cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Creation and popularization of stereotypes
In the 1960s and '70s, the Black Power and Black Arts Movements strongly criticized the book. They said that the character of Uncle Tom was a part of "race betrayal". They said that Tom made slaves look worse than slave owners. Criticisms of the other stereotypes in the book also increased during this time.
However, people such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have begun studying Uncle Tom's Cabin again. He says that the book is a "central document in American race relations and a significant (important) moral and political exploration of the character of those relations."
Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is a kind of child abuse when an adult or someone else with power (can also be a minor of any age) makes a child do any kind of sexual activities. In most cases, the position of power is important. The child is either unwilling or unable to consent. Children below the age of consent are unable to consent. In some cases activities such as kissing and hugging may be included.
Sexual abuse does emotional harm to children. Some of the effects do not show right away, and appear when the child has grown up. These effects can include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, a higher chance of later abuse, and physical injury. Suicide is one of the effects with victims being six times more likely to commit suicide and eight times more likely to attempt suicide over and over again throughout their lives.
There are different types of offenders. When a child is sexually abused by a family member, it is called "incest," and causes even more serious long-term psychological trauma than abuse by a stranger, especially when the incest is done by a parent. Child sexual abuse may be committed by pedophiles (adults who are sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children) or by people who are not pedophiles; there are different reports on the number who are or are not pedophiles.
Child sexual abuse is not rare. Around a quarter of all women and a tenth of all men were sexually abused when they were children. Different places in the world have different rates of child sexual abuse. Disabled children are more likely to be sexually abused than non-disabled children. For most children who are sexually abused, the person who abused them is somebody that they know. Around a third of child sexual abuse is by a relative of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins. Only around a tenth of child sexual abuse cases were abused by strangers, and the rest are other people whom the child knows such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors. Men are the offenders in most child sexual abuse; women are the offenders in around 10% of the cases.
Colossal squid
The colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, is the biggest squid in the world, 9–10 metres (30–33 feet) long.
The colossal squid is bigger than a giant squid. Its body is reddish brown and it lives up to 2000m below the surface of the Southern Ocean. It is the main food eaten by sperm whales. The colossal squid has ammonium chloride in its body, so it tastes bad for humans.
It is believed to feed on prey such as chaetognatha, large fish like the Patagonian toothfish and other squid in the deep ocean using bioluminescence.
The colossal squid is thought to have a slow metabolic rate, requiring only around 30 g of prey daily. Estimates of its energetic demands suggest that it is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes primarily for predator detection rather than active hunting.
Cynewulf of Wessex
Cynewulf († 786) was a West Saxon nobleman, a member of the West Saxon witan, and was King of Wessex from 757 until his death in 786.
Colossal squid
The eye is 27 cm (10.63 in) wide, with a lens 12 cm across. This is the largest eye of any known animal. These measurements are of the partly collapsed specimen: when living the eye was probably 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across.
Cynewulf of Wessex
Career
Cynewulf was a member of the West Saxon witan. He led that council in expelling Sigeberht. Cynewulf was elected by the witan to rule Wessex in place of Sigeberht. He attested a charter at the court of King Æthelbald of Mercia. The charter was for Cynewulf to grant land to an abbot in Wiltshire. This indicates Wessex was still a dependency of Mercia. Æthelbald died a few months later. Taking advantage of this Cynewulf took back lands he lost in Berkshire and Wiltshire. Cynewulf was occupied during much of his reign in wars against the Welsh of Dumnonia. He was never able to conqueror Cornwall however. In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by Offa of Mercia at the Battle of Bensington. and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also London. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf became subject to Offa (as his successor, Beorhtric was).
Colossal squid
The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is displaying this specimen in an exhibition which opened in 2008. A website on the squid specimen is also available.
Cynewulf of Wessex
Career
In 786 Cynewulf was surprised and killed by Cyneheard, the brother of the deposed king Sigeberht. The entry for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 784 (actual date 786) was: "This year Cyneheard slew [killed] king Cenewulf, and he was there slain, and eighty-four men with him; then Beorhtric succeeded to the kingdom of the West Saxons..." Cynewulf had a long reign of twenty-nine years. He died leaving no heirs.
Empire State Building
History
Designed by the architects named Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates, it was built at a time when many people were trying to make the world's tallest building, but the Empire State Building won. The old Waldorf-Astoria Hotel was destroyed so that the Empire State Building could be built. The Empire State Building was completed in 410 days. It opened on May 1, 1931, when United States President Herbert Hoover pushed a button in Washington, D.C. to turn on the lights. The Empire State Building's design was based on the 21-story Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem, built in 1929. In the 1930s, the Empire State Building was called the "Empty State Building" because not many people worked in the building.
The Empire State Building became the tallest building in New York City and the world until the first World Trade Center towers passed it in 1970. When these towers were brought down in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in New York. It stopped being New York's tallest building in 2012 when the new One World Trade Center was built.
On January 24, 2000, an elevator cable snapped, causing one of the building's elevators to crash from the 44th floor, stopping on the 4th floor. Both passengers in the elevator were only slightly injured.
Building design
The Empire State Building is at 350 Fifth Avenue. The building has its own ZIP code, 10118. There is a big Art Deco lobby with shops at Fifth Avenue. People can also go to a lobby on 34th Street. The Empire State Building has 73 elevators.
The 80th, 86th, and 102nd floors have places where people can look at the city from high above. There is a steel mast on the top of the Empire State Building. The builders wanted to have an airship station on the roof, but the station was not opened. Today, people cannot go to the mast. The mast has a radio transmitter. The Empire State Building also lights up at night.
Blake Griffin
Blake Austin Griffin (born March 16, 1989) is an American basketball player. He is a power forward for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Griffin played college basketball for two years at the University of Oklahoma, then decided to enter the NBA Draft.
NBA career
In the 2009 NBA Draft, the Clippers chose him with the first pick. However, Griffin broke a kneecap during the preseason and missed the entire 2009-2010 season. He finally played his first regular season NBA game on October 27, 2010. Griffin scored 20 points and had 14 rebounds, although the Clippers lost to the Portland Trail Blazers, 98-88.
Griffin quickly became known as a hard working player and a good dunker. He was chosen to be in the slam dunk contest during the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, and was also chosen to play in the 2011 NBA All-Star Game.
List of Austria Twenty20 International cricketers
This is a list of Austrian Twenty20 International cricketers.
List of players
Statistics are correct as of 12 June 2022.
Note: The following match includes one or more missing catchers in the Cricinfo scorecard and hence statistics (as of 1 September 2019):
Cyclopia
Cyclopia (also called cyclocephaly or synophthalmia) is a birth defect. Cyclopia is characterized by a failure of the prosencephalon to separate the two orbits (eyes). This leads to the formation of a central deformed eye and an absence of a nasal cavity. It causes can be either genetic, or as a result of an exposure to poisons. The term "cyclopia" comes from Cyclops, a giant one-eyed creature the Greek Greek mythology.
Babies with Cyclopia rarely live longer than one day.
Evaporating dish
An evaporating dish is used to evaporate solutions - that is, to turn them from a liquid state into a gaseous (gas) state. They are often made from ceramics.
Gösgen District
Gösgen is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the northeast of the canton.
Gösgen contains the following municipalities:
Gloria Mange
Gloria Mange (18 June 1931 – 8 July 2023) was a Mexican movie actress. She was a known actress during the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. She was born in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. Her best known roles were in Primero soy mexicano (1950), What Has That Woman Done to You? (1951), If I Were a Congressman (1952) and in The Unknown Mariachi (1953).
Dakota City, Iowa
Dakota City is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Dallas Center, Iowa
Dallas Center is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Gnadenwald
Gnadenwald is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Glen Doherty
Glen Anthony Doherty (July 10, 1970 - September 11, 2012) was an American writer and security officer. He died in the 2012 U.S. diplomatic missions attacks in Benghazi, Libya.
Doherty was born in Winchester, Massachusetts, and studied at Winchester High School.
Andrew Chan
Andrew Chan (12 January 1984 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen convicted and executed in Indonesia for drug smuggling.
On 27 April 2015, Chan married his Indonesian fiancee Febyanti Herewila.
Stanley B. Prusiner
Stanley Benjamin Prusiner (born May 28, 1942) is an American neurologist and biochemist. Prusiner currently works at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) as a the director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Prusiner won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997 "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection". He also won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1994.
Ciudad Obregón
Ciudad Obregón is the second largest city in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. It is located 525 km south of the state's northern border with the U.S. state of Arizona.
Twin towns — Sister cities
Ciudad Obregón is twinned with:
Gini coefficient
The Gini coefficient (also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio) is a measure of differences in income. It was developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912.
Definition
The Gini coefficient is usually a number between 0 and 1 (or 0 to 100). 0 means a country where the income is equally distributed. On the other hand, 1 means that one person owns everything but the rest owns nothing. In reality, all scores are between 0.25 and 0.6 (between 25 and 60 on the 0 to 100 scale).
Statistics
The table below is about the world Gini coefficient (not by single countries).
The table below shows the income Gini coefficient of the United States from 1947 to 2009.
The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser
The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser is the sixth studio album by Rob Zombie. It is a heavy metal album. It was released on April 29, 2016.
Hurricane Edouard (1996)
Hurricane Edouard was the strongest hurricane in 1996. Its winds reached 145 miles an hour. Edouard was at major hurricane status for around eight days. The storm was originally forecast to slam the Northeastern United States. It was much less severe there.
Snap!
Snap! is an electronic music group created by German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti.
Hurricane Edouard (1996)
Edouard generated strong waves that killed two people on the coastal shore of New Jersey. The southeast coast of Massachusetts received minor hurricane force winds that caused minimal damage on Nantucket Island.
The name Edouard was not retired due to lack of serious damage. The name was used again in the 2002, 2008 and 2014 Atlantic hurricane seasons, and will be again during 2020.
Das Lied von der Erde
Das Lied von der Erde is a piece of music and symphonic song cycle. It was written by Gustav Mahler in 1908-1909 as a symphony with sonata form. It is a large work of six separate songs for two voices and orchestra. It is based on Hans Bethge's The Chinese Flute, an anthology of ancient Chinese poetry. It was first performed on November 20, 1911 in Munich.
Triunfo del amor
Triunfo del amor (Triumph of Love) is a Mexican telenovela. It aired from October 25, 2010 to June 26, 2011. It is produced by Televisa.
Ted Goulait
Theodore Lee "Ted" Goulait (August 12, 1889 – July 15, 1936) was an American baseball pitcher. He played one Major League Baseball match for the New York Giants in September 1912. He also played for many other teams in minor league competitions such as the Marion Diggers, the Springfield Reapers, the Toronto Maple Leafs, the Wilkes-Barre Barons and the Memphis Chicks. He was born in St. Clair, Michigan.
Antidote
An antidote is a chemical or medicine that will reverse the effects of some poisons. An antidote will make some or all of the effects of the poison go away.
Each antidote only works for certain poisons.
Not every poison has an antidote. For example, the poison aconitine has no known antidote. Aconitine is a very poisonous toxin that comes from the Aconitum plant. If enough of the poison enters a person's body, the person often dies.
Activated charcoal
Activated charcoal can be used as an antidote for many poisons, but only poisons that were swallowed. For example, activated charcoal can be used for some drug overdoses, and for some poisonings. The charcoal attaches to the poison and keeps it from being taken into the bloodstream through the stomach.
Activated charcoal will not work for every kind of poison. For example, it will not work for alcohol, strong acids, and products made of petroleum (like paint thinner and fuel oil).
Antivenoms
Antivenoms will fight the poisonous effects of bites from venomous animals (animals that make venom), like some snakes and spiders. To create some antivenoms, a little bit of venom is injected into an animal, like a horse. That animal's immune system will create antibodies which signal other cells in the immune system to destroy the venom. Then, those antibodies can be taken out of the animal's blood to make an antivenom. Then, when that antivenom is given to a person who has been poisoned by that venom, the person's immune system will already "know" to kill the venom.
Atropine
There is a product called DuoDote that combines atropine with a medicine called pralidoxime chloride (also called 2-PAM). Both medicines are antidotes against some insecticides and nerve gases. DuoDote is given by injection (through a needle into the thigh muscle). It comes in an auto-injector, which looks like a large pen. When its safety cap is taken off and the auto-injector is pushed against the thigh, it will automatically send the needle into the thigh and deliver the medicines. DuoDote is not carried on many ambulances, but some special teams that specialize in treating poisons carry them.
Cyanide antidotes
There are a few different antidotes to cyanide. Some of them need to be given together in order to work.
Often, the first thing that medical professionals will do for cyanide poisoning is to give amyl nitrate or sodium nitrate. These work by making the cyanide attach (stick) to a chemical called methemoglobulin. When it is stuck to methemoglobulin, cyanide is not as dangerous. However, methemoglobulin will only stick to cyanide for a while. Eventually, it will not stick any more. This is why another medicine is needed.
Some ambulances carry cyanide antidote kits for firefighters who have breathed in too much smoke. (Smoke from a fire has cyanide in it.) These antidote kits are auto-injectors like the DuoDote.
Ethanol
Ethanol also works as an antidote for methanol poisoning. Methanol is sometimes called "wood alcohol." It is also used in antifreeze, fuel, and solvents. People can get methanol poisoning accidentally by getting methanol on their skin or breathing it in. Methanol is also poisonous if it is drunk.
Clark County, Idaho
Clark County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, 982 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Dubois.
Antidote
Naloxone (Narcan)
Naloxone is an antidote for overdoses on opiates, like heroin, oxycodone (OxyContin), and other prescribed painkillers. The most common brand name for the naloxone antidote is Narcan.
Opiates cause changes in the body by sticking to special opiate receptors (like landing spots) in the brain. If they are not attached to these receptors, they cannot cause any changes in the body. Naloxone works by pushing the opiates off their landing spots. Narcan sticks to those landing spots instead and keeps opiates from attaching to them.
Naloxone should not be confused with naltrexone, which is a different medicine.
Oxygen
HBOT is done in a special tube or room that can handle high pressures (called a hyperbaric chamber). 100% pure oxygen is sent into the room for the patient to breathe. However, the air pressure is increased to three times more than the normal air pressure. This helps the lungs get more oxygen than they could if the patient were breathing at normal air pressure. It also makes it easier for the blood to carry more oxygen to the entire body.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is an antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) poisoning. Warfarin is a medicine which makes the blood thinner. It is used to prevent blood clots. However, if a person is given too much warfarin, their blood can get too thin. When the blood is too thin, it cannot clot. This can cause serious bleeding problems.
The blood needs vitamin K to be able to clot. When a person has warfarin poisoning, giving them vitamin K can make their blood able to clot again.
It takes vitamin K four to six hours to reverse warfarin poisoning. Because of this, if a person with warfarin poisoning is bleeding, doctors may also give fresh frozen plasma. This will work more quickly to make the blood less thin.
Götzens
Götzens is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Caldecott MRT station
Caldecott MRT station (CC17/TE9) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange between the Circle line and Thomson–East Coast line. It is located in Toa Payoh, Singapore.
History
When the Circle line was planned, this station was planned to be an empty station, to be opened only when the area are more developed. It was only announced quite later that this station will open other stations of Stage 4 on 11 January 2007, and the station name was renamed to "Caldecott". The station opened on 8 October 2011.
Starting from 2021, Caldecott station became an interchange station with the Thomson–East Coast line and serves as the terminus from 2021 to 2022, where it would be replaced by Gardens by the Bay as the Stage 3 of the line opens.
Hoover Dam
The Hoover Dam is a large dam on the Colorado River. It is on the border of the states of Arizona and Nevada. The reservoir it made is called Lake Mead. The dam is named after the former US President Herbert Hoover. At first it was called "Boulder Dam", but the name was changed to honor Hoover, who was president when the idea of building the dam started.
Caldecott MRT station
Civil Defence shelter
Caldecott CCL station is one of eleven stations along the Circle line designated as Civil Defence (CD) shelters, which will be activated in times of national emergency. Apart from reinforced construction, the stations are designed and equipped with facilities to ensure the shelter environment is tolerable for people.
Richard Ramirez
Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramirez, known as Richard Ramirez or The Night Stalker (February 29, 1960 – June 7, 2013) was an American serial killer, and burglar who died while awaiting execution on California's death row. He killed 13 people, tried to kill 5 people,and burglarized 14 buildings. It is thought that there are most likely more kills undiscovered. He was captured on August 31, 1985, after a photo of him was released to the press. He was standing by a corner store when he was spotted by multiple locals, chased and beat until police arrived at the scene.
Early life
Ramirez was born on February 29, 1960 in El Paso, Texas. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. He had a harsh upbringing, experiencing multiple tragedies, among other things.
Personal life
In 1996, Ramirez married Doreen Lioy when he was in prison.
Death
Ramirez died of lymphoma at Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae, California on the morning of June 7, 2013. He was 53 years old. At the time of his death, Ramirez had been on death row for more than 23 years, awaiting execution by the state of California.
Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles
Gonçalo Pereira Ribeiro Telles (24 May 1922 – 11 November 2020) was a Portuguese politician and landscape architect. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal. He was the Minister for Quality of Life from 1981 to 1983 during the António Ramalho Eanes presidency. He was the founder of the political parties People's Monarchist Party and Movimento Partido da Terra.
Ribeiro Telles died on 11 November 2020 in Lisbon at the age of 98.
Jeff Flake
Jeffry Lane Flake (born December 31, 1962) is an American politician. Flake is the United States Ambassador to Turkey since 2022. He was the United States Senator from Arizona. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the Senate from January 3, 2013 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013.
Flake was born on December 31, 1962 in Snowflake, Arizona. He graduated from the Brigham Young University. He is married to Cheryl. They have five children.
James Morrison
James Morrison, born November 11, 1962, is famous Australian jazz musician. He has played with people such as B. B. King and Ray Charles.
He was born Boorowa, New South Wales. He started playing trumpet at the age seven. He also plays trombone, euphonium, flugel horn, tuba, saxophones, and piano. In 1979, aged 16, he performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, and graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music the next year. He was given the Mo Award, for the Australian Performer of the Year in 1990. In 2000 he played the opening fanfare for the Sydney Olympic Games.
Forth and Clyde Canal
The Forth and Clyde Canal opened in 1790. It is is 35 miles (56 km) long. It provided a route for boats to go between Edinburgh on the Firth of Forth to Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde at the narrowest part of the Scottish Lowlands. As the boats grew bigger and the railways were developed it was slowly abandoned. In 1967 the part through Grangemouth was drained and filled in.
Dana, Iowa
Dana is a city in Greene County, Iowa, United States.
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann Hollweg (November 29, 1856 in Hohenfinow (nowadays in Brandenburg) - January 1, 1921 in the same place) was a German independent politician. He was Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler) of the German Empire during the greatest part of World War I.
Von Bethmann Holweg studied law at the University of Strasbourg, Leipzig University and the Humboldt-University of Berlin. He started working in the civil service of Prussia in 1882. He became president of the Province of Brandenburg in 1899. He was twice Minister of the Interior: of Prussia from 1905 to 1907, and of the German Empire from 1907 to 1909. He was also Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1907 to 1909.
He became Reich Chancellor in July 1909, succeeding Bernhard von Bülow. Before the war he tried in vain to improve relations with the United Kingdom. During the war he unsuccessfully opposed the launching of the U-boat warfare without any restrictions in March 1917. Because of peace efforts of the Reichstag he resigned in July 1917, and was succeeded by Georg Michaelis.
After the war he wrote his memoirs. Von Bethmann Hollweg died of pneumonia at the age of 64.
Volodymyr Ivasyuk
Volodymyr Mykhailovych Ivasyuk (March 4, 1949 – May 18, 1979) - was an iconic Ukrainian songwriter, composer and poet. He is the author and composer of the widely popular song "Chervona Ruta" popularized by Sofia Rotaru in 1971, and later covered by other singers.
Ivasyuk was born in the city of Kitsman, Chernivtsi Oblast, on March 4, 1949. His father Mykhaylo Ivasyuk was a well-known writer from Bukovyna.
Hurricane Lili (1996)
Hurricane Lili of 1996 was an intense storm. It caused over $662 million in damage and killed 22 people. It caused much damage in Central America, Cuba, Bahamas and United Kingdom. It also brushed southwestern Florida, but damage there was minimal. Winds of Lili peaked at 115 mph. Despite the heavy damage, the name Lili was not discontinued (retired) in the Spring of 1997.
Bucharest Botanical Garden
The first botanical garden in Bucharest was founded in 1860 near the Medicine Faculty by Carol Davila. Its first director was the botanist Ulrich Hoffmann, followed six years later by Dimitrie Grecescu. The garden was eventually moved to its current location in 1884 by Dimitrie Brândză, a Romanian botanist, and Fuchs, a Belgian landscape architect. The gardens were opened in 1891, when the building of the greenhouses finished. The garden was damaged during World War I, when it was used by the German occupation troops, and during World War II when it was hit by Anglo-American bombardments.
In the Garden there is a Botanical Museum in a building of the Brâncovenesc style, located near the entrance gate, where more than 5,000 plant species are displayed, including 1,000 exotic plants.
Felanitx
Felanitx is on the east side of Majorca close to Porto Colom on the coast. It is 48 km from Palma. It is the centre of a very touristic area (there are more than 2.300 hotel rooms), especially in summer. There are 17,000 inhabitants.
It is the home town of the famous painter Miquel Barceló, who has just worked in the cathedral of Palma.
Charles Corver
Charles George Reinier Corver (16 January 1936 – 10 November 2020) was a Dutch football referee.
Corver was born in Leiden and died in Leidschendam at the age of 84.
La Mirada, California
La Mirada is a city in Los Angeles County, California United States. The population was 48,008 at the 2020 census.
Graham Cowdrey
Graham Robert Cowdrey (27 June 1964 – 10 November 2020) was an English cricketer.
He was the third son of the cricketer Colin Cowdrey. He was born in Farnborough in 1964 and educated at Wellesley House and Tonbridge School.
He played for Kent County Cricket Club as an attacking batsman in first-class and List A cricket from 1984 to 1998.
Cowdrey worked as a Cricket Liaison Officer for the England and Wales Cricket Board.
The Fold
The Fold is a music rock band in Chicago, Illinois. Its genre is alternative rock. It is known for making "The Weekend Whip", which is the main theme song for Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu. The band's vocal leader is Daniel Castady. It has 4 other members. They also released the album called 'Secrets Keep You Sick' in 2007.
Danbury, Iowa
Danbury is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Barriers to entry
In economics, barriers to entry (also known as barrier to entry) refers to the things that makes it difficult for a firm or a person to enter a market. These are called obstacles and makes it harder for a firm or a person to enter a market. Examples of barriers to entry include government regulation for firms and the need for a certain level of education for a person.
Definition
While the general definition of barriers to entry refers to the obstacles that makes it difficult for a firm or a person to enter a market, there are certain differences in the definitions given by economists as given below.
Hook echo
A hook echo is a hook shape seen on a weather radar of some supercell thunderstorms. It is produced by rain, hail, or even debris wrapping around the thunderstorm. A hook echo is a sign that a tornado has formed or is forming. If a hook echo is seen on radar, the National Weather Service may issue a tornado warning.
Hadesarchaea
Name
Hadesarchaea were first called the South-African Gold Mine Miscellaneous Euryarchaeal Group (SAGMEG) because they were found in a gold mine in South Africa. They were renamed Hadesarchaea in 2016  (Hades was the Greek god who ruled the land of the dead).
Genome
Scientists believe Hadesarchaea came from an ancestor that used methane as food.
Ecology
The first Hadesarchaea that people found were in a mine in South Africa about 3 km (2 mi) under the surface of the Earth. They do not need oxygen or light to live. They were later also found in the White Oak River estuary in North Carolina, a place where a river meets the ocean, and in Yellowstone National Park's Lower Culex Basin. These areas are hot, 70 °C (158 °F), and are so alkaline that they would destroy most living things. Other scientists looked through the soil near old mines in East Harz, Germany and think they may have found pieces of 16S rRNA that could be from Hadesarchaea or their close relatives.
Gries am Brenner
Gries am Brenner is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Bumblebee
Bumblebees or bumble bees, or humble bees) are a group of social and semi-social bees, of the genus Bombus. The genus contains about 250 different species, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. They can also be found in New Zealand and Tasmania. They occur practically everywhere on the Eurasian landmass.
Most bumblebees live in small groups, which generally last only for a year (though the queen lasts longer). They collect pollen as protein for their young, and themselves eat nectar. They are extremely hairy, with a covering of soft hairs called a pile. It is the female worker bee which one sees out collecting pollen. The pollen is packed into two "baskets" on its hind, very noticeable when full. The baskets are just hairs specially adapted for this function.
Most of them have the same social structure as honey bees do, there is a queen, and there are workers and drones. The usual size of a colony is under 50 members, though some tropical species live in larger colonies.
Bumblebees carry aposematic warning colours, usually some combination of black, red, yellow and white. This is the usual Müllerian mimicry found in bees and wasps. Bumblebees are extremely hairy, and that also is a defence against birds. Young birds, particularly, find them difficult to handle. Some birds are regular predators of bumblebees: the great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor) and the bee-eaters for example.
Life cycle
Fertilised queens overwinter in a dormant state. They start a nest in the Spring. The nests are smaller, usually much smaller, than those of hive bees. The queen stores sperm from her mating, and can decide whether or not to fertilise an egg as it comes down the oviduct to the vagina. The females are diploid, the males are haploid. This is the common method of sex determination throughout the Hymenoptera.
Only fertilised eggs grow into females, unfertilised ones grow into males. To develop, the larvae are fed both nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein.
Queens suppress their female workers egg-laying by aggression and pheromones, until late in the season, when the workers do start to lay eggs. The eggs develop into males (drones) if they are not fertilised (haploid), and females if they are diploid.
Thus the queen will be the mother of all the first males. New queens (those fertilised eggs which are fed on nutritious food) and males leave the colony when they are mature. They mate and the new queens search for a place to overwinter. Then they are dormant over the winter period, starting a new nest in the Spring. That completes the cycle. The queens live a number of years. The workers (unfertilized females) live about a season. Drones live away from the hive(s). Queens do not mate with drones from their own hive.
Bumblebees can fly very high. In 2014, National Geographic said bumblebees can fly higher than Mount Everest.
Nest size
Nest size according to the species is between 50 and 400 individuals. Colonies have been fiund as small as ~20 individuals and as large as 1700. These nests are small compared to honeybee hives, which hold about 50,000 bees.
Nest types
Many species nest underground in old rodent burrows or sheltered places. They avoid direct sunlight, where nests might overheat. Other species make nests above ground, whether in thick grass or in holes in trees. Stone-boring bees are found in limestone walls and cliffs, and sand borers are found in compact sand cliffs.
A bumblebee nest is not organised into hexagonal combs like that of a honeybee; the cells are instead clustered together untidily. The workers remove dead bees or larvae from the nest and deposit them outside the nest entrance, helping to prevent disease. Nests in temperate regions last only for a single season and do not survive the winter.
Parasitic bees
About ten species are called cuckoo bumblebees. These are nest parasites: they specialize in invading and taking over the nests of other bumblebees. In these species, there are no workers. Once such an animal has invaded a nest, it will force the workers to feed it and its offspring. Once the offspring are ready, they will leave the hive, to mate and take over other hives.
Sting
All bumblebees have a sting, as hive bees do. However, the bumblebee sting does not damage it when used, and they can sting several times. However, they rarely do sting, unless really threatened.
Bumblebees in England
The BBC has made a number of field reports for its regular Naturewatch and Spring watch programs. The short film clips have information on:
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB) (Reporters Sans Frontières or RSF, Reporteros Sin Fronteras or RSF, Reporter ohne Grenzen or ROG) is an international non-governmental organization. Its headquarters is located in Paris. The organization was founded in 1985.
Stated purpose
The official website of the organization says that Reporters Without Borders:
Accusations
Accusations have been made by Diana Barahona, who sends stories to Counterpunch website. She claims that RWB takes sides. They take sides especially when they publish news on Cuba. She says that on its press freedom index, Reporters Without Borders gives Cuba a lower ranking than countries like Colombia, Peru and Mexico where she claims reporters are routinely killed. She claims the U.S. State Department has donated to RWB. She claims that the organization has links with the International Republican Institute (IRI), which she claims is an arm of the Republican Party. She claims that IRI funding opposition leaders of Hugo Chávez and Jean-Bertrand Aristide in close connection with CIA. She claims RWB's trustworthiness is questionable.
Rosa de Castilla
María Victoria Ledesma Cuevas (30 May 1931 – 1 August 2022), known by her stage name Rosa de Castilla, was a Mexican singer and actress. She was known as one of the great folkloric leading ladies of the "golden age" of Mexican cinema. She was born in Encarnación de Díaz, Jalisco.
Her best known roles were in Yo... el aventurero (1959), Dos corazones y un cielo (1959), and Héroe a la fuerza (1964). Her career began in 1952.
Castilla died on 1 August 2022 at the age of 91.
Danville, Iowa
Danville is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Michel Aoun
Michel Aoun (ميشال نعيم عون, ; born 18 February 1935) is a Lebanese politician. He is the 17th and current President of Lebanon. He was elected president on 31 October 2016 on the 46th electoral session of the Lebanese parliament, breaking a 29-month deadlock. He is a Maronite Christian and the founder of the Free Patriotic Movement.
Neira Ortiz Ruiz
Neira Ortiz Ruiz (born 6 July 1993 in San Juan) is a Puerto Rican female volleyball player. She was part of the Puerto Rico women's national volleyball team at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. She played for University of Colorado's women's volleyball team.
1888 Umeå fire
The 1888 Umeå Fire (branden i Umeå 1888) was a fire in the town of Umeå in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. When the town was rebuilt, stone houses became more common than wooden houses. Birchtrees were planted between the streets. This was because birchtrees are thought to not catch fire so easy. This has led to Umeå becoming known as the "town of birchtrees" (Björkarnas stad). The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Sundsvall.
Hedge
A hedge or hedgerow is a close-knit row of shrubs and sometimes tree species. They were usually planted and "trained" to form a barrier. They marked the boundary of an area, and so were a sign of possession.
Dino da Costa
Dino Da Costa (1 August 1931 – 10 November 2020) was a Brazilian-born Italian professional footballer. He played as a central midfielder and striker. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He made one appearance for the Italian national team in 1958. From 1948 to 1955, he made 51 appearances for Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas.
Da Costa died in Verona on 10 November 2020, aged 89.
Hedge
Livestock farmers use them to prevent cattle straying out of fields. Animals which cannot usually be contained in fields (hill sheep for example) need a man and dog to look after them, which is an expense. Hedges were much more common before modern agriculture. Modern crop farming uses machines to gather the crop, and so hedges have almost disappeared in some areas.
When hedges are first laid, they are usually all of one species. But over hundreds of years, the number of species in a hedge gradually increases, and often includes fully-grown trees. There are many hedges in Europe which have been there for 500 or a thousand years.
Joe Buck
Joe Buck (born April 25, 1969) is an American sportscaster. He works for Fox Sports. He is the son of late hall of fame broadcaster Jack Buck. Joe's jobs include:
In 2021, Joe Buck was a guest host on the popular syndicated game show Jeopardy! following the death of Alex Trebek.
2020–21 Austrian Cup
The 2020–21 Austrian Cup was the 90st edition of the national cup in Austrian football. Red Bull Salzburg were the defending champions.
Round dates
The competition was held as follows.
First round
Thirty-two first round matches were played between 28 and  30  August 2021.
Second round
Sixteen second round matches were played between 16 and 18 October 2020.
Third round
Eight third round matches were played between 	3 and 5 November 2020. Due to COVID-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
Quarter-finals
The four quarter-finals were played between 5 and 7 February 2021. Due to COVID-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
Semi-finals
The two semi-final matches were played on 2 and 3 March 2021. Due to COVID-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
Final
The final was played on 1 May 2021. Due to COVID-19 pandemic no spectators were allowed.
Renato Mori
Renato Pietro Mori (29 May 1935 – 22 August 2014) was an Italian actor and voice actor. On television and film, he was best known for playing police officers and inspectors in crime films and TV dramas. As a dubber. He was a regular voice actor for Morgan Freeman, Gene Hackman, James Earl Jones and John Rhys-Davies. He retired in 2011.
Georg Benda
Early Life
Benda was born in Benátky nad Jizerou, Bohemia. His father was Jan Jiří Benda. He had three brothers, Franz Benda, Johann Benda, and Joseph Benda. The Benda family was a musical family. All four brothers became musicians in life. In 1739, he studied at the Jesuit college in Jičiń. He moved to Prussia with his family in 1742. His brother Franz was a violinist there. Franz invited his family to live in Prussia.
Renato Mori
Mori died in Rome after a long illness on 22 August 2014, aged 79. He was survived by his son Simone, who is also a voice actor.
Georg Benda
Career
In 1750, Benda became the Kapellmeister for Frederick III, Duke of Gotha. He was in charge of the music in the court of Gotha. He wrote some operas and cantatas in Gotha. In 1765, he went to Italy to study for six months. He visited Venice, Bologna, Florence, and Rome. He returned to Gotha in 1765. When Frederick III died, he focused on writing music for the theater. He wrote Singspiel, a kind of opera that has spoken words and music. His melodrama Ariadne auf Naxos was a success. Mozart heard a performance of Ariadne auf Naxos in Mannheim.
Benda left Gotha in 1778. He went to Hamburg and Vienna. He performed some of his melodramas in Vienna. He returned to Gotha in 1779.
Science Advisor to the President
The Science Advisor to the President is a person in charged with advising the President of the United States with scientific and technology opinions and issues. The first Science Advisor, Vannevar Bush, chairman of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. The US Congress created the Office of Science and Technology Policy in 1976, usually making the director of that office the science advisor. In 2021, President Joe Biden made that position part of the Cabinet of the United States.
Clarion, Illinois
Clarion is an unincorporated community in Bureau County, Illinois. It is southwest from Mendota, Illinois.
Ray J
William Raymond Norwood, Jr. (born January 17, 1981), better known by his stage name Ray J, is an American singer, songwriter, actor, television personality, and rapper. He is the son of gospel singer Willie Norwood and Sonja Bates-Norwood, the cousin of rapper Snoop Dogg and the younger brother of R&B singer Brandy.
Career
Ray J was born William Raymond Norwood, Jr. in McComb, Mississippi and grew up in Carson, California. At age eight, he began auditioning for and appearing in television commercials; he played the foster son in The Sinbad Show.
1995–1999
Norwood was signed to Elektra Records in 1995 and recorded his debut album Everything You Want the next year. "Let It Go" appeared on the Set It Off soundtrack (Brandy also appeared on the soundtrack; and her song "Missing You" with Tamia, Chaka Khan and Gladys Knight peaked also at number 25). It peaked number 25 in the U.S. and number 11 in New Zealand. The second single peaked at number 54 on the U.S. R&B chart. In 1997, he performed in a television special with his sister Brandy but was dropped from the label. According to Bradley Torreano of allmusic, "his easygoing image and boyish looks appealed to the producers of Brandy's television show, Moesha", giving him a role on the UPN series starting in 1999 as Brandy's little cousin, D-Money. He produced, putting together the music for several commercials and a few of the demos for his second record.
2000–2004
Ray J recorded "Another Day In Paradise" with Brandy, which was a Top Ten success in Austria, UK, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Ireland, the Netherlands and number 11 in Australia and France. The song was the lead single of the R&B/Hip Hop tribute Urban Renewal, in which he co-produced and performed songs. Norwood also worked with The Neptunes, Rodney Jerkins and Lil' Kim, and several other producers and singers for his second studio album This Ain't A Game. The album was released in 2001. The lead single "Wait A Minute" peaked at #30 on the U.S. Hot 100 chart and #8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Formal Invite" followed at #54 on the R&B chart.
In 2002, Norwood appeared in the video for his sister's "What About Us", which was produced by Jerkins, and was released as her third album, Full Moon's lead single during the first quarter of 2002 (see 2002 in music). While "What About Us?" entered the Top 20 on the majority of the charts it appeared on, it reached the Top 10 in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, the UK, and the United States.
2005–present
After a two year break, Ray J returned to recording studios, adding the finishing touches on his third studio album Raydiation with help from producers such as Rodney Jerkins, Timbaland, and R. Kelly. A joint venture by Sanctuary Records and Ray-J's own label, independent Knockout Entertainment, the album was finally released on September 27, 2005 in North America after several delays, debuting at number forty-eight on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 18,321 copies in the first week. Boosted by the album's lead single "One Wish," a top 20 success in Ireland, New Zealand, the UK, the U.S.. Raydiation eventually sold over 400,000 copies domestically.
In 2005, Norwood joined the cast of UPN's One On One, where he played the character of D-Mack for the final season.
Recently, Knockout Entertainment announced a multi-million dollar album deal with Koch Records and Shaquille O'Neal's "Deja 34" entertainment company. The first album for this deal is Ray J's fourth album All I Feel, which features The Game and Yung Berg among others. It was released on April 1, 2008. The album's first single is "Sexy Can I" featuring rapper Yung Berg peaked at number three on the Top Singles (Hot 100) for six weeks. A video for the track, directed by R. Malcolm Jones, was shot in December 2007.
Personal life
In 2007, a sex tape was released of Norwood and then-girlfriend Kim Kardashian.
Norwood recently starred in his own VH1 reality dating show, For the Love of Ray J. The show premiered on February 2, 2009. For his show on March 24, 2009 he released the soundtrack/studio album called For The Love Of Ray J. He dated Cocktail for several months before they split, partly due to rumors of Ray J dating Tila Tequila. On November 2, 2009 a second season of the show, For the Love of Ray J (season 2), premiered.
Falkirk Wheel
The Falkirk Wheel is a rotating boat lift in Tamfourhill, Falkirk, in central Scotland. It connects the Forth and Clyde Canal with the Union Canal. It opened in 2002 as part of the Millennium Link project. It is the only rotating boat lift of its kind in the world, and one of two working boat lifts in the United Kingdom, the other being the Anderton Boat Lift.