cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Koji Nakazato
Koji Nakazato (born 24 April 1982) is a former Japanese football player.
Bidogno
Bidogno was a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.
Biromanticism
Biromanticism is a romantic orientation. A biromantic person has romantic attraction to more than one gender. Biromantic people can have any sexual orientation. The term biromantic is useful for asexual people to describe their affection. The term is related to bisexuality.
The term was created in on-line communities, such as Asexual Visibility and Education Network.
Kurud
Kurud is a town found in the center of the state of Chhattisgarh in India.
Supreme Court of Indonesia
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia (Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia) is the independent judicial branch of the country. It keeps a system of courts and sits above the other courts and is the final court of appeal. It can also re-examine cases if new evidence emerges.
The Supreme Court is independent as of the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is in charge over the high courts (Pengadilan Tinggi) and district courts (Pengadilan Negeri). There are about 68 high courts: 31 General Courts, 29 Religious Courts, 4 Administrative Courts and 4 Military Courts.
Rip current
A rip current is a strong surface flow of water returning outward from near the shore (not to be confused with an undertow). It is often mistakenly called a "rip tide" or "riptide", which is a flow of water out of an inland lagoon or channel during an ebb tide. Colloquially a rip current is known simply as a rip. Although rip currents would exist even without the tides, tides can make an existing rip much more dangerous (especially low tide). Typical flow is at 0.5 meters per second (1-2 feet per second), and can be as fast as 2.5 meters per second (8 feet per second). Rip currents can move to different locations on a beach break, up to tens of metres (a few hundred feet) a day. They can happen at any beach with breaking waves, including the world's oceans, seas, and large lakes such as the Great Lakes in Canada and the United States.
Lède
Geography
The Lède has a length of about 54.1 km, and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 440 km2.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Casseneuil
Course
The Lède starts in the place known as Capoulèze in the commune of Blanquefort-sur-Briolance at an elevation of about 205 m.
It flows generally to the southwestwest and passes through the communes, all in the Lot-et-Garonne department, of Blanquefort-sur-Briolance, Lacapelle-Biron, Paulhiac, Laussou, Gavaudun, La Sauvetat-sur-Lède, Monflanquin, Montagnac-sur-Lède, Salles, Lédat (it takes its name from the river), Villeneuve-sur-Lot and Casseneuil, where it flows into the Lot.
Homoromanticism
Homoromanticism is a romantic orientation. A homoromantic person is most likely to have romantic relationship with a person of the same gender or sex. Homoromantic people can have any sexual orientation. The term homoromantic is useful for asexual people to express their affection. Some homoromantic people may also identify as lesbian or gay man.
The term was created in on-line communities, such as Asexual Visibility and Education Network.
Lède
Course
It joins the Lot on its right bank, at about 40 m of altitude.
Tributaries
Most of tributaries of the Lède river are very short; only two tributaries are over 10 km long:
Wizz Air
Wizz Air is a low cost airline based in Budapest, Hungary. The airline operates a fleet of 169 aircraft on flights in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The airline carried 27.1 million passengers in the 2021-22 financial year.
History
Wizz Air was founded in 2003 by Jozsef Varadi, the former CEO of Malev Hungarian Airlines. The airline's first flight took off in May 2004.
The company joined the London Stock Exchange in February 2015.
In October 2017 the airline announced it would be setting up a new London Luton based subsidiary named Wizz Air UK. At the time the airline stated that the reason was to make sure its UK operations were secure in the event of a hard Brexit.
In December 2019 the airline announced that it would be setting up a subsidiary in the UAE capital of Abu Dhabi. Named Wizz Air Abu Dhabi, the new airline operated its first flight in January 2021.
Concentration camp
A concentration camp (or internment camp) is a place where a government forces people to live without trial. Usually, those people belong to groups the government does not like. The term means to confine (keep in a secure manner) "enemy citizens in wartime or terrorism suspects".
Some governments put people in concentration camps because they belong to a certain religion, race, or ethnic group.
Wizz Air
History
As of October 2022 the airline has 169 aircraft in its fleet, with an additional 329 aircraft on order.
Concentration camp
Usually, people are sent to concentration camps without having had a trial or being found guilty of a crime.
Sometimes, governments send people to concentration camps to do forced labor or to be killed. For example, concentration camps were run by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. The Nazis used concentration camps to kill millions of people in The Holocaust and force many others to work as slaves. However, many other countries have used concentration camps during wars or times of trouble.
Native American "reservations"
The first modern concentration camps in the United States were created in 1838. Around this time, the United States was getting bigger. However, Native Americans lived in the lands that the United States wanted to take over.
In 1830, the United States Congress and President Andrew Jackson had passed a law called the Indian Removal Act. This law said that all Native Americans had to leave the United States and move to "Indian Territory," west of the Mississippi River. However, many Cherokee people would not leave their lands. In May 1838, the United States government decided to force the Cherokee to leave the United States.
First, soldiers forced about 17,000 Cherokee people, and 2,000 of their African-American slaves, into concentration camps, where they had to live during the summer of 1838. 353 Cherokee people died in the camps from dysentery and other diseases. Finally, the Cherokee were forced to travel to the area that is now Oklahoma. (At the time, Oklahoma was not in the United States.) The government also forced other Native American tribes to leave their lands and move west.
Soon, many people from the United States started to move west. Now the United States was moving into Native American lands again. Starting around the 1860s, many Native American tribes fought back. These fights are now called the Indian Wars. The United States government reacted by forcing Native Americans to leave their lands again and move into concentration camps. The government called these camps "Indian reservations." (They were called "reservations" because some land had been put aside, or "reserved," for the Native Americans.) However, Native Americans were not allowed to leave their reservations. On some reservations, many people, especially children, died from hunger and sickness.
American Civil War camps
During the American Civil War in the 1860s, soldiers who had been captured were sometimes put in camps. These camps were meant to be prisoner of war (POW) camps, with good conditions. However, as the war went on, both the Union and the Confederacy captured more enemy soldiers. The camps became very crowded, with terrible conditions. There was not enough food, and many men died from hunger. Also, there was also very little sanitation, which made it easy for diseases to spread. Many prisoners died from these diseases.
The deadliest prisoner of war camp during the Civil War was Andersonville prison. Andersonville was run by the Confederate States Army. At Andersonville, about one quarter of the prisoners died.
Conditions at the Union's prisoner of war camps were also very bad. At four different Union camps, at least 15% of the prisoners in the camps died. At a camp called Fort Pulaski, Union soldiers starved 600 Confederate prisoners of war on purpose. 46 of them died. The Union soldiers did this to get revenge for how Union prisoners were treated at Andersonville Prison.
By the end of the Civil War, about 30,000 Union soldiers, and about 26,000 Confederate soldiers, had died in prisoner of war camps.
Gerson Díaz
Gerson Díaz is a retired footballer from Venezuela. He was born on 11 February 1972. Díaz played for the Venezuela national football team.
Concentration camp
Spain
In the late 1800s, Cuba was a colony of the Spanish Empire. This meant Spain controlled Cuba. When Cuban people tried to rebel and fight for independence from 1895 to 1898, Spain created concentration camps and sent many Cuban people to live in them. This was called the "Reconcentrado" ("Reconcentration") Policy.
The people fighting for Cuban independence were guerrilla fighters. They did not wear military uniforms and could hide themselves in groups of civilians. They could also camp and hunt, without needing help from anybody to survive. To keep the guerrilla fighters from being able to do these things, the Spanish government decided to put Cuban people in concentration camps. The idea was that in the camps, Cuban people could be 'protected' by the Spanish Army until the Spanish Empire won the war. However, this idea did not work. At least 30% of the Cuban people in the camps died from hunger, disease, bad sanitation, and not having medicines. Also, the concentration camps did not help the Spanish win the war.
The British Empire
Between 1900 and 1902, the British Empire, led by Lord Kitchener, used concentration camps. At the time, they were fighting the Boer people in the Second Boer War in South Africa. At first, the British were not able to beat the Boers. They reacted by putting the Boer fighters' family members into concentration camps. They did this so these family members could not give food or help to the Boer fighters. The British soldiers also burned down the Boers' houses and farms, and destroyed all the crops they could find. They did this so the Boer fighters would not be able to find food or shelter anywhere.
Russia & the Soviet Union
Russia used prison camps, especially in places in the Arctic or Siberia, a long way from the main cities. The first prison camp in Russia was built in 1918. However, after the Soviet Union was formed in the 1922, the Soviet government started sending many more people to labor camps. By 1936, there were 5,000,000 inmates in these camps.
These camps are called zone in Russian. They are also commonly called "gulags". GULAG is an acronym for the Russian words "Main Camp Administration" (ru: Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения; Glavnoe upravlenye lagerey i mest zaklyucheniya). This was the government agency that was in charge of the prison camps while Josef Stalin led the Soviet Union. However, people who do not speak Russian often use the word "gulag" to talk about any forced labor camp in Russia or the Soviet Union.
People sent to the gulags included:
Nazi Germany
During World War II, Nazi Germany created many concentration camps, labor camps, and extermination camps (death camps). Nazi Germany's leader, Adolf Hitler, thought that certain groups of people were inferior (not as good as others). He even thought there were groups of people who did not deserve to live - he called them "life unworthy of life." These three groups were Jews, Roma people, and people with disabilities. Hitler wanted his Nazis to kill every Jew, Roma, and disabled person in Europe.
Hitler also wanted to get rid of other groups he did not like, including people who he thought might challenge or fight the Nazi government. These people included socialists, communists, people of certain religions, and members of resistance movements (groups who tried to fight the Nazis any way they could).
The Nazis sent many of these people to concentration camps to work as slave labor. After a few years, some camps were set up just to kill people. These are now called "extermination camps" or "death camps." At these camps, people were killed in gas chambers, shot, worked to death, and marched to death. Many people also died from disease and starvation in the camps.
More than half of the Jewish people who died in the Holocaust died at Nazi concentration camps. Just in the Auschwitz camps, at least 1.1 million people died (about 1,000,000 Jews and about 75,000 non-Jewish people, like Poles). Towards the end of World War II, the Nazis killed up to 20,000 people a day in the camps' gas chambers.
Independent State of Croatia
With Nazi Germany's support, the Ustaše government of the new Independent State of Croatia (ISC) created concentration camps and extermination camps. Mainly, the camps were for Serbs. The ISC hated Serbs and thought of them as the ISC's biggest enemy. However, the Ustaše also helped the Nazis with the "Final Solution" by killing many Jews in these camps. Other people the Ustaše forced into the camps included Roma, Croats, Yugoslavians who had fought against the ISC, and people who broke rules and laws set by the ISC.
Japanese-American internment camps
During World War II, the United States forced over 110,000 Japanese-Americans into internment camps.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In February 1942, the United States government ordered that nobody with Japanese ancestry could live on the West Coast. The government, led by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, thought that Japanese-American people might be spies for Japan, or might try to hurt the United States.
About 80% of the Japanese-American people who lived in the continental United States were forced to leave their homes and live in internment camps. More than three out of every five of these people were born in the United States, and were United States citizens. About half of the people sent to the camps were children.
After Canada declared war on Japan, it also forced people with Japanese ancestry into internment camps.
Italy
During World War II, Italy's fascist government (led by Benito Mussolini) was Nazi Germany's ally. Italy had taken over Yugoslavia, Greece, and the southeast part of France. The Nazis told Italy to put Jews from these areas in concentration camps and then send them to the Nazis' death camps. However, Italy refused. The Italian military and police would not help kill or deport Jews.
However, in 1943, after Mussolini had lost power, Nazi Germany took over northern and central Italy. They also put Mussolini back in power. The Nazis created concentration camps to hold Italian Jews and other prisoners until they could be sent to death camps. In one of these concentration camps, called La Risiera di San Sabba, the Nazis tortured and murdered about 5,000 people. Many of these people were "political prisoners" - people who disagreed with the government.
Norway
The number of Nazi German occupation government's prison camps, were "around 500" or 709 including some death camps.
Soviet Union
When Josef Stalin and the Soviet Union invaded Poland at the start of World War II, the Red Army deported at least 1.5 million Poles at gunpoint. They were forced to get into cattle wagons (train cars), which took them to Siberia. Whole families were deported to concentration camps, including children and the elderly.
During the war, the Soviet Union also used gulags to hold prisoners of war from Nazi Germany and its allies.
Latin America
During the 1970s and 1980s, many military dictatorships in Latin America set up concentration camps to imprison, torture, and kill their political opponents (people who disagreed with them). For example:
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union kept using forced labour camps after World War II. In fact, the people they sent to the gulags after the war included Soviet soldiers and civilians who had been taken prisoner by the Nazis, or used as slave workers in Nazi Germany. In 1973, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Russian author, wrote The Gulag Archipelago about his experiences in a Soviet work camp.
Yugoslav Wars
In the 1990s there were several concentration camps during the Yugoslav Wars.
United States
Since January 2002, the United States has run the Guantánamo Bay prison camp. Some people have called Guantánamo a concentration camp or a gulag. These people have included Fidel Castro, the leader of Amnesty International, and other activist groups like CounterPunch.
Australia
The Pacific Solution is the name given to the Australian government policy of transporting asylum seekers to detention centres on island nations in the Pacific Ocean, rather than allowing them to land on the Australian mainland.
Gaza
Often said to be "the world's largest blockade", the Gaza Strip has been blockaded since 2007 by Israel and Egypt, preventing weapons from being smuggling in, while supplying basic goods like spices, candles, fishing equipment, baby chicks, and even cement. Israel's military has been active in the region to ensure Israel's safety.
Bais, Ille-et-Vilaine
Bais (Baez) is a commune. It is in Brittany in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in northwest France.
Jean-Denis Bredin
Jean-Denis Bredin (17 May 1929 – 1 September 2021) was a French attorney. He was known for being the founding partner of the firm Bredin Prat. He was a member of the Académie française. He was elected on 15 June 1989.
Bredin died on 1 September 2021 in Paris, aged 92.
Yosuke Kashiwagi
Yosuke Kashiwagi (柏木 陽介) is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Kashiwagi was born in Kobe on December 15, 1987. He joined J1 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima form their youth team in 2006. He played many matches until 2006. Although Hiroshima won the 2nd place in the 2007 Emperor's Cup, was relegated end of the 2007 season. Hiroshima won the champions in 2008 and was returned to J1 in a year. In 2010, he moved to Urawa Reds. Urawa won the 2nd place in the 2014 and 2016 J1 League. In 2017, Urawa won the champions the 2017 AFC Champions League. Urawa also won the 2nd place in the 2019 AFC Champions League.
In 2007, Kashiwagi was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played all 4 matches as offensive midfielder. In January 2010, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. He also played at 2011 Asian Cup and Japan won the champions. He played 11 games for Japan until 2016.
Statistics
423||60||31||3||51||6||33||2||538||71 423||60||31||3||51||6||33||2||538||71
!Total||11||0
Anna Karenina (1975 movie)
Anna Karenina (Анна Каренина) is a 1975 Soviet movie directed by Margarita Pilikhina and stars Maya Plisetskaya, Alexander Godunov, and Nina Sorokina.
Lisa Cameron
Dr Lisa Cameron is a Scottish politician. She is currently sitting in the House of Commons as MP for the East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow seat, which she has held since 2015.
She is married to Mark Horsham, who sits as a Councillor in her constituency.
Ranghar
Ranghar are a community of Muslim Yaduvanshi Ahirs which is found in Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan and Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh states of India. Ranghar were native to Indian state of Haryana and also found in the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as Delhi in India. Presently, the Haryana Ranghar are now found in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab of Pakistan, while those of western Uttar Pradesh remain in India. The Ranghar use the titles of Rana, Rao, and Kunwar, prefixed to their given names, and use Khan as a surname. In Haryana, the Ranghar spoke a dialect of their own, called Ranghari, which is itself a dialect of Haryanvi, and many in Pakistan still use the language. Those of Uttar Pradesh speak Khari Boli among themselves, and Urdu with outsiders. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Uttar Pradesh Ranghars also migrated to Sindh in Pakistan and mostly settling in Karachi. They are entirely Sunni Hanafi Muslims and follow Deobandi and Barelvi schools of South Asia.
The term Ranghar has also been used for closely related Muslim communities, the Pachhada and the Muslim Tagas of Haryana and the Muley Jats. In addition, the Odh community in Pakistan are also often known as Ranghar.
History and origin
The Ranghar were pastoralists (Ahirs), Yaduvanshi Ahirs who were converted to Islam are also known as Ranghars.
according to Sir H.M. Elliot, many of the Kankauiya and Naigauiya Ahirs were converted to Islam and are known as Ranghars (Crooke, 1896 : 228).
The Ranghar can be roughly divided into sub-groups, conveniently divided by the Yamuna river. Those to the west of the river remained as pastoralists much longer than the Yamuna Ranghar, who were all settled agriculturist by the start of the 19th century. The partition of India further divided these two groups, with the trans Yamuna Ranghar emigrating to Pakistan, while those of the Doab region remaining in India. They comprise a large numbered of dispersed intermarrying clans. These exogamous groups are made up of myriad landholding patrilineages of varying genealogical depth, ritual, and social status called biradaries or brotherhoods scattered in the various districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The biradari, or lineage is one of the principal point of reference for the Ranghars, and all biradaris claim descent from a common ancestor. Often biradaris inhabit a cluster of villages called chaurasis (84 villages), chatisis (36 villages) and chabisis (26 villages).[10] [ An example of a chatisa is that of the Chauhan Ranghar of the Agauta pargana of Bulandshahr District.
Karaman
Karaman is a city in south central Turkey. The city is in Central Anatolia. In 2021, 203,830 people lived there.
Carlos Contreras
Carlos Alberto Contreras Araújo is a retired footballer from Venezuela. He was born on 17 August 1972. Contreras played for the Venezuela national football team.
Armageddon (2008)
Armageddon (2008) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on December 14, 2008 at the HSBC Arena in Buffalo, New York. Seven matches took place at the event.
Background
The main rivalry on the Raw brand was between John Cena and Chris Jericho, with the two fighting over the World Heavyweight Championship. At Survivor Series, Cena returned to the WWE after a neck injury and defeated Jericho to win the championship. On the November 24 episode of Raw, Jericho defeated Randy Orton and Batista (David Bautista) in a Triple Threat match to earn a championship match against Cena at Armageddon.
The main rivalry on the SmackDown brand was between Edge, Triple H and Jeff Hardy over the WWE Championship. At Survivor Series, Edge returned to the WWE after a three-month absence after being announced as a replacement for Hardy, who was originally scheduled to face the defending champion Triple H and Vladimir Kozlov (Oleg Prudius) in a Triple Threat match for the championship, but was found unconscious in his hotel and did not compete in the match. Edge pinned Triple H and won the championship. On the November 29 edition of SmackDown, General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced a Beat the Clock Sprint tournament, where the one of the three competitors (Triple H, Hardy, and Kozlov) would face Edge at Armageddon for the WWE Championship. Both Triple H and Hardy beat their opponents at twelves minute and thirteen seconds (12:13). The next week, Vickie Guerrero announced that WWE board members had decided Edge would have to defend the title against both Triple H and Jeff Hardy.
Saint-Gervais-de-Vic
Saint-Gervais-de-Vic is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Armageddon (2008)
Background
ECW's main rivalry was between ECW Champion Matt Hardy and Vladimir Kozlov. After Hardy had stopped Kozlov from being able to beat his brother's time in the Beat the Clock Sprint, Kozlov would gain revenge in the following weeks on SmackDown and ECW by assaulting Hardy, finally challenging him to a match, in which Hardy accepted.
Flag of Belize
The flag of Belize comes from the earlier flag of British Honduras. British Honduras is the name of Belize during the time the British ruled.
Armageddon (2008)
Background
Another match that took place at Armageddon was the finals of a 8-man tournament for a WWE Intercontinental Championship title shot against the current champion, William Regal. On the November 11th Edition of Raw Stephanie McMahon ordered a tournament to determine who would be the next person to receive a shot at the title. The first round saw four standard matches: Kofi Kingston (Kofi Mensah) advance over Kane, due to Kane getting disqualified. CM Punk defeated Snitsky (Gene Snitsky) by pinning him following a GTS (Go To Sleep). John Morrison (John Hennigan) defeated Finlay (Dave Finlay) following a pin after an Enzuigiri. The final match of the opening round saw Rey Mysterio defeat The Miz (Mike Mizanin). The second round was started by Punk defeating John Morrison with the GTS, and Mysterio defeated Kingston by pinning him with an Oklahoma roll. As a result, CM Punk would wrestle Rey Mysterio in the finals of the tournament.
Flag of Belize
The flag is royal blue. It has a white disc at the centre with the national coat of arms held by a white and a black man. They are surrounded by fifty mahogany leaves. The flag is bordered at top and bottom by two red stripes.
The colours on the flag are for the country's national parties. The People's United Party (PUP) uses the color blue. The United Democratic Party (Belize) (UDP) uses red.
Armageddon (2008)
Background
Intercontinental Championship Tournament
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 to 1943, later known as the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945,) is the period when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled Germany. It is also sometimes called the Third Reich (Drittes Reich), which means the 'Third Empire' or 'Third Realm'. The first German empire was the Holy Roman Empire which lasted from the year 800 or 962 until it collapsed in 1806 in the Napoleonic Wars. The second was the German Empire of 1871 - 1918 which collapsed in 1918 when Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate the throne when the Weimar Republic was formed in 1918. The Nazis said they were making the third, even if itself never was the monarchy at all. However, the term 'Third Reich' was more popular in other countries. In Germany it was merely The Reich (pronounced 'rike') or the Greater German Reich (Großdeutsches Reich).
Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany until it was defeated in World War II in the Battle of Berlin, when he killed himself in 1945. The Nazi Party was destroyed in the same year as its leaders ran away, were arrested, or killed themselves. Some were executed for war crimes by the Western and Soviet powers. Others survived, with some of them getting important jobs. However, their racial policies never again held power in Germany.
The Nazi government was formed under the idea that the "Aryan race" (pure white Germans) deserved to rule over all other races. This idea gained respect after the Great Depression made many important Germans poor and powerless. Hitler blamed the problems on Jews, communists, liberals, and many others. He made many Germans feel like they were innocent victims who had to take charge over Europe. The Nazis also tried to create an empire with colonies, and used their ally Italy's colonies in Africa as a model.
History
The Nazis came to power in 1933 and made their power absolute with an "Enabling Act of 1933" and an unfair referendum. They centralized Germany, replacing local self-government. They strengthened the economy by doing business with major companies like General Motors and IBM. They expanded the Wehrmacht, Afrika Korps and Schutzstaffel to control the local police, and started the Gestapo to find, jail, and kill political enemies. They immediately banned Jews from important jobs, and soon restricted them in other ways. After a few years they built the armed forces far beyond the limits of the Treaty of Versailles. They also cooperated and made agreements with Italy and Japan.
World War II: 1939-1945
On September 1st, 1939, German forces attacked Poland, which began World War II. With over a million troops, Hitler's army easily took over Poland, losing about 59,000 soldiers. Their country was also attacked by the Soviet Union from the east. Poland lost over 900,000 soldiers.
On October 12, 1939, Hitler sent a letter to the United Kingdom promising peace. The British continued the war.
Hitler conquered France in the Battle of France. Then he sent the Luftwaffe to attack England. Winston Churchill, now Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, did not surrender. The Battle of Britain lasted from July to October 1940. When it failed, Hitler ordered the mass bombardment of London. That also failed, and Hitler decided to face east for his racial war of destroying the Slavs and Jews. This gave Britain time to regain power.
In 1941, Hitler ordered "Operation Barbarossa." It lasted from June 22, 1941 until December 5, 1941. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had weakened his army with his Great Purges, which had killed many Russian officers before the war.
During Operation Barbarossa, many more Soviet soldiers died than Germans. At Stalingrad, however, about a million soldiers died on each side. While the Soviet Union could replace its losses, Germany could not.
After Stalingrad, the Germans lost their momentum. The Soviets learned from the long campaigns, fought better, and gained many new weapons from very efficient factories. The United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union fought together, and pushed against the smaller German army. In May 1945, they took over Berlin to win the war. Many people from all sides of the war died fighting in Europe, including: While fighting in the Eastern Front: After the Allies took over Germany, the Soviets set up the German Democratic Republic in the east that followed communism as a socialist state. The United Kingdom, the United States, and France set up the Federal Republic of Germany in the west as a democratic country.
Genesis creation narrative
The Genesis creation narrative, found in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis in the Bible, describes a supernatural beginning of the earth and life, ending with the creation of humans in the image of God. This creation narrative is part of the Bible of Judaism and Christianity.
Chapter 1 tells of God's creation of the world, ending with the consecration of the seventh day as the Sabbath. Man and woman are created to be God's rulers over the new creation. Chapter 2 tells of God's planting a garden in which he places the first man, and from whose rib he creates the first woman. The chapter ends by saying marriage is holy.
At the World's Limit
At the World's Limit (На край света…) is a 1975 Soviet drama movie directed by Rodion Nahapetov and stars Vera Glagoleva, Vadim Mikheyenko, and Boris Andreyev.
Saint-Germain-d'Arcé
Saint-Germain-d'Arcé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Saint-Germain-sur-Sarthe
Saint-Germain-sur-Sarthe is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Fresnay-sur-Sarthe.
West Ham United F.C.
West Ham United Football Club is an English football club.
V. J. Chitra
V. J. Chitra (2 May 1992 – 9 December 2020) was an Indian television actress, model and television news anchor. She was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Chitra began her career in 2013. She was best known for her roles as Vishali in Mannan Magal, Periya in Chinna Papa Periya Papa, Mullai in Pandian Stores and as Anitha in Darling Darling.
West Ham United F.C.
The club plays in the Premier League. It was started in 1895 and its home stadium is the London stadium East London. The club is also called "the Hammers" and "the Irons" because it was started in a London Ironworks. Their main rivals are Millwall and other rivals are Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea and Arsenal
V. J. Chitra
Chitra died on 9 December 2020 after hanging herself at her apartment in Chennai, aged 28.
West Ham United F.C.
West Ham currently are managed by David Moyes, their former care-taker manager for the 2017/18 season in Premier League.
Joint chairman David Gold has died aged 87 on 4 January 2023.
Yutaka Baba
Yutaka Baba is a retired diver from Japan. Baba competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born on 18 January 1934.
Portfolio (Grace Jones album)
Portfolio is the debut studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones. It was released on 6 September 1977 by Island Records by Island Records. Before releasing Portfolio Jones had been a model. The album's music is a mix of disco and R&B. The album was recorded from 1975-1977.
Standard release
Side A
Side B
Italian release
Side A
Side B
Calgary Hitmen
The Calgary Hitmen are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1995. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Calgary, Alberta at the Scotiabank Saddledome. The teams name pays homage to the nickname of retired professional wrestler Bret Hart. Hart was also a founding member of the Hitmen along with NHL players Theoren Fleury and Joe Sakic. The team has won 2 Ed Chynoweth Cups.
Yaw Preko
Yaw Preko (born 8 September 1974) is a former Ghanaian football player. He has played for Ghana national team.
International career statistics
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Lagerordnung
The Lagerordnung (the "Disciplinary and Penal Code") was a set of rules for punishing prisoners at Dachau concentration camp in Nazi Germany. On January 1, 1934, the Lagerordnung became the official rules of every concentration camp in Nazi Germany.
Also known as the Strafkatalog (Punishment Catalogue), it set out the rules the prisoners had to follow. SS guards were told to report to the camp commandant when a prisoner broke a rule.
The Concentration Camps Inspectorate was in charge of carrying out punishment. They did this without making sure the prisoner had actually broken the rule. Once they were accused, prisoners had no way of proving themselves innocent.
Evolution of a new penal system
At first, the Nazis had built temporary concentration camps, like Kemna concentration camp. These earlier camps did not have common, agreed-upon rules. Instead, they took the Lagerordnung from rules that were often used in police departments and prisons at the time.
There was not much difference between the rules at the early concentration camps. Some did not allow smoking; others allowed prisoners to receive food parcels or visits from family members. The rules were still based on existing laws, and the camps were patterned after ordinary prisons. The early camps had penalties like having privileges taken away, or for more severe cases, solitary confinement, a hard bed, not being given food, or being left in solitary confinement in a darkened cell. However, there was no corporal punishment. The early camps were primarily controlled by the SA or the Gestapo.
However, Dachau was under the control of the SS. Sometime in May 1933, SS camp commandant Hilmar Wäckerle wrote the first Lagerordnung for a concentration camp. It gave all legal powers to the camp commandant. The Dachau Lagerordnung allowed prisoners to be executed based on a decision from two SS men who had been chosen by the commandant. The accused prisoner would no longer have a defense. The executive, judicial, and legislative parts of government were all placed together under the camp commandant's power. There would be no system of checks and balances. The threat of the death penalty was always there, which created a constant state of emergency for Dachau's inmates.
The first legalized murders took place at Dachau. (There would never be as many political murders in any of the other, earlier concentration camps than there were in Dachau's first few months.) Sophie Handschuh, the mother of one of the murdered prisoners, filed a formal complaint to find out what had really happened to her son. The resulting prosecution forced Himmler to replace Wäckerle. Himmler chose Theodor Eicke, a fanatical SS-Oberführer who had, in March 1933, been committed for evaluation at a psychiatric clinic at the University of Würzburg due to extremely violent behavior. Himmler arranged for Eicke to be released, asking his doctor, Werner Heyde, to talk to Eicke and get him to promise to control himself.
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Lagerordnung
Expanded to all camps
Six months later, on October 1, 1933, Commandant Eicke wrote a second edition of the Lagerordnung, adding the Postenpflicht and introducing corporal punishment (flogging). The Lagerordnung established a "state within a state." The second edition established an orderly system in which "legally" arrested political opponents could be tortured and executed.
From this point on, all SS concentration camps were to follow the Dachau model and become a "state within a state": shielded centers of terror with their own laws and judges, without legal defense, and with their own executable violence.
After January 1, 1934, all subsequent versions of the Lagerordnung were effective for all SS-run concentration camps.
The Disciplinary and Penal Code
[Translator's note: The sometimes odd phrasing, inconsistencies of capitalization, and style itself are from the source, not the translator.]
Dachau Concentration Camp Office of the Commandant, October 1, 1933
Disciplinary and Penal Code for the Detention Camp
Introduction
The following penalties are issued within the scope of existing camp regulations, to maintain order and discipline on the grounds of Dachau concentration camp, These regulations apply to all prisoners of the DCC from the time of admission on, till the hour of discharge.
''These rules are added on to the list of rules Dachau already has. Its goal is to keep order and discipline at Dachau. They apply to all prisoners, all the time.'' The consummate authority of punishment is in the hands of the camp commandant, who is personally responsible to the political police commander for the implementation of the rules as issued.
''["Tolerance means peace." People who speak out against Germany will be punished badly. People who mind their own business and do not question Germany will not be punished this way. But people who try to cause trouble by getting people upset about politics will be forced to be quiet.]''
§1
§5
To be punished with 8 days of hard time and with several weeks of punitive labor:
2. Whoever leaves a work place or workshop without command, prematurely backs in, fails [at quitting time] to check out with the supervising SS man, checks out at quitting time with a fellow prisoner.
§6
To be punished with 8 days of hard time and be flogged 25 times with a stick at the beginning and end of the punishment:
1. whoever makes derogatory or sarcastic remarks to an SS member, deliberately neglects the mandatory salute, or by his manner otherwise indicates that he will not submit to the compulsory discipline and order,
2. whoever as prisoner-sergeant, as prisoner-corporal or as foreman exceeds the powers as "Ordnungsmann", assumes the rights of a superior with respect to other prisoners, maneuvers preferred work or any other advantage for politically like-minded prisoners, bullies politically otherwise-minded fellow prisoners, makes false reports about them or in some way discriminates.
§7
1. Whoever exchanges his assigned housing with another, unauthorized without the order of the commander of the company, or incites or misleads fellow prisoners,
2. whoever attaches forbidden or camp-made items in outgoing laundry packages, hides or sews in clothing items etc.,
3. whoever enters or leaves barracks, housing, or other buildings outside the stipulated entry ways, crawls through windows or existing openings,
4. whoever smokes in the barracks, toilets and in flammable atmospheres, or stores or sets flammable items down in such areas. If a fire occurs as a result of disregarding this ban, then sabotage will be assumed.
§8
Will be punish with 14 days of severe time and be flogged 25 times with a stick at the beginning and end of the punishment:
1. Whoever leaves or enters the prison camp without escort, whoever follows a work column marching out of the camp, unauthorized,
2. whoever in letters or other communication makes derogatory remarks about National Socialist leaders, the state and government, authorities and establishments, exalts Marxist or liberal leaders or "November parties", communicates goings-on in the concentration camp, 3. whoever keeps prohibited items, tools, batons and knives in his room or in straw sacks
§9
Will be punished with 21 days of severe time
Whoever carts off government-owned items, of whatever sort, from said location to another, deliberately damages, destroys, squanders, alters or uses for any other than purpose than prescribed; apart from the penalty, according to circumstances, is liable to some or all of the prisoners for any losses incurred.
§10
Will be punished with 42 days of severe time or lengthy detention in solitary confinement:
1. Whoever accumulates sums of money in the camp, finances prohibited efforts in or outside of the camp, or brings fellow prisoners to heel or binds them to secrecy through money,
2. whoever has sent to himself sums of money which come from prohibited Rote Hilfe collections, or distributes to fellow prisoners,
3. clergy who make announcements that lie outside the framework of pastoral care, slip letters or messages to be passed on, [whoever] seeks the clergy to achieve forbidden objectives,
4. the symbols of the National Socialist state or the pillars of same, makes contemptible, curses, or in other ways disregards,
§11
§12
Whoever assaults a guard or SS man, refuses to obey him or refuses to work at a work site, calls on or leads others for the purpose of mutiny or the same assault, as mutineer leaves a marching column or workshop, calls on others during a march or at work to hoot, shout, agitate or gives speeches, will be shot on the spot as a mutineer or hanged afterwards.
§13
Whoever deliberately causes in the camp, in the barracks, workshops, work sites, in kitchens, warehouses etc. a fire, an explosion, water or some other damage to property, moreover whoever carries out actions on the wire hindrance, on a power line in a switching station, on telephone or water lines, on the camp wall or other security installation, on heating or boiler plants, on machines or vehicles, which do not meet the order given, will be punished with death for sabotage. If the action happened because of negligence, then the guilty party will be held in solitary confinement. In cases of doubt, sabotage will nevertheless be assumed.
§14
Whoever offers gifts to an SS man or guard, seeks to win him over with gifts, money or other means, carries out actions for the purpose of subverting the SS troops, enters into a political discussion in the presence of a guard or SS man, about Marxism or other November Party or glorifies their leaders, makes derogatory remarks about the SS, SA, the National Socialist state, its leader and its institutions, or appears otherwise insubordinate, moreover whoever at the camp produces or passes along to others forbidden items for the purpose of smuggling secret messages or for purposes of attack, will be held for community perilousness in perpetual solitary confinement. Release for such persons is out of the question.
§15
Whoever repeatedly avoids work, despite previous warning stays away from roll calls for work assignments or head counts, constantly reports to the doctor or dentist without reason, feigns physical suffering or disability doesn't march [out to work], constantly acts lazy and sluggish, was unclean, writes obnoxious letters, steals from fellow prisoners, hits, bullies [others] for their attitude, derides or ridicules, will be punished for incorrigibility with continuous punitive labor, detention, with punitive exercise or be flogged.
§16