cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Zhangixalus feae
The Thao whipping frog, brown-folded tree frog, Fea's treefrog, Fea's gliding tree frog or Fea's large tree frog (Zhangixalus feae) is a frog. It lives in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India and China.
Doingt
Doingt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Mammal-like reptile
Mammal-like reptile is an old term for the therapsids: those synapsids which gave rise to the true mammals.
The term is both outmoded and a mistake, because mammals did not descend from reptiles. Both groups descended from early amniotes (egg-laying tetrapods), probably in the Lower or Middle Carboniferous.
Mammals and reptiles
There are a number of characteristics which cannot be seen on fossils, but which are of great importance.
Mammals are distinguished from reptiles by fundamental differences in the development of the blood system. These differences are such that it would be almost impossible for mammals to be derived from reptiles. This supports the division of amniotes into sauropsida and synapsida.
Zhangixalus melanoleucus
The Phou Samsoum tree frog (Zhangixalus melanoleucus) is a frog. It lives in Laos in Xiengkhouang Province. People have only seen it in one place: Phou Samsoum Mountain. Scientists think it might also live in other mountainous parts of Laos and Vietnam.
Colleges and universities in Iowa
This is a list of colleges and universities in Iowa:
Millard County, Utah
Millard County is a county in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 12,975. The county seat is Fillmore.
Water wheel
History
Main article: Watermill
Greco-Roman Europe
The technology of the water wheel had long been known, but it was not put into widespread use until the Middle Ages when an acute shortage of labor made machines such as the water wheel cost effective. However, the water wheels in ancient Rome and ancient China found many practical uses in powering mills for pounding grain and other substances. The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. The Romans were known to use waterwheels extensively in mining projects, with enormous Roman-era waterwheels found in places like modern-day Spain. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist Antipater of Thessalonica was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel.
Ancient China
By at least the 1st century AD, the Chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty began to use waterwheels to crush grain in mills and to power the piston-bellows in forging iron ore into cast iron.
In the text known as the Xin Lun written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during the usurpation of Wang Mang), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, which evolved into the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device (see trip hammer). Although the author speaks of the mythological Fu Xi, a passage of his writing gives hint that the waterwheel was in widespread use by the 1st century AD in China.
In the year 31 AD, the engineer and Prefect of Nanyang, Du Shi, applied a complex use of the waterwheel and machinery to power the bellows of the blast furnace to create cast iron. Waterwheels in China found practical uses such as this, as well as extraordinary use. The inventor Zhang Heng (78–139) was the first in history to apply motive power in rotating the astronomical instrument of an armillary sphere, by use of a waterwheel. The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (200–265) once used a waterwheel to power and operate a large mechanical puppet theater for Emperor Ming of Wei.
Medieval Europe and Modern
The main difficulty of water wheels was their inseparability from water. This meant that mills often needed to be located far from population centers and away from natural resources. Water mills were still in commercial use well into the twentieth century, however.
Overshot & pitchback waterwheels are suitable where there is a small stream with a height difference of more than 2 meters, often in association with a small reservoir. Breastshot and undershot wheels can be used on rivers or high volume flows with large reservoirs.
The most powerful waterwheel built in the United Kingdom was the 100 hp Quarry Bank Mill Waterwheel near Manchester. A high breastshot design, it was retired in 1904 and replaced with several turbines. It has now been restored and is a museum open to the public.
Modern Hydro-electric dams can be viewed as the descendants of the water wheel as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill to turn a wheel.
Kane County, Utah
Kane County is a county in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 7,667. The county seat is Kanab.
Schlüsselfeld
Schlüsselfeld is a town on the southwestern edge of the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg.
Providenciales
Providenciales is the main tourist island in the Turks and Caicos Islands. It is also where most of the people in the country live, with a population of about 32,000. The island has an area of 98 km2.
Grace Bay is where most of the resorts are. The first resort was Club Med. It opened in 1984. Blue Hills, Five Cays, and The Bight were the original villages.
British Rail Class 442
The British Rail Class 442 Wessex Electric (or 5WES) electrical multiple units, were introduced in 1988 on the South Western Main Line from London Waterloo to Southampton Central, Bournemouth, Poole and Weymouth. Twenty-four of these 5-car units were built between 1988 and 1989 by BREL at their Derby works. Their introduction coincided with the completion of electrification from Bournemouth to Weymouth. The entire fleet was operated by South West Trains up until February 2007, when the Class 442 services were replaced.
Colleges and universities in Rhode Island
This is a list of colleges and universities in Rhode Island:
Lawrence Van Gelder
Lawrence Van Gelder (February 17, 1933 – March 11, 2016) was an American journalist and instructor. He has worked at several different New York City-based newspapers in his long career. He was born in New York City.
Until 2010, he was senior editor of the Arts and Leisure weekly section of The New York Times as well as a movie critic. Among the newspapers for which Van Gelder has worked are the New York Daily Mirror, the New York Journal-American and the World-Journal-Tribune.
Gelder died of leiomyosarcoma (soft muscle cancer) on March 11, 2016, aged 83.
Morgan County, Utah
Morgan County is a county in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 12,295. The county seat is Morgan.
Nickelodeon
Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is a worldwide cable television network. Airing Sundays-Fridays from 7 a.m.-8 p.m. and Saturdays from 7 a.m.-9 p.m. It is made for children. The network was started in 1983 as Pinwheel. During the late mornings and afternoons, Nickelodeon shows Nick Jr. This is a group of learning programs and series for younger children. They are shown while the older children are in school. At night, the network shows Nick at Nite. Nick at Nite is a group of reruns of older series that parents watched when they were younger.
Programming
Programming seen on Nickelodeon includes animated series (such as SpongeBob SquarePants, The Loud House, Goat Simulator and Friends, The Casagrandes, The Patrick Star Show, Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years, The Smurfs, Rugrats, The Mercy and DJ show and Big Nate), live-action, scripted series (such as Danger Force, Tyler Perry's Young Dylan and All That), and original made-for-TV movies, while the network's daytime schedule is dedicated to shows targeting preschoolers (such as Bubble Guppies, PAW Patrol, and Blue's Clues & You!'').
Nicktoons
Nicktoons is the branding for Nickelodeon's original animated television series. Until 1991, the animated series that aired on Nickelodeon were largely imported from foreign countries, with some original animated specials that were also featured on the channel up to that point. Though the Nicktoons branding has seldom been used by the network itself since the 2002 launch of the channel of the same name, original animated series continue to make up a substantial portion of Nickelodeon's lineup. Roughly 6 to 7 hours of these programs are seen on the weekday schedule, and around nine hours on weekends, including a dedicated weekend morning animation block.
Nicktoons is a programming block founded in 1991, the same day Doug, Rugrats and The Ren and Stimpy Show premiered. The programming block was repeated every Saturday and Sunday. A channel called Nicktoons launched in 2002. The channel for ages 7-14.
TeenNick
TeenNick is a programming block teens ages of 13-19. It was founded in 2001. This block is for teenage audiences. The channel launched in 2009.
NickMusic
NickMusic is a channel that launched in 2002.
NickRewind
NickRewind is a channel that launched in 2011. It shows re-runs of old Nickelodeon shows.
NickRewind Jr.
NickRewind Jr Upcoming is a channel that launched on 2022. NickRewind Jr. shows re-runs of old Nick Jr. shows like Allegra's Window, Blue's Clues, Blue's Room, The Backyardigans, Eureeka's Castle, Gullah Gullah Island, Jack's Big Music Show, Little Bear, Little Bill, Oswald, Pinwheel, Today's Special, Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!, Whoopi's Littleburg The block is from Nick Jr. series.
Colleges and universities in South Dakota
This is a list of colleges and universities in South Dakota:
Cedilla
A cedilla is an extra mark added to a letter of the alphabet. People use it when writing in French, Portuguese and a few other languages.
The mark looks like this: (¸) The cedilla is added to the letter 'c'. When a c has a cedilla, that means it is said like an s and not like a k. This is called a soft c.
Rina Sawayama
Rina Sawayama (リナ・サワヤマ) is a Japanese–British singer-songwriter and model.
Introduction
Rina Sawayama is a Japanese female artist from Niigata Prefecture. She is currently attracting attention as the next pop icon in the UK. She is an artist and creator who self produces her own music videos, writes lyrics and composition.
Early life
Rina Sawayama was born on 16th of August 1990. Her hometown is Niigata prefecture. Her occupations are singer, model and music composer. The labels are Avex in Japan and Dirty hits in the UK.
Career
In 2013, Rina Sawayama started her career with her first single “Sleeping in Walking”. After then her first mini album “RINA” released in 2017 was selected as one of the “Artist to Know in 2017” by The FADER(USA) and “DAZED 100(100 Creators of the Next Generation)”by DAZED(UK). In November 2019, she was awarded “VOGUE JAPAN Women Of The Year 2019” which is given to women who have made various achievements in the year. On April 17, 2020, they released their first studio album, “SAWAYAMA”. It received high praise from music critics, with a 5-star rating from ”NME”, 4-star ratings from ”AllMusic”, Independent, and ”Rolling Stone”, and an 89/100 rating from the review collection site Metacritic.
Her career has not been limited to music, and it has been announced that she will appear as a main cast member in the movie "John Wick: Chapter 4" to be released in 2022.
Personal Life
Rina Sawayama was born in Niigata in 1990, she later moved to Tokyo and then to London when she was four years old due to her father's job transfer. After attending a Japanese school in North London, she studied political science at Cambridge University. However, Rina Sawayama is bullied and driven to the brink of depression on campus, where the old ways of white family society still exist and discrimination and prejudice against students from Asian and Western countries still persist. At that time, she met the LGBTQ community on campus and was saved by the members of the group.
There are four members in the family: his mother, father, and an older brother. Rina Sawayama Parents divorced when she was a teenager. After that, she stayed in London with her mother and lived there. She has an older brother who is a translator, web designer, copywriter, photographer, and web consultant. Now, all of her family members live in Japan apart from Rina Sawayama.
Other Venture
Rina Sawayama is also a model. In 2013, she started working with “Anti Agency”, a modeling agency created by her friend. She was selected as a campaign model for the 2016 Osaka building, “LUCUA Osaka”. It was also announced that she will be a main cast member in the movie "John Wick Chapter 4" scheduled to be released in 2022.
Awards and nominations
Rina Sawayama named one of Noisey's "25 Women Under 25 Who Are Absolutely Killing It Right Now" for International Women's Day 2016. In 2017, she was selected as one of the "Dazed 100" nominees, a group of 100 next-generation creators who will be responsible for the future of youth culture. November 2019, ”VOGUE JAPAN Women of the Year 2019” will be awarded to women who have shone in a variety of fields that year. In 2020, her first album ”SAWAYAMA” was awarded ”AllMusic Best of 2020” ”and Favorite Pop Album”.
Discography
{| class="wikitable"
Singles
Sleeping in Waking (2013)
Berdychiv
Berdychiv (Бердичів, Polish: Berdyczów, באַרדיטשעװ, Берди́чев) is a city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Berdychiv Raion (district).
Rina Sawayama
Singles
Where U Are (2016)
This Time Last Year (2016)
Cyber Stockholm Syndrome (2017)
Alterlife (2017)
Tunnel Vision (2017)
Valentine (What's It Gonna Be) (2018)
Cherry (2018)
Flicker (2018)
STFU! (2019)
Comme des garçons (like the boys)(2020)
Albums
RINA (2017)
SAWAYAMA (2020)
Intrusive thought
Intrusive thoughts are most common in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is when someone with OCD gets intrusive thoughts that give them extreme anxiety and cause them to do the same ritual over and over again because they feel like bad things will happen if they don't do it. The difference between someone who has OCD and someone who does not is most people without OCD are able to ignore the thoughts, but people with OCD feel like they are holding them back and will not leave them alone. Intrusive thoughts are also associated with depression, body dysmorphic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
P. T. Barnum
In New York City, Barnum founded two American Museums. In these museums, he showed real acts such as General Tom Thumb and hoaxes such as the Fiji mermaid. He introduced Jenny Lind to the public. After fire destroyed his second museum, Barnum created a circus. In the circus he displayed Jumbo the elephant. He suggested the circus setting for Horatio Alger, Jr.'s book The Young Acrobat. Barnum is also well known for saying "There's a sucker born every minute."
He may have been the first "show business" millionaire. Barnum said "I am a showman by profession," but he was also an author and publisher. For a while, he was also a politician.
Movies
Barnum was portrayed by Hugh Jackman in The Greatest Showman (2017).
Amata, South Australia
About 319 people lived at Amata in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996.
Amata is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amata also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip.
There is a police station at Amata, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amata permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amata and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers.
Eddie Boyd
Edward Riley Boyd (later Eddie Boyd; November 25, 1914 – July 13, 1994) was an American blues pianist. He wrote and recorded the songs "Five Long Years" (1952) "24 Hours" (1953) and "Third Degree" (also 1953).
He later moved to Europe because he was tired of the racial discrimination in the United States.
He was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He died in Helsinki, Finland.
Hugo Wolf
Hugo Wolf (born Windischgraz (now Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia) 13 March, 1860; died Vienna, 22 February  1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin. He is famous for his Lieder (German art songs). He found new ways of expressing poetry in music. He used the song forms that had been made by Schubert and Schumann, but his harmonies bring something very new and personal to German song. He was particularly fond of the music of Richard Wagner and his tonal writing is influenced by him. He belongs to the late Romantic period.
Although he wrote other kinds of music besides Lieder, the only other piece of his which is played regularly is his Italian Serenade.
At times Wolf worked very hard and composed a lot of music. At other times he felt unhappy and had depression. Towards the end of his life he went mad and had to go to an asylum. He died of syphilis.
His name is pronounced “Hoo-go Volf” (rhyming with “golf”).
Colleges and universities in Maine
This is a list of colleges and universities in Maine:
Hugo Wolf
Early life (1860 – 1887)
The town where Wolf was born is now called Slovenj Gradec in Slovenia,  but at that time it was part of the Austrian Empire. He was a child prodigy. When he was four he learned the piano and violin from his father. When he went to school he learned with Sebastian Weixler. Music was the only thing he was interested in at school. He changed schools but still did little work except for music. He went to Vienna to study at the Vienna Conservatory. His father did not want him to become a musician. He was made to leave the Conservatory because he did not obey their rules. Wolf said later that he left because he did not like the old-fashioned teaching.
After eight months with his family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. He had a fiery temper which did not make him an ideal teacher. However, he found some rich people who thought he was a good composer and paid him money so that he could have the time to compose.
One of his rich patrons had a daughter called Vally. Wolf fell in love with her, and he was very depressed when she left him after three years. He did not get on well with his family either. His father thought he was not trying to make a living. Wolf got a job as second Kapellmeister at Salzburg. However, he was not a good conductor and he soon left that job and went back to Vienna. to teach.
Wolf was fascinated by the music of Wagner. He tried to get Wagner’s attention once, running after his coach and begging Wagner to listen to his music. He was terribly sad when Wagner died. He wrote a song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" (“To rest, to rest") which is one of his best early works. He was very depressed because Wagner had gone and he felt that there was no one who could inspire him to compose.
The great composer Franz Liszt became interested in him, and told him he ought to try to compose some longer pieces. He wrote a symphonic poem Penthesilea. Wolf also became a music critic. He wrote about new pieces of music. He liked the music of Liszt, but hated the music of several other composers such as Anton Rubinstein and Johannes Brahms. He made many enemies because of the harsh things he wrote about them. People called him "Wild Wolf". He composed several works, but could not get them performed. He had been very critical of the famous Rosé Quartet, so they refused to play his music when they were asked.
He stopped writing musical criticism in 1887 and began composing once more. He wrote songs which set poems by Goethe, Joseph von Eichendorff. He wrote an orchestral work called Italian Serenade which is one of his best works outside Lieder. Then his father died and he did not compose for the rest of the year.
Maturity (1888 – 1896)
Wolf composed a lot during the years 1888 and 1889. He stayed with some friends outside Vienna and wrote songs using poetry by Mörike. He stayed with other friends and composed music to poems by Eichendorff. Then he wrote 51 Goethe songs, followed by  Spanisches Liederbuch (Spanish Song Book). Wolf soon became very famous. His songs had very good reviews, although not everyone was enthusiastic. Brahms wrote bad things about him because, of course, Wolf had written bad things about Brahms.
By 1891 Wolf had become exhausted. His health became poor and he suffered from syphilis as well as from depression. He composed nothing for several years, although his fame continued to spread. Even Brahms changed his mind a wrote good reviews of his music.
Composers were always expected to write large pieces such as symphonies and operas if they were to be taken seriously. Wagner was given the words for an opera called Der Corregidor. At first he did not want to use it because the libretto was not good, but then he decided to write the opera. However, although it was performed it never became a success.
Final years (1897 – 1903)
Wolf is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, together with many other great composers.
Music
Wolf’s true greatness lies in his Lieder. Although he tried at times to write larger musical works, his real genius lay in writing the smaller forms. He had a great feel for poetry and it is expressed beautifully in many ways: in the late-Romantic harmony which is often very chromatic, in the very original way he writes the piano accompaniments, and in the clever way in which he organizes his songs into groups with connecting themes. His most famous collections are Mörike-Lieder (1888), Eichendorff-Lieder (1889), Goethe-Lieder (1890), Spanisches Liederbuch (1891), Italienisches Liederbuch (1892, 1896) and Michelangelo Lieder (1897).
Wolf wrote hundreds of Lieder, three operas, incidental music, choral music, as well as some rarely-heard orchestral, chamber and piano music. His most famous instrumental piece is the Italian Serenade (1887), originally for string quartet and later arranged for orchestra.
Piute County, Utah
Piute County is a county in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 1,438. The county seat is Junction.
British Rail Classes 445 and 446
The PEP Stock were prototype electric multiple units used on British Rail's Southern Region during the early 1970s. They were forerunners of the BR Second Generation electric multiple unit fleet. Three units were built, one two-car unit (2001), and two four-car units (4001/4002). Under TOPS, they were allocated Classes 445 (4PEP) and 446 (2PEP).
I Want It That Way
"I Want it That Way" is a dance-pop ballad from Backstreet Boys. It is about a relationship that is troubled by emotional or physical distance. In the United States, the song peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100. It hit #1 in many other countries.
It was released in April 1999.
Aphelion (disambiguation)
Aphelion might mean:
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is an organisation registered in Great Britain as a charity. It was founded as the Plumage League in 1889 by Emily Williamson.
The RSPB works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment. It runs public awareness campaigns and petitions, and it operates nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.
The RSPB has 2,000 employees, 17,600 volunteers and more than a million members (including 150,000 youth members). It is the largest wildlife conservation charity in Europe. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 200 nature reserves.
The original members of the RSPB were all women. They campaigned against the fashion of wearing exotic feathers in hats. To this end the Society had two simple rules: "# That Members shall discourage the wanton destruction of Birds, and interest themselves generally in their protection
- RSPB rules, 1899
At the time of founding, the trade in plumage for use in hats was very large: in the first quarter of 1884, almost 7,000 bird-of-paradise skins were being imported to Britain, along with 0.4 million birds from the West Indies and Brazil, and 0.36 million birds from British India.
The Society attracted support from some women of high social standing who belonged to the social classes that popularised the wearing of feathered hats, including the Duchess of Portland (who became the Society's first President) and the Ranee of Sarawak. The organisation began to attract the support of many other influential figures, both male and female, such as the ornithologist Professor Alfred Newton. The society received a Royal Charter in 1904 from Edward VII. It petitioned Parliament to introduce laws banning the use of plumage in clothing.
The Death of the Author
"The Death of the Author" is an essay written by Roland Barthes. In the essay, he argues that facts about an author (for example, the author's personal life, views, or intentions) do not matter when talking about what a work means.
The Band
The Band was a rock music band from 1964 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1999. The original group was made up of four Canadians (Robbie Robertson, Richard Manuel, Garth Hudson, and Rick Danko) and one American, (Levon Helm).
This band was the subject of the 1978 movie The Last Waltz.
Scheßlitz
Scheßlitz (or Schesslitz; Main-Franconian: Schääz) is a town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and is on the rise to the Franconian Switzerland on the A 70 between Bamberg and Bayreuth, being 14 km northeast of the former.
Natron
In modern mineralogy the word natron has come to mean only the sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) which makes up most of the historical salt.
Unforgiven (2002)
Unforgiven (2002) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on September 22, 2002 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the fifth Unforgiven event held by the WWE.
Natron
Etymology
The English word natron is a French cognate that came from the Spanish natrón through Greek νιτρων nitron, which came from the Ancient Egyptian word netjeri, meaning natron. The modern chemical symbol for sodium, Na, is an abbreviation of that element's New Latin name natrium, which came from natron.
Use
The mineral was used in Egyptian mummification because it absorbs water and was a drying agent. Also, when exposed to moisture the carbonate in natron increases pH, which makes a good environment for bacteria. In some cultures, natron was thought to keep both the living and the dead spiritually safe. Natron was added to castor oil to make a smokeless fuel, which allowed Egyptian artisans to paint artworks inside ancient tombs without staining them with soot.
Natron is an ingredient for making a color called Egyptian blue. It was used with sand and lime in ceramic and glass-making by the Romans and others at least until 640 CE. The mineral was also used as a flux to solder precious metals together.
Chemistry of hydrated sodium carbonate
Natron is also the mineralogical name for the compound sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O), which is the main component in historical natron. Sodium carbonate decahydrate has a specific gravity of 1.42 to 1.47 and a Mohs hardness of 1. It crystallizes in the monoclinic-domatic crystal system, typically forming efflorescences and encrustations.
The term hydrated sodium carbonate is commonly used to encompass the monohydrate (Na2CO3·H2O), the decahydrate and the heptahydrate (Na2CO3·7H2O), but is often used in industry to refer to the decahydrate only. Both the hepta- and the decahydrate effloresce (lose water) in dry air and are partially transformed into the monohydrate thermonatrite Na2CO3·H2O.
As a source of soda ash
Sodium carbonate decahydrate stays the same at room temperature, but it changes into the crystal material Na2CO3·7H2O, then above 37 - 38 C to sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na2CO3·H2O, if the temperature becomes 32 °C. This releases a mostly clear, colorless salty kind of water with a little solid thermonatrite. The mineral natron is often found in association with other minerals such as gypsum and calcite. Most human-made sodium carbonate is soda ash, sodium carbonate anhydrate Na2CO3, which is obtained by calcination (dry heating at temperatures of 150 to 200°C) of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate monohydrate, or trona.
Colleges and universities in Maryland
This is a list of colleges and universities in Maryland:
Billy Joel
William Martin "Billy" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter. He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's Piano Man to 1993's River of Dreams which marked his retirement. As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John. Yesterday was his birthday. He was born on a Monday.
Joel was born in the Bronx, New York City. He grew up in Hicksville, New York. He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles. The Hassles when on to release two albums. In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two-man duo Attila. In 1971 his solo debut, Cold Spring Harbor, was released. (The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)
He is a Democrat. In 1988, Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated movie, Oliver & Company.
Technologist
A technologist/technician is a person who specializes in using technology. A technologist/technician is someone who completely understands the technology and other technologies that can be applied. In the field of health care, for example, may be called a "lab tech". The lab technologist is the project manager who supervises the lab.
André Lespagnol
André Lespagnol (26 July 1943 – 13 September 2020) was a French politician and professor. He was a professor at the University of Rennes 2, focusing on the history of Saint-Malo. He was President of the University of Rennes 2 from 1991 to 1996. In 2004, he was elected Vice-President of the Regional Council of Brittany, serving until 2010. He was born in Crozon, France.
Lespagnol died on 13 September 2020 at the age of 77.
Navajo language
Compared to many other languages, the Navajo language has a lot of sounds, including many that are not found in the English language. Navajo is also a tonal language, like Chinese, which means that pitch is used to make words different from each other. English is not a tonal language. For these reasons and many more, many English speakers find it difficult to learn Navajo.
In Navajo, new words are made by adding prefixes and suffixes to a part of a word called the stem. These prefixes and suffixes add meaning, such as tense, who is doing the action, and so on. In Navajo, sentences are arranged as subject-object-verb although they can be arranged in other ways too.
Navajo does not have a lot of loanwords from other languages.
The Navajo language is written with the Latin alphabet, just like English. The current alphabet was developed in the 1930s. Before this, the Navajo did not have their own alphabet.
Name
The Navajo do not call themselves or their language "Navajo." The word "Navajo" is from the Tewa word Navahu, which means "large field" (nava "field" + hu "valley"). The Tewa are another group of Native Americans and speak their own language. That Tewa word eventually made it into the Spanish language, where it referred to an area in New Mexico. That Spanish word then was used in English to refer to the Navajo people, who live in New Mexico.
The Navajo call themselves Diné, which means "people." They call their language Diné bizaad ("people's language). They also call their language Naabeehó bizaad, which is based on the word "Navajo."
Classification
Navajo is part of the Athabaskan language family. A language family is a group of languages that are related to each other and come from a common ancestor language. For example, English is part of the Indo-European language family because it has a lot of similarities with languages spoken in Europe, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. Navajo is one of the most southernmost Athabaskan languages. Other Athabaskan languages are spoken in Alaska and on the Pacific coast.
Like many other Athabaskan languages, Navajo has tones. However, the tones evolved independently in different languages. For example, what is a "high" tone in Navajo is a "low" tone in other Athabaskan languages and vice versa.
The Western Apache language is the language that is most closely related to Navajo. They share a lot of the same tones and a lot of words. Navajo is similar to other Apachean language.
History
The ancestors of the Navajo are thought to have come from the northern US and Canada, because other Athabaskan languages are spoken in those places. Archaeologists think that the Navajo came to the Southwest by 1500.
Starting in the 1800s, the Spanish colonized the Navajo territory as part of Mexico. Then the US took over the area after the Mexican-American war. After that, American settlers came and set up schools to teach the Navajo about English and Christianity. They did not allow the Navajo to use their language in order to make them learn English. Children were forced to wash out their mouths with soap if teachers found them speaking Navajo. Because of this, many parents were afraid to teach their children the language.
Robert W. Young and William Morgan (Navajo) were two men who worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. They created a single alphabet for the Navajo language. Before then, there were many alphabets used to write down the Navajo language.
A white American man who lived with the Navajo recommended that the language be used as a code language during World War II. Back then, there were no Navajo dictionaries and very few non-Navajo spoke the language. Also, the Navajo language is very different from German and Japanese, the languages of the enemies at the time. The military started to recruit Navajo men to become code talkers. These code talkers sent code messages in Navajo. The code talkers used very specific words for military words (such as "iron fish" for submarine) so that even other Navajo would have a hard time understanding if they didn't learn the meanings of those terms. The Japanese found out they were speaking Navajo because a professor who studied Native American languages recognized it, but they could not understand the words of the code. There were other code talkers in other Native American and non-Native American languages, but the Navajo Code Talkers were the most famous.
After World War II, the Navajo language began to decline. More roads were built into Navajo land, which exposed them more to English. However, things began to change in the 1960s. President Johnson signed a law that said that kids who don't speak English are allowed to have bilingual education. That was when the Navajo began to open up schools that taught in both English and Navajo.
Today, Navajo is considered to be a language in trouble because more and more of the Navajo now speak English only. However, people are working to change it by speaking and writing in Navajo and teaching the language to other people.
Grammar
In Navajo, new words are created by putting prefixes in front of other words.
Verbs
Verbs (action words) are the most important part of Navajo grammar. Every sentence needs a verb. Each verb is composed of a root, with additional prefixes and suffixes attached to form a word.
Nouns
Nouns are people, places, and things. They are not as important in Navajo. Many nouns are created by adding certain prefixes and suffixes to verbs.
Unlike in some other languages, Navajo nouns do not have grammatical gender. They also do not change in the plural (unlike English, which usually adds the suffix -s to indicate plural nouns).
Navajo nouns are organized as animate (people, plants, and animals) or inanimate (everything else).
In the Navajo language, possession is not indicated by 's or words such as my. Instead, prefixes are added to the beginning of words. (Example: chidí 'car' - shichidí 'my car')
Adjectives
Navajo does not have adjectives. Verbs play the role of adjectives.
Numbers
The Navajo words for million (miiltsoh), billion (binyóón), and other large numbers are based on English.
Days of the Week
The Navajo borrowed the 7-day week from the Spanish. The first day of the week is Sunday, which is Damóo. This comes from the Spanish word for Sunday, Domingo.
Letters
The Navajo language uses the ABCs, just like English. Before, the Navajo language had no writing system. As missionaries came, they made up their own alphabets. However, some linguists came up with a single alphabet that represented the sounds of Navajo well. This alphabet has lots of extra letters and marks so that all the sounds of the Navajo language can be written correctly.
Below is a chart of all the Navajo letters.
Vowels
The hooks underneath the letters are called ogoneks and represent nasal vowels. Nasal vowels are not found in English, but they are found in languages like French and Portuguese.
High tones are represented with a mark called an acute accent, such as á.
Double letters lengthen the vowels so that they are said a bit longer than just one letter.
Sample text
Navajo: ''Ashiiké tʼóó diigis léiʼ tółikaní łaʼ ádiilnííł dóó nihaa nahidoonih níigo yee hodeezʼą́ jiní. Áko tʼáá ałʼąą chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii kʼiidiilá dóó hááhgóóshį́į́ yinaalnishgo tʼáá áłah chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii néineestʼą́ jiní. Áádóó tółikaní áyiilaago tʼáá bíhígíí tʼáá ałʼąą tłʼízíkágí yiiʼ haidééłbįįd jiní. "Háadida díí tółikaní yígíí doo łaʼ ahaʼdiidził da," níigo ahaʼdeetʼą́ jiníʼ. Áádóó baa nahidoonih biniiyé kintahgóó dah yidiiłjid jiníʼ ...''
English: Some crazy boys decided to make some wine to sell, so they each planted grapevines and, working hard on them, they raised them to maturity. Then, having made wine, they each filled a goatskin with it. They agreed that at no time would they give each other a drink of it, and they then set out for town lugging the goatskins on their backs ...
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