cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Science tourism
Europe
Many European countries participate on the European Organization for Nuclear Research, which has his laboratories including the famous Large Hadron Collider on the French/Swiss border. Plus the bigger European countries like France, Germany, Italy and UK operate national laboratories. Most laboratories have open days for public visits.
DOE Laboratories
In the United States of America overseen by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) the Office of science operates ten national laboratories. In total there are 17 national laboratories funded by the DOE. Most of the sites hold open houses where the public can come in for free and see how American tax dollars are invested in research. This used to include nuclear facilities, but those have been restricted since 9/11.
South America
While the headquarters of the European Southern Observatory are in Garching near Munich, Germany the observatories are in northern Chile.
Universities
The most prestigious universities generally attract excellent scientists and have fine science programs. University campuses are usually open to the public, though permission from guards is sometimes required, and there may be some café or cafeteria or mensa or restaurant or even a university shop on site. Universities usually offer public lectures about ongoing research. Otherwise, their seminars and buildings are reserved for the students and the working faculty including post-doctoral researchers or professors. On weekends or holidays, many universities require special permits to enter. Universities compete on a worldwide basis; hence, they are not ordered by geographical position or alphabetized. Below is a list of the 20 highest-ranked universities according to 2013/2014 QS world university ranking (of course rankings may differ according to year and specific subject).
Kevin Krook
Kevin Bradley Krook (born April 5, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played three games in the National Hockey League with the Colorado Rockies in the 1978–79 season.
Fox Interactive
Fox Interactive was a video game publisher and developer that made games based on 20th Century Fox works, such as The Simpsons. The company was founded in December 1994. It went out of business in 2006.
Buster Edwards
Ronald Christopher Edwards (27 January 1931 – 28 November 1994), known as Buster Edwards, was a British career criminal. He was born in Lambeth, London. He was a member of the gang of the Great Train Robbery. He had also been a boxer and nightclub owner. Edwards was in prison for nine years.
Benjamin Mkapa
Benjamin William Mkapa (November 12, 1938 – July 24, 2020) was a Tanzanian politician. He was the third President of Tanzania, in office from 1995 to 2005. He was also Chairman of the Revolutionary State Political Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi, CCM).
Buster Edwards
Death
Edwards died after hanging himself (suicide) in Lambeth, at the age of 63. His cause of death is still disputed because many people thought he was too drunk to have chosen to kill himself.
Benjamin Mkapa
Mkapa died on July 24, 2020 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania at the age of 81.
Charlie Wilson (criminal)
Charles Frederick "Charlie" Wilson (30 June 1932 – 23 April 1990) was a British criminal. He was born in Battersea, London. He was a member of the Great Train Robbery gang. He was shot dead by a hitman on a bicycle in 1990 when he was living in Marbella, Spain.
Nobuyoshi Araki
Nobuyoshi Araki (荒木 経惟) is a Japanese photographer and contemporary artist. He is also known by the mononym Arākī (アラーキー). He is known for his photography works. He has published over 500 books.
Common kestrel
In Britain, where no other brown falcon occurs, it is generally just called 'the kestrel'.
Description
Their feathers are mainly light brown with black spots on the top and buff with narrow blackish streaks on the underside.
Food and feeding
When hunting, kestrels hover about 10–20 m (c.30–70 ft) above the ground. They can see the slightest movement. They can see small prey from a distance. Once they see the prey, the bird makes a short, steep dive. Kestrels eat almost any mouse-sized mammals like voles. They also eat shrews and true mice. Small birds are also eaten, mostly in the summer when young birds are born. The bird also eats spiders and beetles when it finds them.
Montfort-sur-Argens
Montfort-sur-Argens is a commune of 1,385 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France.
532
532 was a leap year.
Kray twins
Ronald "Ronnie" Kray (24 October 1933 – 17 March 1995) and Reginald "Reggie" Kray (24 October 1933 – 1 October 2000), were identical twin brothers, gangsters and convicted criminals. They led organised crime in the East End of London, from the late 1950s to 1967.
Their gang, "the Firm", committed murder, armed robbery, arson, protection rackets and assaults.
The Krays, who were homosexual, were protected by two leading homosexuals in Parliament: Robert Boothby (later Lord Boothby), a leading Conservative member, and Tom Driberg, a leading Labour Party member. This was at a time when sex between men was still a criminal offence in the UK. The facts were printed in the Sunday Mirror.
Although no names were printed, the twins threatened investigating journalists. Boothby threatened to sue the newspaper with the help of Labour Party leader Harold Wilson's solicitor, Arnold Goodman. In the face of this, the Sunday Mirror backed down, sacking its editor, printing an apology and paying Boothby £40,000 in an out-of-court settlement.
Because of this, other newspapers were unwilling to expose the Krays' connections and criminal activities. Decades later, Channel 4 established the truth of the allegations and released a documentary on the subject called The Gangster and the Pervert Peer (2009).
Eventually, Scotland Yard decided to arrest the Krays, hoping other witnesses would speak once the Krays were in custody. On 8 May 1968, the Krays and 15 other members of the Firm were arrested.
It was the longest murder hearing in the history of British criminal justice. Justice Melford Stevenson said of the sentences "I recommend [they] should not be less than thirty years". In March 1969, both were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a non-parole period of 30 years for the murders.
1658
1658 was a common year.
Belmont, California
Belmont is a city in San Mateo County, California. It is in the San Francisco Bay Area, on the San Francisco Peninsula about halfway between San Francisco and San Jose. 28,335 people lived here at the 2020 census.
Acaena
Acaena is a group of shrubs. They are in the family of Rosaceae.
Richard Ojeda
Richard Neece Ojeda II (born September 25, 1970) is an American politician and retired U.S. Army officer. He was the West Virginia State Senator from the 7th district from 2016 to 2019. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Phoenix Cricket Club
History
The club has been based in Dublin's Phoenix Park for nearly its entire history, apart from 1835–1853. During those years, Phoenix played their home games in fields near what is now the Grand Canal.
Akaa
Akaa is a city in Finland. About 17,000 people live there. Nearby municipalities include Hämeenlinna, Lempäälä, Urjala, Valkeakoski and Vesilahti. In Akaa is the biggest mämmi factory in world. There were mämmi-eating competitions in 2005 and 2007.
Phoenix Cricket Club
History
The Phoenix grounds have a pavilion, a square, full nets facilities, a bar, dressing room areas and car parking.
Richard Ojeda
Career
On November 12, 2018, Ojeda announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2020 election. Ojeda was the second office-holding Democrat to announce a campaign for the 2020 U.S. presidential election, the first being Maryland Rep. John Delaney. As no current state legislator has ever made a serious bid for the presidency, Ojeda was considered a "longshot" and "underdog" candidate. On January 26, 2019, Ojeda withdrew from the election.
Olia chain
The Olia Chain (or The Olias) is a mountain range in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It forms the southeastern end of the Petermann Ranges, and connects these ranges with the Musgrave Ranges further south. The Olia Chain consists of scattered outcrops of rocky hills, separated and surrounded by sandy plains. It extends from Katamala Cone (828 m) at its northern end to Mantarur (including Butler's Dome, 1102 m) in the south. The centre of the chain is dominated by Stevenson Peak (1025 m). A few kilometres northeast of this peak is a Pitjantjatjara outstation, called Pirrulpakalarintja.
The Olia Chain mostly consist of flat-topped ridges composed of sandstone, slate, quartzite, and limestone rock beds.
Richard Le Hir
Richard Le Hir (July 9, 1947 – November 4, 2018) was a French-born Canadian politician and lawyer. He was born in Versailles, France, but was raised in Montreal, Quebec. He represented Iberville in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1994 to 1998. He was a member of the Parti Québécois.
Le Hir died in Montreal at the age of 71 from complications of a stroke on November 4, 2018.
File archiver
A file archiver is a computer program that puts several files together, and makes one large file from the parts. Sometimes file archivers use data compression, but often they don't. When doing a backup of data onto magnetic tape, all the data needs to be written together, so an archive file is used.
An example of an archiver is the command 'tar' which is avilable in many Linux and Unix systems. As tar only combines flies, it is usually used together with 'gzip'.
Programs such as 7zip (or zip) will also compress the output, so it takes less space.
Lisa Lu
Lisa Lu Yan (born July 8, 1927) is a Chinese-born American actress and singer. She won the Golden Horse Awards three times in the 1970s. She was born in Beijing and raised in California. Lu is known for her roles in The Mountain Road, Demon Seed, Peter Bogdanovich's Saint Jack, The Last Emperor, The Joy Luck Club and Crazy Rich Asians.
Cláudio (footballer, born 1972)
Cláudio Luís Assunção de Freitas (born 31 March 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
67||13||4||2||10||1||81||16 67||13||4||2||10||1||81||16
Ulf Dinkelspiel
Ulf Adolf Roger Dinkelspiel (4 July 1939 – 9 January 2017) was a Swedish politician and financier. He was a member of the Moderate Party. He served as the Minister of European Affairs and Foreign Trade from 1991 to 1994. He was born in Stockholm.
Dinkelspiel died from cancer on 9 January 2017 in Stockholm. He was 77.
CASA C-212 Aviocar
The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a Spanish twin-turboprop aircraft. Designed and built as a cargo aircraft, it is also a light airliner. It is used both by civilians and militaries. US Air Force use some as C-41 to support special forces. Some variants are built for reconnaissance and maritime patrol.
First Ladies and Gentlemen of the Philippines
The first lady or first gentleman of the Philippines (Unang Ginang/Ginoó ng Pilipinas) is a spouse of President of the Philippines.
Living former first ladies and first gentlemen
As of September 2023, there are six living former first ladies and one living first gentleman. The most recent first lady to die was Victoria Quirino (1948–1953), daughter of Elpidio Quirino on November 29, 2006
979
979 was a common year.
Hazen, Arkansas
Hazen is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
List of roads in Metro Manila
This is an alpabetical list of important roads that are located in Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. It also includes roads that have parts not located in the region, like neighboring provinces.
Roads in Metro Manila are usually classified into highways, avenues, and streets.
408
408 was a leap year.
Heinrich Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann (January 6, 1822, in Neubukowin, Germany - December 26, 1890, in Naples) was a German archaeologist. He is famous for his work in discovering the ancient city of Troy.
Life
Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukowin, Germany. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a minister. His mother, Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann, died in 1831 when Heinrich was 9 years old. When his mother died, Heinrich lived with his uncle in Neustrelitz. He went to a grammar school in the town for about a year. His father paid the school fees. Heinrich was very interested in history and was encouraged by his father to read history books. After he left school, he worked in a shop in Fürstenberg for about five years. He worked hard as an apprentice, but he continued to read in his spare time.
He was not able to work as an archaeologist at this time, so he moved to a company which imported and exported products. In this job, he visited many different countries around the world, and learnt to speak English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. His ability to speak languages was very important in his job. He later studied Latin and Ancient Greek in Paris.
Heinrich married his wife, Ekaterina, in 1852, but the marriage was troubled. Ekaterina kept encouraging her husband to make more money, but Heinrich felt that they were rich enough.
His work
Nobody knows how Heinrich became an archaeologist, but he continued to travel to see famous historical icons around the world. He even disguised himself to get into Mecca, the holy Muslim city. He became very interested in Troy, which was involved in a big dispute at the time. He was inspired by many people in the city, especially Ferdinand Fouqué and Frank Calvert, who he met in 1868.
Many reports have said Heinrich buried a 'treasure' he found in Troy, dubbed Priam's gold.
Narumi Miura
Narumi Miura (三浦 成美) is a Japanese football player. She plays for the Japan national team.
Biography
Miura was born in Kawasaki on July 3, 1997. She joined Nadeshiko League club Nippon TV Beleza (later Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza) from their youth team in 2016. She played many matches from first season and the club won the champions for 4 years in a row (2016-2019).
In September 2013, Miura was selected the Japan U-17 national team for 2013 AFC U-16 Women's Championship. She scored 2 goals including opening goal at the final and Japan team won the champions for 2 tournaments in a row. In August 2015, she was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2015 AFC U-19 Women's Championship and Japan won the champions. In November 2016, she was selected the U-20 Japan for 2016 U-20 Women's World Cup. At this tournament, she played 5 matches and Japan won the 3rd place.
On June 10, 2018, Miura debuted for the Japan national team against New Zealand. In 2019, she was selected Japan for 2019 World Cup.
Mämmi
Mämmi is a traditional Finnish food. It is similar to porridge. Originally, it was eaten only in western Finland. It is served cooled with cream and sugar. Mämmi is usually eaten around Easter. It is a dark-brown porridge-like dish with a thick but smooth consistency, made from a combination of rye flour, rye malt, and sugar, and flavored with orange zest and cardamom. It has a similar consistency to porridge or pudding. Mämmi is thought to be the equivalent of Jewish unleavened bread as festive food. It is centuries old and is served as a dessert during Easter in Finland.
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
Early life
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was born on 13 May 1905 at the Hauz Qazi area of Old Delhi, India. He met Jawaharlal Nehru in England in 1925. He joined the Indian National Congress. He actively participated in the Indian freedom movement. In 1942 he was arrested in the Quit India movement. He was send to prison for 3 1/2 years' as punishment by the British rule. He was a member of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee from 1936. He was the member of All India Congress Committee from 1947 to 1974.
As President
Fakhruddin was chosen for the President election by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1974. In 20 August 1974, he was elected as the President of India.He became the second Muslim to be elected as the President. He was the second Indian president to die in office. He died on 11 February 1977 due to heart attack, at the age of 72.
Tsuyoshi Tanikawa
Tsuyoshi Tanikawa (born 25 April 1980) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
63||9||4||0||1||0||1||0||69||9 63||9||4||0||1||0||1||0||69||9
Mime
Probably the most well-known mime was Marcel Marceau. Mime originates from Rome and Greece. Some people also believe that cavemen used mime to communicate as they could not talk.
François Truffaut
François Roland Truffaut (6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was a French movie director, producer, writer, actor and critic. He was very popular in the 1960s for such noted movies as The 400 Blows, Jules and Jim, Stolen Kisses, The Wild Child and others.
Truffaut was born in Paris and died of brain cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine.
Reg Noble
Edward Reginald Noble (June 23, 1895 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings. He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. He was also the last active NHL player from both the NHL's inaugural season and the 1910s.
Dishwashing liquid
Dishwashing liquid is liquid detergent. It is used for washing dishes. It is designed not to hurt people's skin while they are washing dishes. This liquid is useful for cleaning oil because dishwashing liquid reduces the surface tension of oil and, when washed with water, the oil can be washed away. It is also used to clean sea birds if they get covered in oil after a spill.
The main chemical in dishwashing liquid is phosphate.
Reg Noble
Career statistics
Source:
Transactions
Source:
Montmeyan
Montmeyan is a commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France. 546 people lived there 2018.
The Whistle Blower
The Whistle Blower is a 1986 British spy thriller movie directed by Simon Langton and was based on the 1984 novel by John Hale. It stars Michael Caine, Felicity Dean, John Gielgud, Nigel Havers, James Fox, Kenneth Colley, Gordon Jackson, Barry Foster, David Langton, Mark Powley.
Jeanne Calment
Jeanne Louise Calment (21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) was a French supercentenarian and at the time of her death at age 122 years, 164 days the verified oldest person in history as well as the only person who has surpassed 120 years of age, although her claimed age is possibly disputed.
On 17 October 1995, Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the "oldest person ever" according to Guinness World Records, surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan, whose claim (120 years 237 days old at the time of his death on 21 February 1986, Calment's 111th birthday) has since been discounted. Calment also holds the record for being the oldest living person for the longest period of time, by far – with nearly nine years and seven months, counting from the death of Florence Knapp on 11 January 1988, to her own death on 4 August 1997.
She was the last remaining undisputed person born in the 1870s. On 12 July 1995, Tane Ikai of Japan died, and Calment became the last living link from the 1870s. Following Calment's death on 4 August 1997 at 10:45 CET, then 116-year-old Marie-Louise Meilleur became the oldest living recognized person.
Orthonormality
Two vectors in an inner product space are orthonormal if and only if they are orthogonal (perpendicular) and unit vectors.
Jeanne Calment
Biography
She was active during her life, lived on her own until she was almost 110, and talked a lot until months before her death. Calment still rode her bike at the age of 100 in 1975. Once, she fell off and developed a brief period of amnesia. She recovered sometime later. In 1888, when she was 13, Calment met Vincent van Gogh while he visited her uncle's shop to buy canvas.
During her later years in the 1990s, she could not hear very well. In 1995 at the age of 120 years, she became the subject of her own documentary, 120 Years with Jeanne Calment. She died in Arles.
Controversy
A study by Russian researcher Nikolay Zak has disputed Jeanne Calment's claimed age with a hypothesis that Jeanne's daughter Yvonne, born 1898 and claimed to have died of pneumonia in 1934, usurped Jeanne's identity upon Jeanne's death in 1934. In that scenario, Jeanne Calment would have died already in 1934 and Yvonne Calment in 1997, claiming to be her mother and aged 122 but in fact she was aged 99. However, to prove if the hypothesis is true, a DNA/blood test is required.
The oldest undisputed person in history is Japanese woman Kane Tanaka, who lived to age 119 years, 107 days.
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Edappadi K. Palaniswami is an Indian politician. He is the Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. From 2023, Palaniswami is the general secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, a Dravidian party.
Early life
Edappadi K. Palaniswamy was born on 12th May 1954. He was born in Siluvampalayam village in Salem district. His father's name is Mr.Karuppa Gounder. His Mother's name is Thavasi Ammal.
Politics
Palaniswami has won the state assembly elections four times from the Edapadi constituency. He won the elections in the years of 1989, 1991, 2011 and 2016.
Toilet paper
Toilet paper is soft paper, used to wipe urine or feces after using the toilet. It is usually sold in white rolls, made up of square sheets. Modern toilet paper is very absorbent (and also very thin) and is designed to break up in the sewage system. The paper is often available in different textures and colours. One square sheet of toilet paper is called a "ply". 4-ply toilet paper has a thickness of 4 square sheets of toilet paper. There was a shortage in 2020 because of the covid 19 virus, its shortage was also caused by people rushing to buy toilet paper.
Operation Uphold Democracy
Operation Uphold Democracy was a military operation in Haiti. It was led by the United States, with help from Argentina and Poland. It lasted from 19 September 1994, to 31 March 1995.
In 1991, the Haitian army overthrew Haiti's legally elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and created a new military government. The goal of Operation Uphold Democracy was to remove this military government and bring President Aristide back to power. The operation was protected and supported by the United Nations through Security Council Resolution 940, passed on 31 July 1994.
Cowpox
Cowpox is a disease. This disease affects the skin. It is caused by a virus (Cowpox virus) that is related to the Vaccinia virus. People (or animals) who have the disease have red blisters. The disease can be spread by touch from cows to humans. The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease. The disease vaccinated against was the deadly smallpox. Smallpox is caused by the related variola virus. Therefore, the word "vaccination" has the Latin root vaca meaning cow.
In 1798, the English physician Edward Jenner made a curious observation. Jenner lived in the countryside, not in the city. Some of his patients had gotten cowpox, and recovered from it. He observed that those patients did not get the disease again, they seemed to be immune against it. What was more, they also seemed to be immune against smallpox. Smallpox was a deadly disease then, that killed most of the people it infected. So he used the fluid he got from cowpox lesions, and scratched it into healthy people. That way, he could make those people immune against smallpox.
The Cowpox (Catpox) virus is found in Europe and mainly in the UK. Human cases are very rare and most often contracted from domestic cats. The virus is not commonly found in cows; the reservoir hosts for the virus are woodland rodents particularly voles. It is from these rodents that domestic cats get the virus. Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction. The incubation period (the time between an infection and the first signs of the disease) is 9–10 days. The virus can be found mostly in late summer and autumn.
Historical use
Cowpox was the original vaccine of sorts for smallpox. After infection with the disease, the body (usually) gains the ability recognise the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently.
Later, and still today, another vaccine was used: vaccinia. Vaccinia is similar to cowpox, but not the same.
Connemara
Connemara (Conamara) is a district in the west of the Republic of Ireland. The Owenglin River flows into the sea at An Clochán/Clifden. At first, Connemara was divided into North and South Connemara. The mountains of the Twelve Bens and the Owenglin River were the natural boundaries between the two parts.
Actor Peter O'Toole was born here in 1932.
Doug Lennox
Doug Joseph Lennox (21 January 1938 – 28 November 2015) was a Canadian actor, writer and radio personality, who was perhaps best known for his book Now You Know, The Big Book of Answers and his many appearances in movies such as X-Men, Police Academy and The Mask.
Rosvopaisti
Rosvopaisti is a traditional Finnish food. It is cooked in a 50 cm-deep hole. At the bottom of the hole is put a camp fire. It is cooked there for 3-4 hours. After that, a steak is put in the hole. Cooking takes about 8-12 hours.
Vivian Nathan
Vivian Nathan (born Vivian Firko; October 26, 1916 – April 3, 2015) was an American actress. She was an original and founding member of the Actors Studio, which opened in 1947. She served on the Actors Studio's board of directors until 1999. She appeared in the original Broadway debut productions of The Rose Tattoo (1951) and Camino Real (1953). Her movie credits included Klute (1971).
Consett
Consett is a town in the northwest part of County Durham, in England.
Vivian Nathan
Nathan died on April 3, 2015 in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 98.
East Lancs Myllennium
The East Lancs Myllennium was a 2-axle single-decker low-floor bus body. It was built from 1999 to 2006 by East Lancashire Coachbuilders and was built on the DAF SB220 chassis, Dennis Dart SLF chassis (photo), MAN 14.220 chassis and Scania OmniTown chassis.
East Lancs deliberately misspelled bus names (naming it "Myllennium" instead of "Millennium")
In 2006, It was replaced by the East Lancs Esteem
Hyline
The East Lancs Myllennium Hyline  was a 2-axle single-decker low-floor bus body. It was built from 2000 to 2002 by East Lancashire Coachbuilders and was built on the Leyland Tiger chassis and Volvo B10M chassis
Collusion
A collusion is a secret agreement between two or more people or groups, usually to create unlawful advantages over other groups. Collusions often organize secret agreements to gain an advantage by modifying the market unfairly. In businesses, this is often done by intentionally by secretly changing the supply and demand of goods and services.
Sometimes major companies will use collusions to make significant advantages over other companies by the use of cartels (the creation of unfair trade deals).
Leader of the Soviet Union
The Leaders of the Soviet Union were the rulers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. They wielded absolute or nearly absolute political control over the Soviet citizens lives.
Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (31 January 1797, Vienna – 19 November 1828, Vienna) was an Austrian composer. Although he died at the age of 31, he composed over one thousand pieces of music. There were other great composers who lived and worked in Vienna: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, but Schubert is the only one who was born in Vienna. He was the last great composer of the Classical music period, and one of the first of the Romantic period.
Coole, Marne
Coole is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.
Franz Schubert
Early years
Schubert’s father was a schoolteacher. Twelve children were born into the family, but only four of them lived to become adults. Schubert's father tried to persuade his sons to help at the school when they grew up. As a boy, the young Franz learned the violin, piano, organ, singing and harmony. He soon became very good at them all. His teachers were all amazed at how quickly he learned. He was also very good at other subjects in school.
In the holidays he played string quartets with his two brothers and his father. He wrote his first string quartets for them to play. By the age of 16 he had composed a lot of music, including his first symphony. His mother died. His father soon remarried. His stepmother was very kind to him and often lent him money. He had one strange thumb on his right hand.
Rising fame
At the age of 17, Schubert was teaching at his father’s school. He had been rejected by the army because he was too short (shorter than five feet) and his sight was very poor. He still took composition lessons from Antonio Salieri. He often went to the opera where he heard some of the finest music of the time. He liked reading. One of his favourite books was Goethe’s Faust. He wrote a song called "Gretchen am Spinnrade" which is about the young girl in the book sitting at a spinning wheel dreaming of her lover. The piano has a gentle accompaniment which sounds like the throbbing of the spinning wheel. The music stops for a moment when the girl imagines her lover is kissing her, then the piano gradually starts again. It is a very famous song. Another song which soon made him famous in all Europe was "Erlkönig". When it was first published another composer whose name was also Franz Schubert, thought that somebody had published a song in his name because the music publishers sent it to him for a correction. He sent a very angry letter back saying he had not composed that rubbish.
Adulthood
Although Beethoven and Schubert lived in the same town they only met once, although they knew one another’s music. Schubert visited Beethoven on 19 March 1827. Beethoven was dying. Schubert was one of the torch-bearers at his funeral. A year and a half later Schubert, too, had died. He asked to be buried near Beethoven. Their graves were just three places apart.
His music
Schubert’s pieces are among the greatest ever written. They are all settings of German poems. German art songs are called Lieder (pronounced “leader”), and Schubert made his Lieder very special by making the piano accompaniments describe the action of the songs in many different ways. If you try to sing them in a translation it is difficult to make it sound good. It is best to hear them in German and to have a translation so that you understand what is being sung. Some of the last songs he wrote make up a cycle called “Die Winterreise” (“The Winter Journey”). The poems are about a man who is unhappy because his lover does not want him. He goes out into the cold winter woods and all nature seems to reflect the way he feels inside. The songs are usually sung by a male singer (tenor, baritone or bass).
Schubert wrote a great deal of chamber music. Among his most famous pieces are several string quartets, a string quintet (for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos) and the “Trout” quintet (for piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass). There are sonatas and sonatinas for violin and piano, and a sonata for an instrument called the “arpeggione” which was used for about ten years after it was invented and then it was forgotten. The sonata is normally played on a cello or a viola nowadays. There is lots of piano music including sonatas, impromptus and also piano duet music. Schubert wrote eight famous impromptus.
Collectivization
Collectivization or collectivisation is nationalization of enterprises and other property in communist states.
Franz Schubert
His music
Schubert wrote nine symphonies. The last one is known as the “Great” symphony in C major. The eighth is called the “Unfinished”. There are only two movements instead of the usual four. A lot of people still argue about why he left it unfinished. Some people even think that he completed it and that the last two movements are either lost, or are now known as movements from a piano duet. We shall probably never know for certain.
Most of his life he was supported by his friends who gave him manuscript paper when he could not afford it. Many of his greatest works only became widely known in the 1860s, long after his death. The house in Vienna where Schubert was born is now a museum which people can visit. There visitors can also see the Benignus Seidner piano that Schubert was using for composing. Other instruments that composer was playing on were a piano by Anton Walter & Sohn (now in the Kunsthistorisches museum in Vienna) and a piano from Viennese piano builder Conrad Graf.
Citizens Bank Park
Citizens Bank Park is a Major League Baseball sporting venue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the home of the Major League Baseball team called the Philadelphia Phillies. It opened on May 3rd, 2004 and the first game played there was on April 12th, when the Phillies lost to the Cincinnati Reds. It seats 42,792 people and replaced the now demolished Veterans Stadium. It is part of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex.
Ya pear
The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.
Ya pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears.
County Galway
County Galway (Contae na Gaillimhe) is a county in Ireland. It is in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the city of Galway. The population of the county is 250,541 according to the 2011 census.
Yellow Rose of Texas
The Yellow Rose of Texas (Harison's Yellow) is a flower in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of yellow rose. It is often found around homes in the American state of Texas and along trails in the state of Oregon. It is also called the Oregon Trail Rose.