cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Chickasaw
Relations with the United States
George Washington (first U.S. President) and Henry Knox (first U.S. Secretary of War) proposed the cultural transformation of Native Americans. Washington believed that Native Americans were equals of white people, but that their society was not as good. He came up with a policy to "civilize" them, and Thomas Jefferson continued it. Washington's plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The government appointed Indian agents. They lived among the Indians to teach them how to live like whites. In the 19th century, the Chickasaw increasingly adopted European-American practices, as they established schools, adopted yeoman farming practices, converted to Christianity, and built homes in styles like their European-American neighbors.
Treaty of Hopewell (1786)
The Chickasaw signed the Treaty of Hopewell in 1786. This treaty officially recognized peace between the Chickasaw and the United States.
Treaty of 1818
In 1818, the leaders of the Chickasaw signed a treaty giving up all land north of the southern border of Tennessee. The Chickasaw kept a four-square-mile reservation, but were required to lease the land to European immigrants.
Removal era (1837)
The Chickasaw received $3 million U.S. dollars from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River. Other tribes who received land grants in exchange for ceding territory. In 1836, the Chickasaw agreed to purchase land in Indian Territory from the Choctaw. They paid the Choctaw $530,000 for the western part of their land. For nearly 30 years, the US did not pay the Chickasaw the $3 million it owed them for their territory in the Southeast.
The Chickasaw gathered at Memphis, Tennessee, on July 4, 1837, with all of their portable assets: belongings, livestock, and enslaved African Americans. Three thousand and one Chickasaw crossed the Mississippi River. During the journey, often called the Trail of Tears by all the Southeast tribes that had to make it, more than 500 Chickasaw died of dysentery and smallpox.
Electoral district of Fremantle
Fremantle is an electoral district of Western Australia. It was created in 1890.
Chickasaw
American Civil War (1861)
The Chickasaw Nation became allies of the Confederate States of America in 1861. They did this because the United States government had forced them off their lands and did not protect them against the Plains tribes in the West. Confederate officials suggested that the American Indian tribes would receive an independent Indian state if the Confederacy won.
At the beginning of the American Civil War, Albert Pike was made the Confederate envoy to Native Americans. He negotiated several treaties, including the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws in July 1861. The treaty covered many things, such as the sovereignty of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nation, the possibility of citizenship in the Confederate States of America, and a delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. Because the Chickasaw sided with the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, they had to give up some of their land after the war. The US also freed all the slaves owned by the Chickasaw. Members of the Chickasaw who returned to the United States were given US citizenship.
Post–Civil War
Because the Chickasaw were on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War, the United States government made a new peace treaty with them in 1866. It required that they free their slaves and give citizenship to freed slaves who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation. The freed slaves and their descendants became known as the Chickasaw Freedmen. However, the Chickasaw Nation did not give citizenship to the Chickasaw Freedmen. Descendants of the Freedmen continue to live in Oklahoma.
The Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People were recognized as a "state-recognized group" by South Carolina in 2005. Their headquarters is in Hemingway, South Carolina. In 2003, they asked the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs for federal recognition, but they did not receive it.
Government
In the twentieth century, the Chickasaw became independent from the Choctaw and re-established their government. They are now federally recognized as the Chickasaw Nation. The tribe's government is headquartered in Ada, Oklahoma.
Culture
Chiefs have the suffix -mingo at the end of their names. For example, Tishomingo was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief.
In 2010, the tribe opened the Chickasaw Cultural Center in Sulphur, Oklahoma.
Flag of Bermuda
The flag of Bermuda was adopted on 4 October 1910. It is a British Red Ensign with the Union Flag in the upper left corner, and the coat of arms of Bermuda in the lower right.
Baby Blue (group)
Baby Blue (ベイビーブルー; stylized as BABY BLUE) is a Filipino girl group and first sub-unit of idol group MNL48. They debuted with the lead single Sweet Talking Sugar in September 2020, which topped in Egg Music charts in Japan. Baby Blue is one of the first Filipino artists to make it to Japanese music charts.
2020 Formation
On September 1, MNL48 announced the formation of BABY BLUE, the group's first-ever sub-unit, in partnership with Tower Records Japan, a major Japanese music retailer. Said sub-unit is formed by MNL48 members Jan Elaurza, Coleen Trinidad and Amy Isidto. Following the announcement, BABY BLUE officially released its debut single titled "Sweet Talking Sugar", and was made available through EGGS, a Japanese digital music subscription service. The single, according to HHE, is an homage to the famed city pop genre, with a modern take via "the R&B and hip-hop genre". An official music video, produced by Carlo Manatad of Plan C, was released on GYAO!, Yahoo Japan's free online streaming site on September 16 and on MNL48's official YouTube channel on the next day.
2021-2022: "Stuck On You"
BABY BLUE released teasers such as pre-saved posters and audio snippets for their third single in March 29, 2021. In April 21 of the same year BABY BLUE released their third digital single "Stuck On You". This song is finished in a straight love song with a stylish and pop beat and a light sound, the pre-order of the song started on April 7. in May 28, 2021, The group launched their official fans club site where live videos, blogs, and other informations can only be seen there. Subsequently, on the same day, they also opened their official YouTube channel and showed contents that can only be seen there, such as cover videos, songs, and dance covers of Japanese songs.
in December 15, 2021, the group released their first major single, "Head Up." The track release marks the fourth single released by the group and their first ballad. It is also the group's major debut in Japan. "HEAD UP" was released in advance on December 15 and will be re-released on February 19, 2022.
On June 30, 2022, after her 4 years in the group, BABY BLUE's leader Jan Elaurza announced her graduation from MNL48, she also announced departure from the unit. On the same day, it was announced on the official website of BABY BLUE that Frances Pinlac of MNL48 Team L will be replacing Jan.
Other ventures
On December 20, 2020, the group performed on ABS-CBN's "Ikaw ang Liwanag at Ligaya: The ABS-CBN Christmas Special" pre-show entitled "KTnX ang Babait Ninyo: ABS-CBN Christmas Special Fundraising Show" for the segment "P-pop RISE" with MNL48, BGYO, PHP and Bini, a benefit show for the survivors and evacuees in areas hit by typhoons such as Rolly and Ulysses.
Catherine de Károlyi
Catherine de Károlyi (born Catherine or Katalin Pólya) (September 1 1919 in Budapest – October 30 2006 in Paris) is a French fashion designer. She is of Hungarian origin.
Background
De Károlyi became a Hungarian refugee in Paris in 1948, learned the fashion trade on the job, became a model, created her own label, was noticed by Dior and Balmain, became friends with Malraux and was hired by Hermes, the house where she created the mythical belt from this observation: "The letter H is symmetrical"? it could make a loop. "Her aristocratic elegance inspired the Hermès collections until the 1980s.
Married in second marriage to filmmaker Raymond Assayas, known as Jacques Rémy, Catherine de Karolyi was the mother of three sons including filmmaker Olivier Assayas and journalist and writer Michka Assayas.
Katwijk
Katwijk is a town in the Netherlands. It is near the coast of the North Sea. It is about 16 kilometers north from The Hague. There are 62,825 people living in Katwijk.
The town is very popular with tourists, especially those from Germany. Some of the most popular tourist attractions of Katwijk are the beach, several museums and galleries of fine art, a railway museum, and some museums of local and regional history. Near Katwijk are the headquarters of the European space organisation ESA with its space travel museum Space Expo (on the town's borders), Duinrell in Wassenaar and Keukenhof in Lisse.
Katwijk is known for its wide-spread graffiti culture. Several legal graffiti places can be found in the town. Graffiti-related activities are often organised, for example covering the local lighthouse with graffiti.
On 1 January 2006, Rijnsburg and Valkenburg were merged into the municipality of Katwijk.
Roque tree frog
The roque tree frog (Hyloscirtus phyllognathus) is a frog. It lives in Colombia and Peru on the Andes mountains. Scientists have seen it as high as 2190 meters above sea level.
The adult male frog is about 31.5–34.0 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 33.0–39.3 mm long. The skin of the front part of the frog's body is olive in color. The skin toward the back of the frog's body is the color of bronze. The tops of the legs and feet are green. There are small black spots on the front and middle of the body and on the legs. The edges of the mouth are yellow. There is some pinkish white color on the legs. The belly is yellow-white in color. The inside of the mouth is blue-green. The iris of the eye is bronze in color with black lines.
This frog moves at night. It lives in mountain forests and hill forests. It lives near streams. The female frogs lay their eggs in streams during October.
Julie Bishop (politician)
Julie Isabel Bishop (born 17 July 1956) is an Australian politician. She was the Minister for Foreign Affairs from 18 September 2013 to 26 August 2018. She also served as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party from 29 November 2007 to 24 August 2018. For her efforts made in the aftermath of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, she was given a medal of merit by the Netherlands at the NATO summit in Newport, Wales. Since 2019, she has been the chancellor of the Australian National University (ANU).
Bishop was born in Lobethal, South Australia. She was married to Neil Gillon from 1983 until 1988. She is a Christian.
Hair (musical)
Hair is a rock musical. The book and lyrics were written by James Rado and Gerome Ragni. The music was written by Galt MacDermot. It opened Off-Broadway in 1967, was revised, and premiered on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre in April 1968. It ran for 1,750 performances. The musical is about youth rebellion, love, the Vietnam War, race, and other hot topics of the 1960s.
Bessie Barriscale
Elizabeth Barry Scale (also known as Bessie Barriscale; September 30, 1884 – June 30, 1965) was an American actress. She was especially popular in silent movies and on the stage. She began her movie career around 1913. Her movies included The Woman Michael Married in 1919 and The Skirt in 1921. She returned to stage with Women Go On Forever.
Barriscale was born in New Jersey. She died in California at age 80.
Acrisure Stadium
Acrisure Stadium is a sports stadium located in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Acrisure Stadium is the home stadium facility of the Pittsburgh Steelers NFL franchise and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers college football team. The stadium sits on approximately 12.4 acres of land and has a capacity of 64,450. Acrisure Stadium is only used as a football facility. The stadium opened in August 2001 and the Steelers debuted there during the 2001-2002 NFL season.
Waterlooville
Waterlooville is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is not far from Portsmouth.
Interstate 82
Interstate 82 (sometimes called I-82) is a 143.58 mi long  Interstate Highway in the states of Washington and Oregon. The road goes from Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 97 in Ellensburg, Washington southeast through Yakima, Washington, the Tri-Cities of Washington, and Umatilla, Oregon before ending at Interstate 84 in Hermiston, Oregon.
Since I-82 is north of Interstate 84, it breaks the rules for Interstate numbering. This happened because when Interstate 80N was renumbered to Interstate 84 in 1980, Interstate 82 became north of Interstate 84. The renumbering was part of a project to remove Interstates that have letters within their numbers.
Berimbau
The berimbau is a single-string percussion instrument, a musical bow, from Brazil. Originally from Africa where it receives different names, the berimbau was eventually brought into the practice of the Afro-Brazilian martial art capoeira, the berimbau leads the capoeiristas movement in the roda—the faster the berimbau is playing the faster the capoeirista moves in the game.
Interstate 82
In 1999, the state of Oregon wanted to make Interstate 82 longer. They planned three different roads, but all of them were not chosen. The freeway also has a spur route, Interstate 182, which connects Interstate 82 to Richland, Washington and Pasco, Washington.
Simon Helberg
Simon Maxwell Helberg (born December 9, 1980) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is best known for his role as Howard Wolowitz in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory. He is the voice of Bian Zao in the Nickelodeon show Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness.
Helberg was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of German-born actor Sandy Helberg. He was raised in Judaism.
Helberg is married to actress Jocelyn Towne. On May 14, 2012 their daughter Adeline was born.
Monty Python's Life of Brian
Monty Python's Life of Brian is a 1979 comedy movie by Monty Python. It is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same neighbourhood as Jesus Christ. People mistake Brian for the Messiah.
Mikhail Fradkov
Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (Михаи́л Ефи́мович Фрадко́в; born 1 September 1950) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007. Fradkov was the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service from 6 October 2007 to 5 October 2016.
Foundry
A foundry is a place where molten (melted) metals are poured into casts, to make metal things of a certain shape. Aluminum and cast iron are most commonly casted in foundries, but other metals, like bronze, can be casted as well. During casting, parts of different sizes and shapes can be made.
Mikhail Fradkov
Since January 2017, Fradkov is the director of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.
Foundry
Foundries also recycle used metals and recasts them into more useful forms.
Interpedia
Interpedia was the first-proposed online encyclopedia which would allow anyone to contribute by writing articles and submitting them to the central catalogue of all Interpedia pages.
History
Interpedia was initiated by Rick Gates, who posted a message titled "The Internet Encyclopedia" on October 25, 1993 to the PACS-L (Public-Access Computer Systems Forum) Listserv. That message included the following:
Incredible String Band
their style didn't make a strong impression on the festival audience, and  along with quite a few other bands they didn't appear in the film of the event.
Havant
Havant is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is between the cities of Portsmouth and Chichester. Havant is a very old town but it is still in perfect shape.
Bruno Huger
Bruno Huger (born 10 August 1962) is a retired racing cyclist from France. Bruno rode in the 1986 Tour de France.
Geelong
Geelong is the second biggest city in the state of Victoria, Australia. It has a large port and 190,000 people living in its area. Geelong at Corio Bay, which is 75 kilometres south-west Melbourne.
The city is a near many famous tourist attractions, for example the Great Ocean Road, the Shipwreck Coast and the Bellarine Peninsula. Geelong also has the second oldest Australian rules football club in the world, the Geelong Football Club, also called The Cats.
Akira Endo
Akira Endo (遠藤 章) is a Japanese biochemist. He is known for his research into the relationship between fungi and cholesterol biosynthesis led to the development of statin drugs.
He received the Japan Prize in 2006, the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008, the Canada Gairdner International Award in 2017.
Leiderdorp
Leiderdorp is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 27,109 people lived there.
Temptation of Wife
Temptation of Wife may refer to:
Leidschendam-Voorburg
Leidschendam-Voorburg is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 75,425 people lived there.
Bridei III
Bridei III (616-693) was King of the Picts from 672 until 693, he defeated the Northumbrian king Ecgfrith and killed him at the Battle of Nechtansmere in 685.
The Bachelor's Daughters
The Bachelor's Daughters is a 1946 American comedy movie directed by Andrew L. Stone and starring Gail Russell, Ann Dvorak, Claire Trevor, Adolphe Menjou, Billie Burke, Jane Wyatt, Damian O'Flynn, Eugene List, Russell Hicks. It was distributed by United Artists.
Survivor Series (2000)
Survivor Series (2000) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on November 19, 2000 at Ice Palace in Tampa, Florida. It was the fourteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWF.
University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (U of M or The U) is a public university. Most of the buildings are in Minneapolis, and some more buildings are about 3 miles (4.8 km) away near Saint Paul. These two parts are called the Twin Cities campus, and together they are the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system. The Twin Cities campus is the flagship of the system.
The University of Minnesota is one of the Public Ivy universities in America, which is like saying they can give people an experience in college similar to the Ivy League. The University of Minnesota was started in 1851, and they are now in the Association of American Universities.
There are lots of students and teachers at the University of Minnesota. Some of them have won Nobel Prizes and Pulitzer Prizes. Some famous people who went to the University of Minnesota are Hubert Humphrey, Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan. The nickname of the University of Minnesota is the Golden Gophers.
Structure
The University of Minnesota is structured into different units that study specific things. There are 19 units: The University of Minnesota also has some smaller parts made up of people from across the units working together:
Kinds of People
The campus is made up of more than 50,000 people, so the University of Minnesota is the sixth largest in the United States. There are many kinds of people that are part of the University of Minnesota, from a lot of different places and groups.
As of Fall 2017, there are 31,535 people who are studying for an undergraduate degree — that is, a level of learning that someone can get after high school. Of that number, 5,858 are new to the University of Minnesota trying to get a degree for the first time. There are also 12,614 people trying to get a degree that's even higher than an undergraduate degree, like becoming a doctor.
Minneapolis Campus
The campus started near the Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River, but people moved about 1 mile (1.6 km) over to the place it is today. The old site is now a small park. They closed during the American Civil War, but they opened again in 1867 when John S. Pillsbury gave some money. They were bigger by 1869, so they stopped being called preparatory school and started being called a college instead. Today there are so many buildings, there are some on both sides of the Mississippi River. The part with buildings on the east side of the river is called the "East Bank", and the part with buildings on the west side of the river is called the "West Bank".
East Bank
The University of Minnesota has many buildings on the east side of the Mississippi River. To help people find their way around, these buildings are divided into several areas: the Knoll area, the Mall area, the Health area, the Athletic area, and the Gateway area.
The Knoll area is the oldest part of the University of Minnesota, and it's in the northwestern corner. Some buildings in this area are over 100 years old.
The Mall area, or Northrop Mall is in the middle. It was based on a drawing by Cass Gilbert, but that drawing was too hard to follow. There are many buildings in the Mall area that are important.
The Health area is in the southeast corner. Some buildings are part of a hospital. There's also some buildings where students live, which called a residence hall.
The Gateway area is on the east side. Most of these buildings are for offices, but there are also some buildings for people who are learning about medicine and living things.
West Bank
The University of Minnesota has some buildings on the west side of the Mississippi River. Some are for people to learn about theatre, dance, music, and art. There's also a big library and some buildings for people to learn about social science.
Saint Paul Campus
The place people call the Saint Paul Campus is not in Saint Paul. It's in a city called Falcon Heights, about 3 miles (4.8 km) away from the Minneapolis campus. Most of the buildings are for people to about farming and natural resources. There are also fields and quiet spots. The Saint Paul Campus is next to the Minnesota State Fairgrounds, where Minnesota has a big party every year.
Clubs
Many students at the University of Minnesota are part of clubs. Some clubs are fraternities and sororities— that is, a group of students who have things in common and are close together. There are also clubs for people who are studying the same thing, or for people who want to help like a charity.
Print
The Minnesota Daily is a newspaper made all by students. It was first made on May 1, 1900. It gets made twice a week, except in the summer when it's made once a week.
There's another newspaper called The Wake Student Magazine, made all by students. It was first made in November, 2001.
Athletics
Minnesota's sports teams mostly play in the Big Ten Conference. The women's ice hockey team plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA); the men's ice hockey team also played in the WCHA until 2013, when the Big Ten began a men's ice hockey league.
Evelyn Nesbit
Florence Evelyn Nesbit also called Evelyn Nesbit (25 December 1884 – 17 January 1967) was an American actress, model, and dancer. She was portrayed in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing in 1955. Nesbit performed mostly in silent movies and stage plays. She also wrote two memoirs, Prodigal Days and The Story of My Life.
Nesbit was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She died at age 82 in California.
Maassluis
Maassluis is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 32,768 people lived there.
Walter Washington
Walter Edward Washington, (April 15, 1915 – October 27, 2003) was an American politician. He was chief executive of District of Columbia from 1967 to 1979, serving as the first and only Mayor-Commissioner from 1967 to 1974 and as the first home-rule mayor of the District of Columbia from 1974 to 1979. He was the last presidentially-appointed mayor of the District of Columbia.
Steyning
Steyning is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is west of the smaller villages of Bramber and Upper Beeding. It is not far north from Lancing and Shoreham-by-Sea on the South Coast. Steyning has a high street with many shops, ranging from the Co-op to Sussex Produce. There is a primary school, secondary school and a sixth form. There is a bed and breakfast hotel called, Springwells.
Khodadad Azizi
Khodadad Azizi (born 22 June 1971) is a former Iranian football player. He has played for Iran national team.
International career statistics
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CIS
CIS or Cis may refer to:
Petersfield, Hampshire
Petersfield is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is close to the border with West Sussex. Petersfield is a historic market town in the South Downs National Park. There is a market held in the town square every Wednesday and Saturday, with a monthly farmers market on a Sunday. The town was started at the end of the 11th century by the Normans. The Church of St.Peter was built in 1120.
Brian Acton
Brian Acton (born 1972 or 1973) is an computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is the executive chairman of the Signal Foundation.
South Thomaston, Maine
South Thomaston is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States.
Brian Acton
He previously worked at Yahoo!, and currently co-founded of WhatsApp.
Education
Acton graduated from Lake Howell High School. Acton started studying engineering from the University of Pennsylvania but left after a year to study at Stanford. He holds bachelor's degree in computer science from Stanford University.
Yankee Senor
The Yankee Señor is a 1926 American western movie. It was directed by Emmett J. Flynn. Actors include Tom Mix, Olive Borden, Tom Kennedy, Francis McDonald, Margaret Livingston, and Kathryn Carver. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Brian Acton
Career
In 1992, he became a systems administrator for Rockwell International, before becoming a product tester at Apple Inc. and Adobe Systems. In 1996, he became the 44th employee hired by Yahoo inc.
San Fernando
San Fernando might mean:
St. George, Maine
St. George is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States.
Owls Head, Maine
Owls Head is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States.
Homura (video game)
Homura (ほむら), style as HOMURA, is a shoot 'em up video game, released in Japan by Taito Corporation an 505 Gamestreet in Europe version. Released in 2005 in Japan, and 2006 in Europe.
Northern Territory Government
The Government of the Northern Territory of Australia, also referred to as the Northern Territory Government, is the Australian territorial democratic administrative authority of the Northern Territory formed in 1978.
Skullhead
Skullhead was a Rock Against Communism band from Newcastle, England. Their type of music is a blend of rock, Oi!, and heavy metal music. The band and lead singer, Kev Turner (known to many by the tattoo's he sports, including "Doc martin" boots on the side of his face, which appear like sideburns) were also heavily influenced by the Odinist religion, to which many of their songs refer too.
Bognor Regis
Bognor Regis is a town in Arun, West Sussex, England, UK. In 2001 there were 22,555 people living in Bognor Regis.
It has a beach, where Butlins is situated.
Wes Welker
Wesley Carter Welker (born May 1 1981, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is an American football wide receiver for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League.
Thomaston, Maine
Thomaston is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States.
Midden-Delfland
It was created on 1 January 2004 from the former municipalities of Maasland and Schipluiden.
Melodrama
A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work where the plot is sensational. It appeals strongly to the emotions. It has crude characterization. Characters are simply-drawn, and stereotyped.
Melodrama is a portmanteau word, formed by combining the words "melody" from the Greek "melōidía", meaning "song") and "drama". Originally it referred to the use of music in a play.
Hester Jonas
Hester Jonas (around 1570 in Monheim am Rhein – December 24, 1635 in Neuss) was a German midwife and cunning woman. She was executed for witchcraft and is known as the so called Witch of Neuss.
Life
Jonas married the miller Peter Meurer. They moved to Neuss. There she suffered severe epileptic seizures. She worked as a midwife and was familiar with herbalism, particularly mandrake.
In November 1635 (at the age of about 64 years), she was accused of witchcraft. She was arrested, examined and tortured. The mayor of Neuss accused her of having a deal with the devil. A few years back she already had the reputation of being a witch. In the wake of growing public rumours, the authorities were forced to do something. After hearings on November 15 and 22, Jonas denied the charges. On December 19 and 20 she was put on a chair spiked with sharp nails for three hours.
The transcripts are still available in the city archive of Neuss.
Ernie Dickens
Ernest Leslie Dickens (June 25, 1921 – September 27, 1985) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 6 seasons in the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Toronto Maple Leafs and 4 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks. Dickens won the Stanley Cup with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1942. He was also named to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1947 and was named a “Honoured Member” of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame.
North Haven, Maine
North Haven is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States.
Sultan chicken
The Sultan is a type of chicken. It is a breed of poultry known for its beauty.
Appearance
Sultan chickens have bright white feathers and blue shanks. They carry their wings low and stand straighter than most chickens. An adult male chicken weighs six pounds and an adult female weighs four pounds.
History
The Sultan chicken came to Europe from Turkey, where it is called serai taook. People put them in the Sultan's gardens because they were so beautiful and because they did not damage the grass as much as other chickens did.
In 1854, Elizabeth Hempstead of London wrote an article about Sultan Chickens in the Poultry Chronicle. A friend in Constantinople had sent her a few Sultan chickens. The first Sultan chickens came to the North America in the 1860s.
Pedro Cuatrecasas
Pedro Cuatrecasas (born 27 September 1936) is an Spanish-born American biochemist. He is an Adjunct Professor of Pharmacology & Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. Cuatrecasas was born in Madrid, Spain.
In 1982, he was elected the National Academy of Sciences. In 1987, Cuatrecasas won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1987.
Ernesto Gutiérrez
Ernesto Gutiérrez was a footballer from Argentina. Ernesto played for the Argentina national football team. He was born on 9 November 1927 and died on 9 December 2006.
Saffron
Saffron (Persian: زَعْفَرَان) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant. The spice is used in cooking as a seasoning and as a food colouring. It is native to Southwest Asia. It is the world's most costly spice, and has been for a long time.
Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay. This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal. Saffron also contains a dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden colour. Saffron is a part of many foods from around the world, and is also used in medicine.
The word saffron comes from the 12th century Old French word safran, which comes from the Latin word safranum. Safranum is also related to the Italian zafferano and Spanish azafrán. Safranum comes from the Arabic word DIN (أَصْفَر), which means "yellow".
Atsuga Shimizu
Atsuga Shimizu (born 29 June 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Chris Hadfield
Chris Austin Hadfield, OOnt CD, (born August 29, 1959) is a Canadian retired astronaut. He was the first Canadian to walk in space. He has flown on two space shuttle missions and has also served as commander of the International Space Station which made him the first Canadian to serve as commander of the International Space Station when he lead Expedition 35 after launch on 19 December 2012. He was previously a Royal Canadian Air Force fighter pilot.
Saffron
Biology
The cultivated saffron (saffron crocus C. sativus) flowers in the autumn and comes up every year, so it is known as a perennial plant. It does not grow wild, and is now a triploid form of the eastern Mediterranean plant called Crocus cartwrightianus. It is thought that C. cartwrightianus came from Crete. The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to a lot of artificial selection by growers who wanted plants with longer stigmas. It can not reproduce because the saffron crocus's purple flowers do not produce useful seeds. This means that reproduction needs human help. The corms (underground bulb-like starch-storing organs) must be dug up, broken apart, and planted again. A corm lives for only one season, reproducing by splitting into up to ten "cormlets" that will grow into new plants. The corms are small brown balls up to 4.5 cm in diameter and are covered in thick parallel fibres.
Chris Hadfield
Forbes described Hadfield as "perhaps the most social media savvy astronaut ever to leave Earth" with an audience all over the internet including over 2,000,000 Twitter followers, over 600,000 Facebook fans, one of the top Reddit AmA threads of all time and a popular Tumblr blog.
Saffron
Biology
After a period in summer known as "aestivation", some narrow green leaves come up from the ground. These can grow to up to 40 cm in length. The number of leaves is between five and eleven. In autumn, purple buds appear. In October, after most other flowering plants have released their seeds, the saffron grows its brightly-coloured flowers, which are coloured from light to dark purple. At the time of flowering, the plant is usually less than 30 cm in height. Inside each flower are three prongs, called the "style". Each prong has a crimson "stigma" of between 25 and 30 mm in length at the end of it.
Chris Hadfield
Hadfield wrote a memoir titled An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth and published it in 2013. The book became a New York Times bestseller and was the bestselling book in Canada on a Canadian subject.
Saffron
Cultivation
The saffron crocus grows best in climates like that of the Mediterranean maquis or the North American chaparral, where hot, dry summer winds blow across the land. However, saffron can live through temperatures as cold as -10 C, and short periods of snow. Saffron needs no extra water if it grows in a wet place like Kashmir, where there is usually 1000–1500 mm of rain each year. It is also important for the rain to fall at the right time of year: there should be a lot of rain in the spring and little in the summer. Rainfall just before flowering also makes the plant give more saffron. Rainy or cold weather during flowering can cause disease, so the plant gives less saffron. Other things that can make the plant give less saffron are: the weather being damp or hot for a long time; rabbits, rats, and birds, digging in the ground near the plant; parasites such as the roundworm; fungus and corm rot. Saffron plants grow best in strong and direct sunlight. Planting is best done in fields that slope towards the sunlight (i.e. south-sloping in the Northern Hemisphere), giving the crocuses' more sunlight. In the Northern Hemisphere, planting is mostly done in June, with corms planted some 7–15 cm deep.
Growers have found that planting corms 15 cm deep and in rows spaced 2–3 cm apart makes more threads, whereas planting depths of 8–10 cm makes more flowers and corms. Saffron crocuses grow best in crumbly, moist and well-drained clay soils with high organic content. They are often planted in raised beds, to help with drainage. Farmers often use 20–30 tonnes of manure per hectare on the plants before plating the corms The buds do not start to grow until early autumn, then in the middle of autumn the plants begin to flower. Picking the flowers must be done quickly: they flower at dawn, but curl up and die during the day. The flowers of the saffron crocuses only last for one or two weeks. From 150 flowers, the farmer can get about 1 g of dry saffron threads. To produce 12 g of dried saffron (72 g freshly harvested) would take about 1 kg of flowers (1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron). It can be worked out from this that one freshly picked flower makes 0.03 g of fresh saffron, or 0.007 g of dried saffron.
History
The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years. The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called Crocus cartwrightianus. Humans began choosing wild plants that had long "stigmas". Gradually, a form of C. cartwrightianus, C. sativus, came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete. Experts believe that the first document to mention saffron is a 7th century BC Assyrian book about botany which was written in the time of Ashurbanipal. There is evidence for the use of saffron in the treatment of about 90 illnesses during the past 4,000 years.
Mediterranean
In late Hellenistic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good. Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all types of gastrointestinal ailments. Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levant cities as Sidon and Tyre. Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium. Such was the Romans' love of saffron that Roman colonists took their saffron with them when they settled in southern Gaul, where it was extensively cultivated until Rome's fall. Competing theories state that saffron only returned to France with 8th century AD Moors or with the Avignon papacy in the 14th century AD.
Asia
Paints made from saffron were being used for drawing 50,000 years ago. These have been found in the country that is today called Iraq. Later, people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their medicines and magical potions. Traders carried saffron for long distances before the 2nd millennium BC. Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron (Crocus sativus 'Hausknechtii') in Derbena, Isfahan, and Khorasan by the 10th century BC. Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles,. They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and body washes. Saffron threads were also scattered across beds and mixed into hot tea as a way of curing sad feelings. Other people were afraid that the Persians would use saffron as a drug and aphrodisiac. During his Asian campaigns, Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea, rice, and baths to help heal his battle wounds. Alexander's troops copied their leader's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece.
Ham Tae-yeong
Ham Tae-yeong (1872-1964) was a Korean politician and independence activist. He was the 3rd Vice President of South Korea, from 1952 to 1956.
Saffron
Asia
No one knows how saffron arrived in South Asia. Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900–2500 years ago. Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime before 500 BC, saying it was either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir. Phoenicians then sold Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy. From there, saffron use in foods and dyes spread throughout South Asia. For example, Buddhist monks in India started wearing saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama's death. However, the robes were not dyed with costly saffron but turmeric, a less expensive dye, or jackfruit.
Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia. On the other hand, saffron is mentioned in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the forty-volume Shennong Bencaojing (神農本草經—"Shennong's Great Herbal", also known as Pen Ts'ao or Pun Tsao) pharmacopoeia, a tome dating from 200–300 BC. Traditionally attributed to the legendary Yan ("Fire") Emperor (炎帝) Shennong, it documents 252 phytochemical-based medical treatments for various disorders. Yet around the 3rd century AD, the Chinese were referring to saffron as having a Kashmiri provenance. For example, Wan Zhen, a Chinese medical expert, reported that "[t]he habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha." Wan also reflected on how saffron was used in his time: "The [saffron crocus] flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained. It is valued for its uniform yellow colour. It can be used to aromatise wine."
Europe
In Europe, saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire's fall. Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization "Al-Andalus" spread to Spain, France, and Italy. During the 14th century Black Death, there was a huge increase in demand for saffron-based medicine. Much saffron had to be imported by Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes. The theft of one such shipment by noblemen started the 14 week long "Saffron War". The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred significant saffron cultivation in Basel, which grew prosperous. Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg, where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code. Under this law under saffron adulterers were fined, imprisoned, and executed. Soon after, saffron cultivation spread throughout England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk. The Essex town of Saffron Walden, named for its new specialty crop, became England's main saffron growing and trading center. However, an influx of more exotic spices such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and vanilla from newly contacted Eastern and overseas countries caused European cultivation and usage of saffron to decline. Only in southern France, Italy, and Spain, did significant cultivation continue.
Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms; indeed, many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe. By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were growing saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was set equal to that of gold. The trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-transporting merchant vessels were destroyed. Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes. American saffron cultivation survived into modern times mainly in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Trade and use
Saffron's aroma is often described to be something like metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes. Its taste has also been noted as hay-like and somewhat bitter. Saffron gives a light yellow-orange colouring to foods. Saffron is widely used in Iranian (Persian), Arab, Central Asian, European, Indian,Turkish, Moroccan and Cornish cuisines. Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron. Common saffron substitutes include safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, which is often sold as "Portuguese saffron" or "assafroa") and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Saffron has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Modern medicine has also discovered itas having anticarcinogenic (cancer-suppressing), anti-mutagenic (mutation-preventing), immunomodulating, and antioxidant-like properties. Saffron has also been used as a fabric dye, particularly in China and India, and in perfumery.
Most saffron is grown in a belt of land ranging from the Mediterranean in the west to Kashmir in the east. Annually, around 300 tonnes of saffron are produced worldwide. Iran ranks first in the world production of saffron, with more than 94 percent of the world yield. Iran's annual saffron production is expected to hit 300 tons by the end of the nation's Fourth Five-Year Socioeconomic Development Plan in 2009. Other minor producers of saffron are Spain, India, Greece, Azerbaijan, Morocco, and Italy. A pound of dry saffron (0.45 kg) requires 50,000–75,000 flowers. These flowers would need about a football field's area of cultivation. Some forty hours of labour are needed to pick 150,000 flowers. Upon extraction, stigmas are dried quickly and (preferably) sealed in airtight containers. Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$500/pound to US$5,000/pound (US$1100–US$11,000 per kilogram)—equivalent to £250/€350 per pound or £5,500/€7,500 per kilo. In Western countries, the average retail price is $1,000/£500/€700 per pound (US$2200/£1100/€1550 per kilogram). A pound comprises between 70,000 and 200,000 threads. Vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, elasticity, recent harvest date, and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron.
Cultivars
Several saffron cultivars are grown worldwide. Spain's varieties, including the tradenames 'Spanish Superior' and 'Creme', are generally mellower in colour, flavour, and aroma; they are graded by government-imposed standards. Italian varieties are slightly more potent than Spanish, while the most intense varieties tend to be Iranian in origin. Westerners may face significant obstacles in obtaining saffron from India. For example, India has banned the export of high-grade saffron abroad. Aside from these, various "boutique" crops are available from New Zealand, France, Switzerland, England, the United States, and other countries, some organically grown. In the U.S., Pennsylvania Dutch saffron—known for its earthy notes—is marketed in small quantities.
Consumers regard certain cultivars as "premium" quality. The "Aquila" saffron (zafferano dell'Aquila)—defined by high safranal and crocin content, shape, unusually pungent aroma, and intense colour—is grown exclusively on eight hectares in the Navelli Valley of Italy's Abruzzo region, near L'Aquila. It was first introduced to Italy by a Dominican monk from Inquisition-era Spain. But in Italy the biggest saffron cultivation, for quality and quantity, is in San Gavino Monreale, Sardinia. There, saffron is grown on 40 hectares (60% of Italian production); it also has very high crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal content. Another is the Kashmiri "Mongra" or "Lacha" saffron (Crocus sativus 'Cashmirianus'), which is among the most difficult for consumers to obtain. Repeated droughts, blights, and crop failures in Kashmir, combined with an Indian export ban, contribute to its high prices. Kashmiri saffron is recognisable by its extremely dark maroon-purple hue, among the world's darkest, which suggests the saffron's strong flavour, aroma, and colourative effect.