cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Wig
A wig is an artificial covering of hair. The word is short for periwig and appeared in the English language around 1675. Some people wear wigs to hide the fact that they are bald, which means they have very little or no scalp hair. Actors often wear wigs to disguise their appearance or get into character. In Britain and other Commonwealth nations, some public employees, such as judges and barristers, wear wigs.
Many composers during the 18th century wore wigs.
Dunaliella salina
Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile pink micro-algae found in sea salt fields. Dunaliella salina is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. Few organisms can survive in such highly saline conditions as salt evaporation ponds. To survive, these organisms have high concentrations of beta-carotene to protect against light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic pressure. This offers an opportunity for commercial biological production of these substances.
Hailles
Hailles is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Index on Censorship
Index on Censorship is a publishing organisation campaigning for freedom of expression. It produces an award-winning quarterly magazine of the same name. It is based in London.
Output
Output is what comes out of something. An example of output is when someone talks. The word is usually used when talking about computers. When someone tells a computer to do something, what it does is the output. Usually, output changes when someone changes the input.
Halloween (2018 movie)
Halloween is a 2018 American slasher horror movie directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Jeff Fradley, and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the Halloween franchise. It is a direct sequel to the 1978 movie of the same name.
Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle star as their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers, respectively. The movie also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, Haluk Bilginer, Toby Huss and Virginia Gardner.
It was released on October 19, 2018, a week before the 40th anniversary of John Carpenter's original Halloween. The movie received strong positive reviews from critics and fans. A sequel, Halloween Kills, was released on October 15, 2021.
Toll road
A toll road (also called a turnpike, toll highway, or express toll route) is a road for which vehicles must pay a fee to use, called a "toll". Toll roads are there in part to control the number of people using it. They may be built to allow some users to travel faster and avoid traffic congestion, speeding up traffic. In the past, tolls were collected to give income to governments or landowners. Today, tolls can be considered a form of tax which pays for the cost of road construction and maintenance that are not charged on those who do not use that road.
How toll roads work
There are many types of toll roads. Tolls might be charged to use a bridge, tunnel, or highway. On some roads, the amount of money you pay depends on how far along the road you go, and/or whether you are driving a car, motorcycle, bus, or truck. On other roads, you pay the same amount no matter how far you go or what you drive.
There are also many ways tolls can be collected. In the first toll roads, you had to stop at a booth along the road and pay the toll to a person, called a "collector". Depending on the road, you might have to do so when you get on, when you get off, or both. Because many vehicles may be waiting to pay the toll, the area around "toll plazas", which are a bunch of booths blocking the whole road, can be crowded. Recently, there are roads that have "electronic toll collection", which makes use of computer chips and RFID technology to identify drivers and charge their tolls on their bank accounts.
Tolls might be collected by vehicles traveling on one or more lanes of a road which is otherwise free to use. These lanes are often called "high occupancy toll lanes" because in most cases, vehicles with more than one person do not have to pay to use the lane. These lanes are there to encourage carpooling. If there are fewer cars on the road, more people can get to where they want to go without getting stuck in traffic.
All roads have to be paid for somehow, and so are never truly "free". Normally, road construction costs are paid for by the taxes on gasoline, diesel, or other fuel. Users of toll roads still pay these taxes and the tolls for using this particular road or lane.
Mythology
Tolls are mentioned in Greek mythology where Charon the ferryman charged a toll to carry the dead across the rivers Acheron and Styx to Hades. If the soul paid a toll, Charon ferried it across the river. If not, it wandered between death and life for eternity.
Ancient times
Toll roads are at least 2700 years old, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the Susa–Babylon highway under the regime of Ashurbanipal, in the seventh century BC. Aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the 4th century BC, the Arthasastra notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes.
Economics
Investor's bonds may be sold to those who are paying for the road to be built, and it is expected that they will be paid back over time by charging tolls. Once the bonds are paid off, the road is usually given back to the government agency that owns the land it was built on and had allowed the road to be built.
United Kingdom turnpikes
The need to build better roads than the existing ones was a reason for turnpikes. Turnpike trusts were established in England and Wales from about 1706. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual Acts of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls Britain. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts had about 30000 mi of turnpike road in England and Wales. They had almost 8,000 toll-gates. The trusts were responsible for keeping and improving most main roads in England and Wales. This helped distribute agriculture and industrial goods and kept prices low. The Turnpike trusts were gradually abolished starting in the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new ones, usually only short stretches of road, were also built. Thomas Telford's Holyhead road (now the A5 road) is exceptional: it was a long new road, built in the early 19th century with many toll booths along its length.
Msheireb Downtown Doha
Msheireb Downtown Doha (Arabic: مشیرب) is a planned city in Doha, Qatar being constructed in place of the current district of Mushayrib. Initial construction began in January 2010. Located in the downtown area of Qatar's capital city, it is set to occupy 310,000 sq m with the total cost of construction amounting to approximately $5.5 billion. It was launched in six phases by Msheireb Properties, a subsidiary of Qatar Foundation. The project is a flagship project for Msheireb Properties, and aims to preserve the historical downtown area of Doha.
Constructive proof
In mathematics, a constructive proof is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object. The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.
A non-constructive proof is rejected by the so-called constructivists, who choose to interpret existence in a stricter way.
Mohammad Khadem
Mohamed Khadem Khorasani Azghadi (, 7 September 1935 – 24 November 2020) was an Iranian featherweight freestyle wrestler. He won a silver medal at the 1962 World Championships. He placed eighth at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Mashhad, Iran.
Disclosure (band)
The group had their first UK hit in October 2012 with "Latch". This recording was a collaboration with other musicians, co-written with Jimmy Napes and featuring the vocals from Sam Smith. It reached number 11 in the UK Singles Chart.
Mohammad Khadem
Khadem died on 24 November 2020 in Tehran, aged 85.
Disclosure (band)
In 2013 they were voted into the BBC Radio 1xtra 'Hot Ten For 2013' and had two consecutive top 10 hit singles in "White Noise" (number two) (with AlunaGeorge) and "You & Me" (number 10) (with Eliza Doolittle).
Car design
Car design is the process of determining how cars and other motor vehicles like trucks look and feel. Most cars are designed by a large group of people that usually includes artists and engineers.
Lawrence Dane
Lawrence Joseph Zahab (April 3, 1937 – March 21, 2022), known professionally as Lawrence Dane, was a Canadian actor and movie producer. He was best known for his role as Lt. Preston in Bride of Chucky. He retired in 2017.
Car design
Design process
Typically, cars are designed based on many sketches and drawings, along with computer-aided design models. When the design team is satisfied with the basic shape of the car, a life-size model is sculpted from clay. Details are added to the clay model, and its shape may be changed by a small amount.
Other parts of the car, such as the chassis and engine, are designed primarily by engineers, as it is less important for these parts to look attractive than it is for them to work properly.
History
While most early cars were designed around usability rather than looks, that began to change when American businessman Alfred P. Sloan came up with the idea of changing a car's styling every year. This was done from the 1920s onward to keep cars looking "new" for each year they were sold, leaving customers unhappy with older models of the same car and increasing car sales in the United States. Sloan got this idea from bicycle companies.
After World War I, car companies in European countries focused on luxury, and companies called coachbuilders made bodies for luxury cars. Some of these bodies were customized for especially rich customers.
After World War II, the American economy grew and most American citizens were now able to afford cars. Because cars became more important in the United States, so did their styling, with the most famous American car designer being Harley Earl. The influence of car design would also grow massively in Europe, especially within France, Italy, and Germany.
Marshall Julum Shakya
Marshall Julum Shakya (मार्शल जुलुम शाक्य; 9 October 1940 – 6 May 2017) was a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Nepali Congress. He was a founder member of Nepal Student Union created in March 1970. He spent 15 years in prison during the panchayat regime. As of 1988, he was the president of the Kathmandu District of Nepali Congress.
During the 1990 Jana Andolan he was the convenor of the Central Action Committee of Nepali Congress, and one of the most important party leaders not under arrest.
Shakya suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and a heart attack in March 2017. He died of septic shock caused by pneumonia and heart failure at a medical center in Kathmandu on 6 May 2017, aged 76.
Dan Kelly (sportscaster)
Dan Kelly (September 17, 1936 – February 10, 1989 ) was a Canadian sportscaster. He was best known for calling games for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. He also called games for the NHL on CBS, USA, CBC, CTV and Global as well as the 1988 Winter Olympics (Ice Hockey for CTV) and the 1987 Canada Cup. Other than hockey, Kelly called games for the St. Louis Cardinals, Missouri Tigers football, CFL on CBC and the NFL on CBS. Dan Kelly was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame on October 3, 1989.
Hallencourt
Hallencourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Sodium bromide
Sodium bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBr. It is made of sodium and bromide ions.
Properties
Sodium bromide is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. When it is heated very strongly in air, it makes bromine gas. It also reacts with chlorine to make liquid bromine.
Preparation
It is made by reacting hydrogen bromide with sodium hydroxide. It can be made by mixing sodium and bromine, although this reaction is very violent.
Uses
It was used in medicine as a hypnotic and sedative. Potassium bromide is also used for this purpose. It is used to make other bromine compounds that are organic. It was used to make silver bromide. It can be used as a disinfectant with chlorine in pools. It can be used to make dense fluids for drilling oil wells.
Safety
Sodium bromide is only toxic in large amounts, like sodium chloride.
Erik M. Galimov
Erik Mikhaylovich Galimov (Эрик Михайлович Галимов; 29 July 1936 – 24 November 2020) was a Russian geochemist and Doctor of Sciences. He was born in Vladivostok, Soviet Union.
Scarification
Scarification or cicatrization is a form of body modification, where a design or pattern is cut, etched or scratched into human skin to make a permanent scar. Like with most body modification, there are many reasons why people choose to be scarified. The act of scarifying has been compared to tattooing due to the fact that it permanently changes the skin. It has also been identified with self harm because people have used it to cover self-inflicted wounds.
Pollination
Pollination is part of sexual reproduction in plants. It describes how the pollen grains get to the female parts of a plant. Pollen grains, which contain the male gametes, need to get to where the female gamete(s) are.
Ways of pollinating
In flowering plants, pollen has to get from one flower to another. There are two main ways that this can happen: by non-living things like wind or water, or by living things such as insects or birds.
Maize (called corn in some parts of the world) is pollinated by wind. The male anthers let go of their pollen and it blows over to a nearby female flower on another corn plant. Most of the flowers are either male or female on a corn plant (monoecious), rather than both sexes in one flower (hermaphrodite).
With tomato plants, bees move the pollen from the male parts of one flower (anthers), to the female parts of another flower (stigma). The bee moves between flowers as it collects the nectar that the flowers make. The bees take the nectar and some pollen back to their hive, and the tomato plants get to reproduce (make new tomato plants).
Because the tomato flowers have evolved to attract bees, they have spread-out petals and are white to human eyes (bees, like most insects, can see into the ultraviolet range as well as our visual range of wavelengths). The pollen is often stuck together in clumps called pollinia, which in turn get stuck to the bee. Bees are extremely hairy, and carry tiny electric charges which attract the pollen onto their bodies. Honey bees have special pollen baskets, usually on their rear legs; they groom the pollen off their bodies into these pockets.
Much of the pollen gets taken back to the nest or hive, where it is used as a source of protein, most needed by the larvae. Some gets rubbed off on the next flower, where the female stigma is sticky. A pollen tube grows down to permit the male gamete to fertilize an egg and make a seed.
90% of flowering plants are pollinated by animals, and only 10% use abiotic (non-living) pollination. Of these abiotic pollinations, 98% is done by wind and just 2% by water.
What happens after pollination
What happens after pollination is fertilisation. In plants it is a double fertilisation in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the plant ovary. One of these is a normal fertilisation, which produces the embryo. The other is a unique kind of fertilisation which produces the seed endosperm.
The process begins when a pollen grain sticks to the stigma of the pistil (female reproductive structure). Then it germinates, and grows a long pollen tube. While this pollen tube is growing, a haploid cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. This cell divides by mitosis into two haploid sperm cells.
As the zygote develops into an embryo, the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply. The ovary now will develop into a fruit and the ovule will develop into a seed.
Observer effect
The observer effect, or observer bias, means several things in different situations, although there are similarities.
Use in science
In science, the term observer effect means that the act of observing will influence the phenomenon being observed.
For example, for us to "see" an electron, a photon must first interact with it, and this interaction will change the path of that electron. It is also theoretically possible for other, less direct means of measurement to affect the electron; even if the electron is simply put into a position where observing it is possible, without actual observation taking place, it will still (theoretically) alter its position.
In physics, a more mundane observer effect can be the result of instruments that by necessity alter the state of what they measure in some manner. For instance, in electronics, ammeters and voltmeters usually need to be connected to the circuit, and so by their very presence affect the current or the voltage they are measuring. Likewise, a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer must absorb some thermal energy to record a temperature, and therefore changes the temperature of the body which it is measuring.
A common lay misunderstanding of the term refers to quantum mechanics, where, if the outcome of an event has not been observed, it exists in a state of 'superposition', which is something like being in all possible states at once. In the famous thought experiment known as Schrödinger's cat, the cat is empirically neither alive nor dead until observed – until that time, the cat is theoretically both alive and dead (technically half-alive and half-dead in probability terms). However, most quantum physicists, in resolving Schrödinger's seeming paradox, now understand that the acts of 'observation' and 'measurement' must also be defined in quantum terms before the question makes sense. From this point of view, there is no 'observer effect', only one vastly entangled quantum system. A significant minority still find the equations point to an observer; John Archibald Wheeler, who probably worked more deeply on this subject than any physicist thus far, devised a graphic in which the universe was represented by a "U" with an eye on one end, turned around and viewing itself, to describe his understanding.
There is a related issue in quantum mechanics relating to whether systems have pre-existing – prior to measurement, that is – properties corresponding to measurements that could possibly be made on them. The assumption that they do is often referred to as "realism" in the literature, although it has been argued that the word "realism" is being used in a more restricted sense than philosophical realism. A recent experiment in the realm of quantum physics has been quoted as meaning that we have to "say goodbye" to realism, although the author of the paper states only that "we would [..] have to give up certain intuitive features of realism". These experiments demonstrate a puzzling relationship between the act of measurement and the system being measured, but it is unclear if they require a conscious observer or not.
Use in Information technology
In information technology, the observer effect refers to potential impact of the act of observing a process output while the process is running. For example, if a process records its progress in a log file, the act of viewing the file while the process is running could cause an I/O error in the process, which could, in turn, cause it to stop.
Another example would be observing the performance of a CPU by running both the observed and observing programs on the same CPU. This will lead to inaccurate results because the observer program itself affects the CPU performance (modern, heavily cached and pipelined CPUs are particularly affected by this kind of observation).
Observing (or rather, debugging) a running program by modifying its source code (such as adding extra output or generating log files) or by running it in a debugger may sometimes cause certain bugs to diminish or change their behavior. This makes more difficulty for the person trying to isolate the so-called "Heisenbug".
Use in the social sciences
In the social sciences and general usage, the effect refers to how people change their behavior when aware of being watched (see Hawthorne effect). For instance, in the armed forces, an announced inspection is used to see how well soldiers can do when they put their minds to it, while a surprise inspection is used to see how well prepared they generally are.
Observer bias
The related social-science term observer bias is error introduced into measurement when observers overemphasize behavior they expect to find and fail to notice behavior they do not expect. This is why medical trials are normally organized as double-blind tests. Observer bias can also be introduced because researchers see a subject doing something, and interpret it according to what it means to them, whereas it may mean something else to the subject.
Haloarchaea
Haloarchaea are halophiles. They need a high salt concentrations to grow. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea, and are extremophiles.
The term halobacteria is a misnomer (mistaken name), because we now know the archaea are a different group from bacteria.
Rob Delaney
Rob Delaney (born January 19, 1977) is an American comedian, actor, writer, and activist. He was the co-star and co-writer of the TV show Catastrophe. He has appeared in minor roles in blockbuster movies like Deadpool 2 (2018) and the Fast & Furious spin-off Hobbs & Shaw (2019).
Free kick
A free kick is a kick awarded to the other team because of a foul, which is committed by another player. Free kicks appear in many different ball sports, like association football.
James F. Byrnes
James Francis Byrnes (May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American judge and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was also the 104th Governor of South Carolina from 1951 through 1955. From 1945 through 1947, he was the United States Secretary of State during the Harry S. Truman presidency.
Godfrey Kneller
Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1st Baronet (8 August 1646 – 19 October 1723) was the leading portrait painter in England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was court painter to English and British monarchs from Charles II to George I.
His major works include The Chinese Convert (1687); a series of four portraits of Isaac Newton; a series of ten reigning European monarchs, including King Louis XIV of France; over 40 "Kit-cat portraits" of members of the Kit-Cat Club; and ten "beauties" of the court of William III. The beauties series was to match a similar series of ten beauties of the court of Charles II. The earlier portraits were painted by court painter before him, Sir Peter Lely.
Jolly Grant Airport
Jolly Grant Airport  (IATA: DED, ICAO: VIDN), also known as Dehradun Airport, is an airport serving Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun is the only operational airport plying daily commercial flights, connecting the Garhwal region by air.
Trang province
Trang is the one of the southern provinces of Thailand. The province has an area about 5000 km2. It is located on the Andaman Sea, and contains 46 islands together with the mainland area. Most of the mainland area is hills. The important rivers that flows through the province, are the Trang River and Palian River. The rivers flow between the Khao Luang mountain range and the Khao Banthat mountain range.
Trang used to be a port involved in foreign trade and transportation. Trang was the first province in Thailand where rubber trees were planted. Governor Mahison Phakdi brought rubber from Malaysia and planted it here in 1899. Rubber is now considered an important product of Thailand.
The monsoon season on the Andaman Coast runs from June to September, when there are very big storms and a lot of rain. The province is driest during October to May.
In the past, Trang's name was Ta-Rang, a Malay name. The Thai people later shortened the name into one syllable.
Districts
The province is divided into ten districts (amphoe):
Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCl. It contains potassium and chloride ions.
Properties
It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is not reactive. It is similar to sodium chloride. It reacts with silver nitrate to make silver chloride. It reacts with sodium metal when very hot to make potassium metal. The metals are a gas because it is so hot. It makes a pink color when heated in a flame.
Preparation
It is taken from the ocean. It can also be processed from the mineral sylvite or sylvanite. It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid, making nitric acid and potassium chloride. It is made when potassium burns in chlorine.
Uses
It is used to make potassium metal. Potassium chloride is heated very hot until it melts. Sodium metal is reacted with it. The sodium metal melts and boils to make sodium gas. The sodium gas reacts with the potassium chloride to make potassium gas and sodium chloride. It can be electrolyzed in a water solution to make potassium hydroxide. It is used in food processing. It can be used to execute people in a lethal injection. It is used instead of table salt sometimes. Normally it is half table salt and half potassium chloride. It can be used to extinguish fires. It was used to make packs that get hot when squeezed, but better chemicals are used now.
Safety
Potassium chloride is toxic in very large amounts. When injected into a vein it is much more toxic.
Use in lethal injection
In the United States, people sentenced to death by lethal injection have usually been executed using three different medications. Potassium chloride is the third medication. It is given after a sedative (to put the prisoner to sleep) and a medicine that paralyzes the prisoner. Potassium chloride works by speeding up the heart until it stops.
The use of potassium chloride in lethal injections is controversial. For example, one scientist who studied the three-drug combination called potassium chloride "extremely painful." United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer used her research to argue that lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment. Other doctors agree that if the drugs are not given correctly, a prisoner could experience "a great deal of pain" or "excruciating [terribly painful] suffering."
However, other doctors say that lethal injection is less painful than other ways of executing people, like using an electric chair or a gas chamber. They also say that if the three drugs are given correctly, lethal injection should be pain-free. Because doctors are supposed to "do no harm", many executions are now done by people who are not doctors. Supporters of lethal injection say that mistakes, not the drugs themselves, are what cause pain.
Hallivillers
Hallivillers is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Picture book
A picture book is a book that combines words and pictures to tell a story. They are usually for young children to read. The pictures are illustrations that show different parts of the story. The written part of the book is often short and basic, using words that a child can understand.
The earliest illustrated book made for children was Orbis Pictus by John Amos Comenius. It was published in 1658. One of the earliest picture books in English was Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland from 1866. The drawings in it were done by John Tenniel. Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published in 1902. Potter did all her own illustrations, which are watercolour paintings. Some of the best-known picture books are Make Way for Ducklings, The Cat in the Hat, and Where the Wild Things Are.
Stefania Jabłońska
Stefania Jabłońska (born Szela Ginzburg; 7 September 1920 – 8 May 2017) was a Polish physician and professor, specializing in dermatology. She worked at the Medical University of Warsaw.
In 1972, she theorized the association of human papilloma viruses with skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. In 1978, Jabłońska and Gerard Orth at the Pasteur Institute discovered HPV-5 in skin cancer. Jabłońska was awarded the 1985 Robert Koch Prize.
She was a recipient of the National Order of Merit and the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
Elisée Reclus
Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830–July 4, 1905), also known as Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus, was a French geographer and anarchist.
Australia national cricket team
The Australian cricket team is the national cricket team of Australia. It is the joint oldest team in Test cricket. They were in the first Test match in 1877. The team also plays One Day International cricket and Twenty20 International. They were in the first ODI, against England in the 1970–71 season. They were in the first Twenty20 International, against New Zealand in the 2004–05 season. They won both games.
Elisée Reclus
Biography
After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852–1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the Revue des deux mondes, the Tour du monde and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.
Australia national cricket team
The Australian team has played 744 Test matches, winning 350, losing 194, drawing 198 and tying two. Australia is ranked the number-one team overall in Test cricket in terms of overall wins, win-loss ratio and wins percentage. Australia is ranked fourth in the ICC Test Championship behind England, South Africa and India. They led the Test rankings for a record time of 74 months from 2003 to 2009.
Elisée Reclus
Biography
In 1867–1868 he published La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe, in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the Cri du Peuple an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5. On November 16, he was sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed to a ban as an exile.
Australia national cricket team
Australia has played 797 ODI matches, winning 490, losing 272, tying nine and with 26 ending in no-result. They have led the ICC ODI Championship since it started for all but 48 days in 2007. Australia made a record six World Cup final appearances (1975, 1987, 1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007). They have won the World Cup a record four times in total; 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1999 Cricket World Cup, 2003 Cricket World Cup and 2007 Cricket World Cup. Australia is the first team to be in 4 consecutive World Cup finals (1996, 1999, 2003 and 2007).
Elisée Reclus
Biography
Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.
Australia national cricket team
The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until 19 March at the 2011 Cricket World Cup. There Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets. Australia won the ICC Champions Trophy twice – in 2006 and in 2009 – making them the first and the only team to become back to back winners in the Champions Trophy tournaments. The team has also played 39 Twenty20 Internationals.
John Byron (died 1623)
Sir John Byron MP (1562-1623) was an English nobleman, politician, knight, and Member of Parliament for Nottinghamshire in 1597. He was the son of Sir John Byron (died 1600). He had one daughter and ten sons, including some Cavalier commanders in the English Civil War: John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, Richard Byron, 2nd Baron Byron, Sir Robert Byron, Sir Philip Byron, and Sir Thomas Byron.
Education City
Education City is a development in Al Rayyan, Qatar. Developed by the Qatar Foundation, the 12 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi) property houses various educational facilities, including satellite campuses of eight international universities.
Halophile
Halophiles are organisms that need salt in their environment to live. Halophiles live in evaporation ponds or salt lakes such as Great Salt Lake, Owens Lake, or Dead Sea. The name "halophile" comes from Greek for "salt-loving".
Most halophiles are archaeans, but some bacteria and eukaryotes are also halophiles, such as the alga Dunaliella salina.
Lifestyle
Most halophilic and salt-eating animals use energy to remove salt from their cytoplasm. Normally, organisms living around a lot of salt would lose water and die because of osmosis. Water inside the organism would move from inside the cell to its outside environment. This is because there is always movement of water to reach a state where the concentrations of salt are the same on both sides of the cell membrane.
Vauffelin
Vauffelin was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Chamber pot
A chamber pot (also a chamberpot), a piss pot, a potty, a po, a gazunder, or a thunder pot) is a container with a handle, usually used as a urinal at night. It is kept in a bedroom under a bed or in a nightstand.
Halophile
Lifestyle
To survive, the cytoplasm of halophiles must be isotonic with its environment.
To get to this state, halophiles use two different methods. In the first (mainly used by bacteria, some archaea, yeasts, algae and fungi), organic compounds are stored in the cytoplasm. These compounds help the organism survive the stress of osmosis. The most commonly used solutes for this process are neutral and include amino acids and sugars. Advantages to this method are that organisms can live in a wider range of salt concentrations. Also, if proteins are not exposed to high salt levels, they do not have to adapt to high salt levels. It requires the organism to use much more energy then the adaption below.
The second, less common adaptation, is the selective intake of potassium (K+) ions into the cytoplasm. In exchange, the organism pumps sodium (Na+) ions out with the help of the sodium-potassium pump. Ions of sodium may be used instead of potassium, but potassium is the most common. This adaptation is only used by one order of bacteria and one family of Archaea. An advantage to this method is that it uses much less energy than the adaption above. The main disadvantage to this adaption is that all of the machinery inside the cell (enzymes, structural proteins, etc.) must be adapted to high levels of non-organic ions, and high salt levels. This is much more demanding than the adaptation described above.
Most halophilic organisms only use one of the two methods, but a few halophiles can use both.
Categorization
Halophiles are categorized by the levels of salt at which they grow best. Halophiles can either be categorized as slight halophiles, moderate halophiles, or extreme halophiles. Slight halophiles grow best in concentrations of salt around 2% to 5%. An example of a slight halophile is Erythrobacter flavus. Slight halophiles live in mud on the ocean floor, in seawater, and in garden soil.
Chamber pot
During Victorian times, some chamber pots were built into a cabinet with a closeable cover.
Halophile
Categorization
Moderate halophiles grow best in concentrations of salt around 5% to 20%. Examples of moderate halophiles are organisms in the genera Desulfovibrio, Desulfocella, Desulfohalobium, and Desulfotomaculum. Moderate halophiles live in marine salterns, saline lakes, in matter at the bottom of the sea, and in oil brine fields.
Desperate Housewives
Desperate Housewives is an American television series. It is shown in many other countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Palestine, and Malaysia. The show is shown on ABC in the United States. The series ran on ABC from October 3, 2004 until May 13, 2012 with eight seasons and a total of 180 episodes.
Halophile
Categorization
Extreme halophiles grow best in concentrations of salt from 20% to 30%. Examples of extreme halophiles are Salinibacter ruber and organisms in the Halobacteria class. Extreme halophiles live in the Dead Sea in the Middle East and in man-made solar salterns (lakes used for making sea salt).
In nature
Halophiles play an important part in ecosystems. For example, halophiles often support entire populations of wild birds.
Edexcel
Edexcel is a UK examination board. It is one of England, Wales and Northern Ireland's five main examination boards. Edexcel is owned by the private-sector Pearson PLC. The company offers many qualifications including A levels and GCSEs. Edexcel's name is from the words education and excellence.
Desperate Housewives
Desperate Housewives is a comedy-drama. It is like a soap opera, but is not because it only has a new episode once a week. The show is about a group of neighbors who live on Wisteria Lane in the made-up town of Fairview.
Neelum District
The Neelum District (ضلع نیلم) is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Until recently it was part of Muzaffarabad District. It is bounded by the Gilgit (Northern Areas) to the North, with Kupwara and Baramulla Districts of Jammu and Kashmir to the South and Southeast, Muzaffarabad District to the Southwest and Mansehra District to the West. The district was badly affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.
Pollination
Gymnosperms
There is evidence that some gymnosperms were insect-pollinated in the Triassic period, but pollination by animals is not the main method in this group. Most are wind-pollinated. Some gymnosperms and their insect pollinators are co-evolved for pollination. The best-known examples are members of the order Cycadales and their associated species of beetle.
Neelum District
Subdivisions
The district is administratively subdivided into two tehsils:
Desperate Housewives
Season 1
The show opens with the suicide of Mary Alice Young, a housewife who lives on Wisteria Lane. After that, Mary Alice narrates about her 4 friends: Susan Mayer - a divorced mother who falls in love with her new neighbor Mike Delfino; Bree Van de Kamp - seemingly "the perfect housewife and the perfect mother"; Gabrielle Solis - a former model who married a rich husband, but she has an affair with her teenager gardener; and Lynette Scavo - who has 4 kids and her husband at his work all the time. While they try to be the best mothers and housewives, they try to understand why Mary Alice killed herself, and they find a mysterious letter and a cassette with a recording of Mary Alice that says her real name is Angela.
Season 2
In season 2 Betty Applewhite,a new neighbour lives in Wisteria Lane with they´re two children Mathew and Caleb, Caleb so his mother thinks killed in Chicago Melanie Foster the girlfriend of Mathew - after the narrator tells that in reality Mathew kills Melanie after a fight he will be killed by the SWAT. Meanwhile, Danielle falls in love with him and later they run from home away(before he will be killed). Then Bree's husband Rex will be murdered by George Williams a pharmacist, because he loves her very much. Lynette decided to work and her husband Tom must be by their kids. At the end of the season Lynette follows Tom to Atlantic City and there she see that he have an affair with Nora Huntington( Lynette didn´t ken her), but then Lynette see that it was a discord and they are happy together. Susan and Mike loves now each other and there will marry but then at the end Orson Hodge crossed with aid him. Gabrielle is pregnant from her gardener John and Carlos and Gaby decided to tease him. After Gabrielle's stairs fall she loose the child and they decided to have a surrogate mother because Gaby could not have a kid now. The secret is all the time what happens in Chicago as Melanie dies.
Neelum District
Pakistani Languages
Many languages are spoken in the district. Hindko however, is the predominant language and is spoken mostly in the west, southwest and central regions. Shina and Kashmiri are spoken in the Northeast towards the border with Baramulla and Astore District and also in the far north on the cease-fire Line with Diamir District. Pashto is also spoken in a few villages on the Line of Conflict with Baramulla.
Desperate Housewives
Season 3
Season 3 takes of six months after season 2 ends. Bree has started dating Orson Hodge, not knowing he ran over Mike Delfino, who was on his way to propose to Susan. Lynette has calmed down after the fact that Tom has another child, but she gets annoyed when Nora tries to always be a part of the family, when she feels like she can only include Tom's daughter Kayla. Mike is still in a coma, 6 months after he was run down by Orson. Gabrielle and Carlos are getting divorced. When Gaby has to take care of Xiao-Mei, who are carrying Carlos and Gabrielle's child, it really makes her furious, since she was the woman Carlos was cheating with.
Two weeks later, Mike wakes up from his coma. He is suffering from amnesia, and can't remember anything from the day he moved to Wisteria Lane. Edie is there when Mike wakes up, and since she is in love with Mike she tells him that Susan treated him like dirt, and she never really loved him.
Pollination
Families of flowering plants
Really widespread and specialised animal pollination came with the Angiosperms (flowering plants). Different families of flowering plants usually specialise in a particular pollination method. Sometimes a few genera shift from one method to another. p53
Pollination syndrome
Pollination syndrome is the set of adaptive traits which help flowers to get pollinated.
Wind pollination
Wind pollinated flowers are usually small and inconspicuous (not showy). They do not have a scent or produce nectar. The anthers may produce a large number of pollen grains, while the stamens are generally long and stick up out of the flower. Their stigmas may be large and feathery to catch the pollen grains. Insects may visit them to collect pollen; there are some examples of flowers which are both wind and insect pollinated.
Jolly Grant Airport
About Jolly Grant Airport
Situated 25km east of Dehradun city, Jolly Grant Airport is nestled in the foothills of Himalayas. The proximity of Jolly Grant Airport with popular places like Dehradun, Mussoorie, Haridwar and Rishikesh enables tourists to fly in to Uttarakhand instead of travelling by rail or by road. The distance from Jolly Grant Airport to Rishikesh and Dehradun can be easily covered in 20 and 40 minutes respectively. Several efforts are being made by the government of Uttarakhand to rope in more airlines as it will help in improving the tourism sector.
Kentucky Camp, Arizona
Kentucky Camp is a ghost town in Arizona. It was a mining camp.
Elisée Reclus
Biography
In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.
Michael Emerson
Michael Emerson (born September 7, 1954 ) is an American theatre, television, and movie actor. He won an "Outstanding Guest Actor" Emmy in 2001 for a part on The Practice. He is best known for playing Zep Hindle in the 2004 movie Saw and Ben Linus in the television series Lost.
Elisée Reclus
Biography
After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.
Vauffelin
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Vauffelin and Plagne merged into the new municipality of Sauge.
Michael Emerson
Early life
Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, Iowa. He studied theater and art at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated in 1976. He then moved to New York City. He had trouble finding work as an actor so he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator. In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. In Jacksonville, between 1986 to 1993, he was in local productions, and worked as a teacher and director.
Erik M. Galimov
He was Editor-in-Chief of the Russian journal Geochemistry from 2005 until his death. He was also academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1994 until his death. He was a Distinguished Professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Elisée Reclus
Biography
Some articles wrote by Reclus:
Michael Emerson
Career
Emerson thought about not being an actor and being a teacher instead, because it is a more stable job. He decided to go back to school and get a Master of Fine Arts. He thought it might help him meet theatre professionals and directors.
Erik M. Galimov
Galimov died on 24 November 2020, aged 84.
Michael Emerson
Career
Emerson's first big role was in 1997. He starred as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's play, Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde, and then was in many other plays. In 1998, he acted with Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of The Misanthrope. In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in The Iceman Cometh with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both Give Me Your Answer, Do! and Hedda Gabler.
In movies and television, Emerson played somewhat dangerous, damaged characters. He played the roles so that the character would seem mysterious. In 2001, he won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of The Practice.
One of Emerson's most well-known works was in 2004, as the character Zep Hindle in the horror movie Saw. In 2006, Emerson began guest-starring on the television series Lost as Henry Gale/Ben Linus. He was originally planned to be in a small number of episodes, but he returned for season 3 as a main cast member. In 2007, he was nominated for another Emmy Award for his work on the series.
Alexander I of Scotland
Alexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078—23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from his older brother's death in January 1107 until his own death in 1124. Because he had no children, his successor was his younger brother, David who became King David I of Scotland after Alexander's death.
Elisée Reclus
Biography
Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.
Alexander I of Scotland
Life
Alexander was the fifth son of King Malcolm III of Scotland and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor, daughter of Edward the Exile and thr granddaughter of King Edmund II of England. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II.
He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.