cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
All Progressives Congress
Formation
APC was formed in February 2013. It is the amalgamation of three political parties – the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) and the new PDP - a faction of then opposition party People's Democratic Party.
Craig Parker
Craig Parker (born 12 November 1970 in Suva, Fiji) is a New Zealand actor who played Guy Warner in Shortland Street.
OpenVMS
OpenVMS is an operating system, which Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) originally developed for their VAX servers. Later, it was ported, and now also runs on DEC Alpha and Itanium-based systems. It is a 32 bit operating system. When it was published in 1977, it was one of the first of its kind. OpenVMS is capable of supporting many concurrent users; each user is able to run several programs at the same time. It was also one of the first operating systems with a Graphical user interface, the VAXstation was a very popular workstation at the time. OpenVMS uses virtual memory, and was originally developed as a time sharing, batch processing system. It was made for transaction processing. The jobs users submit can have a higher priority than those of the operating system. The operating system offers high availability through clustering: The system load can be distributed over multiple computers. That way, the system is "disaster-tolerant": One machine that fails will not shut the operation down.
OpenVMS introduced many features that became standard in later operating systems: Today, OpenVMS is used in many enterprises where availability and uptime are critical: These include banks and insurance companies. System up-times of over a decade have been reported. A feature called "rolling upgrade" allows to upgrade software or hardware without the need to shut the system down. A data center that is destroyed will not lead to downtime either, if the system is configured properly. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products.
List of The Simpsons comics
The following is a list of comic book series based on the animated TV show The Simpsons and published by Bongo Comics in the United States. The first comic strips based on The Simpsons appeared in 1991 in the magazine Simpsons Illustrated (not to be confused with the comic publications from 2012 bearing the same name), which was a companion magazine to the show.
Shuyesheh
Shuyesheh (Şûyşe, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,136, in 280 families.
Bavaria-Ingolstadt
Bavaria-Ingolstadt (Bayern-Ingolstadt or Oberbayern-Ingolstadt) was a duchy that lasted from 1392–1447.
Geography
Bavaria-Ingolstadt is divided into these towns:
Southern Bavaria:
Eastern Bavaria:
Northern Bavaria:
Saheb, Iran
Saheb (Sahêw, ) is a city in the west side of Iran. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,489, in 344 families.
Chorale
Martin Luther thought that the congregation (people worshipping in church) should have music to sing that was not too difficult. He thought that the words should be in German instead of Latin so that everybody would understand what they were singing about. Luther wrote the words of many chorales himself. He even composed some of melodies himself, such as Ein' feste Burg (A Mighty Fortress). Sometimes he used the traditional Gregorian Chant melodies from the Catholic worship and added new German words to it, for example Christ lag in Todesbanden (Christ lay in Death's Dark Bonds).
The words of a chorale have a rhyming pattern. Most of the melodies have an AAB shape (the melody of the first part sung twice, then the second part). This shape is called "Bar form" in German.
Johann Sebastian Bach used many chorale tunes, usually adding harmony of his own. He used these in his cantatas. Many of these chorales in four-part harmonies are sung as hymns today in German Protestant churches, and some of the tunes are used in English-speaking countries as well.
Chorale tunes also appear in chorale preludes, pieces for the organ. These would usually have been played during the church services before the chorale was sung. Chorales were used by many later composers in their compositions, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn, Anton Bruckner and Max Reger.
Lewis County, Tennessee
Lewis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2020 census, 12,582 people lived there. The county seat is Hohenwald.
Yoshiteru Yamashita
Yoshiteru Yamashita (山下 芳輝) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Yamashita was born in Fukuoka on November 21, 1977. After graduating from Higashi Fukuoka High School, he joined J1 League side Avispa Fukuoka in 1996. He played many matches from first season. However the club relegated to J2 League in 2001 and he moved to Vegalta Sendai. However the club relegated to J2 in 2003 again and he moved to Kashiwa Reysol in 2004. However his opportunity to play decreased. He also played in Omiya Ardija on loan in 2005. He moved to Japan Football League club Tochigi SC in 2007 and FC Ryukyu in 2008. He retired end of 2010 season.
In June 1997, Yamashita was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1997 World Youth Championship. He played in 2 matches. In 2001, Yamashita was selected the Japan national team for 2001 Confederations Cup. He made his international debut in the tournament on June 4 against Brazil. At this tournament, Japan won the 2nd place. He earned 3 caps between 2001 and 2003 and scored no goals for Japan.
Statistics
330||67||14||4||30||4||374||75 330||67||14||4||30||4||374||75
!Total||3||0
Qi Yuwu
Qi Yuwu (Chinese: 戚玉武; pinyin: Qī Yùwǔ; born November 28, 1976) is a television and movie actor. Qi was born in Guangzhou, China. He grew up in Singapore.
Tragedy (Greek theatre)
Often in a tragedy, there is one possible event that the hero fears and tries to prevent, but no matter what he does, it makes this thing more and more sure to happen. Tragedies originated in Ancient Greek theatre, where they were performed at religious festivals. The three most famous Greek tragedy writers were Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Later famous writers include Shakespeare and Jean Racine.
Sometimes the word tragedy is also used to mean something with a bad outcome in real life e.g. crime or death. It makes people cry when there’s sad scenes in movies.
Qi Yuwu
Television
In 2006, he was expected to win the Best Actor award for his acting in C.I.D but he lost out to long-time actor Li Nanxing. After which, Li Nan Xing said that he was he did not think that he would win because he had been watching "C.I.D" and though Qi's acting was better.
A natural actor, Yuwu was cast with regional actors in his first television series, Master Swordsman Lu Xiao Feng. This was followed by Dare To Strike, another blockbuster co-production with Hong Kong actors.
Movies
Though being new in the movie industry, he already has many fans and an official fan club. He was the first MediaCorp star to start a successful movie career.
His notable roles were in My Genie as Zhang Tai Ping, The Champion as Lu Kai Wei, C.I.D as Tang Si Wei and The Peak as Chen Tian Jun.
In 2007, Qi starred in the movies The Leap Years (also called Leap of Love) with Wong Lilin, Ananda Everingham and Joan Chen; The Home Song Stories, again with Joan Chen; and 881 by Royston Tan, with Yeo Yann Yann. He also made a guest appearance in the movie Protege, acting with Louis Khoo and Daniel Wu.
He has said in an interview that he will be doing more movies in 2008 and will take a break from television work.
Keshav Dutt
Keshav Chandra Dutt also spelt as Keshav Datt (29 December 1925 – 7 July 2021) was an Indian field hockey player and played as a halfback. He was a part of the team that won gold medals at the 1948 and 1952 Olympics. He made 22 international appearances for India and scored two goals in his career.
Dutt died on 7 July 2021 at the age of 95 in Kolkata.
Electoral district of Cooper
Cooper is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 2017.
Coopers is in Brisbane.
Bonao
Bonao is a Dominican city and the head municipality of the Monseñor Nouel province, in the center of the country.
Warren County, North Carolina
Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is on the northern border with Virginia. In 2010, 20,972 people lived there. Its county seat is Warrenton.
Bonao
Bonao is the Taíno name of the region where the old city was founded. The city is in the Bonao Valley, at about 85 km to the northwest of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic.
Population
The municipality had, in, a total population of 76,241: 37,349 men and 38,892 women. The urban population was 89% of the total population.
History
Christopher Columbus founded in 1494 a small fort in the region known by the Taíno people as Bonao. The fort was built to protect the gold mines around Maimón and other places. But there was not much gold in the region and the fort was soon left without people.
The town was founded again during the early years of the 19th century but at about 5 km to the north of the old place, closer to the River Yuna. The new town had the name Yuna was soon was changed to the old one: Bonao. It was also called El Bonao (English: "The Bonao") but the article "El" (English: "The") was left out during the first years of the 20th century and it is never used now.
The new small town was made a Puesto Cantonal (and old category, like a "Military Post") in 1859 and then a municipality of La Vega province in 1865.
In 1936, its name was changed to Monseñor Meriño after the Archbishop Adolfo A. Nouel, past president of the country. In 1960, it got is old name of Bonao.
Geography
Bonao is in the Bonao Valley in the centre of the Dominican Republic. It has a total area of 142.8 km2. It has five municipal districts (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality); these are Arroyo Toro-Masipedro, Jayaco, Juma Bejucal, La Salvia-Los Quemados and Sabana del Puerto.
The altitude of the city of Bonao is 83 m above sea level.
The municipality of Bonao has the La Vega province to the north and to the west, the Sánchez Ramírez province to the east, the municipality of Maimón to the southeast, the municipality of Piedra Blanc to the south and the province of San José de Ocoa province to the southwest.
The city is near the River Yuna, one of the most important river of the Hispaniola island; the sources of the river are on the eastern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"). It flows through the Bonao Valley and then through the Cibao Valley and into the Samaná Bay.
There are other smaller rivers near Bonao, tributaries of the River Yuna.
Climate
Bonao has a tropical wet climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Af) with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist (rainfalls during the whole year).
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is 2216.2 mm. The month with the most precipitation on average is May with 333.3 mm of rainfall, followed by October with 251.8 mm.
The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of 107.2 mm followed by February with an average of 108.3 mm.
Economy
Farming is very important around the city; it is one of main regions of the country where rice is grown.
Mining is also important here; nickel is mined in a mountain close to the city by the Falconbridge, a Canadian company.
New Brunswick (disambiguation)
New Brunswick may refer to:
Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust
Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust is an NHS trust which runs Aintree University Hospital, Broadgreen Hospital, Liverpool University Dental Hospital and the Royal Liverpool University Hospital. It started in 2019. Royal Liverpool University Hospital was rebuilt from 2013 to 2022. It took a long time because the building firm, Carillion, went bust.
It has the largest emergency department in the United Kingdom.
In October 2022 the main corridor at Aintree Hospital was closed and turned into a ‘makeshift ward’ so that people could be brought out of the ambulances.
Les Cayes
Les Cayes (Kréyòl: Okay; The Cays) is a town in southwest Haiti near the river Ravine du Sud, on the Caribbean coast. It is the capital of the Sud Département.
Les Cayes is at about 196 km southwest of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name. The arrondissement has six communes (a commune is like a municipality): Les Cayes, Camp-Perrin, Chantal, Île à Vache, Maniche and Torbeck.
Name
The town had the name of Aux Cayes ("On the cays") because the small Île à Vache island and other cays (Grande Caye and Petite Caye) are near the town. Now the name is just Les Cayes; Kréyòl still keeps the old name.
History
But people left completely the town in 1540 and the French Monsier de la Lance founded the modern town of Les Cayes in 1726. The town was destroyed by two hurricanes in 1781 and 1788.
On 28 December 1815, Simón Bolívar came to Les Cayes looking for help to fight against the Spanish government in South America. Bolívar left Haiti on 10 April 1816 for Venezuela, but came back in September of that year to this Haitian town when he lost some battles in South America. He went back to South America in December of the same year.
David Hilbert
David Hilbert (Königsberg, Prussia, 23 January 1862 –Göttingen, Germany, 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher of mathematics. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and greatest mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Hilbert discovered and developed a range of fundamental ideas in many areas. He worked on invariant theory, the axiomization of geometry, and the notion of Hilbert space. This is one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied much of the mathematics needed for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He was one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic. He was also one of the first people to make the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics, and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers.
The Göttingen school
In 1895 Hilbert became Chairman of Mathematics at the University of Göttingen, at that time the best research center for mathematics in the world. He remained for the rest of his life. Among his students were: Hermann Weyl, the champion of chess Emanuel Lasker, Ernst Zermelo, and Carl Gustav Hempel. John von Neumann was his assistant. At the University of Göttingen, Hilbert was surrounded by a social circle of some of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century, such as Emmy Noether and Alonzo Church.
Hilbert's axioms
The text Grundlagen der Geometrie (Foundations of Geometry) was published by Hilbert in 1899. It proposed a formal set, Hilbert's axioms, instead of the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid weaknesses in those of Euclid, whose works at the time were still used textbmathematics is his 1900 presentation of a set of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.
He put forward a number of unsolved problems at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. This is reckoned the most successful and deeply considered compilation of open problems ever to be produced by an individual mathematician. Later he expanded his list to 23 problems.
Hilbert's program
He seems to have had both technical and philosophical reasons for formulating this proposal.
Physics
After 1912, Hilbert turned his focus to physics. At that time, he worked in general relativity and mathematical physics. His work in these fields is also important.
Gresham, Oregon
Gresham is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon near Portland.
Milpitas Unified School District
Milpitas Unified School District is a public school district in Milpitas, California. The district has over 10,000 students from Preschool through Grade 12. The current superintendent is Cheryl Jordan.
History
During the 19th century, children living in Milpitas went to three schools: Air Point School, The Calaveras School, and another school which is now the Presbyterian Church. From 1912 to 1956, Milpitas children went to the Milpitas Grammar School (now the Milpitas Public Library). Starting in 1956, schools in Milpitas opened, so children started going to those schools.
Schools
Milpitas Unified School District has over 18 programs: 2 child development centers, 10 elementary schools, 2 middle schools, 1 high school, 1 alternative high school, 1 adult school, and a San Jose City College extension campus.
Child Development Centers: Elementary Schools (TK-6): Middle Schools (7-8): High Schools (9-12): Adult Schools: Former Schools:
Hymn for the Weekend
"Hymn for the Weekend" is a 2016 song by British alternative rock band Coldplay featuring uncredited vocals from American singer Beyoncé and is taken from their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams (2015). The song peaked at number six in the United Kingdom and number 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It went to top 10 single charts in many countries around the world. The music video was shot in India.
Ergonomic keyboard
An ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard. It has a more comfortable, ergonomic design to lower the chances of muscle strain and a lot of other related problems. These keyboards are created in a "V" shape. This can allow the right and left hand to type in a more natural position.
Newly industrialized country
The term newly industrialized country (NIC) is a socioeconomic classification used by political scientists and economists to talk about several countries around the world.
NICs are countries who still are not developed countries but are doing better than other developing countries. NICs have fast growing economies, and export a lot. In NICs many things in the country change quickly as people from the country move to the cities to take jobs in factories.
NICs usually share some other common features, including:
NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other internationl support bodies. However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.
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Historical context
The term began to be used circa 1970 when the Four Asian Tigers of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan rose to global prominence as NICs in the 1970s and 80s, with exceptionally fast industrial growth since the 1960s; all four regions have since graduated into advanced economies and high-income economies. There is a clear distinction between these countries and the nations now considered to be NICs. In particular, the combination of an open political process, high GNI per capita and a thriving, export-oriented economic policy has shown that these countries have now not only reached but surpassed the ranks of many developed countries.
All four economies are classified as High-income economies by the World Bank and Advanced economies by the IMF and CIA. All of them, like Western European countries, possess Human Development Index considered as "very high" by the UN. South Korea has an outstanding performance in such group. It is the only among the Asian Tigers that is a OECD member. According to The Economist's Democracy Index, a non peer reviewed scale that measures the degree of democracy — as defined by the presence and fairness of elections in determining the country's regime, government transparency, civil liberties, and popular political participation — in different world countries, South Korea is, along with Japan, the only "full democracy" in Asia.
Current NICs
The following table presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different authors and experts. Turkey, and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the CIA. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD since 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The G8+5 group is composed by G8 members plus China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil.
Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite.
According to Goldman Sachs review of emerging economies, by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows: China, USA, India, Brazil, and Mexico.
For China and India, the immense population of these two nations (each with over 1.1 billion people as of January 2009) means that per capita income will remain low even if either economy surpasses that of the United States in overall GDP. When GDP per capita is calculated according to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), this takes into account the lower costs of living in each newly industrialized country.
Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa meet annually with the G8 countries to discuss financial topics and climate change, due to their economic importance in today's global market and environmental impact, in a group known as G8+5. This group is expected to be expanded to G14 by adding Egypt alongside the five forementioned countries.
Other NICs
Each author set a list of countries accordingly to the methods or type of economic analysis. This sometimes results in a country being mentioned as NIC in a particular work, but that is rarely considered as such by the other authors. This is the case of nations such as Argentina, Chile, Egypt, Indonesia and Russia.
Brief economic analysis
NICs usually benefit from comparatively low labor costs, which translates into lower input prices for suppliers. As a result, it is often easier for producers in NICs to outperform and outproduce factories in developed countries, where the cost of living is higher, and labor unions and other organizations have more political sway.
This comparative advantage is often criticized by advocates of the fair trade movement.
Issues
South Africa faces an influx of immigrants from countries such as Zimbabwe.
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Related pages
Groupings:
Adrian Metcalfe
Adrian Peter Metcalfe (2 March 1942 – 8 July 2021) was a British athlete. He mainly competed in the 400 metres. He won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Metcalfe was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire.
Metcalfe died on 8 July 2021, aged 79.
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
The flag of the Azerbaijan SSR was first adopted in 1920, and was a red flag with a yellow crescent and star in the left upper corner.
From the second part of 1921 to 1922, Azerbaijan SSR used a red flag with the yellow Cyrillic letters АССР (ASSR).
In 1937, golden hammer and sickle were added in the top left hand corner, with beneath the Latin letters AzSSR in a serif font in place of the Cyrillic letters. A third version was issued in 1940s, and had AzSSR replaced by its Cyrillic version АзССР. The last version of the flag was adopted by the Azerbaijan SSR on October 7, 1952. It was the flag of the Soviet Union, with an horizontal blue band on the bottom fourth.
Jones County, North Carolina
Jones County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 10,153 people lived there. Its county seat is Trenton.
List of van models
This page lists vans that are being built (as of 2013) and it lists past models. The list includes minivans, passenger vans, and cargo vans.
† = no longer in production
Hyundai
Isuzu
Iveco
Jowett
Kia
LDV
Leyland
Mahindra
Mercedes-Benz
Mercury
Mitsubishi
Morris
Nissan
Oldsmobile
Opel/Vauxhall
Peugeot
Plymouth
Proton
Pyonghwa
Pontiac
Renault
Riga Autobus Factory
SAIC-GM-Wuling
Saturn
SsangYong
Subaru
Suzuki
Tatra
Tempo
Toyota
Vauxhall and Bedford
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Wheelchair accessible
Some vans can be converted into wheelchair accessible vans:
The following vehicles may be used in yards or in historic city centres:
The Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
The Sun may also mean:
Marshall County, Tennessee
Marshall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2020 census, 34,318 people lived there. The county seat is Lewisburg.
Léon Walras
Léon Walras (16 December 1834-5 January 1910) was a French economist. He started what is known as Lausanne school, or Marginalism today. He looked at market equlibrium. He started general equilibrium theory. For this, he looked at marginal utility: This is the added benefit of consuming another unit of an economic good. His thoughts are very important for Neoclassical econmics. In general equilibrium theory, he looked at a scenario, where there are (an unspecified, large) number of households and companies, who act on several markets: He postulated that what is true in one market, in equilibrium must be true for all of them: There is a system of price determination that has the property that supply and demand match on all markets. Abraham Wald could prove this hhypothesis only much later. Today, it is part of the Arrow–Debreu model.
Ahmed Lawan
Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan (born 12 January 1959) is a Nigerian politician and the 9th President of the Senate of Nigeria. He represents Yobe North Constituency of Yobe State under the All Progressives Congress (APC).
Macon County, Tennessee
Macon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2020 census, 25,216 people lived there. The county seat is Lafayette.
Ahmed Lawan
Education
Lawan holds a bachelor's degree in Geography from the University of Maiduguri, a postgraduate diploma degree in Land Surveying from the Ahmadu Bello University, a master's degree in Remote Sensing from the Ahmadu Bello University and a Doctorate degree in Remote Sensing/GIS from Cranfield University.
Destroyer (1943 movie)
Destroyer is a 1943 American World War II adventure movie directed by William A. Seiter and starring Edward G. Robinson, Glenn Ford, Marguerite Chapman, Edgar Buchanan, Leo Gorcey, Regis Toomey, Edward Brophy. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt (John Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Aquitaine, 6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, who ruled England for over 300 years. Gaunt was the third surviving son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was the father of Henry IV.
Gaunt was a younger brother of Edward, the Black Prince. He had great influence over the English throne during the childhood of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife. He is not thought to have been an opponent of the king.
John of Gaunt's legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters, included Kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. His other legitimate children included, by his first wife Blanche, his daughters Philippa of Portugal and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter; and by his second wife Constance, his daughter Queen Catherine of Castile.
John fathered five children outside marriage, one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother, and four by Katherine Swynford, Gaunt's long-term mistress and third wife. These were surnamed Beaufort (after a former French possession of the Duke). The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married in 1396. Their half-brother Henry IV added a later proviso that they were barred from inheriting the throne.
Descendants of this marriage included Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and eventually cardinal; Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, grandmother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the great-grandfather of King Henry VII; and Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots, from whom are descended, beginning in 1437, all subsequent sovereigns of Scotland, and successively, from 1603 on, the sovereigns of England, of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the United Kingdom to the present day. The three succeeding houses of English sovereigns from 1399 — the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudor — were descended from John through Henry Bolingbroke, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively.
Lancaster's eldest son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, was exiled for ten years by King Richard II in 1398 as resolution to a dispute between Hereford and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk.
When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown as King Richard II named Hereford a traitor and commuted his sentence to exile for life. Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile to reclaim his inheritance and depose Richard. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England.
Due to some generous land grants, John was not only one of the richest men in his era, but also one of the wealthiest men to have ever lived. Taking into account inflation rates, John was worth a modern equivalent of $110 billion, making him the sixteenth richest man in history.
Alternation of generations
The term alternation of generations is used to describe an alternation of forms in the life cycle of plants (and some protists).
Carlos Marchena
Carlos Marchena (born 31 July 1979) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia and Spain national team.
Alternation of generations
One form is diploid, with 2n chromosomes: the sporophyte. The other form is haploid with only one set of chromosomes: the gametophyte. Both forms are multicellular.
Carlos Marchena
Club career statistics
273||7 20||2 293||9
Alternation of generations
In sexual reproduction, organisms have a haploid phase with one set of chromosomes and a diploid phase with two sets of chromosomes. In animals the body (soma) is usually diploid, while the haploid stage is only the gametes.
Carlos Marchena
International career statistics
!Total||69||2
Alternation of generations
Plants
The alternation of generations is an important concept in the evolution of plants. All land plants have alternation of generations.
In mosses and their relatives (Bryophytes), the haploid gametophyte is the dominant generation, and the diploid sporophytes are sporangium-bearing stalks growing from the gametophytes. In ferns, the diploid sporophyte is much larger, and the haploid gametophyte is a little plant that can grow for a long time.
The sporophyte produces spores (hence the name), by meiosis. These develop into a gametophyte. Both the spores and the resulting gametophyte are haploid, meaning they have half as many chromosomes. Later, the mature gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both) by mitosis. The fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization) produces a diploid zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This is the cycle which is known as alternation of generations or alternation of phases.
As a factor in plant evolution
In the landmark work Variation and evolution in plants, Stebbins discussed how alternation of generations related to the overall evolution of plants. He began:
Later Stebbins comments: The point is that, in diploids, new alleles are sheltered and (collectively) they are a reservoir of potential variation in the population.
Algae
Most algae have dominant gametophyte generations, but in some species the gametophytes and sporophytes are morphologically similar (isomorphic).
Bryophytes
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) have a dominant gametophyte stage on which the adult sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition. The sporophyte develops from the zygote inside the female sex organ, so its early development is nurtured by the gametophyte.
Meigs Field
Merrill C. Meigs Field Airport, was a single strip airport that operated from December 1948 until March 2003. It was built on Northerly Island.
Alternation of generations
Vascular plants
An independent sporophyte is the dominant form in all clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (flowering plants) that have survived to the present day.
Earlier evolution
Early land plants had sporophytes that produced identical spores: they looked the same whichever sex they developed into. The ancestors of the gymnosperms evolved complex heterosporous life cycles: the spores producing male and female gametophytes were of different sizes. The female megaspores tending to be larger, and fewer in number, than the male microspores.
Meigs Field
The airport opened on December 10, 1948, and became America's busiest single-strip airport in 1955. The air traffic tower was built in 1952 and the terminal was built in 1961. The airfield was named for Merrill C. Meigs, an aviation enthuisist.
Alternation of generations
Earlier evolution
During the Devonian, several plant groups independently evolved heterospory and later endospory, in which single megaspores were kept inside the sporangia of the parent sporophyte. These endosporic megaspores had a miniature multicellular female gametophyte with female sex organs and egg cells. The ova were fertilised by free-swimming sperm produced by windborne miniaturised male gametophytes in the form of pre-pollen.
Meigs Field
The airport was a common sight on the Chicago lakefront. It was also known as the default airport in many versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator. It was featured in Microsoft's Midtown Madness and Reflections' Driver 2 video game. The airport is also the main location of the film Powers of Ten.
Alternation of generations
Earlier evolution
The resulting zygote developed into the next sporophyte generation while still inside the single large female megaspore in the sporangium of the parent sporophyte. The evolution of heterospory and endospory was among the earliest steps in the evolution of seeds of the kind produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Similar processes in other organisms
Some Chromalveolata, some fungi and some slime moulds have what seems to be genuine alternation of generations. These groups include such a wide range of different types that it is difficult to say how common the phenomenon is. Certainly slime moulds are not a monophyletic group, and that may be true of the other two groups,
Animals
Alternation of generations between a multicellular diploid and a multicellular haploid generation does not exist in animals.
In some animals, there is a life cycle with different diploid stages. This has sometimes mistakenly been called "alternation of generations", but is quite different from what happens in plants and some protists. The most common case is that there are two distinct generations, where only one has sexual reproduction. Animals where it has been found include the Cnidaria and the Tunicates. The images on the right show the case of jellyfish: The medusa looks different from the polyp; they are different phenotypes. Only the medusa reproduces sexually.
Other animals with life cycle forms include parasites such as certain flukes, which live in different snails for one part of their life, and in vertebrates for another part.
In some cases, the cycle includes more than two generations. If this is the case, only one stage uses sexual reproduction. In aphids, for example, there is one generation that reproduces sexually, and up to forty that use parthenogenesis, a type of asexual reproduction.
Alamo, Georgia
Alamo is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Wheeler County.
Economic development
Economic development it is the growth of standard of living of nations from a poor economy to a high-income economy.<ref,~Bornwell N Makowa, "Economic development," ~makowa's Glossary of International Economics  online (click to E). When the local quality of life is improved, there is more economic development.
When social scientists study economic development, they look at a lot of things. They want to know about the way economic development is discussed by historians. They also want to know how development is happening today. They may want to know why people invest more money in some places than in others. They also want to know why people are better at making things to sell in some countries rather than others.
Measuring Economic Development
Economists usually measure economic development by GDP, Gross domestic product. Same map for people with color blindness.
One way to measure economic development is ''human development. Human development is very important, and includes the health of the people and their education. This usually goes together with economic growth. As people in a country become healthier and get better education, they also usually get richer, because healthy, educated workers are more productive (better at making things), and richer workers can afford health and education. The Human Development Index looks at how long people live, how well people read, how many people go to school, and how much money people make.
Economists also look at the rate of growth, which is how fast a country gets richer.
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The University of Iowa's Center for International Finance and Development states that:
'Economic development' is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernization, and especially Industrialization are other terms people have used when discussing economic development. Although no one is sure when the concept originated, most people agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism.
Mansell and Wehn state that development has been understood since the second World War to involve economic growth, increases in per capita income, and attainment of a standard of living equivalent to that of industrialized countries.
Intensive versus extensive growth
A closely related idea is the difference between extensive and intensive economic growth. Extensive growth refers to the increase of overall wealth, while intensive growth refers to the increase of per capita wealth. Unlike extensive growth, intensive growth is mainly driven by productivity growth and technological progress. While economies in the pre-industrialization period grew extensively, intensive growth is a relatively recent phenomenon that came with modern economic growth.
Does growth create development?
Dependency theorists argue that poor countries have sometimes experienced economic growth with little or no economic development; for instance, in cases where they have functioned mainly as resource-providers to wealthy industrialised countries. There is an opposing argument, however, that growth causes development because some of the increase in income gets spent on human development such as education and health. According to Ranis et al. (2000), we view economic growth to human development as a two-way relationship. Moreover, Ranis suggested that the first chain consist of economic growth benefiting human development with GNP. Namely, GNP increases human development by expenditure from families, government and organizations such as NGOs. With the increase in economic growth, families and individuals will likely increase expenditures with the increased in incomes, which leads to increase in human development. Further, with the increased in expenditures, health, education tend to increases in the country and later will contribute to economic growth.
In addition to increasing private incomes, economic growth also generate additional resources that can be used to improve social services (such as healthcare, safe drinking water etc...). By generating additional resources for social services, unequal income distribution will be limited as such social services are distributed equally across each community; benefiting each individual. Thus, increasing living standards for the public.
To summarize, as noted in Anand’s article (1993), we can view the relationship between human development and economic development in three different explanations. First, increase in average income leading to improvement in health and nutrition (known as Capability Expansion through Economic Growth). Second, it is believed that social outcomes can only be improved by reducing income poverty (known as Capability Expansion through Poverty Reduction). Thirdly, (known as Capability Expansion through Social Services), defines the improvement of social outcomes with essential services such as education, health care, and clean drinking water.
Exogenous growth model
The exogenous growth model (or neoclassical growth model) of Robert Solow and others places emphasis on the role of technological change. Unlike the Harrod-Domar model, the saving rate will only determine the level of income but not the rate of growth. The sources-of-growth measurement obtained from this model highlights the relative importance of capital accumulation (as in the Harrod–Domar model) and technological change (as in the Neoclassical model) in economic growth. The original Solow (1957) study showed that technological change accounted for almost 90 percent of U.S. economic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Empirical studies on developing countries have shown different results (see Chen, E.K.Y.1979 Hyper-growth in Asian Economies).
Also see, Krugman (1994), who maintained that economic growth in East Asia was based on perspiration (use of more inputs) and not on inspiration (innovations) (Krugman, P., 1994 The Myth of Asia’s Miracle, Foreign Affairs, 73).
Even so, in our postindustrial economy, economic development, including in emerging countries is now more and more based on innovation and knowledge. Creating business clusters is one of the strategies used. One well known example is Bangalore in India, where the software industry has been encouraged by government support including Software Technology Parks.
However, when looking at the growth rate put forward from the neoclassical growth model, it seems to suggest that countries with same characteristics and technology will eventually converge to the same rate of growth. However, one should know that the knowledge presented in countries that promotes technological advancement is not stationary. Meaning that knowledge are linked to individual and not to the country.
According to Lucas Jr (1988) to compensate the movement of knowledge, we should implement factors such as labour factor to predict immigration flow. With labour movement coming into factor, we can then predict the flow of knowledge which can then successfully lead to increase in technology
Endogenous growth model
A complete explanation of economic development requires a self-starting and self-sustaining model of economic growth that is not provided by neoclassical and Keynesian growth models. The dynamic-strategy model, which is based on an endogenous demand-side theory, provides these characteristics. This model was developed by G.D. Snooks in Longrun Dynamics (1998) and Global Transition (1999).
Information-led development
Information-led development (ILD) most commonly refers to a development strategy whereby a developing country makes as a primary economic policy focus the creation and development of a national information technology (IT) sector with the express aim of relying on this sector as an engine of growth. Notable examples of such countries are India and the Philippines.
More recently, a new formulation of ILD has emerged. With origins in community economic development in the United States, the new ILD model describes the use of data to generate actionable information or information solutions to development challenges. Examples of this include the inclusion of non-financial payment obligations in consumer credit files, also known as alternative data, and the use of this information in underwriting, as a means to reduce financial exclusion in the United States, where an estimated 54 million Americans are shut out of mainstream credit access as there is insufficient information about them in their credit files to be scored by a credit scoring model. This variant of ILD was pioneered by PERC, a non-profit policy research organization and development intermediary headquartered in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Other US-based organizations, including Social Compact and the Local Initiatives Support Corporation, employ variants of ILD, but none has applied this internationally except for PERC.
This development model is gaining traction in emerging markets such as Colombia and South Africa, where the data is being used to reduce financial exclusion and facilitate credit access as a means to build wealth and form assets. It is also attracting increasing attention from development agencies, including USAID, the International Finance Corporation, the World Bank Group, and the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor.
Measuring economic development
North America, even though one of the slowest growing continents, has stable growth. Most of the faster growing economies are in the Caribbean.