cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Battle of Stalingrad
Scope of the battle
The German Army showed a lot of discipline after being surrounded. Many German soldiers starved or froze to death. Yet, discipline was continued until the very end. General Friedrich Paulus obeyed Hitler's orders and did not attempt to escape out of the city. German ammunition, supplies, and food became scarce. Generals from both sides suffered from massive stress because of the battle and also because of the fact that they had to report to the most brutal leader in their nation's history. Many generals suffered health problems because of their stress.
Madeleine Bordallo
She is the first woman ever to serve as Guam's Delegate. She is the first female Lieutenant Governor of Guam (from 1995 to 2003). As the wife of Ricardo Bordallo, she was also the First Lady of Guam from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1987.
Battle of Stalingrad
Scope of the battle
Paulus followed his orders and fought to the very end. He asked for permission to surrender, but it was denied. Hitler promoted him to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall. No German field marshal had ever surrendered, and the implication was clear. Hitler believed that Paulus would either fight to the last man or commit suicide. Paulus was taken prisoner.
Firestar's Quest
Firestar's Quest is a teen fantasy novel in the Warriors series by Erin Hunter. It focuses on a cat named Firestar, the leader of a group of cats called ThunderClan, as he goes on a quest to rebuild a lost Clan called SkyClan. He is joined by his mate, Sandstorm.
Battle of Stalingrad
Scope of the battle
After his capture, Paulus told the Soviets that he had not surrendered. He refused to issue an order for the Germans to surrender.
Firestar's Quest
Setting
The story begins in a forest, but after the main character goes on a journey, he ends up at a gorge.
Battle of Stalingrad
In popular culture
The battle is described in many books.
Firestar's Quest
Plot
Firestar's dreams are disturbed by wailing cats and feelings of fear and sadness. He finds out that the wailing cats are SkyClan cats, a lost Clan that was chased from the forest many years ago. The Clan has been forgotten by everyone else, because it has been such a long time since it was destroyed. Firestar realizes that he must go on a quest to rebuild this Clan, and he takes his mate, Sandstorm with him.
Battle of Stalingrad
In popular culture
In the novel The Book Thief, one character was presumed to have died or been captured in The Battle of Stalingrad.
Firestar's Quest
Plot
Along the way, Firestar and Sandstorm are hit by a storm, and Sandstorm is washed away in a flood. Firestar is set behind schedule because he chooses to look for her instead of continue his journey. One he finds her, they begin their quest again, and eventually find the place where they knew they needed to go: a gorge. There, they seek out the last living descendant of SkyClan, and talk to him. His name is Sky. He tells them to look for more cats who may be descended from SkyClan, or who may be interested in joining the Clan. Those who do join are given warrior names and are taught about the way of the Clans.
Battle of Stalingrad
In popular culture
In the 2011 video game Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad, the game shows famous locations of the battle, such as Pavlov's House, the Red October Factory and Mamayev Kurgan, among others.
Firestar's Quest
Plot
More and more cats join, and eventually, the newly rebuilt SkyClan, along with Firestar and Sandstorm, fight a gigantic swarm of rats. It is revealed that the rats are what killed off SkyClan after it left the forest many years ago. They defeat the rats, and their mission is completed. Firestar and Sandstorm leave SkyClan, knowing that its new leader, Leafstar, will lead it well.
Battle of Stalingrad
In popular culture
The 2013 game, Company of Heroes 2, showed the battle in certain missions. It was criticized by Russian players for being untrue and on August 7 sales in Russia were stopped.
Mount Conner
Mount Conner (also called Atila) is a mountain in central Australia. It is in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, 75 km southeast of Lake Amadeus. It is 859 m above sea level and 300 m above the ground around it. The mountain was named by William Gosse in 1873 after South Australian politician Mountifort Longfield Conner. It can be seen from the road towards Uluṟu when coming from Alice Springs.
Mount Conner is a flat-topped inselberg, shaped like a horseshoe. The rock is sedimentary. Its layers were left behind when the area was an inland sea, during the Neoproterozoic era (1Ga to 542Ma). The rock of Mount Conner is 200 to 300 million years older than the rock of nearby Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. The younger layers of sedimentary rock eroded over millions of years leaving the inselberg that is seen today.
The mountain is known as Atila (also sometimes spelled Artila, Atula, Attila or Artilla) in the native Yankunytjatjara and Pitjantjatjara languages. The country around it is called Atilanya. It is associated with Tjukurpa (Dreaming) stories about the nyiṉya (means "ice people"; commonly spelled "ninya"). The nyiṉya are ancestral spirits who bring cold weather.
History
For the native Yankunytjatjara people, Mount Conner has long been associated with the Wanambi Dreaming. Wanambi is a ancestral spirit who is said to live in the springs in and around the mountain. Legends relating to this Dreaming were recorded by Charles Mountford when he visited the area in 1940. He wrote that a very dangerous one was said to live in Kapi Atila, a spring that used to exist halfway up the southern slopes. When the spring dried up, the men of Atilanya believed that the wanambi was stolen from them by the people to the south, who placed the spirit in a spring of their own country so that they would have more water.
About 7 km southwest of Mount Conner is another water source, a rock hole called Anari (in English, "Aneri Well" or "Mount Conner Well"). Mountford camped there in 1940 on his way to Uluṟu, and recorded the name as "Anneri". He wrote that this was said to be the home of a harmless wanambi that had travelled north to Anari from the Musgrave Ranges. He also wrote about ceremonies relating to the nyiṉya being performed by the women here.
Mountford also recorded another legend associated with the mountain, of a fight between two boys who were hunting in the area. According to the legend, one of the boys discovered the spring at Anari by chance. He refused to tell the other boy where he had found water and, as a result, the second boy nearly died of thirst. They duelled together and slowly made their way to the top of the mountain, where they died. Their bodies are said to be preserved as boulders.
Anari was used as the site of the first homestead of Mount Conner Station. This is now abandoned, and the new homestead is located further north, on the Lasseter Highway. A track leads from here to the base of Mount Conner.
Geology
Mount Conner is made up of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The summit consists of coarse-grained sandstone with pebble layers and small beds of pebble conglomerate and siltstone. The rock that lies underneath this is composed of dark brown micaceous siltstone, mudstone, and fine-grained sandstone. The lower part of the mountain consists of medium to coarse-grained, grey-brown sandstones, dark-brown siltstones, and cherts. The sides of Mount Conner are also covered by scree (talus) and its top is covered with colluvium. The base of the mountain is surrounded by alluvium.
The summit of Mount Conner, along with the summits of Kata Tjuṯa and Uluṟu, is left over from the erosion of a layer of sediment from the Cretaceous period. It is considered to a classic example of an inselberg created by erosion of surrounding strata.
Andrzej Baturo
Andrzej Baturo (16 May 1940 – 9 June 2017 ) was a Polish artist photographer. He was the organizer of many important photo events, publisher, General director of the FotoArtFestival in Bielsko-Biala,founder and president of the Foundation Centre of Photography. He was born in Vilnius, Lithuania.
Boston College
Boston College is a private university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. It is also known for its sports teams.
Dyess, Arkansas
Dyess is a town in the US state of Arkansas.
The Koala Brothers
The Koala Brothers is a stop-motion animated children’s television show.
A notable quality of the TV show is that although there can be differences of opinion and some instances of anti-social or unthoughtful behaviour, there are no villains or antagonistic characters. Rather, the emphasis is on helping and being a good friend. It was originally premiered on both ABC Kids and CBeebies 1 September 2003 until the final episode’s airing on 31 October 2007.
Big East Conference
The Big East Conference is a college sports conference in the United States which sponsors many sports, but does not play football. The league has its roots in the original Big East Conference, which was founded in 1979 as a basketball-focused league by a group of schools in the Eastern U.S. That league added football in 1991, leading to years of conflict between schools that played top-level football and those that did not. In July 2013, the original league split along football lines. The seven schools that did not play FBS (top-level) football—often called the "Catholic 7" because all are run by the Catholic Church—bought the "Big East" name and formed a new Big East. The FBS schools joined with several new members and stayed in the original Big East structure under the new name of American Athletic Conference (The American).
Although the current Big East was not founded until 2013, it claims the 1979 founding date of the original Big East. Both the current Big East and The American claim the pre-split history of the old Big East.
Members
The 10 schools that formed the current Big East are private schools. All of these are also Catholic except for Butler, which was started by Protestants but has never been run by any church. UConn (Connecticut) became the Big East's first public school in July 2020.
Associate members
The Big East has six "associate members" that play either one or two sports in the conference.
Former members
No full member of the Big East has left for another conference. However, eight associate members have left the Big East in one or more sports, with five entirely leaving the Big East.
Two schools that were associate members in the 2013–14 school year left to join conferences that play the sports that they housed in the Big East. Five women's lacrosse members left after the 2017–18 school year when the American Athletic Conference, full-time home to three of those schools, started a women's lacrosse league. Two of these schools, Temple and UConn, stayed in the Big East in field hockey, and UConn returned to the Big East full-time in July 2020. At the same time, Old Dominion moved its women's lacrosse team from the Big East to The American. This kept both conferences at six women's lacrosse members, the number needed to ensure that their conference champions would receive places in the NCAA Division I tournament. ODU is still a Big East member in field hockey.
Odelya Halevi
Odelya Halevi (אודליה הלוי; born 12 February 1989) is an Israeli actress. She appears on the American drama television series Law & Order and plays the role of Assistant District Attorney Samantha Maroun. She also played Angelica in the American television series Good Trouble. She also appeared in the television series Good Girls Revolt. She has made appearances in television series such as Mike & Molly, New Girl, NCIS, MacGyver (2016) and Why Women Kill.
Landes-sur-Ajon
Landes-sur-Ajon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Ivory Coast in March 2020.
On 11 March, Ivory Coast recorded its first case of COVID-19. It was an Ivory Coast national who had recently been to Italy.
On 16 March, the government announced that the total number of confirmed cases had risen to six, and that the patient identified on 11 March had made a recovery. Ivory Coast also suspended flights for countries that had more than 100 cases for 15 days, only allowing citizens and residents, and closed all schools for an initial 30 days.
On 20 March, the government announced five more confirmed cases, bringing the total number to 14. The same day the government decided to close all borders from midnight on 22 March until further notice.
On 27 March, 5 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total over the 100 benchmark with a total of 101 cases along with 2 patients recovering, thus bringing the total of recovered to 3.
A 58-year-old female patient with diabetes, in a coma since 25 March, became the first death.
Stage
A stage can mean one of the following:
Renée Mortier
Swimming career
On 1 June 1907 she finished second in the 60 metre event at the Gare swimming pool behind Alice Sadoux. The next day she finished second in the 100 metres event at the "Fête du Devoir" in Rouen, again behind Alice Sadoux. On 28 July 1907 she participated in the international 200 metre event and the international 60 metre handicap event in Joinville-le-Pont. At this event also some national events were held and she finished fourth in the national 100 metre event and she competed in the diving event. On 9 August she competed in the Traversée de Toulouse à la nage, an open water race over 5 kilometres in Toulouse. She finished fourth in a time of 1 hour 32:15 minutes. She was expected to take part in the Six Hours race on 25 August, but she did not take part because she had no intention to become a professional swimmer.
In 1908 she participated at the Traversée de Lyon à la nage, an open water race in Lyon and she finished fifth in the 100 metre event during the international swimming competition in Joinville-le-Pont.
After competing in 1909 at the national championships in Amiens (11 July) and at the swimming competitions in Calais (14 July), she competed at a main international competition on 15 July. In this competition she finished third in the 100 metre event.
On 25 December 1912 she was the only women who competes at the Coupe de Noël (Paris). She finished in last place in the 150 metres in a time of 2:29. The same day she was ill and from the doctor she had to stop temporarily all her sporting activities. In January 1913 she was on the cover of sport magazine Le Plein Air. Later in in 1913 she obtained her swimming Audax.
Sport administration
Morrier was club secretary of Ondine de Paris for six years. She was the first elected of the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques USFSA. In 1928, she headed the swimming section of the Société des Cadettes de Gascogne, which she founded in 1921. She was elected to a committee of the FFNS (school board) and the Fédération féminine française de gymnastique et d'éducation physique (FFSF). In 1931, she chaired the swimming section of the Association sportive des postes, télégraphes et téléphones (ASPTT).
Personal life
Mortier was born in 1888. She lived in the 12th arrondissement of Paris (56, Rue de Wattignies). She was candidate in the 1910 legislative elections of Paris. Morter worked at the French Post. She earned 2200 francs per year (1910). Later she worked as a guard at Élysée in the 1920s.
She maried to a municipal employee who was also a fencer, swimmer and gymnast. Her daughter was Olympic swimmer Gilberte Mortier.
Direct democracy
Direct democracy, which is also called pure democracy, is a democracy in which the decisions are not taken by representatives. All decisions are voted on by the people. When a budget or law needs to be passed, then the idea goes to the people. Governments of modern countries rarely make laws this way.
Costs and benefits of direct democracy
Interest groups would have to change the minds of all people, not just a few representatives. Taxes could not be raised without the permission of the people. The few would not rule the many and the government would not pay representatives salaries. In indirect, or representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. This is what most modern countries have today. Direct democracy makes decisions by majority rule. Representative democracy was made with the idea that representatives would be responsible for the majority's interests while protecting minority rights. People like James Madison believed that direct democracy was bad for minority groups.
History
Classical Athens was a direct democracy. All citizens voted on major decisions of government. But, to be a citizen, you had to be a free, land-owning, native-born man.
Switzerland has aspects of direct democracy. "Evidence suggests that attendance at assemblies... has always been limited to roughly twenty per cent of the citizenry". The practice is only used in two cantons, Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus.
The Federal government of the United States does not use direct democracy but the individual states sometimes make laws by referendum. Some New England town s govern themselves by a town meeting.
Heterosexuality
Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation. Heterosexual people are sexually attracted to the opposite gender, and this may involve romantic feelings, or sexual activity. Another less formal word for heterosexual is straight.
People who are not heterosexual may be homosexual, bisexual or asexual. Many people in Western society are heteronormative, which means that they believe that heterosexuality is better than other forms of sexuality. This often leads to discrimination.
Newtok, Alaska
Newtok is a census-designated place (CDP) in Alaska.
Heterosexuality
Sexual orientation is thought to be caused by genetics and hormones when a baby is growing in its mother. Hormones play a role in making men and women have differences in a region of the brain called the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which is involved in sexual attraction. Men have larger clusters in the hypothalamus than women, similar to other mammals.
In the Catholic Church and many Christian churches as well as in Islam and Judaism, a marriage can only be made in a heterosexual pair - man and woman. Marriage that is done in homosexual pair is often seen as a serious sin by those religions.
Angerville, Essonne
Angerville is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France.
Knuts Skujenieks
Knuts Skujenieks (5 September 1936 – 25 July 2022) was a Latvian poet, journalist, and translator. He was born in Riga.
In 2008 he was awarded the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.
Skujenieks died on 25 July 2022 at the age of 85.
United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., is the official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress. Each act and resolution of Congress is called a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a Congress session, slip laws (now commonly called session laws) are compiled into Statutes at Large, which are numbered and organised by Congress session. They are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
Rainbow
A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.
A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun.
Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.
Cause
The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle. Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).
While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.
The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when: Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
Sandra Kalniete
Sandra Kalniete (born 22 December 1952) is a Latvian politician, author, diplomat and independence movement leader. She was Foreign Minister of Latvia from 2002 to 2004 and as European Commissioner for Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries in 2004. In 2009, she became a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the European People's Party.
Rainbow
Cause
An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.
Colours of the rainbow
Main article: ROYGBIV
The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.) <ul> <li style = "background-color: #ff0000;"> Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) </li> <li style = "background-color: #ff7f00;"> Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0) </li> <li style = "background-color: #ffff00;"> Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0) </li> <li style = "background-color: #00ff00;"> Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) </li> <li style = "background-color: #1555e3; color: #ffffff"> Blue (web color) (Hex: #1555E3) (RGB: 0, 0, 255) </li> <li style="background-color: #2e2b5f; color: #ffffff"> Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95) </li> <li style = "background-color: #8b00ff; color: #ffffff"> Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255) </li> </ul>
Gray rainbow colours
<li style = "background-color: #965656;"> Red-gray (Hex: #965656) (RGB: 150, 86, 86)</li> <li style = "background-color: #997857;"> Orange-gray (Hex: #997857) (RGB: 153, 120, 87)</li> <li style = "background-color: #a1a15a;"> Yellow-gray (Hex: #A1A15A) (RGB: 161, 161, 90)</li> <li style = "background-color: #6ca66c;"> Green-gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108)</li> <li style = "background-color: #506d8a;"> Blue-gray (Hex: #506D8A) (RGB: 80, 109, 138)</li> <li style = "background-color: #755496;"> Violet-gray (Hex: #755496) (RGB: 117, 84, 150)<li>
Lantheuil
Lantheuil was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.
Mountain pine beetle
Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) is a species of insect pest which lives in the forests of western Canada and the United States. The beetle feeds on the inner bark of pine trees like the lodgepole pine, forming tunnels under the bark to lay their eggs. Normally, the mountain pine beetle prefers to attack sick or old trees because they can't defend themselves easily. However, sometimes the beetles become so numerous that they will group up and start attacking healthy trees in massive outbreaks. This makes the control and monitoring of mountain pine beetle very important for the forest industry in Canada and the U.S., because massive outbreaks of mountain pine beetle can kill entire forests.
Recently, a large outbreak of the beetle in British Columbia became a major problem, killing millions of trees across the province. Due to global warming making it easier for the beetle to survive high in the Canadian Rockies, the beetle was able to spread into Alberta, Canada, where the beetle has never been seen before. Scientists are worried that there is nothing stopping the mountain pine beetle from spreading across the entire continent now.
Stage (theatre)
The stage in a theatre is the area where the actors perform. In classical theatres, this used to be separated from where the audience is sitting.
Público
Público ( English: Public) is a Portuguese national newspaper published every day in Lisbon, Portugal.
Spread and usage
The paper sold 58,000 copies in 2003, making it the fourth most sold newspaper in Portugal at the time.
In 2005 the paper sold 46,111 copies.
In 2006, the paper sold 41,706 copies.
In 2007 it was the fourth most sold Portuguese newspaper that year with it selling 42,000 copies.
Its 2008 circulation was 42,527 copies.
The paper sold 38,229 copies in 2009 and 35,137 copies in 2010.
The paper sold 33,159 copies in 2011.
The paper sold about 28,360 copies between September and October 2013.
Shehu Idris
Shehu Idris (20 February 1936 – 20 September 2020) was a Nigerian royal. He was the 18th Fulani Emir of Zazzau and the Chairman of Zazzau Emirate Council and Kaduna State Emirate Council from 1975 until his death. He became emir 8 February 1975 following the death of Alhaji Muhammadu Aminu, the 17th Emir of Zazzau. He was born in Zaria, Nigeria.
Biography
On 10 January 2015 he celebrated his 40 years coronation anniversary, and 8 February 2020, he celebrated his 45 years coronation anniversary.
Death
Idris died 20 September 2020 at the age of 84 at a military hospital in Zaria.
Langrune-sur-Mer
Langrune-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Variations (music)
In music, the word variation is to play a piece of music and change the notes or add parts into it but also making it sound like the piece of music in another way.
Many composers wrote pieces which are examples of theme and variation. Sometimes the theme is one they made up, at other times they took a theme that another composer had already written and then made variations on it.
There are lots of ways of varying a tune, and each variation will change it in a different way. A variation may play the tune much faster or much slower, it may change the tune by adding extra sharps and flats or other ornamental notes, or by playing the tune in octaves. It may change the harmony or the rhythm or use different instruments. It may combine the tune in different parts (counterpoint).
History in music
Many composers from the Classical, Romantic and 20th century classical music periods wrote sets of variations. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote several, one of which was based on a French folktune which we know in Britain as “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”. Beethoven wrote several wonderful sets of variations. Many of them were for piano, but he also used the form in other pieces e.g. the slow movement of his Ninth Symphony. Schubert often wrote variations on tunes from his own songs.
Other composers who wrote variations include Brahms, Elgar, Schoenberg, and Britten.
Lasson, Calvados
Lasson, Calvados used to be a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the commune of Rots.
Deaths in January 2020
The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in January 2020. Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.
Speech
Speech is when spoken language is used to communicate. Only humans have language. Animals do not have speech, but some (birds are a good example) can communicate with each other by using sounds and gestures.
Speech is made by sounds vibrating the vocal folds. Sounds through the voice box is shaped by the jaw, tongue, teeth, palate, lips, and nose.
To make speech a person has to be able to:
Difficulties can happen at any stage of this four-stage process. A speech and language therapist can help work out the stage of the sequence that has difficulties and give therapy.
Effective speech includes the following elements – fluency, flexibility, accuracy, and comprehensibility.
Live Acoustic (Avril Lavigne EP)
It is an acoustic album that was only released in United States Target stores. All the songs were recorded live during Avril's North American mall tour.
References
Avril Lavigne discography
Battle of Imphal
The Battle of Imphal (Japan Laan) was a battle in the World War II. It was a historic combat that took place in Imphal, the metropolis of Manipur in 1944. It was fought between the British Empire and Japan. According to a voting in a contest run by the British National Army Museum, the Battle of Imphal and Kohima was bestowed as Britain's Greatest Battle in 2013.
Deaths in August 2014
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2014. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".
Electoral district of Maryborough (Queensland)
Maryborough is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1865.
Strata
Strata are layers of rock, or sometimes soil. In nature, strata come in many layers. It is a term in sedimentary and historical geology; the singular is stratum. The study of strata is called stratigraphy.
These layers are laid down as sediment, often in the sea, and are slowly changed by pressure, heat and chemical action into rocks.
The strata are often typical of a particular time and place, and allow geologists to relate rocks in different places. For instance, chalk was laid down in the Upper Cretaceous period, and consists mainly of the remains of microscopic algae called coccoliths.
In normal strata, the later strata are laid down on earlier strata in horizontal layers. In the long passage of time, sedimentary rocks may get deformed by huge forces in the Earth: volcanism, orogeny (mountain building) or other causes. Then it requires research to work out what has happened to the strata.
When strata rise above sea level they get worn down by erosion, such as weather. This causes gaps in the sequence of strata, which may have risen and sunk many times in Earth history. These gaps are called unconformities in geological jargon.
Cycles
In many formations of strata there are repeating patterns. For example, clay layers alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.
Fabien Roy
Fabien Roy (born April 17, 1928) is a Canadian politician. Roy was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec and the House of Commons of Canada in 1979 and left office in 1980. He was a supporter of social credit theories of monetary reform. Roy was a member and Leader of the Social Credit Party of Canada. He was born in Saint-Prosper, Quebec.
Strata
Cycles
Rocks showing repeat patterns of strata are called rhythmites. Sometimes the patterns are caused by annual climate changes. Geologists call those varves.
Deutsches Museum
The Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik, usually called Deutsches Museum is a museum focused on technology. It is located in Munich. By area, it is the biggest technical museum in the world. About 1.5 million people visit the museum, every year. About 28.000 objects are on display, from about 50 subject areas. It was first opened in 1925. It collaborates with Ludwig Maximilian Universität München, and TU München. The main site is located on an island in the river Isar. Oskar von Miller founded the museum. One of the concepts of the museum is to help visitors discover new technology, or how things work. For this reason, the phrase "In diesem Museum darf jeder machen, was ich will" (In this museum, everyone may do what I want) is visible near the entrance.
Lassy, Calvados
Lassy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Terres de Druance.
Hill County, Montana
Hill County is a county found in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,096 people. Its county seat is Havre. It lies along the United States border with Canada, abutting Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Anthony Cumia
Anthony Cumia (born April 26, 1961) is an American radio personality and broadcaster. He was born in Elwood, New York.
Cumia is best known as the co-host of the Opie and Anthony radio show with Gregg "Opie" Hughes that aired from 1995 to 2014, alongside comedian Jim Norton from 2001.
In 2014, Cumia was fired by SiriusXM Radio after posting a series of tweets, which they deemed to be "racially-charged and hate-filled". He started his own video podcast soon after named The Anthony Cumia Show, which aired until September 2017. He has since been the co-host of The Artie and Anthony Show with comedian and actor Artie Lange.
Civil Rights Cases
The Civil Rights Cases , were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review. The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.
The Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which provided that "all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude" was unconstitutional.
Facts
The decision itself involved five consolidated cases (United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson v. Memphis & Charleston Railroad 109 U.S. 3, 3 S. Ct. 18, 27 L. Ed. 835.) coming from different lower courts in which Black Americans had sued theaters, hotels and transit companies that had refused them service or excluded them from "white only" facilities.
Decision of the Court
The Court, in an 8-1 decision by Justice Joseph P. Bradley, held that the language of the 14th Amendment, which prohibited denial of equal protection by a state, did not give Congress power to regulate these private acts. This was because it was the result of conduct by private individuals, not state law or action, that blacks were suffering. Section five empowers Congress only to enforce the prohibition on state action. Legislation by Congress on subjects which are within the domain of the state are not authorized by the 14th Amendment. Private acts of racial discrimination were simply private wrongs that the national government was powerless to correct. Bradley commented that "individual invasion of individual rights is not the subject-matter of the [14th] Amendment. It has a deeper and broader scope. It nullifies and makes void all state legislation, and state action of every kind, which impairs the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, or which injures them in life, liberty or property without due process of law, or which denies to any of them the equal protection of the laws."
The Court also acknowledged that the 13th Amendment does apply to private actors, but only to the extent that it prohibits people from owning slaves, not exhibiting discriminatory behavior. The Court said that "it would be running the slavery argument into the ground to make it apply to every act of discrimination which a person may see fit to make as to guests he will entertain, or as to the people he will take into his coach or cab or car; or admit to his concert or theatre, or deal with in other matters of intercourse or business."
Reactions
Many African-American leaders were outraged and disappointed that the Supreme Court declared the first two sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional. On October 20, 1883, T. Thomas Fortune, the editor of the New York Globe wrote: "The colored people of the United States feel to-day as if they had been baptized in ice water". Many felt it was the end of an era in which the Federal government would protect the rights of African-American citizens.
The Supreme Court decision severely restricted the power of the federal government to guarantee equal status under the law to blacks. State officials in the South took advantage of the decision and began to enact laws that legalized the treatment of blacks as second-class citizens for another seventy years. The court's decision thus ultimately led to the enactment of state laws, such as Jim Crow laws, which made racial segregation the law.
Eraclea
Eraclea is a town in the province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. SP42 goes through it. Eraclea Mare is the Lido of Eraclea.
Chi Po-lin
On June 10, 2017, Chi died in a helicopter crash in a mountainous area in Hualien County's Fengbin Township at the age of 52. The group was shooting footage for the sequel to Beyond Beauty: Taiwan from Above, which was scheduled for release in 2019.
Eraclea
It is located on the Adriatic Sea near the coast between the rivers Piave and Livenza and between two famous touristic towns: Caorle and Jesolo.
Eracleamare, one of the destinations of summer tourism on the Adriatic riviera, is together with Jesolo and Caorle one of the best known seaside resort on the Venetian coast. Within the last year, a steady growth of foreign tourists, especially from Germany, has been recorded. Also in 2010, Eracleamare has received the "Blu Flag" from the FEE.
Main sights
Eraclea Mare is famous cause of its pinewood and "Mort lagoon" (in Italian: Laguna del Mort ).
The Mort Lagoon, an extremely evocative naturalistic site between Eraclea and Jesolo, was originated by the overflowing of the Piave river in 1936, whose bed was modified in its last stretch after a big flood. The Mort stretches between Eraclea Mare and the mouth of the Piave river and it is a sea-lagoon, being supplied with water only by the flood-tides. Still uncontaminated, the Mort is characterized by shallow and calm waters with a sandy and muddy seabed, rich in phytoplankton.
Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) is a species of venomous pit vipers, found in southeastern United States of America. It is the largest rattlesnake, longest and the heaviest venomous snake in the Americas. There are currently no subspecies found.
Description
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the heaviest venomous snake in the Americas, and the largest rattlesnake. The heaviest eastern diamondback rattlesnake ever found weighed 15.4 kg (34 Ib), and was 7.8 ft (2.4 m) long. This eastern diamondback rattlesnake however, was not the longest ever found, for there have been reports on seeing some which were 8 feet long. An eastern diamondback rattlesnake's actual length is usually around 3 to 5 feet long. They usually weigh 2.3 kg (5.1 Ib), but some that have been found can weigh 5.12 kg (11.3 Ib), or even 6.7 kg (15 Ib). They usually are brown, brownish yellow, brownish gray, or olive ground in color. There skin is covered with 24-35 dark brown or black diamond-shaped blotches, which have a lighter center. The belly is yellow or cream in color.
Common names
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is also called the "diamond snake", the "common rattlesnake", the "diamond rattler", the "Florida diamondback snake", the "lozenge-spotted rattlesnake", the "southern woodland rattler", and the "water rattler".
Distribution and Habitat
They live in dry pine forests, salt marshes, swamp forests, and cypress swamps of United States of America. The U.S.A's states which it lives in are southeastern North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, southern Alabama, Mississippi, southeastern Louisiana and North Carolina.
Behavior
Like most rattlesnakes they live on land, and are not good climbers. They have, however, been reports on some eastern diamondback rattlesnake being in bushes and trees, probably looking for a prey. Even though they are not good climbers, they are very good swimmers. These rattlesnakes have been seen many times hiding in mammal burrows. hawks, eagles, and other snakes eat eastern diamondback rattlesnakes.
Diet
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake catches its prey by ambushing it. It eats small mammals like rabbits and rats, birds and sometimes lizards. Since of adults large size they can easily attack and eat adult rabbits, there have also been reports on some eating turkeys. Young eastern diamondback rattlesnake eat mainly small rodents like mice, rats and squirrels. Sometimes they also eat large insects.
Reproduction
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake, like all rattlesnakes, are ovoviviparous. A female is pregnant for around five to six months before giving birth to her young. The young stay with their mother for a few hours (up to a few days at most) before leaving on their own to go and hunt for food. Because of this, many of the young snakes die quickly. Females give birth to around 7 to 21 young at a time; they give birth to their young in July to early October. Young are born to be about 12 inches (30 cm) long. When they are born they look similar to adults, but have a small button on their tail, unlike adults who have rattles on their tail.
Conservation status
It is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. In North Carolina, the eastern diamondback rattlesnake is protected by state law. It is considered endangered inside the state. It may be extinct in Louisiana. Some scientists and conservationists believe it may even be extinct in North Carolina.
This species is currently surveyed for being added to the Endangered Species List by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service because of its recent decrease in number.
Venom
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the most dangerous venomous snake in North America. While not usually aggressive, it is large and powerful. Its bite has a mortality rate of 10–20% when untreated. The estimated human lethal dose is 100–150 mg. A doctor described one case in which the symptoms included pain, bleeding from where the snake bit the person, internal pain, bleeding from the mouth, hypotension, a weak pulse, swelling and discoloration of the limb that was bitten.
CroFab and Wyeth's ACP are great antivenoms against bites from this type of rattlesnake. But, big doses may be needed to manage really bad cases of envenomation.
Life
Life is a concept in biology. It is about the characteristics, state, or mode that separates a living thing from dead matter. The word itself may refer to a living being or to the processes of which living things are a part. It may refer to the period when a living thing is functional (as between birth and death).
The study of life is called biology: people who study life are called biologists. A lifespan is the average length of life in a species. Most life on Earth is powered by solar energy: the only known exceptions are the chemosynthetic bacteria living around the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon compounds, specifically involving long-chain molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. With water, which all life needs, the long molecules are wrapped inside membranes as cells. This may or may not be true of all possible forms of life in the Universe: it is true of all life on Earth today.
Summary
Living things, or organisms, can be explained as open systems. They are always changing, because they exchange materials and information with their environment. They undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli and reproduce.
Through natural selection, they adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. Many life forms can be found on Earth. The properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information.
The systems that make up life have many levels of organization. From smallest to biggest, they are: molecule, cell, tissue (group of cells with a common purpose), organ (part of the body with a purpose), organ system (group of organs that work together), organism, population (group of organisms of the same species), community (all of the organisms that interact in an area), ecosystem (all of the organisms in an area and the non-living surroundings), and biosphere (all parts of the Earth that have life).
At present, the Earth is the only planet humans have detailed information about. The question of whether life exists elsewhere in the Universe is open. There have been a number of claims of life elsewhere in the Universe. None of these have been confirmed so far. The best evidence of life outside of Earth is are nucleic acids that have been found in certain types of meteorites.
Definitions
One explanation of life is called the cell theory. The cell theory has three basic points: all living things are made up of cells. The cell is the smallest living thing that can do all the things needed for life. All cells must come from pre-existing cells.
Something is often said to be alive if it:
However, not all living things fit every point on this list.
They do, however, fit the biochemical definitions: they are made of the same kind of chemicals.
The thermodynamic definition of life is any system which can keep its entropy levels below maximum (usually through adaptation and mutations).
A modern approach
A modern definition was given by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela in 1980, to which they gave the name autopoiesis: Roth commented that "In short, organisms are self-reproducing and self-maintaining, or 'autopoietic', systems". This approach makes use of molecular biology ideas and systems science ideas.