefaction is a natural process of decay. Microorganisms break down organic materials. Usually it occurs after the death of a plant or an animal. The process consists of many steps. The total time it takes is dependent on various factors, such as the availability of oxygen.
Putrefaction involves fermentation. Putrefaction is important, because elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur which are bound in the dead matter are converted into a form that is usable by plants.
Fuel (band)
Fuel is an American rock band from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was created by guitarist-songwriter Carl Bell in 1989.
They are known for their hit songs "Shimmer" from the album Sunburn, "Hemorrhage (In My Hands)" and "Bad Day" from the album Something Like Human, as well as "Falls on Me" from the album Natural Selection.
Takahiro Kimura
Takahiro Kimura (born 4 April 1957) is a former Japanese football player.
Castel del Piano
Castel del Piano is a comune in the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region of Tuscany.
Suttons Bay, Michigan
Suttons Bay is a village in Leelanau County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 618 at the 2010 census.
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (born October 5, 1932) is an American politician. She was the first African-American woman to represent the West Coast in Congress. She served in congress from 1973 until the end of 1978. She was the Los Angeles County Supervisor representing the 2nd District (1992–2008). She was the Chair three times (1993–94, 1997–98, 2002–03).
On December 1, 2008, she retired from the Board of Supervisors and was replaced by Mark Ridley-Thomas.
On March 29, 2012, she was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve on the Amtrak Board of Directors.
Gino the Chicken
Gino the Chicken (Gino il Pollo in italian) is an Italian Television Series. Originally was a internet meme,only later it become a television series.
Teck Whye LRT Station
Teck Whye LRT Station (BP4) is an LRT station in Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line. It was opened on 6 November 1999. The station is near ITE College West.
Following Stations
Previous: Keat Hong (BP3) Next: Phoenix (BP5)
1974 European Cup Winners' Cup Final
The 1974 European Cup Winners' Cup Final was a football match of the 1973–74 European Cup Winners' Cup and the 14th European Cup Winners' Cup final. It was contested between Magdeburg of East Germany and the defending champions, Milan of Italy. It was held at Feijenoord Stadion in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Result summary
Magdeburg won the match 2–0 thanks to goals by Enrico Lanzi (own goal) and Wolfgang Seguin. It was the only time one of the major European trophies was won by an East German club.
European Monetary System
The European Monetary System (EMS) was a system where most of the nations of the European Economic Community (EEC) would have their currencies merged together. It was created in 1979 under then President of the European Commission Roy Jenkins.
The Corn Harvesters (Filippini)
The Corn Harvesters (also known as Le Spannocchiatrici) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1887, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan.
Cubism
Cubism was one of the most significant art movements of the 20th century. It began in France about 1907, and flourished from 1910 through the 1920s. It was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.
Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon was an early Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L’Estaque (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to "bizarreries cubiques" (cubic oddities).
The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris in the spring of 1911. It included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, but no works by Picasso and Braque were exhibited.
According to one art historian, there were three phases of Cubism. There was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed by Picasso and Braque. In the second phase, "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914), Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent after 1911. Finally "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) was the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's emphasis on the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) was an intentional value judgement.
Its methods
Cubism is a style of art which aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of a person or an object all at once. It is called Cubism because the items represented in the artworks look like they are made out of cubes and other geometrical shapes. Cubism was first started by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Analytical Cubism is the first type of cubism. Most analytical Cubists painted and drew in monochrome (only one colour) so that the person who was looking at the painting did not pay attention to colour, but only to the shapes and the forms that were being shown.
This was changed in 1912 when Picasso first started painting with colours and using collages. Collage is when you glue together different cut-up pieces of paper to make an artwork. This new form of Cubism was called Synthetic Cubism. Picasso invented collage because he was tired of the way he was making his art, and wanted to try out something new. Pablo Picasso created over 20,000 pictures. From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's Synthetic Cubism Period.
Gout
Gout is a very painful medical condition. It is a red, tender, hot, swollen joint. The attacks happen most often in the joint at the base of the big toe. It is caused by crystals getting deposited from the blood. This happens when the level of uric acid in the blood is too high. The crystals then stay in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues.
Inflammatory arthritis happens in about 50% of all cases of gout. The disease may also appear as kidney disease due to urate crystals. People with gout often have more than one attack of gout.
Cubism
References
Types of Cubism
There were two main types of Cubism:
Gout
Doctors decide a patient has gout if they find crystals in the joint fluid. Treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, or colchicine improves symptoms. Once an attack goes away, the patient can change his or her lifestyle to reduce levels of uric acid. People who have gout attacks often may take allopurinol or probenecid to prevent symptoms later.
Gout has become more common. It affects approximately one to two percent of people in the West during their lifetimes. Risk factors have been increasing and may be causing the increase in gout. Metabolic syndrome, longer life expectancy, and changes in diet are the most common risk factors. Gout was historically known as “the disease of kings” or “the disease of rich men".
Signs and symptoms
Gout can present in a number of ways, although the most common is a recurrent attack of intense inflammatory arthritis (a red, tender, hot, swollen joint). Joint pain usually begins over 2–4 hours and during the night. Symptoms occur at night because of the lower body temperature at this time.
High levels of uric acid in the blood over a long period of time (hyperuricemia) may cause other symptoms such as hard, painless deposits of uric acid crystals known as tophi. Extensive tophi may lead to chronic arthritis due to bone erosion. High levels of uric acid in the blood may also cause crystals to form in the kidneys. This causes stone formation followed by urate nephropathy.
Cause
A very high, abnormal level of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) is the basic cause of gout. Diet and a person's genes are two of several possible causes of the high levels. Levels can also become high if the body cannot excrete enough urate, the salts of uric acid.
Lifestyle
The kinds and amounts of foods people eat cause about 12% of gout. Drinking alcohol or fructose-sweetened drinks, and eating meat and seafood can cause this disease. Injuries and surgery may also start an attack of gout. Recent studies showed that some beliefs about connections between diet and gout were not true. Eating purine-rich vegetables (e.g., beans, peas, lentils, and spinach) large amounts of protein do not contribute to developing gout. Coffee, vitamin C, and dairy products, as well as physical fitness appear to decrease the risk. These things reduce insulin resistance and may reduce cases of gout.
Medical conditions
Gout often happens with other medical problems. Metabolic syndrome happens along with nearly 75% of all cases of gout. Gout often makes these other problems worse or harder to treat: polycythemia, lead poisoning, renal failure, hemolytic anemia, psoriasis, and solid organ transplants. Males have three times the chance of getting gout when the body mass index is greater than or equal to 35. Frequent lead exposure and lead-contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout because lead harms the kidney function.
Changes in the body
Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism, and occurs when its final metabolite, uric acid, crystallizes in the form of monosodium urate. The blood deposits the crystals in joints, on tendons, and in the surrounding tissues. These crystals then trigger a localimmune system inflammatory reaction. Uricase is required to breakdown uric acid. An evolutionary loss of uricase in humans and higher primates has made this condition so common.
The triggers that cause uric acid to build up in the blood are not well understood. While it may crystallize at normal levels, it is more likely to do so as uric acid levels increase. Other factors believed to be important in triggering an acute episode of arthritis include cool temperatures, rapid changes in uric acid levels, acidosis, articular hydration, and extracellular matrixproteins, such as proteoglycans, collagens, and chondroitin sulfate. The increased critilization at low temperatures partly explains why the joints in the feet are most commonly affected. Rapid changes in uric acid may occur due to a number of factors, including trauma, surgery, chemotherapy, diuretics, and stopping or starting the medication allopurinol.
Diagnosis
Gout may be diagnosed and treated without further investigations in someone with hyperuricemia and the classic podagra. If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, synovial fluid analysis should be done. X-rays are useful for identifying chronic gout only. X-rays are not useful for treating acute gout attacks.
Synovial fluid
A definitive diagnosis of gout is based upon the identification of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joint fluid or a tophus. All synovial fluid samples obtained from undiagnosed, inflamed joints should be examined for these crystals. Under polarized light microscopy, the crystals have a needle-like shape and strong negative birefringence. This test is difficult to perform, and often requires a trained technician. The fluid must also be examined relatively quickly after aspiration, as temperature and pH affect their solubility.
Blood tests
Hyperuricemia is a classic feature of gout. Gout occurs nearly half of the time without hyperuricemia and most people with raised uric acid levels never develop gout. The usefulness of measuring uric acid levels is limited. Hyperuricemia is defined as a plasma urate level greater than 420 μmol/L (7.0 mg/dL) in males and 360 μmol/L (6.0 mg/dL) in females. Other blood tests commonly performed are white blood cell count, electrolytes, renal function, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR). Both the white blood cells and ESR may be elevated due to gout in the absence of infection. A white blood cell count as high as 40.0×109/L (40,000/mm3) has been documented in people with gout.
Differential diagnosis
The most important diagnosis to rule out in gout is septic arthritis (an infection in the joint). This should be considered in those with signs of infection or those who do not improve with treatment. A joint fluid Gram stainand culture may be performed to support the diagnosis. Other conditions which present similarly include pseudogout and rheumatoid arthritis. Gouty tophi, especially when not in a joint, can be mistaken for basal cell carcinoma, or other cancers.
Treatment
The first goal of treating gout is to reduce the symptoms of an acute attack. Repeated attacks can be prevented by using different drugs that reduce the uric acid levels in the blood. Ice applied for 20 to 30 minutes several times a day decreases pain. Options for immediate treatment include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), colchicine and steroids. Options for prevention include allopurinol, febuxostat and probenecid. Lowering uric acid levels can cure the disease. Treatment of comorbidities is also important.
NSAIDs
NSAIDs are the most common treatment for gout. No specific type of NSAID is significantly more or less effective than any other. Improvement may be seen within 4 hours. Treatment is recommended for 1–2 weeks. NSAIDs are not recommended for people with certain other health problems such as bleeding from the stomach, esophagus or intestines, renal failure, or heart failure. While indomethacin has historically been the most commonly used NSAID, ibuprofen may be preferred due to its lack of side effects. A proton pump inhibitor may be given to people at risk of experiencing gastric side effects.
Colchicine
Colchicine is an alternative treatment for people that are unable to tolerate NSAIDs. Its side effects, primarily gastrointestinal upset limit its use. The occurrence of gastrointestinal upset depends on the dose. The risk of experiencing this side effect can be reduced by using smaller, yet still effective doses. Colchicine may interact with other commonly prescribed drugs such as atorvastatin and erythromycin.
Steroids
Glucocorticoids (otherwise known as steroids) have been found to be as effective as NSAIDs for treating gout. Glucocorticoids may be used if it is not possible to use NSAIDs. Using glucocorticoids also lead to improvement when it is injected into the joint. A joint infection must be excluded if the condition worsens.
Pegloticase
Pegloticase (Krystexxa) was approved in the USA to treat gout in 2010. It will be a treatment option for the 3% of people who are intolerant to other medications. Pegloticase is administered as an intravenous infusion every two weeks and has been found to reduce uric acid levels in this population.
Prophylaxis
A number of medications are useful for preventing further episodes of gout, including xanthine oxidase inhibitor (including allopurinol and febuxostat), and uricosurics (including probenecid and sulfinpyrazone). They are not usually given until one to two weeks after an acute attack has resolved due to concerns that it may worsen attack symptoms. These medications are often used in combination with either an NSAID or colchicine for the first 3–6 months. This treatment is not recommended until a person has suffered two gout attacks, unless destructive joint changes, tophi, or urate nephropathy exist. This type of treatment is delayed until this point because is not cost effective to offer this treatment sooner. Urate-lowering measures should be increased until serum uric acid levels are below 300–360 µmol/L (5.0-6.0 mg/dL). This treatment should be continued forever. These medications should be continued even if the person experiences a gout attack while on the medication.
Uricosuric drugs are preferred for treating gout if there is not enough uric acid in the urine defined by a 24-hour collection of urine with less than 800 mg of uric acid. Uricosuric drugs are not recommended if the person has a history of renal stones. A 24-hour urine excretion of more than 800 mg indicates overproduction and xanthine oxidase inhibitors are the preferred drugs for providing treatment. Note that probenecid appears to be less effective than allopurinol.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (including allopurinol and febuxostat) block uric acid production. Long term therapy is safe and well tolerated, and can be used in people with reduced renal function or urate stones. Allopurinol has caused hypersensitivity in a small number of individuals. In such cases, the alternative drug febuxostat has been recommended.
Outcomes
Without treatment, an acute attack of gout will usually resolve in 5 to 7 days. 60% of people will have a second attack within one year. Those with gout are at increased risk of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and renal and cardiovascular disease and at increased risk of death. This may be partly due to its association with insulin resistance and obesity, but some of the increased risk appears to be simply due to having gout.
Epidemiology
Gout affects around 1–2% of the Western population at some point in their lives and it is becoming more common. Rates of gout have approximately doubled between 1990 and 2010. This rise is believed to be due to increasing life expectancy, changes in diet, and an increase in diseases associated with gout, such as metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure. A number of factors have been found to influence rates of gout, including age, race, and the season of the year. In men over the age of 30 and women over the age of 50, prevalence is 2%.
In the United States, gout is twice as likely to occur in African American males as it is in European Americans. Rates are high among the peoples of the Pacific Islands and the Māori of New Zealand, but rare in Australian aborigines, despite a higher average concentration of serum uric acid in the aboriginal group. Gout has become common in China, Polynesia, and urban sub-Saharan Africa. Some studies have found that gout attacks occur more frequently in the spring. This has been attributed to seasonal changes in diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and temperature.
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Gout
History
People have been aware of gout since ancient times. Historically, it has been referred to as "the king of diseases and the disease of kings" or "the disease of rich men". The first documentation of the disease is from Egypt in 2,600 b.c. in a description of arthritis of the largest toe. The Greek physician Hippocrates around 400 b.c. commented on it in his Aphorisms and noted its absence in eunuchs (men who have had there testicles removed at a young age) and women before menopause. Aulus Cornelius Celsus (30 a.d.) described the linkage with alcohol, later onset in women, and associated kidney problems: "Again thick urine, the sediment from which is white, indicates that pain and disease are to be apprehended in the region of joints or viscera... Joint troubles in the hands and feet are very frequent and persistent, such as occur in cases of podagra and cheiragra. These seldom attack eunuchs or boys before coition with a woman, or women except those in whom the menses have become suppressed... some have obtained lifelong security by refraining from wine, mead and venery."
In 1683, Thomas Sydenham, an English physician, described its occurrence in the early hours of the morning, and its more frequent occurrence in older males: "Gouty patients are, generally, either old men, or men who have so worn themselves out in youth as to have brought on a premature old age - of such dissolute habits none being more common than the premature and excessive indulgence in venery, and the like exhausting passions. The victim goes to bed and sleeps in good health. About two o'clock in the morning he is awakened by a severe pain in the great toe; more rarely in the heel, ankle or instep. The pain is like that of a dislocation, and yet parts feel as if cold water were poured over them. Then follows chills and shivers, and a little fever... The night is passed in torture, sleeplessness, turning the part affected, and perpetual change of posture; the tossing about of body being as incessant as the pain of the tortured joint, and being worse as the fit comes on."
The Dutch scientist, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, first described the microscopic appearance of urate crystals in 1679. In 1848, English physician Alfred Baring Garrod realized that this excess uric acid in the blood was the cause of gout.
In other animals
Gout is rare in most other animals due to their ability to produce uricase, which breaks down uric acid. Humans and other great apes don't have this ability, which makes gout common. The Tyrannosaurus rex specimen known as "Sue", however, is believed to have suffered from gout.
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Olmstead died on July 20, 2022 at a hospital in Annandale, Virginia at the age of 92.
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Following Stations
Previous: Kadaloor (PE5) Next: Damai (PE7)
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James Henry Hammond
James Henry Hammond (November 15, 1807 – November 13, 1864) was from South Carolina. He served as a United States Representative from 1835 to 1836, Governor of South Carolina from 1842 to 1844, and United States Senator from 1857 to 1860. He had a son. He was also a slave owner; his plantation is in Redcliffe Park in South Carolina. The stables at Redcliffe Park were either built by him or his son.
Pavel Nakhimov
In 1826, Nakhimov served on the crew of the 74-gun warship “Azov”, commanded by Mikhail Lazarev. One year after, on October 20 1827, he and the crew of Azov fought in the Battle of Navarino and with the help of the British and French naval forces, they defeated the Ottoman naval forces.
After that, Nakhimov was the commander of naval and land forces during the Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimean War. On November 30 1853, Nakhimov defeated the Ottoman troops in the Battle of Sinope.
On July 10 1855, while he was inspecting the forward-defense positions at Fort Malakoff, he was fatally wounded by a sniper. The medal, the Order of Nakhimov, a Soviet Navy Cruiser and the Nakhimov Naval Academy (Sevastopol) are named for him.
Frank Griswold
Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.
Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003. He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.
Mega Man (1987 video game)
Mega Man is also known as Rockman (ロックマン) in Japan. It is a video game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the first game in the original Mega Man series. It was released in Japan on December 17, 1987. It was released in North America on December 1987 and Europe on May 1990.
Plot
Two scientists, Dr. Light and Dr. Wily, create humanoid robots; Wily goes rogue and reprograms most of the robots for world domination. It's up to Mega Man, a robot created by Dr. Light, to stop Dr. Wily and his army of Robot Masters.