cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Graham Nash
Nash became an American citizen in 1978. Besides music, he is also a talented photographer, and collector of photographs. Nash was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
Surface tension
Causes
Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid droplets. Although easily deformed, droplets of water tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the cohesive forces of the surface layer. In the absence of other forces, including gravity, drops of virtually all liquids would be perfectly spherical. The spherical shape minimizes the necessary "wall tension" of the surface layer according to Laplace's law.
Espinosa de Cervera
Espinosa de Cervera is a municipality in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. In 2004, its population was 99.
Surface tension
Causes
As a result of surface area minimization, a surface will assume the smoothest shape it can. Any curvature in the surface shape results in greater area and a higher energy. So, the surface will push back against any curvature in much the same way as a ball pushed uphill will push back to minimize its gravitational potential energy.
Water
Studying water shows several effects of surface tension:
A. Rain water forms beads on the surface of a waxy surface, such as a leaf. Water adheres weakly to wax and strongly to itself, so water clusters into drops. Surface tension gives them their near-spherical shape, because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area to volume ratio.
B. Formation of drops occurs when a mass of liquid is stretched. The animation shows water adhering to the faucet gaining mass until it is stretched to a point where the surface tension can no longer bind it to the faucet. It then separates and surface tension forms the drop into a sphere. If a stream of water were running from the faucet, the stream would break up into drops during its fall. Gravity stretches the stream, then surface tension pinches it into spheres.
C. Objects denser than water still float when the object is nonwettable and its weight is small enough to be borne by the forces arising from surface tension. For example, water striders use surface tension to walk on the surface of a pond. The surface of the water behaves like an elastic film: the insect's feet cause indentations in the water's surface, increasing its surface area.
D. Separation of oil and water (in this case, water and liquid wax) is caused by a tension in the surface between dissimilar liquids. This type of surface tension is called "interface tension", but its physics are the same.
E. Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on the side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage. Its cause is a complex interaction between the differing surface tensions of water and ethanol. It is induced by a combination of surface tension modification of water by ethanol together with ethanol evaporating faster than water.
Surfactants
Surface tension is visible in other common phenomena, especially when surfactants are used to decrease it:
Two definitions
Surface tension, represented by the symbol γ is defined as the force along a line of unit length, where the force is parallel to the surface but perpendicular to the line. One way to picture this is to imagine a flat soap film bounded on one side by a taut thread of length, L. The thread will be pulled toward the interior of the film by a force equal to 2L (the factor of 2 is because the soap film has two sides, hence two surfaces). Surface tension is therefore measured in forces per unit length. Its SI unit is newton per meter but the cgs unit of dyne per cm is also used. One dyn/cm corresponds to 0.001 N/m.
An equivalent definition, one that is useful in thermodynamics, is work done per unit area. As such, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, δA, is needed. This work is stored as potential energy. Consequently surface tension can be also measured in SI system as joules per square meter and in the cgs system as ergs per cm2. Since mechanical systems try to find a state of minimum potential energy, a free droplet of liquid naturally assumes a spherical shape, which has the minimum surface area for a given volume.
The equivalence of measurement of energy per unit area to force per unit length can be proven by dimensional analysis.
Surface curvature and pressure
If no force acts normal to a tensioned surface, the surface must remain flat. But if the pressure on one side of the surface differs from pressure on the other side, the pressure difference times surface area results in a normal force. In order for the surface tension forces to cancel the force due to pressure, the surface must be curved. The diagram shows how surface curvature of a tiny patch of surface leads to a net component of surface tension forces acting normal to the center of the patch. When all the forces are balanced, the resulting equation is known as the Young–Laplace equation:
where:
The quantity in parentheses on the right hand side is in fact (twice) the mean curvature of the surface (depending on normalization).
Solutions to this equation determine the shape of water drops, puddles, menisci, soap bubbles, and all other shapes determined by surface tension. (Another example is the shape of the impressions that a water strider's feet make on the surface of a pond).
The table below shows how the internal pressure of a water droplet increases with decreasing radius. For not very small drops the effect is subtle, but the pressure difference becomes enormous when the drop sizes approach the molecular size. (In the limit of a single molecule the concept becomes meaningless.)
Liquid surface
It is hard to find the shape of the minimal surface bounded by some arbitrary shaped frame using just mathematics. Yet by fashioning the frame out of wire and dipping it in soap-solution, a locally minimal surface will appear in the resulting soap-film within seconds.
The reason for this is that the pressure difference across a fluid interface is proportional to the mean curvature, as seen in the Young-Laplace equation. For an open soap film, the pressure difference is zero, hence the mean curvature is zero, and minimal surfaces have the property of zero mean curvature.
Contact angles
The surface of any liquid is an interface between that liquid and some other medium. The top surface of a pond, for example, is an interface between the pond water and the air. Surface tension, then, is not a property of the liquid alone, but a property of the liquid's interface with another medium. If a liquid is in a container, then besides the liquid/air interface at its top surface, there is also an interface between the liquid and the walls of the container. The surface tension between the liquid and air is usually different (greater than) its surface tension with the walls of a container. Where the two surfaces meet, the geometry will balance all forces.
The more important balance of forces, though, is in the vertical direction. The vertical component of must exactly cancel the force,.
where
This means that although the difference between the liquid-solid and solid-air surface tension,, is difficult to measure directly, it can be inferred from the liquid-air surface tension, , and the equilibrium contact angle, , which is a function of the easily measurable advancing and receding contact angles (see main article contact angle).
This same relationship exists in the diagram on the right. But in this case we see that because the contact angle is less than 90°, the liquid-solid/solid-air surface tension difference must be negative:
Special contact angles
Observe that in the special case of a water-silver interface where the contact angle is equal to 90°, the liquid-solid/solid-air surface tension difference is exactly zero.
Another special case is where the contact angle is exactly 180°. Water with specially prepared Teflon approaches this. Contact angle of 180° occurs when the liquid-solid surface tension is exactly equal to the liquid-air surface tension.
Liquid in a vertical tube
An old style mercury barometer consists of a vertical glass tube about 1 cm in diameter partially filled with mercury, and with a vacuum (called Torricelli's vacuum) in the unfilled volume (see diagram to the right). Notice that the mercury level at the center of the tube is higher than at the edges, making the upper surface of the mercury dome-shaped. The center of mass of the entire column of mercury would be slightly lower if the top surface of the mercury were flat over the entire crossection of the tube. But the dome-shaped top gives slightly less surface area to the entire mass of mercury. Again the two effects combine to minimize the total potential energy. Such a surface shape is known as a convex meniscus.
Dheri
Dheri is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Surface tension
Liquid in a vertical tube
We consider the surface area of the entire mass of mercury, including the part of the surface that is in contact with the glass, because mercury does not adhere at all to glass. So the surface tension of the mercury acts over its entire surface area, including where it is in contact with the glass. If instead of glass, the tube were made out of copper, the situation would be very different. Mercury aggressively adheres to copper. So in a copper tube, the level of mercury at the center of the tube will be lower than at the edges (that is, it would be a concave meniscus). In a situation where the liquid adheres to the walls of its container, we consider the part of the fluid's surface area that is in contact with the container to have negative surface tension. The fluid then works to maximize the contact surface area. So in this case increasing the area in contact with the container decreases rather than increases the potential energy. That decrease is enough to compensate for the increased potential energy associated with lifting the fluid near the walls of the container.
If a tube is sufficiently narrow and the liquid adhesion to its walls is sufficiently strong, surface tension can draw liquid up the tube in a phenomenon known as capillary action. The height the column is lifted to is given by:
where
Puddles on a surface
Pouring mercury onto a horizontal flat sheet of glass results in a puddle that has a perceptible thickness. The puddle will spread out only to the point where it is a little under half a centimeter thick, and no thinner. Again this is due to the action of mercury's strong surface tension. The liquid mass flattens out because that brings as much of the mercury to as low a level as possible, but the surface tension, at the same time, is acting to reduce the total surface area. The result is the compromise of a puddle of a nearly fixed thickness.
The same surface tension demonstration can be done with water, lime water or even saline, but only if the liquid does not adhere to the flat surface material. Wax is such a substance. Water poured onto a smooth, flat, horizontal wax surface, say a waxed sheet of glass, will behave similarly to the mercury poured onto glass.
The thickness of a puddle of liquid on a surface whose contact angle is 180° is given by:
where
In reality, the thicknesses of the puddles will be slightly less than what is predicted by the above formula because very few surfaces have a contact angle of 180° with any liquid. When the contact angle is less than 180°, the thickness is given by:
For mercury on glass, γHg = 487 dyn/cm, ρHg = 13.5 g/cm3 and θ = 140°, which gives hHg = 0.36 cm. For water on paraffin at 25 °C, γ = 72 dyn/cm, ρ = 1.0 g/cm3, and θ = 107° which gives hH 2O = 0.44 cm.
The formula also predicts that when the contact angle is 0°, the liquid will spread out into a micro-thin layer over the surface. Such a surface is said to be fully wettable by the liquid.
The breakup of streams into drops
In day-to-day life we all observe that a stream of water emerging from a faucet will break up into droplets, no matter how smoothly the stream is emitted from the faucet. This is due to a phenomenon called the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, which is entirely a consequence of the effects of surface tension.
The explanation of this instability begins with the existence of tiny perturbations in the stream. These are always present, no matter how smooth the stream is. If the perturbations are resolved into sinusoidal components, we find that some components grow with time while others decay with time. Among those that grow with time, some grow at faster rates than others. Whether a component decays or grows, and how fast it grows is entirely a function of its wave number (a measure of how many peaks and troughs per centimeter) and the radii of the original cylindrical stream.
University of Auckland
The University of Auckland is a public university based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest and highest-ranked university in New Zealand. It places among the Top 100 universities in the world by QS World Rankings. The institution was created in 1883. Today, the University of Auckland is New Zealand's largest university by enrolment, hosting about 40,000 students on five Auckland campuses. There are eight faculties, including a law school, as well as three research institutes associated with the university.
The university has a reputation for excellence in research and teaching, which attracts students from all over the world. The University of Auckland offers over 150 undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs across eight faculties. These faculties include Arts, Business, Creative Arts and Industries, Education and Social Work, Engineering, Law, Medical and Health Sciences, and Science.
The university also has partnerships with leading international universities such as Stanford University, the University of Oxford, and the National University of Singapore (NUS), among others. Other notable new zealand universities that attract international students are Victoria University of Wellington and Massey University. However, when it comes to overall rankings based on academic excellence and research output alone, the University of Auckland is considered one of the top universities in New Zealand.
The Best Universities In New Zealand For International Students
Apollo 4
Apollo 4 was the first unmanned test flight mission of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This was the rocket used in the Apollo program to send the first men to the Moon. The rocket was launched on November 9, 1967 from the Kennedy Space Center. NASA said that the mission was a complete success, and it helped the Apollo program very much.
Skogstorp, Eskilstuna Municipality
Skogstorp is a locality in Eskilstuna Municipality in Södermanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 2,860 people lived there.
Utah Jazz
The Utah Jazz are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Utah. They were originally from New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 1970s. Jazz music is popular in New Orleans, and the team was named the Jazz when it was in New Orleans. The team kept the name when it moved to Utah.
The Jazz are in Salt Lake City, Utah's capital, and they made it to the NBA Finals in 1997 and 1998. John Stockton and Karl Malone were players that led them to these championship games. They played the Chicago Bulls both times, and Michael Jordan helped the Bulls win against the Jazz both times in six games.
Jerry Sloan has coached the Jazz for over 20 years. He started coaching after Frank Layden stopped coaching the Jazz. Sloan felt a big load on his shoulders with his role as coach, and that became clear when he announced in 2011 that he decided to step down. His main assistant, Phil Johnson, also stepped down. This came as a big surprise to many sports fans. The Utah Jazz hired Tyrone Corbin as the head coach in time for their next game of the 2010-2011 season. Corbin had played for the Jazz, and had been an assistant coach under Sloan for the team as well. Jeff Hornacek, a former Jazz player, also helped the Jazz by deciding to join the organization again as an assistant to Coach Corbin.
The Jazz had another big change in 2011. They traded Deron Williams, a veteran NBA player, to the New Jersey Nets. These big changes in the Jazz' profile in little over a month were preceded by a big change in 2009, when the owner and founder of the Jazz, Larry H. Miller, died. His son, Greg Miller, is now in charge, and Larry's wife Gail Miller still helps with decisions and feedback for the team.
Computer performance
Computer performance is the amount of useful work that a computer system can perform compared to the time it takes to perform this work. Less time and fast response time mean higher performance.
Gilbert and Ellice Islands
The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were a British protectorate from 1892 and colony from 12 January 1916. They are formed from two groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. On 1 January 1976 the islands were split into two different colonies that became independent states. The Gilbert Islands have been the biggest part of the nation of Kiribati since 1979, and the Ellice Islands became Tuvalu in 1978.
Moodle
Moodle is a free and open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It was designed for education as online learning space.
Scorpion
Scorpions are eight legged venomous arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have a long body with an extended tail with a sting. The average adult scorpion is about 9 cm in length. The longest scorpion is the Gigantometrus swammerdami (Giant forest scorpion) from India, which can be 23 cm long. There are about 1,750 species of scorpions worldwide.
Moodle
The name moodle stands for "Module Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment".
Scorpion
The evolutionary history of scorpions goes back to the Silurian, 430 million years ago. They have adapted to a wide range of environments, and live on all continents except Antarctica. There are 13 living families. Only about 25 species have venom which can kill a human being.
Moodle
It was developed by Martin Dougiamas.
Scorpion
Anatomy
They have eight legs and a pair of grasping pedipalps (like claws). The tail is narrow, with segments. It usually has a forward curve over the back, ending with a venomous stinger.
Moodle
Development
Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide. Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.
Scorpion
Anatomy
Their body is in three parts. The front section is the cephalothorax; the abdomen is called the mesosoma, and the tail is the metasoma. The body is covered by an exoskeleton which gives them good protection.
Survival in the desert
Scorpions have many ways to survive in the desert. They can slow down their metabolism. This allows them to survive on as little as one insect per year. This ability also allows them to shelter from the sun and heat for extended periods of time, using only little amounts of oxygen. Many people also believe that their claws, or pincers, were once front legs that have turned into what they now are by going through evolution. Nevertheless, the scorpions' claws play a crucial part in their hunting and mating rituals. Scorpions also possess a special, feather-like pair of organs, called pectines that they use to sense even the smallest of movements around them. This allows them to effectively track down and hunt their prey, either above or below the surface. This also warns them of possible dangers, such as other bigger hunters. The scorpion’s most feared and recognized feature is its sting. The sting contains a neurotoxin, which the scorpion uses to paralyze the victim, so it would be easier to kill and eat. They also stay hidden under rocks and that makes their body temperature cool.
Breeding cycle
The mating ritual of scorpions begins when the male and female connect claws. After this they verify that the other scorpion is of the same species, and is the opposite gender. After this, the male leads the female around until it finds a suitable spot to deposit its spermatophore. Once the male has found a suitable spot, he guides the female over it, where it enters her and fertilizes her. The mating ritual can take anywhere between 1 and 26 hours, depending on the male’s ability to find a suitable spot. Only a scorpion that has reached maturity may go through the mating ritual. A scorpion reaches maturity after it has gone through 5 to 7 moults.
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
Castlereagh (born in Dublin; 1769–1822) was a British politician. He became a Viscount when his father was made Earl of Londonderry. He became British Foreign Secretary but killed himself.
List of countries in the 1900s
Sovereign states
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; font-size: 95%; border-collapse: collapse; border'': 0px solid #AAAAAA;" !width=60%|Name and capital city !width=70%|Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
A
Widely recognized independent state.
Widely recognized independent state to 1900.
Widely recognized independent state from January 1, 1901. Australia is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. Australia has 1 External Territory:
Widely recognized independent state. Austria-Hungary has 1 concession:
B
Widely recognized independent state.
Widely recognized independent state. Belgium has 1 colony and 1 concession:
Widely recognized independent state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.
De facto independent state until October 5, 1908. Widely recognized independent state from October 5, 1908.
C
Widely recognized independent state. Canada is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
Widely recognized independent state.
Widely recognized independent state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
De facto independent state,.
D
Widely recognized independent state.
Widely recognized independent state. Denmark has 2 colonies and 1 dependency:
E
Widely recognized independent state.
G
Widely recognized independent state.
Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of Germany:
H
Widely recognized independent state.
I
Widely recognized independent state.
J
Widely recognized independent state.
K
Widely recognized independent state.
L
Widely recognized independent state.
Domitilla Picozzi
Domitilla Picozzi (born 5 June 1998) is an Italian water polo player. She competed for the Italian women's national water polo team in the 2016 FINA Women’s Water Polo World Youth Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)
The Minister of Foreign Affairs is a senior member of the New Zealand Government heading the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. They are responsible for relations with foreign countries.
List of countries in the 1900s
M
Widely recognized independent state.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)
The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Nanaia Mahuta.
List of countries in the 1900s
N
Widely recognized independent state.
Widely recognized independent state. Newfoundland is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
Widely recognized independent state. New Zealand is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905.
O
Widely recognized independent state.
P
Widely recognized independent state from November 3, 1903.
Widely recognized independent state.
De facto independent state, to March 23, 1901.
Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, vassals and possessions of Portugal:
R
Widely recognized independent state.
Saad Ibn Aqeel Shrine
Saad ibn Aqeel Shrine was a mausoleum and husseiniya in Tal Afar in Iraq. It was close to the Sheikh Jawad Mosque.
List of serving senior officers of the Royal Air Force
This is a of serving senior officers in the Royal Air Force. It includes currently serving air chief marshals, air marshals, air vice-marshals, and air commodores.
List of countries in the 1900s
S
Widely recognized independent state.
States claiming sovereignty
Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire until 1903.
Unrecognized state.
De facto independent state.
Semi-independent state. Under Russian protection.
Unrecognized state from January 28 to January 31, 1903.
Play It Loud
Play It Loud is a 1970 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's second studio album, released before their fame and therefore failing to chart. In Canada, the album was released in 1973 where it charted at #40.
The album featured the two singles "Shape of Things to Come" and "Know Who You Are" which did not chart.
Hyūga Province
Hyūga Province (日向国) was an old province of Japan in the area of Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. It was sometimes called Nisshū (日州) or Kōshū (向州).
Hyūga had borders with Bungo, Higo, Ōsumi, and Satsuma Province.
The ancient capital city of the province was near Saito.
History
In Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Hyūga is called Kumaso Province (熊曽国) in Tsukushi-no-shima, with Tsukushi, Toyo and Hi Province.
Garhi Ismail Zai
Garhi Ismail Zai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has a height of 294 metres (967 feet).
Hyūga Province
History
In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), the province of Hyūga was separated from Ōsumi.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Hyūga Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Tsuno jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hyūga.
McIntosh County, North Dakota
McIntosh County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 2,809 people lived there. The county seat is Ashley.
Casablanca
Casablanca (classical Arabic name: الدار البيضاء, "the white house"; Spanish:Casablanca, "whitehouse") is a city in western Morocco, on the Atlantic Ocean.
With 2.95 million people (September 2004 census), Casablanca is Morocco's biggest city.
Casablanca has a Mediterranean Climate with hot dry summers and wet rainy winters.
Federico Granja Ricalde
Federico Granja Ricalde (17 August 1942 – 2 November 2021) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1979 to 1982, 1985 to 1988, and again from 2000 to 2003. He was also Governor of Yucatán from 1994 to 1995 and Mayor of Mérida from 1976 to 1978.
Granja Ricalde died on 2 November 2021 in Mérida at the age of 79.
Terrence Evans
Terrence Horace Evans (June 20, 1934 – August 7, 2015) was American actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role as Baltrim in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. He also portrayed Old Monty in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre and Massacre: The Beginning.
Garhi Daulatzai
Garhi Daulatzai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has height of 294 metres (967 feet).
Mayor of Moscow
The Mayor of the City of Moscow is head of the executive branch of the political system in Moscow, the Government of Moscow. The mayor's office is in charge of all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within Moscow.
The budget overseen by the mayor's office is the largest municipal budget in the Russian Federation.
Butte Falls, Oregon
Butte Falls is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States.
Cassie Ventura
Casandra Elizabeth Ventura (better known as Cassie; born August 26, 1986) is an American singer, actress, model and dancer. She began her career by way of meeting record producer Ryan Leslie in late 2004.
Cassie's self titled first album was released in August 2006. It peaked at #4 on the Billboard 200. It has the Billboard Hot 100 Top 3 hit "Me & U". She released the song "Official Girl" (which also had Lil Wayne) in 2008. Then she released "Let's Get Crazy" with Akon and "Must be Love" with Sean "Diddy" Combs.
Cassie is signed up to modeling agency Wilhelmina Models and One Management. She earlier modeled for Calvin Klein one. She has been shown in magazines, like GQ.
Cassie made her movie start as Sophie Donovan in the dance movie Step Up 2: The Streets in 2008. She also sang the lead song "Is it You" from the Step Up 2 soundtrack.
Cassie was born in New London, Connecticut.
Gold Hill, Oregon
Gold Hill is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States.
Atmospheric chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is connected with other areas of study such as climatology.
Studying the atmosphere includes studying the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar particles from the Sun's corona. It has also been changed by human activity. Some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems include acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Atmospheric chemists study the causes of these problems. Atmospheric chemists offer theories about these problems, then test the theories and possible solutions. Atmospheric chemists also note the effects of changes in government policy.
Atmospheric composition
Notes: the concentration of CO2 and CH4 vary by season and location. The mean molecular mass of air is 28.97 g/mol.
History
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents with very small concentrations. One important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840.
The concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and so have the chemical processes which make and destroy compounds in the air. Two important examples of this were the explanation by Sydney Chapman and Gordon Dobson of how the ozone layer is created and maintained, and the explanation of photochemical smog by Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland.
In the 21st century the focus is now shifting again. Atmospheric chemistry is increasingly studied as one part of the Earth system. Before, scientists focused on atmospheric chemistry in isolation. Now, scientists study atmospheric chemistry as one part of a single system with the rest of the atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. A reason for this is the links between chemistry and climate. For example, changing climate and the recovery of the ozone hole affect each other. Also, the composition of the atmosphere interact with the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems.
Methodology
Observations, lab measurements and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry. All three methods are used together. For example, observations may tell that more of a chemical compound exists than previously thought possible. This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained.
Observation
Observations of atmospheric chemistry are important. Scientist record data about the chemical composition of air over time to watch for any changes. One example of this is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which show a steady rise in of the concentration of carbon dioxide. Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made in observatories such as that on Mauna Loa and on mobile platforms such as aircraft, ships and balloons. Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by satellites giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but provide data from a limited vertical and horizontal space. Some surface based instruments such as LIDAR can provide concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but are still restricted in the horizontal region they cover. Many observations are shared on-line.
Lab measurements
Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature. Lab studies tell which gases react with each other and how fast they react. Scientists measure reactions in the gas phase, on surfaces and in water. Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are. Scientists also study thermodynamic data such as Henry's law coefficients.
Jonstorp
Jonstorp is a locality in Höganäs Municipality in the northwestern parts of Skåne County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,880 people lived there.
Garyala
Garyala is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°16'0N 72°13'0E and has a height of 317 metres (1043 feet).
The Narrative (band)
The Narrative is an American indie rock band formed in 2006 in Long Island, New York. At first there were 3 members, Suzie Zeldin, Jesse Gabriel and Charilie Seich. Now there are 2 members, Suzie Zeldin (vocals and keys) and Jesse Gabriel (vocal and guitar). They are related to Lydia and Dashboard Confessional. They have released one studio album: The Narrative and 4 EPs: Just Say Yes, Nothing Without You, Kickstarter and B-Sides and Seasides.
John Schlesinger
John Richard Schlesinger, CBE (16 February 1926 – 25 July 2003) was a British movie director. He was born into a Jewish family in London. He was openly gay. He died of a stroke in Palm Springs, California, United States.
Schlesinger's acting career began in the 1950s. He started to direct in 1956. By the 1960s he was not acting so he could just direct. His documentary Terminus (1961), got a Venice Film Festival Gold Lion and a British Academy Award. A Kind of Loving won the Golden Bear award at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival in 1962. Schlesinger's movie, Midnight Cowboy (1969), made in the United States, was internationally successful. A story of two hustlers living on the fringe in the bad side of New York City, it was Schlesinger's first movie shot in the U.S. It won Oscars for Best Director and Best Picture. In 1996 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.
Jacksonville, Oregon
Jacksonville is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States.
Battle of the Dnieper
The Battle of the Dnieper involved about four million troups (Soviet and German). They fought over land and the Dnieper River totalling 870 miles for four months. Soviet army won.
Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi
Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi, Rahasya Bhi is an Indian television historical drama. The series will be broadcast on from Sony Entertainment Television (India).
Plot
The story follows the life journey of two kings. Prithvi Vallabh, king of Avantipur, a kind of peaceful man and Tailap, the neighboring King, who is very cruel.
Prithvi is captured and imprisoned. He falls in love with Tailap's sister Mrinalvati.
Social drinking
Social drinking is the name for the consumption of alcoholic drinks in a social setting; people who are social drinkers do this with friends. Many cultures frown upon isolating people because they drink alcohol, and because they may have a problem with alcohol dependence. People meet to celebrate an occasion, which also permits them to drink alcohol without being frowned upon.
Bruno Latour
Bruno Latour (22 June 1947 – 9 October 2022) was a French philosopher. Known for his work in science and technology, Latour has taught at several universities, including École des Mines de Paris, Sciences Po and London School of Economics. Latour has also authored several books, including Laboratory Life (1979), Science in Action (1987) and We Have Never Been Modern (1991). In 2007, he was the tenth most-cited author in the field of social sciences.
Biography
Latour received a Ph.D. in theology from Université de Tours. He became interested in anthropology and went to Ivory Coast to do fieldwork for a paper on race and colonies.
In 1982, Latour started teaching at École des Mines de Paris. In 2005, he took the position of Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. He finished teaching at École des Mines de Paris in 2006 to become a scientific director at Sciences Po. In 2017, he retired from most university activities.
Latour died from pancreatic cancer on 9 October 2022 in Paris, France at the age of 75.
Slayed?
Slayed? is a 1972 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's third studio album, released as the first since their rise to fame. A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.
The album featured the two singles "Mama Weer All Crazee Now" and "Gudbuy T'Jane".
Caillou
Caillou is an Canadian children's animated television series based on a series of books of the same name by author Christine L'Heureux and illustrator Hélène Desputeaux. Caillou was first voiced by Bryn McAuley, then Jaclyn Linetsky. Due to the latter's death in 2003, she was replaced with Annie Bovaird.
About the show
The show is about a young boy named Caillou who lives with his mother Doris, his father Boris, his little sister Rosie, and his pet cat Gilbert. Mr. Hinkle lives next door to Caillou's house.
Broadcast airs
The series originally aired on Teletoon in Canada. It also aired on PBS Kids, Sprout and Cartoonito in the United States, The show will also be shown in the upcoming Nick Jr. series Kawaii Club.
Caillou
Caillou (meaning pebble or stone in French), nicknamed by himself The Prince of Imagination, is the title character of the show. Caillou was first voiced by Bryn McAuley from 1997 to 2000, then Jaclyn Linetsky in 2000 until 2003, and then, due to Linetsky's death, Annie Bovaird from 2003 to 2010. Caillou was first shown in the episode "Caillou Makes Cookies", which aired in 1997.
Caillou is an imaginative four-year-old boy with a love for forms of transportive machinery such as rocket ships and airplanes. A dreamer, Caillou is inclined to frequent dream sequences in some episodes, visualizing his daydreams and wishes, and many episodes describe his normal daily experiences with his parents, friends, and neighbours. Caillou particularly loves his stuffed dinosaur, Rexy, and teddy bear, Teddy, along with his pet cat Gilbert, all of whom are depicted as puppets in segments featured in the earlier episodes.
Episodes
Caillou has a total of five seasons of 144 half-hour episodes, as well as the 90-minute movie Caillou's Holiday Movie.
Book Series
The books have been published by Chouette Publishing Inc since 1989. When the first Caillou book of the Caillou book series was made.
Production
The series was originally broadcast in French in Canada, and the episodes were later translated into English. The original books were also in French. Caillou was designed primarily for toddlers. It was created by child developmental psychologists. In 1997, 65 five-minute episodes of Caillou were aired in Canada and in selected markets worldwide, including the US. In 2000 there were 40 30-minute episodes of the show, containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segment and puppets. This was followed by another 16 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories in 2003. The film Caillou's Holiday Movie was released on October 7, 2003. On April 3, 2006, a new set of 20 episodes finally premiered after a three-year hiatus. Caillou started attending preschool and there were new themes and a new opening. The show was renewed for a second and third season in 2003, and later a fourth season. The fifth season was animated by South Africa-based studio Clockwork Zoo.
On November 14, 2012, the fourth season of the series was pre-sold to PBS Kids in the United States.
McLean County, North Dakota
McLean County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 9,771 people lived there. The county seat is Washburn.
McKenzie County, North Dakota
McKenzie County is a county of the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, 14,704 people lived there. The county seat is Watford City.
List of Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations
This page is an incomplete list of awards and nominations of Shahrukh Khan, an Indian actor. He has won 14 Filmfare Awards, 9 Star Screen Awards, 3 IIFA Awards, 8 Zee Cine Awards, 3 Bollywood Movie Awards, 2 Global Indian Film Awards & many other awards. He also has won all the Best Actor Awards at Star's Sabsey Favourite Kaun Awards. He was also honoured Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in the Field of Entertainment in 2002 & Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2005.
Filmfare Awards
Shahrukh Khan has won 8 Filmfare Best Actor Awards in his 19 year career.
Star Screen Awards
Winner
Central German
Central German (mitteldeutsche Dialekte, mitteldeutsche Mundarten, Mitteldeutsch) is a variant of two subgroups, West Central German and East Central German. Central German is spoken in Berlin, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, and Frankfurt.
List of Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations
Star Screen Awards
Nominated
International Indian Film Academy Awards
Winner
Nominated
Zee Cine Awards
Winner
Nominated Special Award
Nanaia Mahuta
Nanaia Cybele Mahuta (born 21 August 1970) is a New Zealand politician. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hauraki-Waikato. She became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in November 2020. She is also the Minister of Local Government and was Minister for Māori Development from 2017 to 2020.
List of Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations
Bollywood Movie Awards
Winner
Global Indian Film Awards
Winner Nominated
Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards
Winner Nominated
Other recognitions
In 2004, Time magazine in their third annual special on Asia's heroes selected him along with 19 other Asians as the "20 Asian Heroes under the age of 40".
In 2005 he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of National Geographic magazine dated February 2005. This was a rare honour extended by National Geographic since unlike many other magazines celebrities are not their natural choice for a cover image.
He is the only Indian to receive UNESCO Pyramide con Marni award for his charity work in 2011.
Shady Cove, Oregon
Shady Cove is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States.
Bambi Meets Godzilla
Bambi Meets Godzilla is a two-minute short cartoon which is known as Godzilla Meets Bambi who is created by Marv Newland in 1969. It features the characters Bambi and Godzilla. It is ranked as #38 in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons, written in 1994.
Two sequels were later made that were not created by Newland: Son of Bambi Meets Godzilla and Bambi's Revenge.
Plot
In the opening credits, Bambi is seen grazing while Call to the Dairy Cows from Gioachino Rossini's opera William Tell (1829) plays in the background. After the credits, Bambi looks up to see Godzilla's foot coming down on him, crushing him (set to "A Day in the Life" by The Beatles). After this, the closing credits play over an image of Godzilla's foot.
Talent, Oregon
Talent is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. Most of the town burned down on September 8, 2020, because of the Almeda fire.
Guitar Hero: Aerosmith
Some of the songs featured in the game include "Combination", "Kings and Queens", "Train Kept A Rollin" and "Mama Kin".
Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany (Toscana), in Italy. From 1865 to 1870 the city was also the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Florence is on the Arno River. The city has a population of around 370,000 people, and a suburban population of over 2,000,000 people. The greater area has around 956,000 people. The city was a center of medieval European trade and finance. It is often considered the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and was long ruled by the Medici family. Florence is also famous for its fine art and architecture. It is said that, of the 1,000 most important European artists of the second millennium, 350 lived or worked in Florence.