cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Marion, Kansas
19th century
In 1888, Marion incorporated as a city. In 1889, the Marion Belt and Chingawasa Springs Railroad built a 4.5 mi railroad from Marion north-east to Chingawasa Springs. A hotel was built near the place of the spa at Chingawasa Springs. A depot and restaurant were built too. Both Santa Fe and Rock Island had round trip fares from Chicago and western cities to Chingawasa Springs. The Panic of 1893 closed down the health spa and hotel, and businesses along the tracks never developed well. In 1893, the railroad stopped, and tracks were removed in 1910.
20th century
The National Old Trails Road, also called the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was created in 1912, and it went through Lehigh, Hillsboro, Marion and Lost Springs.
In 1937, the Marion County Lake was completed by the Civilian Conservation Corps south-east of Marion. It was to be used for recreation. There were many floods during the early history of Marion. In June and July 1951, due to heavy rains, rivers and streams flooded many cities in Kansas, including Marion. Many reservoirs and levees were built in Kansas because of the Great Flood of 1951. From 1964 to 1968, the Marion Reservoir was built north-west of Marion. Downstream from the Marion Reservoir, levees were built in the low areas of Marion and Florence.
21st century
In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built west of Marion, north to south through Marion County. There was a lot of controversy over road damage, tax exemption, and environmental concerns (if a leak ever happens).
Weather
Marion has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Marion has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,927 people, 846 households, and 514 families living in Marion.
Things to see
Marion has five listings on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
Education
Marion is part of Unified School District 408. The high school is a member of T.E.E.N.. It is a network of educational videos, and it is shared between five area high schools.
Infrastructure
The Oklahoma Kansas Texas (OKT) railroad of the Union Pacific Railroad goes north-south through the city.
Marion Municipal Airport, FAA:43K, is located south-east of Marion and centered at 38.3375°N, -96.99167°W.
Aleksandr Ezhevsky
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Ezhevsky (Александр Александрович Ежевский; 3 November 1915 – 15 January 2017) was a Soviet Russian statesman and politician. He served as the minister of tractor and agricultural machinery (engineering) of the USSR from 1980 to 1988. He was given for Order of Lenin awards. He was born in Tulun, Irkutsk Governorate of Siberia.
Premier of Nunavut
The Premier of Nunavut is the first minister for the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The Premier is the territory's head of government and de facto chief executive, although their powers are somewhat smaller than those of a provincial premier.
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James is a popular pilgrimage route in Eastern Europe. This particular route was created in Poland. It starts in the city of Sandomierz, and end in the city of Krakow began in medieval times when many pilgrims travelled through Europe to Santiago de Compostela. The other places on The Lesser Polish Way are: Klimontów, Szczaworyż, Wiślica, and Więcławice.
Castetbon
Castetbon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
You Were Never Lovelier
You Were Never Lovelier is a 1942 American romantic musical comedy movie directed by William A. Seiter and is a remake of the 1941 Argentine movie Los martes, orquídeas. It stars Fred Astaire, Rita Hayworth, Adolphe Menjou, Isobel Elsom, Leslie Brooks and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards in 1943.
Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolts in Europe. In some places they are called Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution.
These revolutions started in January with a Palermo republican uprising. The larger French Revolution of 1848 in February was followed in March by several other revolutions amongst them the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. In Ireland, the rebellions began because of famine conditions in their country.
People in the various countries tried to take over their governments.
Zhang Li Yin
Li Yin Zhang (장리인), also known in Korea by her Korean name RiIn Jang, is the first and currently only Chinese solo singer to break into the Korean music industry. Li Yin has been nicknamed the "Chinese BoA". She speaks both Mandarin and Korean, and has released music in both Korea and China. She also speaks English but has not yet released any records fully in English.
Biography
Li Yin was born on 18 February 1989 in Sichuan, China. She grew up in a musical family, as both of her parents were professional violinists. As a child, her parents took her to their rock concerts and exposed her to a variety of music. At three years old, she began to learn the violin. Li Yin liked classical, American and European music so much that she says she never sang children's songs when she was a child.
As she grew older, Li Yin became more into pop music than rock music. She had to secretly listen to pop music because her parents were against it. When she was twelve, she went to a middle school founded by the Sichuan Music College after scoring the highest with her violin-playing, but she chose to become a singer instead. She was selected as one of the top-ten teenage singers in a national singing competition in Beijing. Eventually, her parents began to support her dream to become a singer.
Singles: "Timeless" / "Y (Why...)"
Li Yin was discovered by SM Entertainment. She started training in 2003 at the age of 13 and for 3 years, she special singing and dance training under SM Entertainment. While doing so, she discovered her R&B talent.
Li Yin's debut was greatly anticipated not only in Korea, but the whole of Asia because of the promotion of her being "The Next BoA" and "The Chinese BoA." Before her official debut, it was already known that her song was a duet with popular TVXQ-member Xiah Junsu, which caused even more excitement and anticipation among the general public.
In early 2007, Li Yin promoted the second track of her debut single called "Y (Why...)", which is a power ballad. SM Entertainment also released a "Timeless" documentary version of her "Y (Why...)" PV. It featured her hardships while training, as well as many behind-the-scenes clips of her promotion of "Timeless", including never-before-seen footage of her and Xiah Junsu.
She also performed with boy-band TVXQ at their second Korean concert in Seoul, South Korea on 23 February 2007. She sang BoA's part in the song "Try-Angle", previously performed by BoA, TVXQ and The TRAX.
Westphalian language
Westphalian or Westfalish (Standard High German: Westfälisch) is a dialect spoken in North Rhine-Westphalia. The Westphalian dialect is considered Dutch Low Saxon.
Zhang Li Yin
Singles: "Timeless" / "Y (Why...)"
She also performed "Timeless" with Xiah Junsu at the Hallyu Expo in Korea on 8 March 2007. In July, along with Kangta, TVXQ, The Grace and Super Junior, she performed in Korea for the SMTown Summer Concert 2007.
Album: 星愿 - I WILL
After a long year of absence without releasing any records, Zhang Li Yin announced during an interview early December 2007 that her long-awaited debut album will be released in February 2008. The album is titled 星愿 - I WILL (lit. Star Wish: I Will ). It has been released in Korea, China, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia.
Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War was a war fought between Spain and the United States in 1898, partly because many people in Cuba, one of the last parts of the Spanish Empire, wanted to become independent. Many Americans also wanted their country to get a colonial empire.
Spain lost the sea war and so had to give up its colonies of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. All of those colonies, except for Cuba, became US colonies after the war.
Causes
Following reports of Spain abusing and killing Cubans, the United States sent warships to Cuba. Spain was losing control of Cuba and so put Cubans into concentration camps. The US sent ships to Cuba to try to make Spain to give up Cuba. The USS Maine (ACR-1) exploded in Havana harbor, killing about 260 people on board. "Remember the Maine" became a common wartime saying. US newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion without proof. Spain tried to avoid going to war, but pressure from US newspapers, called "yellow journalism," and ordinary people persuaded the US government to go to war. Some of them wanted Cuba to become independent, but others hoped that the US could build a colonial empire overseas since many European countries had already done so.
War
Volunteers throughout the country signed up for the war. Future US President Theodore Roosevelt raised troops and became famous by leading the Rough Riders during the Battle of San Juan Hill.
The US won the war and soon began to occupy and to take control of the colonies after Spain had surrendered. Almost 400 American soldiers died during fighting, but more than 4000 Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.
End
The war stopped when the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by the United States and Spain. The United States became the owners of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, Later, it also got the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.
Makoto Kakegawa
Makoto Kakegawa (born 23 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
147||0||12||0||30||0||189||0 147||0||12||0||30||0||189||0
Clarence Darrow
Clarence Darrow (April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). He was the son of Eddy and Amirus Darrow, a furniture manufacturer and dealer Amirus Darrow had originally trained as a minister,but just before his ordination he experienced a crisis of faith that led him to question the existence of God and the notion of life after death. Darrow briefly attended Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania, then taught school for several years before enrolling at the University of Michigan Law School.
He is known for the famous trials he worked on like the Scopes trial about teaching evolution in schools, and the Leopold and Loeb murder trial. Sometimes he was called a "sophisticated country lawyer". His humor during trials, and his willingness to support civil rights, made him a famous lawyer.
Darrow spent the remaining years of his life in near seclusion. He died of heart disease at the age of eighty, respected by some and despised by others as a colorful rebel who was always willing to take on unpopular causes in the firm belief that they were the right ones to back-regardless of their impact on his career and his finances.
Lily Collins
Collins was born in Surrey, England. She is the daughter of drummer Phil Collins.
Oleg Baklanov
Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (Оле́г Дми́триевич Бакла́нов; March 17, 1932 – July 28, 2021 ) was a Soviet politician and businessman. He was Minister of General Machine Building from 1983 until 1988.
John Briley
John Richard Briley (June 25, 1925 – December 14, 2019) was an American screenwriter. He was best known for screenplays of biographical movies. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay at the 1982 Oscars for Gandhi.
He died on December 14, 2019, aged 94.
Our (river)
The Our (pronunciation [u:r]) is a river in Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. It is a left-hand tributary of the Sauer river, and so it is part of the drainage basin of the Rhine river.
Carsington Water
It is England's ninth largest reservoir with a capacity of 35,412 megaliters. Planning for the reservoir started in the 1960s with actual construction staring in 1979. In 1984 there was a partial collapse of the dam.
Our (river)
Geography
The Our river has a length of 78 km. Of that length, 52.1 km are in Luxemboug Its drainage basin has an area of 187 km2.
The source of the Our is in southeastern Belgium. It is near Manderfeld in the Büllingen municipality,  Liège province. It is at an altitude of about 643 m.
North of Viande, the river is blocked by the Our Dam.
Main tributaries
The tributaries of the Our river with length over 5 km are:
Oldwick, New Jersey
Oldwick is a place in Hunterdon County in New Jersey. It is unincorporated territory. That means it is not officially a town.
History
The first European people to live in this place were English. In the early 1700s, they called their village Smithfield. People whose ancestors came from Germany moved there too. In the 1750s, they changed the name to "New Germantown." In 1918, the United States was at war with Germany, so the people in the town changed the name again.
Ramón Hoyos
Ramón Hoyos Vallejo (26 May 1932- 19 November 2014) was a Colombian road bicycle racer. He won the men's individual road race at the 1959 Pan American Games. He represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics; in 1956 and 1960.
Hoyos died of a heart attack in Bogota, Colombia, aged 82.
Emersons Green
Emersons Green is an area with lots of houses, just to the north of Bristol, in England.
It used to be just farming land between Mangotsfield and Downend, but in the 1990s houses, schools and shops were built.
Emersons Green is in South Gloucestershire.
Dallas (2012 TV series)
Dallas is an American television soap opera. The show airs on TNT. It started on June 13, 2012. It is a revival of the 1978-1991 television series of the same name. It continues from where the original series left off. The cast includes Patrick Duffy, Larry Hagman, Linda Gray, Josh Henderson, and Jesse Metcalfe.
The series was cancelled on October 3, 2014.
Like the original series, Dallas is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. The new series focuses on the next generation of the Ewings. The next generation of the Ewings are the children who were born during the original series. As grown-ups, the children have become a lot like their parents. Three characters from the original series, Bobby, J.R., and Sue Ellen, return as main characters.
429 BC
Last updated February 2
Jim Duggan
In November 2018, Duggan was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for an unknown reason.
Psychonauts
Psychonauts is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of Minecraft and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts Psychonauts 2 to cost $13 million to make.
Castetnau-Camblong
Castetnau-Camblong is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Artichoke
The artichoke or globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. They first came from Southern Europe around the Mediterranean and have been cultivated for food for over 2,000 years. The thick scales and bottom parts of the young flower heads can be eaten. They are a culinary delicacy. The bottom part of the young flower head is called a heart.
The artichoke plant has a tall, spiky stalk with large, spiky leaves and a large flower head. The edible portion of the artichoke is the flower bud, which is picked before it has a chance to fully bloom. They are often served boiled or grilled, and the leaves can be pulled off and the soft, fleshy part at the base of the leaf can be eaten. The heart of the artichoke, which is the center of the flower bud, is considered the most desirable part and is often stuffed or served with a dip.
Artichokes are a good source of fiber, vitamins C and K, and minerals such as magnesium and potassium. They also contain antioxidants and have been shown to have potential health benefits such as improving digestion and liver function and reducing cholesterol levels.
Artichokes can be enjoyed in a variety of dishes, both savory and sweet. They are a popular ingredient in appetizers, salads, pasta dishes, and dips. They can also be pickled, preserved in oil, or used to make artichoke hearts, a common ingredient in antipasto platters. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable, artichokes are also used to flavor liqueurs such as Cynar and Fernet-Branca.
Artichokes are grown in Mediterranean countries, as well as in the United States. They are usually grown in warm, dry climates and are harvested in the spring and early summer.
National Endowment for the Humanities
The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government. It was created by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. It was created to support research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. The NEH is housed at 400 7th St SW, Washington, D.C. From 1979 to 2014, NEH was at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. in the Nancy Hanks Center at the Old Post Office.
Manihiki (electorate)
Manihiki is a electorate of the Cook Islands. It was created in 1981.
Manihiki is on the island of Manihiki.
Regillio Simons
Regillio Simons (born 28 June 1973) is a former Dutch football player.
Club career statistics
269||42 7||2 276||44
Loing
The Loing is a river in central France. It is a left tributary of the Seine. It flows through three regions of France: Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Centre-Val de Loire and Île-de-France
Geography
The Loing is 142.7 km long. Its drainage basin covers 4182 km2.
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 18.50 m3/s at Épisy, Seine-et-Marne, at about 10 km from the mouth of the Loing.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Épisy (69 years)
Course
The Loing flows, in general, to the northwest. It goes through the following regions, departments and communes:
At its end, the Loing flows into the Seine river in Saint-Mammès (bordering Veneux-les-Sablons), Seine-et-Marne department, at 16 m of altitude.
The Loing river gives its name to the following communes: Sainte-Colombe-sur-Loing, Dammarie-sur-Loing, Conflans-sur-Loing, Châlette-sur-Loing, Fontenay-sur-Loing, Souppes-sur-Loing, La Madeleine-sur-Loing, Bagneaux-sur-Loing, Grez-sur-Loing, Montigny-sur-Loing et Moret-sur-Loing.
Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Loing are:
Left tributaries:
Right tributaries:
Paintings
Several painters have painted the Loing river. Some of the paintings are:
JPMorgan Chase
J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. is a banking and money managing company headquartered in New York City that operates all over the world. It is the largest bank in the United States, and one of the biggest in the world. It is also the world's most valuable bank by market capitalization. JPMorgan is one of America's Big Four banks, along with Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. Some of the different ways they manage money are called investment banking, asset management, private banking, private wealth management, and treasury & securities services; they use the name "JPMorgan" for these services. They use the name "Chase" for credit card services in the United States and Canada, retail banking activities in the United States, and commercial banking. 270 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City is the headquarters for activities using both names. The company was formed in 2000, when Chase Manhattan Corporation merged with J.P. Morgan & Co.
J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. is a big company that used to be several smaller companies. These companies include banks that were active two hundred years ago. Like most American banks, the smaller companies that make up JPMorgan Chase all made a lot of money from slavery.
Jacqueline Kennedy Garden
The garden was named after First Lady Jackie Kennedy on 22 April 1965.
Blanche Blackwell
Blanche Blackwell (9 December 1912 – 8 August 2017) was a Jamaican heiress. She was born in Costa Rica. She was the mother of Chris Blackwell (Founder of Island Records) and inspirational muse to Ian Fleming and Noël Coward. She was believed by some to have been the inspiration for some of Fleming’s most memorable female characters; Pussy Galore and Honeychile Rider.
Blackwell died in London on 8 August 2017 at the age of 104.
Prehistoric Ice Man
"Prehistoric Ice Man" is the eighteenth and last episode of the second season of the American animated television series South Park. The 31st episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on January 20, 1999. Trey Parker wrote the episode with Nancy M. Pimental. Eric Stough directed it. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny go hunting for crocodiles after watching a Steve Irwin television program. Instead of a crocodile, they find a man who has been frozen in the ice. Dr. Mephesto helps them thaw him out, and he comes alive again. Even though he was only frozen since 1996, the other characters treat the ice man as if he is from prehistoric times.
This episode makes fun of the 1984 movie Iceman.
Chico (footballer, born 1922)
Francisco Aramburu (7 January 1922 – 1 October 1997) known as Chico was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He possessed an extremely high running speed and very powerful kicks from both legs. Regarded as one of the legends of the Vasco da Gama football club, he is considered the best number 11s in the history of the club. Chico was widely considered as one of the greatest wingers of all time. He was known as a goalscorer, he was an extremely fast left winger, he kicked hard with both feet.
Club career
Chico began his footballing career in 1939 as a 17-year-old in his hometown on the Argentine border with EC Ferro Carril. A year later he was able to move to Gremio in the state capital of Porto Alegre, where he was able to showcase his talent at a higher level.
As early as 1942 he was brought to the then national capital of Rio de Janeiro by CR Vasco da Gama. The traditional club with the Maltese cross in their coat of arms was only number five in the metropolis behind Fluminense, Botafogo, Flamengo and America FC.
At the same time as Chico, the successful Uruguay coach Ondino Viera, who had already won five championships with Argentinian club CA River Plate and Flamengo, also started working for the club. This not only introduced the diagonal sash - inspired by River Plate - that has since become typical on Vasco jerseys, but also introduced tactical innovations. The former boxer Mário Américo also joined Vasco da Gama in 1942 as a masseur and physical therapist - from 1950 he was to accompany the national team through seven world championships as a physical therapist and as a factotum himself gain worldwide fame.
By 1945 Ondino Viera managed to put together a powerful team that had no fear of comparison and the club conquered the sixth state championship in the club's history unbeaten. The Expresso da Vitória (“Victory Express”), as which the team went down in history from 1945 to 1952, benefited above all from its attack series Ademir, top scorer Lelé, Isaías, Jair and Chico on the left wing. He had by then gained a reputation as a hard-hitting, quick, two-footed dribbler with a sharp shot and was soon being considered for the national team.
International career
In 1945 he made his debut in official matches as part of the Brazilian national team. During his career in the national team, which lasted 5 years, he played 21 matches in its form, scoring 8 goals. As part of the national team was a participant in the South American Championship in 1946 in Argentina, where he and his team won "silver". Chico was left out to be in the Brazil squad that took part in the 1949 Copa América. The following year he was one of the main strikers of the Brazilian national team at the home World Cup in 1950. In the final group of the tournament he took an active part in the defeat of the teams of Sweden and Spain, scoring two goals in the goal of each of them. But in the decisive game against Uruguay, which determined the world champion and in which the Brazilians were considered favorites, he could not excel, and his team unexpectedly lost 2-1 and received only silver medals and won the Bronze Boot. Chico retired from the Seleção after the final match.
Death
Chico died on October 1, 1997 due heart attack at the age 75.
Honours
Vasco da Gama
Brazil
Individual
Per Albin Hansson
Per Albin Hansson (born 28 October 1885 in Kulladal, died 6 October 1946 in Stockholm) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and promoted policy of welfare state. He was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 24 September 1932 to 6 October 1946, except for a short period in mid-1936.
Franz Jarnach
Franz Jarnach (14 October 1943 – 16 January 2017) was a German actor and musician. He was also known by his stage name Mr. Piggi. He was best for his role as Schildkröte in the improv comedy series Dittsche. He appeared in the series at least 188 times between 2004 and 2014. He was a pianist for the 1960s British beat group Lee Curtis and the All-Stars. He appeared on the music program Beat-Club with the group twice. He was also a member of the rock band The Rattles during the early 1990s.
Jarnach was born in the Bad Godesberg district of Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia. His father, Philipp Jarnach (1892–1982), was a composer.
Jarnach died from a heart attack on 16 January 2017 in Hamburg. He was 73.
Alexandra Krosney
Alexandra Benjamin Krosney (born January 28, 1988) is an American movie and television actress. She played Kristin Baxter in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing. She also played Cindy in Barely Lethal.
Krosney was born in Los Angeles.
Park Chung-hee
Park Chung-hee (November 14, 1917 – October 26, 1979) was the dictator of South Korea from 1961 until he was assassinated in 1979. He was named one of the top 100 Asians of the Century by Time Magazine (1999). He has been severely criticized for his government's brutality, especially after 1971. Nevertheless, he has a positive image in South Korea today. A pen name was Jungsu (중수;中樹).
Birth
Pak was born in Seonsan, a small town in Gumi-si(구미시), Gyeongsangbuk-do(경상북도) near Daegu(대구). He was the seventh child from a family of modest means. His father was Park Seong-bin (age 46 at the time) and his mother was Baek Nam-hui (age 45).
Pak came from an undistinguished local branch of Goryeong Bak descent group.
He went on to teach for several years in Mungyeong, where the school has been preserved as a museum.
Military career
Pak won admission to a two-year training program in Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria. Under the Japanese policy of sōshi-kaimei, he adopted the Japanese-style name Takaki Masao (高木正雄). He graduated from the Japanese Manchurian military academy at the top of his class in 1944. He then was selected for another two years of training at the Imperial Military Academy in Tokyo.
Pak had served as a lieutenant in the Kantogun, part of the Imperial Japanese Army, in Manchuria, fighting Mao Zedong's Chinese Communist forces. Although the Kantogun also carried out actions against Korean guerrillas, it's improbable that Pak participated in such action since there were no Korean guerrillas in the region at the time of his brief deployment.
Post World War II
In the aftermath of Japan's defeat in World War II, under his communist elder brother's influence, Pak joined a communist group, the South Korean Workers' Party, in the American occupation zone, which later became South Korea. Pak was involved in a rebellion in Yeosu and Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, led by units of the new American-supported army. Pak was arrested and sentenced to death, but released soon after revealing the names of communist participants to the South Korean authorities. He was then released and left the army in dishonor. However; the outbreak of the Korean War enabled him to be reinstated, and he served the new country fighting against the communists.
Ascension to presidency
Syngman Rhee, the first president of the Republic of (South) Korea, was forced out of office on April 26, 1960 as an aftermath of the April 19 Movement, a student-led uprising. A new government took office on August 13. This was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea with a figurehead president, Yun Po-son, in response to the authoritarian excesses and corruption of the Rhee administration. Real power rested with Prime Minister Chang Myon.
Yun and Chang did not command the respect of the majority of the Democratic Party. They could not agree on the composition of the cabinet and Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months.
Political background
Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption by the Rhee presidency and the students who had led to Rhee's ouster. The students were regularly filling the streets, making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Law and order could not be maintained because the police, long an instrument of the Rhee government, were demoralized and had been completely discredited by the public. Continued factional wrangling caused the public to turn away from the party.
Coup d'état
The Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) was created on June 19, 1961 to prevent a countercoup and to suppress all potential enemies domestic and international. It was to have not only investigative power, but also the power to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or harboring anti-junta sentiments. The KCIA extended its power to economic and foreign affairs under its first director, Colonel (retired) Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Pak and one of the original planners of the coup.
Yun remained in office to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. Pak Chŏng Hŭi was the real power as chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction. Following pressure from the Kennedy administration in the United States, a civilian government was restored, with Pak narrowly winning the 1963 election as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party over Yun, candidate of the Civil Rule Party. He was re-elected in 1967, again defeating Yun by a narrow margin.
Economic reform
Pak is generally credited as playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialization. When he came to power in 1961, South Korean per capita income was only USD 72, and North Korea was regarded as the greater economic and military power on the peninsula because North Korea was industrialized under the Japanese régime due to its geographical proximity to Manchuria and merit in terms of natural resources, and managed to rebuild after heavy bombing by the Americans during the Korean War. During Pak's tenure, per capita income increased twentyfold, and South Korea's rural, undeveloped economy was transformed into an industrial powerhouse. Even Kim Tae Jung, one of Pak's most prominent opponents during his rule, has retrospectively praised him for his role in creating the modern-day South Korea.
The strength of Pak's leadership was evidenced by the remarkable development of industries and rise in the standard of living of average South Korean citizens during his presidency. Many still question Pak's judgment, however, as his 1965 normalization of diplomatic relations with Japan had been extremely unpopular and resulted in widespread unrest as memories from Japan's 35-year brutal colonization of Korea proved vivid. However, by normalizing relations with Japan, Pak allowed Japanese capital to flow into the country. These aids and loans—although criticized by many Koreans to be too meager for the 35 years of occupation by Imperial Japan—along with American aid, helped to restore the depleted capital of South Korea. Nonetheless, it must be noted that with North Korea's economy at the time being bigger and more vibrant than that of South Korea, Pak did not have many options or much time to negotiate for more fitting reparations and apologies. This issue still plagues Japan and South Korea's relationship today.
Pak was reelected in 1967 against Yun.
Yusin Constitution
The Constitution of 1963 barred a South Korean president from seeking a third consecutive term. However, with the assistance of the KCIA, Pak's allies in the legislature succeeded in amending the Constitution to allow the current president—himself—to run for three consecutive terms. In 1971, Pak was victorious again, this time over Kim Dae-jung in the general election.
Just after being sworn in for his third term, Pak declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation." In October 1972, he dissolved Parliament and suspended the Constitution. In December, a new constitution, the Yusin Constitution, was approved easily by the general public. The new document dramatically increased Pak's power. It transferred the election of the president to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification. The presidential term was increased to six years, with no limits on reelection. In effect, the constitution converted Pak's presidency into a legal dictatorship. Pak was re-elected in 1972 and 1978 with no opposition.
Assassination attempts
On January 21, 1968, a team of about 10—15 North Korean spies was secretly sent to South Korea to kill Pak. They crossed the border mountains and hijacked a bus in Seoul. No civilians were in the bus. The spies drove it towards the Blue House (the presidential residence of South Korea), where Pak was at the time. When the Korean military was informed of the presence of the North Koreans, they hurriedly went to protect the president. Armed with machine guns and grenades, the spies drove almost to the Blue House until they met South Korean soldiers. After a short grenade and gun battle, all but one spy were killed. Thirty-seven South Koreans were also killed.
On August 15, 1974, a botched assassination attempt by North Korean agent Mun Se-gwang claimed his wife, Yuk Yeong-su, instead. After this attack he finished the speech he had been giving. His wife died later that day.
Death
On October 26, 1979, Park was shot to death by Kim Jae-kyu, the director of the KCIA who was his close friend. Kim claimed that Pak was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism. After Kim fatally shoots the president and the leader of his guards, his agents quickly killed four more of the presidential bodyguards before the group was apprehended. The entire episode is usually either considered a spontaneous act of passion by an individual and that the actions of the other agents only occurred because the men felt loyalty to Kim and naturally followed his lead, or as part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service,, with the latter being more widely believed.
Legacy
It is alleged by supporters that despite his dictatorial rule and the high growth that occurred during his years in power, Pak did not engage in corruption and led a simple life. Detractors allege he was simply a brutal dictator and only brought about high growth through military control over labour.
Being a complex man as a policy maker, many Koreans continue to hold Pak in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his presidency. But there are also many who condemn Pak for the brutality of his dictatorship and for his service to the Japanese army during World War II. Today, Pak's critics deplore the widespread human rights abuses in South Korea during his rule. However, his supporters argue that the human rights abuse accusation is mostly fabricated or exaggerated. One example of his many abuses was the kidnapping of opposition activist Kim Tae Jung. Around noon of August 8, 1973, Kim was attended a meeting with the leader of the Democratic Unification Party held in the Room 2212 of the Hotel Grand Palace in Tokyo. At around 13:19, Kim was abducted by a group of unidentified agents as he walked out of the room after the meeting. He was then taken into the empty Room 2210 where he was drugged and became unconscious. Later Kim was moved to Osaka and later to Seoul, South Korea. Kim was later quoted as saying that a weight had been attached to his feet aboard the boat heading toward Korea, indicating that the kidnappers had intended to drown Kim by throwing him into the sea. They were, however, forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force began a pursuit of the kidnappers' boat. Subsequently, Kim was released in Busan. He was found alive at his house in Seoul five days after the kidnapping. According to some reports U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib intervened with the South Korean government to save Kim's life.
Pak's daughter Park Geun-hye was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She has resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid for the upcoming election.
Family
Park Chung-hee was married three times. first wife Kim Ho-nam (김호남; 1918 - 1990, m.1936 - 1945), birth one daughter, Park Jae-ok(박재옥, b.1937). second wife Lee Hyon-lan (이현란; ? -?, m.1945 - 1947), birth one son, early death(b.1947 and d.1947). three wife Yuk Young-soo(육영수, 1926 - 1974, m.1950 - 1974, her death), birth daughter Park Geun-hye(박근혜, b.1952) and Park Geun-ryoung(박근령, b.1954), son Park Chi-man(박지만, b.1958).
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