cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Fascism
Main ideas
Not all scholars agree on what fascism is. Philosopher Jason Stanley of Yale University says it is "a cult of the leader who promises national restoration in the face of humiliation brought on by supposed communists, Marxists and minorities and immigrants who are supposedly posing a threat to the character and the history of a nation." That is, fascism focuses on one person as leader, fascism says communism is bad, and fascism says that at least one group of people is bad and has caused the nation's problems. This group could be people from other countries or groups of people within the country. Under Hitler's fascist Germany, the government blamed Jews, communists, homosexuals, the disabled, Roma and other people for Germany's problems, arrested those people, and took them to camps to be killed.
Pedro Santana Lopes
Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes GCC (born 29 June 1956), a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005.
Fascism
Main ideas
In 2003, Laurence W. Britt wrote "14 Defining Characteristics of Fascism":
Name
The name fascism comes from the Italian word fascio for bundle. This word comes from the Latin word fasces which was an axe surrounded by a bundle of sticks. In Ancient Rome, leaders carried the fasces as a symbol of their power.
Origins
A journalist named Benito Mussolini invented fascism. He started Italy's fascist party in 1919. He became Italy's prime minister in 1922. He was not elected. His supporters walked into Rome in large numbers, and the king of Italy made him prime minister. Although, officially, the fascist party in Italy was ruled by a "grand council" from 1922 until the end of World War II, Benito Mussolini really had almost all the power in the country.
According to scholar Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Mussolini believed democracy had failed. He had been a Socialist but left the movement because he thought it was not strong enough, and it had refused to join the First World War. He believed democracy failed because of social class and was too weak to stand against Communism. Under fascism, people would focus on the nation and people would not think about social class but instead pull together for the national good.
However, Mussolini also believed that to make fascism work, he and his followers had to remove anything that could distract people from the nation. He also believed he should get to decide who in Italy counted as part of the Italian nation and he should get to throw out or arrest anyone he said did not consider real Italian. He believed it was right to use violence to remove those distractions and those people. Groups of people with weapons would go out into the streets and beat up or even kill people Mussolini did not like.
Mussolini did not allow journalists to write what they wanted.
Mussolini believed that Italy should be made of white people, so he encouraged white women to have more babies and persecuted people who were not white.
Fascism vs other types of totalitarianism
One of the reasons fascism spread in the early 20th century was because the Russian Revolution had just happened and people were afraid of communism. Sometimes landowners and business owners would support fascists because they were afraid of what would happen if the country became communist instead.
In her work, The Origins of Totalitarianism, published in 1951, Hannah Arendt compared National Socialism, Stalinism and Maoism. She does not talk about these regimes being fascist; according to her, they are totalitarian. In 1967, German philosoper Jürgen Habermas warned about a "left-wing fascism" of a protest movement in Germany of the 1960s, commonly known as Ausserparlametarische Opposition, or APO.
Opposition
There is more than one reason why people living in democratic states oppose fascism, but the main reason is that in a Fascist government the individual citizen doesn't always have the option to vote, nor do they have the option to live a lifestyle which may be seen as immoral, useless, and unproductive towards society. If you are not heterosexual (homosexual, cross-dressing, changing genders, etc.) you can be arrested and put on trial.
20th century
The fascist governments in Italy, Germany, and Japan were removed after they lost World War II, but fascism continued as military dictatorships under Salazar in Portugal, Franco in Spain, in some parts of Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
21st century
In the 21st century, fascist political movements exist in many countries.
Chuck Bednarik
Bednarik died in Richland, Pennsylvania from complications from Alzheimer's disease, aged 89.
Boniface Alexandre
During Alexandre's acting presidency, Amnesty International found that many people have been kidnapped, murdered and imprisoned without charge or trial.
Alexandre died on 4 August 2023 at his home in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, four days after his 87th birthday.
Saurornithoides
Saurornithoides was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago. It was related to Troodon. Its fossils have been found in Mongolia and China.
Like its cousin Troodon, Saurornithoides was an intelligent predator, with large eyes and good vision. It had a retractable, sickle-shaped claw on the second claw of each foot that was used for attacking prey. Saurornithoides probably fed on small prey, such as lizards, frogs, insects, and small mammals. It may also have hunted in packs to bring down other dinosaurs. Saurornithoides was discovered in the Gobi Desert on an expedition in the 1920s. The dinosaurs Velociraptor, Protoceratops, and Oviraptor were also discovered during these expeditions to the Gobi Desert.
Dark Angel (American TV series)
Dark Angel is an American science fiction television series created by James Cameron and Charles H. Eglee, which ran from 2000 to 2002 on the FOX network. Dark Angel tells the story of the character of "Max Guevara" (X5-452), a genetically enhanced super-soldier, portrayed by Jessica Alba as an adult, and Geneva Locke as a child.
The program is set in 2019 in Seattle, Washington, but was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at Lions Gate Studios.
Koblenz (disambiguation)
The name comes from the Latin word "confluentiae" (= Eng. "confluence") and means the joining of two rivers. There are several places named Koblenz:
Danny Schechter
Danny Schechter (June 27, 1942 – March 19, 2015) was an American television producer, independent filmmaker, blogger, and media critic. He wrote and lectured about the media in the US and worldwide. He was known for his documentaries about Nelson Mandela. Schechter was born in The Bronx, New York.
Schechter died in Manhattan, New York from pancreatic cancer, aged 72.
Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz, nicknamed Tito, (May 7, 1892 – May 4, 1980) was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary, World War II Hero, statesman and dictator who was the leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from 1945 until his death in 1980. From 1945 to 1953 he was Prime Minister, and from 1953 to 1980 he was the President. His funeral on May 4, 1980, was attended by representatives of 128 out of 154 UN member countries. Tito was a controversial person, with people having strong and differing views about his leadership. He has been described by some critics as an authoritarian and a benevolent dictator.
Early life
Tito was born in Komrovec, Croatia, where his parents had a small farm. He went to the village elementary school until 1905. In 1907 he was machinist's apprentice in Sisak. In 1910 he joined the union of workers and social-democratic party of Croatia and Slavonia. In 1913 he entered the Austro–Hungarian Army and later was imprisoned for anti-war propaganda. During World War I he was wounded, captured, then imprisoned by Russians. After being set free, he became active in the bolshevik movement. After the October Revolution, he joined the Red Guards (Russia). In 1920 Tito came back to the new nation Yugoslavia and joined the Communist party. This was later renamed Yugoslav Communist League in 1952. Tito (Babo) was the leader of the Communist party from 1937 until his death. In 1921 the Yugoslav communist party was banned. Tito was imprisoned from 1928 until 1933 for being a communist. In 1934 he went back to Soviet Union and he was involved as secret agent in NKVD.
Military chief
In 1937 Tito came back to Yugoslavia. During the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in World War II, a civil war erupted between the collaborationists of Axis occupators (Ustaše, Croatian Home Guard, Slovene Home Guard, Serbian State Guards), royalist Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland who wanted to bring back the monarchy, and the self-organized guerilla force of Yugoslav Partisans. Tito had the leading role in organizing the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army and liberating Yugoslavia. Their struggles were recognized by the Allies of World War II as the true liberators of Yugoslavia. In 1945, Tito ordered the end of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and created the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo in the south, next to Albania.
Presidency
Tito, under various positions, ruled Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1980. To be safe from assassination attempts, he was dramatically supported by the spy ring OZNA and political police UDBA. Following the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, Yugoslavia heavily opposed the influence of Soviet Union. His rule supressed all non-Titoist parties from forming, including nationalist, monarchist and liberal. He, along with other political personalities in third-world countries, started the Non-Aligned Movement. In the mid-1970s, federal republics of Yugoslavia were granted more autonomy, and the country underwent political decentralization. When he died in 1980 the political situation worsened, as the nationalist parties gained ground. The centralist rule of Slobodan Milošević culminated into brutal and bitter Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s, just ten years later.
Death
Tito became ill over the course of 1979. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre in Ljubljana, the capital city of the SR Slovenia, with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 3:05 pm, three days short of his 88th birthday. Many world leaders came to his funeral.
Historical criticism
"I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself firmly established there as a dictator"
- President of the United States Harry S. Truman
Troodon
Troodon (or Troödon) is an genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaurs, from the later part of the Cretaceous period, 75 - 65 million years ago. The alternate spelling Troödon shows that the 'o's are pronounced separately, as in 'zoology'.
Josip Broz Tito
Historical criticism
Tito's repression involved many of the his old friends such as Milovan Dilas and Vladimir Dedijer, who were both imprisoned but later wrote several books with gross accusations against him; with criticism heaped on Tito's lustful lifestyle: by 1974 he had 32 official residences, one of the ten richest men in the Balkans, a communist who lived like a king. Tito constructed huge personality cult around him, which kept Yugoslavia from falling apart.
Troodon
They were probably carnivorous, but details of their teeth are a bit unusual. Some experts suggest they may have included plant material in their diet, but this is not a majority view.
Josip Broz Tito
Funeral
The funeral of Josip Tito, President of Yugoslavia, was held on 8 May 1980, four days after his death on 4 May. His funeral was visited by most of world statesmen.
Troodon
Discovered in central Montana in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America. Its species ranged widely, with fossil remains recovered from as far north as Alaska, and the Judith River formation of Alberta, and as far south as Wyoming and even possibly Texas and New Mexico.
Josip Broz Tito
Funeral
They included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.
Troodon
Troodon had a large brain in proportion to its body weight. It had a sickle claw, an enlarged and retractable second toe claw bone. Troodon had 122 teeth. The size and shape of the leg bones show that the Troodon would have been a fast runner. The view that Troodon was a predator is supported by its sickle claw on the foot and apparently good binocular vision.
Josip Broz Tito
Funeral
The "Plavi voz" (Blue train, official presidential train) brought his body to the capital Belgrade and he lay in state in the Federal Parliament building until the funeral.
Troodon
Troodons size ranged widely. In general, individuals that lived further north were larger than those that lived in more southern areas. Troodons in Alaska were especially large, up to 12 feet long, 5 feet tall, and weighing up to 175 pounds. Meanwhile, Troodons that lived in more southern locations were only around 7 feet long, 3 feet tall, and weighed up to 50 pounds, about the size of a Velociraptor. Very likely Troodon had feathers, but no fossil evidence for feathers has yet been found.
Josip Broz Tito
Other websites
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Troodon
There has been a lot of debate about which specimens, all very incomplete, should be called Troodon. The genus now includes specimens previously classified as Stenonychosaurus.
Troodon nests full of eggs have been found in Montana. When scientists CAT-scanned them, they found baby Troodon skeleton embryos inside of them. They found skeletons of a small plant-eating dinosaur named Orodromeus with the eggs, as well as a skeleton of an adult Troodon. At first, it was believed that the eggs had belonged to the Orodromeus, and that the Troodon was there intending to rob the nest.
However, it was later discovered that the eggs belonged to the Troodon when baby Troodon embryos were found inside the eggs. It is now believed that the adults had killed the Orodromeus and brought them back to feed their babies. Troodons laid up to 24 eggs in their nests which were earth mounds. They were able to lay two eggs at a time, so large clutches would take two weeks to lay.
Badmotorfinger
Badmotorfinger is the third studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. It is one of Soundgarden's best-selling albums. The album was released on October 8, 1991.
Troodon
A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of Stenonychosaurus and had created a new genus from separate bones naming them Lateniventrix, limiting Troodon to a few teeth.
Badmotorfinger
Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas
Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas was a bonus CD included with some editions of Badmotorfinger (like how Songs from the Superunknown was included with Superunknown). The title is a palindrome ("Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas.")
ISO basic Latin alphabet
The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a version of the Latin alphabet and is made of two sets of 26 full letters with the addition of the apostrophe and grave accent as the same as the English alphabet codified in many different national and international standards and used widely in international communication.
The two sets contain the following 26 full letters each:
Avril Henry
Henry committed suicide by euthanasia at her home in Brampford Speke, Devon on 20 April 2016, aged 81. She illegally bought a euthanasia kit online before her death.
William Atherton
William Atherton (born William Atherton Knight; July 30, 1947) is an American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his roles as Richard "Dick" Thornburg in Die Hard and in Die Hard 2 and as Walter Peck in Ghostbusters.
Atherton was born on July 30, 1947 in Orange, Connecticut. He studied acting at the Drama School at Carnegie Tech and graduated from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1969.
Colac, Victoria
Colac is a town in the western district of Victoria, Australia. It is about 150 km south-west of Melbourne, on the southern shore of Lake Colac and the surrounding volcanic plains, approximately 40 km inland from Bass Strait. Colac is the largest city in and administrative centre of the Colac Otway Shire. At June 2016, Colac had a population of 12,411.
History
The first people to live in the area were the Gulidjan people. They had lived in the grasslands around the lakes for at least 30,000 years. European settlers moved into the area in 1837. Within three years, most of Gulidjan lands had been taken over by sheep farmers.
The first European settler was Hugh Murray. In 1848, the town was named "Lake Colac".
Brookhouse Mystery
In 1854 a shepherd, Thomas Brookhouse, who  worked for Hugh Murray went missing. Another shepherd, Patrick McGeary left the town soon afterwards. Fifteen years later, Brookhouse's bones were found under a pile of rocks near Lake Corangamite. The skull had been crushed. It took police another two years to find McGeary, who was found guilty of murder and hanged in Melbourne in 1871. He had killed Brookhouse to stop him from telling Murray about his sheep stealing.
Town features
The Lake Colac Post Office opened on 1 July 1848. The name was changed to Colac in 1854.
Colac Botanic Gardens in Queen Street is next to the shores of Lake Colac. They were first planted in 1868, and remodelled in 1910 by William Guilfoyle. There is a large number of different of plants with many old and rare trees and a rose arbour.
Andréa Parisy
Andrée Marcelle Henriette Parisy (4 December 1935 – 27 April 2014), better known by her stage names Andréa Parisy and sometimes Andrée Parizy, was a French actress. She is best known for her roles in movies such as Babes a GoGo (1956), The Little Bather (1968) and Mayerling (1968). She was born in Levallois-Perret.
Colac, Victoria
Town features
A commemorative plaque on the southern side of the Memorial Square remembers two historic speeches given on consecutive nights in Colac. The two speeches declared Australia would join Britain to fight in World War I. On 5 September 1914 the Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Fisher said "...Australia will stand by the mother country to our last man and our last shilling". The next night, the Prime Minister Joseph Cook said that "...If the old country is at war, so are we".
Rancid (band)
Rancid are an influential ska-punk band formed in 1991 in Albany, California by Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman.
Colac, Victoria
Natural features
Lake Colac dried up during the drought of 2008-2009. It has now refilled.
Andréa Parisy
Parisy died on 27 April 2014, aged 78.
Rancid (band)
History
Rancid were formed in 1991 out of the ashes of out of the seminal ska punk band Operation Ivy, which had broken up two years earlier. Following Operation Ivy's breakup, Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman decided to form a new band, and started a hardcore punk group called Generator, which quickly broke up. They also started two other ska influenced bands, Downfall and Dance Hall Crashers, but moved on quickly from both. In 1991, after Armstrong and Freeman recruited drummer Brett Reed, Rancid officially became Rancid.
Colac, Victoria
Transport
The local railway station is served by V/Line passenger services on the Warrnambool line. The train stops at Camperdown and Terang.
Colac is on the Princes Highway.
Events
Colac is the home of the annual "Cliff Young Australian 6-day race". The event has been going for over 20 years and is a running/walking event. It is held in the Memorial Square which is in the middle of Colac and attracts entries from all over the world.
Rancid (band)
History
Rancid's popularity grew in 1995 with their third album, ...And Out Come the Wolves, which quickly surpassed Let's Go in terms of success. The critically-acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, produced three singles, "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb", and "Ruby Soho", which all charted on the North American Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, and the band performed two of these songs on Saturday Night Live. ...And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold by the RIAA on January 22, 1996. It was also certified platinum on September 23, 2004.
Colac, Victoria
Industry
The main industries are based on agriculture including dairy, beef, lamb and finewool merino industries, and a large timber industry. These include Bulla Dairy Foods, CRF Colac Otway Pty Ltd, Fonterra, Cororooke, and AKD Softwoods.
Sussan Ley
Sussan Penelope Ley (pron. ; Susan Braybrooks; born 14 December 1961) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Liberal Party and has served as member of parliament (MP) for the New South Wales seat of Farrer since 2001. In 2022, she was elected Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party and became Deputy Opposition Leader.
Earth shelter
An earth-sheltered building is a building that is built into a hill, usually with only one full side of the building exposed.
Sussan Ley
She was a cabinet minister in the Abbott, Turnbull and Morrison governments.
Ley was born in Kano, Nigeria to English parents. She grew up in the United Arab Emirates and England before moving to Australia as a teenager.
Al Plastino
Alfred John Plastino (December 15, 1921 – November 25, 2013) was an American comic book artist. He was best known as one of the most important Superman artists of the 1950s, along with his DC Comics colleague Wayne Boring. Plastino also worked as a comics writer, editor, letterer and colorist.
Colac, Victoria
Media
Colac has its own newspaper, The Colac Herald, published on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Colac has a number of local radio stations: 3CS 1134AM, MIXX FM 106.3 MHz, and Otway FM 104.7 MHz& 99.1 MHz.
Al Plastino
He co-created the DC characters Supergirl and Braniac, as well as the teenage team the Legion of Super-Heroes.
Colac, Victoria
Media
Television services are received via UHF from Ballarat Lookout Hill, as well as a local repeater on nearby Warrion hill.
Sussan Ley
She was the Minister for Education (2013–2014), Minister for Health (2014–2016), Sport (2014–2017), Aged Care (2015–2016), and Health and Aged Care (2016–2017). She resigned from the ministry in January 2017.
She was the Minister for the Environment before the Morrison government's defeat at the 2022 federal election.
Colac, Victoria
Media
FM radio services direct from Melbourne can be received in Colac but signal levels are low. Television services direct from Melbourne can be received in Colac but large antenna arrays must be used with mixed results.
Al Plastino
Plastino lived for many years in Shirley, New York, on Long Island. At the time of his death on November 25, 2013, after suffering from prostate cancer, aged 91.
Colac, Victoria
Media
Colac is serviced by Austar Subscription Television delivered by DTH satellite transmission, via Optus C1 Ku Band Satellite located at 156E.
Sport
Colac has two Australian Rules football teams competing in the Colac & District Football League, the Colac Imperials and South Colac. The Colac Tigers play in the Geelong Football League.
Colac has a horse racing club, the Colac Turf Club, which has around four race meetings a year including the Colac Cup meeting in February. It also has a picnic horse racing club, Colac St Patrick Picnic, which holds its one race meeting a year in March.
Golfers play at the Colac Golf Club on Colac - Lavers Hill Road, Elliminyt.
Colac also has a swimming club which trains swimmers and has athletes competing at Region, State and national competitions.
Colac also has a baseball club, the Colac Braves, which plays in the Geelong Baseball Association winter competition and the Pan Pacific Masters Games on the Gold Coast.
Sergei Mavrodi
Sergei Panteleevich Mavrodi (Серге́й Пантеле́евич Мавро́ди; 11 August 1955 – 26 March 2018 ) was a Russian financial fraudster and politician. He served as a deputy of the State Duma from 1994 to 1995. He was the founder of the МММ series of pyramid schemes.
Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
On 23 March 2018, there was a series of Islamist terrorist attacks in the towns of Carcassonne and Trèbes in southern France.
Hero of Our Time (movie)
Hero of Our Time (Герой нашего времени) is a 1966 Soviet drama movie directed by Stanislav Rostotsky. It stars Vladimir Ivashov, Aleksey Chernov, and Silvia Berova. The movie is an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Mikhail Lermontov.
Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
Background
Redouane Lakdim, a 25-year-old French-Moroccan, shot the two occupants of a car in Carcassonne, killing the passenger and hijacking it. He then opened fire on four police officers, seriously wounding one. Lakdim drove to nearby Trèbes, where he stormed a Super U supermarket, killing two civilians, wounding others, and taking at least one hostage.
Sergei Mavrodi
Mavrodi died of a heart attack at the age of 62 in Moscow.
Carcassonne and Trèbes attack
Background
A senior gendarme, Lt. Col. Arnaud Beltrame, voluntarily swapped places with a hostage. After a three-hour stand-off, Lakdim fatally shot and stabbed Beltrame. A police tactical unit immediately stormed the building and killed Lakdim. He was named a "soldier of the Islamic State" by the Amaq News Agency, and the President of France called the attacks an act of Islamist terrorism.
Motive
Lakdim swore allegiance to the Islamic State and demanded the release of Salah Abdeslam, the only surviving suspect of the November 2015 Paris attacks.
Aftermath
Five people were killed in the attacks, including the perpetrator, and fifteen were wounded.
For his actions, Beltrame was hailed as a hero. Macron said that Beltrame deserved "the respect and admiration of the whole nation."
Charlottetown Conference
The Charlottetown Conference was a conference about the Canadian Confederation. The representatives of the unions in British North America were present at the conference. The meeting took place in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island from September 1st to September 9th 1864.
The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the maritime provinces in what later became Canada. The maritime provinces were Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland.
Wes Studi
Wesley Studi (born December 17, 1947) is a Cherokee American actor and movie producer. He was born in Cherokee County, Oklahoma. He is known for his roles of Native Americans in movies.
He has appeared in Academy Award-winning movies, such as Dances with Wolves (1990) and The Last of the Mohicans (1992), and in the Academy Award-nominated movies Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) and The New World (2005).
He is also known for playing Sagat in Street Fighter (1994). In 2019, he will receive an Academy Honorary Award, becoming the first Native American actor to receive an Oscar.
Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress, writer, model, singer and filmmaker. Between 1946 and 1962, she made 44 movies. Famous for playing comic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and was emblematic of the era's attitudes towards sexuality. Although she was a top-billed actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962.
Biography
Marilyn Monroe was born as Norma Jeane Mortenson or Norma Jeane Baker, on June 1, 1926 at LAC+USC Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, United States. When she was seven years old, her mother, Gladys (Monroe) Baker Mortenson, was hospitalized after being diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, a severe mental condition. Norma was left in a series of foster homes and the Los Angeles Orphans' Home Society. The constant move from one foster home to another resulted in Norma's "sketchy" educational background.
After Norma's sixteenth birthday, her foster parents had to move from California. To avoid an orphanage or a new foster home, Norma chose to get married. On June 19, 1942, Norma married James Dougherty, but the marriage would all but end when he joined the U.S. Merchant Marines in 1943. Though her difficult childhood and early failed marriage would make Norma Jean a strong and resilient woman, these experiences would also add to her insecurities and flaws—things that would ultimately shape her into a great tragic figure of the twentieth century.
Movies
Marilyn Monroe became famous, starring in a number of hit movies during the 1950s and early 1960s. She also became famous for modeling for photographers and singing in her musical movies. One time, she sang "Happy Birthday" to President John F. Kennedy. It turned out to be one of her last appearances.
Marriages
The 16-year-old Norma Jeane married James Dougherty on June 19, 1942. After the wedding, he joined the navy. At this time, Norma met an army photographer, David Conover. She began a career as a model. She changed her name to Marilyn Monroe. She and Dougherty divorced on September 13, 1946.
Monroe married the baseball star Joe DiMaggio on January 14, 1954. The marriage lasted for nine months. She had met DiMaggio on a blind date, during the filming of the movie Monkey Business in 1952. The marriage was closely followed by the public. DiMaggio retired from baseball, and Marilyn became very famous. DiMaggio was sad that his career as a baseball star was ending, and was jealous of Marilyn for being admired. He spent most of his time watching television and Monroe found it boring. They separated on October 31, 1954. From 1961, they became friends again. DiMaggio said that he gave Marilyn a rose every week for 20 years.
Marilyn married Arthur Miller on June 29, 1956. She converted to Judaism. She had met him during the filming of As Young As You Feel in 1951. She was so happy with him and they tried to have children together. Marilyn had three miscarriages, because of her endometriosis. Miller wrote the screenplay for the movie The Misfits. The filming caused many problems between Marilyn and Arthur and they separated on January 20, 1961.
Death
She died early from an overdose of barbiturates on August 4, 1962 in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, U.S. at 36 years old.
Electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that says how well an atom can attract electrons towards itself. The electronegativity of an atom is influenced by the atom's atomic number and the distance between the atom's valence electrons (the outermost electrons that take part in chemical bonding) and its nucleus. It was first theorised by Linus Pauling in 1932 as part of his valence bond theory, and is related to other chemical properties. Generally, electronegativity increases from the bottom-left to the upper-right of the periodic table; this is known as a periodic trend.
There are many ways to calculate the electronegativity of an atom. The most common way of calculation is the one suggested by Linus Pauling, and it gives the relative Pauling scale. This scale gives elements dimensionless quantities (values) between 0.7 and 3.98, with hydrogen being at 2.20.
The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity; the measure of how well an atom gives away electrons.
Pauling electronegativity
Pauling suggested the idea of electronegativity in 1932 to explain why the strength of a covalent bond between two different atoms (A-B) is stronger than the average of the strengths of the covalent bonds A-A and B-B. His valence bond theory said that this stronger bond between different atoms is caused by the ionic effects to the bonding.
The difference between the electronegativity of atom A and atom B is
where the dissociation energies (that is, the energy needed to break the bond between the atoms), Ed, of A-B, A-A and B-B bonds are given in electronvolts, and the factor (eV)-½ is added to make sure the final answer has no unit. With the above formula, we can calculate the difference in elecronegativity between hydrogen and bromine to be 0.73. (dissociation energies: H-Br, 3.79 eV; H-H, 4.52 eV; Br-Br, 2.00 eV)
The above equation only calculates the difference in electronegativity between two elements. To make a scale from the equation, a reference point has to be chosen. Hydrogen was chosen as a reference point because it bonds covalently with many elements. Hydrogen's electronegativity was first fixed at 2.1, but was later changed to 2.20. Another thing that need to be known to make an electronegativity scale is which element is more electronegative than the reference point, which is hydrogen. This is often done with the so-called "chemical intuition": in the above example, hydrogen bromide (H-Br) dissolves in water and breaks into H+ cation and Br- anion. So, it can be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen.
To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, the data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds created by the element is needed. In 1961, A. L. Allred improved Pauling's original data to include the thermodynamic data that is much more available. These "revised Pauling" electronegativity values are used more often.
Electropositivity
Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate electrons, and form positive ions.
Mainly, this is an attribute of metals. The alkali metals have a single electron in their outer shell and it is easily lost. These metals have low ionization energies.
Corn oil
Corn oil (also called maize oil) is a type of cooking oil. It comes from the fat in the germ of corn seeds. It is a cheap oil compared to others. It is commonly used in frying at high heats.
Composition
Corn oil is 12.9% saturated fat, 27.6% monounsaturated fat, and 54.7% polyunsaturated fat.
Reining
Reining is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.
History of the sport
Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in reining originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.
What is reining
In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.
Sibylline Books
The Sibylline Books were a collection of prophecies in rhyme written in Greek. The legendary king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus bought them from a Sibyl (a kind of prophetess), and the prophecies used to be consulted in times when great danger happened in the history of the Roman Empire.
History
The books were also known to the Greeks. They were kept in the Temple of Apollo at Gergis on Mount Ida (near Troy in Asia Minor) in the 7th century BC, and said to be written by the Hellespontine Sibyl. From there, it passed to Erythrae (in eastern Asia Minor) and was called the work of the Erythraean Sibyl. It seems that this collection travelled from there to Cumae, Italy and from there to Rome.
The books were given to the trust of two Roman patricians (nobles). Beginning in 367 BC, ten keepers - five from the patricians and five from the common citizens - were appointed for them. After this (possibly the time of Sulla, 88-78 BC), the number of keepers was increased to fifteen. The job of these keepers was to consult the books on what was the right action or ceremony to escape from threats. Even so, they would not reveal the prophecies themselves, but only tell the action or ceremony needed.
The influence of the books brought eastern gods such as Apollo, the "Great Mother" Cybele, and Ceres, as well as Greek pagan beliefs, into the Roman pagan religion.
Because the verses were written in Greek, the keepers would always be helped by two Greek translators. The books were destroyed when the Temple of Jupiter burned down in 83 BC. Because of this, the Roman Senate sent messengers in 76 BC to find similar prophecies and replace them. The prophecies were gathered especially from Troy, Erythrae, Samos island, 'Africa' (that is, modern Tunisia), and from Sicily and Tibur in Italy. After they brought the new collection to Rome, Roman priests separated what they thought was true, but threw others out of the collection.
The Roman Emperor Augustus in 12 BC moved them to the Temple of Apollo, when they were studied and a new copy was made. They stayed there until 405 AD. It is said that at that time, Stilicho, who fought for the teachings of Arianism, burnt them.
Modern scholars believe these books are not the same as the Sibylline Oracles that were often quoted by early Christian writers from the 2nd century through the 5th century AD. It is certain that when one Christian writer, Athenagoras of Athens, wrote A Plea for the Christians to Emperor Marcus Aurelius in around 176 AD, at a time when Christians were being punished by the pagan Roman Empire, he quoted word-for-word from these Oracles that are known today. Quoting them along with writings by Homer and Hesiod, he wrote many times that "these books are all known to Caesar" (the Emperor). The Sibylline Books were still to be found in the Temple of Apollo at Rome at this time, so it is thought possible that at least some of these Sibylline Oracles were partly the same.
70 lines agreed to be from the real Sibylline Books were quoted in the 2nd century Book of Marvels by Phlegon of Trales. This quote speaks about the birth of a hermaphrodite, and ceremonies for sacrificing to idols.
NXT Tag Team Championship
The NXT Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling championship in the WWE. The title is a NXT-only championship.
History
The title was introduced by special guest Shawn Michaels on the January 23, 2013 edition of NXT. He announced that there would be a tournament held to crown the inaugural champions. A team called the British Ambition (whose members were Adrian Neville and Oliver Grey) beat a team called The Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan) to become the first champions on January 31, 2013 (but it could not be watched on TV until February 13). In their first match for the title, Neville and Bo Dallas fought the Wyatt Family because Grey was hurt badly and could not fight. Neville and Dallas lost. Neville and Corey Graves beat the Wyatt family for the titles on June 20 (televised on July 17) and Neville became the first wrestler to win the title twice. At NXT TakeOver: The End in June 2016, the Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) became the first team to win the title twice by beating American Alpha (Chad Gable and Jason Jordan).
Current champions
Right now, the champions are The Creed Brothers whose members are Brutus and Julius Creed and they are in their first reign. They won the titles by beating Pretty Deadly whose members are Elton Prince and Kit Wilson at NXT In Your House on June 4, 2022.
References
Notes
Arauco War
The Arauco War was a conflict between colonial Spaniards and Mapuche people of Araucanía region, of modern Chile. This conflict began at Reynogüelén in 1536, near the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers. It was between an expedition of Diego de Almagro and a large, well organized group of Mapuche soldiers. Since 1609, each governor of Chile held "Parlamentos" with Mapuche chiefs. At these, they discussed maintenance of a treaty between both parties. Violations of the treaty were frequent. In 1881, these finally ended, with a process known as the Pacification of Araucanía.
Nikolai Pankin
Nikolai Ivanovich Pankin (Николай Иванович Панкин; 2 January 1949 – 13 October 2018) was a Russian breaststroke swimmer and swimming coach. He competed at the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics in the 100m and 200m breaststroke and 4 × 100 m medley relay.
Career
In 1968 he won a bronze medal in the 100 m. Pankin was less successful in 1972 and 1976, and finished close to the podium in the medley relay. He was born in Moscow.
Death
Pankin died on 13 October 2018 in Murom, Russia at the age of 69.
Mulayam Singh Yadav
Mulayam Singh Yadav (22 November 1939 – 10 October 2022) was an Indian politician. He was a socialist figure and the founder of the Samajwadi Party [ en]. He also served 3 non-consecutive terms as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. He previously served as the Minister of Defence in Government of India from 1996 till 1998.
He was the Member of Parliament representing the Mainpuri constituency in the Lok Sabha from 2019 until his death in 2022. He previously had represented in Lok Sabha from Azamgarh, Sambhal and Kannauj constituencies.
Early life
Yadav was born on 22 November 1939 in Saifai village, Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Akhilesh Yadav is his only son from his first marriage to Malti Devi.
Yadav earned three degrees in political science —
Teaching career
Before joining politics, Yadav was engaged in teaching profession. In 1963, he was a teacher at Jain Inter-College in Karhal, Mainpuri. After attaining his master degree, he was promoted to a lecturer in 1974.
Political career
Yadav was groomed to enter politics by leaders such as Ram Manohar Lohia and Raj Narain. Yadav was first elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in 1967. Yadav served eight terms there. In 1975, during Indira Gandhi's imposition of the Emergency, Yadav was arrested. He was kept imprisoned for 19 months.
He first became a state minister in 1977. Later in 1980, he became the president of the Lok Dal in Uttar Pradesh. Later the party became a part of the Janata Dal [ en] (means People's Party). In 1982, he was elected leader of the opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council and held that post until 1985. When the Lok Dal party split, Yadav launched the Krantikari Morcha party.
Yadav first became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1989.
Mulayam Singh Yadav had been elected 10 times as MLA and 7 times as Lok Sabha MP.
Personal life and death
Yadav was married twice. His first married to Malti Devi, who was in a vegetative state from 1974 until her death in May 2003 following complications while giving birth to their only child, Akhilesh Yadav. Akhilesh was Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017.
Mulayam had a relationship with Sadhana Gupta even after married to Malti Devi in the 1990s. Gupta was not well known until February 2007. Later, the relationship was admitted in India's Supreme Court. Sadhana Gupta had a son named Prateek Yadav (born 1988), from her first marriage to Chandra Prakash Gupta. Sadhana Gupta died in July 2022 after a brief illness.
In September 2022, Yadav was admitted to hospital and put on a ventilator after his condition is not good. He had been in hospital for a month. Yadav died on 10 October 2022 at age 82 in a hospital in Gurgaon. His last rites were performed with full state honours at his hometown Saifai.
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
Karl-Heinz "Kalle" Rummenigge (born 25 September 1955) is a German football executive and former professional player.
Honours
West Germany
Chuvash language
Chuvash (Чӑвашла, Čăvašla; ) is a Turkic language. It is spoken in Chuvashia, a part of central Russia. It is the only language from the Oghur branch of the Turkic languages that is still spoken today. Though many Turkic languages can be understood by different speakers, Chuvash is quite different.
Scott Adkins
Scott Edward Adkins (born 17 June 1976) is an English actor and martial artist. He is best known for playing Russian prison fighter Yuri Boyka in the 2006 movie Undisputed II: Last Man Standing and its two sequels: Undisputed III: Redemption (2010) and Boyka: Undisputed (2016) and as Casey Bowman in the 2009 movie Ninja and its 2013 sequel Ninja: Shadow of a Tear.
Chuvash language
Chuvash is written using the Cyrillic script. Its alphabet has all of the letters of the Russian alphabet and adds four letters of its own: Ӑ, Ӗ, Ҫ and Ӳ.
Scott Adkins
He has also appeared in Doctor Strange, The Bourne Ultimatum, The Expendables 2 and Zero Dark Thirty.
Eddie Pope
Eddie Pope (born 24 December 1973) is a former American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.
Club career statistics
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International career statistics
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New London, Missouri
New London is a city in Missouri in the United States.
Canadian, Texas
Canadian is a city in Texas, United States.
Fürstenfeldbruck
Fürstenfeldbruck is a town in Bavaria, Germany, 32 kilometres west of Munich. It is the capital of the district of Fürstenfeldbruck. it has a population of 35,494. Since the 1930s, Fürstenfeldbruck has had an air force base.
Bernoulli's principle
Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid increases, pressure decreases. The photo on the right shows this happening. The air in the wide part of the tube has a higher static pressure than the thin part. For a steady flow, the amount of fluid entering the pipe must equal the amount leaving the pipe, so the fluid speed in the thin part must increase.
Fürstenfeldbruck
The name of Fürstenfeldbruck is put together of two parts, namely 'Bruck', Bavarian dialect for 'bridge' (meaning the bridge over the Amper river) and after the famous monastery of Fürstenfeld Abbey.
Bernoulli's principle
When a force acts over an area, it is called "pressure". A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid toward lower pressure. So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a change in pressure (force). Bernoulli saw that while the fluid moved more quickly in the smaller part of the tube, the pressure became less. Please note that this refers to changes in speed and pressure along a single path of flow and does not apply to two different flows at different speeds.
Fürstenfeldbruck
Geography
Fürstenfeldbruck covers an area of 32.53 km². It is halfway between Munich and Augsburg, and along the Amper river.