cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Buddha
Summary
Buddhists believe that the Buddha was enlightened, which means that he knew all about how to live a peaceful life and how to avoid suffering. He is said to have never argued with other people, but only said what was true and useful, out of compassion for others.
Some Buddhists pray to Buddhas, but Buddhas are not gods. Buddhas are teachers who help the people who will listen. A Buddha is a human being who has woken up and can see the true way the world works. This knowledge totally changes the person so that they can have a better life in the present and the future. A Buddha can also help a person achieve enlightenment.
There are ideas which are said to lead someone to enlightenment. They are called the Dharma (Sanskrit) or "Dhamma" (Pāli), meaning "the way" or "the truth." Anyone can become a Buddha, but it is very difficult. He became Buddha under the peepal or "bodhi" tree at Bodhgaya in Bihar in what is now India.
Types of Buddhas
There is a special type of Buddha called a pratyekabuddha or "silent Buddhas". These Buddhas reached enlightenment on their own, but they did not teach others.
Another type of Buddha is a samyaksambuddha. This is the best kind of Buddha because he is able to teach all living beings.
Seven Buddhas of the past
Buddhists believe that there have been many Buddhas in the past. There will also be many Buddhas in the future. Traditionally, seven Buddhas are given names.
Maitreya will be the next Buddha.
32 Signs of a Great Man
A Buddha is a person who has reached perfection. Some believe that there are 32 physical features of a Buddha; these are the 32 marks of a Great Man from Vedic Brahmin folklore, but are mentioned in the Pāli canon. Some of these features are represented in art and sculpture. These are listed below.
References
3. “Chapter 3 Buddhism. Origins and Fundamental Tenets. .” Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, section written by Cathy Cantwell & Hiroko Kawanami., Routledge, 2016, pp. 75–78
Klein-Brabant
Klein-Brabant is a Flemish region in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
Collonges, Ain
Collonges is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France.
Klein-Brabant
The region got a lot of attention during and after the broadcasting of the Eén series Stille Waters. Also the yearly Dodentocht and the Schelde Internationale Muziekstroom-route contribute to the image of the region.
The region includes the municipalities of Sint-Amands, Bornem and Puurs. There is also a police zone which is named Politiezone Klein-Brabant.
List of U.S. state songs
48 states of the United States (except Maryland and Virginia) have a state song, chosen by the state legislature as a symbol of the state. On July 1st 2021 Maryland My Maryland as state song was repealed. Some states have more than one official state song.
La Grange, Missouri
La Grange is a city in Lewis County, Missouri, United States.
Arrondissement of Saverne
The arrondissement of Saverne is an arrondissement of France in the Bas-Rhin department in the Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Saverne.
List of prime ministers of Portugal
The prime minister of the Portuguese Republic (primeiro-ministro da República Portuguesa) is the head of the country's Government.
Arrondissement of Saverne
History
At the 2015 arrondissements reform, the arrondissement of Saverne was expanded with several communes from the arrondissement of Strasbourg-Campagne, and some of its communes were reassigned to the arrondissements of Haguenau-Wissembourg and Molsheim.
Geography
The arrondissement of Saverne is the most western of the Bas-Rhin department. It is bordered to the northeast by the Haguenau-Wissembourg arrondissement, to the southeast by the Strasbourg arrondissement, to the south by the Molsheim arrondissement. The Moselle department is to the southwest, west and north.
The arrondissement of Saverne has an area of 1243.8 km2 and a population of 129,272 inhabitants for a population density of inhabitants/km².
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are 3 cantons in the arrondissement of Saverne:
Communes
The arrondissement of Saverne has 164 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:
Hideo Sakai
Hideo Sakai (堺井 秀雄) was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Sakai was born in Osaka Prefecture on June 10, 1909. He played for Kwangaku Club which was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. He won 1929 and 1930 Emperor's Cup with Yukio Goto and so on at the club.
Gentlemen's club
A gentlemen's club is a private social club. These clubs were started in England in the 18th century. They were originally reserved to the British upper class. At the start, they were only for men, women were not allowed. They were all originally gambling clubs. The first clubs (such as White's, Brooks's and Boodle's) had members from the aristocracys. A main activity was gambling, especially gambling at cards. which was illegal outside of members-only establishments. However, there were clubs with other activities.
Hideo Sakai
Biography
In May 1934, Sakai was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 13, he debuted against Dutch East Indies. He also played against Philippines and Republic of China. He played 3 games for Japan in 1934.
Gentlemen's club
Countries outside Britain also have such clubs. In many cases, they were associated with the British Empire: There are important ones in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They can also be found in many of the bigger American cities.
Jadeworld (USA)
Jadeworld is a programming package operated by TVB (USA) Inc.. TVB USA is headquartered in Los Angeles, with other operators in New York and San Francisco.
Gentlemen's club
Gentlemen's clubs were made so that their members could spend time there, instead of being at home. Such a club typically contains a formal dining room, a bar, a library, a billiards room and one or more rooms for reading, gaming or socializing. Many clubs also have guest rooms and  fitness amenities. Some are associated mainly with sports and regularly hold other events such as formal dining.
Jadeworld (USA)
Programs
TVB Channels cover an array of dramas, variety shows, U.S. and Hong Kong news, and sports.
Wallace Triplett
Wallace Triplett (April 18, 1926 – November 8, 2018) was a professional American football player. He was born in La Mott, Pennsylvania. Triplett was the first African-American to be drafted by and play for a National Football League team.
Hideo Sakai
Biography
On June 3, 1996, Sakai died of a pneumonia in Nishinomiya at the age of 86.
Lewistown, Missouri
Lewistown is a city in Lewis County, Missouri, United States.
Jadeworld (USA)
Sports
Although TVB has a limited sports coverage that includes the Olympics, FIFA and other Hong Kong sports; with TVB on DISH, NBA TV, One World Sports and Universal Sports Network are also now offered as a part of DISH's Chinese Basic Package.
Wallace Triplett
For that reason, his portrait hangs in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. He played for Detroit Lions and the Chicago Cardinals.
Triplett died on November 8, 2018 at the age of 92.
Coligny, Ain
Coligny is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Colomieu
Colomieu is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Brandon Saad
Brandon Saad (born October 27, 1992, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks.
On June 30, 2015, the Blackhawks traded Saad along with Alex Broadhurst and Michael Paliotta, to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Jeremy Morin, Marko Daňo, Artem Anisimov, Corey Tropp and a fourth-round draft pick in 2016.
Muskogee County, Oklahoma
NRHP sites
The following sites in Muskogee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
Peter Hook
Peter "Hooky" Hook (born 13 February 1956) is an English bass guitar player. He played in the bands Joy Division, New Order, Revenge and Monaco.
Conand, Ain
Conand is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Unlimited Tomorrow
Unlimited Tomorrow is an Rhinebeck-based American company that manufactures low-cost, high-quality robotic limbs. The low-cost prosthetic effort was started by Easton LaChappelle, an entrepreneur who founded Unlimited Tomorrow when he was 17. LaChappelle eventually met author/business strategist Tony Robbins, who gave him the initial starting capital to create Unlimited Tomorrow in 2014.
The company ran a crowdfunding campaign in 2018 and it raised $1.6 million from 1,200 investors in 30 days.
TrueLimb is a bionic arm and it was launched in 2020. The prostetic is controlled using muscles within the residual limb. The arms are made with dozens of sensors, an Arm M4 processor and rigid skin produced on a 3D printer. The prosthetic arm can be 3D scanned, match the other arm identically, and comes in 450 different skin tones. A traditional device can cost up to $80,000 but a TrueLimb costs $8,000, largely because there's no middleman involved.
In 2022-20023, the company has helped raise nearly $370,000 on GoFundMe to provide upper-limb prostheses to Ukrainians.
Waste treatment
Waste treatment means treating waste so the environment is not impacted. In many countries, forms of waste treatment are required by law.
Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment is the treatment of human waste. Sewage is made by all human communities.
Châlons Vatry Airport
The Chalons Vatry Airport is one of the two main airports servicing Paris and its surrounding area. Chalons Vatry has one runway and very few passenger facilities.
Canta Conmigo Ahora (season 2)
The second season of Canta Conmigo Ahora premiered on October 19, 2022, on El Trece. Marcelo Tinelli reprised his role as the host of the show, this is the Argentine version of the British program All Together Now.
The winner of this second season was Dámaris Zulli.
Castel Goffredo
Castel Goffredo is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.
Oldsmobile Cutlass
The Oldsmobile Cutlass was a model of Oldsmobile. They are no longer made.
Foley, Missouri
Foley is a city in Lincoln County, Missouri, United States.
Green card
Green Card or Permanent Resident Card is an identification card that proves that someone who is not a United States citizen is a permanent resident of the United States. The holder of the card is allowed to live, work and study in the United States on a permanent basis.
Overview
Most people get Green Cards after being sponsored by a family member, such as a wife or husband, or by an employer that is located in the United States. Other people may become permanent residents through refugee or asylum programs, or similar programs designed to protect their human rights. In some cases, a person may be allowed to file for their own Green Card without a sponsor.
After five years of legal permanent residency within the United States, the holder of the card is eligible to become a U.S. Citizen.
Dan Burton
Danny Lee Burton (born June 21, 1938) is an American politician. Burton is the former U.S. Representative for IN's 5th congressional district. He represented the IN's 6th congressional district, serving from 1983 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party and the Tea Party Caucus.
Närpes
Närpes (Närpiö) is a town in western Finland. There were 9,399 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kaskinen, Korsnäs, Kristinestad, Kurikka, Malax and Teuva. About 85% of the people speak Swedish.
Bernard Sumner
Bernard Sumner is a singer with the band New Order. He is also known as Bernard Albrecht. He was born in 1956 in Salford, England. He plays guitar and keyboard.
National Sport Center Tel Aviv
The National Sport Center is a complex of sports venues and sport administration buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It includes the Olympic Committee of Israel building. The center is located in the Western edge of the Yarkon Park near to the Ramat Gan Stadium. It is a supplementary compound to the Wingate Institute in Netanya.
The National Sport Center was established in 1978 when a several tennis courts were built close to Yarkon Park. In 1980, the building of the Olympic Committee of Israel and the national athletics stadium were built nearby.
Condamine, Ain
Condamine is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam
Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam is the temple tank located near to Vandiyur Mariamman Temple. It is situated at a distance of about 2 km from the Meenakshi Amman Temple. The tank is connected to Vaigai River through an underground channel (passage). It has total of 12 long stairs (steps). It is made of granite on all four sides. This tank was built in 1645 A.D. This was the biggest tank in Tamil Nadu at that time.
7 foot tall Mukuruny Vinayakar idol in Meenakshi Amman Temple is believed to be found during excavation process of this pond. Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam is famous for the celebrations of the Float festival. This is celebrated in the Tamil month of Thai (January 14th to February 15th). At present this temple tank is the third largest in the world.
Hawk Point, Missouri
Hawk Point is a city in Lincoln County, Missouri, United States.
Sturmabteilung
The Sturmabteilung (often shortened to SA) was a paramilitary group for the German Nazi Party. Their leader was Ernst Röhm. The group was important in helping Adolf Hitler gain power in the 1930s.
In English, they are often called the Stormtroopers or the Brownshirts, while Sturmabteilung literally translates to “assault detachment” or “assault section”. They wore a brown uniform, similar to the black uniform worn by Mussolini's Blackshirts.
The word Sturmabteilung was used before the founding of the Nazi Party in 1919. It originally comes from the specialized assault troops used by Germany in World War I using Hutier infiltration tactics.
The SA played a key role in Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s. Other political parties also had their own partisan militia, and the SA fought them. The SS began as a small part of SA, and later replaced them.
The Army and other conservatives disliked the SA. In 1934 Hitler launched the Night of the Long Knives in which the Schutzstaffel arrested and killed their leaders.
Henry DeWitt Hamilton
Henry DeWitt Hamilton (February 26, 1863 - August 18, 1942) was the Adjutant General of the New York State Militia starting in 1912.
Biography
He was born on February 26, 1863 in White Hall, Illinois to Edwin Benjamin Brown Hamilton (1821-1894) and Mary Ann Hildred Chandler. He attended Shurtleff College and Columbia University and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1884. On June 30, 1893 in Newark, New Jersey he married Ada Estelle Brown.
He was the Adjutant General of the New York State Militia starting in 1912. In 1923 he was appointed as the secretary of the Rhode Island Democratic Committee.
He died on August 18, 1942 in Barrington, Rhode Island. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Moscow Mills, Missouri
Moscow Mills is a city in Lincoln County, Missouri, United States.
To the Shores of Tripoli
To the Shores of Tripoli is a 1942 American romantic drama movie directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and starring John Payne, Maureen O'Hara, Randolph Scott, Nancy Kelly, William Tracy, Maxie Rosenbloom, Harry Morgan, Edmund MacDonald. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1943.
Mahamaham tank, Kumbakonam
Mahamaham tank is a huge temple tank located in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the largest temple tanks in Tamil Nadu. The Masimaham festival held in the tank has 0.1 million visitors. The 12 year Mahamaham festival has about 2 million visitors. The tank is located in the center of Kumbakonam town. It covers an area of 6.2 acres.
A Killer Among Friends
A Killer Among Friends is a 1992 made-for-television movie. It aired on CBS on December 8, 1992. Based on a true story, the movie stars Patty Duke as a mother grieving for her murdered daughter (Tiffani Thiessen). She sets out to find the killer. The movie is based on the real life murder of Michele "Missy" Avila.
Maiko Nasu
Maiko Nasu (那須 麻衣子) is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Nasu was born in Nabari on July 31, 1984. She joined her local club Prima Ham FC Kunoichi (later Iga FC Kunoichi) in 1999. The club won the champions in 1999 season and the 2nd place in 2000 season. In 2007, she moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa. The club won the champions in 2011 season. In 2012, she returned to Iga FC Kunoichi. She retired end of 2016 season.
In August 2002, Nasu was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2002 U-19 World Championship. On August 1, 2009, she debuted for the Japan national team against France. She played 3 games for Japan until 2011.
Tammy Duckworth
Ladda Tammy Duckworth (born March 12, 1968) is an American politician. She is the United States senator from Illinois. She was a U.S. Representative for Illinois's 8th congressional district from 2013 to 2017.
Edward Brooke
Edward William Brooke III (October 26, 1919 – January 3, 2015) was an American politician. He was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966. He beat his Democratic rival Endicott Peabody by many votes.
Tammy Duckworth
A member of the Democratic Party, she is the first Asian American woman elected to Congress in Illinois, the first disabled woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and the first member of Congress born in Thailand.
Edward Brooke
He served for two terms, and lost to Paul Tsongas in the 1978 Senate election. Brooke was the oldest living former Senator since Harry F. Byrd, Jr.'s death on July 30, 2013.
Tammy Duckworth
Duckworth ran for the United States senate seat against the current senator Mark Kirk in the 2016 Illinois senate elections. On November 8, 2016, she defeated Kirk in his bid for re-election to his U.S. Senate seat.
In April 2018, Duckworth gave birth to her daughter Maile, making her the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office.
Edward Brooke
Career
Brooke was the first African-American politician to be popularly elected to the Senate. He was the only person of African heritage sent to the Senate in the 20th century until Democrat Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois in 1993. Brooke was also the first African-American senator since the Reconstruction Era.
Tammy Duckworth
In July 2020, she became one of the finalists for Joe Biden's running mate in the 2020 election/
Edward Brooke
Career
Brooke was the last Republican Senator elected from Massachusetts until Scott Brown was elected in 2010. Brooke was also the oldest living former Republican Senator and oldest living former Senator after the death of Harry F. Byrd, Jr. in July 2013. Byrd was Senator around the same time as Brooke.
Personal life
He married Remigia Ferrari-Scacco in 1947. They had two children. They divorced in 1979. He married Ann Fleming in 1979. Their marriage would last until Brooke's death in 2015. They had one child. He wrote a book about his life, Bridging the Divide: My Life, in 2007. He lived in Coral Gables, Florida.
In September 2002, he was diagnosed with breast cancer. He worked at raising awareness of the disease among men.
Death
On January 3, 2015, Brooke died at his home in Coral Gables, Florida at the age of 95 from natural causes.
Brent Peterson (ice hockey, born 1972)
Brent Peterson (born July 20, 1972 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Peterson, a left winger, played in 56 games over three seasons for the National Hockey League's (NHL) Tampa Bay Lightning, scoring nine goals and assisting on one. After his three NHL seasons, Peterson spent four seasons in Europe, playing for teams in Switzerland and Germany.
Early years
Peterson joined the United States Hockey League's Thunder Bay Flyers for the 1990–91 season, at the age of eighteen. In 48 regular season games, he recorded 27 goals and 40 assists, and added eight goals and nine assists in 10 playoff games. In 1991–92, Peterson began playing college hockey with the Western Collegiate Hockey Association's Michigan Tech Huskies. After scoring 20 points in the 1992–93 season, Peterson increased his point total to 42 in 1993–94. In 1994–95, he scored 25 goals and had 21 assists; both totals were the highest of his college career, as was his 46 points. Peterson's statistical production declined slightly in his last college season, 1995–96, as he posted 20 goals and 16 assists.
Beverly LaHaye
Beverly LaHaye (born April 30, 1929) is an American Christian conservative activist and author. She was born in Detroit, Michigan. LaHaye founded Concerned Women for America (CWA) in San Diego, California in 1979 and is the organization's current chair.
Brent Peterson (ice hockey, born 1972)
Professional career
In the 1993 NHL Supplemental Draft, Peterson was chosen as the third overall selection by the Tampa Bay Lightning. Following the end of his college career, he was sent to the Atlanta Knights, the Lightning's affiliate in the minor league International Hockey League (IHL). With the Knights, Peterson had 28 points in 69 regular season games, but went scoreless in three playoff games. In 1996–97, Peterson spent most of his playing time with the American Hockey League's Adirondack Red Wings, for whom he scored 45 points in the regular season and four in the playoffs. During that season, he made his NHL debut with the Lightning, and scored two goals in 17 games. The 1997–98 season saw Peterson again split time between the NHL and minor league hockey; he tallied five goals in 19 games for the Lightning, and 20 goals and 39 assists for the IHL's Milwaukee Admirals. He played his final NHL games in the 1998–99 season, when he posted two goals and his only NHL assist in 20 games for the Lightning. In addition, he had 13 goals and 12 assists in 35 games for two IHL clubs.
Beverly LaHaye
She was the wife of Tim LaHaye, the late evangelical Christian minister and prolific author of the Left Behind series.
Brent Peterson (ice hockey, born 1972)
Professional career
In March 1999, the Lightning traded Peterson to the Pittsburgh Penguins organization. He became a free agent after the season, and the Nashville Predators signed him. During the 1999–00 season, Peterson spent the entire campaign with the Admirals, the Predators' IHL affiliate, scoring 32 points in the regular season and five in the playoffs. Peterson moved to Europe for the 2000–01 season, beginning the season with the SCL Tigers in Switzerland's National League A. In 10 games, he recorded three goals and two assists before moving to Germany to play for the Deutsche Eishockey Liga's Kassel Huskies. Peterson finished 2000–01 season with the Tigers and spent three more seasons with the club; his best statistical season in Germany was 2002–03, when he had 25 regular season points, along with three in the playoffs.
Polans
The Polans were a West Slavic tribe that lived in Greater Poland. Polans united other Polish tribes and created Poland. The first Catholic ruler of the Polans was Mieszko I. Here is an extract of Helmold's Chronica Slavorum:
"Slavorum igitur populi multi sunt habitantes in litore Balthici maris. Sinus huius maris ab occidentali occeano orientem versus porrigitur. Appellatur ideo Balthicus (...) idemque mare barbarum seu pelagus Schiticum vocatur a gentibus, quas alluit, barbaris. Hoc mare multae circumsedent naciones. Dani siquidem ac Sueones, quos Northmannos vocamus, septentrionale litus et omnes in eo continent insulas. At litus australe Slavorum incolunt nationes, quorum ab oriente primi sunt Ruci, deinde Polani, habentes a septentrione Pruzos, ab austro Boemos et eos qui dicuntur Marahi sive Karinthi atque Sorabi."
in English, it means:
"There are a lot of Slavic tribes, that live on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The bay of this sea is directed from the west ocean to east. It's called Baltic (...) This sea is also called barbarian or Scythian from the barbarian tribes, that is failing. There are a lot of tribes that live around this sea; namely Danes and Swedes, which we call Normans, they live on the northern coast and all of the isles. Southern coast inhabit Glavic tribes, the first of them are Rus'; there are also Polans, that border in the north with Prussians, on the south with Czechs, and these, that are calling themselves Moravians or Carynthians and Sorbians."
Mickey's Mouse Tracks
Broadcast history
It ran from 1992 to 1995. They featured Disney cartoons and animated short films from before the advent of The Disney Channel. A similar show was Donald's Quack Attack. The show premiered on November 2, 1992, along with Donald's Quack Attack, on The Disney Channel.
Home Movies (TV series)
Home Movies was an animated television show. It started in 1999. It had four seasons.
Old Monroe, Missouri
Old Monroe is a city in Lincoln County, Missouri, United States.
Winfield, Missouri
Winfield is a city in Lincoln County, Missouri, United States.
BR standard class 5
The BR standard class 5 4-6-0 was one of the 12 standard classes of steam locomotive built by British Railways in the 1950s. It was essentially a development of the LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0. 172 were built between 1951 and 1957 and they were numbered 73000–73171. Five locomotives have been preserved.
Condeissiat
Condeissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Le Monêtier-les-Bains
Le Monêtier-les-Bains is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Advertising
Advertising is how a company encourages people to buy their products, use their services, or adopt their ideas. Advertising is one element of marketing, which also includes design, research, and data mining.
An advertisement (or an "ad" for short) is usually designed by an advertising agency for a sponsor or brand and made public by various media. Ads appear on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and billboards in streets and cities. Advertisers use methods that attract attention.
Fernando Redondo
Fernando Redondo (born 6 July 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentinian national team.
Advertising
Advertisers influence our emotions by techniques that include stereotyping and targeting the audience: who we are. Emotions are influenced by our occupation, beliefs, personality, self-esteem, lifestyle, relationships, friends, how we look, and what we wear.
Fernando Redondo
Club career statistics
65||1 268||12 16||0 349||13
International career statistics
!Total||29||1
Advertising
History
Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC.
Londoner Thomas J. Barratt (1841–1914) has been called "the father of modern advertising". He worked for the Pears Soap company, eventually becoming its chairman. Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. It used targeted slogans, images, and phrases. One of his slogans, "Good morning. Have you used Pears' soap?" was famous in its day and into the 20th century.
Barratt introduced many of the crucial ideas that lie behind successful advertising, and these were widely circulated in his day. He constantly stressed the importance of a strong and exclusive brand image for Pears and of emphasizing the product's availability through saturation campaigns. He also understood the importance of constantly reevaluating the market for changing tastes and mores, stating in 1907 that "tastes change, fashions change, and the advertiser has to change with them. An idea that was effective a generation ago would fall flat, stale, and unprofitable if presented to the public today. Not that the idea of today is always better than the older idea, but it is different – it hits the present taste."
As the economy expanded across the world during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising. Very important was the growth of mass media, with mass circulation illustrated newspapers in the later 19th century followed by movies, radio and television.
Types of advertising
Advertising happens in many different ways. Many products are advertised on television, although not all channels permit advertising. The advertisements usually appear during breaks between a television show. They are usually for products, other television shows, or movies. These ads are not normally much longer than 30 seconds. Some radio stations have audio advertisements that play between programmes.
An advertisement for a movie is called a trailer. It shows a short collection of clips from the movie, and shows the date it will be released in cinemas.
Advertising also takes place on websites. These may appear as "banner ads" or "popups". They are often non-moving images or flash animations. The owner of the website will get money when a user clicks on the advertisement. Sometimes they will get a percentage of the money if they buy a product.
Billboards advertise products on highways and city streets. These may simply be freestanding billboards or may be part of street furniture such as a bus shelter. Buses and taxis are often covered in adverts, while budget airlines sometimes allow advertising inside their planes. Adverts also appear in newspapers, magazines, and sports programmes. Many sport stadiums have adverts set around them. Sports teams, tournaments, television programmes and public events may have a sponsor who is the main or, sometimes, only advertiser.
Techniques
Advertisers use many different techniques to get people to notice their adverts, often using shocking or sexy images on purpose. Once advertisers have managed to make people notice their advert, they need to 'sell' the product or brand. They may try to make the product look appealing, however, often, advertisers use humor in such a way that gets people to remember the brand without actually promoting the product. Poor adverts can damage sales or spoil a brand's identity.
Regulations
Advertising is often strictly regulated, for example, in the United Kingdom it is illegal to advertise tobacco, except in the shop where it is sold and this is also restricted. In France, it is illegal to advertise alcohol, meaning that when many European football teams play in France, they cannot play in their usual shirts as breweries often advertise on sports shirts. It is also illegal to advertise on some television channels, the BBC in the United Kingdom and RTE in the Republic of Ireland are not allowed to permit advertising and instead make their revenue from selling a compulsory television licence. Some countries, such as Canada, regulate misleading advertising and labelling to try to prevent deceptive practices and protect consumers.
Stagflation
In economics, the term stagflation is used when there is almost no growth in production, yet there is high inflation, and unemployment is high. This was supposed to be impossible under the kind of economics described by Keynes (Keynesian economics).
Stagflation is a portmanteau word of stagnation and inflation. It is used in economics when the inflation rate is high, the growth rate slows down, and unemployment stays high. It raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa.
The term is generally attributed to a British politician who became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970, Iain Macleod, who coined the phrase in his speech to Parliament in 1965.
Keynes didn't use the term, but some of his work refers to the conditions most would recognise as stagflation. In the version of Keynesian macroeconomic theory which was dominant between the end of World War II (WWII) and the late-1970s, inflation and recession were regarded as mutually exclusive, the relationship between the two being described by the Phillips curve. Stagflation is very costly and difficult to stop once it starts.
A political measure called the Misery Index is got by adding the inflation rate to the unemployment rate.
This situation usually begins with things beginning to cost more while fewer of the things are being made. Because fewer things are being made, fewer people are needed to make them. This causes unemployment to increase. All three of these factors together cause stagflation — stagnation in production and employment and increasing inflation. It is also because of "cost push" factors. When it begins to cost more to make an item, the price will increase. People will be less likely to invest money in the company. This will lead to more unemployment.
1970s recession
The 1973–75 recession or 1970s recession was a period of economic stagnation in much of the Western world during the 1970s, putting an end to the general post-World War II economic boom. It differed from many previous recessions as being a stagflation, where high unemployment coincided with high inflation.
Confort
Confort is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Takashi Kawanishi
Takashi Kawanishi (川西 隆) was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
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Tong Yang-tze
Early Life
Tong moved to Taiwan in 1952. She grew up with four siblings. Her dad taught her and her siblings calligraphy. She started learning calligraphy when she was eight years old. Tong graduated from National Taiwan Normal University. She earned a master’s degree in fine arts. She also received a postgrad degree from University of Massachusetts. She was accepted into Taiwan’s most prestigious business university. She rejected them and chose to follow her passion for art. She also became a graduate designer in New York. Her style of calligraphy is known for mixing traditional calligraphy with modern art.
Accomplishments
You can see Tong Yang-Tze’s work everywhere in Taiwan. It is used in signs at train stations. It is in theatre, bookshop, and anniversary campaign brands. It is Taiwan’s passport stamp.
Exhibitions
Tong’s work has been shown in many places. Atelier 320: Upending was an exhibit at the Johnson Museum. From Ink to Apparel: A Crossover between Calligraphy Art and Fashion Design was shown at the World Design Capital in Taipei. Another exhibition was the M+ commission.
Petalodontidae
Petalodontidae is an extinct family of cartilaginous fish related to the modern-day chimaera, found in what is now the United States of America and Europe. With a very few exceptions, they are known entirely from teeth.
Petalodontids belong to the order Petalodontiformes, an order of prehistoric fishes. Petalodontidae is the most popular family of the Petalodontiformes. The type genus is Petalodus.
Falstaff (opera)
Falstaff is an Italian opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi, on a libretto by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor. It was first performed in Milan, on February 9, 1893. Verdi's last opera and perhaps greatest masterpiece, composed when he was 80, and only his second comedy since his earlier attempt Un giorno di regno in 1840.
The composition of the opera
When Verdi composed Falstaff he was not writing it for a commission. He was just writing it for his own pleasure, without a performance in mind. When he had finished it he felt that it would be his last work and that his life’s work had finished. It was almost true. It was indeed his last opera and his last big work.
When composers turn plays into operas they usually have to make some changes in the drama to make it suitable to be sung. Verdi had already turned two other Shakespeare plays into opera: Otello and Macbeth. When he composed these he worked with librettists to create something as close to Shakespeare’s plays as possible, but when writing Falstaff he took more freedom. The character of Falstaff is very close to the way he is shown in Shakespeare’s Henry IV plays, rather than the Falstaff of The Merry Wives of Windsor.
Act I
Falstaff complains that his bill for the drinks is very high. He says that his two friends drink so much that he won’t have enough to eat and he’ll get thin and then he cannot be his proper self. He says he is in love with two ladies: Mrs Ford and Mrs Page. He has written love letters to them both. He asks his two friends to take the letters to them, but they refuse. Falstaff is cross and gets a page boy to take them instead. Then he chases his friends with a broom.
The next scene changes to the garden of Ford’s house. Four ladies are in the garden: Alice Ford and Meg Page and also Mistress Quickly and Anne Ford, the daughter of Mr and Mrs Ford. Verdi calls her “Nannetta”. The four of them look at the two letters that Alice and Meg have received and find they are exactly the same except for the address. They are amused and a bit annoyed, so they decide to tease Falstaff.
Mr Ford is walking with Dr Caius, Fenton and Falstaff’s two friends. Fenton is a young man who is in love with Nannetta, but Ford does not want him to marry his daughter. Bardolfo and Pistola have deserted Falstaff. They tell Ford that Falstaff is in love with his wife. He is cross, of course, and plans revenge. The music of the four ladies and the music of the five men is sometimes heard separately, and sometimes it is combined. Fenton and Nannetta stay behind to kiss and they sing a love duet. When the men and ladies come back they each sing their own music again. This is a famous ensemble: the way Verdi has combined the two songs is very clever.
Act II
Bardolfo and Pistola are back in the Garter Inn with Falstaff. They pretend they are very sorry to have deserted Falstaff. They tell him that there is an old woman outside who wants to speak to him. It is Mistress Quickly, who comes in and curtseys very low to Falstaff. She gives him the message that Alice would love to see him, but that Meg’s husband is guarding her and never leaves her by herself. He can see Alice when her husband is out between two and three o’ clock (Dalle due alle tre). Falstaff is pleased and gives Mistress Quickly a tip (some money) as she leaves. He sings to himself “Alice is mine” (“Alice è mia”).
The next visitor Falstaff has is Ford. Falstaff does not know who he is. Ford says his name is Master Brook (Signor Fontana). He gives Falstaff a purse with silver and tells him that he is in love with Mistress Ford (Alice). He asks Falstaff to get her for him. Falstaff says he will be seeing her that very afternoon. Ford asks him whether he knows Alice’s husband (i.e. himself). Falstaff says he does and he describes to him what a terrible man Ford is. It is a very comic scene with a lot of very clever humour.
When Falstaff goes out to change his clothes Ford shows his anger. When Falstaff returns the two men go out arm in arm like friends, arguing about who shall go through the door first.
Back in Ford’s house the four women are getting ready to tease Falstaff. From the conversation we learn that Ford wants Nannette to marry Dr Caius who is a fussy old man. Nannette of course wants to marry young Fenton.
When Falstaff comes Alice is playing the lute. He sings to her accompaniment. When Quickly says that Ford is coming they hide Falstaff behind a screen. Ford and his men start to search another part of the house, and the women hide Falstaff inside a big laundry basket with dirty clothes. Ford comes back, he hears the sound of kissing and thinks it is his wife with Falstaff, but he finds it is Nannetta and Fenton. Ford goes out furiously, and the women quickly throw the laundry basket out of the window into the river Thames below. When Ford comes back his wife takes him to the window and he sees Falstaff, who is very wet, getting out of the river.
Act III
Falstaff is recovering in the Inn. He is very grumpy, although he starts to cheer up when wine is brought. Mistress Quickly comes in and says he can meet Alice, but Falstaff is not really in a mood for this. In the end Quickly manages to persuade him to meet Alice at Herne the Hunter’s Oak in Windsor forest. There is a legend about a black hunter who hanged himself from this tree, and so the spot is haunted by witches and sprites. Falstaff is told he must disguise himself as the black hunter.
The men and women sing an ensemble in which they describe the plot they have made to tease Falstaff. Ford also plots to announce that Caius will marry Nannette.
The last scene takes place at night under Herne’s Oak. The moon shines. Fenton sings an aria. Falstaff appears in his disguise, wearing a pair of antlers on his head and wrapped in a big cloak. Midnight strikes. For a moment he is alone with Alice, but then she leaves him by himself. Nannetta is disguised as the Queen of Fairies. She and her friends sing beautiful music. Falstaff has hidden his face in his cloak, but everyone goes to him and torments him. When people take off their masks Falstaff feels really stupid, although he tries to say that his wittiness helped the joke. Ford announces that Nannetta will marry Caius. Alice leads another couple to him and he announces that they too will marry. When they take off their masks he finds that Bardolfo was disguised as Nannetta, so he will marry Caius! The other couple were Fenton and Nannetta in disguise. Now it is Ford who looks stupid, and Falstaff takes the opportunity to tease him. They finish by singing “Tutto nel mondo è burla. L’uom è nato burlone” (“Joking is man’s vocation. Wise is he who is jolly”). The music is a fugue, which is usually thought of as being a serious academic form, but the mood here is jolly.
An engravement was made in favour of Falstaff's existence; ("Where 'o where shall the holly be on the night of song, more for thee to ascend in me.")
Royal Australian Air Force
The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air force of the Australian Defence Force. It started in 1912 as the Australian Flying Corps and saw its first action in World War I.
Early history
The first plan for an Australian air force was given to the Military Board in 1910. The plan was approved on 22 October, 1912, and five planes were ordered. A flying school was set up on 734 acre of land at Point Cook, Victoria, with the first students starting on 17 August, 1914.
Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway (L&B) is a Heritage railway in North Devon, England.
For a few years the line earned a small profit, but for most of its life the L&B lost money. The L&B was taken over by the Southern Railway in 1923, and finally closed in September 1935.
The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association was created in 1979. A short section of the line opened again in 2004. This was extended in 2006 and a year later, plans were announced to open nine miles (14 km) of track, linking the station at Woody Bay to both Lynton and Blackmoor Gate, and eventually to a new station at Wistlandpound Reservoir.
History
Several plans were put forward to extend railways from Barnstaple to Lynton. Because of the hills and valleys which would need tight curves and steep slopes, one scheme suggested a gauge of, already being used on other lines like the Ffestiniog Railway, to make building the line easier. This plan was supported by Sir George Newnes who became chairman of the company. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895, and the line was officially opened on 11 May 1898. Public services started on 16 May.
Falling traffic during World War I, better roads, and more people owning cars cut the line's income even more, until it was no longer economic.
Despite many cost-saving changes, and extra money being spent on the line, the Southern Railway was still unable to make money, so they closed the line.
The last train ran on 29 September 1935. The Southern Railway removed everything they could use on other lines, and by 8 November, they had lifted the track from Lynton to the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station. On 13 November a sale was held, but the railway did not attract much interest. Most of the carriages and wagons, and every engine apart from Lew, were scrapped at Pilton. Some carriages were cut up and used as garden sheds. Third class seats became garden furniture, and first class seats were used in local public halls. In December, Sidney Castle got the job of taking the rest of the railway apart. The remaining track was lifted by June 1936, and in September, Lew was shipped to South America - probably Brazil. The stations and track bed were sold in 1938.
The L&B had a very good safety record, and no members of the public were killed or injured, although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did take the lives of three workers.
Along the route
The L&B rises and falls several times along its length. Starting at 15 ft above sea level, The first 3+3/4 mi, through Barnstaple, and along the Yeo Valley stays nearly level. Collard Bridge marks the start of an 8 mi climb, mainly at one in fifty (2%), to Blackmoor Gate. A slight down-gradient follows, about 2 mim long, towards Parracombe Bank, and the start of another climb, about 2+1/2 mi, to Woody Bay – at 1000 ft, the highest railway station in southern England. The line then falls, again mostly at one in fifty - to Lynton & Lynmouth station, still 700 ft above the sea, and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton. The minimum radius on curves was 5 chain.
Rail vehicles
One of the most obvious features of the L&B was its rail vehicles, with the engines appearing first in a plain lined Holly green colour, later on a black base, with chestnut under-frames, pulling passenger carriages coloured terra-cotta with cream upper panels, and light grey goods wagons. The painting was simplified as each vehicle was repainted. With the take-over by the Southern Railway and arrival of Lew, the paint scheme was slowly changed to a lighter green with yellow lettering for the engines and passenger carriages, and brown for the goods wagons. The engine headlamps which had been black were re-painted red.