cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Great Britain at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Great Britain sent people to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The team has people in para-snowboarding, para-alpine skiing and wheelchair curling. People are from Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland  Unlike football and some other sports, citizens from these countries are part of the same team at the Olympics and Paralympics. The competition was also broadcast on television on Channel 4.
Team
The first team announcement for Great Britain was made on 15 January 2018. The full team for Great Britain was made on 15 February 2018. Scott Meenagh has been selected to compete in both the biathlon and cross-country skiing competitions.
The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team GB") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.
Great Britain will send a total of 17 athletes to the games. This is the most sent by the British team since 2006.
History
Many times, Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland compete as separate countries at sports events around the world. Because of the past, these four countries compete as one country at the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Some Crown dependencies and some British Overseas Territories also are part of Great Britain for these sporting events. People in Northern Ireland do not like the name because it does not include them.
Before the start of the 2018 Winter Olympics, people from Great Britain had won more medals in the Winter Paralympics than the Winter Olympics. People won one bronze medal at the Winter Olympics. People won over five medals in the Winter Paralympics.
Skiers
Mille Knight became blind when she was a 6-year-old. In 2017, she finished her A Levels. That year, she also won seven gold medals at IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup races. Kelly Gallagher is blind. She skis with her guide skier Charlotte Evans. They went to the 2014 Winter Paralympics. Gallagher and Evans won a gold medal in the Super-G. Gallagher wanted to win more medals in South Korea.
Schedule and training
Skiers had training runs for the downhill race on 7 March. Their practice runs in the downhill on 8 and 9 March were cancelled.
The first event on the para-alpine program was the downhill. It started on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers raced between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March. Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions. Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.
Results
B2 classified skier Millie Knight won silver in women's downhill vision impaired race. In the women's Super-G visually impaired race, Henrieta Farkasova of Slovakia won gold, Millie Knight of Great Britain won silver and Menna Fitzpatrick won bronze.
Skiers
Great Britain is not a country where people with disabilities do para-Nordic skiing. Scott Meenagh was the first para-Nordic skier to go to the Winter Paralympics in 28 years. Meenagh was a service member in Afghanistan. After an attack, he lost both of his legs. After his injuries, he tried para-athletics and adaptive rowing. In March 2016, he first tried para-Nordic skiing.
Schedule and results
On 12 March, the 15 km race takes place, with standing and vision impaired women starting at 10:00 PM. Thee sprint classic qualification takes place on 14 March from 10:00 AM – 11:25 AM for both men and women in all classes. It is followed in the afternoon by the semifinals and finals. The classic race takes place on 17 March. The standing and visually impaired women's race takes place from 10:00 AM - 12:30.
Wheelchair curling
The team starts playing on 10 March. They play against Sweden on 12 March.
Media coverage
Some media for the 2018 Games in the UK is on the BBC Sport website and app and on BBC Radio 5 live. The competition was also broadcast on television on Channel 4.
Lexeme
Lexeme is a term in linguistics. They are units of meaning, independent of any inflectional endings, or whether it is one word or several. "Come in" is a lexeme; so is "raining cats and dogs". The largest English dictionaries have about half a million lexemes. "The true figure is undoubtedly a great deal higher".
In the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.
A similar concept is the lemma (or citation form). It is the form of a lexeme which is chosen to represent the lexeme, for example, RUN instead of the other forms. Lemmas are used in dictionaries as the headwords. Other forms of a lexeme are usually listed later in the entry. So all headwords in a dictionary are lexemes.
A lexicon is made of lexemes.
Carrollton, Mississippi
Carrollton is a town in and the second county seat of Carroll County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 190 at the 2010 census.
Tommy Flowers
Thomas Harold Flowers, BSc, DSc, OBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was a British engineer. During World War II, Flowers designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer, to help solve encrypted German messages.
The first Mark 1, with 1500 vacuum tube valves, ran at Dollis Hill in November 1943, and then at Bletchley Park in January 1944.
Roseanne
The series had very high viewing figures from its start. It spent its first six seasons in the top five of the Nielsen ratings. During the seventh season the series dropped some in ratings, but still stayed in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings. However, during its ninth, and final season, the show's ratings dropped much and had fallen out of the top thirty.
Yasutaro Matsuki
Yasutaro Matsuki (松木 安太郎) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Roseanne
However, on May 29, 2018, the show was cancelled by ABC after Barr tweeted a message about Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist. Barr wrote:
Yasutaro Matsuki
Biography
Matsuki was born in Chuo, Tokyo on November 28, 1957. He joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Yomiuri from their youth team in 1973. The club was promoted to Division 1 in 1978. The club won the champions in Japan Soccer League 3 times, JSL Cup 2 times and Emperor's Cup 3 times. From 1983, he also served as captain. This was golden era in club history. He retired in 1990. He played 269 games and scored 9 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven 3 times.
Tommy Flowers
A Mark 2 redesign with 2,400 valves had begun before the first computer was finished. The first Mark 2 Colossus went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944, and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landing.
Roseanne
muslim brotherhood & planet of the apes had a baby=vj
Comedienne and actress Wanda Sykes, a consulting producer of the reboot, resigned before the show's cancellation due to the tweet.
Tommy Flowers
Results
Flowers had a crucial meeting with Dwight D. Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June. A courier handed Eisenhower a note summarizing a Colossus decrypt. This confirmed that Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy, as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy invasion were a diversionary feint. Eisenhower announced to his staff, "We go tomorrow".
Yasutaro Matsuki
Biography
In April 1984, Matsuki was selected the Japan national team for 1984 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on April 15, he debuted against Thailand. He also played at 1986 World Cup qualification and 1986 Asian Games. He played 11 games for Japan until 1986.
Tommy Flowers
Results
Earlier, a report from Field Marshall Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and showed that one of the drop sites for a  US parachute division was the base of a German tank division. The site was changed.
Yasutaro Matsuki
Biography
After retirement, Matsuki started coaching career at Yomiuri (later Verdy Kawasaki, Tokyo Verdy) in 1990. In 1993, he became a manager. The club won the champions at J1 League and J.League Cup and he was selected Best Manager awards for 2 years in a row (1993-1994). He resigned end of 1994 season. In 1998, he signed with Cerezo Osaka and managed in 1 season. In 2001, he returned to Tokyo Verdy in the first year after relocating to Tokyo. However he was sacked in July.
Tommy Flowers
Results
Years later, Flowers described the design and construction of these computers.
Yasutaro Matsuki
Statistics
269||9||43||3||36||1||348||13 269||9||43||3||36||1||348||13
!Total||11||0
Wrestling Brewster
Wrestling Brewster (ca. 1614 - ?) was a passenger on the ship Mayflower in 1620 when it sailed from England to North America. He was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1614 to William and Mary Brewster. He was alive during the 1627 Division of Cattle at Plymouth, and was listed in his father's household at that time. He is not mentioned again in any record, or in his father's will of 1644, or in the inventory of his father's estate. He did not marry. It is probable that he died some time between 1627 and 1644.
Correction, according to http://genealogytrails.com/mass/mayflower.html
Under William Brewster is shows, 16. WRESTLING, b. --- ; m. Mary ---. So Wrestling Brewster may have married a woman named Mary
2017 Lower Manhattan attack
On October 31, 2017, a man drove a pickup truck into cyclists and pedestrians along 1 mi of a bike path alongside West Street, near Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City.
The vehicle-ramming attack killed eight people, including five Argentines and one Belgian tourist, and injured eleven others. After leaving the truck, the driver appeared to be wielding two guns and was later shot in the abdomen by police, and then arrested. An ISIS flag and a document that read "Islamic State will endure forever" in Arabic were found in the truck.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation charged 29-year-old Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov, who had immigrated to the United States from Uzbekistan on a Diversity Immigrant Visa, with destruction of a motor vehicle and supporting a terrorist organization.
Rett syndrome
Rett syndrome is an almost entirely female based disorder which affects girls. This condition is a neurological disorder which involves the brain's grey matter. The clinical features include small hands and feet. People with Rett syndrome also have scoliosis. They might also have cognitive impairment.
Puyméras
Puyméras is a commune of 610 people (1999). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Phoneme
Phonemes are the units of sound (speech) which distinguish one word from another in a particular language. In most varieties (accents and dialects) of spoken English there are about 23 consonantal phonemes and 21 vowel phonemes (altogether 44 phonemes), but only 26 letters in writing. To see all the phonemes in English, the IPA, has a unique letter for every phoneme, unlike the English alphabet.
A good way to learn phonemes in a language is to learn minimal pairs. A minimal pair is a pair of different words that are different by only one sound. An example of this is "bit" and "bat". Even though only the vowel in each word is different, each word has a completely different meaning. Another example is "dip" and "tip", where both words have different meanings even though only the first consonant in each word is different.
Sommaing
Sommaing is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. In 2019, 403 people lived there.
Hollstadt
Hollstadt is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
Tutwiler, Mississippi
Tutwiler is a town in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2010 Census, there were 3,550 people living in Tutwiler.
BBC Kids
BBC Kids is the international children's brand of BBC Studios. It has been applied to a number of TV services.
Vasodilation
Vasodilation is where blood vessels widen. It results from relaxation of muscle cells within blood vessel walls. The process is essentially the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.
When vessels widen, blood flow is increased. This in turn decreases blood pressure. Drugs that cause vasodilation are called vasodilators.
Lauscha
Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.
Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest.
Mì Quảng noodles
Mì Quảng noodles are a type of noodles from Quang Nam province. They are a type of flat rice noodle made with meat, herbs, and a small amount of broth. It is usually made with turmeric. It is one of the most popular dishes in both Quảng Nam province and the city of Danang.
Farm
A farm is a piece of land used to grow crops and/or raise animals.
People who grow these plants or raise these animals are called farmers. This work is called farming.
Land that is used to grow plants is called farmland. Land that is used to feed animals with its grass is called pasture. Land that can be used to grow plants for food is called arable land.
Many farms are very large and can cause damage. In some places farms are many and small, and can also cause damage. Farms provides most of the food for people. Some people farm to eat the food they produce (subsistence agriculture). Other farms, including large ones, sell their products to markets far away in urban areas (commercial or industrial farming). Most subsistence farms are in poorer countries, while industrial farms are in richer countries.
List of political parties in the United States
These are the main political parties in the United States.
Political parties in Congress
These parties have representation in Congress.
Notable minor parties
These are the most popular minor parties. They are ordered by how many votes their presidential candidate received in the last presidential election.
Jason Roberts
Club career statistics
362||127||23||10||20||12||6||2||411||151 362||127||23||10||20||12||6||2||411||151
Vorpommern-Rügen
Vorpommern-Rügen is a district in the north of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
Jason Roberts
International career statistics
!Total||10||7
Quảng Nam province
Specialty food include mì Quảng noodles.
Vorpommern-Rügen
The Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park are in the district. The largest island in Germany, Rügen, is also in the district.
The district has a number of lakes, which include:
Koichi Hashiratani
Koichi Hashiratani (柱谷 幸一) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Tetsuji Hashiratani also played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Hashiratani was born in Kyoto on March 1, 1961. After graduating from Kokushikan University, he started his senior career with Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors since 1983 and played with Nissan Motors for 9 seasons until transferred to Urawa Reds in 1992, right before J1 League's inauguration. He experienced another transfer to Kashiwa Reysol, then playing in Japan Football League in June 1994. Kashiwa was promoted to J1 League as of the end of 1994 season, and he also made his return to the top flight. He retired as a player end of 1996 season.
In August 1979, when Hashiratani was a Kokushikan University student, he was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. On February 8, 1981, he debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. In 1982, he was selected Japan for 1982 Asian Games. He also played at 1984 Summer Olympics qualification and 1986 World Cup qualification. In September 1986, he was selected Japan for 1986 Asian Games. This Game was his last game for Japan. He played 29 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 1986.
Hashiratani started his coaching career with Montedio Yamagata, where he managed for 3 years from 2001 to 2003. After 6 months of absence, he was named as a manager of Kyoto Purple Sanga in June 2004 when Kyoto was playing in J2 League, then contributed to Kyoto's promotion back to the top flight after the 2005 season. However, due to the poor performances and turnouts of the club, he was dismissed in October about 2 months before the end of 2006 season. He was named as a manager of Tochigi SC playing in Japan Football League in 2007. After two seasons, he made Tochigi eligible to be promoted to J2 League as the club finished 2nd in 2008 season, but was dismissed because he was unable to reach the consent with top managements about his pay, as well as recruiting of new players. He was named as a General Manager of Urawa Reds in December 2009, but was dismissed due to Urawa's poor performance in 2011 season. After spending one season as a commentator in 2012, he was named manager of Giravanz Kitakyushu and managed until 2016 season.
Statistics
237||61||8||5||43||11||288||77 237||61||8||5||43||11||288||77
!Total||29||3
Haga
Haga is a locality in Enköping Municipality in Uppsala County in Sweden. In 2010, 257 people lived there.
S. A. Chandrasekhar
S. A. Chandrasekhar is an Indian movie director, producer and writer who mostly works in Tamil movies. Chandrasekhar made his debut as a director with Sattam Oru Iruttarai (1981) and went on to direct movie with social based or society based themes.
Personal life
S. A. Chandrasekhar is from Thangachimadam, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. He is married to Shoba, a carnatic singer. He is the father of famous Tamil actor Vijay. His son made his debut movie in Naalaiya Theerpu which was directed by him. His brother-in-law S. N. Surendar is an playback singer and voice artist.
Movie career
Chandrasekar has directed over 70 movies in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi. Some of his hits include Vetri, Naan Sigappu Manithan, and Mutham. He also directed some Telugu movies such as Chattaniki Kallu Levu with actor Chiranjeevi. Most of his movies are with Vijayakanth. He has appeared in supporting roles in some movies like Naan Sivappu Manithan.
Game Gear
The Game Gear (ゲームギア) is a handheld video game system made by the Sega Corporation. It was released in Japan in 1990, and then released later in Europe, the United States and Australia.
The Game Gear has a colour screen, a speaker, and needs six AA batteries (for 4 hours of play-time) to run. It is bigger and costs more money than the Nintendo Game Boy. It also uses more electric power than the Game Boy, so the Game Gear's batteries must be replaced more often.
There are special add-ons for the Game Gear, such as a TV-Tuner that allows people to watch television on it.
References
Notes <references group="lower-alpha"/>
Vaiden, Mississippi
Vaiden is a town in Carroll County, Mississippi, United States and its first county seat. The population was 734 at the 2010 census.
Ramses I
Ramses I (răm'ses), Rameses I, or Ramesses I (both: răm'əsēz') was an Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh, or ruler. He reigned after Horemheb, the true founder of the XIX dynasty. He died after only one year as king. His son and successor was Seti I.
Hugo Fernández
Hugo Fernández (2 February 1945 – 1 August 2022) was an Uruguayan football manager.
Fernández died on 1 August 2022 in Puebla de Zaragoza, Mexico at the age of 77.
Unforgiven (2005)
Unforgiven (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on September 18, 2005 at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was the seventh Unforgiven event held by the WWE.
Albert del Rosario
Albert Ferreros del Rosario (November 14, 1939 – April 18, 2023) was a Filipino politician. He was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 2011 to 2016 during the Benigno Aquino III administration.
Del Rosario died on April 18, 2023 while on a flight heading towards San Francisco, California at the age of 83. The cause of death was heart failure caused by cardiomyopathy.
Mellrichstadt
Mellrichstadt is a town in Rhön-Grabfeld, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 17 km southwest of Meiningen, and 13 km northeast of Bad Neustadt. It has the following villages: Bahra, Eußenhausen, Frickenhausen, Mühlfeld, Sondheim im Grabfeld and Roßrieth.
Literature
Features in John Douglas-Gray's thriller 'The Novak Legacy' ISBN 978-0-7552-1321-4
Puyvert
Puyvert is a commune of 541 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Niederlauer
Niederlauer is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. The rivers Franconian Saale and Lauer flow through the village.
Currituck County, North Carolina
Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the state of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.
Siltstone
A siltstone is a mudrock. For a rock to be a siltstone, it must be over fifty percent silt-sized material.
Silt is any particle smaller than sand, 1/16th of a millimeter (~0.06 mm), and larger than clay, 1/256th (~0.004 mm) of millimeter. Silt is the product of physical weathering, such as freezing and thawing. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, just its physical breaking apart.
One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, which get rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to silt. Silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily.
There is a simple field test to judge whether a rock is a siltstone or not, and that is to put the rock to one's teeth. If the rock feels "gritty" against one's teeth, than it is a siltstone.
Steene
Steene (from Flemish; Stene in modern Dutch spelling) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
Mudrock
Mudrocks make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.
The types of mudrocks include: siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale.
There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:
Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.
With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called shale, as distinct from mudstone.
From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.
I Walk the Line
"I Walk the Line" is a song that was written and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1956. It was the first number one single Cash got. It sold over 2 million copies. Cash said that the song is about his promise to love and care for his wife.
Ocean County, New Jersey
Ocean County is a county in New Jersey that contains most of the Jersey Shore. The county seat is Toms River, and the population is 576,565.
Hajime Ishii (footballer)
Hajime Ishii (born 26 May 1959) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
22||1||0||0||1||0||23||1 22||1||0||0||1||0||23||1
Edgar Cayce
Methods
Cayce worked in a trance. This means he could talk while sleeping and answered questions about a person's health, past and future. This information is called "readings". At first, these readings were about the physical health of the person ("physical readings"). Later, there were readings on "past lives", "business advice", "dream interpretation", and also "mental or spiritual health". The Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) currently takes care of all of his readings and follow-ups to the readings. The readings have had a large effect on New Age thinking.
First jobs
His family moved to Hopkinsville in December, 1893. Edgar's first jobs (1894 – 1898) were at Richard's Dry Goods Store. He next worked in Hopper's Bookstore. Both stores were located on Main Street. He married Gertrude Evans in 1903.
Business
In 1900, Cayce went into business with his father. They sold insurance. Cayce became very sick with laryngitis in March. In April 18, he could not talk at all. He had to live at home with his parents for almost a year. He became a photographer because it did not require talking. He worked in the photography studio of W. R. Bowles in Hopkinsville.
First hypnotist job
A hypnotist and entertainer called Hart was entertaining at the Hopkinsville Opera House in 1901. He heard that Cayce was sick and asked if he could try to cure him. Cayce said yes and the entertainer tried to cure Cayce in front of an audience. Cayce was able to talk while in a hypnotic trance but when he woke up he could not talk. Hart hypnotized Cayce so that his voice would be normal after the trance but Cayce's voice did not become normal.
History of the alphabet
The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. The first pure alphabet emerged around 2000 BCE to represent the language of Semitic workers in Egypt, and it was derived from the alphabetic principles of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. Most alphabets in the world today descend directly from this development, such as the Greek and Latin alphabets, or were inspired by its design.
Edgar Cayce
Hypnotism in depth
Hart had to leave. Another hypnotist, Al Layne, continued to help Cayce have a normal voice. Layne asked Cayce to tell him the cause of his illness and it's cure while in a trance. Cayce described his illness from a first person plural point of view – 'we' – instead of the singular "I." In later readings, he would usually start off with "We have the body." In the reading, Cayce said his voice loss was because of psychological paralysis and that could be fixed by increasing the blood flow to the voice box. Layne suggested that the blood flow be increased and Cayce's face turned red with blood and his chest area turned bright red. After 20 minutes, Cayce, still in a trance, said the treatment was over. When he woke up his voice stayed normal. He would get sick again, but was cured by Layne in the same way and later he was cured perfectly.
History of the alphabet
Beginnings in Egypt
By 2700 BCE, the ancient Egyptians had developed a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent the consonants of their language and a 23rd that seems to have represented word-initial or word-final vowels. The first purelyalphabetic script is thought to have been developed around 2000 BCE for Semitic workers in central Egypt.
Over the next 500 years, it spread north, and all subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from it or been inspired by one of its descendants, with the possible exception of the Meroitic alphabet, a 3rd century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in Nubia to the south of Egypt.
Semitic alphabet
The oldest examples are in Egypt and date to around 1800 BCE /. The inscriptions may show that the alphabet was invented in Egypt.
Edgar Cayce
Fame
Cayce's work grew as his fame grew. He asked for people to give him money to support himself and his family so that he could work full-time. He continued to work in a trance state with a hypnotist all his life. His wife and oldest son later replaced Layne in this role. A secretary, Gladys Davis, took notes. Many believe that Cayce had an affair with Ms. Davis later in life - but a medical examination conducted after Cayce's death to treat Davis's uterine cancer allegedly showed that she was still a virgin at that time.
In 1929 the Cayce hospital was created in Virginia Beach. The cost of the hospital was paid for by Morton Blumenthal, a New York stockbroker, Cayce hospital benefactor.
Cayce became famous in the United States in 1943 because of an article in Coronet magazine. He increased his readings to 8 times a day to try to keep up. This caused problems with his health.
Problems
The trance reading caused problems with Cayce’s health which were easily seen. On the times when he could not give a clear reading, he said it was because he was working under too great a pressure. In these cases, he always gave the money back to the person he was giving a reading to.
Edgar Cayce died on January 3, 1945. He had predicted his own death four days earlier.
Readings
Edgar Cayce is famous for the thousands of "readings" that he gave while he was hypnotized. He gave more than 14,000 readings in 43 years. Gladys Davis, his assistant, recorded the readings and his wife, Gertrude Evans Cayce, guided him during hypnosis.
Physical readings
In the beginning, his readings were known as "physical readings" (health readings). Cayce often called the body "the organism". Cayce would put himself under self-hypnosis. While he seemed to sleep, he would say where the person was. He would sometimes name the streets along the way. He would then say "Yes, we see the body", and describe the client's organ, circulatory, and nervous systems. He would give reasons for illness or problems. A message would then be given to the person telling them how to get better. The readings were so specialized that treatments were often changed, or not even given, if the person would not follow his advice. People often came to Cayce for health readings when the medical community could find nothing wrong or had given up on them.
Life readings
In a life reading, Cayce described the "past lives" of the client. These readings described the client's present physical, emotional and mental condition in terms of past life experience. Cayce was not above flattering his clients by describing past lives as royalty, famous people, or people at their "spiritual highest".
Business readings
For those people whose intentions Cayce believed to be "pure", Cayce would give business readings. These included advice on business partners, the stock market, and business models. Cayce also founded and guided the A.R.E..
Dream readings
Edgar Cayce encouraged everyone to interpret and use his or her own dreams in day-to-day life. A dream reading involved Cayce interpreting the dreams of clients. As he did with readings on many subjects, Cayce would often interrupt the person reading the dream and give an interpretation before the dream had been completely read. He would sometimes fill in parts of dreams that the dreamer had supposedly forgotten. Unlike Jungian or Freudian dream interpretation, Cayce did not emphasize highly the importance of symbols. He said that every individual has his or her own unique symbols. Cayce claimed that in dreams people could receive valuable insight into their own lives and that the insight was always of use to the dreamer. Besides regular daily insight into one's life, he claimed people could communicate with loved ones dead or alive, remember past life experiences, see a possible future and experience many other psychic phenomena. He stated that these paranormal abilities were something anyone could learn.
Mental and Spiritual readings
These readings were often short and were Cayce's favorite type of reading when not in his supposed trance state. They focused on what an individual could do to achieve a better mental/spiritual life.
Other readings
Other Readings are miscellaneous subject matter that does not fit into an above category. The subject matter differs from missing persons, buried treasure, readings given to a spiritual development group, psychic abilities, auras, prophecy, structure of reality, geology and many other topics.
Former lives and conflict with Christian doctrine
Cayce had difficulty in believing some of the things he said when he was hypnotized. For example, having been raised a devout Christian, for a long time he could not believe that reincarnation was real. Books such as Frederick Oliver's A Dweller On Two Planets and Marie Corelli's novels were probably easily accessible to Cayce at his bookstore. Corelli's writings in particular seek to reconcile mystical beliefs such as reincarnation with Christianity, and Cayce may have been subconsciously trying to accept this idea.
Reincarnation
Cayce also claimed while in a supposed trance that the Essenes had believed in reincarnation but that view was expunged from the Bible following a papal council decision in around 500 AD. Essene belief in reincarnation is debatable, as with ancient Egyptian religion.
Claimed reincarnation
During a hypnosis session, Cayce mentioned a former life as Ra Ta, an Egyptian healer-priest. He told a long story about working with the legendary doctor-magician Hermes-Thoth, who he said was reincarnated as Jesus. Cayce also specified that Jesus had lived a number of incarnations throughout human history.
A Reading About the Readings in Terms of Religion
One of Cayce's trance statements implies that knowledge gained through his readings is not necessary if a person is well grounded in one's faith: "Does it make one a better husband, a better businessman, a better neighbor, a better artist, a better churchman, if so cleave to it, if not reject it."
The readings also warn against the misuse of religion for personal gain. 'God is not mocked' is an often quoted verse in the readings.
Skepticism
Many skeptics say that Cayce did not have paranormal abilities. Cayce himself said that not all the information given during "readings" was correct and should be analyzed. He criticized his own organization, the A.R.E, on a number of occasions for not doing enough research on the validity of the readings.
Problems
In addition, although Cayce's secretary Miss Davis allegedly took down what Cayce said, the records of the readings are jumbled and chaotic. There is nothing to distinguish what Cayce himself independently said, what was the information provided in the letters, and what his handlers – physicians, osteopaths and hypnotists – told him. Thus, researchers cannot say that Cayce ever made an accurate diagnosis without knowing anything about the person at the other end. What is known is that by the time he got some of the letters, the client had already died. Yet Cayce went on with his reading for the individual as though still alive.
Vagueness
Critics also cite the vagueness of his language while in his supposed trance state. Martin Gardner gives several examples of this, including a reading Cayce did for his own wife, who had tuberculosis:
''[F]rom the head, pains along through the body from the second, fifth and sixth dorsals, and from the first and second lumbar ... tie-ups here, floating lesions, or lateral lesions, in the muscular and nerve fibers which supply the lower end of the lung and the diaphragm ... in conjunction with the sympathetic nerve of the solar plexus, coming in conjunction with the solar plexus at the end of the stomach....''
Health readings
Many of his health readings prescribed cures with ingredients that did not exist. Others were folk remedies, some well known to today's herbalists and naturopaths, but Cayce would sometimes describe them using terms that had fallen out of general use. Still other ingredients were completely unknown to either physicians or herbalists. Some were completely worthless; for example, Cayce once recommended breathing the fumes of apple brandy from a charred keg to cure tuberculosis.
Final words
The many Cayce readings would later become commonly known practices of the New Age movement.
In 1931 Edgar Cayce founded the Association for Research and Enlightenment, Inc. (A.R.E.) headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Today there are Edgar Cayce Centers in 18 other countries throughout the world.
Hot chocolate
Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a hot drink. It is usually made by mixing chocolate or cocoa powder, sugar, and usually a sweetener. Hot chocolate may be topped with whipped cream or marshmallows. Hot chocolate is usually drunk to make the drinker feel happier or warmer. Some studies have shown that hot chocolate may be healthy because of antioxidants that are in cocoa. Until the 1800s, hot chocolate was also used by doctors as a medicinal drink.
It is believed that the hot chocolate drink was first made by the Mayan people about 2,000 years ago. Another cocoa drink was made by the Aztecs by 1400. The drink became popular in Europe after being brought from Mexico, and has changed a lot since then. Today, hot chocolate is used around the world. It comes in many different types such as the very thick cioccolata densa in Italy, and the thinner hot cocoa that is usually drunk in the United States.
History
Chocolate is made from cocoa, the dried and partly fermented seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao). The cacao tree is a small (4–8 m (15–26 ft.) tall) pine tree found in the deep tropical areas of the Americas. New studies show that the most found type of the plant first came from the Amazon basin. It was slowly moved by humans to other places in South and Central America to farm. Early kinds of another type have also been found in what is now Venezuela. The scientific name, theobroma, means "food of the gods". The fruit, called a cacao pod, is shaped like an oval, 15–30 cm (6–12 in.) long and 8–10 cm (3–4 in.) wide. It gets ripe from yellow to orange, and weighs about 500 g (1 lb) when ripe.
The first known use of cacao is chocolate found in jars at the site of Puerto Escondido in Honduras. It was used there around 1100 An early Classic Period (460–480 ) Mayan grave from Río Azul, Guatemala, had cups with the Mayan words for cacao on them with traces of an old chocolate drink. The Maya are usually given credit for making the first chocolate drink over 2,000 years ago. The drink would be changed even more in Europe.
To make the drink, the Maya ground cocoa seeds into a paste and mixed it with water, cornmeal, chile peppers, and spices. They then poured the drink back and forth from a cup to a pot until a foam was created. The drink was served cold. Maya of all social classes could get the drink, but the rich drank chocolate from fancy vessels or cups.
By the 1400s, the Aztecs took over a large part of Mesoamerica, and took cacao into their culture. They thought of chocolate with Xochiquetzal, the goddess of pregnancy. They also used chocolate drinks as sacrifices to gods. The Aztec kind of the drink was bitter and spicy, and was called xocolatl. It was made a lot like the Mayan chocolate drinks. Vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote were added to the drink, and it was believed to fight tiredness, which is because of the theobromine content, a mood enhancer. Because cacao would not grow in central Mexico and had to be brought into the empire, chocolate was an important luxury good in the Aztec empire. Because of this, cocoa beans were used as money.
The first time Europeans saw chocolate was in the 16th century when Montezuma (who was ruler of the Aztec then) showed xocolatl to Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador. What the Spanish then called "chocolatl" was said to be a drink made of a chocolate base with vanilla and other spices that was served cold. Montezuma's rulers have been said to drink about 2000 cups of xocolatl per day, 50 of which were drank by Montezuma himself.
Because sugar had not come to the Americas, xocolatl was said to be something that one did not like in the beginning. The drink tasted spicy and bitter, unlike today's hot chocolate. As to when xocolatl was first made warm, sources are not sure about when and by whom. However, Jose de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, described xocolatl as a drink with a bitter taste that the natives liked a lot.
European changes
After defeating Montezuma’s warriors and taking the Aztec's riches, Cortés went back to Spain in 1528. He brought cocoa beans and chocolate drink making equipment. At this time, chocolate still was only the bitter drink made by the Mayans. Sweet hot chocolate and bar chocolate were not made yet.
After coming to Europe, the drink slowly got popularity. The court of King Charles V soon began drinking it, and what was then only called "chocolate" became a popular drink with the Spanish upper class. Also, cocoa was given as a gift when the Spanish Royal Family married other royalty. Then, chocolate cost a lot in Europe because the cacao beans only grew in South America.
The first shipment of chocolate to Europe for sale purposes was a shipment from Veracruz to Sevilla in 1585. It was still a drink, but the Europeans added sugar to sweeten it, and took out the chili pepper. They also added vanilla, cinnamon, and other spices. Sweet hot chocolate was then made, making hot chocolate a luxury item with the European royalty in the 17th century. Even when the first Chocolate house (a store like a coffee shop now) opened in 1657, the drink still cost a lot. A pound cost 50 to 75 pence (between 50 and US$75 now).
In the late 1600s, Hans Sloane, president of the Royal College of Physicians, went to Jamaica. There, he tried chocolate and did not like it, but found it was better with milk. When he came back to England, he brought the recipe with him, bringing milk chocolate to Europe.
Nordheim vor der Rhön
Nordheim vor der Rhön is a municipality in Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany. It is in the upper Streu valley, between Ostheim and Fladungen.
Hot chocolate
European changes
In 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten made the first cocoa powder making machine in the Netherlands. The press took apart the greasy cocoa butter from cacao seeds, leaving a chocolate powder behind. This powder—like the cocoa powder used now—was easier to stir into milk and water, and led to solid chocolate. By using cocoa powder and a little bit of cocoa butter, bar chocolate was then able to be made. The term "chocolate" then came to mean solid chocolate, instead of hot chocolate.
Use and types
Today, hot chocolate is used around the world. However, there are two main styles of the drink.
Rasteau
Rasteau is a commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Lincoln Motor Company
The Lincoln Motor Company is an automobile company in the United States. It is a part of the Ford Motor Company that sells cars in North America. The current Lincoln cars in the United States includes two sedans (the MKS and MKZ), two crossovers (the MKT and MKX) and one SUV (the Navigator).
Lincoln is the luxury brand of Ford. It makes upscale luxury vehicles. The company was founded by Henry M. Leland in 1917 as its own company. It was bought by Ford in 1922. The brand is named after Abraham Lincoln.
Hot chocolate
Name
The words "hot chocolate" and "hot cocoa" are sometimes used instead of each other, but there is actually a difference between the two. "Hot cocoa" is made from a mix of cocoa, sugar and ingredients, all powdered, to make the drink thick without cocoa butter. "Hot chocolate" is made right from bars of chocolate, which has cocoa, sugar and cocoa butter in it. The biggest difference between the two is the cocoa butter, which makes hot cocoa have less fat than hot chocolate, so it is better for one's health.
Hot chocolate can be made with dark, semisweet, or bittersweet chocolate. It is cut into small pieces and stirred into milk with sugar. American hot cocoa powder can be made with powdered milk so it can be made without milk. In the United Kingdom, "hot chocolate" is a sweet chocolate drink made with hot milk or water, and powder with chocolate, sugar, and powdered milk. "Cocoa" usually means a similar drink made with just hot milk and cocoa powder, then made sweeter with sugar.
North America
In the United States, the drink is most popular in powdered or crushed form. It is made with hot water or milk. This is the thinner of the two main types. It is very sweet and often is served with marshmallows, whipped cream, or a piece of solid chocolate. European hot chocolate first came to the U.S. as early as the 1600s by the Dutch, but the first time colonists began selling hot chocolate was around 1755. Hot chocolate is usually drank in cold weather and winter in the United States. It is not taken with meals very often.
Europe
In Europe, most kinds of hot chocolate are very thick. This is because they are made from pure chocolate. In the United Kingdom, hot chocolate is usually thinner. As Europe was where hot chocolate was first made popular, there are many different types.
Among the thick types of hot chocolate served in Europe is the Italian cioccolata densa. German types are also known for being very thick and heavy. Hot chocolate and churros is the normal working-man's breakfast in Spain. This style of hot chocolate can be very thick, often being like warm chocolate pudding.
There are even more types of thick hot chocolate in Europe. Some cafes in Belgium and other areas in Europe serve a "warme chocolade" or "chocolat chaud". This is a cup of heated milk and a small bowl of bittersweet chocolate chips to put in the milk. In England, some kinds of powdered drinks are as thick as pure chocolate kinds.
Health
Even though hot chocolate is usually drunk for enjoyment, it can also be good for the health. Hot chocolate has a lot of antioxidants that may be good for the health. From the 16th to 19th centuries, hot chocolate was used as a medicine and a drink. Explorer Francisco Hernández wrote that chocolate drinks helped fever and diseases of the liver. Another explorer, Santiago de Valverde Turices, thought that large amounts of hot chocolate were good for fixing chest problems, and small amounts could help stomach problems. When chocolate first came to France in the 17th century, it was used "to fight against fits of anger and bad moods". This may be because of a chemical that makes a person's mood better in chocolate.