cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Beechcraft King Air
The Beechcraft King Air is a twin-engine aircraft designed and built in USA. It is built in two major series: King Air 90 and King Air 100. It used as light business aircraft and light transport aircraft.
Beechcraft Super King Air is a modern variant.
Military variants
Beechcraft King Air are known in the US Army as U-21 Ute, for light transport duties. In US Navy it known as T-44 Pegasus, a trainer.
White Hart Lane railway station
White Hart Lane station in Tottenham, (London) was originally a station on the Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway. The station opened on 22 July 1872. It is now operated by London Overground. It is in London Travelcard Zone 3. It is on the Seven Sisters branch of the Lea Valley Lines.
It is close to the football ground belonging to Tottenham Hotspur F.C..
Airbus Helicopters
Airbus Helicopters is a French and German company that designs and produces civilians and militaries helicopters. The headquarters is in Marignane, France. Factories are in France, Germany, and for some helicopters in the United States.
The company was previously named Eurocopter. The name change was made 1 January 2014. It's a part of the Airbus company.
Hot Tottie
"Hot Tottie" is a song by American singer Usher. It was written by Usher, Ester Dean, Jay-Z and Polow da Don. It was produced by Don. It features rapper Jay-Z and Ester Dean in the song. It was released as the second single from Versus (2010). It was released on August 9, 2010. It samples Big Tymers' "Big Ballin'" song.
Sondheim vor der Rhön
Sondheim vor der Rhön is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld, Bavaria, Germany. It is administrated by the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Ostheim.
Anthony Bourdain
Career
Bourdain first became known for his 2000 book Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly. His first food and world-travel television series was A Cook's Tour, which ran for 35 episodes on the Food Network from 2002 through 2003.
In 2005, Bourdain began hosting the Travel Channel's culinary and cultural adventure programs Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations (2005–2012) and The Layover (2011–2013). In 2013, he switched to CNN to host Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown.
Death
On June 8, 2018, Bourdain was found dead of an apparent suicide by hanging in his hotel room in Kaysersberg-Vignoble, Haut-Rhin, France. He was working on an episode of Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown in Strasbourg, France. He was 61 years old. At the time of his death, he was in a relationship with actress Asia Argento.
Gaffney, South Carolina
Gaffney is a city in and the seat of Cherokee County, South Carolina, United States. Gaffney is known as the "Peach Capital of South Carolina". The population was 12,539 at the 2010 census.
Stefan Weber
Stefan Weber (8 November 1946 – 7 June 2018) was an Austrian art teacher and the lead singer and Kapellmeister of the Viennese band Drahdiwaberl. Their only Hit in Austria was the song Lonely produced with Lukas Resetarits which peaked at rank four in the Austrian Single charts. He was born in Vienna. The three albums Psychoterror, MC Ronalds Massaker and Werwolfromantik peaked in the Austrian Top-Ten album charts and every album sold more than 30.000 copies. Psychoterror was certified with Gold in Austria.
Weber died in Vienna on 7 June 2018 at the age of 71.
Band gap
A band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist. The term is used in solid-state physics and chemistry.
Band gaps can be found in insulators and semiconductors. In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap is the energy difference (in electron volts) between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band. This is the same as the energy needed to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to become a mobile charge carrier. The free electron is able to move freely within the solid material. So the band gap is a major factor determining the electrical conductivity of a solid. Substances with large band gaps are generally insulators, those with smaller band gaps are semiconductors. Conductors either have very small band gaps or no band gap if the energy levels of valence and conduction bands overlap.
In semiconductor physics
Scientists use the band gap to predict if a solid will conduct electricity. Most electrons (called valence electrons) are attracted to the nucleus of just one atom. But if an electron has enough energy to fly away from its nearest nucleus, it can join in the flow of electric current across the many atoms that make up the solid. The electrons that are not tightly attached to just one nucleus are called the conduction band.
In semiconductors and insulators, quantum mechanics show that electrons are only found in a number of bands of energy. Electrons are forbidden from other energy levels. The term band gap refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band. Electrons are able to jump from one band to another. However, an electron needs a certain amount of energy to jump from a valence band to a conduction band. The amount of energy needed differs with different materials. Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon (heat) or a photon (light).
The conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors is strongly dependent on the band gap. The only available carriers for conduction are the electrons which have enough thermal energy to be excited across the band gap.
Band gap engineering is the process of controlling or altering the band gap of a material by controlling the composition of certain semiconductor alloys, such as GaAlAs, InGaAs, and InAlAs. It is also possible to construct layered materials with alternating compositions by techniques like molecular beam epitaxy. These methods are used in the design of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), laser diodes and solar cells.
The band gap energy of semiconductors tends to decrease with increasing temperature. When temperature increases, the amplitude of atomic vibrations increase, leading to larger interatomic spacing. The interaction between the lattice phonons and the free electrons and holes will also affect the band gap a little. The relationship between band gap energy and temperature can be described by Varshni's empirical expression,
In a regular semiconductor crystal, the band gap is fixed owing to continuous energy states. In a quantum dot crystal, the band gap is size dependent and can be altered to produce a range of energies between the valence band and conduction band. It is also known as quantum confinement effect.
Band gaps also depend on pressure. Band gaps can be either direct or indirect, depending on the electronic band structure.
Mathematical interpretation
Classically, the ratio of probabilities that two states with an energy difference ΔE will be occupied by an electron is given by the Boltzmann factor:
where:
At the Fermi level (or chemical potential), the probability of a state being occupied is ½. If the Fermi level is in the middle of a band gap of 1 eV, this probability is e−20 or about 2.0⋅10−9 at the room-temperature thermal energy of 25.9 meV.
Photovoltaic cells
Electrons can be excited by light as well as by heat. The band gap determines what portion of the solar spectrum a photovoltaic cell absorbs. A luminescent solar converter uses a luminescent medium to downconvert photons with energies above the band gap to photon energies closer to the band gap of the semiconductor comprising the solar cell.
In photonics and phononics
In photonics band gaps or stop bands are ranges of photon frequencies where, if tunneling effects are neglected, no photons can be transmitted through a material. A material exhibiting this behaviour is called a "photonic crystal".
Similar physics applies to phonons in a phononic crystal.
Fred Beckey
Friedrich Wolfgang Beckey (14 January 1923 – 30 October 2017), known as Fred Beckey, was an American rock climber, mountaineer and author. He made hundreds of first ascents, more than any other North American climber. In 2003, his 563-page book on the history of the region, Range of Glaciers, was published by the Oregon Historical Society Press. Between climbs, he wrote several books, most notably the Cascade Alpine Guide.
Beckey was born in Düsseldorf, Germany. He studied at the University of Washington. Beckey died on 30 October 2017 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 94.
Je suis Charlie
Je suis Charlie (French for "I am Charlie") is a French slogan. It appeared at the moment of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris. Very quickly it became known all over the world. These three words were never translated and used as French language. It was created by French artist Joachim Roncin.
Toontown
Toontown is a common name for a fictional human-like city or town where cartoon characters, known as Toons, live.
Who Framed Roger Rabbit
In the 1988 movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Toontown is a cartoonish city near Los Angeles.
Point-blank range
Point-blank range is any distance where a certain firearm can hit a target without the need to adjust for bullet drop. When a bullet leaves a firearm, it is pulled downwards by gravity. When shooting at a distant target, the shooter must point the firearm above the target to adjust for this. If the target is close enough to the shooter, the distance the bullet drops will be very small. In this case, the shooter can aim the gun straight at the target.
The sights of a gun are set so that the barrel has a small upward tilt. When the bullet leaves the gun, it starts by rising and later drops. This means that weapon hits too low for very close targets, too high for mid-range targets, too low for very far targets. It hits point blank at the two distances when it crosses between too low and too high. For a .270 Winchester, as an example, the bullet first crosses the line of sight at about 23m (25 yds) as it is rising and again at about 250m (275 yds). With this gun, point blank range for a deer size target is about 275m (300-310 yards).
In popular usage, point-blank range has come to mean very close range but not close enough to be a contact shot.
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise, also called the Compromise of 1820, was a plan proposed by Henry Clay of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It was signed by President James Monroe and passed in 1820. The agreement was between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the United States Congress, mostly about the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South and it also admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. It kept the balance of power in the United States Senate between the free states and slave states. The plan also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except inside the borders of the proposed state of Missouri.
Before the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed. The United States Senate refused to concur in the amendment, and the whole measure was lost.
During the following session (1819-1820), the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, created on January 26, 1820 by John W. Taylor of New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. In December, the question had been complicated by the admission in of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states the same. Also, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state.
The Senate decided to connect the two measures. It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment allowing the people of Missouri to make a state constitution. Before the bill returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Missouri Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri.
Disability Living Allowance
There are two parts of the benefit - care and mobility.
The care part has three rates. For the lowest rate, £24.45, the child must need help with their bodily functions for some of the day. Bodily functions includes things like washing and dressing, eating, using the toilet, talking and listening. For the middle rate, £61.85, they must need frequent help all through the day, or watching to avoid danger to themselves or other people. Or they must need a lot of help during the night, or need a person to be awake and watch over them at night. A child who meets both day and night conditions gets the highest rate, £92.40.
The mobility (walking) part has two rates. To get the high rate, £64.50, the child must be unable to walk, or only able to walk for a very limited distance, or at a limited speed or manner. Children who are blind or have no feet qualify. A child who has intelligence and behaviour problems so that they cannot be left alone can get the high mobility rate, if they get the highest rate of care. If they get the high rate it can be used to get a car or wheelchair from Motability. To get the lower mobility rate, £24.45, they have to show that they need to be guided or watched most of the time.
Rates are for 2022-3.
The help the child needs must be more than a normal child of their age needs.
Sexual reassignment surgery
Sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) is also called gender reassignment surgery, sex reassignment surgery or a sex change. SRS is one or more surgeries that are done to change the body's genitals or other sexual characteristrics. Transgender people may get SRS to make their body match their gender identity.
There are many different kinds of surgeries that fall under the category of "sexual reassignment surgery."
For transgender women ("male-to-female" transgender people), some types of sexual reassignment surgery are:
For transgender men ("female-to-male" transgender people), some types of SRS are:
Transgender people may get one of these surgeries, a combination, or no surgeries at all. Every person is different.
Aldingen
Aldingen is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
BAC Jet Provost
The British Aircraft Corporation Jet Provost is a British military aircraft. It's a single-turbojet aircraft. It was used by nine foreign countries as a trainer. British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster is a modern variant for light attack duties.
Opistognathidae
Opistognathidae, the jawfishes, are a family of fishes classified within the order Perciformes, suborder Percoidei. The family includes about 80 species.
Bruce Grove railway station
Bruce Grove railway station in Tottenham was originally a station on the Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway. It opened on 22 July 1872.
It is not far from Bruce Castle.
Opistognathidae
They are native to warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, where found from the shallows to depths of a few hundred meters.
Companion dog
A companion dog is one whose main job is to keep people company. It is not necessary that companion dogs be trained to perform any specific task. Their main service is to provide companionship. A dog trained to perform a task for a disabled handler is called a service dog.
Lagos Island
Lagos Island (Ìsàlẹ̀ Èkó) is the principal and central local government area (LGA) in Lagos, Lagos State. It is part of the Lagos Division. As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census, the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km². The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island; the eastern half is simply referred to as Lagos Island East LCDA.
Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands
Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos) is a 1976 Brazilian fantasy comedy movie directed by Bruno Barreto and is based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Jorge Amado. It stars José Wilker, Sônia Braga and Mauro Mendonça. It was remade as Kiss Me Goodbye in 1982 starring Sally Field, James Caan and Jeff Bridges.
Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla
Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla (4 October 1801, Cartago, Costa Rica - 23 May 1856) was head of state of Costa Rica from November to December 1844.
Bonilla studied law, but did not complete the course. He still worked as a lawyer, and was later a customs official, a judge, and a regional governor.
In 1843 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly. He was very quickly made Vice President, and was also president of the Congress.
He resigned in December, when the after the assembly refused to allow him to use force to settle problem between some of the provinces. His resignation was not accepted, but he was allowed to retire to his hometown. He was replaced on an interim basis by Rafael Mora Murillo and later by José Rafael Gallegos.
He continued to serve as Vice President, and in 1856, brought in many laws and actions to try to control a cholera epidemic. He got cholera, and died on 23 May 1856.
Toronto streetcar system
The Toronto streetcar system is a network of eleven streetcar routes in the Canadian city of Toronto, Ontario. It is by far the largest network of its kind in the Americas. It operates as part of the Toronto Transit Commission's public transport network, and shares a common fare system with buses and subway services.
The system, which has been one of the longest in continuous operation, was opened in 1861 as a horse tramway. The system was bought by the Toronto Railway Company in 1891 and it was electrified in 1892. Vehicles run on 82 km of tracks with a non-standard gauge of and collect power from overhead lines at 600 V DC using trolley poles mounted on each streetcar.
More than 300,000 people ride the system on an average weekday, and about 100 million on an annual basis, making it among the busiest systems in the world.
Kirby's Dream Land
Kirby's Dream Land, called Hoshi no Kirby (星のカービィ) in Japan, is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory, Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy.
Plot
King Dedede steals all the food from Dream Land. Now, Kirby has to get it back from him.
Daniel Viglietti
Daniel Alberto Viglietti Indart (24 July 1939 – 30 October 2017) was an Uruguayan folk singer, guitarist, composer, and political activist. He was one of the main singers of Uruguayan popular song and also of the Nueva Canción or "New Song" of the 1960s and early 1970s. Viglietti was imprisoned in 1972 by his own government. He was an activist against fascism in South America during the 1970s.
Gallon
A gallon is a volumetric unit of measurement. People have used many different gallons throughout history. Only two gallons are still commonly used, which are the imperial and U.S. liquid gallon.This is 3,57 liter
Sale of petrol
Petrol, also known as gasoline, is sold by the imperial gallon in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). All of the countries and territories just mentioned also use miles per hour for speed limits and drive on the left side of the road.
John William Waterhouse
John William Waterhouse (6 April 1849 – 10 February 1917) was an English painter in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He worked after the breakup of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and so was called "the modern Pre-Raphaelite". He was also influenced by his contemporaries, the Impressionists. His artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.
Gallon
Sale of petrol
Gasoline is sold by the U.S. gallon in Belize, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, and Peru, as well as in the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau.
John William Waterhouse
Born in Italy to English parents who were both painters, he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art. He soon began exhibiting at their annual summer exhibitions, focusing on the creation of large canvas works depicting scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece. Later on in his career he came to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting despite the fact that it had gone out of fashion in the British art scene several decades before.
Although not as well known as earlier Pre-Raphaelite artists such as Dante Rossetti, John Millais and William Holman Hunt, Waterhouse's work is currently displayed at several major British art galleries, and the Royal Academy of Art organised a major retrospective of his work in 2009.
Abbas Zandi
Abbas Zandi (3 June 1930 – 30 October 2017) was an Iranian Freestyle Wrestler, national champion, and coach. He was born in Tehran. Zandi had competed in three Olympic games including 1948 London, 1952 Helsinki and 1956 Melbourne.
Zandi died on 30 October 2017 in Tehran at the age of 87.
Southwest Chief
The Southwest Chief (formerly the Southwest Limited and Super Chief) is a passenger train operated by Amtrak. It is on a 2265 mi route that goes through the Midwestern and Southwestern United States. It goes between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California, going through Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and California.
During fiscal year 2018, the Southwest Chief carried 331,239 passengers. This was 8.8 percent less than it was from FY 2017. The route grossed $43,184,176 in revenue during FY 2018. This was 3.8 percent less than it was from FY 2017. Amtrak had plans for replacing the route between Albuquerque, New Mexico and Dodge City, Kansas with bus service. As of October 2018, these plans were canceled.
Gauri Shankar Khadka
Gauri Shankar Khadka (गौरीशंकर खँड्का) is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). In April 2008, he won the Jhapa-2 seat in the Constituent Assembly election with  	18580 votes.
Strahlungen
Strahlungen is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
Shirley Bassey
Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, DBE (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer, born in Cardiff to an English mother and Nigerian father. She is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, Goldfinger, Diamonds are Forever, and Moonraker. She was "one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century".
Mario das Neves
Mario das Neves (April 27, 1951 – October 31, 2017) was an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. He was the governor of the Argentine province of Chubut from 2003 through 2011 and again from 2015 until his death in 2017. He was born in Buenos Aires.
Das Neves died of cardiopulmonary arrest on October 31, 2017 in Rawson, Chubut at the age of 66.
Iskandar of Johor
Sultan Iskandar Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail (April 8, 1932 - January 22, 2010) was the sultan of the southern Malay state of Johor. He had held this position since 1981. In the 1960's he won the first Johor Grand Prix. In 1977 he shot and killed a man he thought was a smuggler. Iskandar was going to go to prison for six months, but his father gave him a royal pardon. He also caused trouble in 1993, when he assaulted a hockey coach who had not followed his son's instructions. This led to a change in Malayasian law that means in future, sultans would have to obey the laws.
Tengku Mahkota of Johor Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, his eldest son, was appointed to be the new sultan.
Burn
A burn is an injury to a person's skin or flesh. Heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation can be the cause of a burn. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ. Among women in some areas, risk is related to use of open cooking fires or unsafe stoves. Among men, risk is related to the work environments. Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors. Burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people.
Burns can be very serious injuries, and in some cases can even cause death. Depending on how deep the burn goes and amount of skin affected, a burn can be a medical emergency. For children, at least five percent of the skin needs to be affected. Adults can tolerate up to ten percent of affected skin.
Burns of a certain extent affect the body as a whole: Common reactions are circulatory shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.
Causes
In the United States, almost eight out of ten burns resulted from fire, flames, or hot liquids. Most (81%) burn injuries occur at home (73%) or at work (8%), and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1–2% resulting from a suicide attempt. These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.
Characteristics
Burns are usually minor. They are usually Degree One to a minor Degree Two. Others are more powerful, such as Degree 3. People may get more powerful burns from high heat or radioactive items.
2nd Degree Burns
Degree Two burns can be cured at home, but some people would prefer to take them to the hospital. This degree of burn goes into the second layer of skin.
3rd Degree Burns
Degree Three burns are the most severe burns that most people can survive from. Although they may be severe, the chances of death are low if treated at the hospital right away. It burns through all three layers of skin, leaving a scab.
4th Degree Burns
This degree of burn goes through the skin and destroys the nerves near it. There is no pain at the location of the 4th degree burn area, due to the destruction of the nerves, but there can be immense pain that occurs in the area surrounding the burn. Very few survive it. It must be treated at the hospital ASAP if it occurs and the person is still alive.
History
Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management. The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys. The 1500 BC Edwin Smith Papyrus describes treatments using honey and the salve of resin (may be myrrh). Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BC, pig fat and vinegar by Hippocrates documented to 400 BC, and wine and myrrh by Celsus documented to 100 AD. French barber-surgeon Ambroise Paré was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s. Guillaume Dupuytren expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.
The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s. During World War I, Henry D. Dakin and Alexis Carrel developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using sodium hypochlorite solutions, which significantly reduced mortality. In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed. In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns.
The Fly (1986 movie)
The Fly is a 1986 American British Canadian science fiction horror movie directed by David Cronenberg (who also stars) and is the second version of the 1957 short story of the same name by George Langelaan. It also starring Jeff Goldblum, Geena Davis, John Getz, Joy Boushel, Leslie Carson and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It won an Academy Award in 1987.
B.N.S.D. Shiksha Niketan
B.N.S.D Shiksha Niketan (Hindi: बी एन एस डी शिक्षा निकेतन) is a high school in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The school was established in 1983. It is affiliated to the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education. Its full name is Bishambhar Nath Sanatan Dharma Shiksha Niketan.
Results
In 2004, the school set a record when 35 students ranked in the UP Board High School examinations' merit list. The top 10, except 9th position, were occupied by students of this school. In 2006, the school broke its own record when 48 students, out of total 78 on the merit list were from this school.
Gerhard Ertl
Gerhard Ertl (born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist in the Department of Physical Chemistry of the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG. He was born on 10 October 1936 in Stuttgart, Germany. Professor Ertl won the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 2007.
Ertl’s research laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.
His work has paved the way for development of cleaner energy sources and will guide the development of fuel cells, said Astrid Graslund, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
The Nobel academy said Ertl provided a detailed description of how chemical reactions take place on surfaces. His findings applied in both academic studies and industrial development, the academy said. “Surface chemistry can even explain the destruction of the ozone layer, as vital steps in the reaction actually take place on the surfaces of small crystals of ice in the stratosphere,” the award citation reads.
Personal life
Ertl and his wife Barbara have two children and several grandchildren. His hobbies include playing the piano and also playing with his cats.
Publications
Professor Ertl is an editor of the Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Education
Professor Ertl studied physics at the Technical University of Stuttgart from 1955 to 1957. He studied at the University of Paris from 1957 to 1958 and then at Ludwig Maximillians University in Munich from 1958 to 1959. He returned to the Technical University of Stuttgart where he got a diplom of physics in 1961. Then he studied at the Technical University of Munich and got a PhD in 1965.
Studies
Professor Ertl studied the molecules of ammonia, iron, carbon monoxide and palladium to help make modern catalytic converters. He studied platinum to learn about its atoms.
Professor Ertl helped to develop new ways of using microscopes. One was called low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) used at the beginning of his career and later he worked on ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
Awards
Professor Ertl and Gabor A. Somorjai won the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998 for outstanding results in surface science and for discovering how crystals react to experiments. Professor Ertl was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 2007 for more studies of surface science.
Rip Torn
Elmore Rual "Rip" Torn (February 6, 1931 – July 9, 2019) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who was known for his role as Chief Zed in Men in Black and in Men in Black II. He won an Emmy Award in 1996 for his role as Artie on the television series The Larry Sanders Show.
Torn died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Lakeville, Connecticut from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 88.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes is a condition that results from lack of the hormone insulin in a person's blood, or when the body has a problem using the insulin it produces (insulin resistance). There is another disease with a similar name, diabetes insipidus, however, they are not related. When people say "diabetes", they usually mean diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes Mellitus are called "diabetics".
Glucose is not regular sugar that is available in stores and supermarkets. Glucose is a natural carbohydrate that our bodies use as a source of energy. The kind of sugar sold in supermarkets is called sucrose, and is much different from glucose. High concentrations of glucose can be found in soft drinks and fruits.
The glucose level in the blood is controlled by several hormones. Hormones are chemicals in the body that send messages from cells to other cells. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. When you eat, the pancreas makes insulin to send a message to other cells in the body. This insulin tells the cells to take up glucose from the blood. The glucose is used by cells for energy. Extra glucose that is not needed right away is stored in some cells as glycogen. When you are not eating, cells break down the stored glycogen into glucose to use as energy.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes Mellitus happens when the part of the pancreas that makes insulin is destroyed by that person’s own immune system. When the pancreas does not make insulin, glucose – sugar – in the blood cannot get into the parts of the body that need sugar to live. In order to live, a person with type 1 diabetes must take insulin for the rest of their life, usually through injections or a pump. They need to check their blood sugar level on a regular basis, often, many times each day.
Type 1 diabetes happens most of the time in younger people, however, it can occur in adults, although this is much less common. About 1 out of every 10 people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes Mellitus is an illness very different from type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the person makes insulin, but either the insulin does not work in that person’s body as it should, or they do not make enough insulin to process the glucose. When insulin does not work as it should, glucose (sugar) in the blood cannot get into the parts of the body that need sugar.
Manager
A Manager is a person who manages or is in charge of something. Managers can control departments in companies, or guide the people who work for them. Managers must often make decisions about things.
Diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus is like type 2 diabetes. It happens to some women when they are pregnant.
Manager
According to Henri Fayol, a French management theorist, managers must be able to do:
Diabetes mellitus
Other types of diabetes
Other types of diabetes include but are not limited to:
Manager
The manager is responsible for overseeing and leading the work of a group of people in many instances. The manager is also responsible for planning and maintaining work systems, procedures, and policies that enable and encourage the optimum performance of its people and other resources within a business unit.
Diabetes mellitus
Other types of diabetes
Type 2 diabetes happens most of the time in an older person who is overweight.
Manager
Sources
Other definition given by Peter. F. Drucker, "every job should be designed as an integrated set of operations which are varied enough to reduce boredom. A manager must create a climate which brings in and maintain satisfaction and discipline among the people. "
Diabetes mellitus
Other types of diabetes
The onset of symptoms in type 1 diabetes usually happens suddenly. In type 2 diabetes, there may be mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Making it much harder to detect.
Complications of diabetes
Complications are problems that happen because of a disease. In the case of diabetes, there are two kinds of complications. The first kind happens quickly and can be dealt with quickly. This kind is called an acute complication. The other kind is caused by the blood glucose being too high for many years, and is called a chronic complication or long-term complication.
Charles Krauthammer
Charles Krauthammer (March 13, 1950 – June 21, 2018) was an American syndicated Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist, author, political commentator, and former physician. His weekly column was syndicated to more than 400 publications worldwide.
Krauthammer was paralyzed from the waist down due to a diving board accident while at Harvard University.
Diabetes mellitus
Complications of diabetes
Too low blood glucose is called hypoglycemia. It can also cause acute complications. If too low, diabetics can have many symptoms such as sweating, trembling, anger (or feeling passive), and possibly even passing out. Diabetics with hypoglycemia may be confused or even unconscious. They may appear to have drunk too much alcohol. Severe hypoglycemia is very dangerous and can cause death. The best treatment of hypoglycemia is avoiding it. If it happens, eating food containing glucose (for example, table sugar) usually improves the condition quickly. Sometimes it is treated by giving an injection of a medicine called 'glucagon'. Glucagon is a hormone made by the pancreas. It has the opposite effect of insulin. Administering glucagon will cause the blood glucose level to rise by forcing stored glucose into the blood. Hypoglycemia is usually caused by too much diabetic medication, insufficient food, too much exercise, or a combination of these.
Charles Krauthammer
He was a weekly panelist on PBS news program Inside Washington from 1990 until it ceased production in December 2013. He is a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a nightly panelist on Fox News Channel's Special Report with Bret Baier.
Diabetes mellitus
Complications of diabetes
Chronic complications are mostly caused by hyperglycemia (but not high enough to always cause acute complications). It causes damage to blood vessels and nerves. Damage to blood vessels can eventually cause strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure, blindness, slow healing of skin breaks - with the added possibility of infection - and even amputations from poor circulation (decreased blood flow, usually to the feet and toes). Damage to nerves can make diabetics not feel pain (this usually happens in their feet). This causes them to have more injuries and not realize they have hurt themselves. Damage to nerves can also cause pain even when there's no real injury. It's a type of phantom pain or ghost pain. The pain can be so intense that strong pain medication may be required.
Charles Krauthammer
On June 8, 2018, Krauthammer announced that he had been suffering from small intestine cancer the "past ten months." He died two weeks later on June 21 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 68.
Diabetes mellitus
Monitoring of diabetes
Because of the damage caused by high blood glucose, it is important to treat diabetes mellitus. The goal is to maintain a normal blood glucose level. The normal range for blood glucose is 80-120 mg/dL (milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood) or 3.5-7 mmol/l (millimole per liter of blood). These are different ways of saying the same thing, much like yards and meters are different units of distance measurement.
Diabetics should check their blood glucose often. This is to make sure they do not get hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. A glucometer is a battery-powered measuring device that checks the blood glucose level. Diabetics often carry a glucometer with them and check their blood sugar level several times a day. They may also suffer severe constipation and frequent urination.
Doctors may also use a blood test called a hemoglobin A1C. This is sometimes written Hgb-A1C or other ways; there's no standard name. This tells the doctor what the average blood glucose has been for about the past 90 days. If the level has been too high, it may indicate new medication, different medication dosages, or a better diet may be needed.
Danville, New Hampshire
Danville is a small town in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. New Hampshire is in New England which is in the northeastern part of the United States. Danville is in the Southeast part of New Hampshire and is in Rockingham County. Danville has Sandown to its West, Hampstead to its South, Kingston to its East, and Fremont to its North.
Diabetes mellitus
Monitoring of diabetes
Diabetics must be monitored for signs of complications due to diabetes. They should see an eye doctor regularly to be checked for damage to the blood vessels in the eyes. If this is not found and treated early, it can cause blindness. They should have their urine or blood checked regularly for signs of kidney damage. They must check their feet for cuts, bruises, blisters, and so on at least every day. And they should have their feet checked regularly for nerve damage, circulation problems, and infections.
Danville, New Hampshire
It is in the Timberlane Regional School District, which consists of Atkinson, Plaistow, Sandown and Danville. It has a public elementary school named Danville Elementary School. Danville Elementary School has preschool to 5th grades.
Danville has a population of 4,463 people.
Diabetes mellitus
Treatment of diabetes
The most important goal in diabetes is to keep the blood glucose level as close to normal as possible. Taking care of your Diabetes levels requires awareness. You should be aware of the status of your blood sugar like when there is a rise or a fall. Since it usually goes up after eating, and down after exercise, coping with it sensibly is often complex, and usually takes care and thought. Treatment differs between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes are treated with insulin. People with type 2 usually begin with diet, exercise, and weight loss, perhaps moving to medication (and, though not as common, insulin).
Pybba of Mercia
Pybba († c. 606) (also Pibba or Wibba) was an early Anglian King of Mercia. He is the common ancestor of the Mercian kings in the four Mercian genealogies. As such he's considered by many historians to be the first known king of Mercia. He was the father of kings Penda and Eowa.
Muath Al-Kasasbeh
Muath Safi Yousef Al-Kasasbeh (معاذ صافي يوسف الكساسبة; May 29, 1988 – January 3, 2015) was a Jordanian pilot. He was imprisoned and burnt alive by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Al-Kasasbeh was a First Lieutenant in the Royal Jordanian Air Force. The plane he was piloting, an F-16 fighter jet, crashed after mechanical problems on December 24, 2014, though Islamic State claimed it shot his aircraft down. He was captured by Islamic State militants near Raqqa, Syria.
He was threatened with execution, but there were negotiations to release him. However, Islamic State decapitated his co-prisoner, Japanese journalist Kenji Goto, and subsequently burned Al-Kasasbeh to death while he was locked in a cage.
Pybba of Mercia
King of Mercia
Pybba was the son of Creoda. The probable dates of his reign are from c. 593–c. 606. Henry of Huntingdon placed him in this same time period: "When Ceolric [ Ceol ] reigned over Wessex [591–597], Aethelfrith over Northumbria [593–616], and Pybba over Mercia, King Aethelberht of Kent and the Kentish people were converted to the faith [c. 597–c. 601]..." By this he is dated from the last decade of the 6th century into the first decade of the 7th century. The Mercian kings down to Ceolwulf all claimed to be descendants of Pybba. He also had a daughter who married (as his first wife) Cenwalh of Wessex Pybba either died or was deposed in c. 606.
Say Anything...
Say Anything... is a 1989 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by first time director Cameron Crowe and starring John Cusack, Ione Skye, John Mahoney, Lili Taylor, Polly Platt, Pamela Adlon, Chynna Phillips, Eric Stoltz, Jeremy Piven, Jason Gould, Bebe Neuwirth. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Diabetes mellitus
Treatment of diabetes
Education is important for both types of diabetes. Diabetics must learn about diet. They learn how to estimate and keep track of how much carbohydrate, protein, and fat are in different foods. They plan their meals to have the right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Patients with type 1 may decide how much insulin to take before a meal based on how much they will eat.
Diabetics must also be careful about exercise. Exercise is important to stay healthy, but intense or extended periods of exercise can cause hypoglycemia. As a result, diabetics must plan exercise carefully.
Alpheton
Alpheton is a village and civil parish on the A134 road in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 242 people living in Alpheton.
Milk substitute
A milk substitute is a product that looks and tastes like milk. The mammary glands of mammals produce milk. In milk substitutes many of the ingredients of milk are replaced: A milk substitute may contain fat and proteins obtained from plants. People with a lactose intolerance or a milk allergy often replace milk by a substitute.
The two most common categories of milk substitutes are grain milk and plant milk. The most common grain milk is oat milk, while the most common plant milk is soy milk. Other examples include coconut milk, almond milk, and peanut milk.
Anseriformes
The order Anseriformes contains about 150 living species of birds in four families: the Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the Magpie goose), the Anatidae, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans and the †Vegavidae, containing the sole genus Vegavis.
All species in the order are highly adapted to live at the water surface. All are web-footed for good swimming. While most live on water, some live mainly on land.
Animal Crossing: Wild World
Gameplay
The player moves into a village where everyone is an animal. Only the player is human. Only four people can move to the village and live together in one house (different to Animal Crossing). They have to pay money (called "bells") for the house, and when they did it the house will get bigger. Bells can be earned by fishing, catching insects, selling things and other ways. Every player can buy the things he/she likes by Tom Nook (a racoon who has got a shop in the village) and put them in the house. If the house looks nice, they get points and things from the HRA (Happy Room Academy). They also can buy clothes at Able Sisters. The game is played in real time and has no ending. You can visit the villages of other players by using the Nintendo DS wireless connection or Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. It's almost like the older Animal Crossing GameCube version.
Villagers
The animals are different. There are different kinds of animals (for example cats, mice or dogs) and different characters (for example lazy, active...) There are more animals than in the older version.
Tom Nook (Nook's Cranny)
Tom Nook is a racoon who has got a shop called "Nook's Cranny". The shop gets bigger when you buy things. He sells furniture and other items. He does not sell clothes anymore as he did in Animal Crossing. His range changes every day.
Mable & Sable (Able Sisters)
Mable and Sable are hedgehogs siblings that started to run a shop together called "Able Sisters" where you can make your own clothes and buy hats, umbrellas, glasses and clothes. The range changes every day like in Tom Nooks Shop so go frequently.
Pelly & Phyllis (Town Hall)
Pelly and Phyllis are two pelicans who work in the Town Hall. There is a post office where you can send letters to villagers and one where you for example can get information about your town. Pelly works at day, Phyllis works at night.