cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
John Kiss
The Hallelujah Dialogue Project
Hoping to find more ways to bridge the Israeli-Arab chasm, Kiss learned the international language Esperanto, and organized Middle Eastern conventions. In 2014, due to the rising violence during the Silent Intifada, Kiss collaborated with Palestinian activist Riman Barakat of the Israel-Palestine Center for Research and Information and Breaking the Impasse. Together Barakat and Kiss began to convene meetings in Jerusalem, encouraging dialogue. The project was called The Hallelujah Dialogue Project, and took place even in the face of terrorism in Jerusalem, in days when similar activities ceased to operate. Kiss, wishing to introduce the group to various projects of collaboration between Palestinians and Israelis, invited the Jerusalem Arab-Jewish Youth Chorus to sing, while introducing peace-related activities such as Ultimate sport, poetry reading, discussion groups, etc. According to Kiss, "encouraging encounters designed to eliminating mutual fear need have no relations to political stances."
Rate equation
So, a plot of \ln{[A]} against time t gives a straight line with a slope of -k.
John Kiss
It's Time For Peace
In 2017 Kiss came together with a group of Israelis and Palestinians who believed that "peace and reconciliation between the two peoples is possible" The group worked both through social media and in one-on-one interactions. The meetings were co-led by both Palestinian and Israeli facilitators.
Gy-l'Évêque
Gy-l'Évêque is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
John Kiss
It's Time For Peace
In a campaign to generate social media awareness of their "time for peace" message, the organization's slogan was printed next to photos of group participants from both sides of the conflict. Kiss was joined by Palestinian artist Muhammad El-Wahush, who expressed a belief in "a shared future" while sharing his dream of "establishing schools for Jews and Arabs specifically in the West Bank." A campaign of joint photographs of Jews and Arabs showing their friendships were shared on social media raising awareness of the "silent majority" wishing for peace. These encounters used the participants' experience of suffering to develop social representations of reconciliation. These encounters broadened the dialogue from adult activists to whole families, bringing together several generations to meet the other side face to face.
Art as Activism
From his beginnings as a graffiti artist, Kiss infused activism into his work, creating dialogue and social practice art. Kiss’ site-specific exhibitions are in close dialogue with his activism and advocacy efforts, which explore the power of art to respond to crises caused by exclusion from society, structural violence, depression, mental illness, and addiction.
The autism murals
Autism, often considered as taboo within ultraorthodox Jewish communities, was a subject Kiss focused on since his early career, seeking to bring awareness to the cause.  Kiss mentioned in interviews that he grew up with a cousin with autism, which gave Kiss a positive and affectionate experience of people on the autistic spectrum.  Wishing to show autism as a blessing rather than a curse, Kiss used his art of portraiture to encourage inclusion and to embrace children of autism and their families.
One particular issue that Kiss strongly opposed was Judaism's traditional rejection of autistic children from the bar mitzvah ceremony. In the Jewish religion, the ceremony is the rite of passage from childhood towards adulthood. In classical Jewish tradition, the ceremony requires developed mental capacities proving the child is "eligible" to be announced as an adult; thus, exemptions or disqualifications from the ceremony were given, traditionally, to the mentally handicapped, essentially rejecting these youngsters from the bar mitzvah ceremony for being "ineligible."
Kiss pursued strategies to include youngsters with autism in this coming-of-age ritual.  He partnered with Israeli NGO Small Heroes (Hebrew: Giborim Ktanim) to bring hundreds of youngsters with autism to celebrate the rite of passage ritual. Kiss collaborated with these children to show these pre-teens' creative abilities and prove their "eligibility" to participate in the bar mitzvah ceremony.
Kiss distributed 200 of his illustrations among these pre-teens and their families. Kiss then created an art installation from the joint drawings of these 200 children. These illustrations, colored by the autistic boys and girls, were joined together to a large-scale mural. The mural, presented at Jerusalem's Western Wall, drew public attention to the cause of inclusion. Presenting the 200-piece-mural in front of Judaism's holiest site was to encourage Jewish reflection at what Kiss called "the dark rejection" of people with special needs, and to turn the page towards a more inclusive future.  The autistic children who participated in the initiative were subsequently welcomed into the bar mitzvah ceremony.
Rate equation
Sometimes, experiments can be made so that the reaction looks like a first-order one. If the concentration of one reagent is kept at the same high value then it can be thought of as a constant. The equation becomes where k' is the pseudo-first order rate constant. Then the method above can be used to calculate k'.
John Kiss
The Peace Envelopes
Kiss contributed his paintings for The Peace Envelopes exhibitions in 2019, commemorating the 40th anniversary of Israel's peace agreement with Egypt. According to curator Iris Elhanani, the exhibition was to express the artists' "longing and dream for peace and tranquility." The exhibition was aimed at "promoting peace" to "mark peace agreements with Jordan and Egypt." Among Kiss' works in the exhibition was a painting with a pomegranate at Mamilla, as well as a large scale painting of Jerusalem.
Criticism
According to Haaretz's Haneen Majadala, Kiss' textual graffiti "Jews and Arabs refuse to be enemies" was considered "condescending." These works were signs not of peaceful intentions but of gentrification, and in their nature alluded to "symmetry" which did not exist. As such, Kiss' work was repeatedly criticized as naïve.
According to Booknik's Ariel Bulstein, Kiss' omissions of certain elements in his naive paintings raise a question of possible ignorance. Depicting "Jerusalem without traffic jams and exhaust gases, a city without dirty streets and hindering issues" presents a complicated albeit ignorant view. This is also evident in the absence of people in Kiss' urban cityscapes, which may be interpreted as "misanthropy."
According to The Forward, Kiss ' graffiti attempts to encourage change but missed the point. The simplicity and aesthetics of the works serve as a detractor from their messages: "it would be easy to mistake an appreciation for them for a real understanding of the wrongs they tried to address." Any social activism hoped to be encouraged through the form of graffiti is bound to be forgotten as viewers turn their "backs on [the work], laughing and chatting, and moving on."
Author Samuel Thrope criticized Kiss' portrayal of an ideal Jerusalem, stating that "depicting the church, mosque, and synagogue as sharing the same urban space is not a replacement for, and will not bring about, a just solution to the violence and oppression that plague this city." Thrope blamed the artist for disengagement from the political reality of the city as one of "graft, poverty, demolitions, oppression, hate" and called Kiss' approach "a counterfeit coin."
Further reading
Street Art Tel Aviv: In a Time of Transition. Lois Stavsky, 2021 Sussex Academic Press ISBN 978-0764354731
Gron, Yonne
Gron is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Gurgy
Gurgy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
George Washington Cable House
The George Washington Cable House is a cottage at 1313 8th Street in the Garden District of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the home of George Washington Cable (1844–1925), an American novelist who wrote of Creole life, during the period in which he rose to national prominence.
2013 Football League Cup Final
The 2013 Football League Cup Final is a football match between Bradford City and Swansea City, which will take place on 24 February 2013 at Wembley Stadium, London. It is the final match of the 2012–13 Football League Cup, the 53rd season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the Football League. The winner of the Football League Cup will enter the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League in the third qualifying round.
Joigny
Joigny is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Grimault
Grimault is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Irancy
Irancy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Grandchamp, Yonne
Grandchamp is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.
Linda Lovelace
Linda Lovelace (January 10, 1949 – April 22, 2002) was an American pornographic actress best known for her starring role in 1972 movie Deep Throat. She was born Linda Susan Boreman in the Bronx, New York City.
She was married to Chuck Traynor (1937-2002) from 1971 until 1973; he frequently used violence against her. In 1974 she married Larry Marchiano. She had two children with him. They divorced in 1996. In 1980 Ordeal was published. It was a book Lovelace wrote about being a porn actress. She moved to Colorado in 1990. She died in Denver on April 22, 2002 of injuries sustained in a road accident on April 3, 2002. The biopic Lovelace is about her.
Gallier House
Gallier House, also known as James Gallier, Jr., House was the home of American architect James Gallier, Jr. in New Orleans, Louisiana. Gallier designed the house himself. It is located on Royal Street in the French Quarter section of the city.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.
Gallier House now houses a museum, with the interior restored and furnished in the style of the 1850s.
Joux-la-Ville
Joux-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Schist
The schists are a group of metamorphic rocks which have lamellar (plate-like) minerals, such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. Quartz often occurs in drawn-out grains so that a form called quartz schist is produced. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. Schist often contains garnets.
The individual mineral grains in schist, drawn out into flaky scales by heat and pressure, can be seen by the naked eye. Schist is characteristically foliated, (~leaf-like) meaning the mineral grains split off easily into flakes or slabs. The word schist is derived from the Greek word σχίζειν schíxein meaning "to split". This refers to the ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie.
Most schists have been derived from clays and muds which have passed through a series of metamorphic processes involving the production of shales, slates and phyllites as intermediate steps. Certain schists have been derived from fine-grained igneous rocks such as basalts and tuffs. Most schists are mica schists, but graphite and chlorite schists are also common.
Schists are named after their mineral constituents, such as garnet schist, tourmaline schist, glaucophane schist, etc.
Schists are frequently used as dimension stone. Dimension stone is stone that has been selected and cut to specific shapes or sizes.
Jouy, Yonne
Jouy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Jaulges
Jaulges is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Hauterive, Yonne
Hauterive is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lain, Yonne
Lain is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Guerchy
Guerchy is a former commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valravillon.
Junay
Junay is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Jully
Jully is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Laroche-Saint-Cydroine
Laroche-Saint-Cydroine is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lalande, Yonne
Lalande is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
L'Isle-sur-Serein
L'Isle-sur-Serein is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Guillon, Yonne
Guillon is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Guillon-Terre-Plaine.
Lainsecq
Lainsecq is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Island, Yonne
Island is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lasson, Yonne
Lasson is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Provency
Provency is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lavau, Yonne
Lavau is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Laduz
Laduz is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valravillon.
Lailly
Lailly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Levis, Yonne
Levis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Préhy
Préhy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lichères-sur-Yonne
Lichères-sur-Yonne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lindry
Lindry is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lichères-près-Aigremont
Lichères-près-Aigremont is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Quenne
Quenne is a French commune, or small town. It is in the Yonne department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, in the center of France.
Prunoy
Prunoy is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.
Lixy
Lixy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Magny, Yonne
Magny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Quarré-les-Tombes
Quarré-les-Tombes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lucy-sur-Yonne
Lucy-sur-Yonne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Looze
Looze is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Leugny, Yonne
Leugny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lignorelles
Lignorelles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lézinnes
Lézinnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Recruitment
Recruitment is the process of finding new people to do a job. For a company or organization, it is important to choose the right people from the beginning. This is because human resources are often a very important part of a business.
Recruitment has many different steps. First, the company needs to advertise that it has a job available. People then send an application. This usually includes a curriculum vitae, which is a summary of what a person has done until now in their life. The best applicants are selected and they come for an interview. This might also include some further tests or exercises to do. The person chosen is then given an offer of a job. Finally, they can choose to take it or not.
Mailly-la-Ville
Mailly-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Recruitment
There are many ways of doing recruitment. Some companies go to consultants, who know where and how to find the best people. Universities and schools often have a group of people that tells the students about getting a job. At other times, a company might really want a person that is very good at a job but works for another company. They can then ask directly to this person, maybe offering more money. Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are also sometimes used by people looking for a job.
Lucy-le-Bois
Lucy-le-Bois is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Mailly-le-Château
Mailly-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Malay-le-Grand
Malay-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Massangis
Massangis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Mélisey, Yonne
Mélisey is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Max Dugan Returns
Max Dugan Returns is a 1983 American comedy-drama movie. It stars Jason Robards as Max Dugan, Marsha Mason as his daughter Nora, Donald Sutherland, Kiefer Sutherland, and Matthew Broderick as grandson Michael. This was the first movie appearance for both Broderick and Kiefer Sutherland. This was the last Neil Simon movie directed by Herbert Ross. It was also the last Simon movie starring Mason (Simon's wife at the time).
Plot
Max Dugan (Robards), the long-lost father of Nora McPhee (Mason), visits her. She is having several problems. He brings some promises and the news that he is going to die soon. He also meets and makes friends with his grandson Michael (Broderick). Donald Sutherland plays the police officer who helps Nora after her car is stolen and becomes her boyfriend in the process.
Former professional baseball player Charley Lau appears as himself. His character is hired by Dugan to coach Michael to hit better for his little league team.
Héry, Yonne
Héry is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Merry-sur-Yonne
Merry-sur-Yonne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Moulins-sur-Ouanne
Moulins-sur-Ouanne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Quincerot, Yonne
Quincerot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Lucy-sur-Cure
Lucy-sur-Cure is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Marsangy
Marsangy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is any molecule that has a COOH group. This group contains a carbonyl (C=O double bond) together with an hydroxyl group (OH) on the same carbon atom. Because it is easy to remove the proton with even a weak base, these compounds are called acids. An example of a carboxylic acid is Acetic acid, which is also known as vinegar.
Carboxylic acids are found a lot in food. Many types of fat molecules are actually carboxylic acids. For example, chocolate and coconuts have these acids. They are also used a lot in soaps and detergents.
The smaller carboxylic acids dissolve in water. The bigger ones dissolve only in organic solvents.
List
This section lists the first few carboxylic acids.
Marchais-Beton
Marchais-Beton is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.
Montréal, Yonne
Montréal is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Montacher-Villegardin
Montacher-Villegardin is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Maillot, Yonne
Maillot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Montigny-la-Resle
Montigny-la-Resle is a commune in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Michery
Michery is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Mézilles
Mézilles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Malay-le-Petit
Malay-le-Petit is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Nitry
Nitry is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Marmeaux
Marmeaux is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Villiers-Louis
Villiers-Louis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Montillot
Montillot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Mercy, Yonne
Mercy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Mouffy
Mouffy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Nailly
Nailly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Neuilly, Yonne
Neuilly is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valravillon.
Moulins-en-Tonnerrois
Moulins-en-Tonnerrois is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Monéteau
Monéteau is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Merry-Sec
Merry-Sec is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Môlay
Môlay is a commune in the Yonne department of France.
Roffey, Yonne
Roffey is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Neuvy-Sautour
Neuvy-Sautour is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Ormoy, Yonne
Ormoy is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Nuits
Nuits is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Ouanne
Ouanne is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Noé, Yonne
Noé is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Molinons
Molinons is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Mont-Saint-Sulpice
Mont-Saint-Sulpice is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Migé
Migé is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Migennes
Migennes is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses
Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Pacy-sur-Armançon
Pacy-sur-Armançon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Menades
Menades is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Villiers-les-Hauts
Villiers-les-Hauts is a commune in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Les Ormes, Yonne
Les Ormes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Molesmes
Molesmes is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Les Hauts de Forterre.
Noyers, Yonne
Noyers is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Pailly, Yonne
Pailly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years is a description of trends in global development of Jørgen Randers. It is a follow-up of The Limits to Growth which in 1972 was the first known worldwide report to the Club of Rome.
There are three differences to the previous report. First, it does not describe a disaster scenario, but shows only trends. Secondly, it is to be read in the light of experience since 1972, namely, that all of humanity has responded to the report, but with a delay of 20  to 40 years. Thirdly, it offers not only future scenarios, it makes concrete proposals on how the individual should respond to emerging developments.
Global forecast
Randers's reflections are based on two central questions: "What will happen to the consumer over the next 40 years?" and "Under what conditions - in which social and natural environment - this future consumption will take place?" (P.78) He uses computer models to make sure feedback effects are not overlooked.
The population will decline from about the 2040th. The working population will peak around 2030. Productivity will grow, but there will be obstacles. The gross domestic product will grow, but more slowly. Investments - forced and voluntary - will increase. There will be new costs. Costs for adaptation to the new climate and for repair of disasters will explode. The state will become more involved. Consumption will stagnate and decline in some places.
The energy efficiency will continue to increase. Energy demand is expected to rise, but not indefinitely. CO2 emissions from energy consumption will peak in 2030. The temperature will rise by more than two degrees, and that will cause serious problems.
The race for natural resources will be hard, the biocapacity of the world will be used more and more. The cities become richer sources of raw materials for metal than the mineral deposits in nature (urban mining). In the same way that zoos have already become the last refuge for many endangered species, parks will take over this role for nature in general.
Passy, Yonne
Passy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years
Global forecast
Randers argues the global gross domestic product will fail to increase as it has in the past because of population decline, and general aging and declining productivity growth.
The Internet will give rise to a completely new understanding of private and public. Knowledge will not be a scarce resource any more, but that will not lead to more rational decisions in most of the cases, because the knowledge on its own is not sufficient to change behavior when strong interests are involved. Therefore, probably there will be needed a "green team" to enforce environmental behavior, like today, the  peacekeeping forces (blue berets).
Alkyne
An alkyne is a molecule that has a triple bond between two carbon atoms. They have general formula CnH2n-2. They are also called acetylenes. The smallest alkyne is acetylene, also called ethyne. Alkynes are hydrophobic: this means they dissolve well in organic solvents but not in water.
Epoxide
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a molecule that has a ring with at least three atoms in total, two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. These three atoms are bonded, or stuck together, in a small ring. The ring of atoms is shaped like a triangle, with all edges of the same length. Because of this small ring, an epoxide is very reactive.
Alkyne
Alkynes are more reactive than usual hydrocarbons. For example, they are more reactive than alkenes in many reactions. If the alkyne is at the end of a molecule, it is easy to remove the proton with a strong base. Then, the alkyne can be used in addition reactions. For example, it can be added to a ketone. Alkynes are also easy to reduce to double bonds. They can be made into both trans and cis double bonds. Alkynes are also used a lot in pericyclic reactions.
Structure
Alkynes have a 180 degrees angle between the two carbon atoms. For this reason, they do not like to be in a cyclic compound. Some examples of alkynes are shown below.
Epoxide
Epoxides can be made by oxidation of alkenes. There are many ways to do this. Usually, a peroxide is used. Some ways can even make only one enantiomer of the epoxide.
Epoxides like to react with nucleophiles. Usually, when an epoxide reacts with a nucleophile, the first thing it does is break one of its chemical bonds between the oxygen atom and the carbon atom. This makes the triangular ring pop open. With the ring open, the nucleophile gets stuck onto one of the carbon atoms. On the other carbon, the left over oxygen attaches to a hydrogen atom, turning into an alcohol. This is very useful, because it is easy to change an alcohol into many other functional groups.
Epoxides are useful because with them very complicated molecules can be made quickly. Epoxides are extremely useful for making many other compounds. That is because oxygen, which is in an epoxide, is such a great functional group. Once you have made an epoxide, you can make alcohols, ethers, and halohydrins, among other things.
Madame du Barry
Jeanne Bécu, Countess of Barry (19 August 1743 – 8 December 1793) was the last mistress of King Louis XV of France. She was one of the victims of the Reign of Terror.
Early life
Jeanne Bécu was born in Lorraine, France. Her mother was Anne Bécu, who was a seamstress. Jeanne Bécu was an illegitimate child, and her father is not known. Some people say her father was Jean Jacques Gomard, a friar known as frère Ange.
Jeanne Bécu was educated at a convent called Couvent de Saint-Aure. When she was 15 years old, she left the convent. She and her mother moved to Paris, where Jeanne sold small items on the streets. Jeanne was a very beautiful, blonde-haired woman, and was later found by Jean-Baptiste du Barry, who owned a casino and trained women to be courtesans. Jean-Baptiste du Barry made Jeanne his mistress.
Official mistress of Louis XV
As time passed, Jeanne became well-known with powerful people in the Kingdom of France. She had many clients in the king's court. The king soon noticed her and had her brought to his bedroom many times. Since she was a commoner and did not have a royal title, she could not be a maîtresse-en-titre (official mistress). The king was worried what people would think of him being with a commoner, so the king ordered that Jeanne be married to a man who had a noble title.
On 1 September 1768, Jeanne was married to Jean-Baptiste du Barry's brother, Comte Guillaume du Barry. After the wedding, Jeanne was made Louis XV's official mistress. She lived in a small room above the king's room. Jeanne was very lonely since some people still considered her a commoner.
Death
Jeanne died at the age of 50 due to execution made by supporters of the French Revolution, a time where the common people were against people of the royalty. She is buried at the Madeleine Cemetery.
Rachel Berry
Rachel Berry is a fictional character from the FOX musical comedy-drama series Glee. The character is played by actress Lea Michele. The character first appeared in Glee from its pilot episode. It was first broadcast on May 19, 2009. Rachel was created by Glee creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. She is the glee club captain of the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, where the show is set. Her storylines have seen her suffer feeling alone because of her ambition to win. She has also developed romantic feelings for Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), a member of the rival (enemy) glee club Vocal Adrenaline. She also had many dates with quarterback and glee club co-captain Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). The two eventually become engaged.
Michele has stated that she was just like Rachel when she was younger. She had inspiration to play the role as Rachel. These include the movie Election and other television roles such as the Gossip Girl character Blair Waldorf. Michele has said that she feels "vulnerable" while playing Rachel. She stated, "Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't (are not) considered beautiful, and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out." Michele added, "What's so great about Glee is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't matter: You can still be who you want to be."
Season 1
Rachel is the daughter of an interracial same-sex couple. She is Jewish and was named after Rachel Green from Friends. She joins the glee club. She hopes that fame will increase her popularity and to find a boyfriend. She is bullied by members of the school cheerleading and football teams. She is, however, excited that quarterback Finn Hudson joins the club. She then develops a crush on him. The two kisses in the episode "Showmance". However, Finn tells her to forget that it happened and continues dating his girlfriend, cheerleader Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron). Rachel quits the glee club. She does this because she is not given a solo she wanted. She is then given the lead role in the school musical, Cabaret. However, she later quits the musical and rejoins the glee club. She returns because she rather have friends then be alone. She has a short relationship with another glee club member, Puck (Mark Salling). He is also Jewish, and is a football player who used to bully her. Rachel later breaks up with him because she still has feelings for Finn. She later learns that Quinn's pregnancy was not caused by him but by Puck. She then tells Finn the truth who then attacks Puck. Finn then breaks up with Quinn and drops out of glee club. He returns on the day of the group's first major competition, the Sectionals. He does this to undo damage by cheerleading couch Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch). The group makes up a completely new set list. Rachel starts the show with a solo of "Don't Rain on My Parade". They win by an agreement decision.
Perrigny, Yonne
Perrigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Rachel Berry
Season 1
For a short time Rachel believes that she is dating Finn. However, he tells her that he needs to take time out for himself. He changes his mind soon after. By that time, Rachel has already begun dating Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff). He is the lead singer of the enemy glee club Vocal Adrenaline. The rest of the glee club tries to convince Rachel to break up with Jesse. However, he transfers (moved) to William McKinley. He then joins New Directions. Rachel tells Jesse that her dream is to find her birth mother. He offers to help her do so. However, he already knows who it is: Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel). Shelby asked Jesse to befriend Rachel. She hopes that it might reconnect with her daughter. Shelby cannot directly contact Rachel until she is eighteen. When Rachel discovers that Shelby is her mother they begin to talk. They both confess to not feel an anything. They eventually decide to not develop a relationship. Jesse betrays Rachel and returns to Vocal Adrenaline. In the episode "Journey to Regionals", Finn tells Rachel that he loves her. Although they lose the competition to Vocal Adrenaline, they become a couple.
Season 2
Sue Sylvester tells glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) about a rule. The rule is that there has to be a minimum of twelve students when competing. Will tells the glee club that they have to find new members. At first Rachel encourages Sunshine Corazon (Charice) to try out. However, when she realizes that she is a good singer, she gives her wrong directions to the auditions. She gives Sunshine directions to an inactive (no longer in service) crack house. Sunshine then transfers (moves to) Carmel High School and joins Vocal Adrenaline. Puck and Finn's friendship becomes stronger again. They work together and sing horribly at the duets competition. They do this so new club member Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) wins instead. They want him to feel welcomed and appreciated by the club. Rachel later finds out that Finn slept with cheerleader Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) the previous year. At the time, Rachel was dating Jesse. Finn lied to Rachel, though Rachel herself had lied. She said she slept with Jesse which she had not. Feeling hurt, she makes out with Puck to hurt Finn back. This causes Finn to break up with her. Rachel later tries get back with Finn. However, he begins to dating Quinn again. Feeling hurt, Rachel writes an original song for Regionals, "Get It Right". They win Regionals and Rachel is named MVP.
Just before junior prom, Jesse returns. Rachel invites him to the prom with her, Sam and Mercedes (Amber Riley). Finn and Jesse begins arguing at prom. They then begin to fight and are asked to leave prom. This hurts Finn and Quinn's campaign for prom king and queen. Finn breaks up with Quinn after he realizes he really loves Rachel. At Nationals in New York City, Finn begs Rachel to be his girlfriend again. She says no. She does this because she wants to stay focus on becoming a Broadway star. At the end of their duet—"Pretending", Rachel and Finn kiss. The audience become silent. The glee club comes in twelfth and did not make the top 10. Back in Ohio, Finn reminds Rachel that she has a year until graduation. They then kiss and restart their relationship.
Perceneige
Perceneige is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Rachel Berry
Season 3
Rachel and Kurt plan to go to a performing arts school in New York City after graduation. School counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) suggests they think about going to The York Academy of the Dramatic Arts (NYADA). The two go to an Ohio "mixer". They attend in hopes to get potential applicants. Rachel proposes McKinley do West Side Story as the school musical. She believes she can get the lead role Maria. She also needs the experience for her NYADA application. However, Mercedes also auditions for Maria. The directors were not able to choose between the two. After their callbacks, the casting directors decides to "double-cast" the role. Mercedes begins believing that she did better in the callbacks. She refuses to accept the double-casting. She then quit the show and gives Rachel the part. She and Finn decide to have sex in the episode "The First Time". In the episode "Mash Off", Rachel decides to run for class president. She takes herself off when she realizes Kurt will not go to NYADA if he does not win. In the episode "I Kissed a Girl", she starts an election ballot box. She does this because to keep Kurt from losing. He loses anyway and she tells Kurt what she had done. Rachel is then suspended from school for a week. She is also not allowed to compete in Sectionals with New Directions. While at Sectionals, glee club wins without her. At the end of the episode "Yes/No", Finn asks her to marry him. After taking time to think about it, she accepts. Their parents find out in "Heart". They try everything they could to break them up. However, their plans only made it worse. Finn and Rachel announced their plan to get married in May. When the date seems to be too far away, they decide to get marry sooner. They decide to get marry after Regionals in "On My Way". New Directions wins at Regionals. Hours later, the ceremony begins at City Hall. Their parents arrive to New York. They try to end the wedding. Rachel is waiting for Quinn to arrive. She had to go home to get her bridesmaid dress. While Quinn is driving back to New York City, her car is hit by a truck.
Percey
Percey is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Pasilly
Pasilly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Rachel Berry
Casting and creation
Rachel is portrayed by Lea Michele. Younger Rachel has been played by Lauren Boles. When Ryan Murphy was casting for Glee, he wanted actors who could take on theatrical roles. Murphy did not want to do network casting calls. He instead, spent three months on Broadway. He found Michele, who was starring in Spring Awakening. The role of Rachel was written just for Michele. In an interview with The Washington Post, Michele commented on her casting, saying: "I was kind of just thrown into this—this is one of the first television jobs I've ever had. Of course being able to sing helps bring a sense of comfort. The character I'm playing is really outgoing—she performs in her everyday life as though she's performing in front of a huge audience."
In December 2010, Murphy announced that the cast of Glee would be replaced. He stated that the replacements would happen at the end of the third season. Which would be around the time when they graduate. Murphy said: "Every year we're going to add a new group [of people]. There's nothing more sad than a high schooler with a bald spot." He also revealed that some of the original cast will leave as early as 2012: "I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers' lives." Murphy said in July 2011 that Michele would be one of the actors leaving. Michele commented on this, saying: "We always knew we'd graduate in real time. It's all part of the plan and it's all good! It's going to make Season 3 amazing! This is just the beginning!" However, Falchuk later stated that Michele, along with Chris Colfer and Cory Monteith will graduate at the end of the third season. He also said: "because they're (they are) graduating doesn't mean they're (they are) leaving the show." Falchuk also said: "it was never our plan or our intention to let them go…. They are not done with the show after this season."
Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly commented on the news about the cast leaving. She said: "Indeed, a rolling cast list has done some shows good in the past. I'll admit that it took me some time to warm up to the 'new kids' on Friday Night Lights, which ends its run tomorrow on NBC, but it was a well-done transition. What I loved most was that the new blood (group) didn't (did not) try to be the new versions of the old characters. They were new characters with completely different outlooks and goals. Glee could learn a lot from what Friday Night Lights accomplished (have done successfully): a seamless, realistic (real) transition (change). The problem? 'Seamless' and 'realistic' have never been Glee's strong points, which is not to say they couldn't (could not) be. But the question is: Is Glee looking to be the less-attractive comedy cousin of Friday Night Lights… or Saved By the Bell: The New Class?"
Characterization
Michele took the role as Rachel because of her characterization. Michele explained: "Not only is she a singer, but she has so much heart—I think it's what we need on TV. A show that is filled with heart and love that is funny. It sends an amazing message to kids about the arts and being who you are." Michele described the first thirteen episodes of Glee. She described it as: "Rachel's journey of finding herself within the glee club". She also said that "she's learning how to be a team player and work within this group. She's a very strong, driven girl, who's (who is) sometimes a little misunderstood."
Glee's costume designer Lou Eyrich described Rachel's costumes. Eyrich told Entertainment Weekly: "Originally (at first), the inspiration for her look was Tracy Flick from Election—very buttoned-down (someone who is serious in the job they are doing), preppy (someone who looks like a high school student), obnoxious (not very well liked by people), squeaky clean, nerdy. But she's got at least 12 costume changes each episode. That same look all the time just gets boring for the screen (television) and for the actress to wear, so we spread it out a lot. We try to have her buttoned-up or wearing a nerdy sweater over a cute dress, like she doesn't quite get it right. Or she takes that sweater and tucks it into the skirt and pairs it with knee highs and flats. She makes it her way, which is more quirky. The popular girls find a way to make it look cool, but Rachel makes it look nerdy. But it's not old-school nerdy with thick glasses and pocket protectors. She thinks she's taking a trend and making it cool, but she wears it wrong."
Michele have stated that she was just like Rachel when she was younger. She also gets inspiration from the movie Election, and Gossip Girl character Blair Waldorf. She has explained: "[Blair] is shady (a mean person), but you still love her. She's still vulnerable (easy to get hurt). That's what I try to do with Rachel. Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't (are not) considered beautiful, and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out. I was not cool. What's so great about Glee is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't (does not) matter: You can still be who you want to be. And in four years, high school will be over and all of that crap won't (will not) matter anyway."
Rousson, Yonne
Rousson is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
Rachel Berry
Critical reviews
Some songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as digital download singles. They were also on the soundtrack albums, Glee: The Music, Volume 1 and Glee: The Music, Volume 2. Rachel has received positive reviews from critics. Michele was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series" in 2010. She also was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for "Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy" in 2010. Robert A. George of the New York Post stated "the only female [in Glee] who doesn't (does not) come across as manipulative (easy to tell someone what to do) or vapidly (nothing good about her) helpless" (not able to help her own self). Chicago Tribune's Maureen Ryan wrote, "Lea Michele not only has an amazing voice but manages to make her character, spoiled (get's whatever she wants in life) diva Rachel Berry, more than a humorless (not funny) stereotype." Denise Martin of The Los Angeles Times commented in her review of the episode "The Rhodes Not Taken": "if there's any justice in the world, Lea Michele will win a Golden Globe and an Emmy for playing Rachel".
In the episode "Hairography", Kurt Hummel gives Rachel a bad make over. Mike Hale of the New York Times remembered a popular theme that critics give negative reviews because of the way Glee treats its female characters. Hale said that he understands why, but also says that the show equally treats male characters the same. However, he wrote that "it was a bit much when Finn looked at Rachel in her catsuit and frizzy hair and said she looked like a 'sad clown hooker.' Come on. She looked fantastic (really good)." Zap2it's Korbi Ghosh commented: "when we saw Rachel fall for them (Finn and Puck), she was actually relatable. Likable even. The type-A (best), uber-talented, self-involved (gets into things by herself) know-it-all (a person who believes they know everything) who's usually alienating her classmates let her guard down to expose (to show) a vulnerable side. And, as a bonus, we got some super solid musical performances from those awkward courtships."