cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Barnes, London
Barnes is an area in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in southwest London.
Robert G. Heft
Robert G. "Bob" Heft (January 19, 1942 – December 12, 2009) was the designer of the current United States 50-star flag. He has also designed a 51-star flag that would be used if a new state joins the United States. He was born in Saginaw, Michigan in January 1942.
Heft claimed to have designed the current United States flag as a school project in Lancaster, Ohio, when he was 17 years old. He received a B- for his project from his teacher, Stanley Pratt. After talking about the project, he reached an agreement with his teacher that, if the flag was selected as the official flag by the United States Congress, he would get a better grade for the project. Heft stated that his design was chosen out of more than 1,500 designs that were given to United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and his teacher changed his grade to an A. This claim is now in dispute and is believed to be a hoax.
After graduating from college, he became a high school teacher and later a college professor. He was also mayor of Napoleon, Ohio for 28 years.
After years of combating diabetes, Heft died on December 12, 2009, from a heart attack while living in Saginaw. He was 67 years old.
Nuffield College, Oxford
Nuffield College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1937. It is a graduate college only. It does not have any undergraduate students.
Scream (franchise)
Scream is an American horror franchise created by Kevin Williamson and Wes Craven. It stars Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, and David Arquette.
The movie series grossed over $604 million in worldwide box-office receipts. It is made up of four movies. The first series entry, Scream, was released on December 20, 1996 and is currently the highest-grossing slasher film in the United States.
The series is about Sidney Prescott, and her war against a succession of murderers who adopt the guise of Ghostface to stalk and torment their victims.
A television spin-off of the movie series was launched by MTV on June 30, 2015. The TV series follows different characters and new storylines which are not connected to the movie series.
Raeren
Raeren is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007, 10199 people lived there.
It is at 50° 40 North, 06° 07 East.
Cetate, Dolj
Cetate, Dolj is a commune in Dolj County, Romania.
Justín Javorek
Justín Javorek (14 September 1936 – 15 September 2021) was a Slovak football coach and goalkeeper. He played for the Czechoslovakia national team. From 1959 until 1969, he played for the Inter Bratislava.
Tatabánya
Tatabánya (Totiserkolonie) is a city in northwestern Hungary. It is in the Central Transdanubian region. It is the capital of Komárom-Esztergom County.
António Egas Moniz
António Egas Moniz (António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, 29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist.
He developed cerebral angiography, a technique to visualise the blood vessels in and around the brain. This technique is widely used today. He also developed the surgical procedure leucotomy, also known as lobotomy. This technique is now rarely used.
Antonio Egas is highly regarded. More commonly, Gottlieb Burckhardt is regarded as the founder of modern psychosurgery. He became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize when, in 1949, he shared it with Walter Rudolf Hess.
He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. At the same time, he pursued a demanding political career.
Lord Chancellor
Until Tony Blair became Prime Minister the Lord Chancellor was required to be a member of the House of Lords,was its presiding officer, and was Britain's highest-ranking judge. Blair tried to abolish the position and wound up removing some of its responsibilities and dividing others, and now the holder is usually in the House of Commons. The Lord Chancellor remains responsible for the Great Seal and for the efficient functioning and independence of the courts. The current Lord Chancellor is Alex Chalk,who replaced Dominic Raab in 2023.
Formerly, there were separate Chancellors of England, Scotland and Ireland. When the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain under the Acts of Union 1707 the offices of the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland were combined to form a single office of Lord Chancellor of Great Britain for the new state.
Tavush Province
Tavush is a province of Armenia. It is in the north of Armenia. It has borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan. It is well known for its mountains. Tavush got its name from the historical area of Armenia – Tavush gavar. Tavush gavar was a part of Great Armenia.
There are 4 urban communities and 58 rural communities.
COROT-7b
COROT-7b is an exoplanet that orbits the star COROT-7 in the constellation Monoceros, 489 light years from Earth.
It was first detected by the French-led COROT mission and reported in 2009. Until the announcement of Kepler-10b in January 2011, it was the smallest exoplanet to have its diameter measured, at 1.58 times that of the Earth which would give it a volume 3.95 times Earth's. It was the first potential extrasolar terrestrial planet to be found. The planet is also notable for its very short orbital period: it revolves around its host star in about 20 hours.
Ischaemia
In medicine, ischaemia is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted. This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body. It may also be spelled ischemia or ischæmia. It comes from the Greek words, isch- to restrict and hema or haema meaning blood.
Ramillies
Ramillies is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007, 5856 people lived there.
It is at 50° 38 North, 04° 54 East.
Jigsaw (2017 movie)
Jigsaw is a 2017 American horror movie directed by Michael and Peter Spierig and written by Josh Stolberg and Peter Goldfinger.
It stars Matt Passmore, Callum Keith Rennie, Clé Bennett, Hannah Emily Anderson, and Laura Vandervoort with Tobin Bell. It is the eighth installment in the Saw franchise. It takes place ten years after the death of the Jigsaw killer.
The movie was released in the United States on October 27, 2017. Despite negative reviews from critics, the movie was a commercial success, grossing $103 million worldwide against a $10 million budget.
Nudity
Nudity (or nakedness) is when a person is not wearing clothing.
Evolution explains why humans are basically hairless, but other primates have fur. During the many thousands of years of prehistory humans were naked because they lived where it was hot and humid. Before clothing, humans decorated their bodies with jewelry, paint, tattoos and scars. They made belts and bags to carry tools. They made masks and disguises to be less visible while hunting. Migrating out of Africa, people used the same crafts to make body coverings, not only to protect from cold but the dust and sun of the desert.
Humans wear decorations and clothes as nonverbal communication, showing both individuality and group membership. In the world today, there are widely different norms, or rules about nudity. Traditional Jewish, Christian, and Muslim peoples observe the greatest degree of modesty. They are never without clothes where anyone else can see, except for spouses or close relations of the same gender. Naturists believe social nudity is good for health and well-being. Naturism is a normal part of everyday life in the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Germany.
Other words for nudity
With so many ways of thinking about nudity, there are also many words to use. In English, nude and naked are often synonyms for being unclothed. However, there are different meanings in different contexts. Nude comes from Norman French. Naked is from Anglo-Saxon. Being naked may mean not being fully dressed. Stark naked means to have no clothes at all. Being nude is less about the physical facts, more about the social meanings. There are euphemisms for nudity that communicate these social meanings such as "birthday suit", "in the altogether" and "in the buff". Partial nudity is usually not covering parts of the body thought of as sexual. This includes the buttocks and the female breasts.
There are terms for nudity or partial nudity that happens in places lacking the usual amount of privacy. Functional nudity is when a person is nude by necessary, such as communal bathing or changing clothes in a locker room. A similar idea is called contextual nudity, that nudity may be normal only in a particular time and place, such as during medical treatment.
The Nude is used to talk about unclothed people in works of art. In 1956 art historian Kenneth Clark wrote a book "The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form" in which he says the nude in art is beautiful, but being naked in real life is embarrassing. In 1972 artist and art critic John Berger said almost the opposite, that the nude in art is voyeurism, but being naked in real life is to be ones true self.
Why humans lost their hair
The loss of body hair was one of a group of adaptations that are part of human evolution. Modern humans evolved in Africa from hunter-gatherers in terrain different from where hominins had lived before. There were fewer trees and more exposure to the sun. Sweat drying on bare skin cooled the body better when hunting for food, so less hairy hominins survived. Because the brain produces a lot of heat, better cooling the body favored an increase in brain size. Early humans had learned to make tools and weapons, those with larger brains made them better. In adapting to running and carrying weapons, humans became fully upright. Another push towards being upright was that mothers had to carry their babies, who no longer had fur to cling to. Being smarter and having their hands free, humans could also make better tools. Being upright also reduced sun exposure except for the top of the head, which remained covered with hair. Longer head hair also covered the shoulders. Skin became darker as protection from the sun.
Humans with modern bodies first existed between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago. They were large-brained, walked upright, had dark skin, and were naked. Modern human behaviors, such as making art, burying the dead and wearing clothes began at least 100,000 years later. These behaviors were the beginnings of human culture.
One of the earliest works of art known is the Venus of Willendorf, a small statuette of a nude woman. The face of the woman is not visible. The belly of the woman as well as her breasts are exaggerated. It is not known what the statuette meant to the people who made it, or what importance it had.
Prehistory of clothing
There are many unanswered questions about the prehistory of nudity and clothing, because little remains of the plant and animal materials used for clothing many thousands of years ago. What has been found are the stone and bones tools and some of the things made with them. An example is the shells with holes made to string into a necklace. Making string and a tool to make a small hole are some of the same technology needed to make clothing. Humans migrated out of Africa during periods of warmer weather. During the last ice age, clothing was needed to survive in some of these places. Close-fitting clothes that hold in the heat of the body could not be made until people had the tools needed. The first sewing needles were found with the remains of cro-magnon people who lived about 40,000 years ago.
Another way of dating the origin of clothing is based upon the genetic difference between human head lice and the lice that live in clothing. A study shows that wearing clothes most of the time may have begun between 83,000 years ago and 170,000 years ago. This could mean that the use of clothing began before migration out of Africa, allowing humans to do so.
Clothing has become the customary covering for humans, but not for everyone at all times. In prehistory, clothes were only worn most of the time when the weather was colder. Humans who remained in tropical places continued to be naked most of the time, and the hunter-gatherers of today do the same.
Before clothing, people had ornamented their bodies with jewelry, scarification, tattoos, and body painting. Different ornaments and clothing showed both individuality and group membership. More and better clothing and ornaments were worn by people in higher positions in society. For many thousands of years, humans lived in tribes of about 150 individuals. They rarely met strangers. When populations grew, people began living in contact with larger groups. They met others that they did not know. The difference between private and public space began. Clothing and ornamentation worn in public space became important to show others who they were and their place in society. In private space, which included only others they knew, people did not to wear clothing when it was not needed. They bathed, slept, and worked together naked.
Early civilization
At the end of prehistory, between 7 and 9 thousand years ago, people began to settled in one place, becoming the first civilizations. As civilizations became larger, clothing became more important to show social position. A Roman citizen wore a toga in public, but was nude at the public baths. Not dressing properly might be socially uncomfortable, but not shameful. Only members of the Abrahamic religions; Judaism, Christianity, and Islam believed that everyone feels shame about nudity and sex.
Early civilizations valued the naked body. Many made images of their deities as perfect humans without clothing. In Ancient Greek mythology, although male gods ruled, goddesses were the source of life. Gaia was mother of the titan Prometheus who created man out of mud, and the goddess Athena breathed life into his creation. The creation story of the Abrahamic religions begins with nudity as innocence that becomes shame with knowledge of good and evil. In present Western cultures, with both the Greek and Abrahamic history, nudity is thought of as shameful by some but by others as natural, innocent and beautiful.
In the earliest civilizations with warm climates, only people of high social position would be clothed at all times in public. The average person in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt owned a single piece of cloth that was wrapped or tied to cover the genitals. Both men and women would be bare-chested and barefooted. Herders, fisherman and others would be naked while doing work that was hot, dirty, or wet. Those of low social position and slaves might have no clothing. Children would be naked until about age 12. It was not until the New Kingdom of Egypt that upper-class women wore dresses and ornamentation which covered their breasts. This later clothing is often shown in movies and television as representing ancient Egypt in all periods.
Arrington
Arrington is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom.
Nudity
Early civilization
Many think the ancient Greeks were often nude, but public nudity was only for religious events. Most famous are the Ancient Olympics, at which the male athletes were nude. It was not until the 5th Century BCE that Spartan women were bare-chested or nude for sports.
In stories written in China as early as the fourth century BCE, nudity is an insult to human dignity. The belief was that "humanness" in Chinese society is earned by correct behavior.
Allegory
An allegory is a term for a figure of speech. It is a story or picture with a hidden meaning. The characters in allegories are symbols which represent particular ideas. The story has a figurative meaning, not just a literal one.
Nudity
Colonialism and racism
At first Islam had little influence beyond large towns. In other areas paganism continued. Traveling in Mali in the 1350s, Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta was shocked by the public nudity of female slaves and servants at the court of Sultans.
Allegory
Allegory is an example of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be a story in language. It may be something to look at, such as a painting or sculpture.
Nudity
Colonialism and racism
European explorers in the 17th century viewed the lack of clothing they found in Africa and Oceania as showing a lower state of nature. Although they admired the nudity of Greek statues, Indigenous nakedness made them feel superior. Colonizers valued nudity in art but thought nakedness in daily life was evidence of racial inferiority. Depictions of naked savages entered European popular culture in the 18th century in stories of tropical islands. Europeans focused on images of Pacific island woman with bare breasts.
Non-western peoples during the period were naked only by Western standards, the genitals and sometimes the entire lower body of adults were covered most of the time. However, lacking the idea of shame, clothing might be removed in public for useful or symbolic purposes. Children and sometimes women until marriage might be naked as having "nothing to hide". Indigenous peoples of North America also did not think of sexuality or nudity with shame. European colonizers became aware that Natives believed premarital and extramarital sex, homosexuality, and cross-dressing were normal. This furthered their efforts to convert Natives to Christianity. However, thinking of others as less than human could be used to justify conquest and removal.
Sexuality and gender
Gender differences in nudity are shown from the beginning of history. In the first civilizations, male gods and heroes were naked. Female deities and goddesses were nude or clothed, depending upon the religious meaning they represented. In Ancient Greek art and in life, the male nude was celebrated as in no other society. Male athletic nudity represented freedom, maleness, privilege, and physical virtues. In the later Hellenistic period, nude women began appearing on vases in passive activities, such as bathing. With the beginning of the Christian era, women's bodies became a threat to civilized behavior that must be covered. Male nudity was of lesser importance, and might be necessary for hard labor.
Allegory
Sometimes people say that stories have meanings which the author, in fact, did not intend. For instance, many people have suggested that The Lord of the Rings was an allegory for the World Wars, but, in fact, it was written well before the outbreak of World War II, and J.R.R. Tolkien said that it was not an allegory. In this way people sometimes change the author’s ideas. Sometimes they do it for their own political reasons.
Nudity
Female nudity
With the assumption of female modesty, more of the female body is covered than the male. However, it is only in modern times that nudity included the female breasts. Breasts were thought of first for feeding children, and were symbolic of loving kindness in many cultures. It was not until the 17th century in Europe that women always had to cover their breasts in public.
Aila Meriluoto
Aila Meriluoto (10 January 1924 – 21 October 2019) was a Finnish poet, writer and translator. She was born in Pieksämäki, Finland. She became  the most celebrated and widely read female poet of post-war Finland. The themes of her poems were art and femininity. In collection Pahat unet (1956) some of the poems have a free form. The next collection, Portaat, came five years later.
Petroleum jelly
Petroleum jelly, is a common household product sold in chemists (pharmacies). It comes in small flat tins as in the illustration.
Allegory
Examples
Allegory has been a favourite form in the literature of nearly every nation. It is often used as a way of criticizing things or people where it would not be possible to do so directly.
The Internship
The Internship is a 2013 American comedy movie. The movie is about two interns at Google. Vince Vaughn plays Billy McMahon. Owen Wilson plays Nick Campbell.
Portugal national under-19 football team
The Portugal national under-19 football team represents Portugal in international football at this age level and is controlled by Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, the governing body for Portuguese football.
Petroleum jelly
Although it is known as “Petroleum”, Petroleum Jelly is not made of Petroleum. Chemically, it is a gel mixture of hydrocarbons. It is used as an ointment to put on skin. It has antiseptic and healing properties.
Aila Meriluoto
In addition to poems, Meriluoto wrote novels, and books for young people. She has translated works by Harry Martinson, Rainer Maria Rilke, Shakespeare and Goethe.
The Internship
The reviews were mixed to negative. The movie was released in June 2013.
Allegory
Examples
Songs may also include allegories. "Waist Deep In The Big Muddy" tells a story of American soldiers in the 1800s, ordered by their commander to march into the Mississippi River, which they could never cross on foot. In truth, it told the story of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and being expected to do the white guy's bidding.
Tatsuya Murata
Tatsuya Murata (村田 達哉) is a former Japanese football player.
The Chain of Generations Center
The Chain of Generations Center (מרכז שרשרת הדורות - Merkaz Sharsheret HaDorot) is an "art museum" at the Western Wall Plaza in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem beside the Western Wall which dedicated to the Jewish people history in Glasses. the "Chain of Generations Center" special exhibitions is located in a tunnel that runs several underground spaces, including works sculpted glass, light games, smoke, sound, holograms and archeological finds are. the museum was opened in 2006.
Nudity
Female nudity
Women breastfeeding in public is the norm in many countries and is protected as a legal right. In others it is forbidden. In Western cultures where public breastfeeding is unregulated or legal, mothers might not do so because other people may object. Soon after his elevation, Pope Francis supported women's right to breastfeed in church.
Allegory
Examples
Allegories still continue to be popular today. Pictures, movies and plays can be allegories. William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies also has allegorical meaning. Star Trek used a great deal of allegory, to look at social conditions and moral values in the present, while telling stories based in the future. Alien races were often a reflection of Earth's own races and countries.
Allegorical artworks include Sandro Botticelli's La Primavera (Allegory of Spring) and Jan Vermeer's The Allegory of Painting.
Petroleum jelly
In origin it is an American product got from oil (petroleum). Its properties were first discovered by native Americans in Pennsylvania 1415–1450. Later it was refined by chemist Robert Chesebrough, who patented it in 1872. He opened his first factory in 1870 in Brooklyn using the trade name Vaseline.
Nudity
Male nudity
In Western countries, nudity was the norm in many male-only activities until the last decades of the 20th century. It was thought of as unmanly not to do so. This followed a long history of poor and working class men and boys taking off their clothes to go swimming in any river, pond, or lake. Women and girls either did not swim or were dressed because it was thought that they were more modest than men. When they were first built in the 1890s, men and boys swam nude in indoor pools. Swimmers were also required to take fully nude showers with soap before going in the pool. During women's weekly swim hours, one-piece suits were allowed and sometimes supplied by the facility to insure cleanliness; towels were also supplied. In the 1960s, women-only days were added. Some of the first indoor pools were built by the YMCA, with male nudity required.
Hastings
Hastings is a town on the coast of East Sussex in England. It is the administrative centre for the borough of the same name.
Nudity
Male nudity
At the same time, behavior in public beaches where women and men were together was very different. From 1860 to 1937 men in the US and UK wore bathing suits that covered the chest in places where women were present.
Hastings
Hastings gave its name to the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
Nudity
Private versus public
Each culture, or way of life of a group of people is unique. However, there are things that are shared by all humans but in different ways. Anthropology studies different cultures side by side, showing both what they have in common and how they differ. These common things and their differences are the dimensions of culture. An example is the value placed on individuals or groups. Some cultures place a high value on individuality, while other cultures place a high value on community. This is the cultureal dimension of individualism and collectivism. Cultures are usual somewhere between the two ends of a dimensiom.
In thinking about nudity, an important dimension of culture is private-public and the behavior that is normal in each.
People wear different amounts of clothing in private places than in public. Semi-public nudity may be necessary, such as when changing clothes or showering after work or exercise. Usual behavior when nude with others include respect for personal space and the separation of genders. In the 21st century, this everyday, non-sexual nudity has become uncomfortable. Changing ideas of gender and sexuality threaten the idea of separating the sexes. Digital photography threatens keeping any behavior private. At the same time, modern media contain more images of sexualized nudity. There are fewer ways to learn that nudity is not always sexual. There are fewer places to see ordinary people naked and learn what is normal.
Private nudity
People vary in their comfort with private nudity. A 2018 survey in the US found that 65% of millennials slept in the nude. Thirty-nine percent of baby boomers slept in the nude. In a 2014 UK survey, 51% of men and 31% of women felt comfortable nude. 26% of men and 17% of women walked about the house nude when no one else was home.
Body image is the thoughts and feelings of a person has about their own body. In Western cultures, women often want to be thinner, men more muscular. In non-western cultures, body image has a different meaning. In some societies people think of themselves as part of a group, not as individuals. Where getting enough food is a problem growing thinner is seen as unhealthy. Westernization of cultures has resulted in an increase in body dissatisfaction worldwide.
Tyler Honeycutt
Tyler Deon Honeycutt (July 15, 1990 – July 7, 2018) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Los Angeles, California.
Malvern College
Malvern College is a coeducational British public School, founded in 1865. It is in Malvern, Worcestershire.
Milk shake
A milk shake, or milkshake, is a cold drink made by mixing milk, ice cream, and sweet syrups like chocolate syrup. Usually a blender is used for the mixing. People usually drink milkshakes with a drinking straw and from a tall glass or cup.
1997 Qayen earthquake
The 1997 Qayen earthquake was a large earthquake that struck in Northern Iran's Khorasan Province on May 10, 1997. It was also known as the Quayen, Ardekul or Qaen earthquake. It was the largest in that area since 1990 and measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale. It was the third earthquake in 1997 that caused a lot of damage. It killed 1,567 people and injured over 2,300. It also left 50,000 homeless by damaging over 15,000 homes. There were 155 aftershocks that added to the damage, which was guessed to cost about $100 million.
Malvern College
Notable Old Malvernians
This is a short list:
Tyler Honeycutt
Honeycutt played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins. Honeycutt was selected by the Sacramento Kings in the second round of the 2011 NBA draft. He played for the Kings for two seasons and in 2013 moved to Europe, where he played for EuroLeague clubs Khimki and Anadolu Efes.
On the night of July 6, 2018, Honeycutt's mother called the police and reported that Honeycutt had been acting violently. When police arrived they found that he had blocked the entrance to his Sherman Oaks home before shooting at them. He was later found dead, aged 27, inside the house after shooting himself.
Milk shake
Comparison between smoothies and milkshakes
Milk shakes are similar to smoothies. Smoothies are a type of cold drink made with an electric blender. Smoothies are made with a liquid (either milk, fruit juice, or water), crushed ice or ice cubes, different fruits, and honey or maple syrup.
In popular culture
Milk shakes and other cold drinks such as "ice cream floats" (a scoop of ice cream placed in a glass of cola or other carbonated soda drink) or "malts" (a milk shake with malt powder added to it) were popular among teenagers in the 1950s. Teenagers would go to ice cream parlors and order cold drinks.
Tatsuya Murata
Club career statistics
202||5||18||1||20||0||240||6 202||5||18||1||20||0||240||6
Kashmiri people
There are about 7.1 million people speaking the Kashmiri language. About 6.7 million of them live in Jammu and Kashmir, and about 350,000 in Azad Kashmir and the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA) in Pakistan. Although all residents of Azad Kashmir call themselves 'Kashmiri', most residents of Azad Kashmir are not ethnic Kashmiris but rather a northern subgroup of Punjabis who speak a northern Punjabi dialect.
Nudity
Private nudity
Naturists have long claimed social nudity leads to a better body image. Naturism has not often been studied objectively, but psychologist Keon West of Goldsmiths, University of London found that social nudity reduced body anxiety and increased well-being. People with a poor body image improved after a nude social activity.
Illinois Confederacy
The Illinois Confederation or Illiniwek or Illini were a group of 12 to 13 tribes in the Northeastern Woodlands. They lived in the Mississippi River Valley. The five major tribes included the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa. The official language was the Miami-Illinois language. This was an Algonquian language. These Native peoples did hunting, fishing and agriculture. There was usually one Great Chief. They lived in wigwams and longhouses. The tribes had a maximum population of over 10,000. The population grew much smaller because of disease and colonization from European settlers. The tribes later regrouped as the Confederated Peoria. Today they live in Oklahoma.
Angina pectoris
Angina pectoris (angina of the heart) is pain which is due to ischaemia of the heart muscle. A common cause of angina pectoris is when the heart is working harder than normal e.g. during exercise.
Puddle of Mudd
Puddle of Mudd is an American rock band from Kansas City, Missouri. Puddle of Mudd has five members in the band; the current band members are Wes Scantlin, Paul Phillips, Doug Ardito, Shannon Boone and Dizzi Devereux.
Nudity
Family nudity
In research by Gordon and Schroeder many differences in parental nudity were found from family to family. According to them, "there is nothing (..) wrong with bathing with children or otherwise appearing naked in front of them". Bath time can be a chance for parents to teach children about their bodies and the bodies of others. They say that by ages five to six, children begin to become modest, and recommend being sensitive to their children's wishes. Barbara Bonner recommends against nudity in the home if children are showing troublesome sexual behaviour. In a 1995 Paul Okami found nothing negative in parental nudity. Three years later, his team found that, if anything, seeing parents nude had some good effects, especially for boys.
Semi-private nudity
Most of the places were people are nude with others are semi-private. Access is limited usually by gender (men or women only), by age (as in schools), or other factors. Most of the places for practicing naturism are semi-private, limited by membership or entry fee. There are both written rules and informal expectations that must be observed. When an entire society understands naturism, as in Germany, clothing-optional areas within public space become semi-private.
In places so isolated that there is little chance of being seen it has been understood to be safe for nudity. This includes "skinny dipping" in any body of water, and hiking in the wild. In the United States there is no law against nudity in national parks. When locations become a problem new laws have been passed.
Childhood nudity
Until recently, it was thought children had no sexual feelings, and that the nudity of children was innocent.
Very young children want to be nude, not only at home but where others can see. They touch their own bodies, and look at the bodies of others. This is part of growing up, with normal behavior at each age. Parents and caregivers need to understand these changes as normal to set boundaries on behavior without teaching shame. Signs of problems include children of very different age touching. Children need to be taught that it is never okay for an older person to touch some of their body parts. A 2018 study of Danish childcare found disagreement between caregivers who wanted to continue allowing normal childhood nudity and administrators who have begun to worry about charges of sexual abuse being made.
It is normal for children to be naked at home, including outdoors, when visitors are present. Parents who see nothing wrong with this may allow it, accepting that most children become more modest as they near puberty. In the United States other adults may not approve, creating problems. Problems include the nude child's playmates also removing their clothes, which the other parents might not want.
In northern Europe, children play outdoors nude in public parks and fountains. Travel writer Rick Steves writes "When the sun's out, Scandinavian parks are packed. ...American visitors will notice a lot of nudity — topless women and naked kids." In sub-Saharan Africa, it is normal for boys and girls in rural areas to play together nude until puberty.
The naturist point of view is that children are "nudists at heart" and that naturism provides the healthiest environment for growing up. Modern psychology agrees that children can benefit from an open environment where the bodies of others their own age of both sexes are not a mystery. However, there is less agreement regarding children and adults other than parents being nude together.
Until the 1990s in the United States, public swimming pools such as at the YMCA allowed parents to bring young children into the changing rooms. The children could see adults and other childen of either sex nude. There was sometimes no specific age limit for the children, but in some places up to age 6. Soon after, rules were changed allowing only same-sex use of changing rooms. At some places today, family changing rooms have been added.
Male nudity in swim class
In the United States, male nudity was required when indoor pools were first built at the end of the 19th century. Some were built by city governments, others by the YMCA. In the 20th century, schools began to build pools. Indoor pools were more common in northern states than in the south. Boys and girls had separate classes, so the boys swam nude while the girls usually wore suits. Male nudity was nationwide due to rules from public health organizations about indoor pools. Cleanliness of the pool water was given as the reason. Women's suits were made of cotton, which could be boiled to kill germs. Men's suits were made of wool, which would shrink if boiled. In the early years, fibers from wool suits clogging pool filters was also given as a reason. Bathing suits were allowed only for public competitions. Young boys might be nude while competing in public. Clothed girls and women sometimes attended boys' team practices. Women sometimes coached boy's teams. Male nudity continued until mixed-gender classes were allowed, and slowly stopped in the US when gender equality became law with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. In the 21st century, public male nude swimming is largely forgotten, or denied having ever existed.
Communal bathing
Bathing is known for its benefits to health and well-being. Many societies also bathe for purification before or after other activities. Nude bathing in natural hot springs, steam rooms, and sweat lodges have existed since the Stone Age, and are found worldwide. Public bathing is not always "open to the general public". There are fees, and rules that are understood before entry. Often there is separation by gender, but not always. In Japan, Finland and Germany, mixed gender bathing or using a sauna nude is a social activity. The Japanese idea of hadaka no tsukiai, or spending time together naked, means classmates, teammates, fellow employees, families or neighbors spend time together naked for social bonding. Usually, this is while bathing at a bathhouse or onsen. As the 21st century proceeds, fewer bathhouses in Japan are mixed gender. South Korean bathhouses (Jjimjilbang) have always been gender-segregated, but nudity is required. Although there may be local differences, in the United States, it is generally understood that nudity is not allowed in public saunas. This includes being wrapped only in a towel. Instead, the rules are only about what to wear, bathing suits or loose clothing. This is true even though most US saunas are in the single-sex areas.
Public nudity
In different counties and localities, public nudity is a matter of common understanding of proper behavior. More often, prohibitions regarding exposing the body are written into law. The basic prohibition is outlawing exposure of the genitals in public except where it is specifically allowed. The violation is often called indecent exposure or public indecency. Public exposure of breasts, or specifically the nipples, is often included in the legal definition. Most violations are considered minor, but may be serious crimes when there is intent to cause distress or harm to the person viewing the nudity. Serious crime is assumed when the target of the exposure is a child. Intent is difficult to establish, but is assumed when a single individual exposes their genitals suddenly to strangers in a public place. This is often called "flashing". Such exposure may be a sign of exhibitionism, a mental disorder marked by feelings of pleasure in exposing oneself.
Some counties permit nudity for recreation. People swim nude at "clothing optional" beaches. Often the beaches are public property owned by local or national government. It is not as common in the United States and Canada as in Europe. There are other types of nude recreation. There are some nude bicycle tours, and nude hiking. Nude hiking in the Alps is popular with German tourists. In 2009, Appenzell Innerrhoden, a small Swiss canton, voted to stop nude hiking, imposing a fine.
The brief public exposure of parts of the body as a form of expression has a long history. Running through a public area naked is called "streaking". Streaking was popular in the 1970s, and has become a tradition at a few university events. Exposing the buttocks or "mooning" an enemy before battle was recorded in ancient Rome.
Naturism
Naturism (or nudism) is a cultural and political movement which began at the end of the 19th century. Followers of this movement think that nudity, both in public as well as in private, has many benefits. Some naturist activists seek opening public recreation areas to nudity. Others groups practice naturism within privately owned camping grounds or resorts. Private places might only allow certain people to enter. It is common to only let families join, making for a safer environment for children.
The International Naturist Federation (INF) has members in forty countries. The INF definition of naturism is "Naturism is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for the environment." This definition has been basically the same since the INF began in 1974.
Nudity as protest
Some people use nudity as a form of direct protest, or to attract attention to a cause not related to nudity.
In the United States, a direct protest has been women seeking the same right to be bare-chested as men. Advocates call this "topfreedom" rather than being topless. In a few local cases, this has succeeded in changing laws to allow topfree sunbathing as non-sexual, but have failed to gain full equality with men.
When the city of San Francisco, California banned nudity after many years of allowing it, there were nude protesters.
Nudity as punishment
In any culture where being naked is shameful, being deprived of clothing can be used as punishment or torture. An example happened during the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the United States and its allies. Members of the United States Army Reserve tortured prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Photographs were circulated that showed prisoners nude and in degrading positions.
Cultural differences
Cultural differences are based upon thoughts and behaviors that operate below the level of awareness. Emotions about being nude or seeing others nude are one set of responses. People from another culture think only in terms of their own culture, and find it difficult to understand any other way of thinking. This occurs not only for distant cultures, but also those with much in common. Americans define privacy in terms of visual space. Private, or personal space means not being seen by others. Americans think anyone nude where they can be seen has "no reasonable expectation of privacy". Americans think seening someone nude in their own home through a window is "public indecency" subject to legal action.
For Europeans, privacy is defined by a personal sense of dignity that each individual carries with them. Europeans can keep this dignity while nude on a crowded beach. This sense of privacy comes from belief that nudity is not always sexual. Europeans have the shared norm that sunbathing and swimming are not sexual. They respect others privacy by not looking directly at anyone when they are naked.
Between Western and non-Western cultures, differences are greater. Many members of Western societies think that all humans feel shame when naked, or should. The unashamed behavior of children and indigenous peoples shows that shame is learned. Living in a climate perfectly suited to humans means growing up with few clothes or none, learning they have nothing to be ashamed of. Adults in these societies dress, but are nude when it make sense to them. Colonialism continues in other ways. Religious people seek to change other cultures to live according Western beliefs. Other western travelers visit tropical counties to see people living in what they think of as simple ways of the past.
In counties that follow Islamic law, modesty (Hijab) is demanded. There are five schools of Islamic law. In the least strict women in public must cover their bodies except hands and face. Clothing must also be loose and solid, showing nothing of the body. The belief is that men cannot control sexual thoughts when seeing any part of a woman's body. Rules of modesty include men, but they need only cover themselves from navel to knees. Not doing so may be thought badly of, but it is not a crime. In some Arabic countries, women wear the Niqāb, which also covers the face, leaving only a slit for the eyes. A woman's hands are also kept out of sight as much as possible. Worn mostly in Afghanistan, the burqa adds a screen over the slit, hiding the eyes. Being fully covered is based on a belief that women shoud never be seen in public. Muslim women who are against these rules may be imprisoned. In Iran, a woman not covering her hair correctly died while being held by "morality police", which was followed by months of protests against the government.
Some Christians have rules of dress close to Islam, but dresses need only reach below the knees and be very modest.
Africa
The cultures and peoples of Africa are divided between north and south by the Sahara desert. Humanity originated in Southern Africa.
North Africa is mainly desert, hot and dry. The indigenous clothing is light, loose fabric covering the entire body, protecting it from sun and blowing sand, but allowing for cooling breezes. This style of dress has not changed for thousands of years. Most of the peoples in the region are Muslim. The style of dress also matches the Islamic rules of modesty.
Sub-Saharan Africa is more varied in climate. Present day clothing is highly influenced by colonialism, both Christian and Islamic. Islamic counties in the south, Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania observe the rules of modesty.
Dressing Africans in European clothes to cover their nakedness was part of converting them to Christianity. In Christian countries today, European dress is normal in cities. Indigenous styles have been adapted for Western modesty, especially for women.
In rural areas, some tribes continue to be nude according to tradition. Some tribes are returning to pre-colonial dress for some events. In certain Togolese tribal areas, it is common for big families to not wear any clothes at all for certain festivities. Others do not wear any clothes below the waist. This makes it possible for young men to see women and girls whom they may marry. Stick-fighting tournaments are very popular places to do this. The Ugandan Kavirondo tribes are a mix of Bantu and Nilotic immigrants. Traditionally, they went mostly naked. Over time, the men began wearing clothing similar to men in western culture.
Asia
In much of Asia, traditional clothing covers as much of the body as in Europe. However, the emotion felt in being improperly dressed is social embarrassment, not shame about sex.
The mixed gender bathing culture of Japan is not thought of as public nudity, but private in the context of a communal culture. In world surveys of how likely people are to be nude on a beach, Japan is lowest at 4%. During the Meiji era (1868–1912) there had been attempts to eliminate Japan's normal states of undress due to leader's concerned with Japan's international reputation. Although often ignored, the law against public undress had the effect of sexualizing the body where it had not been erotic.
In India, some members of the Hindu and Jain religions reject all worldly possessions, including clothing.
European history
For a thousand years after the fall of the Roman Empire, proper behavior in Europe was defined by the Catholic Church. The church disapproved of sexual behavior outside of marriage, but was more tolerant of nudity than other Abrahamic religions. Sexual segregation was expected, but not required. Everyone other than the upper classes lived in close quarters and had more tolerance for functional nudity, sleeping and bathing without privacy. Until the Carolingian era Christians were baptized naked to show that they emerged without sin. Small groups of Christians held worship services in the nude, reclaiming the innocence of man before the fall.