cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Aftermath
Stamford Bridge was a major victory for Godwinson. It showed he was a very capable commander. It also demonstrated how well trained his Housecarls were. However, Stamford Bridge will always be overshadowed by the Battle of Hastings, which took place just under three weeks later. The battle at Stamford Bridge left Godwinson's army very tired and in need of rest. He had lost the forces of his two earls from the earlier battle. However, he received news that Duke William had landed.
Blue Lake (South Australia)
He also discovered "The stromatolite field", hollow rock formations on the north-eastern edge at a depth of 40 m. In 2008 another dive brought up core samples from the calcite-silt covered lake bed, and measured the water temperature on the lake bed at 14 degrees Celsius (57 °F).
Dinosaur Ridge
Dinosaur Ridge is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.
The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Stegosaurus, and Allosaurus.
In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.
The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Aftermath
Harold quickly marched his tired army down to London and stopped at Waltham Abbey long enough to pray for another victory. On October 12 he was in London trying to find more soldiers to add to his army before facing William at Hastings. On October 14, Godwinson formed his army on the ridge looking down on the battlefield. That started the Battle of Hastings and the end of Anglo-Saxon rule in England.
Dinosaur Ridge
The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation. When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints. These were found to include mostly Iguanodon-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.
The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.
Soupy Sales
Career
In 1949, Sales moved to Cincinnati, Ohio from where his career began in 1949 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television shows or radio broadcastings, and went on tours around the country and the world.
Influences and influenced
Sales only had two influences; the Marx Brothers, and Harry Ritz. Sales had influenced; Howard Stern, Saturday Night Live, Pee-wee Herman, and Andy Kaufman.
Personal life
Sales was married to Barbara Fox since 1950 until they divorced in 1970. Lastly he married Trudy Wilson since 1980 until his death in 2009. Sales had two children; Tony and Hunt Sales who are both rock musicians.
Sales died on October 22, 2009 in the Bronx, New York City from cancer. He was 83.
Fernando Morientes
Fernando Morientes (born 5 April 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Olympique Marseille.
Club career statistics
322||124||23||11||colspan="2"|-||84||30||428||164 28||10||2||3||0||0||12||9||42||22 41||8||5||1||3||0||11||3||60||12 391||142||30||15||3||0||107||42||531||199
International career statistics
!Total||47||27
Aračinovo Municipality
Aračinovo Municipality (Арачиново, Haraçinë) is a municipality in the northern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. Aračinovo is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found. The municipality is in the Skopje Statistical Region. In 2002, 11,597 people lived there.
Geography
Aračinovo Municipality borders with Lipkovo Municipality to the north, the City of Skopje to the west, Petrovec Municipality to the south and Kumanovo Municipality to the east.
Electoral division of Namatjira
Namatjira is an electoral division of the Northern Territory. It was created in 2012.
BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 1 (often known as Radio 1) is an international radio station that is based in the United Kingdom. It is owned by BBC and BBC Radio. Radio 1 started broadcasting at 7.00 am on September 30, 1967. Tony Blackburn presented the first (later known as Breakfast) programme on the station. The station is meant to be listened to mainly by people aged 15–29.
Before the launch of Radio 1, the BBC ran three radio stations (the BBC Light Programme, the BBC Home Service and the BBC Third Programme), but these were considered old fashioned and were closed down in 1967. They were replaced with Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Radio 1 also has a sister station, BBC Radio 1Xtra.
Programming
The daytime shows (Monday-Thursday 4.00 - 19.00, Friday 4.00 - 18.00, Saturday 6.00 - 16.00 and Sunday 6.00 - 19.00) are very speech-focused and use an extensive playlist to introduce unknown and emerging material alongside more established, top 40 hits from the recent past (usually in a 5-year cycle).
The nighttime shows focus specifically on new music, with each show devoted to a particular genre. These genres include electronica, dance, hip-hop, rap and rock. All programs during this time are playlisted and presented by the DJs without any influence of the station's music editor.
Howard County, Nebraska
Howard County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, 6,475 people lived there. The county seat is St. Paul. It was founded in 1871.
1232
1232 is a leap year which started on a Thursday of the Julian Calendar.
Jack Hills
The Jack Hills are a range of hills in Western Australia. They include the oldest material of terrestrial origin found on Earth. These are zircons which formed about 4.4 billion years ago (bya). The oldest zircon with the most consistent date is closer to 4.35 bya.
This zircon is part of a population of zircons in the metamorphosed conglomerate. They were deposited about 3.060 bya, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock.
The zircons are used in research on the conditions on Earth in the Hadean eon.
Comparisons
We have samples of rock from the Moon which are older than these zircons. The "Genesis Rock", got from the Moon by astronauts in the Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.46 billion years. This is one of the oldest known rocks on Earth, though it originated on the Moon. During Apollo 16, older rocks were brought back.
The Allan Hills 84001 meteorite was blasted off from Mars by meteorite impact about 4.5 bya, and crystallised 4.091 bya. It arrived on Earth about 13,000 years ago. These figures were got by a number of radiometric dating techniques.
Samuel J. Jones
Samuel Jefferson Jones (April 16, 1827 – December 10, 1883) was a pro-slavery man who was the Douglas County sheriff in Kansas Territory from late 1855 until early 1857. He helped create the territorial capital of Lecompton. He was an important person in the "Bleeding Kansas" conflict.
Conformity
Conformity happens in different levels. Furthermore, the reasons that someone conforms for and what they hope to get out of it, are often linked. Growing up, children learn by copying the behaviours of others. They rely on other’s opinions to be true or on their behaviour to be appropriate. Furthermore, the size of the group matters when conforming.
People conform for normative and informational reasons. Additionally, there is a difference between compliance, identification and internalization.
There is much research on conformity. Two of the most famous conformity experiments are those by Sherif (1935) and by Asch (1955).
Sherif (1935)
Sherif (1935) studied how people behave in an unclear situation. In his experiment, participants guessed how far a small point of light on a black screen is moving. This point of light didn’t actually move. It was an optical illusion. First, the participants had to make guesses on their own. Then, they were put into groups of three. There, they changed their answers to fit those of the other two participants better. The researchers made sure that two participants with rather high guesses were put together with a participant with a rather low guess. After, this participant changed his answer to be more similar to the ones of the others. The researchers suggested that this is a sign for conformity. Afterwards, the participants had to make a guess on their own again. There, the answers of their group members from before influenced them, because their guesses were similar to what they had guessed in the group situation. Because of the unclear situation, participants looked at what others were doing. Therefore, they changed their answers to conform to the group.
The Lego Batman Movie
The Lego Batman Movie (seen as The LEGO Batman Movie) is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated superhero comedy movie. It is directed by Chris McKay and produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Chris Miller. The movie is written by Seth Grahame-Smith.
Yukinori Shigeta
Yukinori Shigeta (born 15 July 1976) is a former Japanese football player.
The Lego Batman Movie
Background
It is a spin-off of the 2014 movie The Lego Movie. It is based on the DC Comics character Batman. It will star Will Arnett as Batman, Ralph Fiennes as Alfred, Michael Cera as Robin, Rosario Dawson as Batgirl, Zach Galifianakis as The Joker, and Mariah Carey as the Mayor of Gotham City.
Yukinori Shigeta
Club career statistics
137||2||9||0||3||0||149||2 137||2||9||0||3||0||149||2
The Lego Batman Movie
Background
The movie was released in the United States on February 10, 2017 through Warner Bros. Pictures.
Conformity
Sherif (1935)
Researchers criticised Sherif’s study. Because participants had to guess the movement of a point of light that was not actually moving. This meant that there was no right or wrong answer. Being so unsure maybe made participants to conform.
The Lego Batman Movie
Reviews
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the movie has an approval rating of 97% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to on reviews, the movie has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Robert Bresson
Robert Bresson (25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French movie director.
His works A Man Escaped (1956), Pickpocket (1959) and Au hasard Balthazar (1966) were ranked among the 100 greatest movies ever made.
Conformity
Asch (1955)
Asch (1955) wanted to find out if people conformed to other people even if the answer to a question was clear. In his experiment, he showed participants an image of a line. At the same time, he showed them another image with three lines of different lengths. The participants had to choose which line was the same length as the “standard” one, in the first image.
Chico Hamilton
Chico Hamilton (Foreststorn Hamilton, September 20, 1921 – November 25, 2013) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader.
Hamilton was born Foreststorn Hamilton in Los Angeles, California on September 20, 1921. His brother was actor Bernie Hamilton. Hamilton died on November 25, 2013 in Manhattan, New York from unknown causes, aged 92.
Conformity
Asch (1955)
The confederates and the participants formed groups of 7 to 9 students. Furthermore, they were asked to match the correct lines 12 times (12 trials). Three-fourths of participants gave the same, wrong answer as the confederates in at least one trial. All in all, participants conformed to the others on an average of 36.8% of the time. These results suggest that more than 3 out of 10 times, the participant was not giving the correct answer, probably in order to conform.
Normative and Informational
Deutsch and Gerard (1955) found that people conform for normative and informational reasons.
Normative social influence is when someone changes their behaviour to meet expectations. These can be their own expectations for themselves or the expectations others have for them. The influence will be bigger between people in a group than between two people, for example. Furthermore, the normative influence is smaller when someone feels that there is no need for them to conform. Additionally, not conforming to these expectations can make someone feel scared or guilty. For example, a small child might laugh with their family even if they cannot understand the joke yet.
These two types of conformity can work together. In Asch’s (1955) experiment, for example, a participant might be confused because his answer is different from the confederates’ answers. He might feel like he has to normatively conform to the group so that he will not be the only one to stand out. Moreover, he might usually trust his eyes, but this time ask himself if there might be something wrong with his vision. This might lead him to conform to the others informationally because he accepts their answers as right and does not want to be wrong.
Compliance, Identification and Internalization
Kelman et al (1958) found different three forms of conformity.
Compliance is when someone conforms because they hope for a positive reaction from others. The person changes their behaviour not necessarily because they agree with it. As a consequence, people who comply might only conform when certain people are present. In sum, compliance is conforming to others “on the outside”, while maybe not agreeing with them “on the inside”. They do it with the hope of a social effect. For example, a child might sit still during a church service to comply and meet its family’s expectations. In reality, the child might prefer playing outside with the other kids.
Identification is when someone changes their behaviour because they want to make their relationship to another person our group better. They conform in situations that are important for the relationship. For example, someone might change their behaviour whenever their older cousin visits.
Internalization is when someone changes their behaviour because of the content of the behaviour they conform to. They already agree with the values the behaviour stands for and maybe even find it practical. People conform whenever suitable. They do not care who is present or whether it is needed to conform. For example, when someone cares for nature with internalization, they might never leave plastic waste anywhere, no matter who is watching them or where in nature they are.
Klaus Siebert
Klaus Siebert (29 April 1955 – 24 April 2016) was a German biathlete and biathlon coach. Hed raced for East Germany.
Siebert won a silver medal at the 1980 Olympics in Lake Placid, New York on the relay with the East German relay team. In the Biathlon World Championships, Siebert has two gold medals with the East German relay team in 1978 and 1979, and a bronze medal from 1977. He also has three individual medals gold medal from the 20 km in 1978 and two bronzes from the 10 km in 1975 and 1978.
Siebert died on 24 April 2016 from lymphoma in Altenberg, Germany, aged 60.
Uninvented Story
Uninvented Story (Непридуманная история) is a 1964 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Gerasimov. It stars Zhanna Prokhorenko, Georgi Yepifantsev, and Leonid Kuravlyov.
The Super Mario Bros. Movie
The Super Mario Bros. Movie is a 2023 American computer-animated adventure comedy movie. It was directed by Aaron Horvath and Michael Jelenic. It was produced by Chris Meledandri and Shigeru Miyamoto.
The movie was released in the United States and United Kingdom on April 5, 2023 by Universal Pictures. It received mixed reviews from critics, while reviews from the audience were mostly positive.
Plot
In Brooklyn, New York, Italian-American brothers Mario and Luigi have started a plumbing business. Their former boss, Spike, makes fun of them, while their dad does not approve this. Later in the news, there is a big water leak, and Mario and Luigi try to fix it, but they are sucked into a Warp Pipe and separated.
Mario arrives in the Mushroom Kingdom, ruled by Princess Peach, and Luigi arrives in the Dark Lands, ruled by Bowser. Bowser wants to marry Peach and says he will destroy the Mushroom Kingdom with a Super Star if she says no. Luigi is captured by Bowser, who sees Mario as an enemy for his love of Peach. Later, Mario meets Toad, who brings him to Peach. Peach seeks to join forces with the Kongs, a group of apes, to stop Bowser, bringing Mario and Toad with her. Arriving at the Jungle Kingdom, the ruler, Cranky Kong, agrees to help Peach, but only if Mario defeats his son, Donkey Kong, in a fight. Mario is able to defeat Donkey Kong with a Cat Suit.
Afterwards, Mario, Peach, Toad, and the Kongs use karts to drive back to the Mushroom Kingdom, but are attacked by Bowser's army on Rainbow Road. In the battle, a blue-shelled Koopa General destroys part of the road, causing Mario and Donkey Kong to fall into the ocean while the other Kongs are captured. Peach and Toad survive and return to the Mushroom Kingdom to warn its people to leave. Next, Bowser soon arrives at the kingdom in his flying castle and proposes to Peach, who accepts hesitantly after Toad is tortured. Meanwhile, Mario and Donkey Kong had survived the fall, but are swallowed by an eel-like Maw-Ray. After coming to an understanding with one another since both want their dads to respect them, the two escape the Maw-Ray by using a rocket and head to Bowser and Peach's wedding.
At the wedding, Bowser plans to kill his prisoners by dropping them in lava. Toad is able to sneak an Ice Flower into's Peach's flowers, which she uses to freeze Bowser. Mario and Donkey Kong arrive, freeing the prisoners and Luigi. Angry, Bowser frees himself, and orders a Bomber Bill to destroy the Mushroom Kingdom. Mario is able to lead the Bomber Bill into the Warp Pipe, where it explodes and creates a vacuum that sucks everyone and Bowser's castle to Brooklyn. Back in Brooklyn, Mario and Luigi fight Bowser and are able to get the Super Star, which makes them invincible, and they defeat the Koopas. Bowser is then shrunk by Peach with a Blue Mushroom and is imprisoned. The people of Brooklyn celebrate Mario and Luigi as heroes, including their parents and Spike. At the end, the brothers now live in the Mushroom Kingdom.
Marketing
On September 23, 2021, a teaser poster was released following the cast announcement. On October 4, 2022, another teaser poster was released featuring Mario in the Mushroom Kingdom. On October 6, 2022, a teaser trailer was released. The teaser shows Bowser and Kamek fighting penguins, Mario arriving in the Mushroom Kingdom, and Luigi being chased by Dry Bones. Black and Key were praised for their roles as Bowser and Toad while Pratt was heavily criticized for sounding too similar to his regular voice. On November 28, 2022, another teaser poster featuring Peach's Castle was released. The next day, a trailer was released online. The trailer shows Mario losing a fight to Donkey Kong, Peach rallying the Toads for a battle against Bowser, who is seemed to have kidnapped Luigi, Mario training on a Super Mario-themed course, and many characters racing on Rainbow Road. During the 2022 Game Awards, a clip was released. The clip features Toad showing Mario around the Mushroom Kingdom. Pratt's performance in the clip seemed to get better. On January 29, 2023, a new ad was released. The ad features Cat Mario and Rogen's voice for Donkey Kong. On February 3, 2023, an official poster for the film was released featuring the Rainbow Road track from the second trailer, the cast of characters, Peach's Castle, and the Dark Lands. 3 days later, a promo for the film featuring Mario constantly going through the pipes was released on the film's Twitter account. More new posters featuring Mario, Luigi, and Peach were released the following days before an ad for the Super Mario Bros. Plumbing company was released on February 12, followed by more new posters featuring Bowser, Donkey Kong, and Toad.
Ferdinand Frithum
Ferdinand "Fritz" Frithum (2 March 1891– 9 June 1957) was an Austrian international footballer and coach. He played as forward mainly for First Vienna FC.
Career
Ferdinand Frithum started his career with DFC Wien. From 1911 onwards he played for  Vienna   in the highest league. After the relegation in 1914 he went on to Wiener AC. From 1918 till 1923 he played again for Vienna. In 1923 he ended his career for professional reasons.
International career
He played one match for the Austrian national football team versus Hungary on 9 November 1919.
Manager career
In 1926 he lost his job and was named coach by the board of Vienna. The time with Frithum till 1934 was one of the most successful in Viennas history (Austrian Cup 1929,1930; Austrian Champion 1931,1933; Mitropacup 1931). After his time in Vienna he was coach of FC Metz in France.
Dimetrodon
Dimetrodon was a pelycosaur (early Synapsida) from the first part of the Permian period (about 295–272 million years ago).
Gevgelija Municipality
Gevgelija (Општина Гевгелија, Opština Gevgelija) is a municipality in the southern part of the Republic of North Macedonia. Gevgelija is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Gevgelija Municipality is in the Southeastern Statistical Region. In 2002, 22,988 people lived there.
Dimetrodon
Dimetrodon walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, from red beds in Texas and Oklahoma. The largest known species of Dimetrodon is D. angelensis at 4.6 m and the smallest is D. teutonis at 60 cm.
Gevgelija Municipality
Geography
The municipality borders Kavadarci Municipality to the west, Demir Kapija Municipality to the northwest, Valandovo Municipality to the northeast, Bogdanci Municipality to the east, and Greece to the south.
Dimetrodon
In evolutionary terms, Dimetrodon was a synapsid, a line of land animals which eventually gave rise to the mammals. It was not on the direct line of descent, but a good example of the evolutionary grade typical of Permian synapsids.
Jefferson County, Nebraska
Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 census, 7,240 people lived there. The county seat is Fairbury. It was founded in 1856 and named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.
Masashi Otani
Masashi Otani (born 17 April 1983) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
44||7||3||1||0||0||47||8 44||7||3||1||0||0||47||8
Allegra Versace
Allegra Versace (born in Milan on 30 June 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-fashion model Paul Beck.
Allegra, a 50% owner of the Versace fashion design business, is a sufferer from anorexia nervosa.
Takeshi's Castle
Takeshi's Castle was a Japanese game show. It aired from 1986 to 1990 on the Tokyo Broadcasting System. It involved players going through tough physical challenges given by Japanese actor Takeshi Kitano. Between 100 and 142 players competed in an episode. Episodes finished with a "Final Challenge" where the players who were left faced against Kitano. Here, players had to hit a paper ring or hit the sensor on Kitano's cart with a water gun. If a player did so, Kitano's cart was deactivated, the castle was "taken," and the player won the game. Winning players won one million yen. Only nine players won during the show's run.
The show has been shown in over 20 countries. Episodes would have an announcer of the country's language commenting on the action. It has become a popular show around the world.
Probability space
Probability space is a mathematical model used to describe scientific experiments. A probability space consists of three parts:
An outcome is the result of a single execution of the model. Since individual outcomes might be of little practical use, more complex events are used to characterize groups of outcomes. The collection of all such events is a σ-algebra, sometimes written as \mathcal{F}. Finally, there is a need to specify each event's likelihood of happening. This is done using the probability measure function, P.
Once the probability space is established, one usually assumes that “nature” makes its move and selects a single outcome, ω, from the sample space Ω. All the events in \mathcal{F} that contain the selected outcome ω (recall that each event is a subset of Ω) are said to “have occurred”. The selection performed by nature is done in such a way that if the experiment were to be repeated an infinite number of times, then the relative frequencies of occurrence of each of the events would coincide with the probabilities described by the function P.
The prominent Soviet mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov introduced the notion of probability space, together with other axioms of probability, in the 1930s.
Mannix
Mannix is an American detective television series. It ran from 1967 to 1975 on CBS.
Character
{{Infobox character
Joe Mannix is the main character of the show. He is a detective. He is played by Mike Connors.
Inden, Switzerland
Inden is a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It is on a high plateau and along the road that runs from Leukerbad to the Gemmi Pass.
Élie Brousse
Élie Brousse (28 August 1921 – 2 July 2019) was a French rugby league player. He played as a second-row. He played for Roanne, Marseille and Lyon Villeurbanne in the French Rugby League Championship. He played for the French national team 31 times between 1946 and 1953. He was born in Bages, Aude.
Brousse died on 2 July 2019 in Roanne, at the age of 97.
Interstate 880
Interstate 880 may refer to:
Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot
Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot (10 May 1748, Yvetot - 1831, Rouen) was a French ornithologist.
Châteauroux
Châteauroux is a commune in the Indre department in the center of France.
Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot
Vieillot described a large number of birds for the first time, especially those he met during the time he spent in the West Indies and North America. 26 genera and 32 species of North American birds were first described by him. Most of the well-known North American birds, such as the Wild Turkey,the Pintail, the Cedar Waxwing, and the Scarlet Tanager, were given Latin names by him.
Châteauroux
Aérocentre is in Châteauroux.
1910
1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the 910th year of the 2nd millennium, the 10th year of the 20th century and the first year of the 1910s.
Births
1901 – 1950
Livestreaming
Livestreaming is a kind of streaming media which is recorded and broadcast over the internet in real-time or close to real-time. It is known as streaming. There is non-live media such as video-on-demand, vlogs, and YouTube videos as they are technically streamed, but not live-streamed. An example of this would be Twitch, which is a livestreaming video platform.
Scientific Research Institute of System Development
Scientific Research Institute of System Analysis (abbrev. SRISA/NIISI RAS, НИИСИ РАН, Научно-исследовательский институт системных исследований Российской Академии Наук) is a research and development institution in Russia. It works to resolve complex applications by combining fundamental and applied mathematics and methods of practical computing. It is a project of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institute was founded on October, 1986, by the Decree no. 1174 of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Bromont-Lamothe
Bromont-Lamothe is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
1443
1443 was a common year. It started on a Tuesday.
Musical tuning
When two or more instruments play together it is particularly important that they are in tune with one another. This means that when they play the same note it is indeed exactly the same note. If the two instruments are not in tune with one another it will sound unpleasant because two notes which are very slightly different in pitch will produce a “beat”.
Tuning instruments
Instruments such as the piano or organ have to be tuned by people who are specialists in tuning. For most instruments, however, the players themselves need to tune their instruments before they play. Players of string instruments can turn the pegs at the top of their instruments to change the tension (tightness) of the string. Players of wind instruments can make their instruments very slightly longer or shorter by pushing out or pulling in one of the joints. Timpanists turn the taps which are around the top of their instruments to change the tension of the drum head.
When an orchestra gives a concert the instruments have to tune carefully so that they are in tune with one another. Usually it is the principal oboist’s job to stand up and play the note A so that everyone can tune to that note. In some countries such as the US it is tradition for the principal violinist (concertmaster) to give the A. If the orchestra are going to play with a piano soloist they will have to tune to the A of the piano because the piano has already been tuned by the piano tuner.
When a violinist tunes his instrument he is making sure that his four strings are tuned perfectly to G, D, A and E. Each string is wound around a peg near the top of the scroll, so that turning the peg changes the tuning. He may also have “adjusters” or “fine tuners” which are at the other end of the string where it is attached to the tailpiece. The adjusters make it easier to make small changes to the tuning. The violinist will make sure that the A is in tune, then the A and D can be played together so that they are exactly a fifth apart, then the D and G and finally the A and E are compared.
If they are not tuning to a piano, players of instruments sometimes use a tuning fork which gives an exact note (usually an A) so that they know they are in tune. There are also electronic tuning devices.
Tuning systems
When an instrument such as the piano is tuned, the piano tuner has to know how to make each note relate correctly to the others. During the course of music history there have been several systems of doing this. These different tuning systems are all about the exact scientific relationship between the notes of the scale. There has been an enormous amount of discussion among musicians about how best to tune instruments.
Comma of Pythagoras
When two notes are an octave apart the higher note is vibrating at twice the speed of the lower note. For example: if a string is vibrating at 440 Hz (440 times a second) the note we hear is an A (the A above Middle C on the piano). If the string is stopped halfway up (e.g. because the player presses it down with a finger) it will vibrate at 880 Hz and we will hear the note one octave higher.
The note which vibrates at 1 ½ times the frequency of the basic note will be the note a perfect fifth higher (an E).
If a piano tuner starts by tuning a C, then tunes a G so that it is exactly 1 ½ times the frequency of the C, he can continue tuning in fifths (a D, then an A etc.) until he arrives back at C again. However, he will find that, for mathematical reasons, the last C is not in tune with the first C. This was discovered long ago by Pythagoras and is called “the comma of Pythagoras”.
Solutions to the comma of Pythagoras
Musical tuning systems throughout the centuries have tried to find ways of dealing with this problem. From the 16th century onwards several music theorists wrote long books about the best way to tune keyboard instruments. They often started by tuning up a fifth and down a fifth so that these notes were perfectly in tune (e.g. C, G and F), then they would continue (tuning the D to the G and B flat to the F) until they met in the middle around F sharp. Sometimes old organs today are tuned by such a method. Playing in keys with very few sharps or flats (such as C, G or F) sounds very beautiful, but playing in keys with lots of sharps or flats sounds horribly out of tune.
In 1584, Zhu Zaiyu, a prince of Chinese Ming Dynasty, published the invention of equal temperament in his book A New Account of the Science of the Pitch-Pipes. In 1585 Simon Stevin invented a similar system. Some scholars think one of these really invented this system. Others think both did, or neither. Around 1700, based on this new system, Johann Sebastian Bach wrote two books of 24 preludes and fugues (called the Well-Tempered Clavier) to prove that it was now possible to play in any key.
1558
1558 was a common year.
Interstate 165
Interstate 165 is the designation for several highways in the United States, which are related to Interstate 65:
Mithali Raj
Mithali Dorai Raj (born 3 December 1982) is an Indian cricketer and the Test and ODI captain of women's national cricket team. She is a right-handed opening batswoman and sometimes right-arm leg break bowler. Raj is the highest run-scorer in women’s international cricket.
She is the highest run-scorer in women's international cricket and the only female cricketer to surpass the 7,000 run mark in Women's One Day International matches. she is the first player to score seven consecutive 50s in ODIs. Raj also holds the record for most half-centuries in WODIs. In June 2018 during the 2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup, she became the first player from India to score 2000 runs in T20Is, and also became the first woman cricketer to reach 2002 WT20I runs.
In 2005, she became the captain of the side. Raj is the only player (female) to have captained India in more than one ICC ODI World Cup final, doing so twice in 2005 and 2017. On 1 February 2019, during India's series against New Zealand Women, Raj became the first woman to play in 200 ODI matches. In September 2019, she announced her retirement from T20Is to focus on ODI cricket. In 2019, she became the first woman to complete 20 years in international cricket.
She is the recipient of several national and international awards, including the Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World in 2017, Arjuna Award in 2003, and the Padma Shri in 2015, both by the Government of India.
In July 2021, in the third WODI match against England, Raj became the leading run-scorer in women's international cricket. She went past Charlotte Edwards' previous record of 10,273 runs.
Early life
Mithali Raj was born on 3 December 1982 in a Tamil family in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Her father is Dorai Raj, who was an Airman (Warrant Officer) in the Indian Air Force, and mother is Leela Raj. Raj started to play cricket at age of 10. She lives in Hyderabad, Telangana. She attended Keyes High School for Girls in Hyderabad. She attended Kasturba Gandhi Junior College for Women in Secunderabad for her intermediate studies. She began cricket coaching in her school days along with her elder brother.
International career
Mithali has played all three cricket formats for India, Test, One Day and T20. She was named among the probables in the 1997 Women's Cricket World Cup when she was just 14, but couldn't make it to the final squad. She made her One Day International debut in 1999 against Ireland at Milton Keynes and scored unbeaten 114 runs. She made her Test debut in the 2001–02 season against South Africa at Lucknow. On 17 August 2002, at the age of 19, in her third Test, she broke Karen Rolton's record of world's highest individual Test score of 209*, scoring a new high of 214 against England in the second and final Test at County Ground, Taunton. The record has since been surpassed by Kiran Baluch of Pakistan who scored 242 against West Indies in March 2004.
Raj was ill with a strain of typhoid during the CricInfo Women's World Cup in 2002, hindering India's progress. However, she then led them to their first World Cup final in 2005, in South Africa, where they met Australia who proved too strong.
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Mithali Raj
International career
In August 2006, she led the side to their first ever Test and Series victory in England and wrapped up the year winning the Asia Cup – the second time in 12 months – without dropping a single game.
She led the Indian team to the finals in the 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to Australia. She is a part-time leg-break bowler as well. She is a recipient of the Arjuna award for the year 2003. She currently tops the batting table with 703 ratings. In addition to her ability with the bat, Raj rolls her arm over bowling leg-spinners and providing variety to the attack.
At the 2013 Women's World Cup, Raj was the No.1 Cricketer in the ODI chart among women. She scored 100s: 1 and 50s: 4 in Test cricket, 100s: 5 and 50s: 50 with best bowling of 3/4 in ODIs and 50s: 10 in T20s.
In February 2017, she became the second player to score 5,500 runs in WODIs. Raj is the first player to captain most matches for India in ODI and T20I.
In July 2017, she became the first player to score 6,000 runs in WODIs. She led the Indian team to the final of the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs.
In December 2017, she was named as one of the players in the ICC Women's ODI Team of the Year.
In October 2018, she was named in India's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies.
In September 2019, Raj retired from T20I Cricket. She dreams to bring the World Cup to her country by 2021. "After representing India in T20 internationals since 2006, I wish to retire from T20Is to focus my energies on readying myself for the 2021 one-day World Cup," she said in a BCCI press statement.
In November 2020, Raj was nominated for the Rachael Heyhoe-Flint Award for ICC Female Cricketer of the Decade, and the award for women's ODI cricketer of the decade.
In May 2021, she was named as the captain of India's Test squad for their one-off match against the England women's cricket team.
Coaching career
Raj was appointed as the batting consultant for India women's national cricket team, and had played as a player-coach.
Controversies
Mithali Raj was involved in controversy with cricket management due to her attitude towards the game during the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20. She accused the coach Ramesh Powar and BCCI COA member Diana Edulji in a letter to BCCI of bias, humiliation at not including her in the T20 world cup semifinals. Powar in turn criticized that Raj had threatened that she would retire from the game of the cricket when asked to play down the batting order. He also accused Raj of 'blackmailing and pressurising coaches' apart from causing division in the team during the recently concluded World T20. He added, "despite being a senior player in the team she puts in minimum inputs in team meetings. She could not understand & adapt to the team plan. She ignored her role and batted for own milestones. Lack of keeping the momentum going which was putting extra pressure on other batters." Raj's 50 against Ireland in the same tournament in which she ended up playing 25 dot balls was also criticized by the coach, Powar.
Her relationship with the T20 team's captain Harmanpreet Kaur is also said to be strained.
However after reappointment of Ramesh Powar as Head coach of Indian womens' cricket team in May 2021, the two have reconciled. Mithali and Harmanpreet also confirmed no bad blood against each other across various interviews.
Personal life and interests
Raj is a Bharatanatyam dancer.
In popular culture
After the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup, Viacom 18 Motion Pictures acquired the rights to make a feature film on Raj's life. She said "Hoping that this movie inspires more people, especially young girls to take up sports as a career."
The biopic is in planning and the shoot is scheduled to start in 2019. Raj said "I think Priyanka Chopra will be a great choice (to play me in the biopic). Our personalities match a lot. I am not a movie buff, so I'd love the experts to do their job." However, it was decided that Taapsee Pannu will play the role of Mithali Raj in the biopic named Shabaash Mithu. It will be directed by Rahul Dholakia in 2020.
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