cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Condorcet method
Example: Voting on the location of Tennessee's capital
To find the Condorcet winner every candidate must be matched against every other candidate in a series of one-on-one contests. In each pairing the winner is the candidate preferred by a majority of voters. The results for every possible pairing are as follows: The results can also be shown in the form of a matrix: As can be seen from both of the tables above, Nashville beats every other candidate. This means that Nashville is the Condorcet winner. So Nashville would win an election held under any Condorcet method.
While any Condorcet method will elect Nashville as the winner, first-past-the-post and instant-runoff voting would select Memphis and Knoxville respectively, using the same ballots. This would occur despite the fact that most people would have preferred Nashville to either of those options. Condorcet methods make these preferences obvious rather than ignoring or discarding them.
On the other hand, note that in this example Chattanooga also defeats Knoxville and Memphis when paired against those cities. If Memphis voters had preferred Chattanooga as a second choice rather than as a third choice, then Chattanooga would be the Condorcet winner even though finishing in last place in a first-past-the-post election.
An alternative way of thinking about this example if a Smith-efficient Condorcet method that passes ISDA is used to determine the winner is that 58% of the voters, a mutual majority, ranked Memphis last (making Memphis the majority loser and Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville above Memphis, ruling Memphis out. At that point, the voters who preferred Memphis as their 1st choice could only help to choose a winner among Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville, and because they all preferred Nashville as their 1st choice among those three, Nashville would've had a 68% majority of 1st choices among the remaining candidates and won as the majority's 1st choice.
Two-method systems
Some Condorcet methods first do a series of pairwise comparisons and then, if there is no Condorcet winner, use an entirely different, non-Condorcet method to determine a winner. The simplest such fall-back methods completely ignore the results of the pairwise comparisons. For example, the Black method chooses the Condorcet winner if it exists, but uses the Borda count instead if there is a cycle (the method is named for Duncan Black).
A more complex two-stage process is, when there is a cycle, to first eliminate all candidates not in some group which is found by looking at the pairwise comparisons, and then use a separate voting system to find the winner. Sets used for this purpose are defined so that they will always contain only the Condorcet winner if there is one, and will always, in any case, contain at least one candidate. Such sets include the
Single-method systems
Some Condorcet methods use a single procedure that meets the Condorcet criteria and, without any extra procedure, also pick winners when there are cycles. In other words, these methods do not involve separate procedures for different situations. Typically these methods base their calculations on pairwise counts. These methods include:
Condorcet ranking methods
Some Condorcet methods produce not just a single winner, but a ranking of all candidates from first to last place. A Condorcet ranking is a list of candidates with the property that the Condorcet winner (if one exists) comes first and the Condorcet loser (if one exists) comes last, and the same holds for the candidates ranked between them.
Methods that satisfy this property include:
Marcus Vinicius D'Almeida
Marcus Vinicius Carvalho Lopes D'Almeida is an archer from Brazil. D'Almeida competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, the 2016 Summer Olympics, and the 2020 Summer Olympics. He was born on 30 January 1998.
Condorcet method
Condorcet ranking methods
Though there won't always be a Condorcet winner or Condorcet loser, there is always a Smith set and "Smith loser set" (smallest group of candidates who lose to all candidates not in the set in head-to-head elections). Some voting methods produce rankings that sort all candidates in the Smith set above all others, and all candidates in the Smith loser set below all others, with this also applying to all candidates ranked between them. Because the Smith set and Smith loser set are equivalent to the Condorcet winner and Condorcet loser when they exist, methods that always produce Smith set rankings also always produce Condorcet rankings.
Comparison with instant runoff and first-past-the-post (plurality)
Many proponents of instant-runoff voting (IRV) are attracted by the belief that if their first choice does not win, their vote will be given to their second choice; if their second choice does not win, their vote will be given to their third choice, etc. This sounds perfect, but it is not true for every voter with IRV. If someone voted for a strong candidate, and their 2nd and 3rd choices are eliminated before their first choice is eliminated, IRV gives their vote to their 4th choice candidate, not their 2nd choice. Condorcet voting takes all rankings into account simultaneously, but this makes it fail the later-no-harm criterion and the later-no-help criterion. With IRV, indicating a second choice will never hurt your first choice. With Condorcet voting, it is possible that indicating a second choice will cause your first choice to lose.
Plurality voting is simple, and theoretically provides incentives for voters to compromise for centrist candidates rather than throw away their votes on candidates who can't win. Opponents to plurality voting point out that voters often vote for the lesser of evils because they heard on the news that those two are the only two with a chance of winning, not necessarily because those two are the two good compromise candidates. This gives the media significant election powers. Condorcet runs each candidate against the other head to head, so that voters elect the candidate who would win the most sincere runoffs, instead of the one they thought they had to vote for.
There are circumstances, as in the examples above, when both instant-runoff voting and the 'first-past-the-post' plurality system wouldn't elect the Condorcet winner. (In fact, FPTP can elect the Condorcet loser and IRV can elect the second-worst candidate, who would lose to every candidate except the Condorcet loser. ) When there is a Condorcet winner that IRV doesn't elect, a majority would by definition prefer the Condorcet Winner to the IRV winner. Supporters of the Condorcet criterion see it as an important criterion when choosing a voting method. They see the Condorcet criterion as a natural extension of majority rule. Condorcet methods tend to encourage the selection of broadly supported candidates who appeal to the median voter. Here is an example that is designed to support IRV while making Condorcet look bad:
499 A>B>C
3 B>C>A
498 C>B>A
B is preferred by a 501–499 majority to A, and by a 502–498 majority to C. So, according to the Condorcet criterion, B should win, despite the fact that very few voters rank B in first place. By contrast, IRV elects C and plurality elects A. The goal of a ranked voting system is for voters to be able to vote sincerely and trust the system to protect their intent.
The importance of this scenario, of two parties with strong support, and the one with weak support being the Condorcet winner, may be less than one would expect, though, as it is common in plurality voting systems (see Duverger's law), but much less likely to occur in Condorcet or IRV elections, which unlike Plurality voting, punish candidates who are opposed by a significant block of voters.
Here is an example that is designed to support Condorcet while making IRV look bad:
33 A>B>C
16 B>A>C
16 B>C>A
35 C>B>A
B would win against either A or C by more than a 65–35 margin in a one-on-one election, but IRV eliminates B first, leaving a contest between the more "polar" candidates, A and C. Proponents of plurality voting state that their system is simpler than any other and more easily understood.
All three systems are susceptible to tactical voting, but the types of strategy used and how often there is value in voting strategically differ in each method.
Potential for tactical voting
Like all voting methods, Condorcet methods are vulnerable to compromising. That is, voters can help avoid the election of a less-preferred candidate by insincerely (strategically) raising the position of a more-preferred candidate on their ballot. However, Condorcet methods are only vulnerable to compromising when there is a majority rule cycle, or when one can be created.
All Condorcet methods are at least somewhat vulnerable to burying. That is, voters can sometimes help a more-preferred candidate by strategically lowering the ranking of a less-preferred candidate on their ballot.
Evaluation by criteria
Scholars of electoral systems often compare them using mathematically defined voting system criteria. The criteria which Condorcet methods satisfy vary from one Condorcet method to another. However, the Condorcet criterion implies the majority criterion, and thus is incompatible with independence of irrelevant alternatives (though it implies a weaker analagous form of the criterion: when there is a Condorcet winner, losing candidates can drop out of the election without changing the result), later-no-harm, the participation criterion, and the consistency criterion.
Use of Condorcet voting
Condorcet methods are not known to be currently in use in government elections anywhere in the world, but a Condorcet method known as Nanson's method was used in city elections in the U.S. town of Marquette, Michigan in the 1920s, and today Condorcet methods are used by a number of private organizations. Organizations which currently use some variant of the Condorcet method are:
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Description
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What is "multiculturalism"?
Multiculturalism is the presence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
Decolonization caused a significant increase in internal cultural diversity in many democracies, which gave rise to multiculturalism. The dominant understanding of multiculturalism and political practice is in terms of the housing and integration of minority immigrants. Included are national minorities, indigenous peoples, and immigrants from all cultures of the world. The concept of multiculturalism in current theory and practice has been limited by decolonization, which affected countries differently depending on their national history and their position within the British Empire.
Multiculturalism in the UK has its roots in the early seventeenth century. The UK was once the biggest empire in the history of the world, called the British Empire. During the nineteenth century, the Empire covered roughly 25% of the world's land surface and ruled around 20% of its population. In the age of colonialism, the culture of all the colonies, like India, Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, and many other countries collided together.
Today, there is still a strong connection between many of the old colonies and most of these nations are still part of the Commonwealth of Nations. Due to this history, immigrants from all over the world come to the UK and bring with them their food, religion, and music; this forms the multicultural society of the UK. This explains the presence of various shops and restaurants.
In fact, about one out of three people living in London were born in a country abroad leading to over 200 languages being spoken in this global city. In addition, many foreign students join cultural clubs every year and therefore move to London; there are about 250 different clubs in the capital.
History
In the 19th century, the United Kingdom welcomed new groups of people from all over the world. This expansion of its multicultural culture caused many debates in its parliament and media. Later, the British government struggled to maintain its diverse communities while maintaining a united nation.
From 1801 to 1881, the United Kingdom welcomed many immigrants thanks to its booming economy. In this period, over 2 million people from Ireland moved to Great Britain, and over 1.5 million from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe arrived as well. The government encouraged these new arrivals by offering low-cost land to those seeking a fresh start in a better country. In addition, healthcare and education were also widely available for free or at a low cost.
The government attempted to assimilate new groups into British culture by teaching them English and jobs that required little training. They also tried to get new ethnic groups to join the Conservative Party, which led to a surge in support for the war against Irish republicanism. In addition, public schools accepted non-British pupils for the first time in history, allowing children from different cultures to mix and learn together. This was called 'multiculturalism' at the time and was seen as a way to build a more unified society.
However, this seemed to work more in theory than in practice when some groups wanted more recognition and rights. One group that advocated for greater rights was the Scottish nationalist movement. They wanted Home Rule for Scotland; after all, Scotland was also an immigrant group coming from Ireland. The Home Rule movement aimed to give these groups greater autonomy so they could assimilate more easily into British culture. Ultimately, this led to greater political representation for ethnic minorities within the UK in both Great Britain and Ireland.
Although 'multiculturalism' initially seemed like a good idea on paper, it has proven difficult in practice given some new groups' desire for greater recognition and rights in recent years. The UK has increased its multicultural representation in recent years as well but is still struggling with issues related to 'multiculturalism'. Overall, it's important to understand and respect each cultural group without giving them preferential treatment- doing so can help create a more unified nation that is far richer from a cultural perspective.
Since the time of the British Empire, people have migrated to the UK. After World War II, the UK needed workers, so it motivated Commonwealth citizens to come to Britain. During the Great War, 250,000 Belgians migrated to escape the wrath of the war. During the 1930s before World War II, Jews started to migrate to the UK with the rise of the fascist leader 'Adolf Hitler' and 'Nazism'. During the 1940s to 1960s, Polish people were invited to come to stay in the United Kingdom with the promise of jobs and a house. Due to the massive migration of Polish people, the Polish community is deeply anchored in present society. From the 1950s to 1960s settlers from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh settled. In 1972, a group of Asians arrive in the United Kingdom as they have been expelled by the Ugandan government. Though the immigrants helped the UK by being workers, racism was a big problem. The main causes of 'multiculturalism' in the United Kingdom are a sum of economical and political problems present in the African, Asian and, South American continents.
In the 1960s, the UK made a change to its immigration policy. The immigration policy of Britain became more about tolerating immigrants, but not actively caring about integration. In 1962, the Commonwealth Immigrants bill was passed to restrict immigration. More immigration bills and anti-discrimination bills followed in order to ensure equal rights for all citizens.
The multicultural face of the UK
The following table shows that the UK is home to numerous ethnic minorities. Most immigrants come from India, Poland, Pakistan, and Ireland. Around 90% of immigrants who entered the UK went to England. They settled in English cities, giving England the largest number of cultural districts.
There are numerous cultural districts in which immigrants of a nation have settled and brought their culture with them to their new homeland. In Brick Lane, in London's East End, mainly people from Bangladesh have settled. There, for example, there are also street names that have been translated into Bengali under the respective English sign. The street is best known these days for its South Asian restaurants and street markets. Since the 19th century, the Richmond district has been shaped primarily by German immigrants. After a German school was founded there, the district became even more attractive as an emigration destination for Germans.
Multiculturalism can also be seen in food. Bunny chow is a fusion dish popular in the UK from South Africa and India. It is made with a half or a quarter loaf of bread, hollowed out, and filled with steaming Indian curry cooked with meat or beans. The dish originated in South Africa and is made with mutton, chicken, mince, lamb, or kidney beans. From 2018 to 2019, there was a total of 103,379 hate crimes recorded by the police in England and Wales, and 8% of hate crimes were related to religion.
Percentage of the population of England and Wales that was foreign born, 1851-2011 - Information from the official cencus records 2011 { "version": 2, "width": 400, "height": 200, "data": [ {			"name": "table", "values": [ {					"x": 1851, "y": 0 },				{					"x": 1861, "y": 0 },				{					"x": 1871, "y": 1 },				{					"x": 1881, "y": 1 },				{					"x": 1891, "y": 1 },				{					"x": 1901, "y": 1 },				{					"x": 1911, "y": 2 },				{					"x": 1921, "y": 2 },				{					"x": 1931, "y": 1 },				{					"x": 1941, "y": 3 },				{					"x": 1951, "y": 3 },				{					"x": 1961, "y": 5 },				{					"x": 1971, "y": 5 },				{					"x": 1981, "y": 5 },				{					"x": 1991, "y": 6 },				{					"x": 2001, "y": 7 },				{					"x": 2011, "y": 12 }			]		}	],	"scales": [ {			"name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }		},		{			"name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" }		}	],	"axes": [ {			"type": "x", "scale": "x" },		{			"type": "y", "scale": "y" }	],	"marks": [ {			"type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" },			"properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" },					"y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" },					"y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 },					"fill": { "value": "steelblue" },					"width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1 }				}			}		}	] } Language plays another important part in the multicultural aspect of Britain. English is the main language for 92% of the UK (48.9M people). Less than 5% of the population aged 3 to 15 had a main language other than English in 2011. Foreign languages are concentrated in London, where 21% of people don't speak English, or at least not well. These are the top 5 languages spoken at home other than English: Polish, Indian dialect, Arabic, French, and all other Chinese. However, in the UK, 1.6% of the British population doesn't speak English at all and is not very well.
London; a multicultural area?
For centuries, London and the whole UK have welcomed people from all different countries and accepted their religion and culture as a part of Britain's history.
Yuja Wang
Yuja Wang (Chinese: 王羽佳, pinyin: Wáng Yǔjiā), born 10 February 1987, is a Chinese pianist.
Wang started to play the piano at the age of six; her earliest public concerts were at China, Germany and Australia. At the age of seven, Wang began to study at Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music before moving to the US to study at the Curtis Institute of Music at the age of fifteen.
In 1998, Wang was awarded third prize at the Ettlingen International Competition for Young Pianists in Ettlingen, Germany. In 2001, she won the third prize and the "Special Jury Prize" at the First Sendai International Music Competition in Sendai, Japan in the piano section.
In January 2009, Wang signed an exclusive recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon. She has already released four CD's: Sonatas & Etudes in 2009; Transformation in 2010; Rachmaninov in 2011; and Fantasia in March 2012.
There has been a possibility that Wang released a debut CD in 1995.
Calvignasco
Calvignasco is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Noatak, Alaska
Noatak is a village in Alaska. The village is found on the Northwest Arctic Borough, above the Arctic Circle. At the 2020 census, 570 people lived there. There are no roads or railways going to the city, and can only be traveled to by airplane to Noatak Airport, or maybe on foot.
Wytze Russchen
Wytze Russchen (born 22 December 1970) is a Dutch writer and former lobbyist, well known in bruxelles.
Early life and education
Wytze was born on 22 December 1970 in Friesland in the Netherlands, As teenager, his dream is to become a (European) politician, and studied international relations and organization at the University of Groningen. Already during and after his studies, he started working in the European Parliament in Brussels and Strasbourg, first as an employee of the Euro Liberal Group (ALDE) and later as the political right-hand man of the late Willy De Clercq. For more than three years, he accompanied the former Belgian Deputy Prime Minister, European Commissioner and Minister of State in his duties as Chairman of the Committee on International Trade and then of the Committee on Legal Affairs and the Internal Market in Parliament.
In 1999, he became spokesperson and lobbyist for BusinessEurope, the association of European employers. Two years later, he joined the employers' association VNO-NCW in The Hague with communication and public affairs in his portfolio. In 2004 he returned to Brussels to coordinate the Dutch Presidency of the European Council as Principal Secretary for European Affairs. In 2005, he did the same during the Luxembourg EU presidency, but seconded to Luxembourg employers. In 1999 and 2004 he was a candidate for the European Parliament (VVD). In 2006, he was a candidate for the Brussels parliament (Open Vld).
Russchen was the founder of, among others, the Dutch Network Brussels, Political Café Brussels, Crazy Orange, former president of the VVD in Brussels and Belgium and advisor to the Flemish Parkinson's League.
In 2017, he was considered one of the most influential Dutch people in brussels by the euknowhow.eu platform.
In 2016 he was made a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau by King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands.
Vernate
Vernate can mean:
List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
The List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Sanfrecce Hiroshima is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima.
Catenanuova
Catenanuova is a comune in the province of Enna, in the Sicily region in southern Italy. About 4,900 people live there.
Alzano Scrivia
Alzano Scrivia is a comune in the Province of Alessandria in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Mohsen Kordalivand
Mohsen Kordalivand (Persian: محسن‌ کردعلیوند, born December 27, 1989, in Khorramabad, Iran) is a Kickboxer who competed for Iran Kickboxing National Team.
Biography
Mohsen Kordalivnad was born in 1992 in Khorramabad. He is a martial artist. He was a member of Iran's national boxing and kickboxing teams, who has won colorful medals in boxing and kickboxing. He has won medals in the Asian and world competitions.
Cerami
Cerami is a comune in the Province of Enna in the Sicily region in southern Italy. About 2,000 people live there.
Dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates.
The main function of the fin is to stabilize the animal against rolling and to help sudden turns. There are some secondary functions: some fish have dorsal fins which produce venom at the tip, for example, the spiny dogfish.
Noviglio
Noviglio is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Bubbiano
Bubbiano is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Villeneuve-les-Sablons
Villeneuve-les-Sablons is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Oise department in north France.
Fishing industry
All activities that are concerned with growing, catching, processing or transporting fish either as a hobby or as an economic activity is called Fishing industry.
According to the FAO definition it includes  recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.
Rosate
Twin towns
Rosate is twinned with:
Gainare Tottori
Gainare Tottori (ガイナーレ鳥取) is a Japanese professional football club in Tottori Prefecture.
History
The club was founded in 1983.
List of Gamba Osaka players
The List of Gamba Osaka players is evolving. The history of the team is created by its players.
Gamba Osaka is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.
Villeneuve-Saint-Denis
Villeneuve-Saint-Denis is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France.
Villeneuve-Saint-Vistre-et-Villevotte
Villeneuve-Saint-Vistre-et-Villevotte is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.
French Suites
The French Suites are six suites composed by Johann Sebastian Bach between 1722 and 1725. They were written to be played on the harpsichord or clavichord. A suite is a group of dances. Bach did not call them French Suites. That title was given to the group by someone else. They were called the French Suites to distinguish them from another group of suites by Bach called the English Suites.
The French Suites are largely based on Italian models, and are written in the keys of D minor, C minor, B minor, E-flat major, G major, and E major. All six suites open with an Allemagne and are followed by a Courante and a Sarabande. All six suites end with a Gigue (jig). Between the Sarabande and the Gigue are found a variety of dances that include Minuets, Bourrées, Gavottes, and others.
There is no definitive manuscript. The ornamentation varies from one manuscript to another. Two other suites — one in A minor and the other in E-flat major — sometimes appear in the manuscripts. Bach's French Overture is also a suite but is not connected to the French Suites.
Villeneuve-Saint-Nicolas
Villeneuve-Saint-Nicolas is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Villages-Vovéens.
Stability
Stability is a property of many systems. It means being at rest, not liable to change. In mechanics and dynamics, a system is stable (has stability) if it will not change motion of its own accord, and will resist small efforts to change its direction or position.