cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lilly Pulitzer
Personal life
Lilly has three children from her marriage to Peter: Peter, Minnie, and Liza. Peter lives in Bridgehampton, New York, with his wife, Elise, and five children: Fiona, Caleb, Stefan, Aaron, and Daniella. Liza currently lives in West Palm Beach, Florida, with her husband, Henry, and three children: Waverly, Hattie and Rayna. Liza is currently helping out in Florida with the Lilly Pulitzer Brand.
Death
Pulitzer died on April 7, 2013 in her home in Palm Beach, California from natural causes, at age 81.
Business
Lilly and Peter settled in Palm Beach, Florida, shortly after their marriage. Peter owned several Florida citrus groves, and with fruit from the groves Lilly opened a juice stand on Via Mizner, just off Worth Avenue in Palm Beach.
In the course of working at the juice stand, Lilly found that squeezing juice made a mess of her clothes. Seeking to hide the juice stains, she designed a sleeveless shift dress made of bright, colorful printed cotton. Lilly found that customers loved her dress, so she made more to sell at her juice stand. Eventually, she was selling more dresses than juice, and decided to focus on making and selling what had become known as her "Lillys".
In 1959, Lilly became president of her own company, Lilly Pulitzer, Inc. The company's main factory was located in Miami, Florida and the fabrics were produced by the Key West Hand Print Fabrics company in Key West.
From the 1960s to the early 1980s, Lilly's bright, colorful clothes were very popular, worn by rich people such as First Lady Jackie Kennedy, and members of the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt and Whitney families. However, by 1984, Lilly felt she was not having as much fun as she used to and retired, closing down her entire clothing business.
Revival of the brand
In 1993, the rights to the Lilly Pulitzer brand were bought by Sugartown Worldwide, Inc. They contacted Lilly with the hopes of bringing back the brand because, "they just loved Lilly, their mothers and sisters loved Lilly, and they wanted to bring the line back," according to Lilly herself. Lilly is not involved in the day-to-day running of the company, but she continues to do things like approve new designs, fabrics, and collections.
Products
Along with women's clothing, the company also makes men's clothing, children's clothing, maternity clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, bedding (revived in 2010 ), and stationery. The company started a bridal collection in 2010.
Lilly Pulitzer has made special collections with sorority prints on them, among them Kappa Delta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta, and Delta Zeta. She has held contests on her Facebook page to vote on which sororities will get their own prints.
Cultural impact
The Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History in Boynton Beach, Florida, ran an exhibit from August 2010 through May 2011 about the clothing and designs of Lilly Pulitzer. Museum director Lori Durante stated "Lilly Pulitzer fashion is relative to the American experience ... It is relevant to Palm Beach County, to Florida."
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Kal Ho Naa Ho, also abbreviated as KHNH, is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic comedy-drama movie directed by Nikhil Advani and Arjun Kapoor, written by Karan Johar with dialogues by Niranjan Iyengar, and produced by Yash Johar. The movie stars Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Preity Zinta in the lead roles, with Sushma Seth, Reema Lagoo, Lillete Dubey, and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles.
Kal Ho Naa Ho was released on 27 November 2003. The movie received positive reviews and was a commercial success at the box office and it was also the highest-grossing Indian movie of 2003.
Sypnopsis
Naina, an introverted, perpetually depressed girl's life changes when she meets Aman. But Aman has a secret of his own which changes their lives forever. Embroiled in all this is Rohit, Naina's best friend who conceals his love for her.
Cast
Special Appearances
Uncredited Appearances
Adam Zagajewski
Adam Zagajewski (21 June 1945 – 21 March 2021) was a Polish poet, novelist, translator, and essayist. He was awarded the 2004 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. He was thought to be a leading poet of the Generation of '68, or Polish New Wave (Polish: Nowa fala), and one of Poland's most well known contemporary poets.
Bernay-en-Ponthieu
Bernay-en-Ponthieu is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Adam Zagajewski
Zagajewski died on 21 March 2021 at the age of 75 in Krakow.
Halim El-Dabh
Halim Abdul Messieh El-Dabh (حليم عبد المسيح الضبع (Ḥalīm ʻAbd al-Masīḥ al-Ḍabʻ); March 4, 1921 – September 2, 2017) was an Egyptian-born American composer, performer, ethnomusicologist, and educator. He has a career spanning six decades. He is known as an early pioneer of electronic music, for having composed in 1944 the first piece of electronic tape music.
Goldman Sachs
2017-Four have Goldman Sachs USD 7.830.000.000 ("deutsch 7,83 Milliarden Dollar").
Sneaker Pimps
The Sneaker Pimps are a British trip hop group. They formed in Hartlepool, England in 1994. They are best known for their songs "6 Underground" and "Spin Spin Sugar".
Their song, "6 Underground", went to #7 on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.
The band's founding members were Liam Howe and Chris Corner. They then hired Kelli Dayton as a singer, and longtime friend Ian Pickering to write lyrics. Dayton was the original singer of the Sneaker Pimps.
After the first album, the band felt that demos for the 1999 album Splinter was better for the voice of Corner. Following the tour for their first album, Becoming X, they kicked Dayton out of the group. Dayton later had a solo career under the name "Kelli Ali".
The Sneaker Pimps broke up in 2005. They got back together in 2015.
Bapu (movie director)
Bapu (December 15, 1933 – August 31, 2014); (born Satthiraju Lakshmi Narayana); (సత్తిరాజు లక్ష్మీనారాయణ) was an Indian director. He was known for his works in Telugu cinema and for his movies such as Hum Paanch, Mister Pellam, Pelli Pustakam, Seeta Kalyanam, and Sri Rama Rajyam. He was a music artist, painter, illustrator, cartoonist, and designer. In 2013, he was awarded the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian art and cinema
Bapu died on August 31, 2014 in Chennai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 80.
Domvast
Domvast is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France.
Candy Clark
Candy Clark (born June 20, 1947) is an American model who became an actress. Clark has starred in over 50 movies and television series. She acted as Debbie Dunham in American Graffiti. Clark played Kate in Blue Thunder, a 1983 action movie. Candace June Clark was born in Norman, Oklahoma on June 20, 1947.
Pulaski County
Pulaski County is the name of seven counties in the United States, all of which are named for Kazimierz Pułaski:
Mahaica-Berbice
Mahaica-Berbice (Region 5) is a region in the northeast of Guyana. The regional capital is Fort Wellington.
The region has an area of 4,190 km². As of the 2012 census, 49,723 people lived there. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Demerara-Berbice to the south and the region of Demerara-Mahaica to the west.
Głuchołazy
Głuchołazy (Bad Ziegenhals) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.
Dick Saslaw
Richard Lawrence Saslaw (born February 5, 1940) is an American politician. He is a Democrat. He was in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1976 to 1980. He was elected to the Senate of Virginia.
Saslaw has been the leader of the Virginia Senate Democrats since 1998, and is the current Majority Leader since 2020. He was Minority Leader 1998 through 2008 and again from 2012 through 2014.
He ran for Congress in Virginia's 8th congressional district in 1984. He was defeated by then-Congressman Stanford Parris. He was born in Washington, D.C..
Tricia Nixon Cox
Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.
Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971. she has 1 son
She tutored inner-city children.
Bayonvillers
Bayonvillers is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France.
Fire ecology
In many ecosystems, fire helps keep the habitat healthy. Examples of such habitats are the North American prairie and chaparral ecosystems, and the South African savanna. In these ecosystems, fire helps renew the habitat. In theses places, many plants and trees have adapted and need fire to grow well, or for their seeds to germinate and start ecological succession.
If the fires are stopped, dry wood and dead plants accumulate. Bushes and trees that catch fire easily will start growing. When this area finally does catch fire, it will make the wildfire larger and more damaging, and be harder to control.
In the United States, campaigns have made people believe that wildfires are always bad for nature. This comes from the old belief that ecosystems grow towards a stable system, and disturbances like fires stop that, and destroy the harmony of nature. But we have since learned that in some areas, fire is needed to make the system work properly; fire also helps biodiversity of many habitats. The plants and animals in these habitats have adapted to protect themselves from fire, and sometimes must have fire to survive.
Chenopodioideae
The Chenopodioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants are family Amaranthaceae, formerly treated as a distinct family Chenopodiaceae and comprising all of the genera formerly included in this family except for those transferred to the subfamilies Salicornioideae and Salsoloideae. The precise circumscription of the subfamily is still uncertain, with research continuing; significant changes may occur to the genera included.
Fire ecology
Still, fire can kill people or burn down buildings. Now, controlled burns are sometimes done to have fire where it is needed, but don't let it go where it can cause damage to people or their property.
Chenopodioideae
The subfamily as currently circumscribed has a cosmopolitan distribution, with about 1,400 species accepted. It is a particularly significant component of the vegetation of the arid region that extends from north Africa to central Asia.
Ponthoile
Ponthoile is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France.
Quinoa
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa; ( or, from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa) is a species of goosefoot (Chenopodium). It is a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds.
Quinoa is not a real cereal, or grain, but more of a vegetable, as it is not a member of the grass family. As a chenopod, quinoa is closely related to species such as beets, spinach, and tumbleweeds. Its leaves are also eaten as a leaf vegetable, much like amaranth. Quinoa greens are not widely available for purchase. Quinoa gives high quality protein and other nutrients. It has been called a 'superfood'.
References
https://www.nasimahealth.com/is-quinoa-keto/
Vergies
Vergies is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France.
Arry, Somme
Arry is a commune. It is in the Hauts-de-France region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 196 people lived there.
Reaganomics
Reaganomics is a portmanteau word of Reagan and economics created by Paul Harvey. It refers to the economic policies created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s and still widely practiced.
These policies are commonly used with supply-side economics, referred to as trickle-down economics by political enemies and free market economics by political advocates.
The four main ideas of Reaganomics were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation.
Trimmis
Trimmis is a municipality of the district of Landquart in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
The Province
The Province is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The Province was founded in 1898. The paper was bought in 1923 by a Southam family. The newspaper runs daily and is the most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Vancouver Sun coming in second place. The newspaper also had a radio station named CFCB and it relinquished its licence in February of 1940 after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation told it to.
The Province and Vancouver Sun are both owned by Postmedia Network Inc.
Bill Cobbs
Wilbert "Bill" Cobbs (born June 16, 1934) is an American movie and television actor. He has starred in over 120 movies and television programs.
Personal life
Cobbs was born on June 16, 1934 in Cleveland, Ohio. Cobbs is the second cousin of the late African American actor James Baskett.
Career
Cobbs career began during 1973 in the movie Santa Buddies: The Legend of Santa Paws. He is known for his role in The Bodyguard. Cobbs latest appearance was in The Muppets (2011) and in Oz the Great and Powerful (2013). Cobbs is not married and lives in Los Angeles, California and in New York City, New York. Cobbs continues to act.
Mali War
The Mali War has been ongoing since 2012. The war has three sides. One side is Mali, who are supported by many other countries. Another, many of whom are Tuareg people, are separatists who want northern Mali - which they call Azawad - to become a separate country. Northern Mali is hot desert and is in the southern part of the Sahara. The third side is Islamist groups - including Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and al-Qaeda - who want Mali to be part of an Islamist caliphate.
The United Nations has reported many human rights violations, both by the forces close to the government, and by the different rebel groups. Allegedly, there have been amputations, floggings, and extrajudicial executions. A couple was stoned in 2012, for allegedly having an extramarital affair. Based on these reports, the International Criminal Court started investigations into war crimes and human rights abuses. According to the BBC, about 250,000 people have left because of the fighting. They are now refugees and internally displaced people. Another problem is that World Heritage Sites are threatened by the war. There are mosques built of mud, in Timbuktu, which are threatened. In September 2021, a contract was signed between the Malian state and a private Russian military company linked to the Russian military group Wagner. The document provides for the deployment of mercenaries in the country, in liaison with the Malian army, and the protection of senior figures.
Wilson Harris
Sir Theodore Wilson Harris (24 March 1921 – 8 March 2018) was a Guyanese writer. He wrote poetry, but has since become a well-known novelist and essayist.
His writing style was often said to be abstract and densely metaphorical. Harris was thought to be one of the most original and innovative voices in postwar literature in English.
Azawad
Azawad is the name for the northern part of Mali. The name translates to Savannah. The region is mostly desert-like. Between 2012 and 2013 it was independent from Mali. It is split into the regions Timbuktu, Gao, and Kidal. The territory has a size of about 882000 km2. The biggest cities are Gao with about 87.000 people, and Timbuktu with about 55.000.
Lachlan River
The Lachlan River is an important river in central New South Wales, Australia.
Course
The river starts in the central mountains of New South Wales, near Gunning. Other rivers that join the Lachlan River are the Boorowa River, the Belubula River and the Abercrombie River. They join the Lachlan near the town of Cowra.
Wyangala Dam was built near Cowra to control the amount of water in the river. The Lachlan does not get its water from melting snow like the Murrumbidgee River or the Murray River. It does not have a regular amount of water flowing down it. In 1944 the flow was less than 1,000 megalitres (810 acre-feet). Six years later (1950) there was a flow of 10,900,000 megalitres (8.8 million acre feet). In dry years, for example April 1944 to April 1945, the Lachlan may have no water flowing in it at all. The Lachlan has flooded every 7 years since 1887 at Forbes. The Lachlan River flows west and then south, finishes in the Great Cumbung swamp. This swamp is near Oxley between Hay and Balranald. Water from this big (500 km²) swamp finally goes into the Murrumbidgee River. Water from the Lachlan is used for farming.
History
The Lachlan river is in the area where the aboriginal people called the Wiradjuri lived. The Wiradjuri land has been called "the land of the three rivers, the Wambool (Macquarie), the Kalare (Lachlan) and the Murrumbidjeri (Murrumbidgee) . The Murray River was the south side of Wiradjuri land. The change from forest to open grassland was the east side."
The first European to find the Lachlan River in 1815 was Acting-Surveyor George William Evans. He named the river after Lachlan Macquarie, the Governor of New South Wales. The Lachlan River was explored by John Oxley in 1817.
In the early days of New South Wales, the south part of the Lachlan was known as Fish River. With more exploration it was realized that two rivers were the same river and the name Fish River was dropped.
2023
2023 (MMXXIII) is the current year, and is.
Lachlan River
History
Now indigenous and white people live on the Lachlan river.
2023
The year started with the continuation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine which began in early 2022. In January, an Islamist suicide bomber killed over 80 people in a mosque in Pakistan. In February, a major earthquake struck Turkey and Syria, killing more than 46,000 people, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes of the 21st century.
Lachlan River
Economy
More than 100,000 people live in the Lachlan area. 14% of NSW farm goods come from the area which is about 10% of NSW. 24 local governments look after the Lachlan area.
2023
Former King of Greece Constantine II, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, musician Burt Bacharach and singer Tina Turner died.
Lachlan River
Related pages
Major rivers that flow into the Lachlan
Towns along the Lachlan
Ogasawara, Tokyo
Ogasawara (小笠原村) is a Japanese village in the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo.
History
The local government structure of the post-war occupation of these islands is still used today.
Geography
The islands of the village include:
The Japanese government identifies Okinotori as Japan's southernmost island. It is 1,700 kilometres south of central Tokyo.
Stanleycaris
Stanleycaris (meaning "crab of Stanley Glacier") is an extinct, monotypic genus of anomalocaridid which existed in Canada, during the middle Cambrian. Its fossils were found in the Burgess Shale in and also informally reported from Mount Odaray.
Putative lobopodian species Aysheaia prolata from Utah, United States were reinterpreted as an isolated frontal appendage of a member of the genus Stanleycaris by Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2017).
New Jersey (album)
New Jersey is the fourth studio album by American hard rock band Bon Jovi and was released on September 19, 1988 through Mercury Records. It topped the album charts in Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It went to number 2 in Japan, number 4 in Germany and Norway and number 5 in Austria.
Lamotte-Buleux
Lamotte-Buleux is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 345 people lived there.
Herb
Herbs are plants that are grown either as a food (usually as a condiment), or because they have some use in treating diseases (or making them better), or for spiritual reasons (for example, their smell). Some herbs may act as an aphrodisiac.
The word herb comes from the Latin word herba, meaning grass, green stalks, or blade s. Botanists use the word to mean any plant with soft, succulent tissues. But many people use the word to mean only herbs with some economic value.
Herbs are small plants that have a fleshy or juicy stem when they are young. The stems of some herbs develop hard, woody tissue when they grow old.
Most herbs are perennials. This means that the top of each plant die each growing season, but the roots remain alive and produce new plants year after year.
Some herbs are annual s. They live for only one growing season and must be raised from seed each year.
Uses
The leaves, stems, or seeds of herbs can be used fresh, or they can be dried for later use. Dried herbs can be pounded to a fine powder, placed in airtight containers, and then stored.
Some herbs are used in cooking to flavor foods. Others give scents to perfume s. Still others are used for medicines. Some herbs, such as balm and sage, are valued for their leaves. Saffron is picked for its buds and flowers. Fennel seeds are valuable in relishes and seasoning. Vanilla fruit pods yield vanilla flavoring. Ginseng is valued for its aromatic roots.
Growing herbs
People often grow herbs in their garden s. Some people grow herb gardens for the patterned beds that they can create with these plants. Many other gardeners grow herbs for the flavor that the fresh or dried plants add to food.
Herb seeds and seedlings are inexpensive, and the plants grow easily. People who do not have enough outdoor space for herb beds can grow most kinds of herbs in containers.
Many kinds of herbs can also be grown indoors. The plants grow well with little care. Gardener s plant herbs in good soil that has been well-cultivated. They choose a sunny spot near a window.
2020 Formula One World Championship
The 2020 Formula One World Championship was the 71st season of the Formula One World Championship. The motor racing championship is the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.
The 2020 season was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, and started in Austria on 5 July and finished in Abu Dhabi on 13 December.
Nunavut
Nunavut is a territory in Canada. It is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was founded in 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has many native people (mainly Inuit).
A symbol of the territory is the Eskimo Dog (qimmiq). Even today, some people still use these dogs.
Altispinax
Altispinax (meaning "with high spines") is an predatory theropod dinosaur that lived near Sussex, England. It lived during the Early Cretaceous, about 137 million years ago. It was closely related to Becklespinax, another dinosaur from Sussex.
Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon (Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas; 6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768) was the son and heir of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV by the king's legitimised son, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse. He was known as the Prince of Lamballe from birth. He died before his father, and did not have children.
Biography
Louis Alexandre was born on 6 September 1747, at the Hôtel de Toulouse in Paris. The prince de Lamballe, as he was known all his life, was the couple's only surviving son. He was one of seven children.
Marriage
His father chose his bride, the Italian born Princess Maria Luisa Teresa of Savoy "Mademoiselle de Carignan". The wedding celebration lasted from 17 January 1767, until 27 January with feasts in Turin and Nangis. Prior to the wedding, His father had arranged the marriage to try and get his son to settle down as he was a well known womaniser. However after three months of happiness, Louis Alexandre soon tired of his young wife and resumed his life of débaucherie. He eloped with Mademoiselle de La Chassaigne, an opera dancer, five months into his marriage. At one point, Louis Alexandre even sold his wife's diamonds to raise money to pay his debts.
Death
After a dissipated short life, Louis Alexandre died on 6 May 1768, sixteen months after his marriage, of a venereal disease at the Château de Louveciennes in the arms of his wife. He died without any children. His wife inherited part of his considerable fortune. He was eventually buried at the Royal Chapel, Dreux, France by his younger sister Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.
Agenvillers
Agenvillers is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France.
Ziertheim
Ziertheim (Ziarta) is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany.
Wittislingen
Wittislingen (Wittislinga) is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany.
Vancouver Sun
The Vancouver Sun is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The Vancouver Sun was founded in 1912. The newspaper runs daily and is the second most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Province coming in first place. The newspaper has the largest newsroom in Vancouver although its staff of reporters has reduced in recent years. The Vancouver Sun is not a part of the Sun Media chain which has newspapers in Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton.
Iran men's national volleyball team
The Iran men's national volleyball team is the national men's volleyball team of Iran. It is managed by the Islamic Republic of Iran Volleyball Federation (I.R.I.V.F.). It joins international volleyball competitions.
They are currently the strongest team in Asia. They won the 2011 and 2013 Asian Volleyball Championships. They rank 10th in the FIVB World Rankings (as of September 2014). The team's home venues are Azadi Indoor Stadium and Azadi Volleyball Hall.
Becklespinax
Becklespinax is a genus of large predatory theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of England. It was found in Sussex, England and lived alongside the related Altispinax.
Moon landing conspiracy theories
The moon landing conspiracy theories (also known as moon landing hoax or Apollo hoax) are beliefs that men did not land on the Moon in 1969–1972 during the Apollo program and that NASA faked the information. Some conspiracy theorists believe the Skylab space station is also a hoax. (p. 162)
This belief is considered by the scientific community and historians to be irrational. But on the internet, the debate can occur since it is easy for anyone to publish their ideas. There are subcultures within the USA and cultures around the world that believe that the Moon landings were faked. This view is claimed to have been taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola). It is also shared by the Taliban and by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).
History
On 12 April 1961, the USSR sent the first man into space in Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin. Six weeks later, US President John Kennedy promised a manned Moon landing by 1969 to win the battle of systems and impress the world with technical superiority:
Moon conspiracy theorists say that NASA had too many technical problems to meet the eight year deadline for going to the moon. But the USA could not afford to appear lose the race to the moon to the Soviet Union, and so the moon landings were faked. In 2004, President George Bush gave not eight but sixteen years for a manned return to the Moon, even though the technologies for it should have already been developed forty years earlier. In 2010, President Barack Obama canceled this plan, which seemed to the moon conspiracy theorists to be an admission that the USA still does not have the technology to go to the moon.
Doubts about the authenticity of the Apollo Moon landings appeared first in December 1968 when Apollo 8 was launched. The almost perfectly executed odyssey of Apollo 11 amazed many around the world, and some people doubted it was real.
NASA commented on some of the conspiracy theories in June 1977. But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998–2000) Brian Welch (1958–2000) said in an interview with Sky TV News: (p. 68) (48:13–48:46)
This is thirty year old stuff... I don't understand why we should spend the time to... prove to people that we went to the Moon; in fact of matters we did go to the Moon.
When Fox TV aired Bruce Nash's film "Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?" in 2001, NASA released hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites. They also wrote suggestions for science teachers on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.
In 2002, NASA hired James Edward Oberg, to write a book intended to challenge those who claim the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax. Oberg was a former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst and journalist, and, it was later discovered, a moon landing conspiracy theorist. But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:
In 2006, some of the recordings of the Apollo era were declared missing. The question of what happened to the recordings was seen by conspiracy theorists as confirmation of their beliefs, and in 2009, NASA revealed that the tapes were erased.
Claims
The arguments about the moon conspiracy theories are detailed and complex. Some of the major points and counterpoints are listed below.
Complexity
Moon conspiracy theorists think that NASA faked the Apollo mission with a secret program. According to James Longuski, the complexity of the conspiracy theory scenarios make them impossible. More than 400,000 people worked on the Apollo project for almost ten years, and 12 men who walked on the Moon returned to Earth to talk about their experiences. Hundreds of thousands of people would have had to keep the secret. Longuski says that it would have been a lot easier to actually land on the Moon than to create such a large conspiracy to fake it.
Photography and videos
1. In some photos, the crosshairs are seemed to be partially covered by objects. Some conspiracy theorists suggest that the NASA composed the photographs by "cutting and pasting" objects over the background images.
2. In some photos, the crosshairs are rotated.
3. The letter "C" appears on some rocks. This is maybe a designation by the studio props.
4. The book Moon Shot contains a fake photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut.
Missing data
Blueprints and drawings of the machines used in the Apollo project are missing. Some Apollo 11 tapes containing telemetry and high quality video of the first moonwalk are also missing. Moon landing conspiracy theorists believe that this is because they never existed, since the mission was faked.
Dr. David Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz acknowledged that some of the Apollo 11 tapes are missing. When the recordings were sent back to Earth to be shown on TV, they were converted to a different format which was lower quality. Now the lower quality tapes are available, but the original high quality videos received in Australia are missing. Some pictures of the original high quality image are still available, and videos have been released from other missions too, like the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package.
Some people at NASA are looking for the tapes to help them plan for future missions. They believe the Apollo 11 tapes were sent for storage at the U.S. National Archives in 1970, but by 1984 all the Apollo 11 tapes had been returned to the Goddard Space Flight Center. The tapes may have been stored rather than re-used, and efforts to determine where they were stored are ongoing. Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967, even before the lunar landings.
On November 1, 2006 Cosmos Magazine reported that 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in the basement of the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia. One of the old tapes was sent to NASA for analysis.
On July 16, 2009, NASA said that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could reuse the tape. On December 22, 2009 NASA issued a final report on the tapes. Senior engineer Dick Nafzger concluded that approximately 45 tapes of Apollo 11 video were erased and reused. For the 40th anniversary of the Apollo moon landing, Lowry Digital of Burbank, California restored the low quality videos. Some pieces of the restored footage are available on the NASA website.
Deaths of Apollo workers
Some conspiracy theorists say that some astronauts were killed as part of a cover up. In a television program about the conspiracy theory, Fox Entertainment Group listed 10 astronauts and 2 others who conspiracy theorists said were killed.
All the deaths except for Irwin's were related to their job with NASA or the Air Force. Mike Adams and Robert Lawrence were not involved with the civilian space program. James Irwin already had several heart attacks before his death. All except two of the deaths happened at least one or two years before Apollo 11. Also, Brian Welch was speaking out against the moon hoax, so he would not have been a good target to be killed.
As of November 2018, four of the twelve Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 were still alive, including Buzz Aldrin. Also, nine of the twelve Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing between 1968 and 1972 are still alive, for example Michael Collins.
During 1961 to 1972, at least eight Russian cosmonauts died:
Additionally, the chief of their spaceflight program, Sergei Korolev, died in January 1966.
Landing sites
Conspiracy theorists say that telescopes, for example the Hubble, should be able to take pictures of the moon where Apollo landed, and if people really did land on the moon, then the pictures should show the scars on the moon's surface and equipment it left behind. They believe that our major observatories will not take pictures of the landing sites because it would expose the cover-up.
NASA has said that images have been taken of these landing sites, but the pictures taken by Hubble are too low quality to see very much detail. In 2009 NASA released pictures from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter showing the Apollo landing sites in more detail. These photographs have not convinced the conspiracy theorists because the pictures were taken by NASA, and they think NASA is behind the cover-up.
Technology
Bart Sibrel (a conspiracy theorist) says that the Soviet Union had much more time in space than the United States before the Apollo Program. The Soviet Union put the first satellite in orbit in October 1957 named Sputnik 1. They also put the first animal in space in Sputnik 2, and were the first country to safely bring back an animal from space in Sputnik 5. Yuri Gagrin was the first man to orbit the Earth in Vostok 1, who was also from the Soviet Union. Sibrel believes that since the Soviet Union was so far ahead of the United States in the Moon race, the United States had to fake the landings to win.
On January 27, 1967, Apollo 1 caught fire and killed 3 astronauts. Two years later, NASA said that the problems which caused the fire were fixed. Bart Sibrel believes that the problems could not be fixed, so NASA decided to fake the landings to win the Moon race.
NASA says that the Soviet Union's achievements were not as impressive as the United States. According to the Encyclopaedia Astronautica, the US spent 1,864 hours in space, while the Soviets spent 697 hours at the completion of Soyuz 5. Apollo 7 launched in October 1968, 21 months after the Apollo 1 fire, with an astronaut on board. By Apollo 11, the Uninted States' lead was even bigger.
Both the United States and the Soviet Union had many problems during the Moon race. The Soviet Union had the first in-flight death in 1967, only 3 months after the Apollo 1 fire. According to NASA, most of the accomplishments first made by the Soviets were also made by the US within a year. By 1965, the US started to beat the Soviets to a few important steps. The Soviets had never developed a rocket which could land on the Moon, and they never tested landing on the Moon with an astronaut on board. ''
Moon rocks
Some conspiracy theorists say that the Moon rocks collected by the Apollo Program are actually meteorites from Antarctica. Wernher von Braun, the Marshall Space Flight Center Director, and three others traveled to Antarctica in 1967 (three years before the Apollo launch) to explore for future space missions. Some conspiracy theorists believe that Braun collected meteorites during this trip to use as fake moon rocks.
The Apollo Program collected 380 kg of moon rocks during the Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 missions. According to scientists around the world, these rocks are very different from meteorites and other rocks found on Earth. The rocks are also 200,000,000 (200 million) years older than any rock found on Earth, and are similar to moon rocks later brought back by the USSR.
Some moon rocks could have been collected without landing on the moon, but the first moon rock was found on Earth in 1979, and it was only discovered in 1982 that it came from the moon. Also, moon rocks are very rare on Earth, and only 30 kg have ever been discovered, while the Apollo missions brought back 380 kilograms.
Research
In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon from the University of Glasgow investigated the 'Moon Hoax'. In November 2004, they spoke at the Glasgow Science Centre and examined the top ten lines of evidence that a hoax had taken place.
Notes
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Chiasmocleis lacrimae
The central humming frog (Chiasmocleis lacrimae) is a frog that lives in Brazil. It lives in forests that are not very high above sea level.
World line
A world line is the unique path that an object has as it travels through both space and time, usually called spacetime. As we learn from special relativity, the faster an object goes, the more time slows down for that object. As you can see in the illustration to the right, the slower object has a quicker passage of time than the very fast object, the one which time passes much more slowly for. When an object reaches the speed of light, it will be zero on the t axis, meaning that it will have made no progress in the time direction. Basically, the world lines show that when the speed of light is reached, time stops for the observer. World lines are very often used in theoretical physics and special relativity, as well as general relativity.
Cameo
Cameo or CAMEO may refer to:
Hana Hegerová
Hana Hegerová (20 October 1931 – 23 March 2021) was a Slovak singer and actress. She retired in 2011 because of health problems.
Death
In December 2014, she was hospitalized with serious heart problems in Prague.
Hegerová died on 23 March 2021 in Prague from heart failure, aged 89.
Port-le-Grand
Port-le-Grand is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France.
Convict lease
This system made a lot of money for prisons and the contractors. The contractors got workers who they did not have to pay, and who they could treat however they wanted. The prisons got payments from the contractors. Also, they no longer had to pay for food, clothing, or housing for the prisoners who they leased out; the contractors did.
In 1898, for example, about 73% of Alabama's entire yearly state revenue came from convict leasing. For this reason, convict leasing lasted almost 100 years in the South.
Beginnings
The state of Louisiana leased out convicts as early as 1844. However, convict leasing began to spread throughout the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). This was just after the end of the American Civil War, which ended slavery. With no more slaves to work for them, Southern farmers and businessmen needed to find new workers. Southern legislatures passed laws called Black Codes to keep blacks from moving freely and to force them to work for whites. As historian Douglas Blackmon explains: After the Civil War, all of the Southern states passed ... laws, which were designed [mostly] to criminalize black life. For example, vagrancy statues made it a crime for any person to be unable to prove at any given moment that he was employed. Also, in every Southern state it was against the law for African-Americans to sell their crops after dark. ... [The punishment would be sentencing them] to hard labor or to fine them outrageously, and [then] they were leased out to commercial interests such as farms, coal mines, turpentine production plants, lumber and railroad camps.
At this time, the Southern states did not have much money, and they found that convict labor gave them a big source of revenue. Contractors also made money off the system because they did not have to pay the prisoners the wages they would have to pay to white workers. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had made slavery illegal – except as punishment for a crime. So the states passed laws that would make it easy to convict innocent black people of crimes. Once they were prisoners, they could be treated like slaves. The states basically used this process as a way to continue slavery in the South.
Conditions
Northern states sometimes contracted for prison labor. However, in the South, the state gave complete control of prisoners to contractors.
Also, according to historian Matthew Mancini, the Southern convict labor system was "one of the harshest and most exploitative labor systems known in American history." 'If one [prisoner] dies, get another' was the attitude of many contractors, Mancini writes. He says this was caused by corruption, racism, racial violence, and the fact that contractors could do whatever they wanted without getting into trouble.
Prisoners were often treated very badly. Unlike during slavery, the contractors had not paid very much for the prisoners, and they would not have them forever. For these reasons, contractors had very little Prisoners could be beaten or whipped if their bosses did not think they were working hard enough. They were abused by guards. One source says: "Mines and plantations that used convict laborers commonly had secret graveyards containing the bodies of prisoners who had been beaten and/or tortured to death. Convicts would be made to fight each other, sometimes to the death, for the amusement of the guards and wardens."
Almost all of the prisoners who were leased out were African Americans, mostly adult males. This was because laws were enforced much more against black people, and blacks usually got much more severe sentences for "crimes" because of racism.
U.S. Steel is one of the American companies which have admitted using African-American leased convict labor.
Convict leasing was most common around 1880. It was formally outlawed by the last state (Alabama) in 1928. However, it continued in different forms until President Franklin D. Roosevelt made it illegal on December 12, 1941.
The system in different states
Here are some examples of different states' convict leasing systems.
Effects on the prison population
Scholar Randall Shelden argues that the convict lease system created an incentive to convict black people. Because the convict lease system brought in so much money, the states and counties had a reason to want to convict African-Americans. This is why the people in Southern prisons became mostly African-American after the Civil War, Sheldon writes. For example, in Louisiana's main prison in Nashville:
During the times when Southern states used the convict leasing system, their prison populations grew across the South. For example:
1597
1597 was a common year.
Vase in the Form of a Phallus
Vase in the Form of a Phallus is an ancient Greek terracotta vase in the form of a flaccid, uncircumcised, penis. The scrotum and pubic hair are depicted. Its overall measurements are 4 ½ in. x 4 in. x 3 ½ in. (11.4 cm. x 10.2 cm. x 8.9 cm. ). It dates back to the Archaic period, about 550 BC to 500 BC. Phallic vases are rare in Archaic Greek pottery, and this vase is thought to have held a perfumed oil, used for erotic or medicinal purposes. It is also believed to have been made in Rhodes. The museum writes that the vase displays a playfulness typical of Greek art.
Cabinda War
The Cabinda Province is a part of Angola. In is an exclave, and has no direct borders with Angola. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda wants the province to become an independent state. Before Angola became independent from Portugal, the Front fought the Portuguese. After it became a part of the Angolan territory, the front is fighting against the Angolan government. In 1956, crude oil was found in Cabinda. The Cabinda War has been ongoing since the end of 1975. It is one of the longest-lasting conflicts in Africa.
Aigneville
Aigneville is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France.
List of prime ministers of Albania
This is a list of prime ministers of Albania. The current Prime Minister is Edi Rama.
Canchy, Somme
Canchy is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France.
Putnam County, Illinois
Putnam County is the least extensive county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,637. The county seat is Hennepin. The county was founded in 1825 and named after Israel Putnam, who was a general in the American Revolution.