cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Anne Boleyn
Royal love affair
A special court was held, with Wolsey leading it, to decide if the divorce should be allowed. An official from the Pope in Rome was brought over and a trial was held. The official stated that he could not decide what to do. He wanted the Pope to decide instead. The Pope was fearful to offend Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, nephew of Catherine, and what would happen if he allowed the divorce. He did not make a decision. In the meantime, Anne and King Henry were becoming more and more impatient.
Marriage
After becoming Marquess of Pembroke in her own right, Anne felt secure enough and finally gave in to Henry in late 1532 and soon became pregnant. In order to have a legitimate heir to the throne, this meant that Anne and Henry needed to legalize their union quickly and therefore were secretly married on January 25, 1533, even though the divorce had not come through.
No longer hoping for the Pope to grant him a divorce, Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was declared illegal in the following May by the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, former chaplain of the Boleyns. Catherine was sent away from court with the title of Dowager Princess of Wales as if she had never been married to Henry.
Now recognized as Henry's legal wife, Anne was formally crowned Queen of England on June 1, 1533. All that was needed now was the birth of a son and her triumph would be complete.
Anne gave birth to a daughter, the future Elizabeth I of England, on September 7, 1533. King Henry was very disappointed, after all his troubles, the problem of the succession was still not resolved. However, Anne soon became pregnant again but that ended in a miscarriage in the summer of 1534. Henry started to worry that Anne could not give him a healthy male child. Feeling the king's displeasure, Anne became more and more insecure and ever more difficult and Henry began tiring of her. The situation only deteriorated when the king began to pay special attention to a lady of the court named Jane Seymour.
Hemse
Hemse is a locality in Gotland Municipality in Gotland County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,715 people lived there.
Anne Boleyn
Marriage
When, on January 29, 1536, Anne gave birth to a stillborn male child, Henry felt betrayed and completely turned against her, accusing her of having bewitched him.
Downfall and execution
Henry's new secretary, Thomas Cromwell, looked for a way to get rid of Anne so that Henry could marry again to his mistress Jane Seymour. He found people who said that Anne had been the lover of other men while she was married to King Henry. She was put on trial and found guilty of treason, adultery and incest, although she was probably innocent. The men who were accused of being her lovers were Sir Francis Weston, her musician Mark Smeaton, Sir Henry Norris, William Brereton, and her brother Viscount Rochford George Boleyn. All of them were condemned and executed.
Anne was executed on 19 May 1536 in the Tower of London, London, England. She was buried in the Chapel Royal of Saint Peter ad Vincula, within the Tower of London.
Bangor International Airport
The airport is used a lot because it's near the Great Circle Route, a major air route between Europe and the East Coast of the United States. The 'international' in the airport's name doesn't refer to it being close to Canada (to which it has no regular flights), but its role in travel across the Atlantic Ocean.
Bangor International Airport has passenger service on three airlines, Delta Airlines, Allegiant Air, and US Airways.
Acquaviva Collecroce
Acquaviva Collecroce is a comune in the Province of Campobasso in Molise, Italy.
Isernia
Isernia is a comune in Molise, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Isernia. In 2019, about 21,594 people lived there.
Sophie Scholl
Sophia Magdalena Scholl (9 May 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a member of the White Rose Resistance group. Along with Hans scholl, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf, Christoph Probst, and Kurt Huber, Sophie helped write leaflets that opposed Hitler and Nazi Germany.
Danielle Lewis
She was educated at Diocesan School for Girls, Auckland. She played for the University of Hawaii's women's water polo team.
Christopher Sholes
Christopher Latham Sholes (February 14, 1819 in Mooresburg (Pennsylvania, United States) - February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee (Wisconsin, United States) was an American inventor and politician, famous for designing the first commercial typewriter and "QWERTY" keyboard used today.
1916 South American Championship
The 1916 South American Championship was the first South American Championship and it took place in Argentina. Uruguay won the tournament.
Christopher Sholes
Biography
Born in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, sholes moved to nearby Danville as a teenager, where he worked as an apprentice printer. After completing his apprenticeship, Sholes moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he became editor of the newspaper "Wisconsin Enquirer." Put in politics, he was a member of the Senate and the State Assembly. He served President Abraham Lincoln. The typewriter After having patented a counting machine with Samuel W. Souléen in 1864; An amateur inventor, Carlos Glidden suggested the possibility of turning his device into a typewriter. Four years later, on June 23, 1868, he patented his idea, to which he continued to dedicate a large part of his time. In 1872 he sold the patent (US $ 79,265) of his machine for $ 12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who reached an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then manufacturers of sewing machines) to market what was known as "Typewriter. Sholes and Glidden ». Remington began the production of his first typewriter on May 1, 1873 in Ilion (New York).
Sholes continued working on new developments for the typewriter during the sixties, among the achievements obtained are the QWERTY keyboard in 1873 and the development of the mechanism that moves the blow to the type to be printed, inspired by the operation of the keys of the piano. He also developed the roller on which the paper is placed, a counterweight for the roller and the paper to move, the lever to change the line and the spacer'.
1916 South American Championship
Teams
At the time, CONMEBOL only had four members:
Top scorers
3 goals
2 goals
1 goal
Lessemsauridae
Lessemsauridae is a clade of early sauropod dinosaurs that lived in the Triassic and Jurassic of Argentina and South Africa.
The phylogenetic analysis performed by Apaldetti and colleagues is shown below:
Antetonitrus
someone please add info for antetonitrus
Ingentia
Not to be confused with the nematode Ingenia
Ingentia is an early sauropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic of Argentina. The type specimen of Ingentia, PVSJ 1086, was discovered in the Quebrada del Barro Formation of northwestern Argentina. The only species, Ingentia prima, meaning "first huge one", as the taxon was one of the first very large sauropodomorphs to evolve, along with its close relative Lessemsaurus. A second specimen, PVSJ 1087, was referred, containing five tail vertebrae, both the radius and ulna, a left calfbone and a right foot.
Ledumahadi
Ledumahadi (meaning "a giant thunderclap" in Sesotho language) is a sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic. A quadruped, it was one of the first giant sauropodomorphs, reaching a weight of around 12 tonne, despite not having evolved columnar limbs like its later huge relatives.
Lessemsaurus
The type species, L. sauropoides, was formally described by José Bonaparte in 1999. It was found in the Los Colorados Formation of La Rioja Province, Argentina.
This dinosaur was around 9 m long and was discovered in strata dating to the Norian stage, around 210 million years ago.
Steve Brusatte of the University of Edinburgh said:
Randa, Switzerland
Randa is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
The municipality is between the Weisshorn and Dom in the Matter Valley.
English Americans
English Americans, or Anglo-Americans are Americans with one or more ancestors from England.
411 BC
Year 411 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
Christopher Neil
Christopher Neil (born 1948) is a British-Irish record producer, active during the 1980s and 1990s.
He has worked with Sheena Easton, a-ha, Dollar, Paul Nicholas, Kim Criswell, Morten Harket, Mike + The Mechanics, Johnny Logan, Marillion, The Moody Blues, The Other Ones, Paul Carrack, Marillion, Edyta Górniak and most of all, Celine Dion.
He is the lead singer of the mid-1960s Manchester group The Chuckles.
Survival game
Survival games are one kind of action video game. The player stays alive in a dangerous world. Usually, the player begins with no equipment and must try to survive by making tools, making shelters and gathering resources. Many survival games take place in a single world, that are sometimes randomly generated. There are also sometimes online options to play with other people.
Gameplay
Survival games are thought of as an addition to a video game theme where the player is away from others and must work alone to stay alive and complete a goal. Lots of survival games are open world and Primarily Action games.
Ivan Dziuba
Ivan Mykhailovych Dziuba (Іва́н Миха́йлович Дзю́ба; 26 July 1931 – 22 February 2022) was a Ukrainian literary critic, social activist, dissident and politician. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, elected in 1991.
Wage Stabilization Board
The Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950. There was an initial surge of inflation in the American economy. But soon Truman's war mobilization effort began to achieve some success in stabilizing the economy.
Ivan Dziuba
Dziuba was the Minister of Culture of Ukraine (1992—1994). He was the Co-Chief of Editorial Board of the Encyclopaedia of Modern Ukraine. He also co-founded the People's Movement of Ukraine.
Dziuba died in Kyiv, Ukraine on 22 February 2022, at the age of 90.
Diophantine approximation
Diophantine approximation is a branch of number theory originally created by Diophantus for estimating any given real number as a ratio of two integers. Much of the current research into this topic is on whether or not this theory can be applied to algebraic numbers. Diophantine approximation is useful in a variety of areas in number theory, so this method is often used.
Murupara
Murupara is a town located in the Whakatāne District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. The town is located in an isolated part of the region between the Kaingaroa Forest and Te Urewera protected area, on the banks of the Rangitaiki River, 65 kilometres southeast of Rotorua.
Willie Degel
William Jack "Willie" Degel (born September 1, 1967 ) is an American entrepreneur who started and is the chief financial officer of the Uncle Jack's Steakhouse chain of restaurants in New York City. He is best known as the host of Restaurant Stakeout on Food Network. He was born in Queens, New York.
Degel opened his first restaurant, Hollywood and Main, in June 1990 in Flushing, Queens. Six years later, he opened Uncle Jack's Steakhouse, which has three locations in New York City. In March 2012, Degel began hosting Restaurant Stakeout, where he goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having.
Bill Bottrell
Bill Bottrell (born 27 October 1952) is an American record producer, songwriter and musician, probably best known for his Grammy Award-winning collaboration with Sheryl Crow.
During the late 1980s, Bottrell worked with a number of major recording artists, including Madonna and Michael Jackson. In the early 1990s he formed his own recording studio and founded a musical "think tank" he called the "Tuesday Night Music Club". One of the resulting acts was Sheryl Crow, whose 1993 debut album (produced by Bottrell) was titled Tuesday Night Music Club. Her single "All I Wanna Do" from that album won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year for Bottrell and Crow.
Bottrell has worked with many other artists, including Alisha's Attic, Rosanne Cash, Thomas Dolby, Five For Fighting, Lisa Germano, Kevin Gilbert, Shelby Lynne, Linda Perry, Tom Petty, and Toy Matinee.
Restaurant Stakeout
Restaurant Stakeout is an American reality television program that airs on Food Network. It began on March 12, 2012. It follows New York City restaurant owner Willie Degel, who goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having. The show has actors who go into the restaurants to be rude or difficult to the employees. The second season began on August 29, 2012. It is one of the first "reality" series to air on Food Network.
Noctiluca scintillans
Noctiluca scintillans, is the sea sparkle. It is a free-living marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate.
It shows bioluminescence when disturbed: this produces a "milky seas effect". The bioluminescence is produced in the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist. It is done by a luciferin-luciferase reaction in thousands of spherical organelles, called scintillons. Nonluminescent populations in the genus Noctiluca lack these scintillons.
Noctiluca is a heterotroph (non-photosynthetic) that engulfs by phagocytosis. They eat plankton, diatoms, other dinoflagellates, fish eggs and bacteria. The diatom Thalassiosira is known as a favourite food source of Noctiluca.
N. scintillans also takes in tiny phytoplankton which live as endosymbionts. They do photosynthesis for their larger host. Diatoms are often found in the vacuoles (internal membrane-bound storage compartments) of Noctiluca. The green non-feeding symbionts can grow photoautotrophically for generations.
Thames Water
Thames Water Utilities Ltd, known as Thames Water, is a large private utility company. It supplies water and waste water treatment in most of Greater London, Luton, the Thames Valley, Surrey, Gloucestershire, north Wiltshire, far west Kent, and some other parts of England.
It was started in 1989 during privatisation of the water industry in England and Wales. The water is mostly sourced from the Thames as well as some other rivers and boreholes.
History
The New River was started in 1604 by Edmund Colthurst to carry fresh water from Hertfordshire into London. The business of the New River was taken over by the New River Company, officially founded by royal charter in 1619. This developed into the Thames Conservancy which started in 1857 when Joseph Bazalgette started building the London sewers.
Thames Water plc was bought by the German utility company RWE in 2001. They sold it for £8 billion to Kemble Water Holdings Ltd in 2006. This is owned by the Australian Macquarie Group. In 2017, Macquarie Group sold it to the Canadian pensions group OMERS and the Kuwait Investment Authority. In 2022 it was losing money with current debt amounting to 80% of the value of the business. It was the most heavily indebted of England and Wales' water companies. This problem was seen by the regulator Ofwat in December 2022 and there were discussions about a possible collapse and state bail-out.
In June 2018 regulators made Thames Water pay £65 million to customers among other problems because they failed to fix leaks. In June 2023 leak levels were at their highest for five years. It was estimated to be losing 630 e6l a day. In July 2023 it was fined £3.3 million after it discharged millions of litres of undiluted sewage into the Gatwick Stream in Sussex and River Mole in Surrey.
Norra Visby
Norra Visby is a locality in Gotland Municipality in Gotland County in Sweden. In 2010, 453 people lived there.
Ethnic groups of Pakistan
About 98% of languages spoken in Pakistan are Indo-Iranian (sub-branches: 70% Indo-Aryan and 30% Iranian), a branch of Indo-European family of languages. Most languages of Pakistan are written in the Perso-Arabic script, with significant vocabulary derived from Arabic and Persian. Urdu (or Lashkari), Balochi, Pashto, Sindhi, Seraiki, Kashmiri (Koshur), Punjabi (Shahmukhi), etc. are the general languages spoken within Pakistan. Pakistanis belong to various Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups as well as Iranic peoples and Dardic language groups. In addition, small groups language isolates such as Burusho and Brahui-speaking peoples also live in the country. The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Seraikis, Muhajirs, Balochis, Chitralis and other smaller groups.
The population comprises several main ethnic groups (2009):
Smaller ethnic groups, such as Kashmiris, Kalash, Burusho, Brahui, Khowar, Shina, and Turwalis are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. The people of the Potohar Plateau in Northern Punjab, (Paharis/Potoharis or Panjistanis) are sometimes listed separately from Punjabis. This would tend to decrease the Punjabi's population further.
Hindkowan/Pahari/Pothwari or Modern Panjistani
Hindkowans is a general term applied to the inhabitants of the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The area falls in between the 'proper' Pashtun districts of the province, the Northern Punjab and Kashmir. Thus, it is a 'transitional' area where the Hindko dialect, or language, is mostly spoken, with a little Pashto and other languages. It must be noted that as such, there are no people or races of this name, but it is a purely linguistic definition or term. The people inhabiting the 'Hindko-speaking belt' are in fact from a number of ethnic origins—Pathan settlers such as the Yusufzai, Tanoli, Tarin, Jadoon, Kakkar, Utmanzai and others, as well as representatives of various Punjabi and Kashmiri tribes, as well as several indigenous hill and aboriginal tribes such as the Awan, Mughal, Turk, Karlal, Dhund Abbasi, Gujar, Swatis and so on.
Whilst the term is generally applied to the inhabitants of Hazara (especially Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra districts)it is also applied, by extension to sizable pockets of Hindko-speaking populations of Peshawar city, Kohat and Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Dera Ghazi Khan and Mianwali in Punjab.
Sometimes Pahari/Pothwari/Mirpuri are linked with Hindko and are collectively termed Panjistani people who are all closely related. Since the 2022 National Census the Panjistani people are collectively given separate status from Eastern Panjabi people.
Hazara
The Hazara ethnicity (not to be confused with the inhabitants of the Hazara region) are a Persian language-speaking people. The local or Pakistani Hazara are residing in Quetta, Balochistan, and a small number from Afghanistan as refugees in the Islamabad area and a very few in Peshawar city too in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are closely related to the Eurasian people and the Uyghur people. The total estimated population of Pakistani Hazaras is believed to be more than 200,000. Afghan refugee Hazaras are not more than between 10,000 to 12,000.
Tajik
The Tajiks are a Persian-speaking people, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, northern Pakistan and western China. The Pakistani Tajiks live amongst other majority Central Asian-origin peoples such as the Dardic and Chitralis, the Hunzukuts, Shina, Baltis etc., and proper Tajiks are estimated to be no more than between 100,000 to 125,000.
Balti
The Baltis are an ethnic group of Tibetan descent with some Dardic admixture in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and Ladakh. In Pakistan they mainly live in major urban centres of Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The Balti language belongs to the Tibetan language family and is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi.
Sally Jewell
Sarah Margaret Roffey Jewell (born February 21, 1956) is a British-born American businesswoman. She is the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior. She served in the government of President Barack Obama from April 2013 to 2017. She is the second woman to hold the position, after Gale Norton.
Aaron Cometbus
Aaron Elliott (born September 20, 1968), better known as Aaron Cometbus, is an American drummer, lyricist, self-described "punk anthropologist" and author of punk rock zine Cometbus.
Born in Berkeley, California, Aaron Cometbus began writing zines in 1981 with Jesse Michaels of Operation Ivy, and started his own after Jesse moved to Pennsylvania in October 1981. Aaron became an active participant in the Gilman Street Project and was a founding member of Crimpshrine, a highly influential punk rock band from the East Bay, which also featured Jeff Ott. After Crimpshrine's demise, Aaron formed Pinhead Gunpowder with a handful of people from the East Bay punk scene, including Mike Kirsch, Jason White and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day. Aaron has also played in a multitude of short-lived bands that usually only release a seven inch or two before breaking up, some of which include Astrid Oto, Cleveland Bound Death Sentence, Scooby Don't, Shotwell Coho, The Blank Fight, which includes Rymodee of This Bike Is A Pipe Bomb, EFS, Redmond Shooting Stars, Mundt and The Retard Beaters, T. Zatana, Colbom, and Harbinger, which also includes Robert Eggplant, formerly of Blatz, and John Geek of Fleshies. He briefly played drums in SF's anarcho-syndicalist group, Strawman. He has been known to sit behind the This Bike Is A Pipe Bomb kite from time to time.
2. Liga
Admiral Zweite Liga is the name of the second division in Austrian football.
History
The league was formed in 1975. The name "Erste Liga" was not new, because before the Second World War the name was in use for the second division in football. From 1949 to 1975 the 3 Regionalligen were the second level. With some modifications the league still exists.
In the 2020-21 season the Regionalliga was suspended due to the COVID-pandemic. Therefor no team was relegated from Liga 2. SK Rapid Wien II, SK Vorwärts Steyr and SV Horn stayed in the league. The 3rd of the league Austria Klagenfurt played relegationmatches versus SKN St. Pölten and won 5:0 (4:0 and 1:0) and was promoted to the Bundesliga.
Altenburger Land
History
The city of Altenburg and the surrounding land were the tiny duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826 to 1918; afterwards it was a state within the Weimar Republic for a short time, before it was dissolved in 1922 in order to join the state of Thuringia.
The district in its present borders was started in 1922 as "Altenburg". In 1952 districts was split in two, called Altenburg and Schmölln. They were joined up again in 1994, but called "Altenburger Land".
Altenburger Land is the easternmost district of Thuringia. It is a mainly agricultural region.
Tumi Robe Nirobe
Tumi Robe Nirobe (your voice in the silence) was a Bengali television soap opera which aired on Bengali General Entertainment Channel Zee Bangla. The show telecasted Monday through Saturday at 8:30 p.m.
Plot
The plot revolves around the love story of two special people, Jheel (Shweta Bhattacharya) and Sanju (Shubhankar Saha). They are both deaf and mute. Jheel is the lead dancer of a group called Taal. This dance group is again special because all the performers of this group are deaf and mute. Jheel has a sister Dighi who is also deaf and mute. These two orphan sisters are trying to live their lives against all odds. In the course of time Jheel and Sanju meet through Sanju's father (Arjun Chakraborty). How Jheel and Sanju develop the most special relationship is the story of Tumi Robe Nirobe.
LGBT rights in Pakistan
There are few to no LGBT rights in Pakistan. Since the 6th of October in 1860, it has been illegal to participate in homosexual acts (to have sexual contact with a person of the same gender). Unlike in India, this Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) has not yet been repealed (or gotten rid of). Homosexuality is also thought of as a taboo vice in Pakistan, Laws are harsh yet go unopposed in most cases. If individual orientation and acceptance isn’t enough, young boys in some cases are forced to delve into sexual activities with older predatory men. The major religions in Pakistan do not approve of homosexuality. Because of this, many people in the country are against homosexuality and other forms of alternative sexual orientation. Nevertheless, the LGBT community is still able to socialize, organize, date, and even live together as couples, if done mostly in secret.
Changes in the society
Pakistan is officially an Islamic Republic. However, in reality, Pakistan is largely secular (non-religious). It mainly has Anglo-Saxon laws which were inherited from the British. More and more, there are trends (or patterns) of liberalization (becoming more liberal) in the country. Globalization and social tolerance are also increasing. Because of this, public gay parties have been taking place in the country, and these parties have been thriving for a number of years.
Laws
The Constitution of Pakistan does not specifically mention sexual orientation or gender identity. There are certain parts in the Constitution that may affect the rights of LGBT Pakistani citizens. In 2018, Parliament passed the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act which established broad protections for transgender people. Earlier, in a historic 2009 ruling, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in favour of civil rights for transgender citizens, and further court rulings upheld and increased these rights. Pakistan does not have civil rights laws to prohibit discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation. Neither same-sex marriages nor civil unions are permitted under current law and are scarcely ever brought up in the political discourse. In addition, there is a growing number of individuals—especially those born to parents who have been educated in the developed world, who are usually University graduates and have some sort of understanding about evolution and sexuality—who are Coming out to their friends and introducing them to their same-sex partner.
Transsexualism and Intersexuality
Most South Asian nations have a concept, or idea, called "hijra", or third gender. While the term is commonly used in South Asia, it is considered derogatory in Urdu. The term Khawaja Sara is used instead. They are sometimes referred to as Transgender, Intersex or Eunuchs in English language publications. People who belong the third gender are thought of as being neither man nor woman. Pakistan is no different. In Pakistan, there is a lively culture of hijras. They are sometimes called transsexuals in English writings. Like transgender people in many countries, hijras are sometimes made fun of, abused, and treated violently. In Punjabi, they are referred to as Khusra (ਖੁਸਰਾ/خسرہ). In Sindhi they are Khadra (کدڙا). However, they are also accepted in some ways. This is because of the position they held in precolonial Desi society. For example, they are welcome at weddings. At weddings, they often dance as entertainment for the men. They are also welcome among the women. As most of the government and business documents in Pakistan are in English, the term "third gender" has been chosen to represent individuals that identify themselves as transsexual, a transgender person, a cross-dresser (Zenana in Urdu),  a transvestite or as Eunuchs (Narnbans in Urdu). This includes males or females as well as people that are neither or both sexes.
Hijras
Hijras are usually tolerated in Pakistani society. They are thought of as blessed in the Pakistani culture. Most hijras are thought to be cultural descendants (or relatives) of court eunuchs from the Mughal era. Hijras are thought to be born with Genital dysphoria. People sometimes feel afraid that the hijras might curse them so that they become the same way. Because of this, people listen to the hijras' needs, give them alms (or charity), and invite them to events and special occasions, like the birth of a child, a child's circumcision, or weddings. Hijra communities live a very secretive life. Because of this, many people see the hijras as mysterious.
The Asian slur Gandu (pa:ਗਾਂਦੂ/گانڈو) is usually a pejorative term used to refer to effeminate gay men. It is often rooted and shortened to Gaand (pa:ਗਾਂਡ/گانڈ). That is an Indian/Pakistani slang/swear word. It would translate to 'of the Arse'. The English translation for subtitles is often 'Arsehole' or rudely as Bummer/Bumsex). It is the same contexed offensive word used as in the Occidental term of faggot for gay men.
2000s
In 2004, it was reported that Lahore alone has 10,000 active transvestites.
People have started accepting acts of Sex reassignment surgery to change their sex as a norm either compelled by Gender dysphoria. There are situations where such cases have come into the limelight. A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.
2010s
On the 18th of June in 2016 a small clerical body in Lahore know as Tanzeem Ittehad-I-Ummat declared Transgender marriages legal under Islamic law. These clerics are affiliated to the Pakistan-based organization issued a Fatwa on Pakistani transgender people where a trans woman (born male) with "visible signs of being a woman" is allowed to marry a man, and a trans man (born female) with "visible signs of being a man" is allowed to marry a woman. Pakistani transsexuals can also change their gender. Muslim ritual funerals also apply. Depriving transgender people of their inheritance, humiliating, insulting or teasing them were also declared Haraam. Although there are no Fatāwās by a Mufti for it or against the ("Zenanas") or Eunuchs and Hermaphrodites within the country, that remains a debatable issue for the existing various sexual minority diverse communities within Pakistan respectively.
Even though the Pakistani Government recognizes a third gender on ID cards, many people from the LGBT community are hesitant to apply for it as they will not be allowed to enter the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia as a transgender person.
LGBT Pakistani history
Despite the British Raj imposition, Pakistan was still a very much an open society. Gay Pakistanis have had a much better experience in Pakistan than they did in London or elsewhere. But, all of that changed in the 1980s, under the sixth President of Pakistan, His government took the law to lifetime imprisonment, and even death in certain areas under Sharia law. More and more Wahhabi-style religious schools or madrasas were opened in the country, generally with money from the Middle East as well as teachers educated in that region.
However, 147 years after the British had brought Sodomy Laws to the entire region under their collective domain, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has noted in 2005 that gay life in Pakistan is still “less inhibited than in the west.” This is because the culture is much stronger than laws imposed by foreign powers and greedy local politicians. There have been a lot of changes, sometimes they are good and sometimes bad, but changes are constant companion to gay Pakistani life in the country. At the moment, one of the mysteries is that people deny the history of gay life in Pakistan. While in Pakistan speaking to the National Public Radio, Pakistani-American scholar Taymiya R. Zaman, who happens to be an expert in Islamic History, said that “You can’t look at something that already existed – and there is a shrine devoted to it – and now say it was unacceptable.” In March 2012 at the Human Rights Council, Hina Jilani, who was then also Chair of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and former Special Representative of the Secretary-General said, "it was very important to emphasize that a serious obstacle was the persistent denial of protection for people from violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. That denial and rejection was not prudent for any Government that claimed commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights. It was not convincing when culture and religion were used as a shield and an excuse for failure to protect. There was no notion of responsibility that allowed duty bearers to selectively hold out on protection."
Pre-Independent Colonial era (1857-1947)
The 18th century British colonists, the self-righteous Anglican males of the self-assessed superior civilisation, upon arrival in the Mughal-Muslim Indian subcontinent, were repulsed by the sight of Hijras (transgenders) and baffled over why they were accorded so much respect in royal courts and other spheres of life. After deposing the Mughals, and in discharging the white man’s burden of civilising the inferior races, the British colonists enacted the so-called Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 which was introduced on the 12th of October in 1871; to declare what they called Eunuchs (transgenders) a so-called criminal tribe (among many other Indian tribes) on the theory that certain tribes were genetically criminal and must be placed under state surveillance. By invoking the power of criminal law and associated prisons and penalties, the British colonists attacked the dignity of transgender community, degrading them in social echelons, and eventually forcing them to adopt begging, prostitution, and other questionable professions. Turning a respected community into a legally certified criminal tribe was an egregious blunder of the British colonialism (and it is hoped that Sadiq Khan, the new Mayor of London, will begin to restore the full rights of transgenders at least in London municipality).
After the so-called 1871 Criminal Tribes Act, a vicious cycle of persecution against transgenders of degradation began in the British India. Degraded to criminal tribe with genetic flaws, transgenders lost their royal status and gradually were excluded from all respectable social circles. Such is the power of the master that slaves and servants fashion their own hierarchies of inferiority among themselves. All designated criminal tribes under the 1871 Act suffered social degradation and persecution but transgenders were the hardest hit. In order to survive, some transgenders took to dancing performed at the birth of a new child in the community, collecting Wadhais (tips). Some developed the joyous art of clapping and dancing. Some developed the art of lampooning and were invited to the wedding feasts of the well-to-do to make fun of the groom, the guests, and even the politicians. They played the same role of amusing private gatherings as do late-night TV comedians in the United States. Some transgenders took to begging, some to Male prostitution, and some to criminality, thus fulfilling the prophecy of the so-called 1871 Criminal Tribes Act. After formal dissolution of the former British Empire; Independent states of modern Republic of India and Pakistan came into being respectively, thus the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed with respect to transgenders. However, the damage done to transgenders was irreparable. Transgenders lost social respect and various stereotypes have been built to humiliate and discount the transgender community. A pejorative word Khusra is in active currency to denigrate the personality of transgenders. Friends might tease a feminine-looking friend as a Khusra. An incompetent politician is called a Khusra. In both modern India and Pakistan, the word Khusra is associated with impotence, incompetence, and powerlessness. In Pakistan, the people have forgotten the spiritual role that the transgenders played in Islam. Transgenders are ridiculed and insulted. Popular TV shows, such as Khabarnaak and Khabardaar, make cruel jokes against transgender community. One of these shows is headed by a lawyer licensed to practice before the high courts of Pakistan.
LGBT politics
[[File:Asia homosexuality laws.svg|thumb|right|250px|Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal {{legend|#002255|Same-sex marriage}} {{legend|#9900CC|Foreign same-sex marriages recognized1}} {{legend|#0066FF|Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation)}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|No recognition of same-sex couples}} {{legend|#decd87|Restrictions on freedom of expression}} Same-sex sexual activity illegal {{legend|#f9dc36|Not Enforced or unclear}} {{legend|#ec8028|Penalty}} {{legend|#e73e21|Life in prison}} {{legend|#8c201f|Death penalty}}]]
The Upside
The Upside is a 2019 American comedy-drama movie directed by Neil Burger and written by Jon Hartmere. It is a remake of the French 2011 movie The Intouchables. It was inspired by the life of Philippe Pozzo di Borgo.
LGBT rights in Pakistan
LGBT politics
A number of the more liberal, secular parties in Pakistan tend to agree in principle to granting rights to various LGBT communities in the country, but are afraid to act too openly or quickly due to fear of extremist religious groups such as the Taliban who are against any such rights.
Time and again, various such parties and leaders have said that Pakistan needs to be more open, in public, about sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Yet, the sense persists that no public organization, club, or society would be allowed to endorse (or officially support) LGBT human rights, or even act as a social network for LGBT people, in the Islamic State. Only the Pakistan Greens has publicly expressed support for their LGBT rights for its citizens in general and abroad (Overseas Pakistanis) and has called for greater public openness and awareness about Sexual orientations and gender identity issues. Globally, multiple countries Legally recognise non-binary or third gender classifications and have already introduced X gender passports. In 2019 Canada introduced gender-neutral passports with an X category. While Pakistan has acknowledged a third gender to some degree since 2009, Apex Court Ruling Ordered that the NADRA issue National Identity Cards to members of the T Community showing their distinct gender.
"It's the first time in the 62-year history of Pakistan that such steps are being taken for our welfare", Almas Bobby, a Khawaja Sara association's president, said to Reuters, "It's a major step towards giving us respect and identity in society. We are slowly getting respect in society. Now people recognize that we are also human beings."
The Upside
The movie is about a paralyzed billionaire (Bryan Cranston) who becomes friends with a recently paroled convict (Kevin Hart) who he hires to take care of him.
The movie was originally to be distributed by The Weinstein Company in March 2018, but the movie was shelved and sold off following the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations.
LGBT rights in Pakistan
Restoring the Dignity of Transgenders
(a) the right to be recognised as a 'Third sex or gender'
The Upside
It was released in the United States on January 11, 2019. The Upside has grossed over $69 million and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Hart and Cranston's chemistry and performances but criticized the plot for being "predictable and cliché".
LGBT rights in Pakistan
Restoring the Dignity of Transgenders
(b) the right to vote as Pakistani citizens as transsexuals and
(c) granted the fixation of job quotas in the public/government sector, for transsexual people.
These are all landmark decisions by the apex court and hopefully the situation for LGBT rights will improve more in future. The 'Third gender' was officially protected from discrimination by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2010. Surprisingly, 60% of Pakistanis would have no concerns about having a gay or lesbian neighbour, and 32% of Pakistani people support gay marriage.
Pakistani media strictly censors LGBT related news stories. In late 2013, the Government of Pakistan censored the website Queerpk.com from being viewed.
On the 9th of January in 2017, the Lahore High Court ordered the Government to include transgender people in the national census. Despite this ground-breaking ruling in a conservative Islamic country, which must be welcome and which carries instructional values for the United States where transgenders are still fighting for equal dignity, there are some troubling aspects of the Court ruling. The Pakistan Supreme Court compares transgender persons with “disabled persons“ and articulates their gender status as “gender disorder.” There is no need for courts to engage in fruitless parallels nor does it advance the rights of transgenders when a high court labels transgender as gender disorder. Before the British invasion, Pre-Pakistanians considered gender ambiguity and transgender Identity a norm, anti LGBT+ laws were implemented by the British to co-ordinate with theirs in England. Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and other religious minorities did not feel passionate hatred towards people with LGBT identity according to historical records. In many ways, the creation of laws which support the LGBT community can be regarded as an act of process of Decolonization in itself respectively, to restore their former glorious rightful dignified traditional heritage as Pakistanis. While Pakistan now has acknowledged a third gender to some degree since 2010, the Supreme Court of Pakistan officially recognised a third gender category for Pakistani passports in December 2018. Pakistan now allows transgender, intersex, and hijra individuals to obtain documents that match their gender identity, whether male, female, or third gender respectively. On the 29th of December in 2018, Pakistan's first trans pride parade was held in Lahore to celebrate the landmark Transgender rights law passed earlier during that year.
In 2018, Nisha Rao attained her law degree from Karachi's Sindh Muslim Law College and became Pakistan's first transgender lawyer.
Sphygmomanometer
The sphygmomanometer works by wrapping a tube of fabric (called a "cuff") around the arm or other body part. The cuff is filled up with air. That stops the flow of blood in the arm. The air is then released slowly until the blood flows again. The whole process, from start to finish, only takes about a minute.
LGBT rights in Pakistan
Restoring the Dignity of Transgenders
In early 2019 The word "TRANSGENDER" translated as مُتَجَنَّس / Mutajannis for the first time in the Urdu language by the Lahore-Pakistan based Organization HOPE - Have Only Positive Expectations. Earlier than this there was no translation exists which covers the whole Transgender spectrum includes Transgender Women (trans women /MTF), Transgender Men (trans man / FTM), Khaja Sira, and gender expression.
In 2020, a transgender woman named Gul Panra was shot dead in the Pakistani city of Peshawar. This is the latest case of attacked on the LGBT community in the county. Along with her, a friend of Gul's were also injured, but escaped death. Gul was a Pashto singer in her professional life. Since 2015, it is reported that 68 transgender people were murdered in Pakistan. However, a total of 479 transgender people were attacked since 2018 in the Pakistani provence of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa alone. But, these figures may not include the actual figure, as recording of anti-trans violence is poor.
John King Jr.
John B. King Jr. (born January 5, 1975) is an American politician. He was the Secretary of Education at the  U.S. Department of Education from 2016 to 2017. Before, he served as its Acting Deputy Secretary, and from 2011 to 2014 he was the  New York State Education Commissioner.
The former Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, was given the job of putting into effect the No Child Left Behind Act. However, King is required to put into effect the law that replaces that law, the Every Student Succeeds Act.
In April 2021, King announced that he would be running for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in July 2022.
LGBT rights in Pakistan
LGBT rights in Kashmir (PAK)
Homosexuality is still illegal in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Occupied Kashmir. Pakistan was one of the 67 signatory nations opposing the UN declaration on Sexual orientation and Gender Identity, which failed to pass.
In Kashmir same-sex marriages, civil unions, and domestic partnerships are not recognised.
Saas Almagell
Saas-Almagell is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Sphygmomanometer
Many sphygmomanometers are inflated by squeezing a bulb. A gauge shows how much the cuff is inflated. The gauge can be mechanical or hydraulic (filled with mercury). It is important that the cuff is not inflated too much, so whoever is using the device has to use a stethoscope.
Paul F. Tompkins
Paul Francis Tompkins (born September 12, 1968 ) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, screenwriter, television producer, and comedian.
He was born in Mount Airy, Pennsylvania. He is known for his work in television on such programs as Mr. Show with Bob and David, Real Time with Bill Maher and Best Week Ever, later renamed Best Week Ever with Paul F. Tompkins.
Early life
Tompkins was born Paul Francis Tompkins in Mount Airy, Pennsylvania on September 12, 1968. He has two brothers (one older, one younger) and three sisters (all older).
Early work
In 1986, Tompkins first performed comedy at 17 years of age at the Comedy Works in Philadelphia (a club now located in Bristol, Pennsylvania), where he performed as half of a sketch comedy duo with the late Rick Roman.
Tompkins attended Temple University; however, he dropped out and left for Los Angeles, California in 1994.
405 BC
Year 405 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
Cassiterite
Cassiterite is a mineral. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It contains tin dioxide. It is black because of impurities. It is the main ore of tin. Its Mohs hardness is 6-7.
Remolinos
Remolinos is a municipality found in the province of Zaragoza in the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain.
Sobriety
Sobriety is the condition of not having any levels or effects from alcohol or drugs. Sobriety is also seen to be the natural state of a human being at birth. A person in a state of sobriety is called sober.