cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
List of airlines
Argentina
Aerolíneas Argentinas Aero VIP Austral Lineas Aereas CATA Línea Aérea LADE - Lineas Aereas Del Estado LAN Argentina Lineas Aereas Federales Servicios de Transportes Aéreos Fueguinos <Cite id=SA_B>
Bolivia
Aerosur Lloyd Aereo Boliviano Northeast Bolivian Airlines TAM - Transporte Aereo Militar
Brazil
Abaeté Linhas Aéreas Air Minas ATA Brasil Azul Linhas Aereas BRA Transportes Aereos Cruiser Linhas Aereas Fly Linhas Aereas Gensa Gol Itapemirim Transportes Aereos JetSul META - Mesquita Transportes Aereos Nordeste Linhas Aereas Regionais OceanAir Pantanal Linhas Aereas PENTA - Pena Transportes Aereos Promodal Transportes Aereos Puma Air Rico Linhas Aereas Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais Skymaster Airlines TAF Linhas Aereas TAM Linhas Aéreas Tavaj Linhas Aereas Total Linhas Aereas Transportes Charter do Brasil TRIP Linhas Aereas Varig Nella Linhas Aéreas <Cite id=SA_C>
Chile
Aero Cardal AeroEjecutiva Aerovias DAP Alpine Air Express Chile LAN Chile LANExpress Sky Airline
Colombia
Aerolineas de Antioquia AeroRepública Aerosucre Colombia Aerotaca Aires Colombia APSA - Aeroexpreso Bogota Avianca Copa Airlines Colombia Heliandes Helicol Intercontinental de Aviacion Lineas Aereas Suramericanas SAM Colombia SATENA Searca Colombia West Caribbean Airways <Cite id=SA_D> <Cite id=SA_E>
Ecuador
Aerogal Ecuatoriana de Aviación Icaro Air LAN Ecuador SAEREO TAME <Cite id=SA_F>
French Guiana
Air Guyane
Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands Government Air Service (FIGAS) <Cite id=SA_G>
Guyana
Trans Guyana Airways <Cite id=SA_P>
Paraguay
ARPA - Aerolineas Paraguayas TAM Mercosur
Surinam
Blue Wing Airlines Fly All Ways Gum Air Surinam Airways <Cite id=SA_U>
Uruguay
Aeromas Alas Uruguay Air Class Lineas Aereas BQB Lineas Aereas Lapsa PLUNA Uair <Cite id=SA_V>
Venezuela
Aero Ejecutivos Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela Aserca Airlines Avensa Avior Airlines Conviasa LAI - Linea Aerea IAACA LASER Linea Turistica Aerotuy Rutaca Santa Barbara Airlines Servivensa Sol America Sundance Air Venezuela Venezolana Vensecar Internacional <Cite id=SA_Z>
<cite id=External_link> <cite id=External_links>
Torres Strait
Torres Strait is the narrow sea between Australia's Cape York and New Guinea. It is about 150 km wide and filled with islands, coral reefs and sand banks. The first European to sail through the strait Vanessa uis Vaez de Torres in 1606. There are about 240 islands but only 17 of them have people living on them. While there are about 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living on the islands, about 42,000 islanders now live on the mainland. The islands belong to Australia and are a part of Queensland. They are governed from Thursday Island by the Torres Strait Regional Authority. They are the only part of Australia to share a border with another country, New Guinea.
Geography
It is an important sea lane for ships, but because the water is not deep and is filled with many reefs and islands, it is very difficult to sail through safely.
The islands are a mix of island types. Some of the islands near New Guinea are low lying islands made from soil washed down from the rivers. The hilly and steep granite islands in the west were once the tops of mountains which became islands when the sea levels rose 8,000 years ago. The islands in the centre are mostly coral cays. The islands in the east of the strait were made by submarine volcanos which grew above the surface of the ocean.
In 2009, the islanders asked the Australian government for AU$ 22 million to build new sea walls. Because some of the islands are quite low, rising sea levels and big tides have meant many areas are now being flooded. This has damaged houses and put salt into the fresh water supplies. People may have to leave two of the mud islands, Boigu and Saibai, unless something can be done about the rising sea.
The people
The islands' people are called the Torres Strait Islanders. They are Melanesian peoples related to the Papuans of New Guinea. The islanders have their own culture and long history. They traded with the Papuans to the north and the Australian Aboriginal people for thousands of years.
There is also a language called Brokan (Broken), or Torres Strait Creole. This is a mix of different languages and islander words that started when the islanders started working on ships searching for pearls in the 1860's.
History
The level of the sea was much lower up to 8000 years ago. Torres Strait would not have been covered by water which means people and animals could walk between New Guinea and Australia. Some animals and birds can be found in both New Guinea and Queensland, such as the cassowary. Other animals, such as pigs, arrived in New Guinea after the sea levels rose and closed the land bridge and were not able to get to Australia.
There is evidence of people living on the Torres Strait islands for at least 2,500 years. It is likely that people were living there long before that, but rising sea levels will have covered earlier sites.
European discovery
In 1769 the Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple, was translating Spanish letters found in the Philippines in 1762. He read Luis Váez de Torres' letter about a passage south of New Guinea. Dalrymple wrote a book, the Historical Collection of the Several Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean in 1770-1771. This book caused a lot of interest in the idea of an unknown continent. Dalrymple named the strait after Torres. This led Captain James Cook to go on another voyage into the South Pacific. Dalrymple was angry that it was Captain Cook and not him who was put in charge of the expedition which led in 1770 to the discovery of the east coast of Australia. In 1770 Cook sailed through the strait after sailing up the east coast of Australia. He landed on Possession Island and claimed all the land of Australia for Britain.
With people like James Cook, William Bligh, and Matthew Flinders exploring and making maps of the strait, many more ships started to sail through it on their way from Sydney to India or Asia. It was still hard for ships, and many were wrecked on the reefs. A Scottish woman, Barbara Thompson, was the only person saved when the ship "America" hit a reef in 1842. She was saved by the islanders and lived with them on Prince of Wales Island for five years until another ship came to take her back to Sydney.
Trade
There was an important pearling business in the strait from the 1860s until about 1970. Pearl-shelling brought many experienced divers from many countries, especially Japan.
Government
Although some of the Torres Strait islands are just off the coast of New Guinea, they were taken over in 1879 by Queensland, then a British colony. In 1978 an agreement between Australia and Papua New Guinea worked out the correct position of the maritime border in the Torres Strait. The Torres Strait also has its own flag. It was designed by Bernard Namok from Thursday Island. It has a background of five stripes, green for the land, blue for the sea, and black for the people. It has a big white Dari, or headress, and a five pointed star for the five main island groups. In 1995 is was officially made a flag of Australia.
World War II
In World War II, Horn Island in Torres Strait, 150 km north of Cape York, became Australia's most northerly air base. In 1940 two big runways were built. It was used by thousands of Allied aircraft. With eight Japanese air raids in 1942, it was the most attacked place in Queensland. Conditions on the island were hard for the soldiers, with poor food, not enough water, diseases, and attacks from the Japanese. The airport is still working as the main airport for far north Queensland. It is now a tourist resort, especially well-known for its fishing.
Books and music
Jules Verne wrote about Torres Strait in his novel, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. It was a dangerous place where the submarine "Nautilus" was stranded for a short time.
Children's rights
Human rights apply to everyone, they also apply to children. Children also have other rights, which are related to them being vulnerable while they grow up. These rights are usually called Children's rights. They are provided by different treaties, such as the Hague Protection of Minors Convention, of 1961. Most countries have ratified these treaties. This means that they are part of international customary law: They apply to all children, in all countries; even in those countries which haven't ratified the treaties.
UN classifications
United Nations educational guides for children classify the rights outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the "3 Ps": Provision, Protection, and Participation.
They are:
CRIN categories
In a similar fashion, the Child Rights International Network (CRIN) categorizes rights into two groups:
Others
Amnesty International openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to children being imprisoned without parole, an end to the recruitment of children as soldiers, ending the death penalty for people under 21, and raising awareness of human rights in the classroom.
Human Rights Watch, an international advocacy organization, includes child labour, juvenile justice, orphans and abandoned children, refugees, street children and corporal punishment.
Individual rights
Scholars usually look at individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":
UEFA Women's Euro 2022
The 2022 UEFA European Women's Football Championship, commonly called UEFA Women's Euro 2022 or simply WEURO 2022, was the 13th UEFA Women's Championship, an international football championship organised by UEFA for the women's national teams of Europe. The tournament was hosted by England and was first going to happen from 7 July to 1 August 2021. However, after the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was rescheduled and happened from 6 to 31 July 2022. England won the tournament, beating Germany in the final.
Maurice Pon
Maurice Marie Jean Pon (26 October 1921 – 3 April 2019) was a French lyricist. He was best known for his work with Henri Salvador. He also wrote for artists such as Bourvil, Fernandel, Jean Sablon, André Claveau and Les Frères Jacques. He was born in Bordeaux.
Linen (color)
Linen, or shades of white are colors that differ only slightly from pure white.
Mallavere
Mallavere is a village in Raasiku Parish, Harju County in north Estonia.
Asian black bear
The Asian black bear, also called the Asiatic black bear, White-chested bear, Moon bear, or the Himalayan black bear, (Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest.
It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean. Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear. Asian black bears are omnivores. They feed on fruit, grass, leaves, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts, and even deer, buffalo, and wild boar. Their predators are humans, tigers, and brown bears, while leopards, wolves, lynxes, jackals, and dholes are predators of black bear cubs.
Satpura Range
Satpura Range is one of the most prominent mountain ranges in India. It is spread like that, on it's south Tapi river and on it's north large Narmada river is flowing, it generally spread most part from eastern in Madhya Pradesh and towards western Nandurbar district in Maharashtra. It also rich in biodiversity and generally consists of indigenous tribes. Toranmal hill station is most prominent in Satpuras. Its altitude higher in west and gently slope eastwards.
Asiatic cheetah
The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.
Mauveine
Mauveine was also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve. It was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered by accident in 1856.
Asiatic cheetah
It is also called the Iranian cheetah because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran. It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous hunting leopard. This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.
Mauveine
History
In 1856, William Henry Perkin, then 18, was given a challenge by his professor to synthesize quinine. His professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, was the first director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London.
In one attempt, Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate. This failed, but cleaning the flask with alcohol, Perkin noticed the alcohol had turned purple.
The dye turned out to be suitable for silk and other textiles. It was patented by Perkin, who the next year opened a dyeworks mass-producing it at Greenford on the banks of the Grand Union Canal in London.
It was originally called aniline purple or Tyrian purple, the name of an ancient natural dye got from a mollusc. In 1859, the colour got the name mauve in England from the French name for the mallow flower, and chemists later called it mauveine. By 1870, the huge demand dropped when other colours were launched in the synthetic dye industry. Mauvine was the first of many.
The structure of mauveine was not fully identified until 1994.
Cinderella (Disney character)
Cinderella is a fictional Disney Princess. She is the main character of the 1950 Disney movie Cinderella, which is based on the fairy tale of Cinderella.
Ted Grace
Edward Laurence Grace (13 March 1931 – 22 August 2020) was a Welsh-born Australian politician. He represented the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in the House of Representatives from 1984 to 1998, representing the seat of Fowler. Grace was born in Swansea, Wales.
Grace died on 22 August 2020 in New South Wales, aged 89.
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968.
Story
This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents. She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her. Unfortunately, she does not enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems. To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce.
Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds. During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo. Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut. She says,"You can know the secret only if you can find the truth from my mixed up files." They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg.
In other media
This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV movie in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role.
In the television series The Simpsons, the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie The Royal Tenenbaums has a scene in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the movie's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel, the aquarium.
Kris Kelmi
Kris Kelmi (real name Anatoli Arievich Kelmi (Анатолий Арьевич Кельми; 21 April 1955 – 1 January 2019) was a Soviet and Russian rock and pop musician and composer. He was a member of the musical groups Leap Summer and Autograph. His most well-known songs: Night Rendezvous, Closing the Ring, and Tired Taxi.
Kelmi was born in Moscow. He died on 1 January 2019 from cardiac arrest caused by alcoholism at his home in Moscow Oblast at the age of 63.
Cellophane
Cellophane is a bioplastic wrapping material. It is a thin, transparent sheet made of cellulose. It has low permeability. That means very little air, oils, greases, bacteria, and water can get in. That makes it useful for food packaging.
Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger. It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his idea. He added glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had built a machine to make the film. He called the product "Cellophane", from the words cellulose and diaphane ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year.
Meeting
A meeting is a group of people who come together at one place to discuss something, make something, or play games together. Meetings can range from internet meetings (people who met on the internet who come together) to birthday parties for children. Meetings can be also on formal times, where businessmen come together to discuss. Furthermore, meetings can be political/religious. For instance, politicians meet from time to time to deliberate on issues, map up strategies and trash out issues. Likewise, religious leaders congregate to discuss developing issues, problems and successes chalked.Come to Jesus meetings are called in order to settle disputes between employers and employees as well as airing out personal matters.
Cellophane
DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. One of their chemists found a way to make it moisture proof. The material became hugely popular.
"Cellophane" is a general term in some countries, but in other countries it is a registered trademark.
Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat. The transparency helped customers see the quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also largely prevents discoloration of food.
The Incredible Melting Man
The Incredible Melting Man is a 1977 American science fiction horror movie directed by William Sachs and starring Alex Rebar, Burr DeBenning, Myron Healey, Jonathan Demme, Lisle Wilson, Janus Blythe. It was distributed by American International Pictures.
Streptophyta
Streptophyta, are a clade of plants. Streptophyta is most land plants and all green algae, except for the Chlorophyta, Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
Definition
Streptophyta organisms are both unicellular and multicellular. Every living green plant is a streptophyta. The Streptophyta phylum includes green algae in freshwater and all land plants. Streptophyta reproduces sexually through conjugation.
Phylogeny
Below is all of the relations of Streptophyta.
Kenneth Clarke
Kenneth Harry Clarke, Baron Clarke of Nottingham, (born 2 July 1940), often known as Ken Clarke, is a British politician. He was the Justice Secretary in the coalition government. Clarke has had a long career in politics and has served in the cabinets of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. On February 26, 2017, Clarke became Father of the House after the death of Gerald Kaufman.
Early life and politics
Clarke was born in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He became the Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe at the 1970 general election and became a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He held a number of lower positions in government under Margaret Thatcher until she promoted him to Health Secretary in 1988. He became Education Secretary in 1990 and when Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced with John Major he stayed on as Health Secretary until 1992 when he was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer. He stayed as Chancellor until 1997 when the Conservatives were defeated in the General Election.
In opposition
John Major resigned as leader of the Conservative Party soon after he was defeated in the general election and Clarke stood for election to replace him as leader and therefore become the Leader of the Opposition. However he was defeated by William Hague in this contest. When Hague himself resigned after losing the 2001 General Election Clarke again stood for leader but was defeated by Iain Duncan Smith. In 2005 he stood for the leadership for a third time but was defeated by David Cameron. It is thought that Clarke was unable to become leader because many in the Conservative Party do not wish to see the United Kingdom replace the pound with the Euro as the main currency whereas Clarke has always been very much in favour of this policy.
As Shadow Business Secretary
Clarke returned to the Conservative front bench in 2009 as the Shadow Business Secretary where he has the job of monitoring the performance of the current Business Secretary Peter Mandelson. When the coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010 Clarke was made the Justice Secretary.
Elaphrosaurus
Elaphrosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds.
Elaphrosaurus was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as Dryosaurus.
The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, Elaphrosaurus bambergi. Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to Elaphrosaurus, indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought.
Marlborough District
Marlborough (Te Tauihu-o-te-Waka) is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand. It is on the South Island. Its largest city is Blenheim.
Peningi
Peningi is a village in Raasiku Parish, Harju County in north Estonia.
Ben Johnson (actor)
Ben Johnson, Jr. (June 13, 1918 – April 8, 1996), or Son Johnson, was an American actor. He was mostly known for being in Western movies such as Hang 'Em High. He was also a world champion rodeo cowboy, stuntman, and rancher. Johnson won an Academy Award for his role on The Last Picture Show.
Johnson was born on June 13, 1918 in Foraker, Oklahoma. He was of Irish descent. Johnson was married to Carol Elaine Jones from 1941 until her death in 1991. They had no children. Johnson died on April 8, 1996 in Mesa, Arizona from a heart attack, aged 77.
Peter Gabriel
Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer and songwriter. He became famous as the singer and flute player in the progressive rock group Genesis. After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. More recently he has spent his time on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 with the group Genesis and again as a solo artist in 2014.
Rapperswil
Rapperswil is the name of three places in Switzerland:
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is any form of inflammation of the prostate gland. Because women do not have a prostate gland, it is a condition only found in men, although women do have microscopic paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate, and may cause symptoms.
A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the USA.
Nomenclature
The term prostatitis refers in its strictest sense to histological (microscopic) inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland, although historically the term has loosely been used as a rubric to describe a set of quite different conditions. To try to remedy this, the NIH devised a new classification system in 1999.
Classification
According to the 1999 National Institute of Health (NIH) Classification, there are four categories of prostatitis:
Signs and symptoms
Men with this disease often have chills, fever, pain in the lower back and genital area, urinary frequency and urgency often at night, burning or painful urination, body aches, and a demonstrable infection of the urinary tract, as evidenced by white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. There may be discharge from the penis.
Diagnosis
Acute prostatitis is relatively easy to diagnose due to its symptoms that suggest infection. Common bacteria are E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Serratia, and Staphylococcus aureus. This can be a medical emergency in some patients and hospitalization with intravenous antibiotics may be required. A full blood count reveals increased white blood cells. Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cultures, which are often positive in sepsis.
Treatment
Antibiotics are the first line of treatment in acute prostatitis (Cat. I). Antibiotics usually resolve acute prostatitis infections in a very short period of time. Appropriate antibiotics should be used, based on the microbe causing the infection. Some antibiotics have very poor penetration of the prostatic capsule, others, such as Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines penetrate well. Severely ill patients may need hospitalization, while nontoxic patients can be treated at home with bed rest, analgesics, stool softeners, and hydration.
Prognosis
Full recovery without sequelae is usual.
Signs and symptoms
Chronic bacterial prostatitis is a relatively rare condition (<5% of patients with prostate-related non-BPH LUTS) that usually presents with an intermittent UTI-type picture and that is defined as recurrent urinary tract infections in men originating from a chronic infection in the prostate. Dr. Weidner, Professor of Medicine, Department of Urology, University of Giessen, has stated: "In studies of 656 men, we seldom found chronic bacterial prostatitis. It is truly a rare disease. Most of those were E-coli." Symptoms may be completely absent until there is also bladder infection, and the most troublesome problem is usually recurrent cystitis.
Diagnosis
In chronic bacterial prostatitis there are bacteria in the prostate but usually no symptoms. The prostate infection is diagnosed by culturing urine as well as prostate fluid (expressed prostatic secretions or EPS) which are obtained by the doctor doing a rectal exam and putting pressure on the prostate. If no fluid is recovered after this prostatic massage, a post massage urine should also contain any prostatic bacteria. Prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated, although there is no malignancy.
Treatment
Treatment requires prolonged courses (4–8 weeks) of antibiotics that penetrate the prostate well (β-lactams and nitrofurantoin are ineffective). These include quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), sulfas (Bactrim, Septra) and macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin). Persistent infections may be helped in 80% of patients by the use of alpha blockers (tamsulosin (Flomax), alfuzosin), or long term low dose antibiotic therapy. Recurrent infections may be caused by inefficient urination (benign prostatic hypertrophy, neurogenic bladder), prostatic stones or a structural abnormality that acts as a reservoir for infection.
The addition of prostate massage to courses of antibiotics was previously proposed as being beneficial. It is though not without some risk, and has not been shown in more recent trials to improve outcome compared to antibiotics alone.
Prognosis
Over time, the relapse rate is high, exceeding 50%.
Signs and symptoms
In chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) there is pelvic pain of unknown cause, lasting longer than 6 months, as the key symptom. Symptoms may wax and wane. Pain can range from mild discomfort to debilitating. Pain may radiate to back and rectum, making sitting difficult. Dysuria, arthralgia, myalgia, unexplained fatigue, abdominal pain, constant burning pain in the penis, and frequency may all be present. Frequent urination and increased urgency may suggest interstitial cystitis (inflammation centred in bladder rather than prostate). Ejaculation may be painful, as the prostate contracts during emission of semen, although nerve- and muscle-mediated post-ejaculatory pain is more common, and a classic sign of CP/CPPS. Some patients report low libido, sexual dysfunction and erectile difficulties. Pain after ejaculation is a very specific complaint that distinguishes CP/CPPS from men with BPH or normal men.
Theories of Etiology
Theories behind the disease include autoimmunity, for which there is scant evidence, neurogenic inflammation and myofascial pain syndrome. In the latter two categories, dysregulation of the local nervous system due to past traumatic experiences or an anxious disposition and chronic albeit unconscious pelvic tensing lead to inflammation that is mediated by substances released by nerve cells (such as substance P). The prostate (and other areas of the genitourinary tract: bladder, urethra, testicles) can become inflamed by the action of the chronically activated pelvic nerves on the mast cells at the end of the nerve pathways. Similar stress-induced genitourinary inflammation has been shown experimentally in other mammals.
Prostatitis researcher Dr Anthony Schaeffer commented in a 2003 editorial of The Journal of Urology that: "It is well recognized that even if pathogenic bacteria are present in the prostate, as in men with established chronic bacterial prostatitis, they do not cause chronic pelvic pain unless acute urinary tract infection develops. Taken together, these data suggest that bacteria do not have a significant role in the development of the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The clinical observation that antimicrobial therapy reduces symptomatology in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome is being tested in a double-blinded NIH controlled study. Since antimicrobials may have anti-inflammatory activity, it is possible that these drugs may benefit the patient by reducing inflammation rather than eradicating bacteria."
A year after making that statement, Dr Schaeffer and his colleagues published studies showing that antibiotics are essentially useless for CP/CPPS.
The bacterial infection theory that for so long had held sway in this field was again shown to be unimportant in another 2003 study from the University of Washington team led by Dr Lee and Professor Richard Berger. The study found that one third of both normal men and patients had equal counts of similar bacteria colonizing their prostates.
Since the publication of these studies, the focus has shifted from infection to neuromuscular and psychological etiologies for chronic prostatitis (CP/CPPS).
Diagnosis
There are no definitive diagnostic tests for CP/CPPS. This is a poorly understood disorder, even though it accounts for 90%-95% of prostatitis diagnoses. It is found in men of any age, with the peak onset in the early 30s. CP/CPPS may be inflammatory (category IIIa) or non-inflammatory (category IIIb). In the inflammatory form, urine, semen, and other fluids from the prostate contain pus cells (dead white blood cells or WBCs), whereas in the non-inflammatory form no pus cells are present. Recent studies have questioned the distinction between categories IIIa and IIIb, since both categories show evidence of inflammation if pus cells are ignored and other more subtle signs of inflammation, like cytokines, are measured. In 2006, Chinese researchers found that men with categories IIIa and IIIb both had significantly and similarly raised levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFß1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in their expressed prostatic secretions when compared with controls; therefore measurement of these cytokines could be used to diagnose category III prostatitis.
Normal men have slightly more bacteria in their semen than men with chronic prostatitis/pelvic myoneuropathy. The traditional Stamey 4-glass test is invalid for diagnosis of this disorder, and inflammation cannot be localized to any particular area of the lower GU tract.
Men with CP/CPPS are more likely than the general population to suffer from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated, although there is no malignancy.
Experimental tests that could be useful in the future include tests to measure semen and prostate fluid cytokine levels. Various studies have shown increases in markers for inflammation such as elevated levels of cytokines, myeloperoxidase, and chemokines.
Physical and psychological therapy
For chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (Cat III), also known as pelvic myoneuropathy or CP/CPPS, which makes up the majority of men diagnosed with "prostatitis", a treatment called the Stanford Protocol, developed by Stanford University Professor of Urology Rodney Anderson and psychologist David Wise in 1996, has recently been published. This is a combination of medication (using tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines), psychological therapy (paradoxical relaxation, an advancement and adaptation, specifically for pelvic pain, of a type of progressive relaxation technique developed by Edmund Jacobson during the early 20th century), and physical therapy (trigger point release therapy on pelvic floor and abdominal muscles, and also yoga-type exercises with the aim of relaxing pelvic floor and abdominal muscles). While these studies are encouraging, definitive proof of efficacy would require a randomized, sham controlled, blinded study, which is not as easy to do with physical therapy as with drug therapy.
Cat. III prostatitis may have no initial trigger other than anxiety, often with an element of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or other anxiety-spectrum problem. This is theorized to leave the pelvic area in a sensitized condition resulting in a loop of muscle tension and heightened neurological feedback (neural wind-up). Current protocols largely focus on stretches to release overtensed muscles in the pelvic or anal area (commonly referred to as trigger points), physical therapy to the area, and progressive relaxation therapy to reduce causative stress. Biofeedback physical therapy to relearn how to control pelvic floor muscles may be useful.
Aerobic exercise can help those sufferers who are not also suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or whose symptoms are not exacerbated by exercise.
Food allergies
Anecdotal evidence suggests that food allergies and intolerances may have a role in exacerbating CP/CPPS, perhaps through mast cell mediated mechanisms. Specifically patients with gluten intolerance or celiac disease report severe symptom flares after sustained gluten ingestion. Patients may therefore find an exclusion diet helpful in lessening symptoms by identifying problem foods. Studies are lacking in this area.
Pharmacological treatment
There is a substantial list of medications used to treat this disorder.
Booker T (wrestler)
Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965 in Houston, Texas) is an American retired professional wrestler that is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), working on their SmackDown brand as a color commentator. Huffman returned to WWE as a surprise entrant during the 2011 Royal Rumble. He has also wrestled for TNA Impact! from 2007-2009. He is a former one time WCW Champion, two time WCW Tag Team Champion with Test, one time World Heavyweight Champion, three time World Tag Team Championship with Test (1), Goldust (1), and Rob Van Dam (1) one time WWE Intercontinental champion, three time WWE United States champion, two time WWF Hardcore Champion and was the winner of the 2006 King of the Ring.
Prostatitis
Pharmacological treatment
Alpha blockers (tamsulosin, alfuzosin) are moderately helpful for many men with CPPS; duration of therapy needs to be at least 3 months.
Quercetin has shown effective in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic prostatitis using 500 mg twice a day for 4 weeks. Subsequent studies showed that quercetin, a mast cell inhibitor, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the prostate.
Pollen extract (Cernilton)] has also been shown effective in randomized placebo controlled trials.
Commonly used therapies that have not been properly evaluated in clinical trials are dietary modification, gabapentin, and amitriptyline. Therapies shown to be ineffective by randomized placebo/sham controlled trials: levaquin (antibiotics), alpha blockers for 6 weeks or less, transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA).
Prognosis
In recent years the prognosis for CP/CPPS has improved greatly with the advent of multimodal treatment, phytotherapy and protocols aimed at quieting the pelvic nerves through myofascial trigger point release and anxiety control.
Signs and symptoms
These patients have no history of genitourinary pain complaints, but leukocytosis or bacteria have been noted during evaluation for other conditions.
Treatment
No treatment required. It is standard practice for men with infertility and category IV prostatitis to be given a trial of antibiotics and/or anti-inflammatories however evidence for efficacy are weak. Since signs of asymptomatic prostatic inflammation may sometimes be associated with prostate cancer, this can be addressed by tests that assess the ratio of free-to-total PSA. The results of these tests were significantly different in prostate cancer and category IV prostatitis in one study.
Pfäfers
Villages
Pfäfers, St. Margrethenberg, Vadura, Valens, Vasön and Vättis.
Yves Saint Laurent
Yves Saint Laurent (1 August 1936 – 1 June 2008) was a French fashion designer. Born Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent in Algeria, he was "one of the greatest figures in French fashion in the 20th century".
In 1985, in her book, Couture: the Great Fashion Designers, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited both with spurring couture's rise from its Sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable".
Saint Laurent was openly gay. He and his partner Pierre Bergé had an impressive art collection, which was sold by auction at Christie's in Paris, 2009. The proceeds, about 300 million euros, was used to set up a foundation for AIDS research.
Saint Laurent died of brain cancer in Paris, France, aged 71.
Georgia Guidestones
The Georgia Guidestones were a granite monument in Elbert County, Georgia, United States, and first erected in 1980. The monument was 19 ft tall, made from six granite slabs weighing 237746 lb in all. The structure was sometimes known as an "American Stonehenge" or "Georgia's Stonehenge".
On the morning of July 6, 2022, the guidestones were heavily damaged in a bombing. Later that day, officials demolished the standing parts of the structure for safety reasons.
Pero, Liguria
Pero, Liguria may refer to:
Alburnett, Iowa
Alburnett is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Perila
Perila is a village in Raasiku Parish, Harju County in north Estonia.
Marylebone station
Marylebone station, also known as London Marylebone, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station. It is halfway between the mainline stations at Euston and Paddington, being about 1 mile (1.6 km) from each. It was opened on 15 March 1899 by the Great Central Railway.
Conus
Conus is a large genus of small to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, with the common names of cone snails, cone shells or cones.
Shaped, as the name suggests, like a cone, many species have colorful patterning on the shell surface. Conus snails are mostly tropical in distribution. Geologically speaking, the genus is known from the Eocene to the present.
All Conus snails are venomous. They hunt and eat marine worms or molluscs. The larger ones prey on small bottom-dwelling fish. Cone snails use a hypodermic-like modified radula tooth and a venom gland to attack and paralyze their prey before eating it. The tooth is sometimes likened to a dart or a harpoon. It is barbed and can be extended some distance out from the mouth of the snail, at the end of the proboscis. They can "sting" humans, and should be handled with great care or preferably not at all.
Cone snail venoms are mainly peptides. The venoms contain many different toxins that vary in their effects; some are extremely toxic. The sting of small cones is no worse than a bee sting, but the sting of some larger species can be serious, occasionally even fatal to humans. Cone snail venom may be a source of new, medically important substances.
Some Cone snails are no longer living, like Conus adversarius.
Klaas Samplonius
Klaas Samplonius (17 September 1947 – 11 November 2022) was a Dutch journalist and radio presenter.
Career
Samplonius started his career at the Zwolse Courant in 1965. He later worked for newspapers Trouw and Algemeen Dagblad. From the early 1970s, Samplonius mainly worked for radio, initially at Radio North Sea International and later at AVRO, NOS and TROS.
Samplonius was best known for presenting the program Met het Oog op Morgen (and was a member of the first editorial staff) and his presentation of sports programs including as NOS Langs de Lijn and Radio Tour de France. Since 1985, he had management positions at the TROS. In 1993 he started as a presenter and editor-in-chief at the current affairs program 2Vandaag. From 2007 to 2010 he was director of RTV Drenthe. He also regularly participated in radio programs of the NTR. On his retirement he was became Knight in the Order of Orange Nassau.
Samplonius died on 11 November 2022, aged 75.
Laika & the Cosmonauts
Laika & the Cosmonauts were a Finnish rock band. They were named for the Soviet Union space dog, Laika.
The band's genre was surf rock. A Boston Globe reviewer said their sound was "far beyond the limitations of any specific genre." They played mostly Finnish rautalanka (instrumental traditional) music.
List of youngest prime ministers
This is a list of youngest Prime Ministers after getting elected.
Laika & the Cosmonauts
Laika & the Cosmonauts were not well known in the United States. They were well-liked by many musicians. These include Mike Campbell and Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Mike Palm of the band, Agent Orange, and an early surf rock musician, Dick Dale. Al Jourgensen of Ministry said they are "the best f**king band in the world."
List of youngest prime ministers
The youngest is William Pitt the Younger
Addendum and trivia
Waldemar Pawlak served as prime minister for 2 terms, in his last term, he was not so young but would still make it to the list, on top of Philip Dimitrov.
Laika & the Cosmonauts
History
Laika & the Cosmonauts said in an email on April 23, 2008, that they were quitting after a twenty-year career. They ended with an American tour. The last shows were at the Continental Club in Austin, Texas in the autumn of 2008. A compilation album, Cosmopolis, was released at the same time as the tour.
Pegi Young
Margaret "Pegi" Young (née Morton; December 1, 1952 – January 1, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter, environmentalist, educator and philanthropist.
Her last two albums were: Foul Deeds (2010), and Bracing for Impact (2011). She toured and performed with her band The Survivors, which includes Spooner Oldham on piano, Rick Rosas on bass, Kelvin Holly on guitar and drummer Phil Jones.
From 1978 to 2014, Young was married to Neil Young. They had two children.
Young died of cancer on January 1, 2019 in Mountain View, California, aged 66.
Bluestar's Prophecy
Bluestar's Prophecy is a teen fantasy novel in the Warriors series by Erin Hunter. This is the second Warriors "Super Edition" (a standalone story that is longer than most Warriors books). The main character is a cat named Bluestar. The book tells her life story, from her birth to the day she becomes leader of a group of cats called ThunderClan. It was published by HarperCollins and released on 28 July 2009.
Plot
Bluestar is called Bluekit, Bluepaw, and Bluefur during different parts of her life.
Bluestar's Prophecy follows the life of Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan. The book starts with a prologue that recounts Bluestar's death in A Dangerous Path. The book then goes back to Bluestar's childhood, during which Goosefeather, the Clan's medicine cat, receives a prophecy about Bluepaw being a fire that will blaze through the forest, but who will be destroyed by water. A few moons later, Bluepaw's mother, Moonflower, is killed in a battle.
Bluestar's childhood is defined by her relationship with her sister, Snowfur, which is damaged when Snowfur falls in love with Thistleclaw, whom Bluefur finds arrogant and untrustworthy. Snowfur is later killed when she is hit by a car, leaving a heartbroken Bluefur to care for Snowfur's son, Whitekit.
Bluefur later meets a RiverClan warrior named Oakheart, and although they do not like each other at first, they eventually fall in love. They decide to spend one night together, but agree that for the good of their Clans, they will never meet again afterwards. One moon later, Bluefur is horrified to find out that she is expecting kittens. Thrushpelt, a ThunderClan warrior with feelings for Bluefur, offers to help her take care of her kits. Bluefur accepts his offer, allowing the rest of ThunderClan to believe that Thrushpelt is the father of her kits.