cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
2013–14 Hull City A.F.C. season
Hull City's 2013–14 season is their first season back in the Premier League after finishing second in the Npower Championship last season and gaining automatic promotion.
Frank Gardiner
Bushranger
Frank Gardiner was also called 'The Darkie'. He became a bushranger with John Peisley and robbed people on the roads near Cowra. In July 1861 he shot and wounded two policemen, Sergeant John Middleton and Trooper Hosie who had tried to capture him. He was captured but managed to escape. Trooper Hosie is thought to have taken a bribe and let him go. Gardiner and Peisley went to hide in the Weddin Mountains and joined up with other bushrangers John Gilbert and Ben Hall. The gang was able to move too quickly for the police to catch up because they had help from local people. On 15 June 1862 near Eugowra the gang robbed the gold coach and got away with £14,000. This is about $4 million in 2003 money value. This was Australia's biggest gold robbery. Other men in the gang were Daniel Charters, John Fordyce, John Bow and Henry Manns. The police were quickly at the scene of the robbery and began following the gang. The police found the horse used to carry the gold and recovered most of it. A couple of days later the police were able to capture Gardiner and two other gang members. The next day, six bushrangers led by John Gilbert, held up the police and released Gardiner. The police watched all Gardiner's friends very closely. Many were arrested. Gardiner and Kate Brown decided it was not safe to stay.
Exile
On 27 July Gardiner left Australia and by February 1875 he was in San Francisco. He ran a hotel called the Twilight Saloon. The Australian newspapers often had stories about him. He married a rich widow and had twin sons, some even writing he had died in a gunfight in Colorado in 1903. Most of these stories could not be proved. A lot of the gold stolen in the Eugowra robbery was retreived back by the police, Gardiner's share was never found. There are stories of unknown Americans digging on the site of Frank Gardiner's old house in 1910. Were these Frank's sons searching for the missing gold?
Hanover County, Virginia
Hanover County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 106,374 people lived there. Its county seat is Hanover Courthouse.
Myall Creek massacre
The Myall Creek Massacre was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay indigenous people by European settlers. It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.
Chico, Texas
Chico is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Kaumodaki
Kaumodaki is the most powerful gada(mace) in the Hindu mythology.It is Lord Vishnu 's weapon .In some texts it's written that the mace was gifted by Varuna ( Lord of the waters in Hindu mythlogy) in the dwapara yuga to Lord Krishna to help Agni and fight Indra.
Lütisburg
Lütisburg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
Civil government in Portugal
In Portugal, the civil governments (Portuguese: Governos Civis, singular Governo Civil) are the groups of public administration that represent the government at the district level. Each civil government is led by an administrative magistrate and the civil governor (Governador Civil). The administrative magistrate is a delegate of the central government. The civil governor is chosen by the Council of Ministers. The civil government operated under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Administration.
The role of Civil Governments has become smaller since their creation in 1835. At first, they had many powers as representatives of the central government. They also made certiain that all State services within the district worked together. They now serve as a local delegations of the Ministry of Internal Administration. Their responsibilties inclue issuing passports, public safety, and elections.
In 2011, Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho ended all Civil Governments with Decree-Law No. 114/2011 of 30 November. That law gave all of the powers of the civil governments to other groups. These include the Municipal Chambers, the police, the National Republican Guard and the National Authority for Civil Protection). No civil governors have been appointed since this time but the post was created by the Constitution and still exists
.
Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 and then the first Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. He was the son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Maria Salviati.
Marriage and family
In 1539, he married Eleonora di Toledo (1522–1562). She died, with her sons Giovanni and Garzia, in 1562, aged forty. All three of them died from malaria while traveling to Pisa.
With Eleonora, Cosimo fathered eleven children:
After Eleonora's death in 1562, Cosimo fathered two children with his mistress Eleonora degli Albrizzi:
In 1570, Cosimo married Camilla Martelli:
Jack Stewart (ice hockey)
John Sherratt "Black Jack" Stewart (May 6, 1917 – May 25, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks. He is in the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Ahmedabad district
Ahmedabad district is a district in India which has the city of Ahmedabad. The Sabarmati River runs through its center. On the western bank is the Gandhi Ashram at Sabarmati, which displays the spiritual leader's living quarters and artifacts. Across the river, the Calico Museum of Textiles, once a cloth merchant's mansion, has a large amount of antique and modern fabrics.
Henry County, Virginia
Henry County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, 54,151 people lived there. Its county seat is Martinsville.
Couque de Dinant
The Couque de Dinant (Cake of Dinant) is an extremely hard and sweet biscuit. It is a traditional biscuit of the southern Belgian city of Dinant in Wallonia.
Preparation
Couques are made with three ingredients: wheat, flour and honey. Preparation is fairly easy: The same amount of each ingredient is added, and nothing else. For example, neither water nor yeast are added. The dough is put in a wooden mould. The wood is obtained from pear tree, walnut tree or beech tree. The moulds have many different shapes. These includes animals, floral patterns, people or landscapes.
The biscuit is cooked in an oven preheated to around 300 C for 15 minutes. This allows the honey to caramelize. On cooling, the biscuit becomes very hard. It can be preserved indefinitely. Couques can be displayed as decoration as they will not rot. They are used as Christmas tree ornaments, or used to commemorate special occasions.
A different type, the couque de Rins also adds sugar to the dough. It is sweeter and softer as a result.
Consumption
Couques de Dinant cannot be bitten as they are very large and hard. They are instead broken into small pieces. The pieces can then be bitten, sucked, left to melt in the mouth or be soaked in coffee. Couques de Dinant have been traditionally given to babies during teething.
Dinant bakeries see large sales over the summer season due to tourists. The consumption of couques is highest near Saint Nicholas Day in December. At that time of year, they are sold and eaten all over Belgium.
Origins
It is more clear that couque began to appear some time in the 18th century. The exact circumstances of its invention are unclear though.
Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Gironde
Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Dickey County, North Dakota
Dickey County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 5,289 people lived there. The county seat is Ellendale.
History
Dickey County was discovered on July 17, 1839, when an expedition was sent into the lands by the US Government.
The first city, Ellendale, was established in 1881. The county was established shortly after.
Geography
Dickey County lies on the south side of North Dakota. Its south boundary line abuts the north boundary line of the state of South Dakota. The James River flows south-southeasterly through the east part of the county, and the Maple River flows south-southwesterly through the center part of the county. The county terrain consists of rolling hills, dotted with lakes and ponds in its western portion, with the area devoted to agriculture.The terrain slopes to the south and east, with its highest point being a hill near the SW corner at 2,139' (652m) ASL. The county has a total area of 1,142 square miles (2,960 km2), of which 1,131 square miles (2,930 km2) is land and 11 square miles (28 km2) (0.9%) is water.
Say (All I Need)
"Say (All I Need)" is a song by pop rock band OneRepublic from their debut album Dreaming Out Loud. Although the song has not yet been planned for single release, it got a lot of high digital download sales after the album's release, and charted, meaning it may be the third single from the album.
Limbourg
Limbourg or Limburg is a medieval city in the Belgian province of Liège. It was founded in the 11th century.
Caersws railway station
Caersws railway station (Gorsaf reilffordd Caersŵs) is a train station in the village of Caersws in Powys, Wales. It is managed by Transport for Wales and opened in 1863.
Limbourg
In 2007 its population was 5644.
Caersws railway station
The station is on the Cambrian Line between Shrewsbury in England and Aberystwyth and Pwllheli.
Limbourg
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 56 East.
Caersws railway station
It is notable as there is 22 miles (35 km) between this station and Machynlleth station, the longest distance between two intermediate stations in the whole of Wales.
The station is unstaffed, meaning that there are no members of staff that work at the station.
Services
Transport for Wales manage the station and also run all the trains that stop there. Their trains run west to Aberystwyth and Pwllheli and east to Shrewsbury. The trains that run east usually continue past Shrewsbury and end at Birmingham International, the station that serves Birmingham Airport.
Trains from Caersws station are usually every two hours in each direction from Monday to Saturday, with some extra trains in the morning and evening for commuters travelling to and from work. On Sundays, trains also run every two hours, but there are fewer trains to Pwllheli.
Saint-Laurent-du-Bois
Saint-Laurent-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Singapore River
The Singapore River is a river in Singapore. It flows from the Central Area of Singapore to the ocean. It is 11000 m long. Its mouth was used as a port. In the past, it was a very busy place because of the spice trade. It became very polluted and was cleaned up from 1977 to 1987.
Nico Nicolaiewsky
Nelson "Nico" Nicolaiewsky (9 June 1957 – 7 February 2014) was a Brazilian actor, musician, composer and comedian. He was best known for performing with Hique Gomez for over thirty years. He was born in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.
Nicolaiewsky died from leukemia on 7 February 2014 in Porto Alegre, aged 56.
DWRX
DWRX (93.1 FM) broadcasting as Monster RX 93.1 is a commercial radio station owned and operated by Audiovisual Communicators. Its soon to be studio will be located at 15 West Avenue, corner Nayong Kanluran, Quezon City and transmitter is located at 17th Floor of Strata 2000 Building., F. Ortigas Jr Road, Ortigas Center, Pasig City.
Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism is a type of liberalism. It is a belief in economics and a political ideology. It is about civil and economic freedom.
Classical liberals believe in a small government, and believe that people will be ruled mostly by natural law. They believe that people have inalienable rights, which is to say rights that cannot be taken away. They also believe in a free market and property rights.
Notable people who developed classical liberalism during the 18th and 19th century are Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Thomas Jefferson. More recently, in the mid-20th century, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman were in favor. Many of the beliefs of classical liberalism are similar to those of libertarianism, in addition to some forms of conservatism.
Deerfield, Kansas
Deerfield is a city in Kearny County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, 700 people lived there.
Mansour Koushan
Mansour Koushan (26 December 1948 – 16 February 2014) was a prominent Iranian author, playwright, poet, journalist and director of movies and plays. He has published 14 collections of poetry and short stories, 7 novels, 12 books of analysis on Culture, Literature, Society and politics, and hundreds of analytical essays, and more than 30 plays. While in Iran, he was an active member of the Council of the Association of Iranian Writers.
Deerfield, Kansas
Geography
Deerfield is at 37.98194°N, -101.13472°W (37.982081, -101.134848).
Mansour Koushan
From 1967 to 1977 he was editor of four independent literary periodicals in Iran. In addition, Koushan presided over the newspaper Takapou in 1996 before it was shut down for being the sole outlet to publish the "1994 Declaration of 134 Iranian Writers," a letter against censorship that would result in the deaths of many of its signatories at the hands of the Iranian regime's secret service.
Koushan has directed movies and plays for TV and staged 7 plays by international writers. In December 1998, Koushan traveled to Norway to deliver a speech at the 50th anniversary of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights Charter. During this time, the first instances of kidnapping and killing of Iranian writers and intellectuals began, and he was forced to remain in exile.
Deerfield, Kansas
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 0.47 sqmi. All of it is land.
Mansour Koushan
Mansour Koushan was the artistic manager and director for the Sølvberg Theater in Stavanger, Norway from 2000 to 2006. He won the 2010 Carl von Ossietzky prize, awarded annually to a writer for his outstanding efforts for human rights and freedom of speech.
Koushan died from gastric cancer on 16 February 2014 in Stavanger. He was 65. At the time he was the chief editor of a Persian quarterly on literature culture and art called Jonge Zaman.
Deerfield, Kansas
2010 census
As of the 2010 census says that there were 700 people, 235 households, and 180 families living in the city.
Education
Deerfield is part of Deerfield USD 216 public school district.
Mosley Music Group
Mosley Music Group is a record label created by record producer Tim "Timbaland" Mosley.
Mercedes-Benz R-Class
Mercedes-Benz R-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz introduced in 2005. The model wasn't a strong seller for Mecedes-Benz and was discontinued in 2012 without a replacement.
Stop and Stare
"Stop and Stare" is the second single by pop rock band OneRepublic, produced by Greg Wells, from their debut album Dreaming Out Loud. "Stop and Stare" was released to US radio on November 27, 2007.
Safeway Inc.
Safeway, Inc. nyse: SWY is the third-largest supermarket chain in North America. The company has around 198,000 employees worldwide. In some of the Safeway stores, they have fuel stations where they allow customers to use a phone number or club (loyalty) card to receive fuel savings. Safeway stores also have a Safeway ATM Network. The name "Safeway" came from a contest that was held in 1925 to develop a name for the store and Safeway was chosen. Safeway has stores in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, West Germany, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
Arrondissement of Roanne
The arrondissement of Roanne is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Loire département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Roanne.
History
When the Loire department was created in 1793, the arrondissement of Roanne was part of that original department.
Shuin
Goshuin is a seal or impression of a Shinto shrine or temple that is stamped on visitors. In addition to affixing the seal, it is common to have the date of worship, the name of the temple, the enshrined deity, the name of the principal image, etc. They are written in black ink. Also, the notebook used to receive Goshuin is called "Goshuin-cho".
Arrondissement of Roanne
Geography
The arrondissement of Roanne is bordered to the north by the Saône-et-Loire department, to the east by the Rhône department, to the south by the arrondissement of Montbrison, to the southwest by the Puy-de-Dôme department, and to the west by the Allier department.
It is the most northern arrondissement of the department; it has an area of 1779.9 km2, and a population of 157,268 inhabitants with a density of inhabitants/km².
Cantons
In the arrondissement of Roanne there are 6 cantons:
Communes
The arrondissement of Roanne has 115 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:
Saint-Laurent-du-Plan
Saint-Laurent-du-Plan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Axiom
An axiom is a concept in logic. It is a statement which is assumed to be true without question, and which does not require proof. It is also known as a postulate (as in the parallel postulate). The axiom is to be used as the premise or starting point for further reasoning or arguments, usually in logic or in mathematics.
This means it cannot be proved within the discussion of a problem. So inside some discussion, it is thought to be true. There are many reasons why it has no proof. For example,
Logic can be used to find theorems from the axioms. Then those theorems can be used to make more theorems. This is often how math works. Axioms are important because logical arguments start with them.
Euclid's axioms
Euclid of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician. Around the year 300 BC, he made the earliest list of axioms which we know of. The following are just a few of them:
Stinky
Stinky could mean:
Archer County, Texas
Archer County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 8,560 people lived there. The county seat is Archer City.
Stauroteuthis syrtensis
Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a species of small pelagic octopus. It is also known as the glowing sucker octopus. The octopus is found at great depths in the north Atlantic Ocean. It is one of a very small number of octopuses to have bioluminescence, meaning it can create light.
The mantle length of Stauroteuthis syrtensis is about 5 to 10 cm and its width about 4 cm. The fins are some 4 to 6 cm in width. The eight arms are of unequal length, the longest extending to about 35 cm.
KANA-BOON
KANA-BOON is a Japanese rock band. They are from Osaka and now they live and work in Tokyo. They made their debut in 2013 and released a lot of mini CDs and albums until now. And there are many of their fans not only in Japan but also in foreign countries.
Band members
KANA-BOON was formed by four members at first. They have the role of rhythm guitar and vocals, lead guitar, bass guitar, and drums. But it is now a three-piece band after some members left the band.
Current members
Maguro Taniguchi is responsible for the vocals and the rhythm guitar.
Hayato Koga is responsible for the lead guitar.
Previous members
Hiroaki Hirose was responsible for the bass guitar.
Biography
KANA-BOON was formed by them in 2006 when they were high school students.
After they graduated from high school, they began to work in earnest as a band in 2010.
Hiroaki Hirose, the bass guitarist, left and Yuma Meshida joined in 2011.
They were chosen for the Grand Prix out of 4000 bands in the audition in April 2012.
They made their major debut from Ki/oon Music (music label) in 2013.
Yuma Meshida left KANA-BOON in 2018.
Discography
They have released many discographies for about 7 years since they made their debut. And they had already released self-produced records before the debut. These are some representative works.
→Boku ga CD wo dashitara (2013, mini album)
TIME (2015, album)
Origin (2016, album)
NAMiDA (2017, album)
Star Marker (2020, mini CD)
Torch of Liberty (2020, mini CD)
Collaboration
They also have collaborated with some Japanese Animation, and these are some representative works.
→Silhouette (The opening theme of Naruto: Hurricane Chronicles)
Fighter (The opening theme of MOBILE SUIT GUNDAM IRON-BLOODED ORPHANS)
Baton Road (The opening theme of Boruto: Naruto Next Generation)
Star Marker (The opening theme of My Hero Academia)
Torch of Liberty (The opening theme of Fire Force)
Recently, they have collaborated with Japanese animation every time they released a new single. And sometimes their songs are collaborated with some TV commercials, games, and movies.
Concert
They have held a lot of concerts since they made a major debut.
They held a one-man concert at nine places in Japan from May 17th to June 21st in 2014.
They also held an open-air one-man concert in Izumiotsu city, Osaka prefecture in 2014.
In 2015, 2016, and 2017, along with releasing albums in each year, TIME, Origin, and NAMiDA, they held three one-man concerts in many prefectures in Japan. That was especially the first time for them to hold a concert in a foreign country in 2016.
In 2018, they held a one-man concert and went all over the prefectures in Japan and Taiwan.
But even with this COVID-19 situation in 2020, They held online one-man concerts and joined in other online lives.
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous period is the ninth and longest period in the Phanerozoic eon, lasting 80 million years from 145 to 65 million years ago (mya). It followed the Jurassic period, and is the third and last period of the Mesozoic era. After it came the Cainozoic era. The Cretaceous period has just two very long epochs: The Lower Cretaceous at ~45 million years, is the longest epoch in the Phanerozoic eon.
Though famous for its land fauna, the Cretaceous sea level rose much higher than today. North America was partly covered by an epicontinental inland sea, and half of Britain was under water. One account goes as follows: "During the Late Cretaceous (94–64 mya) sea level was up to 650 metres higher than at the start of the Albian, when it was perhaps about the same as it is today... The peak transgressions (sea levels) can be seen world-wide. There were rises of sea level of about 10–90 metres per m.y."
In the Upper Cretaceous, chalk, a type of limestone, was laid down in warm shallow seas. Chalk is 95% to 99% made up of coccoliths, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which tiny single-celled algae (coccolithophorids) produce. At its end came the famous meteorite strike which, with the volcanic flood basalts spewed out in the Deccan Plateau (India), ended so many of the dominant life-forms: see K/T extinction event.
Limburg an der Lahn
Limburg an der Lahn (Limburg on the Lahn river) is a German town and the capital of the Kreis Limburg-Weilburg in the west of Hesse.
Rusty Schweickart
Russell Louis "Rusty" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot. He is also a former business executive and government executive.
He is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first manned flight test of the Lunar Module.
Schweickart was born in Neptune, New Jersey. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lewistown, Montana
Lewistown is a city in and the county seat of Fergus County, Montana, United States. The population was 5,901 at the 2010 census.
Lewistown is located in central Montana, the geographic center of the state, southeast of Great Falls. Big Spring Creek (Montana) flows through the town. The Big Snowy Mountains are nearby.
Mullsjö, Nordmaling Municipality
Mullsjö is a minor locality in Nordmaling Municipality, Sweden. In 2010, 76 people lived there.
Joan Roberts
Joan Roberts (July 15, 1917 – August 13, 2012) was an American movie, television, and stage actress. She was known for her role as Laurey in Oklahoma!.
Globe, Arizona
Globe (nicknamed: "Place of Metal") is a city in Gila County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 7,532. The city is the county seat of Gila County.
Joan Roberts
Roberts was born on July 15, 1917 in New York City, New York. Roberts was married to John J. Donlon from 1946 until his death in 1965. She was married to Alexander Peter from 1966 until his death in 1993. Roberts had a son with Donlon. Roberts died on August 13, 2012 from heart failure in her home in Stamford, Connecticut, aged 95.
Springfield Model 1795 Musket
The US Springfield Model 1795 Musket was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States. It was based on the French Model 1763 Charleville musket and like the French design was a .69 caliber musket. The Charleville and the Brown Bess were the two most famous muskets during the 18th century. The Charleville musket had been the primary musket used by Americans during the American Revolutionary War. The Charleville being the more accurate of the two, it was selected as the model for a new American musket.
History
About the middle of the 18th century, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville model. Whitney, like other contractors, had been given 2 or 3 to work with.
The Model 1795 muskets were the first muskets produced at the Springfield Armory and also the Harpers Ferry Armory. The Harpers Ferry Armory did not begin producing the muskets until 1798 at the earliest and more probably started around 1800. There were some distinct differences in the muskets produced at the two armories. The models from the Springfield Armory have dates of manufacture on the lockplate and have an eagle stamp with the word "Springfield". Between 1795 and 1816, the Springfield Armory produced about 85,000 muskets. Between the two armories, some 700,000 muskets were produced between 1795 and 1844. This makes it the longest production run in American history. The Springfield musket was used in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and even the American Civil War. They were also carried on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The Springfield Armory
Created in 1777, during the American Revolution the arsenal stored muskets, cannon, and other weapons. When France entered the war on the side of the United States, the large stores of arms and ammunition were sent to Springfield for storage and to be sent to the troops. After the war there were large supplies of Charleville muskets stored at Springfield. When the US decided to manufacture its own muskets, Springfield had a daunting task ahead of it. The government had to start up arms factories with no past experience in doing so. When Whitney was awarded the contract (for five years) he was paid most of the money up front. The contract paid Whitney $13.40 per musket when it was determined the Springfield armory could make them for $10 each. The reason they did this was to learn from Whitney and other contractors how the weapon was produced and assembled efficiently. When government inspectors saw talented workers at various contractor's factories, they would often persuade them to come work at Springfield. By the 1840s the government no longer saw the need to pay contractors the higher prices and would award contracts based on the best bid.
Juliana Awada
María Juliana Awada (born April 3, 1974) is an Argentine socialite. She was the First Lady of Argentina, from 2015 until 2019. She is the wife of former President Mauricio Macri.
She is the first First Lady of Argentina to receive the honor of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic in 70 years and the second in history after Eva Perón in 1947.
In 2016 she was chosen the most elegant First Lady in the world by ¡Hola! magazine.
Loren Acton
Loren Wilber Acton (born March 7, 1936) is an American physicist and politician. He flew on Space Shuttle mission STS-51-F as a Payload Specialist for the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. He was born Lewistown, Montana. He did scientific studies of the Sun and other celestial objects using advanced space instruments. He was a co-investigator on one of the Spacelab 2 solar experiments, the Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter.
Acton ran for local office as a Montana state representative as a Democrat, but lost the election in 2006.
Peter Ustinov
Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov CBE FRSA (born Peter Alexander Baron von Ustinow; 16 April 1921 – 28 March 2004) was an English actor, filmmaker and writer. He portrayed lead roles in the movies Spartacus, Death on the Nile, Evil Under the Sun, Quo Vadis, and Topkaki.
Early and personal life
Ustinov was born on 16 April 1921 in Swiss Cottage, London Borough of Camden. He studied at the Westminster School. He was married to Isolde Denham from 1940 until they divorced in 1950. He later married Suzanne Cloutier from 1954 until they divorced in 1971. He was then married to Helene de Lau d'Allemans from 1972 until his death in 2004. He lived in Bursins, Vaud, Switzerland and had three children.
Death
Ustinov died on 28 March 2004 in Genolier, Vaud, Switzerland from heart failure, aged 82.
Awards
Ustinov won two Academy Awards, a Silver Bear Award, a BAFTA Award, three Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a Grammy Award.
Pentti Holappa
Pentti Vihtori Holappa (11 August 1927 – 10 October 2017) was a Finnish poet, writer and politician. He was born in Ylikiiminki.
Holappa held many jobs before becoming a political journalist and eventually obtaining a government post. He was self-educated, but produced around fifteen volumes of poetry, as well as several novels and essays. He also worked as a translator; among the poets and authors whose work he translated into Finnish are Charles Baudelaire, Pierre Reverdy, and J. M. G. Le Clézio. He received the Finlandia Prize in 1998 for his novel Ystävän muotokuva: Portrait of a Friend.
Between February and October 1972, Holappa was Minister of Culture and Education in Finland's Ministry of Education, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland.
Holappa died in Helsinki, Finland, on 10 October 2017 of breathing problems at the age of 90.
Mercedes-Benz C-Class
Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a luxury car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993. It is currently in its fourth generation. The C-Class is the most popular Mercedes-Benz. It is the main competitor of the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4. The interior is made up of soft-touch leather and aluminium. It is priced in between the A-Class and the E–Class. To be more specific, a base model C-Class can be priced at around 41,000 dollars.
Patricia Janečková
Patricia Janečková (born on 18 June 1998) is a Slovak singer. She was the winner of the Czecho–Slovak television show Talentmania in December 2010. She became famous through the broadcasting of CNN television at once after the winning.
Janečková was born in Germany.
Apologize (song)
"Apologize" is a song released by OneRepublic. It is on their first album, Dreaming Out Loud. The song charted well around the world. It reached number one in Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Turkey, The Netherlands and the United World Chart. The song has reached the United States and United Kingdom Top 5. It spent thirteen weeks at number one in Canada. It was ranked 15th in the Year End Chart of the United World Chart.
The Fray
The Fray is a rock band formed in 2002. The band's debut album How to Save a Life (album) was released September 2005. The Fray released 1 studio album, 2 live albums, and 2 EP's. The Fray created singles How to Save a Life, Over My Head (Cable Car), Look After You, Vienna, and All at Once.
Shock Value (Timbaland album)
Shock Value is the second solo studio album by record producer Timbaland. It is his fifth album overall. The album has a long list of guest artists, including Fall Out Boy, Justin Timberlake, The Hives, Keri Hilson, Nelly Furtado, Missy Elliott, 50 Cent, Dr. Dre, OneRepublic, Elton John, Magoo and Nicole Scherzinger.
Sales and certifications
The album debuted at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200, with 138,000 copies sold. It debuted at number ten in the United Kingdom. On the week of July 22, it went to number five. The album then reached number two in the UK and number thirteen in France.
The album was certified Platinum in Canada (100,000 units) by the CRIA in August 2007. On the Australian ARIA Albums Chart, Shock Value was certified 3x Platinum with sales of 210,000+ copies.
In BBC Radio 1's end of year chart for 2007, Shock Value was the ninth most bought album in the UK.
Track listing
Notes
Shock Value 2008 Tour
The Shock Value 2008 Tour was supposed to be Timbaland's concert tour to support his album, Timbaland Presents: Shock Value. Dates in Australia and New Zealand were announced. However, the tour was canceled one day before it was going to begin due to scheduling conflicts in Europe.
Maggie Philbin
Margaret Elizabeth Philbin (born 23 June 1955) is an English television and radio presenter. She is best known for presenting the BBC programmes Tomorrow's World and Multi-Coloured Swap Shop.
Shirley Johnson
Shirley Johnson (December 14, 1937 – January 14, 2021) was an American politician. She was a member of the Republican Party. Johnson was born in Detroit, Michigan. From 1981 to 1992 and 1993 to 1998, Johnson was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives. From 1999 to 2004, she was a member of the Michigan Senate.
Johnson died on January 14, 2021 in Royal Oak, Michigan at the age of 83.
Four color theorem
The four color theorem is a theorem of mathematics. It says that in any plane surface with regions in it (people think of them as maps), the regions can be colored with no more than four colors. Two regions that have a common border must not get the same color. They are called adjacent (next to each other) if they share a segment of the border, not just a point.
This was the first theorem to be proved by a computer, in a proof by exhaustion. In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into cases, and proving each one separately. There may be a lot of cases. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because most of the cases were checked by a computer program, not by hand. The shortest known proof of the four color theorem today still has over 600 cases.
Even though the problem was first presented as a problem to color political maps of countries, mapmakers are not very interested in it. According to an article by the math historian Kenneth May, “Maps utilizing only four colors are rare, and those that do usually require only three. Books on cartography and the history of map making do not mention the four-color property.”
Many simpler maps can be colored using three colors. The fourth color is needed for some maps, such as one in which one region is surrounded by an odd number of others, which touch each other in a cycle. One such example is given in the image. The five color theorem states that five colors are enough to color a map. It has a short, elementary proof and was proven in the late 19th century. Proving that four colors are all that is needed turned out to be much more difficult. Many false proofs and false counterexamples have appeared since the first statement of the four color theorem in 1852.
Exact formulation of the problem
Intuitively, the four color theorem can be stated as 'given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, called a map, the regions can be colored using at most four colors so that no two regions which are adjacent have the same color'. To be able to correctly solve the problem, it is necessary to clarify some aspects: First, all points that belong to three or more countries must be ignored. Secondly, bizarre maps with regions of finite area and infinite perimeter can require more than four colors. For the purpose of the theorem every "country" has to be a simply connected region, or contiguous. In the real world, this is not true: Alaska as part of the United States, Nakhchivan as part of Azerbaijan, and Kaliningrad as part of Russia are not contiguous. Because the territory of a particular country must be the same color, four colors may not be enough. For instance, consider a simplified map, such as the one shown on the left: In this map, the two regions labeled A belong to the same country, and must be the same color. This map then requires five colors, since the two A regions together are contiguous with four other regions, each of which is contiguous with all the others. If A had only three regions, six or more colors might be needed. In this way, it is possible to make maps that need an arbitrarily high number of colors. A similar construction also applies if a single color is used for all bodies of water, as is usual on real maps.
An easier to state version of the theorem uses graph theory. The set of regions of a map can be represented more abstractly as an undirected graph that has a vertex for each region and an edge for every pair of regions that share a boundary segment. This graph is planar: it can be drawn in the plane without crossings by placing each vertex at an arbitrarily chosen location within the region to which it corresponds, and by drawing the edges as curves that lead without crossing within each region from the vertex location to each shared boundary point of the region. Conversely any planar graph can be formed from a map in this way. In graph-theoretic terminology, the four-color theorem states that the vertices of every planar graph can be colored with at most four colors so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, or for short, "every planar graph is four-colorable".
History
The first person to name the problem was Francis Guthrie, in 1852. He was a law student in England, at the time. He found that he needed at least four colors to color a map of the counties of England. Augustus de Morgan first discussed the problem, in a letter he wrote to Rowan Hamliton in August 1852. In the letter, de Morgan asks whether four colors are really enough to color a map, such that countries that are next to each other get different colors.
English mathematician Arthur Cayley presented the problem to the mathematical society in London, in 1878. Within a year, Alfred Kempe found what looked like a proof of the problem. Eleven years later, in 1890, Percy Heawood showed that Alfred's proof was wrong. Peter Guthrie Tait presented another attempt at a proof in 1880. It took eleven years to show that Tait's proof did not work either. In 1891, Julius Petersen could show this. When he falsified Cayley's proof, Kempe also showed a proof for a problem he called Five color theorem. The theorem says that any such map can be colored with no more than five colors. There are two restrictions: First, any country is contiguous, there are no exclaves. The second restriction is that countries need to have a common border; if they only touch in a point, they can be colored with the same color. Even though Kempe's proof was wrong, he used some of the ideas which would later permit a correct proof.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Heinrich Heesch developed a first sketch of a proof by computer. Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken improved this sketch in 1976. They were able to reduce the number of cases that would need to be tested to 1936; a later version was made that relied on testing only 1476 cases. Each case needed to be tested by a computer.
In 1996, Neil Robertson, Daniel Sanders, Paul Seymour and Robin Thomas improved the method, and reduced the number of cases to be tested to 663. Again, each case needed to be tested by computer.
In 2005, Georges Gonthier and Benjamin Werner developed a formal proof. This was an improvement, because it allowed to use theorem-proving software, for the first time. The software used is called Coq.
Attempts that turned out to be wrong
The four color theorem has been notorious for attracting a large number of false proofs and disproofs in its long history. At first, The New York Times refused to report on the Appel–Haken proof. The newspaper did this as a matter of policy; it feared that the proof would be shown false like the ones before it. Some proofs took a long time, till they could be falsified: For Kempe's and Tait's proofs falsifying them took over a decade.
The simplest counterexamples generally try to create one region which touches all the others. This forces the remaining regions to be colored with only three colors. Because the four color theorem is true, this is always possible; however, because the person drawing the map is focused on the one large region, they do not notice that the remaining regions can in fact be colored with three colors.
This trick can be generalized: If the colors of some regions in a map are chosen beforehand, it becomes impossible to color the remaining regions in such a way that in total, only four colors are used. Someone verifying the counterexample may not think that it may be needed to change the color of these regions. This will make the counterexample look valid, even though it is not.
Other false disproofs violate the assumptions of the theorem in unexpected ways, such as using a region that has multiple disconnected parts, or not allowing regions of the same color from touching at a point.
Coloring political maps
In real life, many countries have exclaves or colonies. Since they belong to the country, they need to be colored with the same color as the parent country. This means that usually, more than four colors are needed to color such a map. When mathematicians talk about the graph associated with the problem, they say that is not planar. Even though it is easy to check if a graph is planar, finding the fewest number of colors needed to color it is very difficult. It is NP-complete, which is one of the most difficult problems that exist. The fewest number of colors needed to color a graph is known as its chromatic number. Many of the problems that happen when trying to solve the four color theorem are related to discrete mathematics. For this reason, methods from algebraic topology are often used.
Extension to "non-flat" maps
The four color theorem requires the "map" to be on a flat surface, what mathematicians call a plane. In 1890, Percy John Heawood created what is called Heawood conjecture today: It asks the same question as the four color theorem, but for any topological object. As an example, a torus can be colored with at most seven colors. The Heawood conjecture gives a formula that works for all such objects, except the Klein bottle.
Ben Arous Governorate
Ben Arous Governorate (ولاية بن عروس Wilāyat Bin ‘Arūs) is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It covers an area of 761 km². As of 2014 census, 631,842 people lived there. The capital is Ben Arous.
90s
The 90s was the decade that started on January 1, 90 AD, and ended on December 31, 99 AD. Durning the 90s the 10th decade began On January 1, 91 AD which is the 10th decade of the 1st century and the 1st millennium.
Saint-Loubert
Saint-Loubert is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Badlands
Badlands are a type of dry terrain which is extremely difficult to move across.
It happens when softer rock is eroded by wind and water, leaving harder rock sticking up. Canyons, ravines, gullies and other such geological forms are common in badlands. They are very difficult to cross by foot, or even on horse, and impossible by car. Dry badlands may have spectacular colour displays that range from dark black/blue coal strata to bright clays and sandstone.
Features
The term 'badlands' is apt: badlands have steep slopes, loose dry soil, slick clay, and deep sand, all of which act against travel and other uses. They form in dry regions with infrequent but intense rain-showers, little vegetation, and soft sediments which get massive erosion.
Some of the most famous fossil beds are found in badlands, where erosion rapidly exposes the sedimentary layers and the scant cover of vegetation makes surveying and fossil hunting relatively easy.
Coal seams get exposed in some badlands, so some coal mining districts have developed in badlands areas. An example of this is the Drumheller district of the Red Deer River in Alberta, where the Atlas Coal Mine historical site shows the last of 139 mines which operated in the badlands.
Locations
Some of the best-known badland formations can be found in North America. In the U.S., the Alleghenies have parts which are true badlands. There it is possible to move in one compass direction, but not at 90o to that direction. Makoshika State Park in Montana, Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota and Badlands National Park in South Dakota together form a series of extensive badland formations. Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado and Utah are also badlands settings.
The Big Muddy Badlands in Saskatchewan, Canada, gained notoriety as a hideout for outlaws. There is a large badland area in Alberta, Canada, particularly in the valley of the Red Deer River (where Dinosaur Provincial Park is) and in Drumheller, Alberta where the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology is.