cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
John McCain 2008 presidential campaign
His second candidacy for the Presidency of the United States. After winning a majority of delegates in the Republican primaries of 2008, on August 29, leading up to the convention, McCain selected Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska as his running mate for Vice President.
Five days later, at the 2008 Republican National Convention, McCain was formally selected as the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 2008 presidential election.
On November 4, 2008, McCain lost to Barack Obama in the general election, receiving 173 votes of the electoral college to Obama's 365 and gaining 46 percent of the popular vote to Obama's 53 percent.
Historical race concepts
Racism
Someone who partakes in racism is called racist. These are the attitudes that in turn supported the horrors of African slavery, Apartheid, the Jim Crow laws, Nazism, Japanese imperialism, and other crimes committed by mankind against itself.
Annabelle (movie)
Annabelle is a 2014 American supernatural horror movie. It was directed by John R. Leonetti and written by Gary Dauberman. It is a prequel of The Conjuring. It is set in 1967 in Santa Monica, California. It stars Annabelle Wallis, Ward Horton, Tony Amendola, and Alfre Woodard. The movie was released worldwide on October 3, 2014.
Argentine National Anthem
The lyrics of the Himno Nacional Argentino (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente López y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera. This song was adopted as the national anthem on May 11, 1813, three years before the formal declaration of independence from Spain. May 11 is therefore Anthem Day in Argentina.
Modern Version
The following is the modern version, adopted in 1900, without the vivid attacks against Spain.
2008 comprehensive translation, adapted for the tune
Same meaning, somehow more positive
O'Hear Mortals these sacred words...
We Are Free!, We Are Free!, We Are Free!
O'Hear the sounds of broken old chains,
See enthroned our great noble Flag!
Her glorious passage was for us unveiled,
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: We Greet!
Chorus
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Let us all live crowned with Glory,
Or full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Original version
The original version, Marcha Patriótica, is as follows:
Cellular Jail
The Cellular Jail, also known as Kālā Pānī (Hindi for black waters), was a colonial prison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The prison was used by the British especially to exile political prisoners to the remote archipelago. Many notable dissidents such as Batukeshwar Dutt, Yogendra Shukla and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, among others, were imprisoned here during the struggle for India's independence. Today, the complex serves as a national memorial monument.
Architecture
The construction of the prison started in 1896 and was completed in 1906. The original building was a puce-colored brick building.The bricks used to build the building were brought from Burma.Each of the seven wings had three stories upon completion. There were no dormitories and a total of 696 cells. Each cell was 4.5 x in size with a ventilator located at a height of 3 m. The name, "cellular jail", derived from the solitary cells which prevented any prisoner from communicating with any other. Also, the spokes were so designed such that the face of a cell in a spoke saw the back of cells in another spoke. This way, communication between prisoners was impossible.
Japanese occupation
The Empire of Japan invaded the Andaman islands in 1942 and drove out the British. The Cellular Jail then became home to British prisoners. During this period, Subhas Chandra Bose also visited the island. In 1945, the British resumed control with the end of World War II.
Post Independence
The Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital was set up in the premises of the Cellular Jail in 1963. It is now a 500-bed hospital with about 40 doctors serving the local population. The centenary of the jail's completion was marked on 10 March 2006.
Dick Rivers
Rivers died of cancer in Paris on his 74th birthday on 24 April 2019.
Chris Kavanagh (referee)
Christopher "Chris" Kavanagh is an English professional football referee who officiates primarily in the Premier League having been promoted to the Select Group of Referees in 2017.
Zola (musician)
He was born on 24 April 1981 in the Soweto Township of Johannesburg, South Africa. Zola had time in prison as a youth for car theft.
Zola become well known for his role as the notorious gangster Papa Action in Yizo Yizo 2. Zola has enjoyed success as a Kwaito superstar. He is also the owner of the music company Guluva Entertainment.
Zola raps in isiZulu and uses a lot of tsotsi.
Musical awards
He has received four South African Music Awards:
At the Metro FM Awards 2001, Zola won on public vote:
Oggebbio
Oggebbio is a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Arlette Zola
Arlette Zola (born 29 April 1949) is a Swiss singer. She was born Arlette Jaquet in the city of Fribourg. Zola was in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1982. Zola was placed third behind Germany and Israel. She made two more tries at reaching the Eurovision finals. In 1984 she took third place in the Swiss final. 1985 also saw her in third spot.
White Chicks
White Chicks is a 2004 American comedy movie directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans.
Topsy
Topsy may refer to:
Jason Bonham
Jason John Bonham (born 15 July 1966) is an English rock drummer who is noted for being the son of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, as well for his own music. He has played with bands like Foreigner and UFO, and he has also played with the surviving members Led Zeppelin on several band reunions, such as the reunion in 2007 at the London 02 Arena. He has a close relationship with former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, and they have toured together in the 80's when Page released his solo album, Outrider. In 2010, Bonham will be working with his new band, Black Country.
Dietlikon
Dietlikon is a municipality in the district of Bülach in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Lindy Thackston
Lindy Thackston Hogue (born November 29, 1980) is an American news reporter and anchor. She has worked as a trackside and pit lane reporter for Versus coverage of the IndyCar Series. Thackston has co-anchored the morning newscast on Fox affiliate WXIN. She was born in Frankfort, Indiana.
In May 2020, Thackston was diagnosed with stage-3 colon cancer.
Mike Dean (referee)
Michael "Mike" Dean is a English former professional referee who is currently a video assistant referee primarily in the Premier League. He is based in Heswall, Wirral, and is a member of the Cheshire County Football Association.
Since his appointment as a Select Group referee in 2000, Dean has officiated a number of notable matches, including the FA Community Shield and the finals of the FA Cup, Football League Cup and FA Trophy.
Ingvar Kamprad
Feodor Ingvar Kamprad (30 March 1926 – 27 January 2018) was a Swedish business magnate. He was the founder of IKEA, a Swedish retail company specialising in furniture.
Kamprad died on 27 January 2018 in Småland, Sweden of pneumonia at the age of 91.
Ornavasso
Ornavasso is a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Jacques Déprez
Jacques Déprez (3 March 1938 – 20 November 2020) was a French hurdler. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
Déprez died on 20 November 2020 at the age of 82.
Fushūgaku
Fushūgaku (不就学) is a term used in Japan which means "not attending school". This term is used mainly with Brazilian Japanese children.
Reasons
There are various reasons as to why children do not attend school in Japan. One reason is that they cannot understand Japanese. Another reason is that their parents cannot afford school fees for them to go to school.
Montedio Yamagata
Montedio Yamagata (モンテディオ山形) is a Japanese professional football club in Yamagata Prefecture.
History
The club was founded in 1984.
Flushing, Michigan
Flushing is a city in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 8,389 at the 2010 census. Flushing is considered a suburb of Flint.
Antonio Ambrosetti
Ambrosetti died on November 20, 2020 in Venice at the age of 75.
John Holt (educator)
John Caldwell Holt was an American educator and author. He supported homeschooling and unschooling.
Homeschooling to deschooling
Holt became disappointed with the United States school system after several years of working in it. He became convinced that improving the school system was not possible, and began to support homeschooling. Holt believed that children did not need to be pressured into learning. They would learn naturally if they had a variety of resources, and could follow their own interests.
Holt's Growing Without Schooling, founded in 1977, was the nation's first home education newsletter.
Holt, in his 1964 best-seller How Children Fail (2nd ed 1982), said schooling does more harm than good to a child's desire to truly learn. The book was followed by How Children Learn, which explained his positive ideas (1967, 2nd ed 1983.
Holt's sole book on homeschooling, Teach Your Own, was published in 1981. It was revised by his colleague Patrick Farenga and republished in 2003.
In his 1974 book, Escape from Childhood: the needs and rights of children, Holt said that children should have the same independence as adults. These included the right to work for money, sign contracts and be allowed to vote in elections.
36 BC
Year 36 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Publicola and Nerva.
Gangwon Province, South Korea
Gangwon-do is a province of South Korea. The capital is Chuncheon. Before Korea was divided in 1945, Gangwon and its North Korean half Kangwŏn were a single province. Gangwon-do is in the northeastern corner of South Korea. On the north it borders North Korea. It has a long coast along the Sea of Japan to the east. On the west it borders Gyeonggi-do. This is the province with the largest population in South Korea. In contrast most of Gangwon-do is made up of mountains and forests. The mountains get a good deal of snow in the winter. They are home to a number of popular ski resorts.
Gangwon-do has two islands, Ulleungdo and Dokdo. Japan and South Korea have had a long dispute over which country owns Dokdo (which Japan calls Takeshima). About 37 South Korean police guard the island and the waters around them.
The 2018 Winter Olympics are scheduled to take place in Gangwon province. Pyeongchang, Gangneung, and Jeongseon will host the events.
Transport
Gangwon Province is an important place for former transport links with North Korea. Today train services operate on the Gangwon and Cheongnyeonicheon Lines. Gangwon's marine transport center is Wonsan. There are modern facilities in Wonsan Harbor, which accounts for 4% of Gangwon's freight traffic.
Sports
Gangwon FC is based in Gangwon-do. Gangwon's coach is Choi Yun-Gyeom and they have four home stadiums: Gangneung Sport Stadium, Chuncheon Songam Stadium, Wonju Sports Stadium, and Sokcho Sports Stadium.
Zevio
Zevio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verona in the Italian region Veneto. It is about 90 km west of Venice and about 14 km southeast of Verona.
Cheonggyecheon
Cheonggyecheon is a stream bisecting down town Seoul, South Korea. This stream has a length of 5.84 km(its trail-12.04 km long) and its greatest width is 84m. This stream is famous for restoration. It was a sewer of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty. For half a century, industrial era after the Korean War, it had been entombed by pavement and had been a highway. After the restoration, Cheonggycheon has become an ecological park. The restoration of Cheonggyecheon took three years spending almost $400 million. Since its opening in 2005, hundreds of thousands of people have visited Cheonggyecheon with friends and family. Many interesting events have been often held at Cheonggyecheon as well.
History
It was originally called 'Gaecheon(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ).' The Cheonggyecheon used to be a naturally formed stream before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).
During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "Cheonggye" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.
As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6 km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.
About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005
Heathrow Airport
London Heathrow Airport, or Heathrow, is the main, and busiest airport serving the United Kingdom. Heathrow is also Europe's busiest airport for passenger traffic, and handles more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world.
Heathrow is in the London Borough of Hillingdon, 15 mi west of Central London, England, Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and five terminals. The site covers 12.14 square kilometres (4.69 square miles). Terminal 5 was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008 and opened to passengers on 27 March 2008. Terminal 2 opened in 2014, and Terminals 3 and 4 will be refurbished during this period. In November 2007 a consultation process began for the building of a new third runway.
David Cameron
David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He was First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the British Conservative Party until July 2016.
On 24 June 2016, following a vote in a referendum to leave the European Union, Cameron announced that he would step down before the October 2016 Conservative Party Conference to make way for a new Prime Minister. After Theresa May became the only candidate in the elections, she became the designated Prime Minister. Cameron later announced he would resign on 13 July and was replaced by May.
Early life and career
David Cameron was born at The London Clinic in Marylebone, London, and grew up in Peasemore, Berkshire. He went to Eton College, a private school for boys, when he was thirteen. He has a brother, Alexander Cameron and two sisters. He then studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at the University of Oxford. He has Scottish, Welsh, English, Irish and German Jewish descent. He worked as a researcher for Carlton TV, and as an adviser for Conservative politicians Norman Lamont and Michael Howard. He first became a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2001 General Election for the constituency of Witney, after making an unsuccessful attempt to become an MP during the 1997 General Election. He briefly entered the shadow cabinet in 2005, before being elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005.
Heathrow Airport
Runway use
Today, Heathrow airport uses two operation runways. These are:
David Cameron
Prime Minister (2010–2016)
Cameron led the Conservatives through the 2010 general election, where it received the highest share of the vote and more seats than any other party, but did not get enough votes to form a government by themselves. A Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government was formed, and David Cameron became Prime Minister on 11 May 2010. He is Britain's youngest Prime Minister for over 200 years. Since being elected, Cameron's government has declared £6.2 billion worth of cuts to help reduce the budget deficit. He was re-elected as Prime Minister in 2015. His party got 36.9% of the vote, a majority. The Liberal Democrats only got 7.9% so the coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats ended.
On 24 June 2016, following a vote in a referendum to leave the European Union, Cameron announced that he would step down before the October 2016 Conservative Party Conference to make way for a new Prime Minister. Cameron announced he would resign on July 13, after Theresa May became the designated Prime Minister.
Heathrow Airport
Runway use
Currently, 1 runway is used for takeoff and another used for landing, depending on the approach path used at the time. Approaching planes are normally cycled between two options at 12 hour intervals in order to reduce noise and environmental impacts for residents. In the future, BAA are considering changing to "Mixed mode" where both runways are used for landing and takeoff. This would boost space.
David Cameron
Personal life
He said on Channel 4 News in 2013 that he is a feminist, but some people don't agree. During a debate with MP Angela Eagle at Prime Minister's Questions in April 2011 he told her to "calm down, dear". Some people found this rude, and have used it to claim he is not a feminist.
Pallanzeno
Pallanzeno is a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Heathrow Airport
Cargo
Heathrow has had a large increase in cargo-only flights. Established carriers at the airport may have cargo-only flights using passenger aircraft. Also there are cargo-only airlines.
Clergy
Clergy are people who have an office in a Christian church or other religion such as a rabbi or a priest. Clergy are often ordained before they are allowed to do their work.
Australian National University
The Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australia, is the only university set up by the Federal Government of Australia. The law to start the university was passed in 1946. It was set up to be a research university for subjects of national importance. These included physics, medicine, social sciences and Pacific studies. The university started undergraduate courses in 1960.
Nobel prizes
ANU has had five Nobel Prize winners:
Lonigo
Lonigo is a town and comune in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern Italy. Around 16,400 people lived here in 2009.
Malocclusion
Malocclusion is when the teeth in a person's upper jaw do not meet the teeth in the lower jaw correctly.
Edward Angle, the "father of modern orthodontics," was the first to use the word. It is a combination word of occlusion and mal meaning "bad."
Flaying
Flaying is a form of torture, mutilation, and execution. It is the act of stripping the skin and flesh from the bones. Flaying an enemy while alive is an ancient practice. Accounts attribute the practice to the ancient Assyrians, who were said to flay the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nail it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power. Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1979).
Dinhard
Dinhard is a municipality of the district Winterthur in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Running mate
A running mate is a person running together with another person on a joint ticket during an election. The term is most often used in reference to the vice presidential candidate running with a presidential candidate but can also properly be used when referring to both candidates, such as by saying Joko Widodo and Jusuf Kalla were running mates in the presidential elections held in Indonesia in 2014.
Ross Island, South Andaman district
Ross Island is an island of the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The island is situated 3 km east from downtown Port Blair.
1941 earthquake
About nine months before the Japanese take-over of the entire set of islands, Ross Island experienced an earthquake, which caused many people to leave the Island. Except for a brief time when the Japanese occupied, the abandonment of Ross Island as a result of the quake continued. The headquarters were then shifted to Port Blair.
Japanese period
From 1942 to 1945, the island was occupied by the Japanese. The Government House became the residence of the Japanese admiral also for three years (from March 1942 to October 1945). It was during this period that Subhash Chandra Bose, who took the help of Japanese in his fight against the British, stayed at the Island for a day in December 1943. Netaji also hoisted the national tricolor at the top of the Government House. The Japanese too left their imprint on the island which stand in the form of bunkers used as watch points to safeguard the Island from any foreign invasion.
Recapture
The allies reoccupied the island in 1945 and later abandoned it.
Indian naval post
In April 1979, the island was handed over to the Navy, which set up a small post, INS Jarawa, named after one of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman group of islands.
Geography
The island belongs to the Port Blair Islands and lies in the entrance of Port Blair.
Administration
Politically, Ross Island is part of Port Blair taluk.
Demographics
Ross Island is an island where no civilian settlement is allowed by the authorities.
Kevin Hassett
Kevin Allen Hassett (born March 20, 1962) is an American economist and the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers from September 13, 2017 to June 28, 2019. He is known for his work on tax policy and for co-authoring the book Dow 36,000, published in 1999.
Hassett is the State Farm James Q. Wilson Chair in American Politics and Culture and Director of Research for Domestic Policy at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank.
Hassett was John McCain's chief economic adviser in the 2000 presidential primaries and an economic adviser to the campaigns of George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election and McCain in the presidential election of 2008. He was among Mitt Romney's economic advisers for the 2012 presidential campaign.
Mebibyte
A mebibyte is a unit of measure. It represents 1024 * 1024 bytes.
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, symbol MiB.
The unit MiB was defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in December 1998. Use of mebibyte and related units is strongly endorsed by IEEE and CIPM and is becoming more common.
One mebibyte equals 1024 (= 210) kibibytes, and 1024 mebibytes equal one gibibyte.
Mibibyte is a common misspelling, presumably from the "i" in the abbreviation or confusion about how the surrounding prefixes (i.e., "kibi" and "gibi") were actually formed. The "i" is actually from the end of the prefix. Tebi- and pebi- are similarly abbreviated Ti- and Pi-, but they are not usually misspelled, as storage sizes (and corresponding terms) currently are only this large in specialized situations.
Jack Hanna
Jack Bushnell Hanna (born January 2, 1947) is a retired American zookeeper and a former director emeritus of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium.
Daiki Hashioka
Daiki Hashioka (橋岡 大樹) is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Hashioka was born in Saitama on May 17, 1999. He joined J1 League club Urawa Reds from their youth team in 2017. He played many matches as right side back from 2018. Urawa won the 2nd place in the 2019 AFC Champions League. In January 2021, he moved to Belgian First Division A club Sint-Truidense.
Jack Hanna
He appeared on many late night shows with Johnny Carson, David Letterman, James Corden, Good Morning America, and Maury Povich.
Daiki Hashioka
Biography
In December 2019, Hashioka was selected the Japan national team for 2019 E-1 Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted as right side midfielder against China on December 10.
Jack Hanna
In April 2021, Hanna was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
Daiki Hashioka
Statistics
74||4||5||0||8||0||8||2||95||6 74||4||5||0||8||0||8||2||95||6
!Total||2||0
Mark Medoff
Mark Medoff (March 18, 1940 – April 23, 2019) was an American playwright, screenwriter, movie and theatre director, actor, and professor. He was born in Mount Carmel, Illinois.
František Reichel
František Reichel (27 January 1938 – 20 November 2020) was a Czech politician. He was Deputy Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1990 during the Prime Ministership of Marián Čalfa.
Mark Medoff
His play Children of a Lesser God won both the Tony Award and the Olivier Award in 1980. He was nominated for an Academy Award and a Writers Guild of America Best Adapted Screenplay Award for the movie script of Children of a Lesser God. He also won an Obie Award for his play When You Comin' Back, Red Ryder?.
Sara al-Drees
Sara al-Drees (سارة الدريس) or Sara Abd al-Wehab al-Drees (سارة عبد الوهاب الدريس) is a Kuwaiti teacher. She is Kuwait's first political detainee.
Work
Sara al-Drees got a BA in Sociology and Administration from Kuwait University. She is a writer for Al-Ra'i newspaper in Kuwait. She is in the Kuwaiti Journalists' Association. She was the leader of the literary cultural club of Kuwait University from 2010 to 2011. She wrote three books. In 2011 she was chosen for a special "nadwa", or workshop for young writers.
František Reichel
Reichel died on 20 November 2020 at the age of 82.
Sara al-Drees
Political life
The Kuwaiti government arrested her because she made political comments on Twitter. Al-Drees also worked with the Civil Democratic Movement, a group of political parties against the Muslim Brotherhood.
In 2013, al-Drees got a prison sentence of 20 months for her political comments on Twitter. In November 2015 she got another arrest warrant for criticizing one of the wives of the Prophet Mohammed on Twitter. She was in London, but she said she would go back to Kuwait.
Franvillers
Franvillers is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Paolo Sorrentino
Sorrentino was born in Naples.
Spike Jonze
Spike Jonze (born Adam Spiegel; October 22, 1969) is an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor. His movies include Being John Malkovich (1999), Adaptation (2002), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), and Her (2013).
Jonze was born in Rockville, Maryland. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland and Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania.
Renault 5
The Renault 5 was a car produced by Renault from 1972 to 1996. It was sold in two generations with the second arriving in 1985. It was replaced by the Renault Clio in 1990 but it remained on sale until 1996 as the budget Campus model.
It is available as hatchback with three or five doors, and with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines from 35 to 94 hp, and as the Renault 5 Turbo with 110 or 160 hp.
Materials science
Materials science studies the properties of matter to solve science and engineering problems. It uses applied physics and chemistry. Supersmall nanotechnology has got attention in recent years. There are many inventions of new material. Work on why structures fail or break down is very important to engineering.
History
The important material of a given era is often its defining point. Examples are the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Materials science originally studied ceramics and metallurgy. These ancient crafts make materials science one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs showed that the physical properties of a material were related to its atomic structure. As the phases changed, so did the physical properties of the material.
Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space exploration vehicles.
Materials science is now linked to the development of plastics, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials.
The material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful forms. So, ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/engineer. Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10 and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be produced.
Cause of failures
The study of disasters in the 19th and 20th century led to some important discoveries. A.A. Griffith (1893–1963) discovered that real materials never get near their theoretical strength. This was a groundbreaking discovery which led to changes in many industries. As an example, steel gets almost 1/10th of its theoretical strength, but most solids are 100 to 1000 times weaker than expected.
Metal alloys
The industrial study of metal alloys is a large part of materials science. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. An iron carbon alloy is only considered steel if the carbon level is between 0.01% and 2.00%. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present. Increasing carbon levels leads to lower ductility and toughness. Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties however. Cast Iron is defined as an Iron-Carbon alloy with more than 2.00% but less than 6.67% carbon. Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of chromium. Nickel and molybdenum are also found in stainless steels.
Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.
Polymers
Polymers are also an important part of materials science. They are the raw materials used to make what we commonly call plastics. Plastics are really the final product. They are made when polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing. The mixture is then shaped into a final form. Common polymers are, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.
PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. It lends itself to an incredible array of uses, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and containers. It is simple to make. It accepts a wide range of plasticisers and other additives, which give it differing properties.
Ceramics and glasses
Another application of the material sciences is the structures of glass and ceramics, typically associated with the most brittle materials. Ceramics and glasses use covalent bonds and ionic-covalent bonds with SiO2, silica or sand, as a fundamental building block. Ceramics are as soft as clay and as hard as stone and concrete. Usually, they are crystalline in form. Most glasses contain a metal oxide fused with silica. At high temperatures used to prepare glass, the material is a viscous liquid. Glass forms into an amorphous structure when it is cooled. Windowpanes and eyeglasses are important examples. Fibers of glass are also available. Diamond and carbon in its graphite form are considered to be ceramics.
Engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness, high temperature, and stability under compression and electrical stress. Alumina, silica carbide, and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder. Hot pressing provides higher density material. Chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material. Cermets are ceramic particles containing some metals. The wear resistance of tools is derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties.
Composite materials
Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials. Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermally insulative tiles which play a key and integral role in National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Shuttle thermal protection system which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. One example is Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC), The light gray material which withstands re-entry temperatures up to 1510 °C (2750 °F) and protects the Space Shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cap. RCC is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with a phenolic resin. After curing at high temperature in an autoclave, the laminate is pyrolized to convert the resin to carbon, impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber, and cured/pyrolized to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon. In order to provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the RCC are converted to silicon carbide.
Other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and similar objects. These plastic casings are usually a composite material. It is a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibers or carbon fibers have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion. These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.
New magnetic material
A new magnetic material has been discovered. It could transform computer hard drives and energy storage devices.
A highly sensitive metal bilayer needs only a small shift in temperature to dramatically alter its magnetism. This is a very useful property in electronic engineering. "No other material known to man can do this. It's a huge effect. And we can engineer it", said Ivan Schuller, of the University of California, San Diego.
The material combines thin layers of nickel and vanadium oxide. This is a structure which is surprisingly responsive to heat. "We can control the magnetism in just a narrow range of temperature – without applying a magnetic field. And in principle we could also control it with voltage or current", said Prof Schuller.
Classes of materials
Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:
John Quinn (wrestler)
John Quinn (October 15, 1941 – April 22, 2019) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances in the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) under the ring name The Kentucky Butcher in the late-1960s. He challenged then WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino on several occasions, including a 1968 main event at Madison Square Garden.
During his later career, he also appeared in European and Japanese organizations from the 1970s until the late 1980s.
Britta Schall Holberg
Britta Schall Caroc Holberg (25 July 1941 – 23 February 2022) was a Danish politician. She was a member of the Venstre party. She was Minister of the Interior from 1982 to 1986, Minister for Agriculture from 1986 to 1987, and was a member of the Folketing from 1984 to 1988 and again from 2005 to 2011. Holberg was born in Glumsø, Denmark.
Holberg died on 23 February 2022 in Copenhagen, Denmark the age of 80.
Piedimulera
Piedimulera is a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Mice galaxies
The galaxies were photographed in 2002 by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Arab people
The Arabs (العرب ʻarab) are an ethnic group widespread in the Middle East and North Africa. Arabic is one of the Semitic languages, which is also the name of the ethnic family which they belong to.
Who is an Arab
There are three points which decide whether someone is considered Arab or not:
Minorities are the Iraqi Turkmens in some Arab countries. The Iraqi Turkmen people are often considered Arab, but they are an Turkic people ethnic group with their own language and culture. The same goes for Berbers (Amazigh) and Bedouins.
There are many people who can be called Arabs by these points, but who do not think of themselves as Arab. Examples include modern Egyptians (Coptics) and the Syriacs (Aramaics/Assyrians). Although they live in countries like Syria or Egypt which is part of the Arab League and speak the official language-Arabic, they are different cultural groups. They have their own languages, culture, identity and churches, such as the Coptic Church and the Syriac Catholic and Orthodox churches. Even though many have assimilated to Arab society, they have their own heritage that spans 3,000 years.
Traditional genealogy
In Islamic and Jewish tradition, Arabs are a Semitic people from the Ishmaelites, who trace their ancestry from Ishmael, a son of the ancient patriarch Abraham and Hagar and of the sons from Abhraham and his wife Keturah. Medieval Arab genealogists separate the Arabs into two groups: the "original Arabs" (Bedouin) of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan (identified with the biblical Joktan) and the "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of North Arabia (The Levant), descending from Adnan who is descended from Ishmael.
Religion
Most Arabs today follow the religion of Islam, whose central prophet is Muhammad. Christianity makes up the largest religious minority - most of the Christians that do consider themselves Arabs belong to the Greek Orthodox Church with smaller numbers of Roman Catholics.
While Coptic and Maronite Catholic Christians are native Arabic-speakers, many reject the Arab pan-ethnicity, but are still considered Arab by outsider sources.
Exposure (toxicology)
Toxic exposure means that a toxin (poison) touched or got into a person's body. That person has been exposed to the toxin.
After a person is exposed to a toxin, many different things about that person, the toxin, and the exposure affect toxicity. Toxicity is how the person reacts to the toxin, including what symptoms they may have.
A person can get exposed to a toxin accidentally or on purpose. People can also use toxins as weapons to try to kill other people (for example, during chemical or biological warfare).
Anything can be a toxin
Anything can be a toxin if enough of it gets into a person's body. For example, even water can be toxic. If a person drinks enough water (usually more than 6 gallons in one day), they can get water toxicity (also called "water poisoning" or "water intoxication"). This causes the body's cells to swell up with extra water. Swelling in the brain's cells can cause brain damage or death. Water, in normal amounts, helps keep us alive; but if a person is exposed to enough of it, it becomes a toxin, and it can kill the person.
Types of exposure
There are two major types of exposure: acute and chronic.
An acute exposure happens only one time. Chronic exposure happens many times, over a long period of time.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines these types of exposure this way: p. 105
Routes of exposure
Toxins can get into the body in four different ways. These are called "routes of exposure." The route of exposure is one of the many things that affects toxicity.
Inhalation
Toxins can get into the body through inhalation (the person breathes in the toxin). If a toxin is a gas, inhalation is usually the way it gets into the body. p. 1
Wallace Carothers
Carothers went to the University of Illinois to study for his Ph.D. under Roger Adams. His degree was awarded in 1924. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught at several universities before joining DuPont. He was a group leader at the DuPont Experimental Station laboratory. The laboratory was near Wilmington, Delaware and it was where most polymer research was done.
Exposure (toxicology)
Inhalation
When a toxin is inhaled, it may injure the airways and the lungs. Also, some toxins can go from the lungs into the bloodstream. The bloodstream then delivers blood - with the toxin in it - to all of the organs in the body. The toxin can then damage those organs. p. 1
Wallace Carothers
He married Helen Sweetman on February 21, 1936. On April 28, 1937 he committed suicide by drinking potassium cyanide. His daughter, Jane, was born on November 27, 1937.
Exposure (toxicology)
Examples of inhaled toxins
An example of a commonly inhaled toxin is cigarette smoke. There are over 100 toxins in cigarette smoke, including formaldehyde, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. Smoking is also an example of chronic toxic exposure. The exposure is chronic because the smoker is breathing in toxins many times, over a long period of time.
Another inhaled toxin that causes acute exposure is smoke from house fires. There are many toxins in this kind of smoke, including carbon monoxide and cyanide. Firefighters or people who were trapped in fires can get cyanide poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning from breathing in these toxins. This is an example of an acute exposure, because the smoke was not breathed in for more than 24 hours.
Absorption
If a toxin gets in a person's eyes or on their skin, it can get taken up into the bloodstream. This is called absorption. Absorption through the skin is the most common route of toxic exposure. p. 97
The skin is able to keep some toxins from getting into the body. However, if a person has a cut or wound on their skin, any toxin will be able to get into the body through that wound. Also, the toxin will be taken up into the bloodstream more quickly, because it does not have to get absorbed through the skin. p. 98
Examples of absorbed toxins
Exposure by absorption often happens in workplaces where people work with toxins. For example, if a person who works at a gas station spills gasoline on himself, the body will quickly absorb the gasoline into the bloodstream. p. 98 Some chemical weapons like sarin, a nerve gas, can also be absorbed through the skin and the eyes, along with being inhaled.
Ingestion
Ingestion means that a person swallowed the toxin. Some chemicals cannot get into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract. However, others are absorbed through the lining of the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. p. 100
Examples of ingested toxins
Ingestion of toxins is very common in developing countries, where many people do not have safe drinking water. There are many different toxins that can be carried in water. They can be chemicals, like lead. They can also be biological toxins, like the bacteria that causes cholera, and the viruses that cause Hepatitis A and polio. People ingest these toxins by drinking the contaminated water, or eating food made with the water. The World Health Organization says that about 502,000 people die every year because of toxins in water and the diseases they cause.
Food poisoning is also caused by ingestion of toxins, like E. coli bacteria, which can live in foods like meat and poultry.