cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
George Michael
Charity
In November 1984, Michael joined other popular British and Irish pop stars to form Band Aid, singing on the charity song "Do They Know It's Christmas?" for relief of famine in Ethiopia. This single became the UK Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart in December 1984. Michael's own song, "Last Christmas" by Wham!, was held at number two. "Do They Know It's Christmas?" sold 3.75 million copies in the UK. It became the biggest selling single in UK Chart history. It held this position until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997", released in tribute to Princess Diana following her death Michael also attended Diana's funeral with Elton John. Michael donated the royalties from "Last Christmas" to Band Aid and subsequently sang with Elton John at Live Aid (the Band Aid charity concert) in 1985.
Personal life
These persisted into his solo career, but Michael had already established a relationship with Anselmo Feleppa, whom he had met at the 1991 concert Rock in Rio. Feleppa died of an AIDS-related brain hemorrhage in 1993. Michael's single "Jesus to a Child" is a tribute to Feleppa: he consistently dedicated it to him before performing it live, as is his 1996 album Older. Since 1996, Michael has been in a long-term relationship with businessman Kenny Goss. They have homes in London and Dallas.
Death
On 25 December 2016 before 17:24 GMT, Michael died at his property in Goring, Oxfordshire, England from heart failure and a fatty liver, aged 54. Before 22:59 GMT his publicist stated that he had "passed away peacefully" and Thames Valley Police said they were treating the death as unexplained and there were no suspicious circumstances. South Central Ambulance Service had attended his property at 13:42 GMT on Christmas Day.
Afeni Shakur
Afeni Shakur (born Alice Faye Williams; January 10, 1947 – May 2, 2016) was an American music businesswoman, philanthropist, political activist and Black Panther. She was the mother of the late rapper Tupac Shakur. Shakur was in Federal Court on July 20, 2007, to file an injunction to prevent Death Row Records from selling any unreleased material from Tupac.
Shakur died in Sausalito, California from a heart attack on May 2, 2016, aged 69.
Great Central Railway
On 1 January 1923, the company became part of the London and North Eastern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
Roger Craig Smith
Roger Craig Smith (born August 11, 1975) is an American voice actor and former stand-up comedian who does voice roles for video games, television and movies. He is known as the current voice behind Chris Redfield in the Resident Evil series. He voices Ezio Auditore da Firenze in the Assassin's Creed games. He also voices Deidara in the anime Naruto: Shippuden, and of the Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise since 2010.
Sabin, Minnesota
Sabin is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States.
Sorghum
Sorghum is a genus in the grass family Poaceae. The plants are grown in warmer climates. Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia. Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa.
Ulen, Minnesota
Ulen is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States.
Beckerich
Beckerich (Biekerech) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange.
As of 2019, 2,619 people live here.
Elderberry Wine (song)
"Elderberry Wine" is a 1972 song by Elton John and is the B-side to Crocodile Rock. It was taken from his sixth studio album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player. It was never released as a single and gets regular airplay on classic rock stations.
Golden Rooster Awards
The Golden Rooster Awards (金雞獎/金鸡奖; pinyin: Jīn Jī Jiăng) are movie awards given in mainland China. They are similar to the Academy Awards. It is called the Golden Rooster Awards because it was the Year of the Rooster in 1981.
The people who get the award receive a statuette in the shape of a golden Rooster. They are picked by a group of movie makers, movie experts, and movie historians. The awards are given by the China Film Association.
At first the movie festival had two events - the Golden Rooster festival and the Hundred Flowers Awards. The two festivals were combined in 1992. Now the Golden Rooster is awarded on odd years and the Hundred Flowers is awarded on even years.
George Burba
George Burba is a Science & Strategy Fellow at LI-COR Biosciences, a Global Fellow at Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, and Graduate Adjunct Professor at University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Burba is an expert on the in-situ measurement methods: an author of instrument surface heating concept, related equations known as “Burba corrections”, and an inventor of the two types of gas analyzers known as “enclosed-path” and “semi-open-path”, and an inventor of methods for computing gas fluxes from the open-path high-speed laser-based analyzers  and from the multiple types of low-speed gas analyzers. He is an elected Senior Member of the National Academy of Inventors.
Education
Burba was educated at Lomonosov Moscow State University and University of Nebraska where he received a PhD in 2005 in Bio-Atmospheric Sciences for the study of water, light and energy transport in the ecosystems, supervised by Shashi Verma.
Career and research
After his PhD, Burba worked as a graduate faculty at the University of Nebraska and as a scientist at the LI-COR Biosciences. In 2016, he was appointed Global Fellow at Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, and in 2017, he was appointed to the position of [ Science Fellow] at LI-COR Biosciences.
Personal life
George Burba is a son of George A. Burba and a grandson of Aleksandr A. Burba.
John Ray
Ray was a Protestant dissenter who had accepted the return of Charles II. He was ordained as a priest of the Church of England, in London in 1660. By then, Charles II insisted that all priests sign an affadavit against the Puritan party. The Act of Uniformity of 1662 made the Book of Common Prayer compulsory in religious services, which was opposed by those of Puritan beliefs. Ray would not sign the affidavit, so he was forced to resign his Fellowship, and could not work as a priest.
Ray returned to his native village of Black Notley, near Braintree in Essex. After Ray joined up with a former student, Francis Willughby, the pair spent three years in continental Europe, discovering what the latest scientific ideas were. When he returned to England in Spring 1666, he joined the new Royal Society, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. His most important scientific works were supported financially by the Royal Society, whose President at a critical time in the 1680s was Samuel Pepys.
Ray published important works on plants, animals, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system by which species were classified according to an either/or type system. Instead he classified plants by observation according to similarities and differences. Thus he advanced scientific empiricism against the deductive rationalism of the scholastics. He was the first person to give a biological definition of the term species.
Ray's works
Ray published about 23 works, depending on how one counts them. The biological works were usually in Latin, the rest in English. For ease of reading, the titles below are in English.
Libraries holding Ray's works
Including the various editions, there are 172 works of Ray, of which most are rare. The only libraries with substantial holdings are all in England. p153 The list in order of holdings is:
Ian Deans
Ian Deans (August 16, 1937 – 3 May 2016) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland but raised in Ontario, Canada. He was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1979. He was a member of the Canadian House of Commons from 1980 to 1986.
Deans died in Hamilton, Ontario on 3 May 2016 from Parkinson's disease, aged 78.
Sparkle
Sparkle is a 2012 musical drama movie starring Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston (in her final role). It is a remake of the same named 1976 motion picture, except the 2012 remake centers on 1960s Detroit. Sparkle was released in August 2012.
Human genetics
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. It includes the study of human genetic disorders, the work on the human genome, and genetic counselling.
Genes are a common factor behind most inherited traits. Study of human genetics may answer questions about human nature, and the genetics of human life. It helps us to understand the diseases we get, and helps the development of effective disease treatment.
Priapus
Priapus was a minor fertility god in Greek mythology, who was also the protector of livestock, fruit plants, and male genitals. He was depicted as having an oversized and permanent erection. Sources differ as to who his parents were. Some say he was the son of the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite; Dionysus and Chione; Hermes and Aphrodite; Zeus and Aphrodite; or Pan and Aphrodite. According to the myth, Hera cursed him while he was still in the womb of Aphrodite, because she was jealous that the Trojan prince Paris had picked Aphrodite as being the most beautiful of the goddesses and had given the Golden Apple of Eris to her. Hera's curse made Priapus impotent, ugly and foul-minded. The gods did not want Priapus to live with them on Olympus, and he was left on a hillside on Earth. There, he was taken by shepherds who raised him. Priapus later tried to rape the goddess Hestia, but was hit by a donkey, and this caused Priapus to lose his erection. He also became the patron god of merchant sailing, protecting and guiding them through rough seas. It was common for merchants to carry a Priapus figure or a phallus on their ships as protection.
Medical Lake, Washington
Medical Lake is a city in Spokane County, Washington. The population was 5,060 at the 2010 census. Medical Lake has a psychiatric hospital named Eastern State Hospital.
History
The city of Medical Lake was founded in 1890. The city is named after a nearby lake. The Spokane Native American tribe which lived in the area for a long time, thought the water from the lake could heal sickness and injuries. White settlers who moved to the area in the 1870s, sold salts from the lake as medicine.
Droste effect
The Droste Effect is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc. It is named after an advertisement. It is an example of recursion. In art, this is known as mise en abyme. In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image. In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px. The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image. It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.
Mamma Mia!
Mamma Mia! is a 2008 American romantic musical comedy movie set in Greece. It is based on the musical stage play and on ABBA's 1975 chart topping song. It was distributed through Universal Pictures. It stars Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Meryl Streep as her mother, and Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard and Pierce Brosnan as Sophie's three possible fathers. Mamma Mia! was given mixed reviews, although it received almost $610 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing musical motion picture in American history.
Edward Albee
Edward Franklin Albee III (March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright. He was known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), and a rewrite of the book for the unsuccessful musical Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), an adaptation of Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name.
In 1963, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? won the Tony Award for Best Play. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1967 for A Delicate Balance, in 1975 for Seascape, and in 1994 for Three Tall Women.
Albee died on September 16, 2016 at his home in Montauck, New York from complications of diabetes, aged 88.
Plays
Works written or adapted by Albee: • The Zoo Story (1959)
• The Death of Bessie Smith (1960)
• The Sandbox (1960)
• The American Dream (1961)
• Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962)
• Tiny Alice (1964)
• Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)
• All Over (1971)
• Seascape (1975)
• Listening (1976)
• Counting the Ways (1976)
• The Lady from Dubuque (1980)
• The Man Who Had Three Arms (1982)
• Finding the Sun (1983)
• Walking (1984)
• Envy (1985)
• Marriage Play (1987)
• Three Tall Women (1991)
• The Lorca Play (1992)
• Fragments (1993)
• The Play About the Baby (1998)
• The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2000)
• Occupant (2001)
• Knock! Knock! Who's There!? (2003)
• Me Myself and I (2007)
• At Home at the Zoo (2009)
Denise
Denise is a female given name. It is pronounced [ duh-nees, -neez ]. It is a feminine form of the masculine name Dennis. The name Denise means "to be devoted to Bacchus". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). 、
CD
CD can mean:
Taothingmang
Taothingmang was a Meetei ruler of Ningthouja dynasty of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). He is a son and the successor of Emperor Khuyoi Tompok. He is one of the nine kings associated with the different designs in a historic flag of the kingdom. Other than the Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Ningthourol Lambuba and the Chada Laihui, Taothingmang and his elder brother Yoimongba are also especially mentioned in the Toreirol Lambuba and the Tutenglon.
Edge (wrestler)
Adam Joseph Copeland (born October 30, 1973 in Orangeville, Ontario) is a Canadian actor and professional wrestler. He is sign to WWE. He previously wrestled on their Smackdown brand. He wrestled under the ring name Edge.
He was forced into early retirement from professional wrestling due to a injury to his neck. Copeland was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame on March 31, 2012 by his best friend and tag team partner Christian.
Since retiring, Copeland has regularly appeared on the Syfy series Haven where he plays the character Dwight Hendrickson. Edge make a shocking return to WWE January 26th 2020 in the royal rumble
On the January 27 2020 episode of Raw, Edge was attacked by his former tag team partner Randy Orton. He returned defeated Orton. As of 2023, Edge is still wrestling with his wife, Beth Phoenix. on RAW in a program with the Finn Balor led stable Judgement Day.
Championships
1Edge won the championship during the Invasion storyline.
Billabong
Billabong is an Australian word.
Purple Mountain Observatory
Many asteroids were found at the observatory. Among the asteroids found are the Trojan asteroids 2223 Sarpedon, 2260 Neoptolemus, 2363 Cebriones, 2456 Palamedes, and 3494 Purple Mountain.
Wadj-wer
Wadj-wer (meaning "Great Blue-Green") is an Egyptian god of fertility. Wadj-wer is sometimes shown as being part male and part female. He is seen as the personification of the Mediterranean Sea or some of the big lakes in the Nile Delta. He is often shown holding a ankh and a loaf. He is also shown to be pregnant, and he symbolizes the richness of the waters of the Nile delta.
David (name)
David [ dey-vid ] is a Hebrew name meaning “beloved”. It is derived from the Hebrew word “dod”, which means “beloved”.
The name David is one of the most popular names in the Bible and is associated with the biblical figure of King David, the second king of Israel.
De Morgan's laws
In boolean algebra, DeMorgan's laws are the laws of how a NOT gate affects AND and OR statements:
They can be remembered by "break the line, change the sign".
Truth tables
The following truth tables prove DeMorgan's laws.
Palandri Tehsil
Palandri (تحصیل پلندری) is part of the Sudhnoti District, Azad Kashmir, in Pakistan.
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
Headquarters in Bonn.
Structure
The Federal Ministry of the Environment (Bundesumweltministerium) is in charge of the ecological policy of the federal government. It is also in charge of environmental protection. Being in charge of nuclear reactor safety helps the BMU protect the environment. The Federal minister appoints two junior ministers (Parlamentarischen Staatssekretäre) to help him. These two help the minister in the Bundestag and in making policy, they have no power to make rules or change the way the department works.
814 people work for the ministry, in one of six departments:
In addition,
are controlled by the BMU.
If extra help is needed the BMU can get expert help from
In 2005 the BMU's budget was 769 million euros. This is about ten percent of the total amount spent on the environment by the federal government. This is because several other ministries also have money to spent on environmental tasks.
History
The ministry was set up on 6 June 1986, about five weeks after the serious reactor disaster at Chernobyl. The Federal Government wanted to bring all responsibility for preventing a disaster in Germany, or clearing up if a disaster happened, under one ministry.
Why, Arizona
Why is near the western border of the Tohono O'Odham Indian Reservation. It is due north of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Southern Arizona.
Why is about thirty miles north of the Mexican border where Lukeville, Arizona, and Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico, border each other. It is ten miles south of Ajo, Arizona.
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection
History
The red-green coalition of 1998 saw Jürgen Trittin of (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) become minister. The idea of an environmental tax and ending nuclear power became important.
Tough Nut (movie)
Tough Nut (Крепкий орешек) is a 1967 Soviet comedy movie directed by Theodor Vulfovich. It stars Nadezhda Rumyantseva, Vitaly Solomin, and Vladimir Lippart.
Logic programming
Logic programming is using mathematical logic to write computer programs. There are specialized programming languages where the user can directly enter logical statements. Probably the best-known of these languages is called Prolog. Alonzo Church used a form of logic programming in what is known as lambda calculus today. Logic programming has also been used in LISP.
Programs consist of a set of rules and facts. In most cases, logic programming uses what is called negation as failure or weak negation: This means that if it is not possible to derive some clause p from the facts and rules, the system will assume that its negation is true.
Besmilr Brigham
Besmilr Brigham (born Bess Miller Moore; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet. She also wrote short stories.
Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.
According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."
Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham. The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.
List of NC-17 rated movies
The NC-17 rating (No One Age 17 and Under Admitted) is meant for when movies have patently adult content. That includes graphic violence, explicit sexual material or extreme language. Movies rated and released as NC-17 would include Henry & June (1990), Intent to Kill (1992), Man Bites Dog (another 1992 movie), Paris, France (1993 or 1994; released in 1995), Blue is the Warmest Color (2013) and Blonde (2022).
In some cases, the NC-17 rating on some movies is either given up or sidestepped altogether. The movie in question is then released having no rating. However, some movies have kept the NC-17 and received a strong box office intake despite it.
WWE Diva Search
The WWE Diva Search was a competition held by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) which ran from 2003 to 2007. The aim of the contest was to find a new WWE Diva, from the 2004 contest onwards the winner of the contest was offered a WWE Contract which was worth $250,000.
Emperor Seiwa
Emperor Seiwa (清和天皇) was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Seiwa's reign started in 858 and ended in 876.
WWE Diva Search
Despite only one winner of the competition each year (excluding 2003) the WWE has signed multiple diva search contestants, including Candice Michelle, Taryn Terrell and many others.
Emperor Seiwa
Traditional history
This prince's personal name (imina) was Korehito (惟仁) before he became the monarch. In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.
WWE Diva Search
2003
In 2003 the first Diva Search was held, however the winner of the first Diva Search Jaime Koeppe did not receive a contract. She did receive a photoshoot for an issue of WWE Magazine.
Emperor Seiwa
Traditional history
Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku. His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.
WWE Diva Search
Contestants
Despite Christy Hemme winning, the WWE hired many other Divas also featured within the contest, this included, Michelle McCool, Amy Weber, Candice Michelle, Maria Kennllis and Joy Giovanni.
Emperor Seiwa
Events of Seiwa's life
Prince Korehito became emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.
WWE Diva Search
Contestants
Like the previous year's Diva Search, Ashley Massaro was not the only Diva WWE hired, this included, Kristal Marshall, Trenesha Biggers and Elisabeth Rouffaer.
Like the past two years this also featured the WWE hiring many losing Divas, this included, Milena Roucka, the Garcia Twins, Rebecca DiPietro, Amy Zidian and Maryse Ouellet.
WWE like in the previous years WWE hired runner-ups, this included, Taryn Terrell, Lena Yada and Angela Fong.
Emperor Seiwa
After his death
The kami of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.
Eras of reign
The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
County of Portugal
The County of Portugal (Condado de Portugal, Condado Portucalense, Condado de Portucale; in documents of the period the name used was Portugalia ) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Braga and Porto, today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal, within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed. The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and later the Kingdoms of Galicia and León, before being abolished as a result of rebellion. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and subsequently elevated by its count in the mid-12th century into an independent Kingdom of Portugal.
Andrew Lincoln
Andrew James Clutterbuck (born 14 September 1973), better known by his stage name Andrew Lincoln, is an English actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Rick Grimes in the AMC drama series The Walking Dead. He first came to public attention as Egg in the BBC drama This Life, followed by roles such as Simon in the Channel 4 sitcom Teachers and Mark in the romantic comedy movie Love Actually.
Early life
Lincoln was born in London. He is the son of a civil engineer father and a nurse mother. His family moved to Kingston upon Hull when he was 18 months old. Then they moved to Bath, Somerset when he was eight or nine. He attended Beechen Cliff School. He had his first acting role at the age of 14 as the Artful Dodger in a school production of Oliver!. He spent a summer at the National Youth Theatre in London. He became interested in acting as a career. After leaving school, he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA). He began to use "Andrew Lincoln" as his stage name.
Dhirkot
Dhirkot (تحصیل دھیرکوٹ) is a town in Bagh District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is located 132 kilometres from Islamabad.
London and South Western Railway
The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922. It started as the London and Southampton Railway from Waterloo station to Southampton. Later, the network extended to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter. There were branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow. Beyond Southampton there were branches to Bournemouth and Weymouth. The LSWR also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth and Reading.
In the grouping of railways in 1923 the LSWR joined with other railways to create the Southern Railway.
Epitaph
An epitaph is a short text honouring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it is text that is carved on a tombstone or plaque. Usually it gives the person’s name and dates of birth and death. Some epitaphs say what the person did, and other things. Some people write their own epitaphs before they die.
Bone
Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.
The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs and skin on the ground and would not be able to move.
Bones also protect us. The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs. The jaw and skull support the facial muscles, which help us eat and move our mouth. The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach. The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.
Osteons
Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians. Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.
Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.
The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species, between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.
Road surface
A road surface, or pavement (American English), is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended for vehicle or foot traffic that is used primarily as a road surface. "Pavement" in British English generally refers to a sidewalk or walkway.
In the past, permeable gravel surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used. Those surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Permeable paving methods are now beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways.
History
In 1984 Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of Little House on the Prairie, while traveling in a wagon with her parents, wrote about the first time she saw pavement: "In the very midst of the city, the ground was covered by some dark stuff that silenced all the wheels and muffled the sound of hoofs. It was like tar, but Papa was sure it was not tar, and it was something like rubber, but it could not be rubber because rubber cost too much. We saw ladies all in silks and carrying ruffled parasols, walking with their escorts across the street.  Their heels dented the street, and while we watched, these dents slowly filled up and smoothed themselves out.  It was as if that stuff were alive.  It was like magic."
The first paved roads were created by the Carthaginians about 600 BC. The ancient Romeand destroyed Carthage but may have borrowed the idea of paved roads. They went on to build over 87,000 km of roads throughout their empire.
Book of Tobit
The Book of Tobit (or Book of Tobias) is a book of biblical scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canon, put forward by the Council of Carthage of 397 and confirmed for Roman Catholics by the Council of Trent (1546). It's listed in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England.
Road surface
History
Thomas Telford (1757–1834) was a Scottish civil engineer. He is noted for building flat roads that required fewer horses to pull the wagons. His roads were well designed and supported heavy loads. John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836), was a Scottish engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface that drained quickly. His roads were more durable and less muddy than soil-based roads.
Asphalt
By 1870, in the United States roads were being built using asphalt spread with rakes and made compact by steam rollers. In 1894, Clifford Richardson, an American engineer, determined that roads paved with asphalt did not contain enough coarse gravel. He produced a specification for the most durable pavement of the time.
Book of Tobit
Likely written in the second century BC in Palestine, Tobit is regarded by Protestants as apocryphal. Also, it has never been included within the Tanakh (also known as Old Testament) as canonical by ancient Judaism. However, it is found in the Greek Old Testament (the Septuagint), and Aramaic and Hebrew fragments of the book were discovered in Cave IV at Qumran in 1952.
Tobit goes blind and feels hopeless, but recovers his sight through the advice of an Angel called Raphael. Also mentioned is Tobit's son called Tobias, who is traveling eastward to collect money, accompanied by the Angel, Raphael, who tells Tobit of a woman named Sarah who is looking to get married. Her earlier marriages were not completed because shortly beforehand the man would always die mysteriously, which saddens Sarah. This time, though, the man does not die and in the end Tobias and Sarah are happily married. The story of Tobit is important for its teaching about guardian angels and for the need to always remain loyal to God during difficult times.
Road surface
Asphalt
By 1907, 1907 natural asphalt was being used less than petroleum-based asphalt for roads. Automobiles became more popular and more roads were needed. This created new methods of producing asphalt. World War II created a need for better and stronger pavement on which to land heavy aircraft.
Skite (album)
Skite is the third studio album by Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias, released on September 8, 1978. The album was produced by Ian Dury and the Blockheads keyboardist and guitarist Chaz Jankel. Recorded in May 1978, the album was Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias' first studio album released following the success of 1977's Italians from the Outer Space, which included the UK Top 40 single "Old Trust".
The music on Skite is built around sendups of pop and rock music of the late-1970s, featuring sendups of ABBA, Robyn Hitchcock, Status Quo, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Pink Floyd, Nick Lowe, The Buzzcocks, The Stranglers and Devo. The album also features reggae version of Pete Seeger's Where Have All the Flowers Gone and doo-wop version of Sex Pistols' Anarchy in the U.K..
Despite a mixed critical reception, Skite sold well and peaked at number fifty on the UK Singles Chart. The album produced one of Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias's more famous singles, "Heads Down No-Nonsense Mindless Boogie", a sendup of Status Quo and "Juan Lopez (The Lonely Goatherd)", a sendup of ABBA; "Heads Down No-Nonsense Mindless Boogie" peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart.
Popeye
Over the years, He also appeared in a series of cartoons made for movie theatres by Paramount Pictures, comic books, arcade, video games, hundreds of advertisements, peripheral products (ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes). In 2002, TV Guide ranked Popeye #20 on its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.
Creation and development in Thimble Theatre
Popeye was created by E. C. Segar and was inspired by a man Segar knew in Chester, Illinois: Frank "Rocky" Fiegel. Popeye would make his debut in the January 17, 1929 Thimble Theatre strip "Dice Island" as a rough sailor for hire. While originally introduced as a minor character (with the actual star of the strips then being Castor Oyl), Popeye's popularity eventually grew to the point where he became the main character of Thimble Theatre, with the strip now focusing on his adventures and hijinks. Initially, Popeye was portrayed as a very strong and seemingly uneducated but very savvy sailor who would gain extraordinary luck and resilience when he rubbed the magical Whiffle Hen Bernice, but by 1932, he began to favor spinach, crediting it as a healthy source of strength. As the strips started focusing more on Popeye, he began to form a relationship with Castor's sister Olive Oyl after she had left her previous boyfriend Ham Gravy, and the two would eventually go on to become one of the most recognizable couples in cartoon history.
After Popeye's run in the original Thimble Theatre, he would return as the main character in the 1948 comic book series by E. C. Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf, which combined elements from both the original Thimble Theatre and the Fleischer Studios cartoons. His comic book appearances would continue for decades until the title's end in 1984.
Fleischer Studios
Popeye's huge popularity led him to be adapted into animation, which would only be loosely based on Thimble Theatre due to the limited length of the theatrical shorts at the time keeping them from making proper full-length adaptations of the Thimble Theatre sagas, which resulted in the shorts being episodic. The huge success of the first Popeye the Sailor cartoon (which originally started as a part of the Betty Boop shorts) would ensure a long-running series of independent theatrical shorts for the now famous sailor. In the various cartoons by Fleischer Studios, he would usually have to rescue his girlfriend Olive Oyl from Bluto, his rival and sometimes friend or go on a daring adventure with Olive and his good friend J. Wellington Wimpy. Some of the cartoons take a different recurring approach, like him rescuing Olive from another threat, dealing with something alone, fighting a small enemy he cannot beat, or watching over his adopted son Swee'Pea. As these theatrical shorts deviated from Segar's strips quite a bit, many characters from the comic never made an appearance or only appeared once (like Castor Oyl and the Goons). However, other characters like J. Wellington Wimpy (who sometimes served as Popeye's sidekick), Poopdeck Pappy and, more rarely, Oscar would make semi-regular appearances in the shorts. Eugene the Jeep also made some appearances but would not be used as often as the above. George W. Geezil also made only two appearances alongside Popeye. Many of these cartoons mostly focused on Popeye's adventures and antics along with Olive and occasionally Wimpy as they tried to resist the antagonistic Bluto. While not appearing as a sailor very often (as Popeye was usually portrayed with a number of odd jobs) the stories in the cartoons would involve his brawling escapades or his adventures in certain areas of the world while doing impressive feats and preserving Olive's safety and their relationship.
World War II
During the World War II-era animated shorts, Popeye was a member of the U.S. Navy and his outfit was changed to a white Navy suit, and he would continue to look like this in animation from the 1940s through to the 1960s. During Fleischer Studios's final years of operations, the shorts they produced were WWII stories focusing on Popeye's heroic attempts to help America fight the enemy, mostly the Japanese and Germans. The cartoons with these battle scenes have often been banned from television for being considered too "politically incorrect."
Also, in the 1940s shorts, Popeye gained four nephews named Pipeye, Peepeye, Poopeye and Pupeye, who originally debuted in an earlier short within a dream sequence as his children, before being made recurring and turned into his nephews. However, their exact relation to Popeye remains unclear, and the parent of his nephews has never been properly identified.
Famous Studios
Popeye's portrayal in the animated adaptation (such as the theatrical cartoons and especially the Famous outings) has alternately been criticized for giving him a single means to solve all of life's problems (unlike in the older strips), or praised for bringing children to eat healthy. This reliance was most exaggerated in the short "How Green Is My Spinach," which presented Popeye as being helpless without spinach (and portrayed other vegetables as ineffective), spoofing the cartoons's own formula but at the same time providing a rather questionable message.
In the fifties, Popeye's cartoon catalog was sold by the Paramount studio to Associated Artists Productions for broadcast on television. Animated shows were also made for television in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
First television series
In 1960, the first Popeye the Sailor animated television series was produced for first-run syndication which proved successful. Like the earlier theatrical cartoon series, it would use many elements that were already well known, mostly the basic storyline of Popeye trying to keep his sweetheart Olive safe from the hands of other male suitors while using spinach to remain fit and healthy. Unlike the theatrical shorts however (especially the Famous Studios shorts), this TV series made a more prominent attempt to bring back characters and elements from Thimble Theatre back to Popeye's side, such as his old friend J. Wellington Wimpy, who had been considerably absent during the Famous era, and the show even included characters who never had the chance to appear in animation, such as Popeye's old lucky charm Bernice the Whiffle Hen and even Alice the Goon, King Blozo and Rough House (yet while bringing in more Thimble Theatre elements, very few episodes were a direct or accurate adaptations of the strips and had no real continuity between them). Notably, the only character that failed to return was Bluto himself, who was instead replaced by his lookalike/brother Brutus, due to King Features incorrectly thinking that the former was not originally a Thimble Theatre character. While the show did involve Popeye's love life, episodes actually focused more on his adventuring around the world (and beyond) not unlike the Fleischer and comic strip incarnation, and also brought back other Thimble Theatre antagonists rather than relying solely on Brutus, like the sinister Sea Hag and Toar the caveman, who proved to be a true challenge for Popeye. As in the final Fleischer cartoons and most Famous shorts, Popeye still wore his Navy uniform, an exception being the pilot episode "Barbecue for Two", where he did wear his original outfit.
The All-New Popeye Hour
In 1978, Hanna-Barbera Productions, with King Features Syndicate, would produce a new Popeye television series, The All-New Popeye Hour. Unlike the previous show, this series had higher-quality animation and was more akin to Segar's work and Fleischer cartoons than other Popeye animations, with Popeye more regularly seen as an adventurous sailor. Popeye's look was once again changed for this series, this time it was a permanent return to his classic outfit, however he still wore his Navy hat, making it something of a combination of both styles. The series also gave characters such as Alice the Goon more prominence, having her co-star with Olive in their own segment, Private Olive Oyl. This show focused more on adventure than past animations: there were entirely new segments dedicated to sailing the seas and searching for adventure, as in Popeye's Treasure Hunt. Popeye and the Sea Hag's relationship was also more accurate to the strips than the previous series, with the Hag wanting to marry Popeye, much to the latter's disgust. Oddly enough, Popeye's signature spinach can would have special effects on other characters, such as Olive and Swee'Pea, who would unusually turn into actual superheroes.
Popeye's first movie
In 1980, a theatrical live-action movie called Popeye was released, featuring an original story written by Jules Pfeiffer, directed by Robert Altman, and serving as a more faithful adaptation to Segar's Thimble Theatre. It brought almost every friend of Popeye's to the silver screen, although it showed the well-known sailor (as whom Robin McLaurin Williams starred) as having an initial aversion to spinach, and the setting took place in a port town called Sweethaven, created on the island of Malta by Altman's set decorators. It eventually went on to gross $49,823,037; more than double the film's production budget.
Popeye was produced as a musical, with original songs whose music was composed and whose lyrics were written by Harry Nilsson; however, Sammy Lerner's familiar theme for the character, "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man," was retained in the final sequence.
Popeye and Son
In 1987, the latest animated series focusing on Popeye was produced, entitled Popeye and Son. The series was unique in the Popeye franchise for taking place later in Popeye's life, where he had finally married Olive Oyl, settled down and had a son of his own (a notable change considering the rarity of having well-known cartoon characters actually move on with their lives). The series shared similarities with its predecessor, The All-New Popeye Hour, having various references to Thimble Theatre and other media in Popeye's history such as the theatrical film, with the cartoon taking place in Sweethaven. However, the series didn't prove as popular as its predecessors and was eventually cancelled after 13 episodes. Being the last animated Popeye series on television, it can be considered somewhat fitting that it ended at a later and happier point in Popeye's life.
Revivals
In 2001, Popeye received a tribute show on Cartoon Network titled The Popeye Show, which only featured classic shorts but also adding trivia info and facts about Popeye as well as occasionally showing unaltered original versions of the shorts, with the series going on to have 45 episodes.
In 2004, a CGI-animated TV movie titled Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy was produced by Mainframe Entertainment for Lions Gate Entertainment and King Features Entertainment. An attempt at a full-fledged animated theatrical film was also made by Sony Pictures Animation for release in 2012, with test animation made by Genndy Tartakovsky, yet production on this film has apparently remained on an indefinite hiatus.
In 2012, IDW Publishing began a brand-new Popeye comic book that primarily stays faithful to the character's original comic strip incarnation by E. C. Segar and Bud Sagendorf, and features countless throwbacks and references to Popeye's old adventures and even features the return of many (if not all) of the characters from the classic era. As the series is more faithful to Segar and Sagendorf's work, the plots of each issue follow more closely to the original format of the older comics rather than the cartoons, and the art even replicates Segar's style flawlessly. In 2013, IDW held a special crossover event where they depicted many of the settings in their comics as being invaded by the Martians from the 1962 trading card game and 1996 film Mars Attacks, with Popeye facing off against the 1962 incarnation of the Martians in the special Mars Attacks Popeye.
Character designs
Popeye's unique and commonly used design is one that is immediately recognizable, being always depicted as a gruff-looking yet skinny sailor with a large cleft chin, a single eye, a mostly bald head and very large forearms with anchor tattoos, while his outfit normally consists of a black dress shirt with a red neckline and sleeves with blue edges along with blue pants, brown shoes and a sailor's cap. During his first introduction in Thimble Theatre, Popeye's appearance was not too different from his current one, the only difference being that his nose was noticeably larger, his chin was slimmer and his forearms were less round and more angular (and also a bit hairy), but as Segar's talent continued to grow, the design would change to match the well known sailor seen today. This design would be his most iconic and most used depiction used in many media, and most notably the first piece of Popeye animated media by Fleischer Studios.
Following the attack of Pearl Harbor in 1941 by the Japanese which made the US take part in World War II, Popeye's design remained unchanged, however, in the cartoons he was now made a member of the U. S. Navy and given the appropriate naval attire, consisting of the standard white uniform with a black neckerchief, black shoes and a small Navy cap. He would continue to wear this outfit until the mid-1960s. During his Famous Studios run, Popeye's eyes were also slightly enlarged to look a bit more realistic rather than looking like black dots, and he was also portrayed as having two eyes in both Famous Studios and the 60s television series, which would occasionally be seen in several shorts.
When Bud Sagendorf began the Popeye comics in 1948, Popeye's design was changed to resemble his classic look but while still wearing his Navy cap from the war. His eyes were also changed back to their black dot appearance. His chin was also further enlarged with only a few minor changes due to Sagendorf's own unique art style. This design would continue to be used by Sagendorf's successors in Popeye comics, such as George Wildman, Bobby London and several others throughout the 70s, 80s and future newspaper comic strips depending on the artist, with Segar and Sagendorf's designs usually being interchanged. Sagendorf's design was also used in other 70s media and two cartoons, The All-New Popeye Hour and Popeye and Son.