cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ernestine duchies
The Ernestine line
Five rulers of the Ernestine duchies
had a vote in the Holy Roman Empire’s Reichstag. In 1792 the Duke of Saxe-Weimar was also the Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, and the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg was also the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, so both had two votes; and the Duke of Saxe-Coburg had one vote.
Dzerzhinsk, Russia
Dzerzhinsk (Дзержинск) is a city in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is on the Oka River. It is about 370 km east of Moscow and 35 km west of Nizhny Novgorod. Population:
It was previously known as Rastyapino (until 1929).
History
It was first mentioned in 1606 as Rastyapino (Растя́пино). It is now named after Felix Dzerzhinsky. Dzerzhinsky was a Bolshevik leader who was the first leader of the Soviet Cheka (secret police).
Chemical weapons and other production
Dzerzhinsk is a large center of the Russian chemical production industry. In the past, the city was also one of Russia's main areas for the making of chemical weapons. Because of its strategic importance, the city was, until recently, officially closed to foreign visitors.
The making of chemical weapons started in 1941. It was mainly focused on the making of lewisite and yperite (mustard gas). The factory producing these substances was named the Kaprolactam (or Caprolaktam) Organic Glass Factory. It also made prussic acid and phosgene.
The making of chemical weapons at Dzerzhinsk stopped in 1965. Some materials were moved to storage areas. Lots of waste material was buried in dumps at the site of the factory. The yperite facility was destroyed in 1994. As of 1998, the lewisite production area was still not completely destroyed.
References
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Leoti, Kansas
Leoti, pronounced "Lee-OH-Tah." is a city in Wichita County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Wichita County. In 2010, 1,534 people lived there.
History
Leoti was created in 1885. It was created by a group of men from Garden City, Kansas. In 1887, it was involved in the bloodiest county seat fight in the history of the American West. The shooting was on February 27, 1887. Men—some would say hired gunmen—from Leoti, went to the nearby, rival town of Coronado. The gunmen left several people dead and wounded.
There are disagreements about where the name "Leoti" came from: one tradition says the name is an Indian term for "prairie flower"; another says the town was named for settler Leoti Kibbee; a third says it was named for Leoti Gray, the daughter of a town creator.
Geography
Leoti is at 38.48417°N, -101.35778°W (38.484073, -101.357639). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 1.31 sqmi. All of it is land.
Weather
The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Leoti has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,534 people, 607 households, and 419 families living in Leoti.
Education
Leoti is served by USD 467 Wichita County Schools. The Wichita County High School mascot is Wichita County Indians.
List of children of presidents of the United States
This is a list of children of U.S. presidents with stepchildren, adopted children, and alleged illegitimate children included. Full names are given including middle, maiden and married names. This list also includes the children's spouses and any known children they had and a “?” for an unknown number of children.
Presidential children have been studied individually, and as a group. As individuals, they are more often notable than most individuals: they know many political and social leaders and are part of the richer, upper classes. They are more likely to be viewed as a part of celebrity culture. Also, as individuals they frequently have significant influence on other notable family members. A child who may appear otherwise non-notable may have affected the parent's beliefs or performance.
George Washington and Martha Dandridge Custis Washington
''No children together. Martha's first husband, Daniel Parke Custis (October 15, 1711 – July 8, 1757), had four children, two of whom were still living at the time of her marriage to Washington (those who did not survive were Daniel Parke Custis, Jr. [November 19, 1751 – February 19, 1754] and Frances Parke Custis [April 12, 1753 – April 1, 1757]):''
Martha's grandchildren who were raised by the Washingtons:
James Madison and Dolley Payne Todd Madison
No children together, but raised Dolley's son from her first marriage
Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson
No biological children together, adopted two: Also guardians of eight additional children including:
James Knox Polk and Sarah Childress Polk
After the death of James, Sarah was guardian of:
James Buchanan
No children; served as guardian to two nieces:
Dheghom
Dheghom (Proto-Indo-European: *dʰéǵʰōm or *dʰǵʰōm; lit. 'earth'), or Plethwih (PIE: *pleth₂wih₁, lit. the 'Broad One'), is an Earth-goddess from Proto-Indo-European mythology.
She is often called Mother Earth (*Dʰéǵʰōm Méh₂tēr), and is called vast (*pleth₂wih₁) and dark (*dʰengwo-). She represents the place where people and animals live.
She takes care of everything and everyone, like plants and animals. She is often thought of together with Dyēus, who is the god of the sky and where the other gods live. They are different but work together. Dyēus can make it rain which helps things grow and makes people happy. People who speak certain languages believe that the Mother Earth helps things grow and die. They think she is where people come from and where they go when they die.
Name and etymology
If we can trust that the Earth-goddess in Proto-Indo-European was called Dheghom and that Plethwih was one of her nicknames, it's likely that people thought of her as the Earth as a god-like being, not just a goddess who ruled over the Earth. This is because Proto-Indo-European mythology was strongly influenced by animism, which means people believed that everything had a spirit or soul.
Footnotes
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Milaca, Minnesota
Milaca is a city in the state of Minnesota in the United States. It is the county seat of Mille Lacs County.
Morgan, Vermont
Morgan is a town in Orleans County, Vermont, United States.
Rolandino of Padua
Rolandino of Padova was a jurist and writer from Italy. He was born in 1200 and died on February 2, 1276.
Newport (town), Vermont
Newport is a town in Orleans County, Vermont, United States.
Ralf Metzenmacher
Ralf Metzenmacher (July 26, 1964 – August 3, 2020) was a German painter and designer. He was an expert Retro-Art, a mixture between art and product design. He was born in Aachen, Germany. Between 1991 and 2004 he worked as a designer for Puma. As director, towards the end of his time there he was responsible for the Footwear Europe and Accessories International division.
Metzenmacher died on August 3, 2020 at the age of 56.
Nothing
Nothing is a concept of being without any form of matter, space, or being.
Monticello, Mississippi
Monticello is the county seat of Lawrence County, Mississippi, United States.
William of Saint-Amour
William of Saint-Amour was a philosopher and theologian from France. He was born in 1200 and died in 1272.
Aressy
Aressy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Armenian question
The term "Armenian Question" refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However, in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities.
The "Armenian Question", like the "Eastern Question", remained a factor (issue) in international politics, first with Great Britain and Germany; then Russia taking on the role of Ottoman Armenians protector.
Giacomo Simoncini
Giacomo Simoncini (born 30 November 1994) is a Sammarinese sports executive and politician. He was one of the Captains Regent of San Marino with Francesco Mussoni from 2021 to 2022. He was the youngest state leader in the world, and also is the only head of state under 30 years of age as of 2021.
Macrauchenia
Macrauchenia was an early hoofed mammal with a long neck; it may have had a long trunk. This quadruped lived during the Pleistocene. Fossils of Macrauchenia have been found in Argentina, South America. Macrauchenia was an herbivore that had high-crowned cheek teeth.
Annihilation
Annihilation is the name given to the process that occurs when a particle and its antiparticle equivalent collide. The collision between these two particles makes energy release. Two types of this include the annihilation of electrons and positrons (the antiparticle for electrons), and the annihilation of protons and antiprotons.
Beak
The beak, a bill, or a rostrum is the nose and mouth of a bird. The beak is used for eating, fighting, grooming, and many other things.
Beaks on different types of birds can be very different in size, shape and color. Beaks are made of an upper and lower mandible. In most species, two holes are used for breathing.
Parts
The upper and lower parts of the beak are called mandibles. They are attached to the skull. The upper mandible is attached using several smaller bones, and is able to move up.
The mandibles are bones that are covered in a rhamphotheca - a thin layer of hard skin. This hard skin is similar to horns, nails, and claws, and grows constantly. In some birds the rhamphotheca has different colors in different times of year. Beaks can have color spots that can be seen in ultraviolet light.
The edges of the mandibles are used for cutting and grabbing food. Some birds have sharp points or grooves on the edge of the beak. These shapes make it easier to hold insects or break seeds. Birds that hunt fish or other animals often have more sharp points.
Ducks, geese, and swans have a special plate at the end of the beak called a nail. The nail is hard and is used to force out food that is stuck to a surface or in the ground.
The egg tooth is a small, hard lump that grows on the tip of baby bird beaks. It grows before they hatch and falls off soon after. Birds use the egg tooth to break open the egg from the inside. Only a few species of birds kick the inside of the egg to hatch instead of using an egg tooth.
Use
A bird is able to stab or bite with its beak. Birds also use their beaks as a threat when afraid or angry, by opening them wide. Sometimes birds hiss or clap their beaks at the same time.
Birds lose body heat through their beaks because beaks have blood in them and are not covered with feathers. Birds in warm places can lose heat this way without sweating and losing water. Birds in cold climates have smaller beaks to stop too much heat loss.
Kjell Askildsen
Kjell Askildsen (30 September 1929 – 23 September 2021 ) was a Norwegian writer. He was known for writing many short stories. He was awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment in recognition of his novel, Omgivelser (1969).
Askildsen died on 23 September 2021, at the age of 91.
Hitopadesha
Hitopadesa is a collection of short stories. It was originally written in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named Panchatantra. It contains fables with both animal and human characters.
The book was written many centuries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world.
The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold, then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861.
Irving Crane
Early life
Crane became very interested in billiards when he was 11 years old. He started play on a toy pool table his brother received as a Christmas gift. His parents soon replaced their dining room table with a 4' by 8' pool table. Soon, Crane started to play in public at a local pool room. Crane could play all day and never get bored. He could not wait to get home from school and start to play pool.
Though he taught himself to play, at age 14 he ran 89 balls in straight pool at a local pool room. He called each shot in advance. His parents replaced the smaller table with a full size tournament table. Over the next ten years some of the best players, including Willie Hoppe and Andrew Ponzi, came to practice with Crne. Despite consistent play throughout his teenage years, Crane did not enter any tournaments until he was 23 years old.
In February 1939, at age 26, Crane sank 150 balls in a row against his opponent in an exhibition straight pool match. The game was played on a difficult 5' by 10' table in Layton, Utah. This was impressive. But the crowd cheered him, and he continued to play. He finally put 309 consecutive balls thus shattering the previous world record of 244 consecutive balls.
World titles
He won his first world title in 1942. Over the next thirty years, Crane won almost two dozen major championships, including the World Crown in 1946, 1955, 1966, 1968, 1970 and 1972, the Ballantine International Championship in 1965, the International Roundrobin championship in 1968, and the World Series of Billiards in 1978 at age 65. At the 1966 World Crown tournament, he ran 150 and out in the finals. He never let his opponent back to the table after an early safety battle. No other player has ever done this. Crane also holds the record for the most runner-up finishes for the World Crown with 13.
Crane found it hard to make a living only by playing pool, even though he was very skilled. In 1957, he began working as a Cadillac salesman at a dealership in Rochester, New York. He continued there for 17 years. At Rochester's annual auto show his dealership's exhibit had a pool table. Crane would run balls while answering questions. Working at a regular job was not Crane's first choice. In an interview with Sports Illustrated in 1969, he said "If I had to make a choice between selling cars and playing pool, I'd choose pool... The only time I've ever been really happy is when I was at a pool table."
He was "tall, lean man with the imperial bearing of the headmaster of Eton," Crane got the nickname The Deacon because of his gentlemanly ways, his very cautious approach to the game and his careful style of clothing. He always wore a conservative suit when he played.
Conservative style
The Los Angeles Times interviewed Crane's wife Althea. They were married 64 years. She said, "A lot of people, if it was a hot day and there was no air conditioning, they'd take off their coat to play. But not Irving Crane." Minnesota Fats, once said, "Irv Crane would have been the only guy to notice the horse under Lady Godiva". Willie Mosconi criticized Crane for his cautious style. He wrote in his 1993 autobiography, Willie's Game, that "Crane wouldn't take a shot unless his grandmother could make it."
Later life
Crane became a member of the Billiard Congress of America's hall of fame in 1978. In 1999, Crane was number eight on Billiard Digest's fifty greatest players of the century. In 1980 Crane retired from professional play. He stopped playing entirely in about 1996. On 17 November 17 2001, four days after entering a nursing home, Crane died of natural causes. He was 88 years old.
Giza church fire
On 14 August 2022, a fire happened at the Abu Sefein Church, a Coptic church in Giza, Egypt. It happened during Sunday worship services when nearly 5,000 worshippers were at the church. Forty-one people were killed, including at least eighteen children. 14 others were injured.
Vachendorf
Vachendorf is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.
Crony capitalism
Corporate cronyism also called crony capitalism or controlled capitalism is an economic system in which big businesses engage in lobbying for policies that stifle competition.
Junction City, Kansas
Junction City is a city in the state of Kansas, in the United States. It is the county seat of Geary County.
Home Run Derby
The Home Run Derby is a yearly event in Major League Baseball where the hitter with the most home runs wins after a series of rounds. It first started in 1985.
Corporate welfare
Corporate welfare is a term for the subsidies, bailouts grants, etc bestowed by a country's government to major corporations, usually at the expense of small business and the rest of society. The corporations likeliest to receive these bailouts are banks, insurance companies (especially health insurance companies), car dealerships and a few others, especially during recessions.
Olivier de Termes
Olivier de Termes was a famous knight from Termes, Aude, France. He was born in 1200 and died on August, 12, 1274.
Coutinho (footballer, born 1943)
Coutinho (11 June 1943 – 11 March 2019) was a former Brazilian football player. He mostly played for Santos F.C. and the Brazil national team.
Coutinho died on March 11, 2019, in Santos, São Paulo from a heart attack due to diabetes and hypertension, aged 75.
The Star (1952 movie)
The Star is a movie from 1952. It was directed by Stuart Heisler. It stars Bette Davis, Sterling Hayden and Natalie Wood. Davis got a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for this movie.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
The Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) is the air force of the Netherlands.
The Air Force was founded in the year 1913. The aerobatic display team was active from 1979 to 2019, named the Solo Display Team.
Origin in 1913
The Dutch Air Force started on 1 July 1913 at Soesterberg airfield with 4 pilots. When it started it only had 1 aircraft, the brik.
Only a few months later 3 French Farman HF.20.
But these airplanes where fast to old and was replaced with the Nieuport and Caudron.
World War I (1914-1918)
The Netherlands stayed neutral during World War I.
Between the wars
The Dutch goverment cut the defence budget for the army and the army was almost gone.
As political tensions in Europe increased in the late 1930s the goverment tried to rebuild the army in 1938.
World War II and the late 1940s
In August of 1939 the army was ready. But because of low budget the air force only operated
176 combat aircraft of the types:
In May of 1940 German troops invade the Netherlands. Within five days the Dutch Army was defeated by the luftwaffe.
All of the Brigade's bombers, along with 30 Fokker D.XXI and 17 Fokker G.I fighters where shot down; 2 D.XXI and 8 G.I where destroyed on the ground.
2 G.I where captured by the German forces.
Western New Guinea conflict
The Indonesian government claimed Western New Guinea following the end of the Second World War. The Dutch government considered the area Dutch territory. Negotiations over the country were conducted for years, but tensions grew until Indonesia broke diplomatic relations with the Netherlands at the end of the 1950s.
In response, in 1958, the Netherlands deployed military reinforcements to New Guinea, including an Air Force detachment for the air defense of the island Biak as there was evidence that Indonesia was infiltrating the island in advance of a military operation
The Dutch government deployed a squadron consisting of 12 Hawker Hunter Mk.4 AD fighters and two Alouette II SAR helicopters. They were transported to Southeast Asia by the Karel Doorman. One year later the Dutch government deployed another 12 Hawker Hunter Mk6 AD fighters; these aircraft carried more fuel and had a larger combat radius.
Slavery in the United States
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human slavery in the United States. Slaves were mostly Africans and African Americans. Slavery existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery existed in British America from early colonial days. Slavery was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It lasted in about half the states until 1865. This was when it was banned in the entire country by the Thirteenth Amendment.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Western New Guinea conflict
In August 1962 Indonesia was ready to attack New Guinea. Despite reinforcements the Dutch defences would be insufficient to withstand the coming attack. Therefore, and because of international political pressure the Dutch government was forced to agree to the peaceful surrender of New Guinea. Dutch forces were withdrawn from the territory.
Slavery in the United States
By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), slaves had been institutionalized as a racial caste. The caste associated with African ancestry. When the United States Constitution was ratified in 1789, a small number of free people of color were able to vote. This was because they were men who owned property. During and shortly after the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, and there was a movement created to end slavery. Slave states tried to extend slavery into new Western territories. They wanted to do this to keep their share of political power in the country. Southern leaders also wanted to annex Cuba as a slave territory. The United States became split over the issue of slavery. It was split into slave and free states. The Mason–Dixon line divided the country. The line divided (free) Pennsylvania from (slave) Maryland.
Arette
Arette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Cold War era, 1960s, 1970s and later
During the cold war Dutch Air Force flying units were integrated in NATO's Second Allied Tactical Air Force tasked with defending northern West Germany against Warsaw Pact forces.
Slavery in the United States
While Jefferson was president, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808. Although smuggling (illegal importing) through Spanish Florida was common. Slave trading within the United States, however, continued at a fast pace. This was because there was a need for labor due to the creation of cotton plantations in the Deep South. New communities of African-American culture were created in the Deep South. There were 4 million slaves in the Deep South before they were set free.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Former Yugoslavia
In 1992 Ypenburg Air Base closed. After the USAF handed over their section of Soesterberg in September 1994, Soesterberg then became a RNLAF transport helicopter base with 298 Squadron
(CH-47D Chinook) and 300 Squadron (AS 532U2 Cougar Mk2 and SA 316 Alouette III) stationed at the base.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
The first Africans came to the New World with Christopher Columbus in 1492. An African crew member named Juan Las Canaries was on Columbus's ship. Shortly after, the first enslavement happened in what would later be the United States. In 1508, Ponce de Leon created the first settlement near present-day San Juan. He started enslaving the indigenous Tainos. In 1513, to supplement the decreasing number of Tainos people, the first African slaves were imported to Puerto Rico.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Former Yugoslavia
RNLAF F-16s participated in all operations over Yugoslavia from 1993: Deny Flight, including Deliberate Force in 1995 and ending with Operation Allied Force in 1999 from two bases in Italy. Initially from Villafranca AB in the north of Italy, later moving south to Amendola AB. During the operations over FRY RNLAF F-16s flew reconnaissance (306 Sqn detachments from Volkel AB were in theatre throughout the operations), enforced the Bosnian no-fly zone, dropped bombs on Udbina AB (1994), successfully dropped an unguided bomb on a moving Serb tank during the fall of Srebrenica (1995), and took part in Deliberate Force later in the summer of 1995.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
The first African slaves in the continental United States came via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina). It was created by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Former Yugoslavia
Between 1994 and 1997 Dutch GCI personnel, along with Canadian GCI controllers, provided many hundreds of hours of fighter control and surveillance as integrated members of USAF/ANG Air Control Squadrons. In May 1999 during the Kosovo crisis a RNLAF F-16AM pilot Major Peter Tankink shot down a Yugoslavian MiG-29 with an AMRAAM, but the force was more recognized for its high bombing accuracy. Allied Force was also the operational debut for the upgraded F-16AM. Besides the CAP missions, offensive bombing and photo reconnaissance missions were flown. KDC-10 tankers refuelled allied aircraft over the Adriatic Sea, and C-130 Hercules transports flew daily sorties from Eindhoven AB to logistically support the operation. Dutch F-16s also dropped cluster bombs on Niš. In total, RNLAF aircraft flew 1,194 sorties during operation Allied Force, which is about 7.5% of the total 37,000 sorties flown.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
The colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership. During the fight, the slaves revolted, and they ran away from the colony to hide among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly after from a sickness. The colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who didn't run away went back to Haiti, from where they came.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Enduring Freedom and NATO in Afghanistan
On 2 October 2002 a tri-national detachment of 18 Dutch, Danish and Norwegian F-16 ground attack aircraft and one Dutch KDC-10 tanker deployed to Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan in support of ground forces in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. On 1 October 2003 the Dutch F-16 detachment returned to the Netherlands and the KDC-10 returned even earlier (1 April 2003). The RNLAF returned to Manas AB on 8 September 2004 with five F-16 and one KDC-10 in support of the presidential elections of Afghanistan. This time the aircraft flew under the NATO ISAF flag. On 24 March 2005 the whole Dutch detachment transferred from Manas AB to Kabul International Airport. A detachment of six AH-64D Apache helicopters were already stationed at Kabul International Airport from April 2004 until March 2005.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
On August 28, 1565, St. Augustine, Florida was created by the Spanish conquistador Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles. He brought three African slaves with him. During the 16th and 17th centuries, St. Augustine was the where a lot of the slave trade in Spanish colonial Florida happened. It was the first permanent settlement in the continental United States to have African slaves.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Enduring Freedom and NATO in Afghanistan
In February 2006 four Dutch F-16s were joined by four Royal Norwegian Air Force F-16s in a detachment known as the 1st Netherlands-Norwegian European Participating Forces Expeditionary Air Wing (1 NLD/NOR EEAW). This was a follow up of the participation with the Belgian Air Force.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
60 years later, in the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to convince people to come and work for them. This was because the weather and environment of the settlements was very harsh. There was a very high chance that people would die. Most people came from Great Britain as indentured laborers. They signed contracts that said they would pay with work for their transportation, their upkeep, and their training, usually on a farm. The colonies had agricultural economies. These people were often young people who wanted to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were sent to the colonies as indentured laborers, rather than being sent to prison. These people were not slaves, but they were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay for the cost of their transportation and maintenance. Many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Enduring Freedom and NATO in Afghanistan
As part of the expanded NATO ISAF mission in southern Afghanistan in August 2006, the Royal Netherlands Air Force had three CH-47D Chinook of 298 Sq stationed at Kandahar Airfield. On 12 November 2006 eight F-16s transferred from Kabul International Airport to Kandahar Airfield, Additionally, a detachment of six (later four) AH-64D Apache helicopters had been stationed of Tarin Kowt, Uruzgan province. The CH-47D Chinooks of 298 sq rotated with Cougars from 300 sq. All helicopters together with a few F-16s returned to the Netherlands in November 2010. The other four F-16s transferred from Kandahar Airfield to Mazar-e-Sharif International Airport in November 2011. The F-16 flight, providing Close Air Support for ground forces and Recce Flights (specialised in counter-ied's), ended their mission officially on 1 July 2014.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
The first 19 or so Africans to reach the English colonies arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. They were brought by English privateers who had seized them from a captured Portuguese slave ship. Slaves were usually baptized in Africa before sending them. As English custom then considered baptized Christians exempt from slavery, colonists treated these Africans as indentured servants. The African indentured servants joined about 1,000 English indentured servants already in the colony. The Africans were freed after a period of time. They were also given the use of land and supplies by their former masters.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Enduring Freedom and NATO in Afghanistan
On 31 August 2006 a Royal Netherlands Air Force (Michael "Sofac" Donkervoort) pilot was killed when his plane crashed during a mission to support British ground troops in Helmand province.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
There were no laws about slavery in Virginia's early history. However, in 1640, a Virginia court sentenced John Punch, an African, to slavery. This was because he tried to run away from his service. He ran away with two white people. The two white people were sentenced only to one more year of their indenture, and three years' service to the colony. This is the first legal sanctioning of slavery in the English colonies. It was one of the first legal distinctions made between Europeans and Africans.
Mel Lastman
Melvin Douglas "Mel" Lastman (March 9, 1933 – December 11, 2021), nicknamed "Mayor Mel" or "Mega City Mel", was a Canadian businessman and politician. He was the founder of the Bad Boy Furniture chain. He served as the mayor of the former city of North York, Ontario, Canada from 1973 until 1997.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Enduring Freedom and NATO in Afghanistan
On 7 December 2007 military use of Twente Air Base ceased. The aerodrome is now known as Enschede Airport Twente. Flying officially ended at Soesterberg Air Base on 12 November 2008. The last jet ever to take off was a Hellenic AF F-4E. The base formally closed on 31 December 2008. The 298th and 300th squadron have been moved to Gilze-Rijen Air Base. A part of the base remains in use as a glider field, however. Also, the former USAFE side will be in use by ground units Relocated from Kamp van Zeist and will be called "Camp New Amsterdam". Finally, the AF museum (Royal Netherlands Military Aviation Museum) returned to the base and will use most of the existing hangars.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to allow slavery through law. Massachusetts passed the Body of Liberties. It banned slavery in many cases, but it allowed slaves to be held if they were prisoners of war, if they sold themselves into slavery or were bought somewhere else, or if they were sentenced to slavery as punishment by the government. The Body of Liberties used the word "strangers" to refer to people bought and sold as slaves; they were generally not English subjects. Colonists believed this term referred to Native Americans and Africans.
Mel Lastman
Lastman died on December 11, 2021, at the age of 88.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
During most of the British colonial period, slavery existed in all the colonies. Slaves in the North usually worked as house servants, artisans, laborers, and craftsmen. Most were in cities. Many men worked on the docks and in shipping. In 1703, more than 42 percent of New York City households had slaves. New York City had the second-highest proportion of slaves of any city in the colonies after Charleston, South Carolina. Slaves were also used as agricultural workers in farming communities. This included areas of upstate New York and Long Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. By 1770 there were 397,924 Blacks in a population of 2.17 million. They were not spread out evenly. There were 14,867 in New England where they were 2.7% of the population; 34,679 in the mid-Atlantic colonies where they were 6% of the population (19,000 were in New York or 11%); and 347,378 in the five southern colonies where they were 31% of the population.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
2010s
In 2013 the Royal Netherlands Air Force provided Strategic Airlift Support with a KDC-10 in support of French operations in Mali.
Slavery in the United States
Colonial America
The South developed an agricultural economy. It relied on commodity crops. Its planters quickly got more slaves. This was because its commodity crops were labor-intensive.
Jasper County, Mississippi
Jasper County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,062 people lived there. Its county seats are Bay Springs and Paulding.
Slavery in the United States
Revolutionary Era
While there were some African slaves that were kept and sold in England, slavery in Great Britain had not been allowed by statute there. In 1772, it was made unenforceable at common law in England and Wales by a legal decision. The big British role in the international slave trade continued until 1807. Slavery continued in most of Britain's colonies. Many rich slave owners lived in England and had a lot of power.
In early 1775 Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, wrote to Lord Dartmouth. He wrote he was going to free slaves owned by Patriots in case they rebelled. On November 7, 1775, Lord Dunmore issued Lord Dunmore's Proclamation which declared martial law. He promised freedom for any slaves of American patriots who would leave their masters and join the royal forces. Slaves owned by Loyalist masters, however, were not going to be freed by Dunmore's Proclamation. About 1500 slaves owned by Patriots ran away and joined Dunmore's forces. Most died of disease before they could do any fighting. Three hundred of these freed slaves made it to freedom in Britain.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
2010s
In October 2014 the Netherlands Air Force joined the US and its Allies fighting ISIL, deploying eight F-16s (of which two are in reserve) to Jordan.
Osornophryne
Osornophryne (Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Colombia and Ecuador.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
2010s
On 31 October 2014 323 Tactess squadron (F-16) disbanded and its aircraft and personnel were merged into 322 Squadron. The following Wednesday (5 November) the squadron reformed in the US as the RNLAF's first Joint Strike Fighter unit.
303 Squadron (Agusta Bell AB 412SP) provided search and rescue within Dutch Flight Information Region) until 1 January 2015 when the unit was disbanded.
Slavery in the United States
Revolutionary Era
Many slaves used the war to run away from their plantations. They would run into cities or woods. In South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves (30% of the total enslaved population) ran away, migrated, or died during the war. In the South, many slaves died, with many due to escapes. Slaves also escaped throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic, joining the British who had occupied New York.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
2010s
As per 2017 the Air Defence – Quick Reaction Force of two F-16 fighters are integrated for Belgian, Dutch and Luxembourg airspace and rotated between Dutch and Belgian ADF squadrons.
Francesco Mussoni
Francesco Mussoni (born 15 May 1971) is a Captain Regent of San Marino from 1 October 2009 to 1 April 2010 and a second time together with Giacomo Simoncini from 1 October 2021 to 1 April 2022.
Big government
Big government means a government system which many people think of as either too large or too intrusive. Policies that are usually described as Big Government include laws on food (such as New York City's laws on soft drink sizes), laws on morality (like those against prostitution or drugs), or policies that seek centralization.
Slavery in the United States
Revolutionary Era
Slaves and free blacks also fought with the rebels during the Revolutionary War. Washington allowed slaves to be freed who fought with the American Continental Army. Rhode Island started enlisting slaves in 1778. Rhode Island promised money to owners whose slaves enlisted and lived to gain freedom. During the course of the war, about one fifth of the northern army was black. In 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment at the Battle of Yorktown, estimated the American army to be about one-quarter black. These men included both former slaves and free blacks.
Big government
A similar idea is Big Brother for an intrusive surveillance state.
Matariki Network of Universities
The Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) is an international group of universities created in 2010. Each member is leading international best practice in research and education based on long academic traditions.
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Inherent Resolve – Iraq & Syria
From 2014 The Royal Netherlands Air Force provided eight F-16s in support of the coalition fighting IS. The aircraft were initially deployed in Iraq and later Syria. The mission was handed over to the Belgian Air Force in July 2016 after more than 2100 missions were flown, with weapons used over 1800 times. The Royal Netherlands Air Force contributed extensively to the missions flown by the coalition forces and were in high demand.
Slavery in the United States
Revolutionary Era
In the 18th century, Britain became the world's biggest slave trader. Starting in 1777, the Patriots made importing slaves illegal state by state. They all acted to end the international trade. However, it was later reopened in South Carolina and Georgia. In 1807 Congress acted on President Jefferson's advice and made importing slaves from other countries a federal crime, as the Constitution permitted, starting January 1, 1808.
"Fancy ladies"
In the United States in the early nineteenth century, owners of female slaves could freely and legally use them as sexual objects. This is similar to the free use of female slaves on slave ships by the crews.
"Fancy" was a code word that meant the girl or young woman was able to be used for or trained for sexual use. Sometimes, children were also abused like this. The sale of a 13-year-old "nearly a fancy" is documented.
Furthermore, females who were able to become pregnant were supposed to be kept pregnant, so they could make more slaves to sell. The differences in skin color found in the United States make it obvious how often black women were impregnated by whites. For example, in the 1850 Census, 75.4% of "free negros" in Florida were described as mulattos, of mixed race. Nevertheless, it is only very recently, with DNA studies, that any sort of reliable number can be provided, and the research has only begun. Light-skinned girls, who contrasted with the darker field workers, were preferred.
Matariki Network of Universities
Matariki in the Māori language designates the Pleiades star cluster, also known as the Seven Sisters. It reflects seven founding member universities in the MNU.
Universities
As of September 2010 the founding members of the Matariki Network of Universities are (sorted by year established):
Royal Netherlands Air Force
Operation Inherent Resolve – Iraq & Syria
Since 2017 RNLAF KDC-10 and C-130 Hercules are deployed to an airfield in the Middle East to assist the USA led coalition in Operation Inherent Resolve.
In January 2018 the Dutch F-16s returned to the Middle East for a year-long deployment.
Air Bases
In the country of the Netherlands there are 11 air bases. They are.
Lemon socialism
Lemon socialism is a pejorative term for government policies that subsidize or prop up large failing businesses, which are the lemon (product)s.
Betty Lynn
Elizabeth Ann Theresa Lynn (August 29, 1926 – October 16, 2021) was an American retired actress. She was best known for her role as Thelma Lou, Deputy Barney Fife's girlfriend, on The Andy Griffith Show.
She also starred in Sitting Pretty (1948), June Bride (1948), the original Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956).
Lynn died on October 16, 2021 in Mount Airy, North Carolina after a short-illness, at the age of 95.
Big government
Similar terms are parent government, nanny state (especially in British English), and managerial state.
Troy, Vermont
Troy is a town in Orleans County, Vermont, United States.
Lerum Municipality
Lerum Municipality (Lerums kommun) is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lerum.
Woodstock '99
Woodstock '99 was the second music festival (after Woodstock '94) that tried to copy the feel of the original Woodstock festival. It was held between July 22 and 25, 1999, in Rome, New York, 200 miles (320 kilometres) from the original event.
Unlike the original Woodstock and Woodstock '94, this had several problems that became more famous than the actual event. Firstly, it was very hot in the area, often reaching 100 °F (38 °C) and the area, an old air base, had no trees to keep people cool. Secondly, people were not allowed to bring their own food and drink into the festival, and they had to buy from food sellers in the festival, which was very expensive, costing $12 for a single slice of pizza, and a 590ml bottole of water cost $4. Thirdly, there was a very small amount of toilets for all the people, and within a short time, they were broken.
The festival also had a big violence problem, including the audience tearing plywood from the walls during the performance of the Limp Bizkit song “Break Stuff”. On one occasion, a group handed out candles for a candlelight vigil, but the audience instead used them as a bonfire, throwing water bottles at it to burn longer.
St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral
St. Vartan Cathedral is the first cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic Church to be constructed in North America. It is located in New York City on the corner of Second Avenue and 34th Street. It was built to resemble the St. Hripsime Church in Etchmiadzin.
Argagnon
Argagnon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Homeless Bird
Homeless Bird is a book by Gloria Whelan, an American author, about life in India for a 13-year-old girl named Koly. Like many Indian girls her age, Koly becomes a teenage bride in an "arranged marriage." Her husband soon dies and Koly becomes a widow, living with her late husband's parents. When this situation doesn't last, Koly has to find a way to make her future.
This book won the National Book Award in 2000 in the category of Young People's Literature. It has been translated into German, Spanish, and Polish.
Plot Summary
Koly is a 13 year-old girl who lives in Vrindavan India with her parents and two brothers. Based on Indian tradition, her family has made an arranged marriage for her. Her husband is a sickly, young boy named Hari. Once they are married, Koly must go to live with his family. But soon Koly finds out that Hari has tuberculosis and he will die very soon. Hari's parents had decided to take Hari to the Ganges River and Koly comes along too. While going to the city of the Ganges River, Hari dies. When Hari dies, Koly becomes a widow. Koly's sassur (father- in-law) is a kind man who teaches students. He teaches Koly to read and shows her a book of poems signed by the author Tagore. Koly's sass (mother-in-law) is not a nice woman. She treats Koly as just another mouth to feed.
Hari's sister Chandra is soon married. Koly is sad because Chandra was her friend and now she is leaving. Soon Koly's sassur dies and now both Koly and her sass are widows.
Sass and Koly are very poor. One day Sass gets a letter from her brother inviting them to live with him in Delhi. They make a stop in Vrindavan to pray at a temple. They take a rickshaw to the temple. Sass gives Koly money to buy lunch. Koly goes to buy the food but when she goes back to the temple her sass is not there. She looks around and cannot find her. Finally she sees the rickshaw driver. He tells her that her sass left on a train hours ago.
Koly cries because her sass has left her. The rickshaw driver says to go to the temple and pray so the monks will give her food. Koly is very unhappy and scared. She sees the rickshaw driver again and he offers to bring her to a house for widows. At the home Koly meets a nice widow named Tanu. Together they find jobs making marigold garlands and beaded bracelets. However, Koly's talent is embroidery. She finally gets a job embroidering. Her new boss' name is Mr. Das.
Koly also teaches the rickshaw driver, Raji, how to read. Raji owns a farm and drives rickshaws for money. They talk and become friends. However he leaves to fix his farm.
At her new job, Koly makes friends with a girl named Mala. Mala is good at embroidery but very outspoken. Mala also steals expensive cloth and thread from Mr. Das. This later causes Mala to lose her job.
Victoria River (Northern Territory)
The Victoria River is in longest river in the Northern Territory of Australia. It flows into the Timor Sea. Philip Parker King explored the mouth of the river on 12 September 1819. In 1839, the crew of HMS Beagle travelled more than 200 km up the river. In 1854 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory reached the river after crossing the north of Australia from Brisbane, Queensland.