cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Harry Leslie Smith
Biography
Smith writes for The Guardian newspaper, The New Statesman, The Daily Mirror, International Business Times and the Morning Star, and has made a number of public appearances in the UK (including the 2014 Labour Party conference and during the 2015 General Election and the 2016 EU Referendum) and Canada (in his 2015 Stand up For Progress National Tour).
Biosphere
The biosphere includes everything living on Earth it is also known as ecosphere. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is around 12,500 meters. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere, including birds and insects.
In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially ones on other planets or moons.
Origin of the term
The word "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. Which he defined as a place on Earth's surface where life dwells.
Earth's biosphere
The earliest known evidence of life in Earth includes biogenic graphite dated as far as 3.7 Billion years old. Life is scattered all throughout the surface of the Earth, from the polar ice caps to the equator, exhibits a life of some kind.
Extent of biological life
Almost all parts of the planet contains a life of some kind. Recent advances in microbiology concluded that microbes can live deep beneath the Earth's surface.
Atsushi Yoneyama
Atsushi Yoneyama (米山 篤志) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Yoneyama was born in Utsunomiya on November 20, 1976. When he was a Komazawa University student, he joined Verdy Kawasaki (later Tokyo Verdy) in 1998. He became a regular player as center-back among the teams where generations change. In 2004, the club won the champions J.League Cup. However, the club was relegated to J2 League in 2005. He moved to Kawasaki Frontale in 2006. However, there were few opportunities to play, so he moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight (later Nagoya Grampus) in 2007. In 2009, he moved to his local club Tochigi SC in J2 League. He left the club end of 2010 season and announced his retirement in November 2011.
In February 2000, Yoneyama was selected the Japan national team for 2000 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, on February 16 he debuted against Brunei.
James R. Thompson
James Robert Thompson, Jr. (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was the 37th Governor of Illinois from 1977 through 1991. He was part of the 9/11 Commission. A structure in Chicago is named after him, the James R. Thompson Center.
Platte County, Missouri
Platte County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,718. Its county seat is Platte City.
James R. Thompson
Thompson was born on May 8, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago, at Washington University in St. Louis, and at Northwestern University. He was married to Jayne Ann Carr Thompson. They had one child.
Thompson died of cardiac arrest at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago on August 14, 2020 at the age of 84.
Ballater
Ballater is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland on the River Dee, immediately east of the Cairngorm Mountains.
Atsushi Yoneyama
Statistics
298||11||23||3||42||2||363||16 298||11||23||3||42||2||363||16
!Total||1||0
Fernanda Young
Fernanda Maria Young de Carvalho Machado (née Leite Young; 1 May 1970 – 25 August 2019), commonly known as Fernanda Young, was a Brazilian writer, screenwriter, television presenter, model and actress. She was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. She was known for starring and creating Os Normais and Como Aproveitar o Fim do Mundo.
Young died at a hospital in Paraisópolis, Minas Gerais from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by asthma at the age of 49.
Caldwell County, North Carolina
Caldwell County is a county in the state of North Carolina. In 2000, 77,415 people lived there. Its county seat is Lenoir.
History
The county was made in 1841 from parts of Burke County and Wilkes County.
In 1847 parts of Caldwell County, Iredell County, and Wilkes County were put together to make Alexander County. In 1849 parts of Caldwell County, Ashe County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County were put together to make Watauga County. In 1861, parts of Caldwell County, Burke County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were put together to make Mitchell County. And in 1911 parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County were put together to make Avery County.
Government
Caldwell County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.
Cities and towns
These cities and towns are in Caldwell County:
Yasuhiro Yamada
Yasuhiro Yamada (February 13, 1968–April 8, 2013) was a Japanese football player.
Genoese dialect
Genoese, locally called zeneize, is the Ligurian dialect spoken in Genoa, the capital city of Liguria, in Northern Italy.
Long-beaked echidna
The long-beaked echidnas make up one of the two genera (Genus Zaglossus) of echidna. Echidna is a spiny monotreme that lives in New Guinea. There are three living species, and two extinct ones. Echidnas are one of the two types of mammals that lay eggs.
Zaglossus attenboroughi
Remarks: Species described from one sample only. May be endangered, or locally extinct. See Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna
Zaglossus bruijni
Remarks: see Western Long-beaked Echidna
Zaglossus hacketti
Remarks: This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.
Zaglossus robustus
Remarks: This species is known from a fossil skull about 65 cm long.
The Outsider (1961 movie)
The Outsider is a 1961 American World War II biographical movie directed by Delbert Mann and was based on the article by William Bradford Huie. It stars Tony Curtis, James Franciscus, Bruce Bennett, Gregory Walcott, Vivian Nathan, Paul Comi, Forrest Compton and was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Hanamachi
A hanamachi (花街) is a Japanese word used to call a neighborhood where courtesans and geisha lived and worked. The word's literal meaning is "flower town". These neighborhoods used to have many okiya (geisha houses) and ochaya (tea houses, where geishas entertained guests). The term hanamachi is used in modern Japan to call the areas where modern-day geisha are still living and working. Today, hanamachi are rare outside of Kyoto.
Ronald E. Rosser
Ronald Eugene Rosser (October 24, 1929 – August 26, 2020) was a United States Army soldier. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War.
Rosser was born in Columbus, Ohio.
Rosser died on August 26, 2020 at the age of 90.
Junya Yamashiro
Junya Yamashiro (born 19 June 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.
Club career statistics
126||4||3||0||3||0||132||4 126||4||3||0||3||0||132||4
Financial District, Manhattan
The Financial District of Lower Manhattan is a neighborhood located on the southern part of Manhattan island in New York City. NY was created here in 1624.
Noel Johnson (basketball)
Noel Dawn Johnson (December 1, 1972 – June 9, 2020) was an American basketball player and the head coach of the Midwestern State Mustangs women's basketball team. She played for the national championship Texas Tech Lady Raiders in 1993. She was born in Shamrock, Texas. She also coached Midwestern State Mustangs from 2009 to 2020.
Johnson died on June 9, 2020 from ovarian cancer, aged 47.
Home computer
Typically, home computers can produce colored graphics, have several sound channels and a keyboard. They use a tape recorder or floppy disk drive to load and store programs. Optionally, home computers may be used with a printer, a game cartridge, a modem, joysticks and a mouse. Many of them display an interactive BASIC prompt at start-up.
Mary Douglas
Mary Douglas, DBE, FBA (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism.
Takeshi Hamada
Takeshi Hamada (born 21 December 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.
Club career statistics
188||8||17||1||4||0||209||9 188||8||17||1||4||0||209||9
Richard William Timm
Richard William Timm (2 March 1923 – 11 September 2020) was an American Catholic priest, educator, zoologist, and development worker. He was the Superior of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Dhaka. He was a member of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Province. He was also one of the founders of Notre Dame College in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana.
Home computer
Home computers were made possible through the introduction of the microprocessor in the early 1970s. It made computers small, affordable, reliable and power efficient enough that they could be used in homes.
In contrast to home computers, computers used by businesses were either bulky minicomputers or gigantic mainframes. Those computers came with much more memory, with hard disks, one or more computer terminals and a proper operating system. However, such machines needed a lot of space, were very noisy and also were far too expensive for private consumers at the time.
Daniel Walker
Daniel "Dan" Walker (August 6, 1922 – April 29, 2015) was an American Democratic lawyer, businessman, and politician from Illinois. He was the 36th Governor of Illinois from January 1973 to January 1977. He was one of the four governors of Illinois to serve in jail. He went to jail because of bank fraud in 1988.
Miryang gang rape
The Milyang Group Gang Rape was a sex crime that happened between January and November 2004 in South Korea. It happened it the city Miryang in South Gyeongsang province. A large group of at least 41 high-school boys kidnapped and gang-raped five middle- and high-school girls. a victims middle school and high school girl and lived in Ulsan, Changwon, park's Sisters and their cousin Lady Rho and other high school girls in Changwon. ather criminal check for an additional 70 male high school students, they lived in Milyang, Changwon. but the rapists were not punished, minors with a reason.
Daniel Walker
Walker was born on August 6, 1922 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in San Diego, California. Walker studied at the United States Naval Academy and at Northwestern University. Walker died of heart failure in Chula Vista, California, aged 92.
Hausen am Albis
Hausen am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Gunilla Bergström
Gunilla Elisabet Dukure Bergström (3 July 1942 – 25 August 2021) was a Swedish author, journalist, and illustrator. She was best known for her series of children's books about the character Alfie Atkins. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bergström died on 25 August 2021 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 79.
Japanese traditional dance
There are two types of Japanese traditional dance: Odori, which was created in the Edo period; and Mai, which was created in the western part of Japan. Odori came from Kabuki drama, where it is danced by men. Mai derives from Noh drama, also danced by men. Today it is usually danced by female dancers, and is mostly done in houses, instead of on stage.
Vasco Gonçalves
General Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves was a Portuguese army officer. After the Carnation Revolution, he served as the Prime Minister of Portugal.
Immigration and Naturalization Service
The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was an agency of the Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. The agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003. This is when most of its responsibilities were transferred to three new agencies. These were the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). All were within the newly created Department of Homeland Security, as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001.
History
In 1890, the federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States. The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department. Immigration was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913. In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice.
In 2003 the administration of immigration services became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed only for a short time before changing to its current name, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
Westhill
Westhill is a town in Aberdeenshire, in the parish of Skene, directly west of Aberdeen. It is connected to the city by the A944 road. It is also near Skene, and has a swimming pool, tennis courts, carnival and theme park.
David Wiese
David Wiese was born 18 May, 1985 in Roodepoort, Transvaal Province, South Africa. He is a South African-Namibian cricketer who has played 15 one-day internationals and 39 twenty20 internationals for Namibia and South Africa.
Electoral district of Lowan
Lowan is an electoral district of Victoria. It was created in 1889, abolished in 1945, recreated in 1955, reabolished in 1992 and recreated again in 2002. It is in the Western Victoria Region.
Hiroaki Hiraoka (footballer)
Hiraoka was head coach of Albirex Niigata Singapore in 2008.
Club career statistics
65||0||4||0||17||0||86||0 65||0||4||0||17||0||86||0
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain) is the name of both a county and of one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland. The two are not the same area.
County
Aberdeenshire stretches from the east coast of Scotland up into the mountains. It is between Kincardineshire and Angus (south) and Banffshire (west). Aberdeen is the county town.
Aberdeenshire is mainly countryside and mountain, except in Aberdeen. Aberdeen is one of Britain's richest towns because it serves the North Sea oil rigs.
Fraserburgh is a large fishing port.
Council area
The Aberdeenshire council area takes in the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire and half of Banffshire. It does not include Aberdeen City though, which is a Council Area in its own right. However, Aberdeenshire Council does have its headquarters at Woodhill House, in Aberdeen; the only Scottish council whose headquarters are based outside its area's border.
Aberdeenshire borders Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south, and Highland and Moray to the west.
Game port
The Game port is a port that is present on some PC hardware, and hardware similar to it. This port lets the connection of analog devices used to control computer games, such as joysticks. In most relevant hardware designs for personal computers in 2010, the port is an integrated component on the sound card, another I/O card, or the motherboard itself. Starting with Windows Vista Microsoft no longer supports this port with drivers from the Operating System, but third party drivers are still available. There are also drivers that allow to map the game port to an USB device.
Hardware
Unlike most other ports present on the PC, the Game port is an analog port. This means that signal first needs to be changed to digital form, a task which is usually done by an analog-to-digital converter. In the early days, most joystick designs were digital, which made them easier to build and cheaper. The game port has a 15-pin DSUB interface, most home computers that used digital joysticks had a 9-pin one. This made existing joysticks incompatible with the new interface.
Digital joysticks are easy for programmers to access. The signal is already digital, and only gets transferred to the PC. Analog signals are much harder to use, they need careful software interrupt driven programming (to get a useful signal). Interrupts use the main CPU of the system. Digital circuits can use Transistor–transistor logic, which does not use the CPU.
Circuits
The usual implementation of a game port uses a capacitor and a simple voltage comparator. Both together form a sort of simple ramp-compare ADC. This system is polled periodically and reset at precise moments to read an input. This must be done more than 30 times every second to provide a responsive game input. The actual acquisition frequency and value usually depend on the joystick's resistance inside, noise, CPU speed and the total joystick-capacitor's RC time constant.
The need for calibration
Its analog nature has also been the cause of a great number of problems. One problem was that all kinds of joysticks needed "calibration". This was true even for arcade-style ones. The reason for this was that no game controller and no joystick produced the same measurements each time. These depended on the exact way acquisition was made. Some of the worse designs even depended on the speed of the CPU. Also, all kinds of PC game ports suffer from electrical noise.
In the days of DOS, every game using the game port(s) had to do its own calibration, often each time the game started, and some poorly coded calibration routines even failed to work consistently and properly, rendering some joysticks unusable with some games. With Windows XP, only one calibration per joystick is enough, which is thought "valid" until the joystick is unplugged.
Certain applications and games are able to use some analog joysticks even without explicit calibration, under certain restricted conditions. A system of a joystic and game port that is not calibrated can give a "direction", at best. It can not give an intensity. For this setup, an analog joystick can be "self calibrated" just by leaving the joystick in the middle position and taking a measurement, and then using some arbitrary or adaptive threshold to detect movement and excursion from the middle position. The limitation of this method is that the reading of the same joystick over the same game port can change over time, and some joysticks cannot work at all with this method. Also, the joystick must be in the middle position at least once when the implicit "self calibration" takes place, even if this is not directly stated.
Microsoft declared it would no longer include support for game ports in operating systems beginning with MS-Windows XP Professional x64 edition, reasoning that USB-based gaming equipment had become more common. This leaves game port support up to the manufacturer of the device (i.e. Sound card or USB converters) the game port ships on.
Extensions of the game port capabilities
Some advanced game port joysticks supports more than 4 buttons (e.g. 6 or 8) but typically require a special device driver for the extra buttons to work properly, since the game port does not have actual hardware support for more than 4 different buttons.
This can be fixed by using pins and input meant for the second joystick (i.e. button 5 through 8 are mapped to the signals to the axis pins meant for the second joystick - resulting in the issue of the two buttons mapped to the same axis being not both usable at the same time), using some normally "unused" pins, or changing the joystick's circuits (and related software) to read a 4-bit state code from the four button inputs, thus giving up to 16 button combinations (though with some limitations e.g. some buttons may not be held down) or a combination of both techniques.
High-end game port joysticks such as the Microsoft SideWinder rely on multiplexing a proprietary data stream through the 4 standard button inputs and sometimes through the "unused" pins, giving full support for a rather high number of buttons (e.g. 16 or 20) while special features such as daisy-chaining multiple joysticks, force feedback or joystick programming become possible in some cases.
The obvious drawback is the need for a special device driver to understand the joystick input, and making its use time consuming and operating system-dependent, while the joystick is usually unusable without a special driver (unless multiple operating modes are supported).
History and variants
Some poorly made game ports (usually built-in on old motherboards and I/O cards) did not fully support either 4 axes or 4 buttons, making only the use of a single 2-axis and 2-button joystick possible.
MIDI connectors
Game ports use DA-15 connectors (also incorrectly called DB-15). Since the game port moved from dedicated expansion cards to sound cards about 1990, these connectors usually double as connectors for MIDI instruments; two of the redundant +5V and GND pins of the original standard were rededicated to MIDI input and output to make this possible. To use a game port with MIDI instruments, one requires a cable with a male and a female DA-15 and two male 5-pin DIN connectors. The drivers and hardware for the game port midi capabilities are based around the now standard Roland MPU-401 MIDI interface (in UART mode only), and support most MPU-401 standard applications for Windows and DOS. The official proper design for a game port-MIDI adapter can be found at midi.org.
Piccolo
The piccolo is a small flute that plays one octave higher than the normal flute. It sounds an octave higher than written. It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Sometimes it sounds like a birdcall. The name 'piccolo' comes from the Italian word meaning 'small'.
Pierre-Antoine-Jean Bach
Pierre-Antoine-Jean Bach (29 July 1932 – 26 June 2020) was a French-born Laotian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1959. He was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Savannakhet. Laos, from 1971 to 1975.
Bach died on 26 June 2020, aged 87.
Udaariyaan
Udaariyaan is an Indian television drama series that airs on Colors TV. Produced by Sargun Mehta and Ravi Dubey, it premiered on 15 March 2021. It features Ankit Gupta, Priyanka Choudhary and Isha Malviya.
Double reed
Double reeds are a group of musical instruments in the woodwind family. Instead of a mouthpiece, the player blows air through a pair of reeds that vibrate against each other.
Mary Kuivenhoven
Mary Kuivenhoven (born circa 1952) is a Dutch Paralympic swimmer  from Soest. She competed at the1972 Summer Paralympics, winning a gold medal as part of the 4x 100 metres relay team, and individually two silver medals and a bronze medal.
She worked as a shop assistant.
Double reed
Zunge (Tonerzeuger)
Rhacophorus bifasciatus
Rhacophorus bifasciatus is a frog. It lives in Indonesia. People have seen it on Mount Kerinci, between 1200 and 2200 meters above sea level.
Tom Finn (singer)
Thomas Joseph Finn (November 21, 1948 – June 27, 2020) was an American pop jazz singer-songwriter, guitarist and DJ. He was a founding member of the 1960s baroque pop group The Left Banke.
Finn died on June 27, 2020 at the age of 71.
Tibor Rubin
Tibor "Ted" Rubin (June 18, 1929 - December 5, 2015) is a Hungarian-born Holocaust survivor and a former United States Army soldier. He is a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War.
Rubin was born in Pásztó, Nógrád County.
Kiyoshi Nakamura
Kiyoshi Nakamura (中村 聖) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
33||0||0||0||1||0||34||0 33||0||0||0||1||0||34||0
Frank Kelly
Frank Kelly (né Francis O'Kelly; 28 December 1938 – 28 February 2016) was an Irish actor, singer and writer. He worked in television, radio, theatre, music, screenwriting and movies. He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom Father Ted. He also played Dermont in Emmerdale.
Kelly died on 28 February 2016 from a heart attack. The heart attack was a complication of Parkinson's disease. He was 77. He was recovering from bowel cancer and survived skin cancer.
Otto Kerner Jr.
Otto Kerner, Jr. (August 15, 1908 – May 9, 1976) was an American politician. He was a Democrat. He was the Governor of Illinois from January 1961 to May 1968. He is best known for chairman of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and for accepting bribes. He would later be charged with 17 felony charges and would serve time in jail. He was one of the four Governors of Illinois to be in jail. He would soon nominate Lyndon B. Johnson to be President.
Henryk Łapiński
Henryk Łapiński (2 January 1933 – 11 September 2020) was a Polish actor. He was born in Warsaw. He was known for acting in stage plays produced by the Ateneum Theatre and as Wachocki in How I Unleashed World War II (1970). He also appeared in Man of Marble (1977) and A Short Film About Killing (1988).
Otto Kerner Jr.
Kerner was born on August 15, 1908 in Chicago, Illinois. His father was politician Otto Kerner, Sr.. Kerner studied at the Trinity College and at Brown University. He was married to Helena Cermak, the daughter of ex-Chicago mayor Anton Cermak who was assassinated. After leaving office, Kerner had suffered cancer and would later die from the disease on May 9, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 67. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery.
Henryk Łapiński
Łapiński died on 11 September 2020 in Warsaw, aged 87.
Yuki Kuriyama
Yuki Kuriyama (born 15 September 1988) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
6||2||0||0||6||2 6||2||0||0||6||2
Sir David's long-beaked echidna
Sir David's long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus attenboroughi), also known as the cyclops long-beaked echidna, is one of three species of the genus Zaglossus. All of them are found in New Guinea. It is named after Sir David Attenborough. It lives in the Cyclops mountains in Papua province of Indonesia near the cities of Sentani, Jayapura.
The species was described from a single damaged animal, which was collected in the Dutch colonial era (c. 1961). It has not been collected since that time. The Cyclops mountain forest habitat has been disturbed recently. This has raised concern that Z. attenboroughi populations may already be endangered or even locally extinct. However, many parts of the mountains are covered in thick jungle and have not been searched since 1961. It is possible that the animal still exists there or in nearby mountain ranges. In 2007 scientists found holes which they believe were made by the echidna poking its nose into the dirt while looking for earthworms.
It is the smallest member of the genus. It is closer in size to the short-beaked echidna than other members of the genus. It has five claws on its fore and hind feet. It has dense short fur.
Marco Aurélio (footballer, born 1972)
Marco Aurelio Silva Businhani (born February 8, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
14||9||1||0||15||9 14||9||1||0||15||9
Peter E. Toschek
Peter E. Toschek (18 April 1933 – 25 June 2020) was a German experimental physicist. He researched nuclear physics, quantum optics, and laser physics. He was known as an important scientist of laser spectroscopy. He was a professor at Hamburg University. Toschek was born in Hindenburg, Saxony-Anhalt.
Toschek died on 25 June 2020 in Hindenburg, aged 87.
Laufach
Laufach is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany.
Mainaschaff
Mainaschaff is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany.
Yoshiya Takemura
Club career statistics
281||27||18||3||6||0||305||30 281||27||18||3||6||0||305||30
Central limit theorem
The best known and most important of these is known as the central limit theorem. It is about large numbers of random variables with the same distribution, each with an identical finite variance and expected value.
More specifically, if are n identical and independently distributed random variables with mean \mu and standard deviation \sigma, then the distribution of their sample mean,, as n gets large, is approximately normal with mean \mu and standard deviation. Furthermore, the distribution of their sum,, as n gets large, is also approximately normal, with mean n\mu and standard deviation.
There are different generalisations of this theorem. Some of these generalisations no longer require an identical distribution of all random variables. In these generalisations, another precondition makes sure that no single random variable has a bigger influence on the outcome than the others. Examples are the Lindeberg and Lyapunov conditions.
The name of the theorem is based on a paper George Pólya written in 1920, About the Central Limit Theorem in Probability Theory and the Moment problem.
Jim Edgar
James "Jim" Edgar (born July 22, 1946) is an American Republican politician. He was Governor of Illinois from January 1991 through January 1999. He was the Illinois Secretary of State from January 1981 through January 1991.
Edgar was a very popular governor. Even though Illinois is a Democratic state, he won in landslides as a Republican. He retired with high approval ratings.
Edgar was born on July 22, 1946 in Vinita, Oklahoma. He was raised in Charleston, Illinois. Edgar studied at Wabash College and at Eastern Illinois University. He is married to Brenda Smith.
Oh Very Young
"Oh Very Young" is a 1974 song by Cat Stevens. It was taken from his eighth studio album Buddha and the Chocolate Box as well as several greatest hits. It went to number 10 in the United States and made number 2 on the Billboard Easy Listening charts.
Hood River County, Oregon
Hood River County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the county has a population of 23,977 people. The county seat is Hood River.
Dieter Kurrat
Dieter "Hoppi" Kurrat (15 May 1942 – 27 October 2017) was a German football player and coach. He was born in Dortmund, Germany. His brother was Hans-Jürgen Kurrat.
Kurrat died on 27 October, 2017.
Stewart Adams
Adams died aged 95 at the Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham from pneumonia on 30 January 2019.
Jonas Brothers
The Jonas Brothers are an American Christian Pop band from Wyckoff, New Jersey. It is made up of three brothers: Kevin Jonas, Joe, and Nick Jonas. They released four albums before disbanding: It's About Time in 2006, Jonas Brothers in 2007, A Little Bit Longer in 2008, and Lines, Vines and Trying Times in 2009.
The band reunited in 2019, releasing the song "Sucker" as the lead single from their new album, Happiness Begins. Happiness Begins entered at number one on the Billboard 200. "Sucker" became their first chart-topper.
Algebra
Algebra (from Arabic: الجبر‎, transliterated "al-jabr", meaning "reunion of broken parts") is a part of mathematics. It uses variables to represent a value that is not yet known or can be replaced with any value. When an equals sign (=) is used, this is called an equation. A very simple equation using a variable is: 2 + 3 = x. In this example, x = 5, or it could also be said that "x equals five". This is called solving for x.
Besides equations, there are inequalities (less than and greater than). A special type of equation is called the function. This is often used in making graphs because it always turns one input into one output.
Algebra can be used to solve real problems because the rules of algebra work in real life and numbers can be used to represent the values of real things. Physics, engineering and computer programming are areas that use algebra all the time. It is also useful to know in surveying, construction and business, especially accounting.
People who do algebra use the rules of numbers and mathematical operations used on numbers. The simplest are adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. More advanced operations involve exponents, starting with squares and square roots.
Algebra was first used to solve equations and inequalities. Two examples are linear equations (the equation of a straight line, y=mx+b or y=mx+c) and quadratic equations, which has variables that are squared (multiplied by itself, for example: 2\cdot2, 3\cdot3, or x\cdot x).
History
Early forms of algebra were developed by the Babylon ians and Greek geometers such as Hero of Alexandria. However the word "algebra" is a Latin form of the Arabic word Al-Jabr ("casting") and comes from a mathematics book Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, ("Essay on the Computation of Casting and Equation") written in the 9th century by a Persian mathematician, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, who was a Muslim born in Khwarizm in Uzbekistan. He flourished under Al-Ma'moun in Baghdad, Iraq through 813-833 AD, and died around 840 AD. The book was brought into Europe and translated into Latin in the 12th century. The book was then given the name 'Algebra '. (The ending of the mathematician's name, al-Khwarizmi, was changed into a word easier to say in Latin, and became the English word algorithm).
Examples
Here is a simple example of an algebra problem:
These are the steps you can use to solve the problem:
With practice, algebra can be used when faced with a problem that is too hard to solve any other way. Problems such as building a freeway, designing a cell phone, or finding the cure for a disease all require algebra.
Writing algebra
As in most parts of mathematics, adding y to z (or y plus z) is written as y+z;
subtracting z from y (or y minus z) is written as y-z;
and dividing y by z (or y over z) is written as y/z or y \over z.
In algebra, multiplying y by z (or y times z) can be written in 3 different ways: y\cdot z, y(z) or just yz. All of these notations mean the same thing: y times z. The symbol "\times" used in arithmetic is not used in algebra, because it looks too much like the letter x, which is often used as a variable.
When we multiply a number and a variable in algebra, we can simply write the number in front of the letter:. When the number is 1, then it is not written because 1 times any number is that number (1\cdot y=y) and so it is not needed. And when it is 0, we can completely remove the terms, because 0 times any number is zero (0\cdot y=0).
As a side note, you do not have to use the letters x or y in algebra. Variables are just symbols that mean some unknown number or value, so you can use any letter for a variable (except e (Euler's number) and i (Imaginary unit), because these are mathematical constants). x and y are the most common, though.
Functions and Graphs
An important part of algebra is the study of functions, since they often appear in equations that we are trying to solve. A function is like a machine you can put a number (or numbers) into and get a certain number (or numbers) out. When using functions, graphs can be powerful tools in helping us to study the solutions to equations.
A graph is a picture that shows all the values of the variables that make the equation or inequality true. Usually this is easy to make when there are only one or two variables. The graph is often a line, and if the line does not bend or go straight up-and-down it can be described by the basic formula y = mx + b. The variable b is the y-intercept of the graph (where the line crosses the vertical axis) and m is the slope or steepness of the line. This formula applies to the coordinates of a graph, where each point on the line is written (x, y).
In some math problems like the equation for a line, there can be more than one variable (x and y in this case). To find points on the line, one variable is changed. The variable that is changed is called the "independent" variable. Then the math is done to make a number. The number that is made is called the "dependent" variable. Most of the time the independent variable is written as x and the dependent variable is written as y, for example, in y = 3x + 1. This is often put on a graph, using an x axis (going left and right) and a y axis (going up and down). It can also be written in function form:. So in this example, we could put in 5 for x and get y=16. Put in 2 for x would get y=7. And 0 for x would get y=1. So there would be a line going through the points (5,16), (2,7), and (0,1) as seen in the graph to the right.
If x has a power of 1, it is a straight line. If it is squared or some other power, it will be curved. If it uses an inequality, then usually part of the graph is shaded, either above or below the line.
Rules
In algebra, there are a few rules that can be used for further understanding of equations. These are called the rules of algebra. While these rules may seem senseless or obvious, it is wise to understand that these properties do not hold throughout all branches of mathematics. Therefore, it will be useful to know how these axiomatic rules are declared, before taking them for granted. Before going on to the rules, reflect on two definitions that will be given.
Commutative property of addition
'Commutative' means that a function has the same result if the numbers are swapped around. In other words, the order of the terms in an equation does not matter. When two terms (addends) are being added, the 'commutative property of addition' is applicable. In algebraic terms, this gives.
Note that this does not apply for subtraction (i.e. except if a=b).
Commutative property of multiplication
Note that this does not apply for division (i.e., when a \neq 0 and b \neq 0, except if a=b).
Associative property of addition
'Associative' refers to the grouping of numbers. The associative property of addition implies that, when adding three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped. Algebraically, this gives. Note that this does not hold for subtraction, e.g. (see distributive property).
Associative property of multiplication
The associative property of multiplication implies that, when multiplying three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped. Algebraically, this gives a(bc)=(ab)c. Note that this does not hold for division, e.g..
Distributive property
The distributive property states that the multiplication of a term by another term can be distributed. For instance:. (Do not confuse this with the associative properties! For instance: .)
Additive identity
'Identity' refers to the property of a number that it is equal to itself. In other words, there exists an operation of two numbers so that it equals the variable of the sum. The additive identity property states that any number plus 0 is that number: a + 0 = a. This also holds for subtraction: a - 0 = a.
Multiplicative identity
The multiplicative identity property states that any number times 1 is that number:. This also holds for division:.
Additive inverse property
The additive inverse property is somewhat like the opposite of the additive identity. When we add a number and its opposite, the result is 0. Algebraically, it states the following: a+-a = 0, which is the same as a-a=0. For example, the additive inverse (or opposite) of 1 is -1.
Multiplicative inverse property
The multiplicative inverse property means that when we multiply a number and its inverse, the result is 1. Algebraically, it states the following:, which is the same as. For example, the multiplicative inverse (or just inverse) of 2 is 1/2. To get the inverse of a fraction, switch the numerator and the denominator: the inverse of \frac23 is \frac32.
Advanced Algebra
In addition to "elementary algebra", or basic algebra, there are advanced forms of algebra, taught in colleges and universities, such as abstract algebra, linear algebra, and universal algebra. This includes how to use a matrix to solve many linear equations at once. Abstract algebra is the study of things that are found in equations, going beyond numbers to the more abstract with groups of numbers.
1950 FIFA World Cup
The 1950 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Brazil in 1950. This competition was special compared to other FIFA World Cup tournaments as the winner was decided by winning a mini-league instead of a knock-out game. Uruguay won the trophy after finishing higher than Brazil, Sweden and Spain in the final group stage.
Algebra
Advanced Algebra
Many math problems are about physics and engineering. In many of these physics problems time is a variable. The letter used for time is t. Using the basic ideas in algebra can help reduce a math problem to its simplest form making it easier to solve difficult problems. Energy is e, force is f, mass is m, acceleration is a and speed of light is sometimes c. This is used in some famous equations, like f = ma and e = mc^2 (although more complex math beyond algebra was needed to come up with that last equation).
Andra Martin
Martin died on May 3, 2022, at the age of 86.
Machine-readable passport
A machine-readable passport is a passport that has information that can be read by a machine. Usually, this information is stored in one or two lines, which encode some of the information in machine readable form. The information is then extracted using optical character recognition. Usually, this is the given names, family name, date of birth, sex, and validity of the travel document. Machine-readable passports (or machine-readable travel documents) have been used since the 1980s. Today, most passports, and travel documents are machine readable.
Newer machine-readable passports also store some extra information (such as biometrical data, like a fingerprint) on a microchip.
The basic idea behind the introduction of machine-readable travel documents was to speed up passport control at the borders.
Burmese language
Burmese (in Burmese ba-ma-sa, pronounced /baa-MAA-saa/) is a language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma). Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language, meaning that is close to Chinese and Tibetan.
Tones
Burmese is a tonal language. Burmese has three tones (high, medium, low: plus two 'stops or abbreviated additional, qualifying 'tones)
Burmese has no gender. For instance, the word သူ (pronounced "thew") could mean "he" or "she". However, some words have natural gender e.g. ဆရာ saya (male teacher) and ဆရာမ sayama (female teacher).
Unlike in English, verbs in Burmese do not change based on tense. Instead, other words are added after to show tense.
Loan words
Burmese has many English and Indian words (loan words) due to colonization by the British and interaction with the neighboring country of India. However, is a very distinct and full language itself with a long history and many different dialects.
Examples
Here are some examples of words and sentences in Burmese.
Hello = min-ga-la-ba
I am (name) = Cha-naw yè nan-bè ga _______
(Kya-naw is replaced with kya-ma for females.
What is your name? = Ka-mya na mei be' lo khal le'  (OR) na mei be' lo khal le' (You can omit  "Ka-mya=You")
Are you from Burma? = Nae ba-ma pyi ga la da la?
(Note: To ask if someone is from other countries, just replace ba-ma pyi with any of the countries below.)
Francisco de Sá Carneiro
Francisco Manuel Lumbrales de Sá Carneiro founded the Portuguese Social Democratic Party in 1974. He was elected Prime Minister of Portugal in January 1980. Sá Carneiro died in a plane crash in December 1980.
Peter MacNicol
Peter MacNicol (born April 10, 1954) is an American actor. He was born in Dallas, Texas.
MacNicol is known for his stage debut in Crimes of the Heart. His movie roles include Galen in Dragonslayer (1981), Stingo in Sophie's Choice (1982), Janosz Poha in Ghostbusters II (1989), camp organizer Gary Granger in Addams Family Values (1993) and David Langley in Bean (1997).
Janne Persson
Jan Persson (Janne Lucas), born 3 October 1947 in Gothenburg's Gamlestad Parish in Gothenburg, Sweden is a Swedish pianist and singer, scoring several chart successes in Sweden during the 1970s and 1980s. Janne Lucas participated at Melodifestivalen 1980 with the song Växeln hallå, winning the contest. The upcoming year he participated with the song Rocky Mountain ending up third.
For many years, Janne Lucas also acted as pianist for Vi i femman
Defenceman
Defence (defense in the U.S.) in ice hockey is a player position whose main job is to stop the other team from scoring. They are often called defencemen, defensemen, D, or "blueliners" (a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which is boundary of the offensive zone; defencemen generally stay along the line to keep the puck in the zone).
Braille
The Braille system is a way of writing things. It is named after Louis Braille, the French man who invented it. The system is used by blind people to read and write. The Braille system uses a set of raised bumps or dots that can be felt with a finger. Each set of dots is a character in an alphabet, and the numbers and some punctuation.
Defenceman
In regular play, two defencemen play with three forwards and a goaltender on the ice. Exceptions include overtime and when a team is shorthanded (i.e. has been assessed a penalty), in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender.
Braille
Before Braille
Louis Braille was not the first person to think about how to let the blind read and write. In the 17th century the Italian Jesuit Francesco Lana thought about different systems of writing for the blind. He invented a system of dashes that could be felt.
Janne Persson
The addressing name "Lucas" comes from a pop band in Gothenburg, where he was a pianist and singer during the late 1960s. The pop band Lucas won Sveriges Radio's Pop Band Competition in 1967, and charted at Tio i topp with the song Anti-Social Season. Before that, the cover song "Go Now" had already charted.
In a Bildjournalen issue was a commercial record with, among others, the band Lucas and the song One Night Stand.
Braille
Before Braille
Charles Barbier used a similar system, because Napoleon wanted a code that soldiers could use to exchange messages silently and without light at night. Barbier called it night writing. Night writing uses two columns of six dots. It uses phonemes (separate sounds), not letters. Barbier's system was too hard for soldiers to learn, and the military did not use it. From the year 1821, he started to test his system in the school Haüy had founded. There it became very successful. Even though the system was difficult to learn, it did help the blind to read better than earlier systems. Barbier had understood that it was better to use a system that used dots over one that used lines.
Janne Persson
Persson is also a choral director for Onsala and Mölnlycke Gospel Choir