cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Japan
History
In 1918, World War I allowed Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to capture German possessions in the Pacific and in China. which grew to become a part of World War II when Japan became allies with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. In 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, a water base of the United States, and destroyed or damaged many ships and airplanes. This started the United States' involvement in World War II. American and Japanese forces fought each other in the Pacific. Once airbases were established within range of the Japanese mainland, America began to win, and started dropping bombs on Japanese cities. America was able to bomb most of the important cities and quickly brought Japan close to defeat. To make Japan surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 150,000 Japanese citizens. Soon after this the Soviet Union began to fight against Japan, and the Japanese army in Manchuria lost. Japan surrendered and gave up all the places it took from other countries, accepting the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States occupied Japan from September 1945 to April 1952 and forced it to write a new constitution, in which it promised to never go to war again.
Geography
Japan is a group of islands in the Western Pacific, off the coast of China. The four biggest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and there are about 6,000 smaller islands there. Japan is separated from the Asian continent by the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Honshu, which means 'Mainland' in the Japanese language, is the biggest island. Hokkaido is the island north of Honshu. Kyushu is the island west of Honshu. Shikoku is the island to the south-west of Honshu.
In the middle of Japan there are mountains. They cover the middle of the islands and leave a very narrow strip of flat land on most coasts. Many of the mountains are extinct volcanoes, but some are still active. The highest of these mountains is the beautiful, volcano-shaped Mt Fuji (3,776 metres or 12,389 feet high). Japan has many earthquakes, in fact there are about 1500 of these every year. The biggest earthquake recorded in Japan was in 2011 - called '2011 Tohoku Earthquake'. It caused great damage to several power plants forcing Japan to shut down all its nuclear plants. There was nuclear core meltdown which caused a serious health risk to nearby villages and cities.
Thomas Mann
Paul Thomas Mann (born 6 June 1875 in Lübeck; died 12 August 1955 in Zürich) was a German author.
Japan
Geography
90% of the people living in Japan live in just 10% of the land, near the coast. The other 10% of the people in Japan live away from the coast.
Thomas Mann
Mann was born in 1875 in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family. In 1891 his father died. In 1894 Mann left school. He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893. He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose by the way.
Japan
Geography
Over 10 cities have more than a million people in them. The biggest city in Japan is Tokyo, which is the capital.
Thomas Mann
In 1898 he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks influenced by work of Arthur Schopenhauer, published in 1901. In 1906 he married, although he was not clear about his sexual orientation. In the World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically. In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas.
Japan
Science and technology
The QR code, the camera phone, the CD player, and the VHS were invented in Japan.
Japan is a leader in the robotics industry: It is the world's largest maker of industrial robots. It has the 2nd most industrial robots behind China.
Thomas Mann
He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II. In 1952 he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953. In the 1950s he visited Germany sometimes. He died of atherosclerosis in Zürich, Switzerland.
Japan
Economy
Japan has one of the strongest economies of any country. Its nominal gross domestic product (GDP) is the 3rd highest in the world. It has a very low unemployment rate and was the 4th-largest exporter and 4th-largest importer in 2021.
Japan is known for its automotive industry: It is home to Toyota, the world's largest car company. Honda, Nissan, Suzuki and Mazda are other popular car makers from Japan.
Tokyo is the most populous city in the world. It also has one of the largest economies of any city. It is an important financial center: It has the Tokyo Stock Exchange, one of the largest stock exchanges in Asia.
Society and culture
Many things in Japanese culture originated in China, like Go and bonsai.
Cherry blossom also known as Japanese cherry and Sakura is thought to be the national flower of Japan.
Japan's traditional food is seafood, rice, miso soup, and vegetables. Noodles and tofu are also common. Sushi, a Japanese food made of cooked rice with vinegar with other ingredients such as raw fish, is popular around the world.
Philip K. Dick Award
The Philip K. Dick Award is a science fiction award. It is named after science fiction and fantasy writer Philip K. Dick. It has been awarded since 1983. Dick died in 1982. The prize is given to the best original paperback published each year in the US. It is given at the Norwescon science fiction convention every year. The Philadelphia Science Fiction Society supports the award. The Philip K. Dick Trust has supported the award since 2005. Books that have won the award have Best Original SF Paperback printed on their covers.
Japan
Society and culture
The religion in Japan is mostly Shinto and Buddhist. Due to the tolerant nature of the two main Japanese religions, and the resulting intermixing of the two, many Japanese identify as both Shinto and Buddhist at the same time. There are small numbers of Christians and Hindus, and a few Jews.
Philip K. Dick Award
Thomas Disch started this award with help from David G. Hartwell, Paul S. Williams, and Charles N. Brown. David G. Hartwell and Gordon Van Gelder manage the award now. Some other people who have been in charge of the award include Algis Budrys and David Alexander Smith.
Japan
Society and culture
When it comes to popular culture, Japan is famous for making video games. Many of the biggest companies that make games, like Nintendo, Namco, and Sega, are Japanese. Other well-known parts of Japanese arts are its comics, called manga, and its digital animation, known as anime. Many people get to know Japanese or how life in Japan is like by reading manga or watching anime on television.
The Ryukyuans and the Ainu both have their own separate cultures, languages and religion.
Cities, regions and territories
The biggest cities in Japan are:
In Japan there are seven traditional regions:
Territorial problem
Since Japan is an island nation, Japan has several problems over territory because maritime boundaries can be hard to protect. These days, Japan is competing for at least 4 different territories. It cannot agree with some neighbouring countries on whether the land belongs to Japan or the other country.
Public transportation
There are several important international airports in Japan. Narita is the major international airport in the Tokyo area. Kansai International Airport serves as the main airport for Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Chūbu Centrair International Airport near Nagoya is the newest of the three. Haneda Airport is close to central Tokyo and is the largest domestic airport in the country.
The Shinkansen is one of the fastest trains in the world and connects cities in Honshu and Kyushu. Networks of public and private railways are almost all over the country. People mostly travel between cities in buses.
Subdivisions
Modern Japan is divided into 47 prefectures. Before the Meiji period (1868-1912), the nation was divided into provinces which were consolidated in the prefectural system.
Sports
Japan has many traditional sports such as sumo, judo, karate, kyudo, aikido, iaido and kendo. Also, there are sports which were imported from the West such as baseball, soccer, rugby, golf and skiing. Baseball is the most popular sport.
Japan has taken part in the Olympic Games since 1912. It hosted the Olympic Games in 1964, 1972, 1998 and 2020. From 1912 until now, Japanese sportspeople have won 398 medals in total.
Professional sports are also popular and many sports such as baseball (see Pacific League and Central League), soccer (see List of Japanese football teams), sumo, American football, basketball and volleyball, are played professionally.
Linda Collins-Smith
Linda F. Collins-Smith (December 31, 1961 – c. June 4, 2019) was an American businesswoman and politician. She was a Republican member of the Arkansas Senate from 2015 through 2019 and before was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013. She was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas.
Assassination
On June 4, 2019, a decomposing body was found in a blanket outside Collins-Smith's home in Pocahontas, with stab wounds. On June 6, police announced the body was Collins-Smith. They did not confirm a cause of death.
Natalia Dyer
Natalia Danielle Dyer (born January 13, 1995) is an American actress. She is best known for her starring role of Nancy Wheeler in the Netflix series Stranger Things. She started her career in 2009, appearing in Hannah Montana: The Movie as Clarissa Granger.
Dyer was born in Nashville, Tennessee. She is a student at New York University.
Noah Schnapp
Noah Cameron Schnapp (born October 3, 2004) is a Canadian-American actor. Since 2016, he has appeared as Will Byers in the Netflix series Stranger Things. He also voiced Charlie Brown in The Peanuts Movie (2015).
Haut-Katanga Province
Haut-Katanga is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital is Lubumbashi.
Noah Schnapp
Schnapp was born in New York City, New York, U.S. His parents are from Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Haut-Katanga Province
Before 2015 it was part of the Katanga Province.
Its territories are:
Gerrots
Gerrots is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Rijeka
Rijeka (Fiume, Fiume, Reka, Sankt Veit am Flaum) is a city in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia. It is the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). About 128,000 people lived there in 2011.
Rijeka is on Kvarner Gulf, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. Because of its port, the city was historically important. It was the Kingdom of Hungary's largest and most important port. Shipbuilding is an important part of the economy.
Bruno Luigi D'Ambrosio
Bruno Luigi D'Ambrosio, born in Salerno (Italy) on 9 September 1948, is a writer and businessman.
Life
His father was Pompeo D'Ambrosio, who took him to Caracas (Venezuela) at the age of 5, which is why he has dual Italian and Venezuelan nationality. Bruno grew up studying between Caracas and Modena (Italy) where he did the Scientific High School, graduating from the University of Genoa "summa cum laude" in "Economic Geography".
At the age of 22 he was in charge -by order of his father and his uncle Mino- of the youth section of the fans of the Venezuelan football team Deportivo Italia. (In 2001, the "International Federation of Soccer History and Statistics of FIFA" judged Deportivo Italia as the best Venezuelan soccer team of the 20th century )
He worked at Saprolate-Tranarg as manager of contracts and was one of the main promotors -in a harsh way- of a single railway line in Venezuela from Maracaibo to Caracas and Ciudad Bolivar (against the tentative of corrupted latifundists of doing many railway lines -as happened years later with president Chavez- and that now are blocked facing lack of money and bankrupcy). Thanks to the "fight" of him and other managers, actually the only line created in Venezuela is the Caracas-Cua, that he promoted.
After getting his MBA, Bruno Luigi D'Ambrosio founded his own company (named "Financiaria D'Ambrosio" or "Findam") in Caracas, specializing in financial advice to invest capital in various nations around the world.
Currently (2023) he lives in retirement in Boca Raton (Florida), where he continues to write and publish. He is also a promoter of the local Italian community, receiving the title of "Knight of Columbus".
Works
In subsequent years he wrote:
1- Influence of the Spanish language on the English of the United States (in Spanish, Italian and English)
2- The neolatin genius of Nicola Tesla (in English)
3- Roman client state in Denmark (in English)
4- Romans in Azania/Raphta (current Tanzania) (in English)
5- Italian schools in Asmara (in English)
6- The truth about the 1933 UFO in Italy (in Italian, Spanish and English)
7- 1943 Biscari massacre (in Italian and English)
Hernandez v. Texas
Hernandez v. Texas, , was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. In a unanimous ruling, the Court held that Mexican Americans and all other racial or national groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The ruling was written by Chief Justice Earl Warren. This was the first case in which Mexican-American lawyers had appeared before the US Supreme Court.
Bruno Luigi D'Ambrosio
Works
9- Colonie genovesi in medieval Romania (in Italian)
Hernandez v. Texas
Background
Pete Hernandez, a Mexican-American agricultural worker, was convicted for the 1950 murder of Joe Espinosa. Hernandez's pro bono legal team, including Gustavo C. García, wanted to challenge what they knew was "the systematic exclusion of persons of Mexican origin" from all types of jury duty in at least seventy counties in Texas. His defense lawyers argued that persons of Mexican descent had not been allowed to serve on juries even though numerous Mexican Americans were citizens and had qualified for jury duty in Jackson County. Even though 14 percent of the county was Hispanic, none had served on juries for at least the last 25 years. This meant Hernandez had been deprived of his Fourteenth Amendment rights. Hernandez and his lawyers appealed to the Supreme Court of Texas, then to the United States Supreme Court through a writ of certiorari.
Bruno Luigi D'Ambrosio
Works
10-Planned italian attacks on 1943 New York (in English)
Hernandez v. Texas
Ruling
The unanimous majority opinion was delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren. The Court ruled the Fourteenth Amendment protects persons beyond the racial classes of white or black, and extends protection to other racial or national groups, as well as legal classes. Mexican Americans were such a "special class" and were entitled to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Results
Pete Hernandez was granted a new trial with a jury that included Mexican Americans. Hernandez was found to be guilty of murder. The ultimate effect of this ruling was that the protection of the 14th Amendment was ruled to cover any racial, national and ethnic groups of the United States for which discrimination could be proved. The Court's ruling served as a legal precedent used in legal challenges against unfair housing laws, school segregation, and voting rights of Mexican Americans nationwide.
Board game
A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.
Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards. There are many board games with a long history in some cultures. Examples of these games are chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly.
Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.
Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.
Louis Philippe I
Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 — 26 August 1850) nicknamed the Citizen King (French: le Roi Citoyen) was King of the French from 1830 until he was forced to abdicate following the French Revolution in 1848. As Louis Philippe III, he was also the Duke of Orléans from 1793 to 1830 where he passed that title to his son, Philippe which became the title of the heirs to the French throne rather than going back to the traditional, Dauphin of France.
Throughout his reign, Louis bought peace, stability, and prosperity to France. He started France's colonialism over the world. He conquerored Algeria and Tunisia which increased France's territory, army, and navy. He also ordered the completion of the Arc de Triomphe. This increased his popularity.
However, in 1848, his popularity declined because he opposed parlimentarism and that he always wanted to rule as an absolute monarch. He also started to support the rich people and care less about the poor. This broke off the French Revolution of 1848. Since there were already two major revolutions and that Louis did not want another French Revolution, he abdicated the throne and fled the country. He travelled to the UK and moved into the Claremont House in Surrey and lived there under the name "Mr Smith" until his death due to dysentery on 26 October 1850 at the age of 77.
Louis had some of the qualities of being a good king. He greatly expanded France. He started France's colonialism in Africa and North America. His conquest of Algeria, Tunisia, and North America greatly made France more powerful. He also made France more modern. He built the Arc de Triomphe, the Luxor Obelisk in the Place de la Concorde and the July Column in the Place de la Bastille.
Early life
Born at the Palais Royal in Paris he was named Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Louis Philippe in honour of his father. His parents were the Duke and Duchess of Orléans. One of the most senior members of the French royal court. He was born a Prince of the blood which entitled him to be addressed as His Serene Highness. From birth he was given the title of Duke of Valois one of his fathers subsidiary titles. He was the eldest of four children born to the duke and duchess. He was a member of the House of Orléans, itself a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon. The two branches were both directly descended from Louis XIV and were often in competition with one another.
Thermochromism
Thermochromism is a chemical property where the temperature of a substance can change its color. An example of an item that shows thermochromism is a mood ring.
Louis Philippe I
Early life
His education was carried out by Madame de Genlis who was later his fathers mistress. It was she who instilled a fairly liberal attitude within the young prince. When Louis Philippe's grandfather died in 1785, his father succeeded him as Duke of Orléans and Louis Philippe succeeded his father as Duke of Chartres.
His parents had a strained marriage the Duke was famous for his many extramarital affairs and his wife just quietly accepted his infidelity. She was a notoriously religious woman who relished watching her children grow up. Louis Philippe was the eldest of four children born to the couple. Louis Philippe was very close to his brother, the younger Duke of Montpensier.
In 1792 he joined the French army and went to fight in Austria. But in April 1793 he deserted. He could not return to France so he found work as a teacher in Switzerland. He then went to live in Sweden. After that he lived in the United States and finally he moved to England.
After the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, Louis Philippe returned to France. King Louis XVIII gave him back his Orléans estates.
Marriage
In 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Maria Carolina of Austria. They had ten children. Maria Amalia was also a niece of the late Queen Marie Antoinette.
He died on August 26, 1850 in Claremont, Surrey, England.
Legacy
When king of the French he made his children and descendants legally able to bear the title of Prince/ss of Orléans. With the style of Royal Highness.
Bruno Luigi D'Ambrosio
Works
11- Vlachs in Venetian Dalmatia (in Italian and English)
12- Roman commerce with Ceylon & beyond (in English)
13- Italian military tradition (in Italian and English)
14- Genetic history of ethnic Italians (in Italian, Spanish and English)
Additionally he has written some essays, that have been published in websites like "Military History" (e.g.:[https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Concessions_and_forts_of_Italy_in_China D'Ambrosio, Bruno. "Forts & Concessions of Italy in China" (M. H.)].
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University
Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, also known as Dr. R.M.L.A University or simply Avadh University, is a university located on NH330 in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 1975 by the government of Uttar Pradesh.
Campus and infrastructure
The university is spread over an area of 112.24 acres. It has 23 buildings which include the administration building, Kautilya administration building, examination building, Swami Vivekananda auditorium, health centre, central library, entrance examination cell, physics and electronics building, guest house and IT centre. It has four boys' hostels and faculty housing.
Affiliated colleges
Avadh University has many degree colleges affiliated to it. They fall in eight zones: Ambedkar Nagar, Faizabad, Ayodhya, Sultanpur, Gonda, Barabanki, Pratapgarh, Bahraich and Lucknow.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses are a religious group with more than eight million members around the world. They believe God, who's name is Jehovah (Ps. 83:18), will end crime, violence, sickness and death by destroying all wickedness in the world. They say that God's Kingdom (mentioned (thy Kingdom come) in the Lord's prayer) will restore God's original purpose for the Earth: bringing about peace for all humans who live by Bible standards.
Their beliefs are based solely upon the Bible. These beliefs were taught by Charles Taze Russell, a preacher who started a Bible study group in Pennsylvania in 1876. The goal of Russell and other Bible Students, as the group was then known, was to promote the teachings of Jesus Christ and to follow the practices of the first-century Christian congregation. Since Jesus is the Founder of Christianity, they view him as the founder of their organization.—Colossians 1:18-20. They later started publishing a religious magazine called The Watchtower.
Some of their beliefs, especially about who God is and what his plans are for humans and the earth, are different from what is taught in most Christian or Catholic churches. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people will go to heaven (Rev 7:1-17,Rev 14:1) and that all the other people who obey God will live forever on a paradise Earth. They do not believe that God is a Trinity. They believe Jesus died on a pole (also called '[torture] stake') rather than a cross. God rejects worship that uses images or symbols, including the cross ("Idolatry" Ex 20:4-6.) They teach that when people die, they remain in the grave until God resurrects them after God's Kingdom, or government, is ruling over earth.
General Tom Thumb
General Tom Thumb (January 4, 1838 – July 15, 1883) was an American entertainer. He was a four year old child when P. T. Barnum introduced him to show biz. The boy (who was passed off as a young adult) created a sensation at Barnum's American Museum in New York City. He toured Europe, appeared before royals, and returned to America rich. Thumb married Lavinia Warren in 1863, and continued to tour. Show biz took its toll on his health however. He died of a stroke in 1883.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for preaching their beliefs from door-to-door and in other public places, and offering their magazines, The Watchtower and Awake! They are also well known for refusing to join armies and refusing blood transfusions.
John Horton Conway
John Horton Conway FRS (26 December 1937 – 11 April 2020) was an English mathematician. He is known for his theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory.
He also worked in many branches of recreational mathematics, mainly for the invention of the cellular automaton called the Game of Life.
Jehovah's Witnesses
History
In 1870 a young clothing shop owner named Charles Taze Russell heard an Adventist preacher speak. The preacher said the Bible contained clues that showed God was about to set up a kingdom, or government, over earth. He said the kingdom, which is mentioned many times in the New Testament of the Bible, would be based in heaven, and it would completely change the way of life for everyone in the world. Russell studied that preacher's teachings and thoroughly looked through the Bible, and ended up with some new beliefs.
John Horton Conway
Conway was a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Princeton University in New Jersey.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Beginnings
Using various Bible verses and events from history, Russell decided that God would soon call a group of "saints" to heaven to be kings there. Other faithful Christians who had since died would also make up a total of 144,000 kings in heaven. Churches at the time taught that humans were still waiting for Jesus to return to earth in his Second Coming, but Russell believed that clues in the Bible showed Jesus returned in 1874. Russell believed part of God's plan was to start Armageddon, which he thought would be a complete breakdown of law and order on earth, when governments and people would fight among themselves. He believed that God would then end sickness and death and allow obedient Christians to live forever in perfect health.
Russell believed it was very important that all Christians, including those who were attending churches, should learn those "truths". He believed these "truths" had been carefully hidden in the Bible for thousands of years. He started a publishing group called the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He wrote several books, set up some Bible study classes for people to study his teachings, and started a magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, which taught that Christ was already present. He wrote that God would bring about all those events by 1914.
John Horton Conway
Conway died of COVID-19 on 11 April 2020 in New Brunswick, New Jersey at the age of 82. He was diagnosed with the infection three days before his death.
General Tom Thumb
Early life
General Tom Thumb was born Charles Sherwood Stratton in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to Sherwood Edward Stratton, a carpenter, and Cynthia (Thompson) Stratton, an inn worker. He stopped growing at 18 months. He was 25 inches tall and weighed 16 pounds in 1842 when P. T. Barnum persuaded his parents to exhibit him at $3 a week. The boy was four years old when he left home for Barnum's American Museum in New York City.
Barnum
Barnum molded the boy into an entertainer, and provided the child with an expensive and exquisitely tailored wardrobe. He was presented as General Tom Thumb and his age bumped up to eleven years.
He debuted on December 8, 1842. At first, he was shy about appearing in public, but he took to the stage and began imitating famous little people like Napoleon and Cupid. The General was a hit. Thirty thousand people attended his first week performances.
Barnum and Thumb toured Europe in 1844 with an appearance before Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Buckingham Palace. Other European royals also fêted him. In America, Thumb remained the principal attraction at the American Museum for many years.
Marriage
In 1847, Thumb returned to America very rich. Thumb eventually bought a mansion in Bridgeport, and toured alone for a time. He teamed up with Barnum at times when the showman's bank account was running low.
In 1862, Thumb met Lavinia Warren, another of Barnum's oddities, and the miniature couple were married on February 10, 1863, in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City. The wedding was attended by 2,000 guests, many of them the A-list celebrities of the day.
Later life and death
The couple toured for many years, and made a large fortune. In 1881, Thumb and his wife were caught in a hotel fire that almost took their lives. They joined the Barnum & London Circus. Show biz took its toll on Thumb, however. His health declined. On July 15, 1883, Thumb died following a stroke, age 45. He is buried in Bridgeport, Connecticut. More than 10,000 people attended his funeral.
Jehovah's Witnesses
A new president
By the time Russell died in 1916, he had written 50,000 pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world. Joseph Franklin Rutherford, one of his followers, took Russell's position as president of the Watch Tower Society.
Rutherford wrote many books as well. He made some changes to Russell's teachings and required all the study groups, or congregations, around the world to agree to the teachings and rules set by the Watch Tower Society in New York. He told all members to no longer celebrate all holidays, singing at religious meetings was strictly prohibited and preaching from door to door about God's Kingdom and to distribute Watch Tower Society publications so more people would hear the message was mandatory. Many members did not agree with Rutherford's harsh changes, and some started their own groups. In 1931 Rutherford called his group "Jehovah's Witnesses" to tell it apart from the other groups. By the time Rutherford died in 1942, the religion had a worldwide membership of 115,000.
Punishment and discrimination
Some of the new teachings resulted in suffering for many Jehovah's Witnesses. Thousands were sent to prison, beaten or killed in several countries during World War II because they refused to fight. In Germany, many were sent to concentration camps because they would not support the Nazi Party. Later, in the United States, many of their children were expelled from schools because they refused to salute the flag, because God would not approve. Some countries still have laws against members practicing the religion. By 1977 they had more than two million members around the world.
Armageddon expected in 1975
From 1966, the religion suggested that God could bring Armageddon in 1975, and that the Kingdom would be set up very soon after. Some Witnesses sold businesses and homes, gave up jobs, delayed medical operations and decided against starting a family because they expected Armageddon to arrive. Many members that assumed Armageddon would come in 1975 left at the time, but many other people joined and the group kept growing.
One God
Like many Christian religions, Jehovah's Witnesses believe there is an all-powerful, all-knowing God who created everything. They also have some beliefs that are different from most Christians. They believe God calls himself Jehovah (a translation of the Hebrew letters "YHWH") and they believe it is important to use that name. In which, 'God' is a title, as to, daughter, mother, father, son, etc. This is why they believe it is important to address God by his name. They believe Jesus is God's son, the first angel, and that he is also called Michael the Archangel. They say the holy spirit is God's power rather than a person. They do not believe in the Trinity. They believe the Bible is a book that God used humans to write and that it is completely true and the best guide for how people should live.
Adam and Eve
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God made Adam and Eve, the first humans, and put them in a garden called Eden. They believe that when Adam and Eve sinned, they no longer had God's approval so they began to get sick and die. They were not perfect any more and could not have perfect children. Because of this, humans could not remain sinless. They believe that Jehovah later sent Jesus to die on a pole [stake] not a cross, as most Christians believe (which is known as 'Christendom') to forgive mankind's sins.
Heaven
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people, a number found in Revelation chapters 7 and 14, will go to heaven to be kings and priests with Jesus Christ. They say that God will start a worldwide war called Armageddon, and the people who do not obey God or worship him the way he expects will be killed. The people who he approves will survive and be given the opportunity to live forever. Then God will begin to turn Earth into a paradise without crime, sickness, pain, aging, wars or death. They say God will also resurrect (bring back to life) billions of people who died in the past so they can learn about God and have a chance to live in paradise as well.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe only their religion really obeys God's instructions and that God does not approve of any other religions (including Catholics, Protestants, Buddhists and Muslims) because they do not follow the Bible the right way. They believe that Satan the Devil is the real leader of all other religions and makes them think they worship God the right way. (AKA: Satan the Devil is the ruler of this wicked world, but only for a short time).(1 John 5:19) So they believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses will be saved at Armageddon, but they say God will make the final choice.
Meetings
Members unable to attend in person can also listen to the meeting over the phone or by video streaming where available. They also attend one large regional convention and two circuit assemblies a year (some of them at hired sports arenas), where hundreds or thousands of members gather depending on the location.
Jehovah’s Witnesses hold meetings for worship twice each week. (Hebrews 10:24, 25) At these meetings, which are open to the public, they examine what the Bible says and how to apply its teachings in life. At some meetings, people in the audience, including children, are invited to answer questions and make comments. The religion has elders and ministerial servants who take the spiritual lead in their congregations, but they do not dress differently to other members and they are not paid. Most elders support themselves with their own jobs outside the religion.
Rules
Members of the religion are expected to live up to high moral standards advised from The Bible. They are told they should always be honest.
Jehovah's Witnesses do not:
They also refuse blood transfusions because the Bible says not to eat blood or consume it in any other way, and they believe that putting blood in their veins is equivalent to consuming it.
Vaccines and other various medical treatment or surgeries however are said to be a personal decision made by an individual.
Jehovah's Witnesses are advised to marry only other baptized Jehovah's Witnesses. They believe God does not approve of divorce unless the husband or wife cheated. They can legally separate from a partner who hurt their family or refused to support them, but they would not be allowed to marry someone so long as they are still legally married. They do believe in the event of a spouse's death, that the living widow or widower is free to date or remarry should they decide to.
They are also advised not to make close friends with non-Witnesses because they could make their faith in God weaker, or possible sever their relationship with Him completely.
Adriano Ossicini
Adriano Ossicini (20 June 1920 – 15 February 2019) was an Italian politician and academic. He was the Minister for Family and Social Solidarity in the Dini Cabinet from 1995 to 1996. He was a Senator from 1968 to 1992 and again from 1996 to 2001.
Ossicini was born in Rome. He died on 15 February 2019 from complications of a fall in Rome, aged 98.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Rules
However while these are only advised, they do believe that each person is entitled to their Free Will gifted by God, and therefore are encouraged to make their own decisions to the best of their ability and what reflects their own trained conscience.
Membership
Jehovah's Witnesses are objectively strict about who can be a member. Jehovah's Witnesses are only counted as members if they are baptized. Like other Christian groups, they believe baptism represents devotion to God and their promise to live by his teachings. Unlike other Christian or Catholic groups, Witnesses are not baptized as babies. While there is no set age required for baptism, they believe baptism should be a choice made by someone who is willing and understands what it means.
If the elders suspect a baptized Witness has willingly disobeyed direction set forth in the Bible, they will investigate by speaking to the person and any people involved privately. That investigation is called a "judicial committee". If the elders conclude the person is guilty and does not want to show repentance, he or she might be "disfellowshipped". This means the person is no longer a member of the group. When that happens, other Jehovah's Witnesses are advised not to talk to or interact with that person (except in some situations such as living or working together) unless the disfellowshipped person repents and is allowed back in. When such a person is allowed back in, they have been 'reinstated'. While disfellowshipped, that person is still allowed to attend their religious services should they choose, but they do not interact with other members out of respect.
Some people, including former Witnesses, have criticized this punishment as harsh and unfair. The style of leadership of the group has also been described by some authors as autocratic and totalitarian, because members have to be completely submissive to the direction of Jehovah as found in the Bible to the greatest extent they possibly can. However disfellowshipping is an absolute last resort used only on very serious matters.
Members are also free to resign from the religion should they choose, regardless of their personal reasoning.
Official
Jehovah's Witnesses' brochures about the name Jehovah
Calzone
A calzone (Italian "stocking" or "trouser" or "drooping sack" or "hanging fold" ) is a turnover from Italy. It is made with ingredients that are like a pizza, but they are not the same. It is folded into a crescent shape before it is cooked. Calzones are made from pizza dough and filled with mozzarella and ricotta cheese. Other things such as ham, salami, vegetables or an egg can used as fillings as well. The dough is folded over, sealed along the edge and then fried. It is usually served with a seafood sauce, or with garlic, parsley and olive oil.
The Pizza Hut restaurant sells large calzones known as the P'zone. In America, the Hot Pockets brand of microwaveable turnovers are called "Bread Stuffed Calzones".
In Chicago, the calzone is usually called a pizza puff, made by Italco Foods.
The Ventures
The Ventures are an American instrumental rock band. They were formed in 1958 in Tacoma, Washington, by Don Wilson and Bob Bogle. The band was a four member group that helped make the electric guitar popular in the United States and across the world during the 1960s. However, they were very popular in Japan.
Aerosmith
Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.
Madagascar
Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the east coast of Africa. Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo. It is the world's fourth largest island.
The official languages are Malagasy and French.
Pre-human history
About two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a huge supercontinent called Pangaea. When this broke up, Madagascar was attached to what is now India. Madagascar would later break away from India and became closer to Africa.
The long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Many of its animals came from Africa, because the island is closer to Africa than to India. Many of these endemic Malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, particularly the megafauna.
Environment
Many species in Madagascar are in danger because much of the forest has been cut down. Forests are cut down so the land can grow crops such as coffee, which is an important export crop for Madagascar.
Economy
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.
Provinces
In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions. It used to be divided into 6 provinces.
Human history
People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.
France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent from France, which meant it became its own country, on 26 June, 1960. Philibert Tsiranana became the first president of Madagascar (1960-72).
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of quantum mechanics. He discovered the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which shows there is a limit on how well position and velocity of a particle can be measured.
Early life
Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg, Germany, the son of a professor of Byzantine history. He went to university to study physics in Munich. Arnold Sommerfeld was one of his teachers.
Heisenberg was a very good student and needed only three years to finish his studies. He then wrote a doctoral thesis about movements in the flows of liquids ("Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmen"—"On the stability and turbulence of liquid streams"). In 1924 he became assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen. In June 1925 he was recovering from hay fever on the island Helgoland, and while working alone made the decisive breakthrough to Quantum mechanics. Back in Göttingen, together with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, they wrote the basic paper which founded Quantum
mechanics.
In 1926/ 1927 Heisenberg worked with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. In February 1927, while Bohr was on extended skiing holidays, he invented the uncertainty principle and published the paper “Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik”—“On the Visualizable Contents of the Quantum-theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics”.
At the age of 26 Heisenberg became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize when he was 31 years old.
In 1937 he married Elisabeth Schumacher. They had seven children, one of their sons is well known as a neurobiologist and geneticist, Martin Heisenberg.
War and later
During the Second World War, from 1939 to 1945 Werner Heisenberg was drafted to work on the German Uranium Project. This was aiming at a nuclear reactor, and did not result in any nuclear weapons, possibly because Heisenberg did not want it to. Some historians assume that there was a race between the minute German Uranium project and the huge American Manhattan project. Hans A. Bethe, the director of the theory division of the Manhattan project at Los Alamos, said this was not true. Edward Teller, the father of the American hydrogen bomb, said that Heisenberg sabotaged the German project.
After the war, he was held as a prisoner at Farm Hall in England from May 1945 to January, 1946, where the British and Americans kept ten German nuclear scientists.
Later he worked in elementary particle physics, mainly in West Germany and he helped the foundation of the European Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. In April 1957, he signed a declaration, together with 17 German physicists, that they would never participate in the construction of nuclear weapons. In 1958, his Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was transferred from Göttingen to München.
He died in Munich Germany, in 1976 at the age of 74.
Paul of Thebes
Paul of Thebes, commonly known as Paul, the First Hermit or Paul the Anchorite (Egyptian Arabic: Anba Bola; Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲉ; c. 227 – c. 341), was an Egyptian saint. He is thought to be the first Christian hermit. He said that he lived alone in the desert of Egypt from 16 years old to 113 years old. He seen as a saint by the Catholic Church as well as the Orthodox Church.
Rinca
Rincah, is a small island near Komodo island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The island is famous for giant lizards called Komodo dragons. Rincah also has many other animals such as wild pigs, buffalos, and birds. The island may also be called Rinca and Rindja.
Rincah is less popular than Komodo Island, so it is an excellent place to see the Komodo Dragon in nature with fewer people around. Day trips can be arranged from Labuanbajo on Flores by small boat at the park headquarters.
Santiago, Cape Verde
Santiago (Portuguese for “Saint James”), or Santiagu in Cape Verdean Creole, is the largest island of the Cape Verde archipelago. It is the most important agricultural centre and home to half the nation’s population. Praia, the capital of the country is in this island.
The Santiago island is part of the Macaronesia, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean with similar ecosystems.
History
The island was discovered in around 1460 by António de Noli (or António da Noli), a 15th-century nobleman and navigator from Genoa that worked for Henry the Navigator of Portugal. De Noli founded in 1462 the old capital of the islands, Ribeira Grande, now known as Cidade Velha.
Population
(last national census), there were 273,919 people living in the island, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the island is Praia, its capital, with a population, in 2010, of 131,602.