cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mechanism
The word "mechanism" is also used as a metaphor. The celestial mechanics of Kepler and Newton is a way of predicting and explaining planetary motions in the Solar System. Darwin's natural selection is his proposed mechanism as to how evolution took place.
In that way, a mechanism in science or technology is an explanation of how something works or might work.
Diesel multiple unit
A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country.
Transmission
The diesel engine drives the train through a transmission system. The transmission system may be:
Kalmar BTK
Kalmar BTK is a table tennis club in the town of Kalmar in Sweden. It was established on 14 June 1960. The club won the Swedish national men's team championship in the years of 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2002. Jan-Ove Waldner played for the club between 1996 and 2006.
Rhythm section
A rhythm section is the group of musicians in a rock music, jazz, or country music group who play their instruments to set out the pulse or beat of the music. This is played in accompaniment to the rest of the band. Some of the rhythm section instruments, such as the guitar and the piano, also play the chord progression (sequence of chords) that a song is based upon. Some rhythm section instruments, such as the drums and percussion, are just used to set out the beat. Most rhythm sections include a bass instrument, such as the bass guitar or the double bass, which plays the deep, low notes of the chord progression.
Halmstad BTK
Halmstad BTK is a table tennis club in Halmstad, Sweden. It was established on 27 October 1937. The club won the Swedish national men's team championship in 1993 and 2003 and the Swedish women's national team championship in 1991, 1992, 1995 and 1996. Jörgen Persson and Åsa Svensson have played for the club.
Androsexuality
Androsexuality is a sexual orientation describing one's sexual attraction to men, males or masculinity, regardless of gender identity. It's the reverse of gynesexuality.
British Rail Janus
Janus and Taurus were two shunting locomotives by the Yorkshire Engine Company and loaned to British Railways for demonstrations. However, BR did not buy any production versions after testing. At least one other Yorkshire Engine Company locomotive was loaned to British Railways in the 1960s.
DYCT-DTV
DYCT-DTV, Channel 31, is a digital television station of Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media Inc. Its transmitter is located at Babag Hills, Cebu City.
Digital channels
DYCT-DTV currently operates on UHF Channel 31 (575.143 MHz) and is multiplexed into the following subchannels:
Mominul Haque
Mominul Haque (মমিনুল হক; born 29 September 1991) is a Bangladeshi first-class cricketer. He is also the captain for the Bangladesh national team in Test matches. Mominul is a left-handed batsman.
Mominul has the highest batting average in test cricket for a Bangladeshi player.
Waldmünchen
Waldmünchen, Czech: Lesní Mnichov, is a town in the district of Cham, in Bavaria, Germany. It is near the border with the Czech Republic, 18 km (11 mi) north of Cham, and 18 km (11 mi) southwest of Domažlice.
Virginie Korte-van Hemel
Virginie Norbertina Maria Korte-van Hemel (May 8, 1929 – April 3, 2014) was a Dutch politician. She was a member of the CDA on behalf of the House and Senate. In the cabinets Lubbers I and Lubbers II, she was Secretary for Justice.
She was also an alderman of Bussum from 1970 to 1974.
Hemel was born in Bergen op Zoom and died in Bussum, aged 84.
Massillon, Ohio
Massillon is a city in Stark County in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is about 8 mi west of Canton, 20 mi south of Akron, and 50 mi south of Cleveland. The population was 32,149 at the 2010 census, which makes it the 44th largest city in Ohio.
David Miller
David Andrew Miller is a professional cricketer from South Africa. Miller plays for South African national team. He was born on June 10, 1989.
Turbostar
Turbostar is the name given to a series of diesel multiple units (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The Turbostar was the first new train type to be introduced after the privatisation of British Rail, and is the most common type of diesel multiple unit (its electrical variant, the Electrostar, is the most common electric multiple unit). The first units were ordered by Chiltern Railways in 1996 and were designated Class 168 (also known as Clubman). Since then the family has grown with the addition of the Class 170, Class 171, and (in development) the Class 172.
Sine wave
A sine wave is a curve, a continuous function with this shape:
All waves can be made by adding up sine waves. The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.
Waves made of Sine Waves
Waves are found everywhere in the natural world. Examples of waves: All of these waves are the sum total of many signals.
Properties of Sine Waves
Sine waves have a "length" called a wavelength. There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.
Supalonely
"Supalonely" is a song by New Zealand singer Benee. It was first released on her 2019 extended play Stella & Steve. It was later released as a single in December of that year. It became very popular on the online video-sharing app TikTok in March 2020. It had about 6.9 billion plays on the app for that month.
Saluga and Ghazal protected area
Saluga and Ghazal protected area is one of the nature reserves in southern Egypt and is considered the smallest, as its area does not exceed half a kilometer in the form of islands groups in the Nile River.
The name is taken from the two most important islands in the reserve. Saluja Island, which means (waterfall) in Nubian language, while the name Ghazal Island seems to refer to one of the ancient plants that were growing on these islands.
The region declared a nature reserve by decision of the Prime Minister of Egypt in 1986. With the aim of preserving the biological diversity of endangered animals, plants and mammals.
The Environment
The reserve contains a variety of living creatures from the animal and plant kingdoms despite the small size of the reserve and its presence in the middle of the Nile. Among the most famous animals in the reserve are camels, goats, wild donkeys, hyenas, and the red fox (the Egyptian fox) which, although it does not live mainly in the islands of the reserve but lives in the West Bank of the Nile and crosses the river by swimming to build a hole on the islands of the reserve. Sixty species of resident and migratory birds live in the reserve as well, some of which are threatened with extinction. The most famous of these rare birds is the black ibis, which became the symbol of the reserve. The plant life in the reserve is more varied and clear, as there are more than 90 different types of plants. The reserve is characterized by stunning landscapes that combine the often quiet vegetation with the water surface of the Nile, which made it an important tourist attraction.
Saluga_and_ghazal.jpg
French Resistance
The French Resistance was a group of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German military occupation in France during World War II (1939–1945). Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women who killed German soldiers, published secret newspapers, collected information about the German army, and helped Allied soldiers and pilots who were trapped in France to get back to Great Britain. The men and women of the Resistance came from all levels of society and many different religions.
The Allied armies helped the French Resistance by giving them guns and explosives. It was very dangerous to be a member of the French Resistance. Members who were caught by the Germans were often tortured and killed. When the Resistance killed a German officer, sometimes the Nazi army would kill large numbers of innocent civilians as a punishment.
The French Resistance helped the Allied armies to advance through France in 1944. After the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, and the invasion of Provence on 15 August, they gave the Allies information about the German defenses. The Resistance also sabotaged the electrical power grid, transportation methods, and telecommunications networks. During the Nazi occupation of France, the resistance was an inspiring example of patriotic behavior and bravery.
When the war was over, the Resistance executed about 9,000 French people who were working to help the Nazis. This included many members of the Milices, a fascist organization that helped Nazi Germany.
Stornoway Airport
Stornoway Airport is an airfield on the Outer Hebrides Isle of Lewis. It is about 2 nautical miles (2.2 miles; 3.7 km) east of Stornoway, the biggest town on the island.
The Royal Air Force maintained an RAF airbase at the site of the airport until 1998.
Stornoway Airport is owned by HIAL, a company controlled by the Scottish Government. The airfield was first opened in 1937, and used mainly for military purposes. NATO aircraft used the airport for missions over the North Atlantic and for stop overs to Greenland and the United States.
Nowadays the airfield is mainly used for domestic passenger services. The Royal Mail also operates a daily mail flight. CHC Helicopters operate two Sikorsky S-92 helicopters, equipped for search and rescue on behalf of the Coastguard. The helicopter crews have flown on over 3,100 callouts since the establishment of the service in May 1987. There are also several privately owned light aircraft based at the airport.
Stornoway Airport was also the location of an emergency landing made by an American Airlines Boeing twin-engined 767 jet, on its way from Sweden to Chicago in April 2001, due to a medical emergency on board. It stayed at the airport for 2 days.
The Happy Years
The Happy Years is a 1950 American romantic comedy movie directed by William A. Wellman and is based on the novel The Varmint by Owen Johnson. It stars Dean Stockwell, Darryl Hickman, Scotty Beckett, Leon Ames, Leo G. Carroll, Robert Wagner. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Ängby SK
Ängby SK is a sports club in Vällingby in Sweden. It was established in 1956. The club won the Swedish national men's table tennis team championship in the years of 1992 and 1995. The women's team won the Swedish national championship during the season of 2014-2015. Jan-Ove Waldner and Mikael Appelgren have played for the club.
The Happy Years
Plot
John Humperdink Stover, a troublemaker expelled from several schools, gets one last chance at a new academy to mature and receive a proper education. He befriends Tough McCarty and Tennessee Shad but continues to fight and play pranks on Connie Brown. Facing expulsion again, Stover has a change of heart and decides to reform, making his father proud.
Reception
According to MGM records, the movie earned $680,000 in the US and Canada and $175,000 elsewhere, making a loss of $1,096,000 for the studio.
Middle Angles
The Middle Angles were an important ethnic group in the kingdom of Mercia during the Anglo-Saxon period. It is probable that Angles moved into the Midlands from East Anglia early in the 6th century. The area they occupied is now centred around modern Leicestershire and Northamptonshire. They were in place before the reign of Penda (c.626-655). He made his eldest son, Peada, King of the Middle Angles in 653. For some time they kept their own identity in Mercia. The Middle Angles had their own bishop based in Leicester.
Brookhurst, Wyoming
Brookhurst is a census-designated place in Natrona County, Wyoming, USA. About 192 people live there.
Gynesexuality
Gynesexuality or gynosexuality is a sexual orientation describing one's sexual attraction towards women, female individuals or to femininity, regardless of gender identity. It's the reverse of androsexuality.
Rita MacNeil
Rita MacNeil CM ONS (May 28, 1944 – April 16, 2013) was a Canadian country and folk singer. MacNeil was from the community of Big Pond on Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island. Her biggest hit, "Flying On Your Own", was a crossover Top 40 hit in 1987 and was covered by Anne Murray the next year.
In 1990, MacNeil was the bestselling country artist in Canada, selling more records than even Garth Brooks and Clint Black. She was also the only female singer ever to have three separate albums chart in the same year in Australia.
On April 16, 2013, MacNeil died in Sydney, Nova Scotia, from problems caused by surgery after a repeated infection. She was 68.
Beornwulf of Mercia
Beornwulf († 826) was a Mercian nobleman who became the King of Mercia. Although not of the Mercian royal family himself he usurped the throne from Ceolwulf in 823. He ruled Mercia until his death three years later.
King of Mercia
Little is known about Beornwulf's family. He played a large part in Ceolwulf I losing the throne in 823. He succeeded Ceolwulf as king in the summer of 823. Beornwulf continued the campaign against Powys started by Coenwulf and his brother Ceolwulf I. By the end of 823 Powys was being controlled by Mercia. By 825 Beornwulf had extended his authority over Kent, Essex and Middlesex. In 825 Beornwulf invaded Wessex. In what Frank Stenton called "one of the most decisive battles of Anglo-Saxon history" Egbert defeated Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellandun. This was the end of the Mercian kings dominating England. Egbert sent his son Athelwulf with an army to overthrow Baldred, the Mercian sub-king. As a result, all of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and East Anglia submitted to Egbert of Wessex. Egbert was cautious though. He kew Mercia had a powerful army and did not attack Mercia directly. Instead he instigated the East Anglians to revolt against Beornwulf. When Beornwulf tried to recover East Anglia in 826 he was killed in the attempt. He was succeeded by one of his ealdormen, Ludeca of Mercia.
Aligarh Muslim University
The Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is a major university in the town of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was originally founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875, as the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (better known as MAO College). It became a full university in 1920.
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII donated 5 Lakh Indian Rupees in the 1930s towards this University.
AMU Journal
AMU Journal is an independent educational community and media organization. It is run by students and alumni. It was started in the year 2016 by a group of Aligarh Muslim University students to cover campus activities and raise campus issues. Later it became a media portal and educational community.
British Rail HS4000
HS4000, named Kestrel, was a prototype high-powered mainline diesel locomotive built in 1968 by Brush Traction to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. The name came from Hawker Siddeley (the owner of Brush) 4000 hp (the power rating of its Sulzer engine).
Power Rangers Day of Destiny
Power Rangers Day of Destiny is a tabletop role-playing-game web-series produced by Hasbro. It is streamed live by Renegades Game Studio on Twitch, and also available in audio format as a podcast. It started airing on Twitch on August 27, 2021. The show has one season, with only 10 episodes in it. It started a little bit before the hiatus of Power Rangers Dino Fury ended and is the second and last tabletop role-playing-game web-series of Power Rangers after Power Rangers Hyperforce. It is about the next generation of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers stopping Rita Repulsa from taking over the Morphin Grid.
Hallein
Hallein is a town in the Austrian state of Salzburg. It is the capital of the Hallein District.
The Youth of Maxim
The Youth of Maxim (Юность Максима) is a 1935 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Boris Chirkov, Valentina Kibardina, and Mikhail Tarkhanov.
Bunschoten
Bunschoten is a village in the province Utrecht, the Netherlands. Bunschoten is also called Bunschoten-spakenburg because the two villages Bunschoten and Spakenburg “grew” into each other. Bunschoten was in the early ages a farmers village and Spakenburg a fishers village.
Jacques Castérède
Jacques Castérède (10 April 1926 – 6 April 2014) was a French composer and pianist. He won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1953 with his cantata La boîte de Pandore (Pandora's Box). He was born in Paris.
Castérède died on 6 April 2014 in Dijon from natural causes, aged 87.
List of stars in Triangulum Australe
This is the list of notable stars in the constellation Triangulum Australe, sorted by decreasing brightness.
Lyckeby BTK
Lyckeby BTK is a table tennis club in Lyckeby in the town of Karlskrona in Sweden. it was established on 16 December 1946. The club won the Swedish national women's team championship in the years of 1994 and 1997. The club was known as Lösens BTK up to 1995.
Superposition principle
In physics, the superposition principle states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering.
Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other charges
Erzsi Kovács
Erzsi Kovács DRH (2 June 1928 – 6 April 2014) was a Hungarian pop singer and performer.
She made her last album, "Mosolyogva búcsúzom" (English title: "I Leave with a Smile") when she was 79 years old. She was awarded the highest honor in Hungary, the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary.
She died after long illness on 6 April 2014.
Shoriful Islam
Mohammad Shoriful Islam (মোহাম্মদ শরিফুল ইসলাম; born 3 June 2001) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He started his international cricket career for the Bangladesh cricket team in March 2021.
Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory)
The Leader of the Opposition is the title given to the leader of the second-largest party in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly.
The current Leader of the Opposition is Elizabeth Lee of the Liberal Party.
Interair South Africa
Interair South Africa is an airline based in Johannesburg, South Africa. It operates scheduled passenger services from Johannesburg to regional destinations in Africa. Its main base is OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg.
Destinations
🇧🇯 Benin
🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
🇹🇩 Chad
🇫🇷 France
🇲🇬 Madagascar
Republic of the Congo
Čedo Vuković
Čedo Vuković (28 September 1920 - 7 April 2014) was a Montenegrin writer. He wrote many books for children. Some of them include; "Svemoćno oko" (Allmighty Eye), "Letjelica profesora Bistrouma" (Flying Machine of Professor Brightmind) and "Tim Lavlje srce" (Lion-heart Team). Vuković was born in Đulići, Andrijevica city in north-eastern Montenegro.
Interair South Africa
Destinations
🇿🇲 Zambia
Čedo Vuković
Vuković died in Budva after long-illness on April 7, 2014, aged 93.
Interair South Africa
Fleet
The Interair South Africa fleet includes the following aircraft as of 1 January 2011:
Lap dance
A lap dance is a type of sex work performed in some strip clubs (clubs in which women or men take off their clothes as they dance to music). In this, a dancer performs an erotic dance either contacting their body (contact dancing) with a seated patron or within a very short distance of a seated patron.
In some clubs, a "block session" of lap dance (usually half an hour to an hour) can be booked in a "champagne room", which is a private room in the back of a club. In many clubs, the duration of a lap dance is measured by the length of the song being played by the club's DJ. Charges for lap dances vary.
Depending on the local jurisdiction and community standards, lap dances can involve touching of the dancer by the patron, touching the patron by the dancer, neither, or both. In some clubs, any touching by the patron is forbidden. On the other hand, if a club does not enforce its rules, levels of contact may be negotiable between the participants. Clubs vary widely with regard to whether they enforce their rules or ignore any violations.
Critics of lapdancing say that some club owners, by installing dark private booths and charging dancers high stage fees to work at the club, are encouraging the sale of sexual acts between customers and dancers. According to the UK paper The Guardian, "Research shows that the majority of women become lap-dancers through poverty and lack of other jobs".
Gers (river)
The Gers is a river in France. It flows through the Hautes-Pyrénées, Gers and Lot-et-Garonne departments, in the Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquitaine regions. The Gers department is named after this river.
The river's source is in the Pyrenees. It is a left tributary of the Garonne river. In general, it flows from south to north.
Geography
The Gers river has a length of 175.4 km and a drainage basin with an area of 1227 km2.
Course
The source of the Gers is on the Plateau de Lannemezan, in the Lannemezan commune (Hautes-Pyrénées), at an altitude of 613 m.
The Gers passes through the departments and towns of:
The Gers river flows through 48 communes and 11 cantons.
Finally, it flows into the Garonne river to the south of Agen (Lot-et-Garonne), in the Layrac commune, at 45 m of altitude.
Kelly Brook
Kelly Brook (born 23 November 1979) is a British actress, model, and television presenter. Her first starring role was in the 2004 film School for Seduction, for which she received positive reviews for her role. In 2004, she played character Nikki Morris in the video game Need for Speed Underground 2, alongside Brooke Burke. In 2005, she appeared in the Philippe Vidal thriller House of 9, and starred opposite Billy Zane in the film Survival Island.
Saveuse
Saveuse is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Kelly Brook
Early life
Brook was born and raised in Rochester, Kent as Kelly Ann Parsons, the daughter of Sandra Kelly, a cook, and Kenneth Parsons, a scaffolder. She has a younger brother, Damian, and an older half-sister, Sasha. Kenneth Parsons died, aged 57, in Rochester from lung cancer, on 26 November 2007, during Brook's time on Strictly Come Dancing. Brook attended the Thomas Aveling School in Warren Wood, Rochester. In 1996 at the age of seventeen she appeared in the second series of "Fist of Fun", the BBC comedy show from Stewart Lee and Richard Herring as a schoolgirl in a series of sketches entitled 'Teachers' (one of her co-stars was the young Daniel Mays). She studied at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London for three years during this time before becoming a professional model at the age of 16.
Vibration
Vibration means quickly moving back and forth (or up and down) about a point of equilibrium. The vibration may be periodic (having a pattern) or random. Something that is vibrating may shake at the same time. If it vibrates in a regular way, it may produce a musical note because it can make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound waves to the ear and to the brain.
In structural engineering including earthquake engineering, vibrations may be bad. They may cause the structure to fail.
The time it takes a vibrating object to go back and forth completely is the period. The number of back-and-forth movements in one second is its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). The farthest possible distance from the equilibrium point is the amplitude.
Types of vibration
Free vibration occurs when vibration is set off with a push and allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate at a 'Natural frequency' and gradually wind down.
Forced vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the frequency of the force or motion applied. The size of the effect depends on the actual mechanical system.
Arctic ecology
Arctic ecology is the science that studies the ecology of the arctic. The arctic is all land and water north of the Arctic Circle (66 33’). This area is very cold and has little rain. In the winter there is almost no sunlight. The growing season, when farmers can grow crops, is very short.
The arctic biomes are taiga, boreal forest, and tundra. Many of the ecosystems in the arctic are fragile, and can be easily destroyed. These ecosystems are being hurt by global warming.
Environment
The arctic environment includes both land and water. Two important parts of this environment are sea ice and permafrost.
Sea ice is ice that floats in the ocean. It is made of frozen seawater. It is important because animals live and sleep on the ice, especially in winter. Sea ice lasts all year and never melts completely. There is less ice during the summer than during the winter.
Lots of land in the arctic is frozen all year long. Permafrost is a substrate (layer of soil) that has been frozen for two or more years. The dirt on top of the permafrost is called the "active layer". This dirt melts during the summer and is important for plants to grow.
Food Chain
In the arctic region there is less food. The algae is eaten by small insects. These insects are eaten by plankton. These are eaten by small fish these are eaten by big fish. Now, these are eaten by seals. Seals are at last eaten by polar bears.
Free Syrian Army
The Free Syrian Army is a faction in the Syrian Civil War formed in 29th July 2011, it has fought against the Syrian Arab Armed Forces, and pro-Assad militias, it was formed by former syrian officers. With multiple Syrian Civil War rebel groups calling themselves the "Free Syrian Army". During 2011, it was called the "Main Syrian Rebel Group" as they had more guns than other rebel groups.
The Free Syrian Army was overshadowed by Islamist Jihadist Groups, and a small civil war inside the Free Syrian Army started between Jihadists and Other Rebels. Since July 2012, the Free Syrian Army was no longer the main rebel group, due to fighting and lack of funding.
History
During 2011, protests against the Assad Regime as a part of the Arab Spring, due to corruption and wanting freedom. The Syrian Government killed, mutilated and tortured hundreds and thousands of protesters. Syrian soldiers and officers defected from the Armed Forces and made the new "Free Syrian Army", due to the Goverments response to the protests.
There were hundreds of reports of Defections from the Syrian Arab Armed Forces defecting to the Free Syrian Army, as the Government still fired and killed the protestors, Syrian Rebels entered some cities and laid Siege on multiple cities such as Homs and Aleppo, there were reports of soldiers who refused to fire at protestors being executed.
After Laying Siege on multiple cities, A Colonel and other officers in their uniforms announced the Free Syrian Army, with the purpose of defending protestors, and taking down the Assad Regime. There were reports of battalions, regiments and units that did not follow orders and refused to fire at protestors. The Free Syrian Army called themselves the "Military Wing of the Syrian Oppositions".
Bashar al-Assad said that the Free Syrian Army's making was made of only defecting soldiers without a sense of Nationalism and Loyalty, and their goal was to start a revolution, make protests and the need for action of the Government and Syrian Army to help protestors and protect them, and take down the Assad Regime that made a "Military Machine".
Attacks and defections during 2011
Most of the Defections were recorded and documented in videos and some uploaded to Youtube. On September 23rd, 2011, a group of Syrian Police Officers defectors named the "Free Officers Movement" merged with the Free Syrian Army, after the merging The Wall Street Journal considered the Free Syrian Army the "Main Military Defectors Group".
During October 2011, an American Government Official announced that the Syrian Army has lost atleast 10,000 men from defections alone. Later that month, Turkey started aiding the Free Syrian army with weapons and gear. And allowed the Free Syrian Army to operate a Head Quarters in Souther Turkey, which was close to the Syrian Border. It allowed them to launch attacks in northern Syrian towns.
Collingwood Football Club
Collingwood Football Club, the Magpies, is a club which plays Australian rules football in the AFL. It comes from Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. In the AFL/VFL, it has won 15 premierships.
Free Syrian Army
Checkpoint raids
There were multiple reports of defections in Damascus on the 10th of November, nine men attemped to defect from a Syrian Army checkpoint in Damascus and three men would get shot dead to Syrian Loyalists. Later that day, a Fifteen Year old was killed in some clashes. And four Syrian Soldiers were allegedly killed in an attack by armed men who were presumed to be defectors.
In November of 2011, there were reports of Syrian soldiers injured and killed on November 10th; Reuters said that 26 men were killed. while Syrian state media said that only 20 soldiers killed at this time. Three days later, The Local Coordination Committees of Syria reported 20 Syrian casualties. The Syrian Observatory of Human Rights said that more than a hundred soldiers were killed, and SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency) reported that 71 soldiers were actually killed.
Collingwood Football Club
History
The Victorian Football League (VFL) formed in 1897. Collingwood was one of the original teams (along with Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, Essendon, South Melbourne and Geelong). In the early years of the VFL, Collingwood was the most successful team; it won 11 premierships in the first 40 years. They won the most recent AFL premiership against St Kilda in 2010. The teams had to play a second match after the scores were equal at the end of the first Grand Final game.
Free Syrian Army
Checkpoint raids
More clashes occured in the city of Daraa started on the 14th of November, 34 soldiers and 12 defectors were killed in an ambush. As fighting increased, the casualties included 23 civilians that were killed. The next day on November 15th, eight soldiers were killed in an attack at a checkpoint by the Free Syrian Army.
Collingwood Football Club
Club song
Good old Collingwood forever, They know how to play the game. Side by side, they stick together, To uphold the Magpies name. See, the barrackers are shouting, As all barrackers should. Oh, the premiership's a cakewalk, For the good old Collingwood.
Free Syrian Army
Checkpoint raids
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that on November 24th, Shabiha (Pro-Assad Thugs) and Soldiers went to western Rastan to track down defectors. They were accamponied with Armoured Vehicles with Heavy Machine guns and Anti-Aircraft weapons, 24 people were killed, 11 defectors were killed and four wounded during clashes. There were also reports of them in Daraa and Homs.
Air Force Intillegence Building attack
On November 16th, the Free Syrian Army planned an Attack at an Air Force Intillegence Complex in Damascus was attacked. According to the Free Syrian Army, they did it with Machine Guns and Rockets, which killed six soldiers and wounded twenty others. A western Diplomat said that the attack was "hugely symbolic and tactically new". The attack was a part of the 2011 Damascus Clashes, the year later, Al-Qeada group Al-Nusra Front attacked the complex using a car bomb.
Ba'ath Party Youth Headquarters
On November 17, the Free Syrian Army attacked the Ba'ath Party Youth Headquarters in the Idlib Governorate. According to the Free Syrian Army, they used small arms such as the AK-47, and Rocket Propelled Grenades, according to Syrian State-Controlled Media, SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency) said that three Syrian Soldiers were killed because of a blast. An officer was also severly injured due to the blast, and two police officers were injured too.
But according to an AFP reporter, he went to the site of the attack, but saw no damage and asked the Syrian Locals, and they said that they saw nothing and heard no explosions. According to Reuters, two missiles hit the building again in December 20th, if it were fully confirmed that the FSA had done it, it would have shown that the FSA had greater reach over the place.
Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
During the 25th of November, 2011. The Free Syrian Army attacked both Shayrat and Tiyas airbases that were probably located in Homs, since the Syrian Government banned foreign journalism, the exact location is not known. During the attack, the Free Syrian Army attacked a bus of Syrian Pilots and officers, killing six "elite military pilots", one officer and three other personnel.
Army convoy ambushes
Since November 26th, clashes officially began between loyalists and rebels in the Idlib Governorate, atleast eight people were killed and over forty were wounded when the Free Syrian Army attacked Idlib, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights officially stated that "A group of deserters attacked a squad of soldiers and security agents in a convoy of seven vehicles, including three all-terrain vehicles, on the road from Ghadka to Maarat al-Numaan" and a British Organization stated "Eight were killed and at least 40 more were wounded. The deserters were able to withdraw without suffering any casualties,".
Syrian Human Rights groups stated that the Free Syrian Army killed three men and captured two others on the 29th of November. And according to another Syrian Human Rights group stated that seven soldiers were killed on the 30th of November during fighting in the town of Deal after Syrian Army troops moved in the town with force and started fighting from early in the morning to the afternoon, Rami Abdel Rahman, the Head of The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights "Two security force vehicles were blown up. Seven (troops) were killed,".
Idlib Intelligence Building raid
According to SANA, Forty-eight Syrian Army soldiers were killed during the clashes in Idlib, and SANA calling the dead soldiers "Martyrs" or "Shaheeds" and announcing Martydom.
Clashes in Daraa
On December 9th, a Syrian Army tank was destroyed, four defected soldiers were killed. Four defected soldiers also apparently died in fighting on 9 December. The next day, activists said that clashes from Syrian troops and the Free Syrian Army killed at least two people. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that two army armoured carriers were burned in the northwestern town of Kfar Takharim.
Clashes near the Border of Jordan
On 11th of December, troops from the 12th Armored Brigade in the towns of Busra al-Harir, which was 40 Kilometers away from the border of Jordan, and allegedly was the largest battle during the early phase of the war. At least five soldiers and a military Officer were allegedly killed the same day, in clashes during a Sunday, in the town of Kfar Takharim, two Vehicles were blown up, and three other vehicles were burned in Busra al-Harir.
Early fighting in Homs
Multiple Free Syrian Army defectors in Homs said a senior army officer was killed on December 11th after not firing at civilians, and according to Free Syrian Army's Brigadier General Salman al-Awaja, the officer was given orders to fire on residents in Homs. When he refused, he was killed. It caused multiple defections from the killing, while clashes from the Free Syrian Army and Assad loyalists broke out. And according to the Syrian Human Rights Obsevatory said that two people were killed and two armoured vehicles were destroyed.
Failed attempts at defections in Idlib
During the 19th December, the Free Syrian Army lost multiple lives when defectors tried to abandon their positions in the towns of Kensafra and Kefer Quaid in the Idlib Governorate. The Syrian Observatory for Human rights reported that at least 72 defectors were killed attempting to leave their positions. The next day, the same orginization stated that in all 100 defectors were either killed or wounded.
The Height of the Free Syrian Army
A former Syrian Army General named Mustafa al-Sheikh said to Reuters that 20,000 soldiers defected since beginning of the war. And that the Free Syrian Army had taken control of a lot of land and later said in an interview "If we get 25,000 to 30,000 deserters mounting guerrilla warfare in small groups of six or seven it is enough to exhaust the army in a year to a year-and-a-half, even if they are armed only with rocket-propelled grenades and light weapons". Multiple defections happened in 2012.
During 2012, hundreds of former Syrian Army officers were defecting, deserters even fough in Damascus. Battles occured in Hama, Damascus, Qusayr, and multiple other towns and cities. Multiple defectors had tanks, BMPs, and other vehicles. A video was seen where the Free Syrian army had a BMP-2, firing at government forces.
In February 2012, Fahad Al Masri, a founder of the Free Syrian Army and Colonel Qassem Saad Eddin, along with other officers made Military Councils for each Governorate, and made a new press officer for propaganda, and morale purposes. Mustafa Al-Shiek, also a founder of the Free Syrian Army proposed a "Higher Military Revolutionary Council", which would be denied.
During January, some Damascus districts were under control of the Free Syrian Army for weeks or months at a time, but due to bombing from the Syrian Arab Armed Forces, most fighters went to other locations. During late February of 2012, The Free Syrian Army had full control of Idlib, and Opposition flags were all over the city of Idlib, according to some Syrian Army officers, two-thirds of the city of Homs was under control of the Free Syrian Army for months.
The rise of Islamists
In April of 2013, the Free Syrian Army lost multiple fighters because of Islamist factions, as they grew, Free Syrian Army fighters identified with groups such as Al-Nusra Front, which was becoming the best equipped Anti-Assad faction. The Free Army lost 3,000 men from joining Al-Nusra Front since the Free Syrian Army had little to no ammunition. A Western diplomat suggested that Al-Nusra Front would be cleaner, stronger and better, "fighters are moving from one group to another".
During May 2013, Salim Idris, the Leader of the Free Syrian Army said "the rebels were badly fragmented and lacked the military skill needed to topple the government of President Bashar al-Assad." And also that he was working on a "countrywide command structure". But the lack of Ammunition and supplies, low money and terrible logistics stopped him from doing so. He said "Now it is very important for them to be unified. But unifying them in a manner to work like a regular army is still difficult." .
On July of 2013, a Free Syrian Army officer was killed by a Jihadist group in the Governorate of Latakia.. Commanders of the Free Syrian Army reacted with "Fury" and warned about further fighting and violence after the killing. The officer's name was Kamal Hamami, he was killed and mutilated. "This will not go unpunished," said a former Syrian Army officer.
The rise of ISIS
When ISIS first rose and took over Syrian land, the Free Syrian Army did not recognize ISIS as group against Assad, or work with the Islamic State. But sometimes, the Islamic state and the Free Syrian Army have helped each other during certain battles such as in the capture of Managh Air Base. According to the Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, either the Islamic State or Al-Qaeda detonated a Car bomb that killed 12 men. After the bomb hit, apparently missiles hit Syrian Army positions.
A high ranking Islamic State official, Abu Yusaf said in an interview in 2014, "In the East of Syria, there is no Free Syrian Army any longer. All Free Syrian Army people [there] have joined the Islamic State." He said this after the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Turkish Land Forces finished training the Free Syrian Army. The Islamic's state sweep of Iraq and Syria affected the size of the Free Syrian Army, and former fighters joining the Islamic State.
Russian Intervention, Syrian Democratic Forces
In 2015, Russia joined the Syrian Civil War to help out the Syrian Armed Forces and Bashar Al-Assad. The Russian Intervention has "stopped the advance of the opposition," according to Al-Jazeera. While a new side joins in the war, the Syrian Democratic Forces, a group of Kurdish and Arab militias in northern Syria. The Russians "double tap" air strikes that killed civilians and humanitarian aid workers. The Syrian Defense Forces didn't exactly fight the Free Syrian Army, but relations are complicated, there were recorded fights between the two, but they mainly fought ISIS along eachother. The airstrikes have also targeted Free Syrian Army, killing at least 6,000 men.
Rise of the Syrian National Army
In 2017,the Syrian National Army was formed, the group was named the "Turkish-Backed Syrian Free Army". A lot of the Free Syrian Army fighters joined the Syrian National Army, since they have better gear, and more ammunitions. And they were funded by Turkey, and use Turkish weapons and operated Turkish vehicles such as the FNSS ACV-15. And also funded by the with weapons U.S made such as the BGM-71 TOW and Mk-19s.
Support from the Gulf States
As soon as the Syrian Civil War started, the Gulf States (Saudia Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait) funeded the Free Syrian Army and other opposition groups, so they can overthrow the Assad regime and stop Iran from influencing Saudia Arabia, and other Gulf States. The United States told the Gulf States to stop funding as the funded Islamist Jihad groups like Al-Nusra Front and such.
American Support
In 2014 under the Obama Administration, the United States's operation was code-named "Train and Equip Programme" and selected certain Syrian Opposition groups, the Free Syrian Army was one of the groups, and sent over $500,000,000 to the Free Syrian Army, and the CIA trained the Free Syrian Army and other groups. 157 troops were trained by the CIA.
The group was named Division 30, and was apart of the Free Syrian Army. It later joined the Al-Nusra Front after being stopped attempting to cross the border to Turkey. And they handed all of their weapons and some of their men to be able to pass the border.
Tactics and methods
During October of 2011, the Free Syrian Army had no armored vehicles, so they would use Hit-and-Run tactics against Shabiha (Pro-Assad thugs) and the Syrian Arab Armed Forces. They would plant bombs and fire at enemy buses and lightly armored Vehicles. The main tactics were generally guerrilla warfare. But they would use it only if they want to slowly take over a piece of land, during late 2011 the Free Syrian Army took over most of Syria.
The Free Syrian Army would use hit and run tactics to slowly push off the Syrian Armed Forces from certain places, and use IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices) to stop or slow down Syrian Army convoys. Street battles happened in some towns that could have lasted for days. During massive attacks from Pro-Syrian Government forces, they would attack command and control centers and logistic companies or platoons. And sabotage would be used and small ambushes behind enemy lines that destrtoyed vehicles and such.
All of the communications of the Free Syrian Army was or is done by using a Walkie-Talkie, and Intelligence would be gathered by talking to locals and soldiers that are about to defect. And they would work also with Civilian councils and Human Rights groups that are observing a certain location or place. It would usually happen next to large population places such as Homs, Aleppo and Damascus.
Structure
The Free Syrian Army has or had multiple units in it's history. Since 29th July, 2011, multiple units were a part of the Free Syrian Army such as Jaish al-Izzah and other groups.
First Units
When the group was first formed, there were only four units, these included:
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