cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Germanwings Flight 9525
Overview
Telemetry data indicated that, before disappearing from radar, the A320 would have started to fall at 10:31 a.m. and would have lost about 4,000 meters of altitude in four minutes. At first it was thought that the pilots had issued an emergency signal at 10:47, when the plane was at an altitude of 1,500 feet and in an abnormal situation, but it was actually sent by the controllers. In the words of the President of the French Republic, François Hollande, the conditions of the incident suggest that there would be no survivors. Hollande also initially stated that the plane was carrying German, Spanish and Turkish passengers, without specifying whether there were more victims of other nationalities.
Éric Dazé
Career
Before playing in the NHL, Dazé played parts of 5 seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL); 2 with the Hull Olympiques and 3 with the Beauport Harfangs. He was drafted with the 90th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.
Germanwings Flight 9525
Overview
The main hypothesis for the cause of the aircraft crash is that co-pilot Andreas Lubitz deliberately caused it to crash. The recording of one of the black boxes of the destroyed Airbus allows us to verify that Lubitz activated the closing of the cockpit door and deliberately began the descent of the plane over the mountains. His breathing at the time of descent was normal and he ignored the captain's instructions to open the door, even when the latter tried to knock it down with an ax to regain control of the aircraft.
Clifton James
George Clifton James (May 29, 1920 – April 15, 2017) was a retired American actor. He is best known for his role as Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the James Bond movies such as Live and Let Die (1973) and in The Man With The Golden Gun (1974).
Éric Dazé
Career
In 1995, he was a member of the gold medal winning team at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. After he scored 30 goals as a rookie, he was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1996. In 2002, Dazé was chosen to play in his first NHL All-Star Game. He recorded 2 goals and 1 assist and was named the game's MVP. He became the first Blackhawk player to win the award since Bobby Hull did so in 1971.
Columbia Records
Columbia Records is an American record label that formed in 1888. It is the oldest existing record company in the world.
Its parent company is now Sony Music Entertainment. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Aretha Franklin, System of a Down, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Bela Fleck, Janis Joplin, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Prince, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, and hundreds of other artists.
Kansas State Cabinet
Current cabinet departments
The Kansas State Cabinet, under current Governor Laura Kelly, consists of the Lieutenant Governor of Kansas, the Adjutant General, the Superintendent of Highway Patrol, and eleven departments each headed by a Secretary.
Current cabinet members
The current Kansas State Cabinet, serving under Governor of Kansas Laura Kelly, is:
Éric Dazé
Career
Dazé suffered from severe back problems during his career and he only played 19 games in the 2003–04 NHL season. On March 20, 2010, He officially announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey during the Comcast Sportsnet pregame show before the Blackhawks game.
Clifton James
James was born on May 29, 1920 in Spokane, Washington. He married Laurie Harper in 1951. Harper died in 2015. They had six children.
James died from complications of diabetes at his home in Gladstone, Oregon on April 15, 2017, age 96.
Schagen
Schagen is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 46,553 people lived there.
The city is between Alkmaar and Den Helder. It received city rights in 1415.
Since 2013, Harenkarspel and Zijpe have been part of the municipality of Schagen.
Jenna von Oy
Jenna von Oÿ (born May 2, 1977 ) is an American country music singer-songwriter and actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom Blossom. She has acted in other television series as well as in movies. Von Oÿ was born in Danbury, Connecticut.
Delmi Tucker
Delmi Tucker is a cricketer from South Africa. Tucker plays for the South Africa women's national cricket team. She was born on March 5, 1997.
Chehel Sotoun
Chehel Sotoun (or 'Chihil Sutun') is a pavilion in Isfahan, Iran. It is in the middle of a park at the end of a long pool. It was built by Shah Abbas II for his entertainment and receptions. In this palace, Shah Abbas II and his successors would receive dignitaries and ambassadors, either on the terrace or in one of the stately reception halls.
The name, meaning "Forty Columns" in Persian, was inspired by the twenty slender wooden columns supporting the entrance pavilion, which, when reflected in the waters of the fountain, are said to appear to be forty.
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)
Star Wars: Clone Wars is an American animated television series created by Genndy Tartakovsky set after Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones from Three Months after the Battle of Geonosis and before Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith when Anakin turns evil. It serves as a spiritual predecessor to Star Wars: The Clone Wars.
Chehel Sotoun
The palace has many frescoes and paintings on ceramic. Many of the ceramic panels are now in the possession of major museums in the west. They show specific historical scenes. There are also aesthetic compositions in the traditional miniature style which celebrate the joy of life and love.
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)
Plot
The Clone Wars has begin as the Jedi Knights struggle to maintain peace in the galaxy and are forced to lead the Clone army of the Republic against the evil droids army of the Sith led by Count Dooku, General Grievous and other villians.
Chehel Sotoun
The Chehel Sotoun Palace is among the nine Iranian Gardens which are registered as one of the Iran’s 17 World Heritage Sites. The nine gardens go by the name of "The Persian Garden".
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)
Production
The series was intended to be one minute short length, but due to test screenings, they were extended to three minutes.
Episodes
The first nineteen episodes released during 2003 and 2004 are three minutes long. The twentieth episode was eight minutes long. The last five episodes released during 2005 are twelve minutes long.
Broadcast
The series aired on Cartoon Network U.S and Cartoon Network Worldwide. First in U.S in 2003.
Home media
The seasons of the show was made in DVD released as Volume One for the first two seasons and Volume Two for the third and final season.
Mansfield, Ohio
Mansfield is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the county seat of Richland County.
Malicorne-sur-Sarthe
Malicorne-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Göran Persson
Göran Persson (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.
Santiago del Estero Province
Santiago del Estero is a province in the north of Argentina. Its capital is the city of Santiago del Estero
MTK Budapest FC
Magyar Testgyakorlók Köre Budapest Futball Club or shortly MTK is a Hungarian football club that is based in Józsefváros, Budapest. The team currently plays in the Nemzeti Bajnokság I. They are one of the most successful Hungarian football clubs, as they have won the Hungarian League 23 times and the Hungarian Cup 12 times. The club has also won the Hungarian Super Cup 2 times. In 1955, as Vörös Lobogó SE, they became the first Hungarian team to play in the European Cup. The club founded the Sándor Károly Football Academy in 2001.
Santiago del Estero Province
Geography
The province of Santiago del Estero has an area of 136351 km2; the province is in the northern part of the country and is surrounded by the provinces Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán.
Koko (dog)
Koko died from heart failure caused by heart disease on 18 December 2012 in Perth, Western Australia. He was 7.
Santiago del Estero Province
Geography
Most of the province is in the Gran Chaco flat lands with some low places where some small lakes are formed. In some low places, there are wetlands that are known here as Esteros.
The main rivers of the province are the Dulce, that is known as Salí river in Tucumán, and the Salado.
Climate
Santiago del Estero has an arid climate, subtype Bsh in the Köppen climate classification.
The average temperature for the year in Santiago del Estero is 20.4 °C. The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of 26.9 °C. The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of 12.3 °C.
Population
The inhabitants of Santiago del Estero are known, in Spanish, as Santiagueños (women: Santiagueñas).
The province of Santiago del Estero has a population, in 2010, of 874,006; its population density is of inhabitants/km2.
Political division
The province is divided into 27 departments (departamentos).
Brantridge Park
Brantridge Park is a former royal residence in Balcombe, West Sussex, England. It was owned by Princess Alice, and her husband Alexander Cambridge, the first Earl of Athlone. Following the Athlone's departure to Canada as viceroy and viceregal consort, it was occupied by Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria. Beatrice died there in 1945. It is now a hotel operated by Timeshare.
Court-Saint-Etienne
Court-Saint-Etienne is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007, 9547 people lived there.
It is at 50° 38 North, 04° 34 East.
Stephen (disambiguation)
Stephen or Steven is a male given name. It might also mean:
St Matthew Passion
The St. Matthew Passion (Matthäuspassion) is a musical composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach. The words tell the story of Jesus’s death on the cross as told in chapters 26 and 27 of the Book of St Matthew in the Bible. The work is for a choir, solo voices and orchestra. Both the choir and the orchestra are divided into two sections: Chorus 1 and Chorus 2, Orchestra 1 and Orchestra 2.
History
The tradition of singing the story of Jesus' passion during Holy Week (the week before Easter) goes back many hundreds of years to a time when a priest would sing the story instead of speaking it. Later a tradition developed of letting it be sung by a choir. During the Baroque period the Passion oratorio developed. Bach's St. Matthew Passion, written in 1727, is the most famous work in this tradition. It was probably first performed on Good Friday (11 April) 1727 in the Thomaskirche in Leipzig, where Bach was Kapellmeister. He made some changes to it by 1736 and performed it again on 30 March 1736. After that it was almost completely forgotten until long after Bach’s death. Even Bach’s music in general was forgotten by most people. In 1829 the composer Felix Mendelssohn discovered the music of the St Matthew Passion  and decided to perform a short version of it in Berlin. It immediately became extremely popular with the public and from then on Bach has always remained recognized as one of the greatest of all composers.
The music
The words of Bach’s St Matthew Passion  are partly taken straight from the Bible (Matthew Chapters 26-27) and partly made up by the poet Picander. The words from the Bible are used to tell the basic story. They are sung to recitative (music in speech rhythm) by a tenor soloist who is known as the evangelist (Matthew was an “evangelist” because he preached the message of Jesus). The words spoken by Jesus are sung by a baritone or bass soloist. The evangelist is accompanied by the continuo (an organ and a cello, double bass or bassoon). Jesus is accompanied by the strings.
Between the sections of recitatives there are arias, each of which is sung by one of the four soloists: a soprano, an alto, a tenor and a bass. The arias often have an introductory movement called “arioso” which in musical style is something between a recitative and an aria. The arias are accompanied by the orchestra, often with one instrument playing an important solo. The words of the arioso and arias comment on what is happening in the story and describe what is going on in the people’s minds.
The choir, divided into two sections (“double choir”), sing some movements in which they represent the crowd of people in the story. Some of these movements, such as the opening one, are quite long, others are very short indeed. In some of these movements there is a vocal soloist, and the choir are commenting on what the soloist is singing about. In addition to the main choir there is a small choir which sings a chorale tune on top of the music during the first movement (this is called a “ripieno”). Sometimes a boys’ choir is used for this.
There are also several chorales which are sung by the whole choir. These are like hymn tunes. It is likely that in Bach’s time the congregation would have joined in singing these, as they were chorales which were often sung at church services.
During some of the choral movements there are very small sections for a solo voice. These represent one person from the crowd. These may be sung by soloists from the choir. So, as well as Jesus, there are small parts for Judas, Peter, two high priests, Pontius Pilate, Pilate's wife, two witnesses and two ancillae (maids). These small parts can be sung by different soloists, but in some performances one soloist (possibly one who is also singing the arias) may take several of these parts.
In the tradition of these musical Passions the Resurrection is not mentioned at all. The story ends with the chorus shedding tears after Jesus has been put to death.
The instruments in the orchestra are string instruments (violins, violas, cellos and double basses), organs (one for each choir), two flutes, two oboes and bassoon. Orchestra I plays with Choir I and Orchestra II plays with Choir II. There are some extra instruments as well: two recorders, three different kinds of oboe and a viola da gamba.
Bach’s St Matthew Passion takes nearly 3 ½ hours if it is performed without any cuts. It is divided into two parts. There is usually a long interval between each part so that musicians and audience can have a meal before coming back refreshed for the second part.
The St Matthew Passion  and the St John Passion  are both very great works. They are different in character. The St John Passion is very dramatic, enjoying the drama of the story. The St Matthew Passion  is more gentle and thoughtful, although it also has some dramatic moments.
Barry Lynch
Barry J. Lynch (born Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. His older brother, Richard Lynch, was also an actor who appeared in Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Whitford, New Zealand
Whitford is a rural town southeast of Auckland. There are multiple versions of how the town was named and many thought it was named after Richard Whitford who operated a flax mill in the town. In the recent years have seen urban growth in Beachlands and in Ormiston subdivisons saw the village seeing included traffic flow.
Couvin
Couvin is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007, 13449 people lived there.
It is at 50° 03 North, 04° 29 East.
Adam Ries
Adam Ries was a mathematician from Bad Staffelstein in Bavaria. Ries lived in the 16th century. He was born in 1492 or 1493, and died in 1559.
Ries became known for a work on how to calculate. His first work was about a "calculating board", which was widely used at the time. It worked rather like an abacus. Ries showed that Roman numerals were impractical for calculation. Ries wrote in German, and not in Latin, as orher mathematicians of his time.
Số đề
In Vietnam, there are a total of 27 lottery draws organized by the government. This game is based on the last two digits of the lottery prizes, with the special prize called "đề" and the other prizes called "lô". There are various ways to play, such as betting on the combination of "lô" and "đề", betting on the first and last digits, or betting on consecutive numbers, depending on the period.
The players of "số đề" are typically people with money, who hire others to select the numbers for them. The number selectors can be poor, unemployed, ticket sellers, or street vendors.
In Hanoi, there is a developed system of "số đề" agents that operates in connection with lottery retailers and tea shops, and their activities are quite open. Some players have even switched to playing "số đề" through the Internet.
The game "số đề" has negative consequences. The majority of players suffer losses, but due to greed and desire for revenge, they continue playing without stopping. As a result, their mental well-being is haunted by numbers, their health deteriorates, they experience strained family relationships and social reputation, and many end up in debt and live in secrecy.
Brenda Beers
Brenda Beers (born 1996) is a Dutch softball player. She is member of Olympia Haarlem and the Netherlands women's national softball team. With the national team she became European champion at the 2022 Women's Softball European Championship.
Mansigné
Mansigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France
The Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France (IESF), named before Conseil national des Ingénieurs et Scientifiques de France (CNISF), is an association, created in 1992 in order to be representative in France and abroad of French engineers and scientists.
It is composed by former students associations and societies.
It is managed by Marc Rumeau and Anne-Ségolène Abscheidt.
Expedition 64
Expedition 64 was the 64th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS), that began on 21 October 2020 with the undocking and departure of Soyuz MS-16. The Expedition started with the three crew members launched onboard Soyuz MS-17 and reached its full complement with the arrival of SpaceX Crew-1, the first operational flight of NASA's Commercial Crew Program (CCP). The expedition ended on 16 April 2021 with the departure of Soyuz MS-17.
Malcolm Simpson
Clarence Malcolm Simpson (26 September 1933 – 7 December 2020) was a New Zealand cyclist. He represented his country at the 1952 Olympic Games. In the 1950 British Empire Games, he came sixth in the 1 km time trial. Simpson was born in Auckland.
Simpson died in Takapuna on 7 December 2020 at the age of 87.
Expedition 65
Expedition 65 is the 65th long duration expedition to the International Space Station. The mission began on 16 April 2021, with the departure of Soyuz MS-17, and was initially commanded by NASA astronaut Shannon Walker serving as the third female ISS commander, who launched in November 2020.
Maicon (footballer, born 1981)
Maicon Douglas Sisenando (born 26 July 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Roma and Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
57||1||7||0||7||1||71||2 59||5||4||0||16||2||79||7 92||7||9||0||20||2||121||9 208||13||20||0||43||5||271||18
International career statistics
!Total||54||5
William Schallert
Schallert was born on July 6, 1922 in Los Angeles, California. He married Rosemarie D. Waggner in 1949. Schallert was the president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1979 through 1981. He died at his home in Pacific Palisades, California from complications from peripheral neuropathy on May 8, 2016, aged 93.
Manuel Jiménez de Parga
He was professor in charge of the department of political law at the University of Madrid (1956) and professor in opposition of the Faculty of Law of the University of Barcelona (1957-1977). He was Dean of the Faculty of Law (1976) and Rector of the University of Barcelona (1976-1977).
de Parga was Minister of Labour (1977-78) and Ambassador-Permanent Representative of Spain to the ILO (Geneva, 1978-1981) and president of the Inter-American Conference of Labour (1980).
He was born in Granada, Spain. de Parga died in Madrid, Spain, aged 85.
Naarden
Naarden was a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. Since 2016, it has been part of the new Gooise Meren municipality.
Peruvian food
Peruvian food that includes fish, plates with corn, like humita,  potatoes and a lot of soups. Ceviche is the most famous plate in Peru. It is made with fish, lemon, red onion, pepper and salt. Rice and potatoes are used for share a lot of plates.
Pisco is the national drink, and it is made by eight types of grapes.
There are a lot of traditional deserts, like alfajor and rice with milk
Peruvian food are influenced by Japanese and Spanish food.
Marc Meneau
Meneau died on December 9, 2020 in Auxerre, Burgundy at the age of 77.
Robot lawyer
A robot lawyer is an artificial intelligence (AI) computer program. It is designed to ask the same questions as a real lawyer about certain legal issues.
Robot lawyers are being used in many countries around the world including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Holland.
Broad Brook, Connecticut
Broad Brook is a census-designated place (CDP) in Connecticut in the United States.
Lucius Fox
Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. He is one of the well known African-American comics characters in DC Comics.
The Book of Life (movie)
The Book of Life is a 2014 animated romantic comedy movie. This movie is about being torn between family expectations and following the heart of one. Christina Applegate plays teacher Mary Beth. Ice Cube plays a Candle Maker. Channing Tatum plays Tatum.
The movie was released on October 17, 2014.
Lucius Fox
He was played by Morgan Freeman in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. Brock Peters was his voice actor in Batman: The Animated Series. Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.
Masaharu Nishi
Club career statistics
16||0||0||0||1||0||1||0 16||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
Yusuke Nakatani
Yusuke Nakatani (born 22 September 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga.
Club career statistics
196||5||12||0||28||2||236||7 196||5||12||0||28||2||236||7
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
The government of Russia interfered with the 2016 United States presidential election to harm Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign, cause political disagreements among American people, and help the campaigns of Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders and Jill Stein.
Mareil-en-Champagne
Mareil-en-Champagne is a commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in west France.
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
In January 2017, Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper said that Russia had also interfered in the elections by creating fake news that was promoted on social media.
Crisnée
Crisnée is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.
Jair Rodrigues
Jair Rodrigues de Oliveira (February 6, 1939 – May 8, 2014) was a Brazilian musician and singer. His career began during the 1950s. He was known for his many albums such as O Menino da Porteira, Boi da Cara Preta and Majestade o Sabiá. He sang funk and samba music.
Crisnée
In 2007, 2828 people lived there.
Jair Rodrigues
Rodrigues was born in Igarapava, Brazil. He died in Cotia, Brazil, aged 75.
Crisnée
It is at 50° 43 North, 05° 23 East.
Paul Sahlin
Paul Sahlin, originally Johansson, born 30 March 1955 in Strömslund in Trollhättan, Sweden, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. He scored successes in Sweden and West Germany. Later he bcame a funeral director He is well known for songs like the 1977 Svensktoppen hit Guenerina, Flyg min fjäril flyg and the Christmas song Jag önskar er alla en riktigt god jul. He also was the singer in Matz Bladhs between 1991 and 2004. Earlier, he had been the singer in the band Säwes. Later, he became active with his dansband Paul Sahlins.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). This makes it possible to identify different substances within a test sample. GC-MS has many uses include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis and explosives investigation. It can also be used to identify unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings. Additionally, GC-MS can identify trace elements in deteriorated materials, even after the sample fell apart so much that other tests cannot work.
GC-MS is the best way for forensic experts to identify substances because it is a specific test. A specific test positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. A non-specific test only says that categories of substances are in the sample. Although a non-specific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification.
History
The design was complex. The time interval between different compounds flowing out of the chromatograph was hard to control. So, the mass spectrometer had to finish working on one compound before the next one flowed out of the chromatograph. In the early models, the measurements from the mass spectrometer was recorded on graph paper. Highly-trained chemists studied the patterns of peaks to identify each compound. By the 1970s, analog-to-digital converters were added to mass spectrometers. This allowed computers to store and to interpret the results. As computers grew faster and smaller, GC-MS became faster and spread from laboratories into every day life. Today, computerized GC-MS instruments are widely used in environmental monitoring of water, air, and soil. It is also used in the regulation of agriculture, food safety and in the discovery and production of medicine.
The development of small computers has helped in the simplification of GC-MS machines. It also greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to analyze a sample. Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI) was a leading U.S. supplier of analog computers. In 1964, EAI began development of a computer-controlled mass spectrometer under the direction of Robert E. Finnigan. By 1966, over 500 gas-analyzer instruments were sold. In 1967, the Finnigan Instrument Corporation (FIC) was formed. In early 1968, delivered the first prototype quadrapole GC-MS instruments to Stanford and Purdue University. FIC was eventually renamed Finnigan Corporation and went on to establish itself as the worldwide leader in GC-MS systems.
Basic operation
GC-MS can find all of the compounds mixed together in a sample object. The operator dissolves the sample in a liquid. The operator then injects the liquid into a stream of gas. (Helium, Hydrogen or Nitrogen gas are used most often.) The gas flows through a tube with a special coating. Because each compound in the sample sticks to the coating in a different way, each compound comes out of the tube at a different time. So the coating is used to separate each compound that was mixed together in the sample. As each compound comes out at the end of the tube, it is ionized and gets an electric charge. Most compounds break apart when they are ionized. The different pieces fly under a magnet which separates the pieces based on their weight and charge. A computer then measures all of the pieces of each compound. By comparing the measurements against a computer library of known compounds, the computer makes a list of the names of all of the compounds in the sample. The computer can also tell how much of each compound was in the sample.
Instrumentation
The GC-MS is made up of two major building blocks: the gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer. The gas chromatograph uses a capillary column which depends on the column's dimensions (length, diameter, film thickness) as well as the phase properties (e.g. 5% phenyl polysiloxane). The difference in the chemical properties between different molecules in a mixture will separate the molecules as the sample travels the length of the column. The molecules take different amounts of time (called the retention time) to come out of (elute from) the gas chromatograph. This allows the mass spectrometer downstream to capture, ionize, accelerate, deflect, and detect the ionized molecules separately. The mass spectrometer does this by breaking each molecule into ionized fragments and detecting these fragments using their mass to charge ratio.
These two machines, used together, allow a much finer precision of substance identification than either unit used separately. It is not possible to make an accurate identification of a particular molecule by gas chromatography or mass spectrometry alone. The mass spectrometry process normally requires a very pure sample. In the past, gas chromatography use other detectors such as a Flame Ionization Detector. These detectors cannot separate different molecules that happen to take the same amount of time to travel through the column. (When two different molecules have the same retention time they are said to "co-elute".) The co-eluting molecules will confuse the computer programs that are reading a single mass spectrum for both molecules.
Sometimes two different molecules can also have a similar pattern of ionized fragments in a mass spectrometer (mass spectrum). Combining the two processes reduces the possibility of error. It is extremely unlikely that two different molecules will behave in the same way in both a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. Therefore, if a mass spectrum matches the analyte of interest, the retention time of that spectrum can be checked against a characteristic GC retention time to increased confidence that the analyte is in the sample.
Types of mass spectrometer detectors
The most common type of MS associated with a GC is the quadrupole mass spectrometer. Hewlett-Packard (now Agilent) markets it under trade name "Mass Selective Detector" (MSD). Another relatively common detector is the ion trap mass spectrometer. Additionally one may find a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. However these particular instruments are expensive and bulky and not typically found in high-throughput service laboratories. Other detectors are used such as time of flight (TOF), tandem quadrupoles (MS-MS) (see below), or in the case of an ion trap MSn. The n indicates the number mass spectrometry stages.
Analysis
A mass spectrometer is typically used in one of two ways: Full Scan or Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM). The typical GC-MS can work either way alone, or both at the same time.
Full scan MS
When collecting data in the full scan mode, a target range of mass fragments is selected and put into the instrument's method. An example of a typical broad range of mass fragments to monitor would be m/z 50 to m/z 400. The determination of what range to use is largely set by what one expects being in the sample while being aware of the solvent and other possible interferences. If an MS looks for mass fragments with a very low m/z, it may detect air or other possible interferring factors. Using a large scan range decreases the sensitivity of the instrument. The machine will perform fewer scans per second because each scan will take more time to detect a wider range of mass fragments.
Full scan is useful in determining unknown compounds in a sample. It provides more information than SIM when it comes to confirming or resolving compounds in a sample. Most instruments are controlled by a computer which operates a computer program called an "instrument method." The instrument method controls the temperature in the GC, the MS scan rate and the range of fragment sizes being detected. When a chemist is developing an instrument method, the chemist sends test solutions through the GS-MS in full scan mode. This checks the GC retention time and the mass fragment fingerprint before moving to a SIM instrument method. Specialized GC-MS instruments, such as explosive detectors, have an instrument method pre-loaded at the factory.
Selected ion monitoring
In selected ion monitoring (SIM), the instrument method focuses on certain ion fragments. Only those mass fragments are detected by the mass spectrometer. The advantages of SIM are that the detection limit is lower since the instrument is only looking at a small number of fragments (e.g. three fragments) during each scan. More scans can take place each second. Since only a few mass fragments of interest are being monitored, matrix interferences are typically lower. To improve the chances of reading a positive result correctly, the ion ratios of the various mass fragments are comparable to a known reference standard.
Types of ionization
After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods. Typically only one ionization method being used at any given time. Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier diode. The diode treats the ionized mass fragment like an electrical signal that is then detected.
Electron ionization
The most common type of ionization is electron ionization (EI). The molecules enter into the MS (the source is a quadrupole or the ion trap itself in an ion trap MS) where they are hit with free electrons emitted from a filament. This is like the filament one would find in a standard incandescent light bulb. The electrons hit the molecules, causing the molecule to fragment in a characteristic way that can be repeated. This "hard ionization" technique results in the creation of more fragments of low mass to charge ratio (m/z). EI has few, if any, fragments having a mass that is near the mass of the original molecule. Chemists consider hard ionization to be shooting electrons into the sample molecules. In contrast, "soft ionization" is placing a charge on the sample molecule by hitting it with an introduced gas. The molecular fragmentation pattern depends on the electron energy applied to the system, typically 70 eV (electron Volts). The use of 70 eV helps to compare the spectra generated from the test sample against known library spectra. (The library spectra can come from manufacturer-supplied software or software developed by the National Institute of Standards (NIST-USA)). The software searches the library spectra using a matching algorithm such as Probability Based Matching or dot-product matching. Many method standardization agencies now control these algorithms and methods to assure their objectivity.
Burlington, Connecticut
Burlington is a town in Connecticut in the United States.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Chemical ionization
In chemical ionization (CI), a reagent gas, typically methane or ammonia is put into the mass spectrometer. There are two types of CI: positive CI or negative CI. Either way, the reagent gas will interact with the electrons and analyte and cause a 'soft' ionization of the molecule of interest. A softer ionization fragments the molecule to a lower degree than the hard ionization of EI. Chemists prefer CI over EI. This is because CI produces at least one mass fragment with a weight, that is nearly the same as the molecular weight of the analyte of interest.
In Positive Chemical Ionization (PCI) the reagent gas interacts with the target molecule, most often with a proton exchange. This produces the ion species in relatively high amounts.
In Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI) the reagent gas decreases the impact of the free electrons on the target analyte. This decreased energy typically leaves the fragment in great supply. (The fragments do not break up further.)
Interpretation
The primary goal of instrument analysis is to measure an amount of substance. This is done by comparing the relative concentrations among the atomic masses in the generated mass spectrum. Two kinds of analysis are possible, comparative and original. Comparative analysis essentially compares the given spectrum to a spectrum library to see if its characteristics are present for some known sample in the library. This is best performed by a computer because there are many visual distortions that can take place due to variations in scale. Computers can also correlate more data (such as the retention times identified by the GC), to more accurately relate certain data.
A “full spectrum” analysis considers all the “peaks” within a spectrum. But, selective ion monitoring (SIM) only monitors selected peaks associated with a specific substance. Chemists assume that at a given retention time, a set of ions is characteristic of a certain compound. SIM is a fast and efficient analysis. SIM works best when the analyst has previous information about a sample or is only looking for a few specific substances. When the amount of information collected about the ions in a given gas chromatographic peak decreases, the sensitivity of the analysis increases. So, SIM analysis allows for a smaller quantity of a compound to be detected and measured. But the degree of certainty about the identity of that compound is reduced.
GC-tandem MS
When a second phase of mass fragmentation is added, for example using a second quadrupole in a quadrupole instrument, it is called tandem MS (MS/MS). MS/MS are good at measuring low levels of target compounds in a sample with a matrix of background compounds that are not of interest.
The first quadrupole (Q1) is connected with a collision cell (q2) and another quadrupole (Q3). Both quadrupoles can be used in scanning or static mode, depending on the type of MS/MS analysis used. Types of analysis include product ion scan, precursor ion scan, Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Neutral Loss Scan. For example: When Q1 is in static mode (looking at one mass only as in SIM), and Q3 is in scanning mode, one obtains a so-called product ion spectrum (also called "daughter spectrum"). From this spectrum, one can select a prominent product ion which can be the product ion for the chosen precursor ion. The pair is called a "transition" and forms the basis for SRM. SRM is highly specific and almost completely eliminates matrix background.
Environmental monitoring and cleanup
Many chemists believe that GC-MS is the best tool for monitoring organic pollutants in the environment. The cost of GC-MS equipment has decreased a lot. The reliability of GC-MS has increased at the same time. Both improvements have increased use in environmental studies. Some compounds, such as certain pesticides and herbicides, cannot be identified by GS-MS. They are too similar to other related compounds. But for most organic analysis of environmental samples, including many major classes of pesticides, GC-MS is very sensitive and effective.
Criminal forensics
GC-MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a crime. The law accepts using GC-MS to analyze fire debris. In fact, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) has a standard for fire debris analysis. GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples often contain very complex matrices and results, used in court, need to be highly accurate.
Law enforcement
GC-MS is used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually replace drug-sniffing dogs. It is also commonly used in forensic toxicology. It helps to find drugs and/or poisons in biological specimens taken from suspects, victims, or a dead body.
Security
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC-MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems. The first is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which produces the EGIS, a GC-MS-based line of explosives detectors. The second is Barringer Technologies, which is now owned by Smith's Detection Systems. The third is Ion Track Instruments (part of General Electric Infrastructure Security Systems).
Astrochemistry
Several GC-MS have left earth. Two went to Mars in the Viking program. Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC-MS. The Huygens probe of the Cassini-Huygens mission landed one GC-MS on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. The material in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will be analysed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC-MS in 2014.
Medicine
GC-MS are used in newborn screening tests. These tests can find dozens of congenital metabolic diseases (also known as Inborn error of metabolism). GC-MS can determine compounds in urine even in very small amounts. These compounds are normally not present but appear in individuals suffering with metabolic disorders. This is becoming a common way to diagnose IEM for earlier diagnosis and beginning of treatment. This eventually leads to a better outcome. It is now possible to test a newborn for over 100 genetic metabolic disorders by a urine test at birth based on GC-MS.
In combination with isotopic labeling of metabolic compounds, the GC-MS is used for determining metabolic activity. Most applications are based on the use of 13C as the labeling and the measurement of 13C-12C ratios with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). A IRMS is an mass spectrometer with a detector designed to measure a few select ions and return values as ratios.
Ella Amory
Ella Amory (born 13th of April 2001) is a Belgium Rugby union 7s player. She first picked up rugby in 2011 in her childhood club, the Boitsfort Rugby Club in Brussels where she played for 7 years before joining the 7s project at LaHulpe Rugby Club. At 18 years of age she moved to England to pursue her dream where she got picked by Harlequins to continue her rugby career. Ella is also pursuing an academic career in Business Management at the University of Surrey.
Migrant Workers Convention
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is a treaty of the United Nations for the rights of all migrant workers. It also protects their families. It was adopted in 18 December 1990. It went into force in 2003.
This Convention is made as a series of the international human rights law and at the "Preamble" of the Convention, they recall the conventions of the International Labour Organization about migrant workers and unfree labour. The aid of the Convention is to protect the rights of migrant workers who have not the nationality of the staying country, thus who can often be under the worse working condition or even the victims of human trafficking.
But this Convention is recalled by the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Angie Cepeda
Angélica María Cepeda Jiménez (born 2 August 1974), professionally known as Angie Cepeda, is a Colombian actress. She is probably best known for her roles in telenovela Pobre Diabla and in the movies Captain Pantoja and the Special Services and Love in the Time of Cholera.
Crew Dragon Resilience
The mission carried four additional members of Expedition 64 to the three already on station.
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Mamers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Richard Lynch
Richard Hugh Lynch (February 12, 1940 – June 19, 2012) was an Irish-American actor best known for playing villains in movies and television. He often appeared in science fiction productions, including Battlestar Galactica (as Wolfe) and its sequel series Galactica 1980 (as Commander Xaviar). He also appeared in such shows as Starsky and Hutch, T. J. Hooker, The A-Team, Charmed and Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Early life
Richard Lynch was born on February 12, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York City to Irish Catholic parents. His younger brother is actor Barry Lynch. Lynch served in the United States Marine Corps. Lynch was trained at The Actors Studio and at the HB Studios.
Career
In while acting, Lynch was also a musician and played the saxophone, guitar, piano, and flute. He also enjoyed fishing, poetry, and architecture. He held Republic of Ireland citizenship through his Irish born parents and was a frequent visitor to Ireland. With Barry, the two brothers starred together in the films Nightforce and Total Force. Lynch's wife Lily starred with him in the film Breaking the Silence (1998) and son Christopher Lynch starred with him in the science fiction film Trancers II.
Later career
Through the years, Lynch worked with old friend and colleague Don Calfa in the films Necronomicon (1993), Toughguy (1995), Corpses Are Forever (2003), and Lewisburg (2009).
Personal life and death
Lynch had married twice — once to Béatrix Lynch (their son Christopher died in 2005 from pneumonia), and later to Lily Lynch. His body was found in his home in Yucca Valley, California on June 19, 2012. It is not known if Lynch died on June 18 or 19. After not having heard from Lynch for several days, friend and actress Carol Vogel went to his home to find the door open and his body in his kitchen. She then called 9-1-1 He was survived by his brother Barry and sisters Carole Taylor and Cathy Jones. News reports following his death incorrectly identified his birth year as 1936, but the LA Times obituary published by his family correctly listed the year as 1940.
Mareil-sur-Loir
Mareil-sur-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Oswego bass
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Burton J. Smith (March 21, 1941 – April 3, 2018) was an American computer architect. He was a Technical Fellow at Microsoft.
King of Cambodia
This is a complete list of Kings, Heads of State and Presidents of Cambodia
Peter Vaughan
Vaughan was born on 4 April 1923 in Wem, Shropshire, England. He was married to Billie Whitelaw from 1952 until they divorced in 1966. He was married to Lillias Walker until his death in 2016. Vaughan died in Mannings Heath, Sussex from epilepsy on 6 December 2016, aged 93.
Burton Smith
Smith co-founded Tera Computer Company and from 1988 until 2005 he served as its chief scientist and a member of the board of directors. He was also the company's chairman from 1988 until 1999.
Smith died on April 3, 2018 at a hospital in Burien, Washington of complications from heart disease at the age of 77.