cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sulfur hexafluoride
Greenhouse gas
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is the most potent greenhouse gas that it has evaluated, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 22,800 times that of carbon dioxide when compared over a 100-year period. Measurements of SF6 show that its global average mixing ratio has increased by about 0.2 ppt per year to over 7 ppt. Sulfur hexafluoride is also extremely long-lived. It is inert in the troposphere and stratosphere. It has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3200 years. is very stable. (For countries reporting their emissions to the UNFCCC, a GWP of 23,900 for was suggested at the third Conference of the Parties: GWP used in Kyoto protocol). Average global SF6 concentrations increased by about seven percent per year during the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as the result of its use in the magnesium production industry, and by electrical utilities and electronics manufacturers. Given the low amounts of SF6 released compared to carbon dioxide, its overall contribution to global warming is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent.
In Europe, falls under the F-Gas directive which ban or control its use in several ways. Since 1 January 2006, is banned as a tracer gas and in all applications except high-voltage switchgear.
Related pages
Salt
Woodbury, Tennessee
Woodbury is a town in Tennessee in the United States. It is the county seat of Cannon County.
1956 South American Championship squads
These are the squads for the countries that played in the 1956 South American Championship. The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.
Argentina
Head Coach: 🇦🇷 Guillermo Stábile
Serbian Wikipedia
The Serbian Wikipedia is the Serbian-language edition of Wikipedia. This version was started on February 16, 2003.
1956 South American Championship squads
Chile
Head Coach: Luis Tirado
Serbian Wikipedia
It is the 28th largest edition.
1956 South American Championship squads
Paraguay
Head Coach: Julio Ramírez (Paraguayan footballer)
Serbian Wikipedia
It has over 325,000 articles.
1956 South American Championship squads
Peru
Head Coach: 🇵🇪 Arturo Fernández
Émile Bouchard
Joseph Émile Alcide "Butch" Bouchard, CM, CQ (September 4, 1919 – April 14, 2012) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played defence with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League from 1941 to 1956. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, won four Stanley Cups, was captain of the Canadiens for eight years and was voted to the NHL All-Star Team four times.
Dazaifu, Fukuoka
Dazaifu (太宰府市, Dazaifu-shi) is a city in the Japanese prefecture of Fukuoka. It has a population of 67,428. The city was founded on April 1, 1982, but it has been historically important for around a thousand years.
Education
There are several universities in the city:
1194
1194 (MCXCIV) was.
Sandra Cisneros
Sandra Cisneros (December 20, 1954-2018 ) is an author from Chicago, Illinois. She is famous for her book "The House on Mango Street." It has sold six million copies and been translated into over 20 languages. Middle and high schoolers read her books in school for education uses. The House on Mango Street is a series of vignettes. A vignette is a series of stories or a brief description of something. The girl in the novel goes through childhood to adulthood changes. Sandra studied at Loyola University of Chicago and the University of Iowa. Her books are about issues between other races, classes, and genders.
Family
Sandra is the second child of Alfredo Cisneros de Moral and Elvira Cordero Anguiano. They had seven children together, one girl and the rest were boys. There was one daughter but she died as a baby after giving birth. Sandra's father wants his family of boys. During her childhood, there was sexism so her father which is pushing her over the limits. Since her father Alfredo Cisneros de Moral moved the family between Mexico City and Chicago, Sandra was shy during her childhood. She doesn't make close friends for pretty long. Her mother, Elvira Cordero Anguiano, was a strong female who wanted Sandra to achieve her goal.
Andermatt
Andermatt is a municipality of the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Andermatt.
Gertrude Caroline Ederle
Gertrude Caroline Ederle (October 23, 1905 – November 30, 2003) was the first woman to swim the English Channel.
Early life
Ederle’s birthdate was October 23, 1905. Her family came from Germany to New York. Her mother taught her to swim. Ederle decided she wanted to be a swimmer.
English Channel
Ederle had the world's quickest time for women in swimming. She swam across the English Channel, which is 21 miles long. She swam in a record time of 14 hours and 39 minutes. It was a world record for 35 years. She was the 6th person to swim across the English Channel and the first woman to do so.
Olympics
Ederle was a swimmer in the Olympics. She won one gold medal and two bronze medals in the 1924 summer Olympics.
Support for Women's swimming
Ederle believed that women could be talented swimmers. She helped the Women’s Swimming Association. She was also famous for her bravery by being the first woman to swim the English Channel.
Rassilon
Rassilon is a fictional character in the British television series Doctor Who. He is the founder of the Time Lords.
Kris Boyd
Kris Boyd (born 18 August 1983) is a Scottish football player. He played for Rangers and Scotland national team. He currently plays for the Portland Timbers.
Gislaved Municipality
Gislaved Municipality (Gislaveds kommun) is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gislaved.
Kris Boyd
Club career statistics
265||142||22||14||15||11||18||3||320||170 265||142||22||14||15||11||18||3||320||170
International career statistics
!Total||15||7
Hana Mae Lee
Hana Mae Lee (born September 28, 1988) is an American actress, model, comedian, and fashion designer. She is best known for playing the role of Lilly Onakuramara in the musical comedy Pitch Perfect movie series (2012–2017) and the role of Sonya in the horror comedy movie The Babysitter (2017) and its 2020 sequel.
9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
The 9th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Hammer Bro
Hammer Bro., also called Hammer Brothers or Hammer Bros., is an enemy from the Mario series of video games. It is a type of Koopa Troopa that walks on two feet and attacks by throwing hammers at the player character. There are different types of Hammer Bro. that are named after the attack that they use, such as the Boomerang Bro, the Fire Bro And The Ice Bro. Hammer Bro. has appeared in many Mario games since its first appearance in Super Mario Bros., including spin-off games such as the Mario Party games.
9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment
History
Shortly after the Battle of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers. They were to serve for three months. The state of Illinois put out a call to form units. Six companies came from St. Clair County. Madison County sent three companies. Montgomery county sent one company. All nine companies met at Springfield, Illinois on April 23, 1861. There they were formed into the 9th Regiment, Illinois volunteer infantry. There were rumors that the Confederates intended to invade at Cairo, Illinois. In response, orders were issued for the 9th Infantry to occupy Cairo. They arrived and set up camp on May 1, 1861.
The first few months were spent on the Mississippi river guarding Cairo. Their three-month enlistments were up in July. Most of the men reenlisted for three years. In September the regiment moved to Paducah, Kentucky. There they did little more than drill practice. On February 15, 1862 they joined the fighting at the Battle of Fort Donelson. Their losses included 36 killed and 165 wounded, out of a total strength of 600. After the Confederates surrendered, they were transported by riverboats up the Tennessee River. They left the boats at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee and camped nearby. On April 6, 1862 they woke up to the sound of cannons. While they were waiting to join the battle, new orders were given. They were ordered to exchange their gray coats for Union blue. This way they would not be mistaken for Confederate troops. They then joined the battle of Shiloh. They fought most of the day. At Shiloh the 9th Illinois had the highest casualties of any Illinois unit. They lost 366 of their comrades They also fought at the Second Battle of Corinth. The regiment was changed to the 9th Illinois Volunteer Mounted Infantry Regiment on March 15, 1863. On July 9, 1865 the 9th Illinois Infantry was mustered out (released from military service) at Louisville, Kentucky.
Uniforms
The 9th Illinois volunteers, along with the 8th, 11th, and 12th, all wore gray coats trimmed in blue. They also wore Zouave caps. In 1862, they changed to the same blue uniforms as other Union Army regiments. Most of the Illinois infantry regiments used Springfield Model 1861 muskets.
Santosh Mohan Dev
Santosh Mohan Dev (সন্তোষ মোহন দেব) (1 April 1934 – 2 August 2017), was an Indian political leader and a key member of the Indian National Congress. Dev was first elected to the Parliament in 1980, the first of his seven terms in office as the Member Of Parliament. Out of these seven, he has represented Silchar, Assam five times and he was elected from Tripura twice. He was born in Silchar, Assam Province, British India.
Dev died of stomach cancer on 2 August 2017 in Silchar at the age of 83.
Music from Another Dimension!
Music from Another Dimension! is the 14th studio album by American hard rock band Aerosmith. The album was released on November 6, 2012. It was the group's first studio album of new material in 11 years. There are 15 songs on the album, although some special editions contained extra bonus songs.
Alma, Kansas
Alma is a city in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Wabaunsee County. In 2010, 832 people lived there.
19th century
The first house in Alma was built in 1867.
Rutledge, Tennessee
Rutledge is a city in Tennessee in the United States. It is the county seat of Grainger County.
Alma, Kansas
19th century
In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Topeka through Alma to Herington. The Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway closed in 1891. It was taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which shut down in 1980. This railroad of the former Rock Island Railroad was sold to the Southern Pacific Railroad. The Southern Pacific Railroad later merged into the Union Pacific. Union Pacific operates and owns the railroad today. Most locals still call this railroad the "Rock Island".
The city was named after either the city of Alma, Germany, or for a stream in Ukraine.
Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 0.59 sqmi. Of that, 0.58 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.
People
Alma is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 832 people, 342 households, and 212 families living in Alma.
Duncan Edwards
Duncan Edwards (1 October 1936 - 21 February 1958) was an English footballer. He played for Manchester United and the England national team. Edwards was one of the eight "Busby Babes" who died in the Munich air disaster.
Club career statistics
151||20||12||1||12||0||175||21 151||20||12||1||12||0||175||21
International career statistics
!Total||17||5
Adelina Patti
Biography
She was born Adelina Juana Maria Patti, in Madrid, the last child of tenor Salvatore Patti (1800–1869) and soprano Caterina Barilli (died 1870). Her Italian parents were working in Madrid, Spain, at the time of her birth. Because her father came from Sicily, Patti was born a subject of the King of the Two Sicilies, but had a French passport for most of her life, as two of her three husbands were French. She settled in South Wales in 1903, and after her last concert, for the Red Cross, in 1914 she died there, of natural causes.
X Japan
X Japan is a Japanese rock band. They were formed in 1982 by Yoshiki. They have sold over 30 million albums and singles and over 2 million videos to date. X Japan stopped making music in 1997, but reunited in 2007. They performed their first world tour live in Hong Kong in 2009. They played to 20,000 people in two days.
Some visual kei bands are influenced by X Japan.
You Can't Do That on Television
You Can't Do That on Television (YCDTOTV) is a Canadian children's television program that aired on Nickelodeon in the USA. It was created by Roger Price and produced from 1979 until 1990. It mostly featured child actors in a sketch comedy format, acting out short scenes based on a theme that served as the topic for the episode. Connecting scenes based on the theme would often serve to create a story arc that lasted the length of the episode. became known for its iconic green slime that was originally used in this show. The series is known also because future pop recording artist Alanis Morissette was in it as a cast member at some time.
In 2002, and again in 2004, YCDTOTV cast members reunited alongside fans of the show at SlimeCon, a fan-produced convention in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. YCDTOTV was a children's comedy show. Some people see it as a nostalgic cult classic. During the 2004 event, a Top Secret reunion special had its premiere.
Seduction
Seduction is to convince someone to do something which he or she did not want to do at the start. It can also mean convincing the person to do something he or she ought not to do (such as acting against a rule). Most commonly the term is used to convince another person to have a sexual relationship.
Khizi District
Khizi (Xızı) is a raion of Azerbaijan. Its capital is the village of Xızı. This raion has the smallest number of people in Azerbaijan. The raion has a large variety of landscapes. On the flat Caspian coast there are irrigated cattle and chicken-breeding lowlands around Shurabad. West of Giläzi, the Xızı road goes through semi-desert landscapes known as the Candy Cane Mountains. Around 10 km west of Xızı town, the green, heavily forested hills around Alti Agach which are the Altyaghach National Park. The national park is home to the rare East Caucasian Tur, a mountain dwelling goat antelope found only in the eastern half of the Caucasus Mountains.
Progressive scan
Progressive scan is the name for a technology for displaying images, where all the lines of the image are drawn in sequence. For television and video, this is opposed to interlaced video where the image is split in two halves, which are drawn in sequence.
Uzbek
Uzbek might mean:
1207
1207 (MCCVII) was.
Interlaced video
Interlaced video is a method to display an image. Images are drawn line by line, and interlacing means that the odd lines are drawn first, and the even lines are "filled in" later. The two parts of the image are called fields, and are transmitted one after the other.
Telefunken invented the method in the 1920s. Today it is widely used for displaying images and video.
Emperor Jimmu
Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇) was the 1st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Jimmu is known as the founder of the Imperial dynasty.
There are no certain dates for this emperor's life or reign. The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.
Historians debate whether or not Emperor Jimmu actually existed because there is limited evidence of him. Some stories about him may reflect actual events that happened.
Traditional history
Jimmu is almost certainly a legend. His name and genealogy are recorded in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki. Jimmu is regarded as a direct descendant of the Shinto sun goddess, Amaterasu.
During reign of Emperor Jimmu, the capital of Japan was at Kashiwabara, Yamato at the foot of Mt. Unebi.
Events of Jimmu's life
The absence of information about Jimmu does not mean that he did or did not exist. There is very little data about the rulers of Japan before the reign of Emperor Bidatsu
The traditional story is that Jimmu came from Kyushu to Yamato Province on the island of Honshu. The story explains that he followed a three legged crow. He established his reign at Kashihara near Osaka.
After his death
The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Kashihara at Nara. The mausoleum is located a short distance from Kashihara Shrine.
National holiday
In 1872, the Meiji government declared that February 11, 660 BC was the exact date on which the reign of Jimmu began. This was identified as the start of the Japanese nation. This mythical date was commemorated as the holiday Kigensetsu ("Era Day"). This national holiday was celebrated from 1872 to 1948. The Kigensetsu events in 1940 were special. They celebrated what was believed to be 2,600 years since the start of Emperor Jimmu's reign.
There has been a similar Japanese national holiday since February 11, 1966. It is called National Foundation Day (Kenkoku Kinen no hi).
Attinghausen
Attinghausen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Attinghausen. Its area is 46.83 square kilometers.
Vaggeryd Municipality
Vaggeryd Municipality (Vaggeryds kommun) is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is both in Skillingaryd and Vaggeryd.
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome (also called Lowe Syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder in humans. It affects the eyes, the brain and the kidneys. It is also known as Oculocerebrorenal syndrome. People with lowe syndrome are born with cataracts, that is the lenses of their eyes are not totally clear. Many people with the syndrome develop kidney problems at an early age. The brain develops differently, the development of the child happens slower. Such children may often have learning difficulties. Epilepsy can also occur.
The disorder is caused by a gene defect on the X-chromosome. As a result, much more boys are affected than girls. The syndrome is named after Dr. Charles Lowe, who first described it in 1952. Its occurrence is about one case in half a million live births.
Theodore Olson
Theodore Bevry Olson (born September 11, 1940) is an American lawyer. Olson served as United States Solicitor General (June 2001-July 2004) under President George W. Bush.
In March 2018, Olson turned down an offer to represent Donald Trump in the probe of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
Henri Richard
Joseph Henri Richard (February 29, 1936 – March 6, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played centre with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1955 to 1975.
Theodore Olson
Olson's third wife, Barbara Kay Olson (née Bracher), an attorney and conservative commentator, was a passenger on the hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 that crashed into the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. She planned to leave to California on after celebrating Olson's birthday
Henri Richard
Richard died on March 6, 2020 in Laval, Quebec of Alzheimer's disease-related problems, aged 84. After his death, his son sent his brain to be studied. Doctors said that Richard had Stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
Valencian
Valencian might mean:
Ken Marino
Kenneth Joseph Marino (born December 19, 1968) is an American actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He was a cast member on MTV's The State and has starred in shows such as Party Down, Marry Me, Burning Love, and Childrens Hospital.
Charlie Brotman
Charles J. "Charlie" Brotman (born December 30, 1927 ) is an American public relations specialist and public address announcer. He is known for his presentation of U.S. presidential inaugural parades of 11 presidents from Dwight D. Eisenhower to Barack Obama.
Career
Brotman has been behind the microphone for every inaugural parade in Washington, DC, since 1957, when Dwight D. Eisenhower was sworn in for his second term. Barack Obama's second inauguration in 2013 was the 15th consecutive ceremony that Brotman has announced, and his 16th overall.
In 2017, President-Elect Donald Trump's Presidential Inauguration Committee said that Brotman will not broadcast his inauguration, ending his broadcasting streak.
Hotlinking
Hotlinking is an internet term. It means displaying an image on a website by linking to the website hosting the image. The link gets the source data of the picture each time it is needed. This avoids having the image on every website which uses it. So, a website owner uses a link to the picture such as  http://example.com/picture.jpg . When the hotlinking website is loaded, the image is loaded from the original website, which uses its bandwidth, so it costs the hotlinked website money. For this reason many website owners use .htaccess files to prevent hotlinking. In some cases website owners use the .htaccess file to replace any hotlinked images with an offensive image to deter any other website owners from hotlinking. Hotlinked images are usually hosted on sites like imgur.
Hotlinking can also be used for file types other than images, including documents and videos.
Inês Etienne Romeu
Inês Etienne Romeu (1942 – April 27, 2015) was a Brazilian political prisoner. She was held in extrajudicial detention in a Brazilian torture camp in the early 1970s. Romeu has been described as the sole captive to survive the camp.
Hotlinking
Example
Hotlinking is known as the act of using another website's bandwidth by linking directly to their website's assets, such as images or videos. For example, say the owner of website A is hosting a particular image on their server. The owner of website B sees that image and decides they want it on their website as well. However, instead of downloading the image and hosting it on his own server, the owner of website B links directly to website A's domain. Therefore, instead of linking to the image via their own domain such as:
Carmen de Lavallade
She made her television debut in John Butler's ballet Flight, and in 1957 she appeared in the television production of Duke Ellington's A Drum Is a Woman. She appeared in several off-Broadway productions, including Othello and Death of a Salesman.
Hotlinking
Example
They would be instead using website A's domain:
Hotlinking someone's website assets can vastly increase their hosting costs.
How to avoid hotlinking
As a website user you should always try to avoid hotlinking assets from other websites. Doing so helps ensure that the original owner of the asset won't incur unnecessary charges and that the asset that you link to won't be unaccessible given that the owner implements hotlink protection or removes the asset. The following are a couple of solutions for avoiding hotlinking.
In both cases, ensure that you have the proper authority to use someone else's assets (e.g. the owner has given you permission or the asset is part of a creative commons license)
1. Enable Hotlinking Protection in CDN
Some CDN providers provide in-built hotlinking protection.
3. Change/Rename Your Files
This is one of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent hotlinking. If you notice a spike in traffic or find that numerous sites are hotlinking to a particular piece of content, simply renaming or changing the URL of that content can do wonders.
4. Use Plugins
Platforms such as WordPress have plugins available that prevent hotlinking.
5. File a DMCA Takedown
The last thing you can do is file a DMCA Takedown request against the website that is stealing your content without your permission. This can be very effective if the website owner refuses to remove the hotlinks to your content.
Rubicon
The Rubicon is a river that flows into the Adriatic Sea south of Ravenna, Italy. In the time of Julius Caesar, a river with this name was the border between the Roman province Gallia Cisalpina, and Italy, which was not a province at the time. The exact river Caesar referred to is unknown; the river that is known as Rubicone today was selected and named by Benito Mussolini.
Otello
Otello is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto is by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's play Othello. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on February 5, 1887. The work is widely regarded as one of the greatest of music-dramas. Famous interpreters of the role have included Mario Del Monaco, Jon Vickers and Placido Domingo.
Jet Set Radio Future
Jet Set Radio Future is a video game that was made by Smilebit. It is published by Sega and is available for Xbox. It is the sequel to the 2000 video game, Jet Grind Radio, and also as a part of Jet Set Radio series.
The game is set in a futuristic Tokyo which the player as part of a gang trys to gain control of. The games gameplay also requires the player to find other gangs graffiti tags and tag over them when the player collects enough spraycans that are littered around each stage. The game's tagging system is also different from the last game. Some of the tagging locations contain multiple spray targets which depend on the tag's size. Time limits for stages are removed and the stages are interconnected.
Lemmings 3D
Lemmings 3D released in Japan and PAL regions as 3D Lemmings is a puzzle video game developed by Clockwork Games and published by Psygnosis Limited for DOS and Saturn and also published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation home console. The gameplay is similiar to Lemmings original game, requires player to lead all the lemmings to their exit by giving them the appropriate "skills". It was the first installment of Lemmings series in 3D.
Roger Milla
Roger Milla (born 20 May 1952) is a former Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.
Club career statistics
204||158 312||111 516||269
International career statistics
!Total||102||28
Fescamps
Fescamps is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Friville-Escarbotin
Friville-Escarbotin is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
La La Land (movie)
La La Land is a 2016 American romantic musical comedy-drama movie. Its title is a reference to the nickname for the city of Los Angeles. It is also an idiom for being out of touch with reality.
Plot
On a crowded Los Angeles highway, an aspiring actress named Mia is distracted by her preparation for an upcoming audition. That leads to a moment of road rage between her and a pianist named Sebastian. Her audition is yet another failure. At the same time, Sebastian is having a problem paying his bills. This leads to an argument with his sister, Laura. Mia's car is towed. She has to walk back to her apartment.
Sebastian is told by the owner of a restaurant not to play any jazz. Instead, he plays simple variations of Christmas songs. But he begins a heartfelt improvisation at the restaurant. Mia overhears Sebastian playing. She is moved by his talent, and goes to watch him play. Sebastian, however, is quickly fired.
Five years later, Mia is a famous actress. She is married to another man, with whom she has a daughter.
Release
The world premiere for La La Land was at the Venice Film Festival. It was an opening night movie on August 31, 2016. The movie also showed at the Telluride Film Festival, Toronto International Film Festival, and many others.
Box office
La La Land has taken in more than $85 million against a budget of $30 million. The movie was released in the United States in December 2016. In January 2017, the movie showed in more theaters for a total of 1,515 theaters.
Critical response
La La Land was named by Peter Travers as his favorite movie of 2016. Other critics gave the movie high marks. Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie 91%.
Awards
La La Land won a number of awards. At the Golden Globe Awards, it won seven awards. These included Best Picture-Musical or Comedy, Best Actor-Musical or Comedy and Best Actress-Musical or Comedy.
International Physics Olympiad
The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is a physics competition for secondary school students and is one of the International Olympiads. The main aim of IPhO is to test the highest level of knowledge, critical thinking, problem solving, right practices of presentation and analysis, and hands-on skills in theoretical and experimental physics.
The first IPhO was organized by Prof. Czesław Ścisłowski in Warsaw (Poland) in 1967. Since then, the Olympiad has been organized annually in different countries as a 9-10-days competition wherein national teams comprising a maximum of five of their best physics students and two team leaders participate.
Medellín
The city's major problem is unemployment. Many other Colombian cities also have this problem. People from Antioquia and especially from Medellín are called Paisas although the Paisas are people from the departments of Antioquia, Risaralda, Caldas and Quindío.
OneDrive
Microsoft OneDrive (previously Microsoft SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live Folders) is a free file hosting service. It lets users upload files to a cloud storage. The files can be accessed from a Web browser. It was part of the Windows Live range of services. To use the OneDrive service, a user needs a Microsoft account. OneDrive has support for Office Web Apps. It lets users change and make Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote files.
The Watchtower
The Watchtower is a magazine produced on a monthly basis by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses as part of their ministry (preaching) work. It's full name is The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom. The Watchtower's stated aim is to "honor Jehovah God, the Supreme Ruler of the universe". It is the most widely circulated magazine worldwide, and its companion magazine Awake! is the second most widely circulated magazine worldwide, according to the article Top 5 World’s Best Magazines.
There is also a "Study Edition" of The Watchtower that is not distributed to the public. It is used by Jehovah's Witnesses at their weekend meetings.
OneDrive
Devices
OneDrive is a simple file hosting service, which comes with great advantages because now the users can upload their content from any electronic device. The user can now upload or download their material from any mobile device, from any computer whether it may be Mac or PC it is fast and convenient without having to use any cables to download or upload any data.
Quota
the service offers 5 GB of free storage for new users. Additional storage is available for purchase.
In June 2019, alongside the announcement for the Personal Vault, Microsoft announced that it would increase the OneDrive standalone storage plan from 50 GB to 100 GB at no additional charge, and that it would be giving Office 365 subscribers a new option to add more storage as they need it.
Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins
Sarah Winnemucca (born 1844) was a protester for Native American rights during the 1800s. Winnemucca was part of the Paiute group in Nevada. Winnemucca wrote an autobiography, Life Among the Paiutes: their Wrongs and their Claims. Her autobiography is about her fight to stop the government from treating the Native Americans unfairly. Winnemucca opened two schools for Indian children.
Early Life
Winnemucca was born in 1844 near Humboldt Sink, Nevada. She was the fourth child in her family. Her father was named Chief Winnemucca and her mother was named Tuboitonie. At birth, she was named Thocmetony. This word means shell flower. Then she changed her name to Sarah. During her life, her group was kept on a reservation.
Education
The most education she had was three weeks at a Californian Catholic School.
Achievements
Winnemucca first talked about how the American government took over the Native American land. She became famous by speaking about the government’s unfair treatment of the Native American people. Winnemucca also met with Rutherford B. Hayes, an American President. She talked in many cities about how the Paiutes were being treated badly. She wrote an autobiography that was the first autobiography written by a Native American woman. Overall, Winnemucca is known for her support of peace between the American government and the Native Americans. She died on October 16th, 1891.
Barbara Olson
Barbara Kay Olson (née Bracher; December 27, 1955 – September 11, 2001) was an American lawyer and conservative television commentator. She was born in Houston, Texas. She worked for CNN, Fox News Channel, and several other outlets. She was married to Solicitor General Theodore Olson.
Olson was a passenger on American Airlines Flight 77 en route to California when it was flown into The Pentagon in the September 11 attacks. Her original plan had been to fly to California on September 10, but she delayed her departure until the next morning so that she could wake up with her husband on his birthday, September 11.
Immune system
The immune system is the set of tissues which work together to resist infections. The immune mechanisms help an organism identify a pathogen, and neutralize its threat.
The immune system can detect and identify many different kinds of disease agents. Examples are viruses, bacteria and parasites. The immune system can detect a difference between the body's own healthy cells or tissues, and 'foreign' cells. Detecting an unhealthy intruder is complicated, because intruders can evolve and adapt so that the immune system will no longer detect them.
Once a foreign cell or protein is detected, the immune system creates antibodies to fight the intruders, and sends special cells ('phagocytes') to eat them up.
Innate immune system
Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess enzyme systems that protect against viral infections. Basic immune mechanisms appeared in ancient life forms and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include antimicrobial peptides (called defensins), phagocytosis, and the complement system. These make up the innate immune system, which defends the host from infections in a non-specific way. The simplest innate system is the cell wall or barrier on the outside to stop intruders getting in. For example, skin stops most outside bacteria getting in.
The response
The innate immune system responds very quickly to anything foreign that enters the body. When something gets past the skin, as through a cut, the immune cells work to find the intruder and to alert each other of the foreign object. Small immune cells bring other cells from all over the body to the site where the foreign object was found. Other immune cells can send out messengers to cells nearby to have them help attack the foreign object. This process can make the skin look red and feel hot. Phagocyte cells eat anything foreign that enters the body. This response is called non-specific because it responds the same way to anything foreign that enters the body from germs to a piece of dust.
Adaptive immune system
Vertebrates, including humans, have much more sophisticated defense mechanisms. The innate immune system is found in all metazoa, but the adaptive immune system is only found in vertebrates.
Lucy (Australopithecus)
Lucy is the common name of AL 288-1. This is a fossil discovery of about 40% of the skeleton of a female Australopithecus afarensis. There are several hundred pieces of bone. The discovery was made in 1974 at Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression.
Immune system
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens. The system mounts stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered. It is adaptive, because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
Lucy (Australopithecus)
This discovery gave us much scientific evidence. Lucy lived about 3.2 million years ago, and is a hominid.
Immune system
Adaptive immune system
The typical vertebrate immune system consists of many types of proteins, cells, organs, and tissues that interact in a complex and ever-changing network. This acquired immunity creates a kind of "immunological memory".
Lucy (Australopithecus)
The skeleton shows that Lucy had a small skull capacity, like an ape, but also that she walked upright like a human. This supported the view that bipedalism came before the increase in brain size in human evolution. Those features are true of all australopithecines.
Immune system
Autoimmune disorders
In some organisms, the immune system has its own problems within itself, called disorders. These result in other diseases, including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and possibly even cancer. Immunodeficiency diseases occur when the immune system is less active than normal. Immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic (inherited) disease, or an infection, such as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), that is caused by the retrovirus HIV, or other causes.
In contrast, autoimmune diseases result from an immune system that attacks normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, and Lupus erythematosus.
Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system. It is very important to health and diseases.
History of immunology
Immunology is scientific part of medicine that studies the causes of immunity to disease. For many centuries people have noticed that those who recover from some infectious diseases do not get that illness a second time.
In the 18th century, Pierre Louis Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and saw that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity led to Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) developing vaccination and the germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until the proofs Robert Koch (1843–1910) published in 1891 (for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905) that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, when the yellow fever virus was discovered by Walter Reed (1851–1902).
Evolution
The immune system is extremely ancient. It may go back to single-celled eukaryotes which needed to distinguish between what was food and what was part of themselves.
Muhammad Salaam
Muhammad Abdul Salaam was an retired footballer from India. Salaam competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in 1931.
Chemical weapons in World War I
The soldiers and the public had been told that the First World War would have been over by December of 1914. In 1916 the war was still going on, and a stalemate had been reached. ‘The Triple Alliance’ and ‘The Triple Entente’ had to compete to create better technology to break the stalemate and to win the war.
Gas was a very effective way of attacking the enemy without direct contact. The first use of gas in the war was in 1914, when the French used tear gas grenades against the Germans. This sparked an idea for the Germans, and on 31st of January 1915, they first used Gas on a large scale. Over 18,000 shells filled with gas were launched towards the Russians. This attack failed. Chlorine Gas saw its first use on the 22nd of April 1915 by the Germans against the French. The French thought it was tear gas so took not so much notice of it. As it hit them, they fled in fear and some were overcome with the poisonous gas. A big opportunity had opened up for the Germans. They however had not thought Chlorine Gas had such deadly effects, so retreated, missing a huge opportunity.
Britain’s first use of gas was in December of 1915. This caused public outcry. People saw it as inhumane. This lasted during and after the war. The factories that manufactured the gases were not allowed to call them gases. An act had been signed years before forbidding the use of poisonous gases in combat. The gas was referred to as an accessory.
In WWII, Hitler refused to use gas against the enemy, as he was a victim of a gas attack in the past.
Fonches-Fonchette
Fonches-Fonchette is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Chemical weapons in World War I
Types of gas
Many soldiers suffered from gas attacks but only 3% of those affected actually died. However blindness was a common side effect of exposure. Death was slow and very painful. Most soldiers were sent home to die. Some took many months to die.
Russia suffered the most casualties, adding up to a total of 57,000. Gas attacks were the thing soldiers in the trenches feared over anything.
Division of Maranoa
The Division of Maranoa is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1901 for the first federal election. It is named after the Maranoa River, which runs through the division. It covers the south west of Queensland, and includes the towns of Charleville, Cunnamulla, Queensland, Dalby, Roma, Kingaroy, Stanthorpe, Winton and Warwick.
List of heads of state of Mali
This is a list of heads of state of Mali since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day.
A total of six people have served as head of state of Mali (not counting one Acting President). Additionally, one person, Amadou Toumani Touré, has served on two non-consecutive occasions.
The interim president is Assimi Goïta.
Intracranial aneurysm
Cerebral aneurysms, also called brain aneurysms, are a cerebrovascular issue in which weakness in the walls of a cerebral artery causes localized dilation or ballooning in the blood vessel. Small, unchanging aneurysms may produce very few symptoms. However, before a larger aneurysm ruptures, individuals may experience sudden or severe headaches, nausea, vomiting and vision problems. The rupture may also directly cause serious damage directly to the brain, usually from the bleeding itself-this is a hemorrhagic stroke that can lead to and may cause arm or leg weakness or paralysis and speech troubles. Cerebral aneurysms may result due to congenital defect, high blood pressure or head trauma. Onsets are sometimes sudden and without warning, and such ruptures are extremely dangerous and usually result in bleeding into the brain itself, leading to a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which then constitutes a stroke. This condition may lead to death or permanent disability for some individuals.
Russia men's national volleyball team
Russia national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Russia. The team's best achievements are the four Gold Medal olympic in (1964, 1968, 1980, 2012) and six Gold Medal world championship in (1949, 1952, 1960, 1962, 1978, 1982).
Yoruba religion
Yoruba religion is a traditional West African religion, mainly from Nigeria. It is the religion of the Yoruba people. It has influenced some off-shoot religious groups. It is nowadays a minority religion. A central idea behind the Yoruba religion is that natural objects, like trees, rivers, stones, and iron have a spiritual existence.
The Yoruba religion has had great influence among black people in Cuba, many of whom are Yoruba descendants. It has some usage in other Caribbean islands, and in the United States. In Cuba the religion is known locally as regla d'ocha, (meaning 'the way of the spirits'). Santería is a slightly wider term referring to the merging ("syncretism") of African spirits and Catholic saints. Adherents in countries like Cuba may be received into the Catholic church and initiated into the Yoruban religion, sometimes on successive days.
Particle physics
Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies tiny pieces of elements, known as particles. These particles are extremely small pieces that build up the world around us. They are best described in the language of math: calculus, the imaginary number, and group theory (which describes symmetry).
Fundamental forces
Particles can carry fundamental forces. For example, the electromagnetic force is carried by photons. The four fundamental forces are responsible for almost everything in all of physics. These fundamental forces are gravity, electromagnetism, weak interaction, and  strong interaction.
The Standard Model
One of the important concepts of particle physics is called the Standard Model. The Standard Model is a theory that tries to explain the fundamental forces. The Standard Model combined with general relativity is currently the most accepted explanation of how the universe works.
The Standard Model is known to have problems. For example, it explains three of the four forces very well, but it cannot explain gravity. This is why general relativity, a different theory that explains where gravity comes from, needs to be included for physicists to explain the universe. There is a lot of work to improve the theory and/or find a better theory that is being done. This work is often called theoretical particle physics because it is about building better theories of particles. Theoretical particle physicists make theories to try to improve the Standard Model. One example of this is how many theories predict undiscovered particles.
Collider
Physicists find out about particles by studying collisions between different particles. A good analogy of how physicists study particles through colliding is the car crash example. Imagine a person who wanted to look inside cars. By crashing two cars together at very high speeds, we can break the cars apart and see inside. In the same way, physicists crash two particles together to break them and study the inside.
If particles are moving at very high speeds, some of them will break apart when they collide. When they break, they create new smaller particles. These particles are very hard to find and detect because they decay (change into lighter particles) very quickly. Modern particle physics involves colliding particles together very energetically to create new particles inside a particle accelerator. This is called high-energy physics, due to the large amount of energy needed.
However, many particles do not simply break apart, such as electrons. Because it does not break apart, the electron is called a fundamental particle. If you were to smash two super-fast electrons against each other, they would not break, but instead, they might create more particles around them without breaking (this is another form of decay, known as a hadron jet). The Standard Model says that there are 17 types of fundamental particles, but there are 61, because most can be created out of antimatter, and some can have a color charge.