cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Processual archaeology
Lewis Binford and Archaeology as Anthropology
Lewis Binford was a famous processual archaeologist from the 1960s. He believed that archaeology should be practiced like anthropology. Anthropology is the study of past and present people and the many parts of what it means to be human. Binford argued that archaeologists are responsible to add to anthropology as a field of study; this includes how cultures and societies around the world change over time.
Binford wanted to study different types of things to show changes over time in many different parts of human culture. He tried to do this by studying things in a systematic way (a way that follows set rules and can be repeated). Binford believed that some parts of culture were more important than others and thought that the way people act is based on forces or laws that people do not know about and cannot control.
What do processual archaeologists do?
Processual archaeologists tried to create models to explain why and how people would act. They felt that humans behave the same and given the same conditions or choices, people will make similar ones. Processual archaeologists also decided to conduct archaeologically scientifically. They used radiometric dating techniques to figure out how old an artifact is, as well as other techniques to prove how the artifact was used. They began to reproduce artifacts to better understand how they were made. This is called experimental archaeology. Another scientific approach was to conduct ethnographic fieldwork (link) to better understand past hunter gatherers. Processualists think that the way hunter gatherers are today is similar to the way they were in the past. This helps us understand them better.
Modern Day
Processual archaeology continues to be used today, however it is not the same as it was when it started. The biggest change came with computers. The models that archaeologists could be tested and seen to be accurate or not. More detailed examinations of artifacts could be made. Not all archaeologists think the same way about the past. After processual archaeology came post-processual archaeology which challenged a lot of the assumptions being made. Both processualists and post processualists exist today.
Shiro Okada
Shiro Okada (岡田志郎, Okada Shirō, June 9, 1949; Hirakata, Osaka {age 71} - ) is a Japanese guitarist who participate in the Group Sound band, the Ox. His nickname was Shiro (シロー) and his real name is Shiro Okamoto (岡田史郎).
Processual archaeology
References
Binford, Lewis R. 1962. "Archaeology as anthropology". In Contemporary Archaeology, ed by M. Leone, pp. 93–101. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. 1965. "Archaeological systematics and the study of culture process". In American Antiquity 31(2) Part 1: 203-210.
Shiro Okada
Career
After the dissolution of Ox, Okada movied to America once, but moved to "The People" and "The Rosemary" formed by Toshio Fukui and continued with the activities of a newly formed band group. After that, he remains active as a music producer.
Processual archaeology
References
Binford, Sally R. & Lewis Binford. 1968. New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago, Aldine Press.
Trigger, Bruce. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press: New York
White, Leslie A. 1959. The Evolution of Culture. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Willey, Gordon R., and Philip Phillips. 1958. Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Yuji Iwata
Yuji Iwata (岩田裕二, Iwata Yūji, April 15, 1946; Otsu, Shiga Prefecture {age 75} - ) is a Japanese musician and drummer for the OX, a Japanese GS band. His nickname was Yuji (ユージ) and his real name is Yuiji Iwata (岩田裕次).
Career
After leaving "The Kings" with Toshio Fukui, he participated in the formation of "Ox". After the dissolution of Ox, Iwata formed "Harimao" and participated in the management. After that, he devoted himself to music producers and is still active to this day.
Val Jellay
Valerie "Val" Muriel Jellay (25 September 1927 – 6 May 2017) was an Australian actress, soubrette, singer, dancer and author. She also appeared in Prisoner as Mabel Morgan, and in Neighbours as Connie O'Rourke. She appeared in many guest roles in Australian soap operas.
Jellay died in Sydney from pneumonia on 6 May 2017 at the age of 89.
Sodium
Properties
Sodium is a light-weight, silver-colored metal. Sodium is soft, and because of that, someone could easily cut it with a knife. When someone cuts it, the exposed part will become white over time. It reacts with air to form sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Sodium is a little less dense than water; when someone puts it in water, it floats and reacts instantly, producing hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. This reaction has a lot of heat, usually causing the hydrogen to light on fire. When this happens, sodium melts because of its low melting point. Sodium is highly reactive because it has one valence electron, which is easily removed.
Chemical compounds
These are chemical compounds that contain sodium ions. Sodium only exists in one oxidation state: +1.
Discovery and name origins
Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, an English scientist, in 1807. He created it by electrolyzing sodium hydroxide. Davy named the element after soda, a name for sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.
Use as element
Scientists can use it in the creation of organic compounds. People also use it in orange streetlights and lamps that emit ultraviolet light.
Use in compounds
Sodium compounds are used in soaps, toothpaste, baking, and antacids.
Occurrence and production
Sodium does not occur as an element in nature, because it is not stable enough. It exists only in chemical compounds. Sodium ions are found in the ocean and in the Earth's crust.
Sodium is normally made by electrolysis of sodium chloride, which is mined from the Earth's crust.
Use in organisms
The human body needs sodium ions, taken in the form of sodium chloride, to live, but too much of it can cause health problems. Many organisms in the ocean depend on the concentration of sodium ions in water to survive.
Kris King
Kris King (born February 18, 1966 in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes and the Winnipeg Jets.
Rais Khan
Ustad Rais Khan (25 November 1939 – 6 May 2017) was a Pakistani sitarist from Karachi, Pakistan. Rais Khan was awarded the Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan in 2005.
Club sandwich
A club sandwich, also called a clubhouse sandwich, is a sandwich that has bread, sliced cooked poultry, ham or fried bacon, lettuce, tomato, and mayonnaise. The bread is usually toasted. Most of the time it is cut in half or in quarters.
Jasmine Guy
Jasmine Guy (born March 10, 1962) is an American actress, director, singer and dancer. She is best known for playing Whitley Marion Gilbert in the 1987-93 sitcom A Different World. She also played Erica in K.C. Undercover.
For her work, Guy was nominated for and won 4 NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series from 1990 to 1993.
Hackberry, Texas
Hackberry is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.
Jasmine Guy
Guy was born in Boston, but raised in Atlanta.
Sources differ on Guy's birthdate. Some sources say she was born in 1962. Other sources mention 1964.
Julie Gibson
Julie Gibson (September 6, 1913 – October 2, 2019) was an American former singer and actress. Her career during became popular in the 1940s.
She made her first movie appearances in small roles in the movies Nice Girl? and The Feminine Touch (both 1941).
Her first featured role was in the 1944 movie Lucky Cowboy.
Gibson died at her Los Angeles home on October 2, 2019 at the age of 106.
Jean-Claude Pecker
Jean-Claude Pecker (10 May 1923 – 20 February 2020) was a French astronomer, astrophysicist and author. He was born in Reims, Grand Est, France.
He was awarded the Prix Jules Janssen by the French Astronomical Society in 1967.
A minor planet (1629 Pecker) is named after him.< Pecker was a vocal opponent of astrology and pseudo-science and was the president of the Association française pour l'information scientifique (AFIS).
Sten Mk II
Early in the war, the US lent many weapons to the British to fight German forces, including the Thompson submachine gun. However, since the Thompson was expensive to make in large numbers, the British made a submachine gun of their own, that would be cheap and quick to make. This was the Sten Mk II.
The weapon was only made of 47 parts, making it relatively fast to put together and take apart and therefore easy to ship and hide. This feature made it popular among resistance fighters, including the Free French.
It was also the first SMG to have a silencer made for it, making it useful for stealth and surprise. However, due to its low quality, it was not a very reliable weapon as it tended to jam very frequently and fire entire magazines without pulling the trigger.
It is stated that British soldiers who captured German MP-40 would often abandon the Sten and fight using the MP-40 instead. The switch was not difficult since both weapons fired the same type of bullet, the 9x19mm Parabellum, with the same type of magazines (which meant that they could use the enemy's ammunition to load their Stens or vice versa).
Gali Akish
ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.
Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.
Akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in Turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. His pamphlet “Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977. In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara. Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).
In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.
He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan.
Joe Armstrong (programmer)
Joseph Leslie Armstrong (27 December 1950 – 20 April 2019) was a British computer scientist. He is best known as one of the co-designers of the Erlang programming language. He was given a Ph.D. in computer science from KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden in 2004. He later became a professor at KTH from 2014. He was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire.
Dufourspitze
The Dufourspitze is a mountain in the Alps.
With a height of 4634 metres, it is the highest mountain peak in Switzerland and also the second-highest peak in the Alps in and Western Europe after Mont Blanc. The mountain is on the border between Switzerland and Italy.
The mountain is named after the famous swiss engineer and topographer Guillaume Henri Dufour.
Alessio Figalli
Alessio Figalli (born 2 April 1984) is an Italian mathematician working primarily on calculus of variations and partial differential equations.
Clara Petacci
Clara Petacci (28 February 1912 – 28 April 1945) was the last mistress of Benito Mussolini, who was 28 years older. She was born in Rome.
Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland, with some of his helpers. After being captured Petacci was given an opportunity to flee, which she declined. She was shot, with the other prisoners.The bodies were then hung head down in Milan.
Lyon County
Lyon County is the name of five counties in the United States:
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was fought between the British Empire and the United States from 1812 to 1815 on land in North America and at sea. The British forces were helped by Canadian militia (volunteers) and Native Americans because British soldiers were busy fighting Napoleon I in Europe.
In nearly every battle, the British defeated the attacking American forces. The war increased nationalism in both Canada and the United States.
Causes
One reason given by Americans for declaring war was that the British were bothering American ships. The British claimed to be looking for British sailors who had deserted. Many British sailors deserted from the miserable conditions and the harsh discipline. Originally, many of the sailors had been pressed into service. It was the practice of the British to arrest any man they found on a street and to force him to serve on their ships. Many British sailors who escaped signed on as crew aboard American merchant ships. The British claim was somewhat true.
Scandal
A scandal is a very public incident which involves a claim of wrong-doing, shame, or moral offence. A scandal may be about a real event, an untrue event (often called a false allegation) or a mixture of both. Something which is a scandal can be described as scandalous.
War of 1812
Causes
In 1807, an American ship was boarded and then fired on, which created outrage among the American public. The British were also seizing American sailors at sea and forcing them to serve in the navy.
Scandal
Scandals may be told by whistleblowers, who have access to secrets and allow them to go public. A well-known scandal was the Watergate scandal, in which US President Richard Nixon was found to be supporting and hiding illegal burglaries.
War of 1812
Causes
The numbers of American seamen pressed into British service is not well known and may have been greatly exaggerated. The British were also sponsoring Native American territories in the Midwest to stop the United States from expanding westward. That made 10,000 Native Americans fight for the British.
Scandal
Untrue claims often lead to a loss of respect for that person, and can destroy their careers. Sometimes an attempt to cover up a scandal creates a bigger scandal when the cover-up does not succeed.
War of 1812
Causes
Napoleon I started the French invasion of Russia in 1812, just as the war started in North America. The Americans thought that the British would be busy fighting the French during the Napoleonic Wars to do much in North America.
Scandal
Sometimes there are scandals surrounding people who work for the president such as during the Grant administration. The Iran-Contra affair was also a known scandal that surrounded Ronald Reagan and his administration. All were not-guilty of the crime.
War of 1812
The war
Fighting began when the United States started to attack the Canadian provinces in 1812. However, the British and the Canadians successfully defended their borders. In 1813, British and American ships fought in the Battle of Lake Erie. Americans under Oliver Hazard Perry won, which gave them control of Lake Erie. American forces raided and burned Toronto, which was then called York.
In 1814, Napoleon I abdicated the French throne. That freed up experienced British troops to be sent to North America. They burned the unfinished Washington, DC, and also attacked Baltimore. An American lawyer, Francis Scott Key wrote a poem about the Battle of Baltimore. The poem was later used to give the words to a song that later became the US national anthem: "The Star Spangled Banner." The war ended in 1815. The British attacked New Orleans but were stopped by the Americans under General Andrew Jackson.
Unknown by both sides, a peace treaty had already been signed.
Peace
The two countries signed the Treaty of Ghent to end the war, on December 24, 1814 in Belgium. Fighting continued into January 1815 because the forces did not know about the treaty, but no great changes took place afterward. The British stopped impressing sailors because the Napoleonic Wars had been finished.
Most Americans heard of the victory in the Battle of New Orleans before they heard of the treaty. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, became disliked as pro-British and soon disappeared.
Winner
From the British perspective, the War of 1812 was a minor sideshow. The Americans called it their victorious "Second War for Independence". The British remembered it as the Americans trying to take advantage of their being involved in a war against the French Empire and paid no attention to American grievances.
In Canada, the War of 1812 was an unwanted war. It concerned the distant capitals of Washington, DC, and London, not them. In Lower Canada, now Quebec, it was considered an Anglo-Saxon war. In Quebec there was little love for the British, but the British had guaranteed their right to speak French. Since they did not know what would happen if the Americans took over, they chose the lesser evil and supported the British.
Upper Canada (later part of the Province of Ontario) had been settled by American Loyalists who fled after the Revolutionary War. They had little love of their former countrymen in the US but had become outnumbered by Americans who later came north to settle. When the Americans attempted to invade Canada, the Canadian militias were eager to defend their homeland.
In US history, the War of 1812 is the most obscure conflict. The average American remembers very little about the war. Some may remember The Star Spangled Banner, the Burning of Washington, or the Battle of New Orleans. Otherwise, it is a little-understood conflict. The issues are complex. Most scholars would agree it was fought over maritime issues. Since the British Navy was then the most powerful in the world, it was easier to attack the British on land by invading Canada. Former US President Thomas Jefferson predicted the "acquisition of Canada, will be a mere matter of marching."
AC Sparta Prague
Athletic Club Sparta Praha, commonly known as Sparta Prague, is a Soccer club from the Czech Republic. It is the most successful football club in the Czech Republic. Its nickname is Iron Sparta. Its biggest rival is Slavia Prague.
Accomplishments
The A.C. Sparta Prague has:
History
In 1991, Sparta came in third place in the Champions League. The other finalists were F.C. Barcelona, F.C. Porto, and F.C. Spartak Moscow.
Sparta last won a title in the Czech Republic during the 2013/2014 season. Sparta also won the Czech League Cup and the Super Cup that season. Because of this, Sparta fans call the 2013/2014 season the "Sparta treble season."
In the 2015/2016 season of the Europa League, Sparta made it to the quarterfinals but lost to Villarreal C.F.
Famous players
Famous players who have played for Sparta include Pavel Nedvěd, Jan Koller, Andrej Kvašňák, Jan Berger, Tomáš Rosický, Horst Siegl, Václav Mašek, Jiří Novotný, Jiří Jarošík, Libor Sionko, Wilfried Bony, and Leonard Kweuke.
Yield (chemistry)
In chemistry, yield (also called chemical yield or reaction yield) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction. The absolute yield gives the weight in grams, and the molar yield gives the number of moles.
Pollyanna
Pollyanna is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.
Pollyanna-The game Story
A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the town is happy. An accident occurs and Pollyanna is left unable to move her legs. She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.
Summary of the story
Miss Polly Harrington is known around town for being a stern, hard woman who is set in her ways. So it is only a sense of duty that causes her to open her home to Pollyanna, her newly orphaned niece. But Pollyanna is a very special little girl, with a very special game that she teaches to the townspeople. Soon, everyone in town is happier, and glad that Pollyanna came into their lives - everyone, that is, but Aunt Polly. But then a terrible accident threatens to ruin Pollyanna's game forever, and everyone wonders who can teach this little girl to be happy again.
Notes
If someone is called "Pollyanna", it means they are always happy like Pollyanna is. The "Pollyanna principle" means people say yes to positive statements (For example, instead of "What do you think of green?", you can say "Don't you agree that green is a nice colour?").
Pollyanna was an irrepressibly, cheerful child. So cheerful that her name survives in any standard American Dictionary. - 'an excessively or blindly optimistic person.'
Yield (chemistry)
The fractional yield, relative yield, or percentage yield shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the theoretical yield (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):
To get the percentage yield, one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).
Ganterschwil
Ganterschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil.
Yield (chemistry)
The ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate. Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese, or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren is a name given to an older version of the Chinese language. People spoke it during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). The term "Middle Chinese", in contrast to Old Chinese and Modern Chinese, is usually used for historical Chinese phonology, which wants to reconstruct the pronunciation of Chinese used during these times.
Middle Chinese can be divided further. There was an early period and a later period. These can be told apart by the pronunciation of certain sounds that changed.
AC Sparta Prague
European cups all-time statistics
The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Sparta's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D), and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.
UEFA club coefficient ranking
As of 12.02.2021, Source:
References
Notes
FrogWatch
FrogWatch is a name shared by citizen science programs that do the same thing. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other amphibians that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study.
Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, the India Biodiversity Portal runs the FrogWatch in India, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries.
In citizen science, scientists ask ordinary people to help with scientific research or other work. Citizen science is one kind of crowdsourcing.
The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it. Volunteers record temperature with thermometers and listen for sounds made by specific types of frogs and toads. FrogWatch USA volunteers listen to and record frog habitats for three and a half minutes, starting one half-hour (30 minutes) after the sun goes down.
History
The United States Geological Survey started FrogWatch USA in 1998, but the National Wildlife Federation took over in 2002.
Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch. They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads. This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries.
FrogWatch NT works in northern Australia. It started in 1991 after cane toads came to Australia and caused problems there.
Antony Blinken
Antony John Blinken (born April 16, 1962) is an American politician. Blinken is the 71st and current United States Secretary of State since January 26, 2021. He was the United States Deputy Secretary of State from 2015 to 2017 and Deputy National Security Advisor from 2013 to 2015 under President Barack Obama.
In November 2020, President-elect Joe Biden chose Blinken to be United States Secretary of State. Blinken was confirmed by the Senate on January 26, 2021, in a 78-22 confirmation vote.
He plays guitar and has two songs available on Spotify.
Garrincha
Manuel dos Santos (28 October 1933 – 20 January 1983) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team. Garrincha, the nickname "little bird" he got from his sister. He won the 1962 World Cup in Chile with Brazil after Pelé was injured. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time and considered one of the best dribblers and by many the greatest dribbler ever. At the height of his career, he signed Manoel dos Santos, in honor of a homonymous uncle, who helped him a lot. Garrincha is also widely recognised as the finest dribbler in football history.
Garrincha's best talent certainly consisted in his very particular dribbling, a game that he performed in making two different types of movements: cutting towards the inside of the field or, typically, widening to the right, always starting with the ball and chain from his own area of ​​expertise, placed near the sideline of the pitch. In the second case, his actions were rather repetitive, without affecting the success of the feint; Garrincha, after receiving the ball on the wing, aimed at the direct opponent and then stopped, causing the marker to stop in turn, after which he threw himself to the right, subsequently folding on the opposite side. The winger repeated the play more than once, when he decided to overtake the now disoriented defender with a definitive acceleration again on the right. Dribbling was made particularly effective by the explosiveness of the shot and the unpredictability of the movements due to the asymmetry of the lower limbs. Garrincha often abused this skill, as he used to dribble opponents and wait for them to retrace their steps so as to overcome them a second time, for pure pleasure; in a match valid for the Rio-San Paolo tournament that Botafogo played against América, the referee threatened to expel him due to the excessive number of dribbles carried out at the expense of full-back Ivan.
Despite having been afflicted with several birth defects (he had strabismus, an imbalance of the pelvis, six centimeters of length difference between the legs; the right knee had valgus and the left varus), Garrincha, "The Anjo de Pernas Tortas", was one of the main players in the 1958 FIFA World Cup and, especially, the 1962 FIFA World Cup, when, after Pelé's injury, he became the main player of the Brazilian team. Of Brazil's 14 goals in the competition, six (42%) went through his feet (he scored four and provided two assists for goals). In this tournament, he became the first player to win the Golden Ball (best player in the tournament), the Golden Boot (the competition's top scorer) and the World Cup trophy in the same edition. Because of this, the 1962 World Cup is known in Brazil as "The Garrincha Cup".
Included in the Football Team of the 20th Century by 250 of the world's most respected football writers and journalists, he was selected in 1994 for the FIFA World Cup All-Time Team and ranked seventh in a vote among FIFA experts. about the best player of the 20th century.
Garrincha was a heavy drinker who died of cirrhosis in 1983.
Biography
Garrincha was born in 1933 in Pau Grande, a small town near Rio de Janeiro. At birth, it was found that his left leg was turned outwards and that his right leg was six centimeters shorter and turned inwards. Despite, or perhaps because of this handicap, Garrincha went on to become a highly technical footballer and one of the greatest dribblers of all time. Garrincha was a great footballer, but in his private life he had a lot of problems. He was a heavy drinker and was involved in a car accident several times. In 1969, his mother-in-law was killed in one of these accidents.
Garrincha married twice. The first time with Nair Marques, a factory girl from his hometown of Pau Grande, and the second time with Elza Soares, a well-known samba singer. But in addition, Garrincha had several other affairs and in total he left behind thirteen children after his death, one of which was in Sweden.
In the spring of 1959, Garrincha had an affair with a waitress from the players' hotel in Umeå, after a Botafogo friendly match in Sweden. Nine months later, a letter was delivered to him in Rio de Janeiro saying that Garrincha had fathered a son. His Swedish grandson, Martin Lindberg, also had an aptitude for football and played as a right winger as a youth player for Halmstads BK, but had to finish football at level after he tore his knee ligament in 2009.
In the capital Brasilia, a stadium is named after him: Estádio Mané Garrincha, and the stadium of Esporte Clube Pau Grande also bears his name.
Club career
Garrincha played in his youth for a local club from Pau Grande. At the age of nineteen, in the summer of 1953, he reported for the first time for a trial training, at Botafogo in Rio de Janeiro. He played as a right winger against international Nílton Santos (later elected by FIFA as left back in the twentieth century world team). Garrincha passed him immediately. Nilton Santos thought he could tame this young lad, but Garrincha also left him behind for the next five moves. The trainer had seen enough and after three training sessions, Garrincha was allowed to try in the first team of Botafogo and immediately scored a hat trick.
He played for the club for twelve years and scored 232 times in 581 matches. With Botafogo he won the Campeonato Brasileiro once and the Campeonato Carioca three times. In his last years at this club, Garrincha's body started to work against him and his broken knees started to hinder him more and more. After his stint with Botafogo, he played a number of matches for Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, Flamengo and Colombian Atlético Junior. In 1969 there was talk of being sold to the French Red Star Paris, but he never signed a contract. In 1972 he finished his career with Olaria.
On tour through Europe, with Botafogo, he played in the Netherlands in 1959 against Willem II (win), Fortuna '54 (win) and Feyenoord (loss).
International career
Between 1955 and 1966, Garrincha played 50 games for the Brazil national team with 12 goals and played in the 1958 World Cup, 1962 World Cup and 1966 World Cup. Brazil became world champions in 1958 and 1962. He also won the Oswaldo Cruz Cup five times in 1955, 1956 but he didn't play any matches, 1958, 1961 and 1962. He became champions in 3 O'Higgins Cup tournaments in 1955, 1959 and 1961 He also won the Roca Cup in 1957, 1960 and 1963 but he wasn't able to play any matches in that year's tournament. And he also won the Taça Atlântico Cup in 1956 but he couldn't play any matches and he won the 1960 tournament. Garrincha was omitted to play for the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1956 South American Championship.
1962 FIFA World Cup
Four years later, Garrincha shone at the World Cup in Chile, where Pelé was injured in the second game. It would be Garrincha's tournament, as the 1986 World Cup was Maradona 's tournament. The Brazilians, with largely the same team as in 1958, missed the brilliance of four years ago. But Garrincha took them in tow and led them to a second world title. In the quarter-final against England, he stepped out of the shadow of the absent Pelé in full glory for the first time. He could even head straight away. At the 1-0 he reached, 1.68 meters short, higher than the 1.86 meters long Maurice Norman. After the 1-1, Garrincha inspired the Brazilians as pacesetter. He awarded Vavá the 2-1 and closed the show himself with 3-1. In the semi-finals, home country Chile was then defeated 4-2, partly thanks to Garrincha's 1-0 and 2-0. In the final phase, Garrincha was kicked in the shins for the umpteenth time. The star was so tired of the pounding that he kicked back. The expelled Garrincha fled to the locker room to cheers and whistles. On the way another bottle popped on his head. Bleeding, he made it to the catacombs. He was allowed to be used in the final against Czechoslovakia. After the intervention of the Brazilian Prime Minister Tancredo Neves, his suspension was converted to an official warning. Garrincha played the final with a fever of 39 degrees, so he had to leave the leading role to others. After trailing 1-0, the Czechs, with Josef Masopust as director, were defeated 3-1. Garrincha became this tournament's top scorer and player of the tournament.
1966 FIFA World Cup
The 1966 tournament in England was not a great experience for Brazil. Garrincha had long ceased to be the star of four years earlier, but no one dared to keep him out of the squad. The first match at the World Cup was won, but the second, against Hungary, was lost. It was Garrincha's fifteenth and final game for the Brazilian national team. It was the first time that the Brazilian team lost with Garrincha in the squad.
End of professional football and the 1973 farewell match
Garrincha said goodbye to football on December 19, 1973 at the age of 40, when a friendly match between the Brazilian national team and a selection of players chosen by FIFA, called FIFA XI, took place at the Maracanã stadium. In addition to Garrincha, the first team was made up of players who had won the World Cup three years earlier, including Carlos Alberto Torres, Brito, Rivelino, Jairzinho and Pelé; the second was made up of ten elevenths by Argentines and Uruguayans. The match ended 2-1 for the Brazilian selection, thanks to goals from Pelé - who dribbled all the opposing defense - and Luís Pereira. The proceeds were donated to Garrincha himself, who at the end of the match, during which he did not shine, moved on a field tour to say goodbye to the one hundred and thirty-one thousand spectators who came to the stadium.
Garrincha still played for more than ten years, albeit at an amateur level. Among the teams with which he played in this period it is worth mentioning that of the Milionários, a formation made up of ex-professionals who used to play friendly matches around Brazil. With this team he played almost five hundred games between 1974 and 1982, alongside famous names such as Nílton Santos, Hilderaldo Bellini, Djalma Santos, Vavá, Rivelino and Serginho.
He also played in the Sacrofano football team, being paid 100,000 lire per game, then a militant in the First Category championship and coached by Dino da Costa, his former teammate in Botafogo, dragging her to victory in the Mignano Monte Lungo quadrangular tournament. His last appearance on a football field occurred at a charity match held on Christmas day 1982, during which he played for twenty minutes (forty-five according to other sources). The match was held at Planaltina, near Brasilia, and saw as opponents Londrina, with Garrincha, and the representative of the Associaçao de Garancia ao Atleta Profissional (AGAP), a team that won 1-0.
Death
Garrincha died on January 20, 1983, at the age of 49 from the consequences of liver cirrhosis and pulmonary edema in conditions of poverty and degradation. and was buried in the Raiz da Serra cemetery in Rio de Janeiro.
International career statistics
!Total||50||12
Honours
Botafogo
Corinthians
Brazil
Individual
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Statistics
!Total||20||3