cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Katherine Schwarzenegger
She started dating actor Chris Pratt in June 2018. Schwarzenegger and Pratt announced their engagement on January 13, 2019. On June 8, 2019, they were married in Montecito, California.
Mirada de mujer
Mirada de mujer (Waze of Woman), is a Mexican telenovela produced by TV Azteca and premiered by Azteca Trece on July 9, 1997, starring Angélica Aragón, Ari Telch and Fernando Luján, it is based on the Colombian drama Señora Isabel.
Synopsis
María Inés Domínguez is a 50-year-old housewife who is in charge of her husband Ignacio San Millán and their three children Adriana, Andrés and Mónica. Despite this, she is not happy and wants to fulfill her dreams and goals. that he abandoned and did not fulfill, out of nowhere Daniela López arrives, a woman who comes from nowhere and with whom Ignacio falls in love and believes that the 27-year marriage he had with María Inés is no longer the same. This brings family problems, her daughters to see this blame Inés for the abandonment of her father and she is only supported by her son Andrés, her friends Paulina, Rosario and her sister Consuelo her.
The infidelity begins to end her but finally she meets Alejandro Salas, a journalist and journalist 16 years younger than her who is divorced and has a son, Alex who does not see her as a mother, Alejandro does not see María Inés as a mother but as a woman, something that she had forgotten and over time they fall in love and she must have a woman's gaze to visualize her surroundings.
Võ Thị Viên
Võ Thị Viên (or Viện) (? – ?), was a royal concubine of Emperor Thiệu Trị of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History.
Biography
Võ Thị Viên was born in Huế, was the daughter of Deputy's Bodyguard Võ Hữu Linh. Not known about her birth's year as well as her death's year. She served as a concubine for Thiệu Trị when he hadn't yet been crowned. Although her inferior position, She still received the special love from the Emperor Thiệu Trị much more than the other primary wifes of him. It can be seen that his fondness for this concubine was not because of his family background.
Al Albert
Al Albert is a former sportscaster. He is the brother of sportscasters Marv and Steve, and is the uncle of Kenny Albert. He worked for USA calling MLB, NBA, NHL, and boxing. He called games for the New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and the New York Islanders.
Võ Thị Viên
Biography
In 1841, Thiệu Trị crowned, lady Viên was granted the title Cung tần (Imperial maid). In 1843, she again was granted Tam giai Lương tần (Third-rank of Royal Concubine Lương tần), and in 1846, she was elevated to Nhất giai Lương phi (First-rank of Royal Concubine Lương phi).
Martin O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Clackmannan
Martin John O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Clackmannan (6 January 1945 – 26 August 2020) was a Scottish Labour politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1979 until 2005 and as a member of the House of Lords from 2005 until his death in 2020. He was in the Neil Kinnock Shadow Government between 1988 to 1992. O'Neill was born in Edinburgh.
M*A*S*H (movie)
M*A*S*H is a 1970 American black comedy war movie directed by Robert Altman and written by Ring Lardner Jr.. It is based on Richard Hooker's 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors. The movie's score was composed by Johnny Mandel.
Martin O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Clackmannan
O'Neill died on 26 August 2020 in Edinburgh from cancer, aged 75.
Võ Thị Viên
Biography
Lương phi Võ Thị Viên, along with Đoan tần Trương Thị Thận (another concubine of Thiệu Trị), were two women that born most children for Thiệu Trị. She gave birth to 6 children:
M*A*S*H (movie)
The movie is about a unit of medical personnel stationed at a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) during the Korean War. It stars Donald Sutherland, Tom Skerritt, and Elliott Gould, with Sally Kellerman, Robert Duvall, René Auberjonois, Gary Burghoff, Roger Bowen, Michael Murphy, and Fred Williamson.
Although M*A*S*H was based during the Korean War, the movie was set in the Vietnam War.
Võ Thị Viên
Biography
It's unclear where Lương phi Võ Thị Viên was buried.
M*A*S*H (movie)
It was released on January 25, 1970 to strong positive reviews. The movie has an 86% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 50 reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four out of four stars.
Lammhult
Lammhult is a locality in Växjö Municipality in Kronoberg County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,459 people lived there.
M*A*S*H (movie)
The movie went on to receive five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, and won for Best Adapted Screenplay. M*A*S*H was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. The Academy Film Archive preserved M*A*S*H in 2000.
The movie inspired the television series M*A*S*H, which ran from 1972 to 1983. Gary Burghoff, who played Radar O'Reilly, was the only actor who appeared on both movie and television show.
It is also the #56 movie on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list and #7 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list.
Rörvik
Rörvik is a locality in Sävsjö Municipality in Jönköping County in Sweden. In 2010, 523 people lived there.
Gavin DeGraw
Gavin DeGraw (born February 1977) is an American rock singer-songwriter. He has released major singles like "I Don't Want to Be", "Chariot", and "In Love with a Girl". He has released 2 studio albums, and 1 live indie release album.
Discography
Singles Albums
Russian Language Institute
The V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Институт русского языка имени В. В. Виноградова РАН) is the highest authority on the Russian language. It is in Moscow, Russia. It was established in 1944 as a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
I Don't Want to Be
"I Don't Want to Be" is the debut single by Gavin DeGraw on his first album Chariot. The single was released in 2004. The song is in the Alternative rock genre.
Chart Rankings
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 gave the single "I Don't Wanna Be" a ranking of #10, U.K. Singles Chart gave the single a ranking of #32, and Dutch Singles Chart ranked it at #9.
Lake Stevens, Washington
Lake Stevens is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States, and is named for the lake that it surrounds. It is located 6 mi east of Everett. The city's population was 28,069 at the 2010 census.
Huntington Beach, California
Huntington Beach is well known for its 8.5 mile (13.7 km) strip of beach running down the west side. The beach is a very good place for surfing. Several surfing meets are held there each year.
The beach is named for Henry E. Huntington, the head of the Pacific Electric Railway. The PE served Huntington Beach for many years.
Hartheim Killing Facility
The Hartheim Killing Facility (NS-Tötungsanstalt Hartheim) was a killing centre that Nazi Germany used to kill people with disabilities during World War II. The Nazis' ideas about eugenics said that people with disabilities were "life unworthy of life. Hartheim was one of six "euthanasia centres" the Nazis set up for their T4 Euthanasia Programme. Their goal was to get rid of all of Germany's people with disabilities. The killing centre was housed in Hartheim Castle in Alkoven, near Linz, Austria.
Hartheim statistics
In June 1945, after the United States took over Austria, an American soldier found the Hartheim statistics in the Castle. This was a 39-page report written about the T-4 Euthanasia Programme (Aktion T4). It was meant to be seen by other Nazis in the program only. In the report were monthly counts of how many people with mental and physical disabilities were "disinfected" (gassed to death) in the Nazis' six euthanasia centres. In 1968 and 1970, an ex-employee said that he had to put together the material at the end of 1942. The Hartheim statistics included a page that said that "disinfecting [killing] 70,273 people with a life expectation of 10 years" had saved food in the value of 141,775,573.80 Reichsmarks.
Numbers killed in the first extermination phase in Hartheim
According to the Hartheim statistics, between May 1940 and 1 September, 1941, a total of 18,269 people were killed in the gas chamber at Hartheim:
These statistics only cover the first extermination phase of the Nazi's euthanasia programme, Action T4. Hitler officially ended that program because of protests, but secretly he kept killing people with disabilities. He also kept killing people he did not like right up to the end of the war.
In all it is estimated that a total of 30,000 people were executed at Hartheim. Among those killed were sick prisoners, prisoners with disabilities, and prisoners from concentration camps. The killings were carried out by carbon monoxide poisoning.
14 f 13 "Special Treatment" programme
Just three days after the formal end of Action T4, a lorry arrived at Hartheim with 70 Jewish inmates from Mauthausen concentration camp. The inmates were killed at Hartheim. The Hartheim killing centre achieved a special reputation, because it was where the largest number of patients, and the most concentration prisoners, were gassed. Their numbers are estimated at 12,000.
Prisoners at Mauthausen who were no longer able to work, especially in the quarries, and "politically undesirable" prisoners were brought to Hartheim to be executed. These victims included:
List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
Tallest buildings
This lists ranks tall buildings in Hong Kong that stand at least 200 metres (656 ft) tall. An equal sign (=) following a rank mean the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year a building was built.
Hartheim Killing Facility
14 f 13 "Special Treatment" programme
From 1944 on, T4 doctors no longer picked out sick, elderly, or disabled prisoners to be killed. Instead, the Nazis' new goal was to free up space in the Mauthausen camp quickly, so they would send groups of women to Hartheim to be killed. Other transports came from the concentration camp of Gusen, and probably also from Ravensbrück, during 1944. These transports were made most of women with tuberculosis and women who had been labeled mentally ill.
Doctors
Adolf Hitler's order from 1 September 1939 approving the start of the T4 Programme only mentioned doctors. Because of this, the Action T4 organisers, Viktor Brack and Karl Brandt, ordered that only medical doctors could execute sick patients. Doctors controlled the poison gas in the euthanasia centres. Many doctors used fake names in records about the people they killed.
From 1940 to 1945, Rudolf Lonauer was the head doctor at Hartheim, and Georg Renno was the Deputy head doctor.
Niedernhart holding station
The Action T4 Euthanasia Centres had temporary holding stations for victims. For example, many trucks carrying victims to Hartheim would stop at the Niedernhart Mental Institute in Linz, where Rudolf Lonauer was the senior doctor, as he was at Hartheim. At Niedernhart, victims were mainly killed by starvation or medical overdose (by giving deadly amounts of medicine). Patients would be put into categories. Some would be chosen and taken to Hartheim to be killed.
People with disabilities
The Nazis thought that many different groups of people, but especially people with disabilities, were "life unworthy of life." They killed children and adults in their Euthanasia Centers. These victims included:
Clergy
Almost 350 priests were killed at Hartheim. These victims included 310 Polish priests, seven Germans, six Czechs, four Luxemburgians, three Dutch, and two Belgians. Many of them were taken from the Priest's Block in Dachau concentration camp.
Dachau's chaplain, Hermann Scheipers, was also moved to the camp's invalid's block, so he could be taken to Hartheim as well. Scheipers' sister—who had kept in touch with Schiepers by mail—tracked down Dr. Bernsdorf, who was in charge of the clergy imprisoned in the Priest's Block. She told him that, in Münsterland, many people knew that imprisoned priests were sent to the gas chambers. After the conversation, Bernsdorf telephoned the commandant's office at Dachau. Scheipers reported that on that same day, 13 August 1942, he and three other German clergymen were saved from being sent to Hartheim. They were moved from the invalid's block, where the Schutzstaffel (SS) sent prisoners when they were going to be sent to another camp. The four clergymen were sent back to the priest's block.
Flag of Serbia
The flag of Serbia has three horizontal stripes of red, blue, and white. The Coat of arms of Serbia is in the centre. The current form of the flag was officially adopted on 11 November 2010.
Early Christian councils
In the history of Christianity in the West (Roman empire) there were seven ecumenical councils include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The near Eastern churches attend the first three councils. The African and far eastern orthodox churches did not attend after Nicaea.
Unenlagia
Unenlagia was a theropod from the mid-Cretaceous, living about 90 million years ago. The first birds appeared 150 million years ago, evolving from dinosaurs long before Unenlagia lived. Therefore, it is not an ancestor of modern-day birds, but was an evolutionary dead-end. The most bird-like dinosaur ever discovered is the 90-million-year-old Unenlagia comahuensis, a flightless, 4-foot tall, 7.5-foot-long carnivore.
Carter Blackburn
Carter Blackburn (born 1979) is an American sportscaster. He has worked for ABC, ESPN, ESPN Radio (for BCS games), and ESPNU calling college football, basketball, and lacrosse. He performed a similar role for Fox Sports Net and ISP Sports. Blackburn called regional NFL games for Fox Sports.
Fumihito, Prince Akishino
Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino (皇嗣文仁親王) is a member of the Japanese imperial family.
He is the heir presumptive to the Chrysanthemum Throne. He has had the title Akishino-no-miya (秋篠宮) and has headed his own branch of the imperial family.
Yuya Uchida (singer)
Yuya Uchida (内田 裕也) was a Japanese singer, record producer, and actor. His career lasted for 60 years. He was a major figure in Japanese popular music.
He appeared in many movies, such as Nagisa Ōshima's Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence. He also starred in the American movie Black Rain.
On May 13, 2011, Uchida was arrested for assault and trespassing after threatening his former girlfriend.
Amygdaloideae
Amygdaloideae (often incorrectly called Prunoideae) is a subfamily of flowering plants. This subfamily is placed within the family Rosaceae.
Since 2011 there has been a big change in how the name of this subfamily is used. Before 2011, the only plants in this subfamily were the stone fruits such as plums, peaches, and almonds. Now the subfamily includes all of the family Rosaceae except the subfamilies Rosoideae and Dryadoideae. Commercially important members of the Amygdaloideae include plum, apple, spiraea, cherries, medlars, and many others.
Centrebus
Centrebus operate a network of routes in Leicestershire, England. Many Centrebus managers came from Arriva's UK and European bus operations. In September 2008, Centrebus purchased Woods Coaches' and there vehicles
Vasily Chuikov
Vasily Chuykov (February 12, 1900 – March 18, 1982) was a Russian general.
During World War II he was commanding the 62nd army, with which he was especially outstanding himself in the Battle of Stalingrad.
He was twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
He was made Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955.
Agunnaryd
Agunnaryd is a locality in Ljungby Municipality in Kronoberg County in Sweden. In 2010, 220 people lived there.
Flag of Moldova
The flag of Moldova is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The Coat of arms of Moldova is in the centre.
Bayaz Aliyeva
Bayaz Aliyeva (born 9 June 1990 in Sumqayit) is an Azerbaijani female volleyball player. She is a member of the Azerbaijan women's national volleyball team. She was part of the Azerbaijani national team at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for Telekom Baku in 2015–2016, at the 2015–16 CEV Women's Champions League.
Hawalli Governorate
The Hawalli Governorate (محافظة حولي Muḥāfaẓat Ḥawalli) is one of the 6 governorates of Kuwait. It is made up of the following areas:
References
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Johnny Mowers
Johnny Mowers (October 29, 1916 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada - December 7, 1995) was an ice hockey goaltender who played for the Detroit Red Wings, winning the Vezina Trophy in 1943. Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Mowers played goal for the Red Wings on their way to the Stanley Cup in 1943, shutting out the Boston Bruins twice in the four games.
Grenchen
Grenchen (Granges) is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
With a population of around 16,000 people, it is one of the largest municipalities in the canton of Solothurn.
History
In the year 1000, a castle was built in Grenchen and was lived in for a few hundred years, but the name Grenchen was not first used until 1131. Its name comes from the Gallo-Romanic word graneca, which means by the grainery.
National Historic Sites of Canada
In Canada, National Historic Sites (Lieux historiques nationaux du Canada) are places that the government has decided are important in Canada's history. Many are managed by Parks Canada, the same organization that runs Canada's national parks. Many of the sites have been restored to their original form after many years of being left alone to fall apart.
Events
The First Park that was declated the National Historic Site of Canada at Fort Anne, Nova Scotia Was where a discovery of unmarked Acadian Graves were found.
AR15
AR15 may refer to:
Snohomish, Washington
Snohomish is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 9,098 at the 2010 census.
Cristoforo Ivanovich
Cristoforo Ivanovich (1628-1689; Cristoforo Giovannovi; Montenegrin: "Krsto Ivanovic") was a montenegrin "Marinist" poet from the Albania veneta of the Republic of Venice. He is the author of the first "History of Theater". He wrote in Italian -as in all his works- a critical chronology of opera drama done in Venice.
Life
Ivanovich was born in Budua (now Montenegro) in 1628. He died in Venice in 1688. He was from an old Dalmatian family with roots in the original Dalmatian neolatin people of southern Illyria.
From the time he was young, he showed love for poetry. He started composing when he was a teenager. At age 25 he moved to Italy, where he built a successful career as a scientist, wrote poetry, and became a highly esteemed writer of opera libretti. He then went to Verona in 1655, where he was a member of the "Accademia Filarmonica" and the "Accademia dei Temperati".
In 1657, he moved to Venice. He stayed there until his death in 1688. From 1663 he wrote celebrative writings, linked to the operatic market, that were presented in the theaters of Venice, Vienna and Piacenza. In his last years he wrote his most known work: Le memorie teatrali di Venezia.
Works
His main opera works, all in Italian, were the opera librettos:
"In the first part of his career, which was dedicated mainly to celebrative works, Cristoforo Ivanovich, born in Budva in 1628, wrote "L'amor guerriero" (1663). This was set by Ziani as La Circe (1663), and performed for the birthday of Leopold I of Hapsburg. In 1675 he rearranged "L'amor guerriero" and dedicated it to Francesco II of Este, relation of Ranuccio II Farnese, for whom he had composed "Il Coriolano" (1669). The second phase of his career was more linked to the operatic market of the city. He adapted Moniglia's "Ipermestra", which he called "La costanza trionfante" (1673), for the Venetian public, and also rearranged his own "Circe" (1679), performed at the Sant'Angelo where Francesco Santurini was impresario. He also wrote "Lisimaco" (1673) for Pagliardi who addressed a famous letter to him on the "varietà de' metri - variety of metres", directed at the structure of the stanzas rather than the verse, since six-syllable and above all eight-syllable lines prevailed, for which the composer used recurring rhythmic models. The score bearing this name and generally attributed to Pagliardi, preserved at the Estense in Modena, recalls Pasquini's homonymous but different "Lisimaco". In the third phase of his career Ivanovich wrote encomiastic cantatas and the prosimetric "Minerva al tavolino" (1681) which contains "Theatrical memories", a chronology of performances which lays claim to the supremacy of Venice. It is full of errors but contains valuable information on entertainment in the city and the workings of the theatre."
In 1681 he wrote what is considered by critics his most famous work, Le memorie teatrali di Venezia, where he wanted to preserve the chronological history of theater and drama in Venice.
Frankie Kao
Kao Ling-feng or Kao Ling-feng (28 February 1950 – 17 February 2014) was a Taiwanese singer. He was best known for the song "Flaming Phoenix" (火鳳凰). His birth name was 葛元誠 (Gé Yuánchéng). He used the nickname The Frog Prince (青蛙王子 Qīngwā Wángzi) for more than three decades. The name was given to him by his close friend, comedian Ni Min-jan.
Kao died on 17 February 2014 in Xindian District, New Taipei City. He was 63.
Craig Shoemaker
Craig Shoemaker (born November 15, 1958) is an American comedian, writer, and voice actor. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is best known for his baritone-voiced character, The Lovemaster, which he routinely portrays in his comedy act. In 1997, he was named Funniest Male Stand-Up Comic at the American Comedy Awards.
Mariposa Grove
Mariposa Grove is a group of giant sequoia trees located near Wawona, California, United States, in the southernmost part of Yosemite National Park. It is the largest grove of giant sequoias in the park. Two of its trees are among the 30 largest giant sequoias in the world. The grove closed on July 6, 2015, for a restoration project and reopened on June 15, 2018.
Australian Academy of Science
The Australian Academy of Science is the highest institution for sciences in Australia. It was established in 1954. The academy is based in Canberra in the Shine Dome building beside the Australian National University campus.
The academy is modelled after the Royal Society and operates under a Royal Charter. It is independent from the government. The purpose of the academy is to promote science and science education in Australia.
Ranspach-le-Bas
Ranspach-le-Bas is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in east France.
Allamakee County, Iowa
Allamakee County (pronounced AL-uh-muh-KEY) is the northeastern-most county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,061. The county seat is Waukon.
Gamleby
Gamleby is a locality in Västervik Municipality in Kalmar County in Sweden. In 2010, 2,775 people lived there.
Chariot
This article is about the mode of transport, for the album see Chariot (album)
A chariot is a type of transport used by many ancient civilisations and people. A chariot is horse-drawn, meaning that is pulled along by horses. A person who rides a chariot is called a charioteer.
Grizzly Giant
The Grizzly Giant is a giant sequoia in Yosemite National Park's Mariposa Grove. It has a volume of 34005 cuft, which makes it the 26th largest living giant sequoia.
Chariot
Ancient Greek myths says that Poseidon, god of the sea, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, created the chariot together. Poseidon created the horses like waves, and Athena made the chariot. The two gods worked together.
Grizzly Giant
The Grizzly Giant is the oldest sequoia in the Mariposa Grove, the largest giant sequoia grove in Yosemite National Park.
At one time, the Grizzly Giant was considered the oldest and largest tree in the world.
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, formerly: Academia Sinica) is the supreme institution for all the natural science organisations in China. The academy was established in 1949 in Beijing.
Mike Breen
Michael "Mike" Breen (born May 22, 1961) is an American play-by-play sportscaster. He calls games for the New York Knicks and ABC as well as ESPN. He is also lead play-by-play on ESPN's coverage of the WNBA. He did the same job for NBC. He also called NBA on NBC and TNT and has called basketball during the Olympics for NBC. Breen has also called college basketball. He called games for ESPN and Marist Red Foxes. In addition to basketball, he called NFL games: first for NBC and second for Fox.
Franklin Parish, Louisiana
Franklin Parish (Paroisse de Franklin) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,774. The parish seat is Winnsboro. The parish was founded in 1843 and named for Benjamin Franklin, American statesman.
Clothes iron
A clothes iron (also flatiron or smoothing iron) has a handle and a flat triangle shaped surface. Electricity makes the flat surface hot. A hot iron is rubbed on clothes to make them flat and smooth. This is called ironing. The handle does not get hot because that is where it is held. They are named clothes irons because they used to be made out of the metal iron.
Cloth is made from lots of small strings. When people wear clothes or move other things made from cloth, the little strings might bend and make lumps. Because the iron is heavy and hot when it is turned on, the little strings stretch and go flat when the iron is put on top. Different kinds of cloth need to be ironed in different ways. If the iron is too hot then the cloth might get broken or burn. If the iron is too cold then the strings might stay lumpy and not go flat. Sometimes people use water with an iron, which makes steam. This can make it easier to iron clothes because the small strings get soft. Some cloth does not need to be ironed because the strings always stays flat.
Some people think wearing clothes that have been ironed shows they are not lazy. Other people think that not ironing clothes can make them look nicer.
Gretzenbach
Gretzenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
Chariot (album)
Chariot is an album by rock singer Gavin DeGraw. The album features singles "I Don't Want to Be", "Chariot", and "Follow Through". The album was released in 2004. Chariot also was re-released in 2005 as a live acoustic album.
Avril Lavigne (album)
Avril Lavigne is the fifth studio album by Avril Lavigne. Avril Lavigne is a Canadian singer-songwriter. Sony Music Entertainment and Epic Records released the album on November 1, 2013. Lavigne worked with many producers to make the album, such as Martin Johnson, Peter Svensson, David Hodges, Matt Squire and Chad Kroeger. The album has different music and lyrics compared to her previous album, Goodbye Lullaby (2011). It has a more pop and upbeat sound, along with power and piano ballads. It also includes electronic music, industrial rock and punk rock. The album has singing by Kroeger and Marilyn Manson. This is her only album released by Epic Records.
Fugue
A fugue is a piece of music written for a certain number of parts (voices). It is a type of counterpoint with a precisely defined structure. It is based on a tune called the "subject" of the fugue. The word “fugue“ comes from the Italian “fuga“ meaning “flight“.
How a fugue is written
A fugue is based on one particular tune. This tune is called the subject. Each part has an equal share in playing the subject. When we talk about the “parts” in a fugue we do not mean the “sections” of the piece but the number of voices needed to sing it or instruments to play it. A “3 part fugue” means a fugue written for three voices or instruments.
Fugues can be in 2, 3, 4, 5 or even 6 parts. The more parts there are the harder it is to write a fugue because each part has to sound interesting by itself, but together they must also make sense. 3, 4 and 5 part fugues are usual.
A fugue always starts with just one part playing the subject. Then the other parts come in one at a time until they are all playing. When the second part comes in it will always be half an octave higher or lower than the beginning (musicians say: “on the dominant”, meaning that it starts on the 5th note of the scale instead of the “tonic” or 1st note). This called: the answer. The third part to come in will be the “subject” (in the tonic once again) and the fourth part will be another answer, etc.
If the answer is an exact transposition of the subject (i.e. exactly the same but in the dominant key) it is called a real answer. Sometimes one or two notes have to be changed so that the music sounds right. This is called a tonal answer. For example: a subject that starts with a rising “doh – soh” (an interval of a fifth) will be answered by a rising “soh – doh” in the answer (an interval of a fourth).
When the second part comes in with the answer the first part will have to play something else, called a countersubject. If this “something else” is used every time in the piece to accompany the answer then it is called a regular countersubject. The countersubject should sound nice, and be grammatically correct, whether it is on top or below the subject. This is called “invertible counterpoint”.
If a part is not playing a countersubject it may just be playing a “free part”.
A redundant entry is the repetition of the subject or answer in a voice in which one or two of the aforementioned have already been stated.
Sometimes entries overlap. This is called stretto (NB “stretto” also has a different meaning in music: “hurried”).
If none of the parts are playing the subject or answer (i.e. they are all playing free parts) this is called an episode. If it happens during the first section (exposition) then it is called a codetta.
Because a fugue is a piece which puts several lines of melody together it is a form of contrapuntal music.
A fugue usually has three sections: the first section is called the “exposition”. This lasts until all the parts have entered. The middle section will go through various keys (modulate), and the final section will be back in the main key (tonic), and all the parts will probably play the subject or answer in turn once more.
Composers who wrote fugues
The fugue became a very popular form of music in the Baroque period. It was often played after a prelude. The most famous composer of fugues was Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote two books, each with 24 Preludes and Fugues, called The Well-Tempered Clavier (in German: Das Wohltemperierte Klavier). Each book has a prelude and fugue in a different major and minor key. He also wrote many Preludes and Fugues for organ, sometimes writing a passacaglia, fantasia or toccata instead of the prelude, as in the case of the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor.
Bach’s fugues became models for future generations. Composers from later periods studied Bach’s fugues in order to learn how to write their own. For example, Dmitri Shostakovich, a 20th century composer, wrote preludes and fugues in the same style as Bach.
Fugues can be very dramatic and exciting as each part comes in one at a time and the music builds up. This is why many composers have ended long works with a fugue. It helps to build up the tension towards the end of the work. Even if it is not a strict fugue it might be “fugal” i.e. it might start off as a fugue and then become freer (adding extra parts etc.). Beethoven uses fugues a lot in the last movement of his late piano sonatas. Benjamin Britten writes a fugue at the end of A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra. At the end of his song for choir called “The Twelve” William Walton starts a fugue with a very long, fast and complicated fugues subject, but it soon develops into a much freer piece of music.
Countdown (game show)
Countdown is a British game show on Channel 4. It began on 2 November 1982 as the first programme to air on Channel 4. It is currently presented by Colin Murray and Rachel Riley with etymologist Susie Dent in Dictionary Corner alongside a celebrity guest. It was hosted by Richard Whiteley until his death in 2005, then by Des Lynam from 2005 to 2006 and then by Des O'Connor from 2007 to 2008. Both O'Connor and Carol Vorderman, the show's co-host who has been on the programme since it began, left the show in December 2008. From 2009, Jeff Stelling and Rachel Riley replaced O'Connor and Vorderman respectively. It has been hosted by Nick Hewer from 2012 to 2021, on 28 June 2021, Anne Robinson became the host but she presented her final show on 13 July 2022 with Colin Murray taking over the next day. The show was 30 minutes long, but since 2001, it is 45 minutes long.
With nearly 8,000 episodes, it is one of the longest-running game shows in the world, along with the original French version Des chiffres et des lettres which has been running on French television continuously since 1972.
Origin
Countdown originated from the format of the French game show Des chiffres et des lettres (Numbers and Letters), created by Armand Jammot. After watching the programme, Belgian record executive Marcel Stellman brought the format to Britain on the belief it could be popular overseas and proposed his concept for the British version to several networks. The concept was purchased in the early 1980s by Yorkshire Television which commissioned a series of eight shows under the title Calendar Countdown, aimed at being a spin-off of their regional news programme Calendar with the programme's host Richard Whiteley deemed the natural choice for the concept. The spin-off was aired only in the Yorkshire area, with Whiteley earning the nickname of "Twice Nightly Whiteley" because of his daily appearances on both programmes. He was assisted by Cathy Hytner and Denise McFarland-Cruickshanks who handled the letters and numbers rounds respectively.
By 1982, after an additional pilot episode was made with a refined format, an episode that was never broadcast - the show was bought up by Channel 4, a new British television channel set to launch in November 1982, based on the refined concept. While Whiteley and Hytner from the original cast were retained, the programme was renamed Countdown, with the format was expanded to include additional members in the hosting team, including letters and number experts. An additional spin-off to the programme for young contestants was proposed at the same time, dubbed Junior Countdown, the concept would be similar in format, but with it hosted by Gyles Brandreth and Ted Moult, but while a pilot was created, the proposal was abandoned after it was found to be highly flawed. Instead, the production staff opted to allow contestants of differing ages, young and old, to participate on Countdown.
The show with its first episode was the first to be broadcast when the channel launched on 2 November 1982, with Whiteley opening the programme with the line:
"As the countdown to a brand new channel ends, a brand new Countdown begins." —Richard Whiteley introducing the first Channel 4 episode of Countdown.
Whiteley tenure
Alongside the original cast from Calendar Countdown, the new format of the show led to production staff seeking out further hostesses through advertisements in national newspapers for young women to become a member of the programme's cast, with notable conditions about their involvement, in particular, those recruited for calculations found it made clear that as an applicant, their appearance would be less important than their skill as a mathematician. Amongst those recruited, Beverley Isherwood was hired to work alongside Hytner in handling the selection of number and letter tiles respectively, while Linda Barrett and Carol Vorderman were recruited for checking over calculations by contestants in the numbers round. In addition, a lexicographer was also required to form part of the format's "Dictionary Corner" segment of the show, in order to verify words given by contestants in the letters round (see Letters round rules), along with pointing out any longer or otherwise interesting words available, such a role was aided by the show's producers, with no assistance from any computer programme and the role accompanied by a celebrity guest for a set period on the programme, contributing words and providing entertainment through anecdotes, puzzles, poems and stories. Amongst these who have appeared on the programme are Nigel Rees, Jo Brand, Martin Jarvis, Richard Digance, Geoffrey Durham, Ken Bruce, Magnus Magnusson, Pam Ayres, Paul Zenon, Jenny Eclair, Al Murray, John Sergeant and Gyles Brandreth.
Over time, the additional hostesses on the programme were dropped by production staff but retained Vorderman and assigned her primarily to handle the selection of letter and number tiles, as well as verifying contestant calculations. Thus her role was expanded to that of a co-presenter alongside Whiteley in 1989. The programme frequently rotated between various lexicographers, including Richard Samson and Alison Heard, for each series, until in 2003 the role was permanently given to Susie Dent, after her debut on Countdown in 1992.
On 26 June 2005, Whiteley died after a failed heart operation. At the time, he had been slowly recovering from pneumonia earlier that year. This had prevented him from recording further episodes. His death impacted the show, at the time on its 53rd series, causing the episode due to air on 27 June to be postponed by Channel 4 by one day as a mark of respect, while the remaining episodes he had managed to complete were aired after his death, beginning with a tearful tribute from Vorderman with the episode aired on 28 June. After the series' conclusion, Countdown was placed into hiatus after 1 July, the series Grand Final, to determine how to proceed.
Sinosauropteryx
It is the first one found with the fossilized impressions of furry down or filamentous feathers. Overall, the filaments resemble the down-like feathers of some modern flightless birds.
Countdown (game show)
Post-Whiteley
In October 2005, Channel 4 announced that Des Lynam would take over as the main presenter, having previously participated in the celebrity edition (Celebrity Countdown) in April 1998. His first show aired on 31 October 2005 and between January and April 2006, additional episodes aired on Saturdays. Lynam's tenure ran until December 2006, whereupon his demanding filming schedule forced him to resign from the programme. His departure was due to the travel requirements that his 2007 schedule required of him, despite an effort by Channel 4 to deal with this by changing the filming location from Leeds to a site closer to his residence in Worthing, West Sussex, viewers reacted angrily to the idea, while Lynam decided it would cause considerable disruption for many of the programme's camera crew.
In January 2007, Des O'Connor took over as the main presenter. During his tenure as host, Dent went on maternity leave over the Winter of 2007–08 and Alison Heard temporarily replaced her on the programme until 6 February 2008. By July 2008, both O'Connor and Vorderman had announced that they would be leaving by the end of that year, after the end of the 59th series. While O'Connor decided to leave in order to concentrate on other projects, Vorderman left after her offer to take a 33% salary decrease was rejected and production staff asked her to take a 90% pay cut, her agent stated that staff had told him that the show had survived without Whiteley and could "easily survive without you". Some media reports suggested that the new presenter would be either Rory Bremner, the early favourite, or Alexander Armstrong, but both ruled themselves out of the job. At the same time there was speculation that several prominent women, including Anthea Turner, Ulrika Jonsson and Myleene Klass, were strong candidates to take over Vorderman's job, but Channel 4 revealed that the role was to be assigned to a previously unknown male or female arithmetician with "charm and charisma", like what they did 26 years earlier when the show launched. O’Connor and Vorderman’s final episode aired on 12 December 2008.
In November 2008, Jeff Stelling was confirmed as the new host, while Oxford maths graduate Rachel Riley was confirmed as Vorderman's replacement. Their first episode aired on 12 January 2009. Stelling remained with the programme until his last episode aired on 16 December 2011 when his football commitments with Sky Sports forced him to reluctantly leave Countdown. Prior to his departure, The Apprentice star Nick Hewer was announced as his replacement and he took over as the main presenter when his first episode aired on 9 January 2012. In 2020, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced that Colin Murray, a frequent Dictionary Corner guest, would fill in for Hewer while he spent a period of time in isolation due to the UK's second lockdown.
On 7 December 2020, Hewer announced that he would be stepping down as the host of Countdown at the end of series 83 in June 2021. Hewer said it had been "privilege and a pleasure to take the helm of Countdown". It was then announced on 15 February 2021 that Anne Robinson would take over from Hewer at the start of series 84. Hewer's final show aired on 25 June 2021.
List of common misconceptions
This is a list of popular wrong ideas and beliefs about notable topics. Each has been discussed in published literature.
Atherton, California
Atherton is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, United States. At the 2020 census, 7,188 people lived there. Atherton is one of the richest cities in the United States, and is regularly ranked among the most expensive ZIP codes in the country. It was founded in 1923.
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
This page describes the qualifying procedure for the UEFA Euro 2008.
Seedings
1 as
Countdown (game show)
Post-Whiteley
Anne Robinson became the new host of Countdown on 28 June 2021, while on 10 September, Sir Trevor McDonald presented a special "Black To Front" episode featuring an all-black cast and black contestants with whoever winning that show would continue their run into the next episode. On 13 December, Rachel Riley took maternity leave and was temporarily replaced with Dr Anne-Marie Imafidon until 14 March 2022 when Riley returned the following day.
On 2 May 2022, it was announced that Anne Robinson would be stepping down from Countdown with immediate effect and hosted her last episode on 13 July, early in series 86, a day later, Colin Murray returned to present the show. However, in August, Murray was unwell with COVID-19 and was temporarily replaced with 2 presenters, firstly with Les Dennis, best known for presenting Family Fortunes, between 4 and 15 August, then with comedian and Dictionary Corner regular Jenny Eclair, between 16 and 19 August, Murray returned on 22 August.
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
Seedings
2 as
Countdown (game show)
Intro
The Countdown intro has changed over time since it began in 1982.
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
Seedings
3 as
Countdown (game show)
Intro
For the 1981 pilot, it was a round span with pink words 'Calendar Countdown'.
The first intro after the beginning of Countdown in 1982 was a black background with the words Countdown in yellow.
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
Seedings
🇬🇷 greece (1.980) is already assured of places at Euro 2008 as European champions.
🇦🇹 austria (1.850) and 🇨🇭 switzerland (1.830) are already assured of places at Euro 2008 as host nations.
Sinosauropteryx
Sinosauropteryx lived in China during the early Cretaceous period and was a close relative of Compsognathus. It has been dated to 124.6–122 million years ago.
Countdown (game show)
Intro
After this, it was blue until the late 80s/early 90s, COUNT DOWN with the background having letters and numbers (until the mid 90s), then a yellow triangle with Countdown in Red.
From 1999, the clock appeared for the first time in the Countdown intro, the background was into a mash of pink and orange, and COUNTDOWN in white under the clock.
After Whiteley died in 2005, the Lynam and O'Connor series had letters spitting out of the clock in the same colour form, eventually merging into 'Countdown'.
With the introduction of Stelling in 2009, the background changed to blue and the letters continued to spit out of the clock. Merging into Countdown.
In 2012, the background once again changed to dark blue and the intro would start with a globe of letters and numbers breaking, and then later merging into Countdown, just as it did since the early 2000s.
Character
Countdown quickly established cult status within British television – an image which it maintains today, despite the loss of key presenters. The programme's audience comprises mainly students, homemakers and pensioners, owing to the "teatime" broadcast slot and inclusive appeal of its format and presentation. Countdown has been one of Channel 4's most-watched programmes for over twenty years, but has never won a major television award. When Des Lynam became the new presenter after Whiteley's death in 2005, the show regularly drew an average 1.7 million viewers every day; this was around half a million more than in the last few years of Richard Whiteley presenting. The Series 54 final, on 26 May 2006, attracted 2.5 million viewers. 3–4 million viewers had watched the show daily in its previous 16:15 slot. The drop in viewing figures following the scheduling change, coupled with the show's perceived educational benefits, even caused Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Jonathan Shaw to table a motion in the UK Parliament, requesting that the show be returned to its later time. Minor scheduling changes have subsequently seen the show move from 15:15 to 15:30, 15:45, 15:25 and 15:10. As of 2018, it is broadcast at 14:10.
On each episode, the prize for defeating the reigning champion is a teapot that is styled to resemble the 30-second time clock used in each round. Introduced in December 1998, the pot is custom-made and can only be obtained by winning a game on the programme. Defeated contestants receive an assortment of Countdown-themed merchandise as a parting gift.
At first, the prize for the series winner was a leather-bound copy of the twenty-volume Oxford English Dictionary, worth over £4,000. Since 2011, the prize consists of ordinary hardback twenty-one-volume dictionaries, a laptop computer and a lifetime subscription to Oxford Online (replaced by a MacBook pro laptop by series 68). David Acton, winner of Series 31, opted for a CD-ROM version of the dictionaries, not wanting to accept leather-bound books owing to his strict veganism, and he donated the monetary difference to charity.
Since Series 54 in 2006, the series champion also receives the Richard Whiteley Memorial Trophy, in memory of the show's original presenter.