cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bashar al-Assad
Personal life
Assad is married to Asma al-Akhras. Together, they have three children; Hafez, Jr., Zein, and Karim al-Assad.
Influenced by his western education and urban upbringing, Bashar initially seemed eager to implement a cultural revolution in Syria.
Robert (footballer, born 1971)
Robert da Silva Almeida (born 3 April 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
International career statistics
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Benito Juárez
His philosophy has influenced many Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the United States, who have fought for the human and civil rights of Latinos for almost two centuries.
In 1843 Benito married Margarita Maza.
Early life
Benito Juarez was born in March 21,1806, San Pablo Guelatao Oaxaca Which is now La Sierra Juarez. He was an orphan as a toddler. He was full native of Zapotec descent. He went to Oaxaca at age 12 and worked in fields at a young age. That is when Benito Juarez learned Spanish because he only spoke Zapotec. When he was 12 he left his uncle. He continued his education entering an institute of science and art. Then he graduated in 1834 with  a law degree. Also he became a judge in 1841.
He spent time in Cuba. In New Orleans he plotted against Antonio López de Santa Anna who had overthrown him. Juan  Alvarez launched a coup. Juarez to hurried to protect Mexico but Alvarez forces captured the capital. Alvarez made himself  president and Juarez a minister of Justice.
Rise to leadership
Benito Juarez's political career started on January 1, 1832, when he was appointed alderman in the city of Oaxaca. Then in 1833 Juarez was named local deputy of Oaxaca. After being named local deputy of Oaxaca in February 3, 1834 Juarez became member of the board of health in the state of Oaxaca. Then in April 6, 1838 Benito Juarez became Acting Secretary of the first Chamber of the Superior Court. Therefore, Benito Juarez did not stayed with his hands folded, on December 31, 1839 Juarez became Deputy Minister of the superior court of the department of Oaxaca. Then on July 22, 1841 Juarez was judge of the civil court in the city of Oaxaca. Then on October 3, 1843 Juarez became the Alternate Board of Elections in Oaxaca. In 1847 Juarez was elected federal deputy so he had to move to Mexico city.
Benito Juarez returned to Oaxaca and was internal governor in 1847. He supported the Mexican–American War but refused to help President Antonio López de Santa Anna when the war was clearly lost. On January 3, 1853  he became professor substitute for Civil Law at the Institute of Sciences and Arts of Oaxaca. Also after being a professor substitute in the same year, 1853, he was imprisoned in the jail of San Juan de Ulua because of Santa Ana. At the end, Juarez became Minister of Justice and Public Instruction county in 1855, when Juan N. Alvarez took power as internal President of Mexico.
La Reforma
When President Ignacio Commonfort resigned in 1858, Juarez became president. Mexico had a new constitution, with liberal reforms and less power for the Catholic Church. Juarez led the liberals in the resulting Reform War in 1858-1860. He fought against the church and rich landowners. People didn’t have to go to church to get married. Also cemeteries were owned by the government, meaning that people who were not Catholic could bury the person.
When the French Emperor Napoleon III supported a new Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, President Juarez led the resistance, In 1871 he decided to run for re-election, which caused many of his supporters to turn against him.
West Midlands
West Midlands may mean either:
Deepak Hooda
Deepak Jagbir Hooda is a cricketer from India. He plays for the India national cricket team. He was born on April 19, 1995.
Breia
Breia is a frazione of Cellio con Breia in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
James Carville
James Carville (born October 25, 1944) is an American political consultant, commentator, actor, attorney, media personality and pundit. Known as the Ragin' Cajun, Carville gained national attention for his work as the lead strategist of the successful presidential campaign of then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton. Carville was the co-host of CNN's Crossfire until its final broadcast in June 2005. Since its cancellation, he has appeared on CNN's news program, The Situation Room. As of 2008, he hosts a weekly program on XM Radio titled 60/20 Sports with Luke Russert, son of Tim Russert who hosted NBC's Meet The Press. He is married to Republican political consultant Mary Matalin.
Career as author
Carville is also a best-selling author. With his wife, Republican Mary Matalin, and writer Peter Knobler, Carville co-wrote All's Fair: Love, War and Running for President, published in 1995. He later wrote: We're Right, They're Wrong: A Handbook for Spirited Progressives, published in 1996; ...And The Horse He Rode In On: The People vs. Kenneth Starr, published in 1998; With Paul Begala he co-wrote Stickin. Suck Up, Buck Up... and Come Back When You Foul Up, in 2001, which detailed strategies for fighting and winning in business, politics, and life. In 2004, Carville released a political banter book entitled Had Enough?, as well as a children's picture book, Lu and the Swamp Ghost, with co-author Patricia C. McKissack and illustrator David Catrow. In January 2006, he released another book co-written with Begala, Take It Back: Our Party, Our Country, Our Future.
Agastya
According to Hindu mythology, Agastya was the name of a famous sage (rishi). The Hindu tradition states that he brought the Vedic culture to the southern part of India. He also helped in development of Tamil language. According to traditional belief, he still lives in a mountain names Agasyta Malai in Tamil Nadu, India. Scholars believe that Agastya wrote many hymns of Rigveda. He also find mention many times in the Vedic mythology.
There are many stories about Agastya. In the famous epic, the Ramayana, Rama (an avatar of god Vishnu) meets Agastya. Agastya gives Rama many advices and his support. There are two older stories about Agastya. One story tells that he forced the Vindhya mountains to bow down. The Vindhya Mountain is in middle of India, and divided the North India and the South India. In the second story, he drank all the waters of the ocean. This happened before the Churning of the Ocean.
Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)
Plymouth Congregational Church of Lawrence, Kansas is church that was created in 1854, months after the Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement. The present-day church building was built in 1870, and it is on the National Register of Historic Places.
The architect was John G. Haskell. He designed the Kansas State Capitol.
History
The Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement by the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854. Reverend Samuel Y. Lum of Middletown, New York was sent by the American Home Missionary Society to create a church in the Kansas Territory. This would become the first church in the entire territory. Before he came, sermons were given by laymen. The first service of Plymouth Congregational Church was held by Lum on October 1, 1854 in a mudbrick boarding house. Settlers who had come from New England came to the service.
Reverend Richard Cordley became a pastor in 1857. This was when the people moved into its first permanent building, called the "Stone Church." Though the building was not completed until 1862. Cordley was an abolitionist and was a free-stater. During the American Civil War, some members were killed by pro-Confederate soldiers in the Lawrence Massacre of 1863. Cordley's home was burned, but the church building was not hurt.
The Brick Church
The present-day building, also called "The Brick Church," was designed by architect John G. Haskell. Haskell also worked on other churches, schools, and the Kansas State Courthouse. Construction started in 1868. It was finished in May 1870. it costed $45,000. The windows were made in England. Services have been held regularly in the building since 1870.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 2009. The building's architectural style is described as a Victorian-era church building with Gothic and Romanesque Revival characteristics.
Sally Ann Matthews
Sally Ann Matthews (born 19 September 1970) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Jenny Bradley in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street (1986–1991, 1993, 2015–present). She also appeared as Sandra Briggs in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale (2005–2006).
Northeast Italy
Northeast Italy (Italia nord-orientale or just Nord-Est) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.
Geography
Northeast Italy borders to the north with Switzerland and Austria; to the east with Slovenia; to the south with Liguria (Northwest Italy), Tuscany (Central Italy), Marche (Central Italy) and San Marino; and to the west with Lombardy (Northwest Italy) and, for a very short distance, with Piedmont (Northwest Italy).
Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto have a coast in the Adriatic Sea
The Alps are in the northern part of the region and the northern Apennines in the south. The highest point, in the region, is Ortles (46.50889°N, 10.54472°W), in the Alps (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol); it is 3905 m high.
Northeast Italy has the most part of the valley of the Po river (Pianura Padana). The Po is the longest river of Northeast Italy and of Italy.
Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 36 provinces and 934 comuniː
The 10 comuni with more people living in them areː
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script, sometimes called the Slavonic script or Slavic script, is a native Slavic alphabet. It is now used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian and for most South Slavic languages. It was developed in the Bulgarian empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I. The Soviet Union made many non-Slavic languages in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and in northern Russia to be written in Cyrillic.
History
Old Church Slavonic was the original language of the Slavic people, and it was used for Russian Orthodox Church. In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe. When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic.
During the 18th century, Nikolay Karamzin added Э, Й and Ё.
In 1708, Peter the Great added lowercase forms to the letters.
After the October Revolution, the Communist Party changed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian language so it would be easier for Soviet citizens to learn how to read and write. The letters I/i, Ѣ/ѣ, Ѳ/ѳ, Ѵ/ѵ were all removed from Russian.
In 1991, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan decided to drop the Cyrillic script and to adopt the Latin script.
Carlo Cafiero
Carlo Cafiero (September 1, 1846 - July 17, 1892) was an Italian anarchist and friend of Mikhail Bakunin during the second half of the 19th century.
Early years
Carlo Cafiero was born in Barletta, in the Apulia region of Italy on September 1st, 1846 from a rich and noble family of Southern Italy. His father was Carbonari in 1821, one of his brothers and a brother-in-law were deputies, while Carlo Cafiero was always called the 'black sheep' of the family. In 1864 he went to Naples, where he got a degree in law. He then went to Florence and at the beginning of 1870 he was in Paris. The Paris he went to London, where he matured, renouncing his diplomatic career, his wealth and family, to join the revolution and socialism. In London Cafiero made contacts with Marx and Engels. He joined the International Workingmen's Association and was charged to go back to Italy and conquer it to Marx’s ideology, where instead there was the strong influence of the Anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin and the Republicanism of Giuseppe Mazzini. He restored the ancient section of 'L'Internazionale' in Naples, with the help of the young Errico Malatesta. There, during an assembly, he was imprisoned for the first time.
Cafiero became an anarchist
After over a year spent in Italy as a representative of Marx and Engels Cafiero felt the influence of anarchism. And thanks to the friendship with Giuseppe Fanelli, he passed on to the other side of the barricade, with Bakunin and his Italian followers. In early 1872 came the first issue of the newspaper La Campana and Cafiero wrote for, and gave money towards the publication. In the same year he met Bakunin in Locarno (Switzerland). In the summer of 1873, with the help of Cafiero, an old project was realised: to create an international center for the revolution in Italy and the world. Cafiero, selling all his inherited lands, bought a farm in Switzerland where Bakunin could live. This center was called La Baronata, would also be a safe shelter for revolutionaries persecuted by their respective governments. In 1875 Cafiero went to Milan and joined the editorial staff of the first socialist daily paper, La Plebe, directed by Enrico Bignami. In April 1877, Cafiero, Malatesta, Ceccarelli, the Russian Stepniak and 30 other comrades began an insurrection in the province of Benevento. They took the village of Letino without violence and with great enthusiasm. Arms and food were expropriated and distributed amongst the people, tax money was returned and official documents destroyed. Cafiero, in dialect, explained about anarchism, freedom, justice and the new society without the State, without masters, servants, soldiers and owners. His proclamations convinced even the parish priest who called the rebel group 'the true apostles sent by the Lord'. The following day the village of Gallo was taken in a similar fashion. As they were leaving Gallo the Internationalists were surprised and surrounded by government troops and all were arrested. Held in prison for over a year before being brought to trial all the accused were eventually acquitted in August 1878. In 1878, Cafiero was living in Marseilles working as cook and docker. In October he was arrested with Malatesta, then released and expelled from France. He rested in Switzerland, meeting with Kropotkin, and with the collaboration of Élisée Reclus promoted the publications of Bakunin. In 1881 Cafiero went to London, where he remained for a long time. In March 1882 he returned to Italy, expressing the will to take part in the imminent electoral campaign.
Tengrism
Tengrism is a shamanistic indigenous pagan religion of the Turkic peoples.
Deity
The highest deity of the religion is Khan Tengri (Sky God). Because of the importance of this deity, the religion has the features of monotheism. There are also part of the religion that are polytheistic and animistic.
Relation with shamanism
The relationship to Shamanism is the subject of controversy. According to some, the Tengrist cult of heaven and shamanism are two different traditions. According to others, this cult existed as a part of shamanism. There is no male circumcision in Tengrism. Parents who become believers in Modern Tengrisim do not circumcise their male children.
Today
Modern Tengrism started at the time of the end of the Soviet Union in the intellectual circles of the Turkish peoples in Central Asia. It is most common with the Tatars, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz people. A return to the surviving traditions is also taking place in Yakutia and Tuva. Similar movements also exists in Turkey.
Atlanta FC
Atlanta FC is an American football team based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States. Started in 2007, the team plays in National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division.
The Royal Society
The Royal Society is a society for science and scientists. It was founded in 1660 by Charles II. It is the oldest society of its kind still in existence.
History
A Royal Charter, on 15 July 1662, created "The Royal Society of London".
Lord Brouncker was the first President, and Robert Hooke was Curator of Experiments. The reigning monarch has always been the patron of the Royal Society since its foundation.
The motto of the Royal Society is Nullius in Verba (Latin: nothing in words). This shows the Society's commitment to establishing scientific truth through experiment rather than by quoting authority.
Fellows
The members of the society are called Fellows of the Royal Society, and put the letters FRS after their names. There are usually about 1600 of them. They are elected by existing Fellows. All other posts, such as the Secretary and President, are also by election.
A selected list of presidents
Data from Royal Society website.
Permanent staff
The Society's 15 Sections are administered by the permanent staff, led by the Executive Secretary, Stephen Cox CVO. The Executive Secretary is supported by the Senior Managers of the Society, including:
Society honours
The Society bestows ten medals, seven awards (prizes) and nine prize lectureships variously annually, biennially or triennially, according to the terms of reference for each award. The Society also runs The Aventis Prizes for Science Books.
Atwater, California
Atwater is a city in Merced County, California, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 31,970.
Fons, Ardèche
Fons is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Cupbearer
A cupbearer is traditionally the person who fills the cups and serves the wine. In a medieval court (royal), the cupbearer brought his lord's ale or wine and tasted it to make sure it was not poisoned. The cupbearer was often a person of high rank. It was a distinct honor to be a cupbearer to a king. In the Bible, Nehemiah was cupbearer to the Artaxerxes I of Persia.
Luis Colina
Luis Colina is a former sports shooter from Colombia. Luis competed in the 25 metre pistol event at the 1972 Summer Olympics and finished with rank 40. He was born on June 29, 1941.
Ebba von Sydow
Ebba von Sydow (born February 18, 1981 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a Swedish journalist and author. She is the great-granddaughter of Swedish prime minister Oscar von Sydow, and also related to actor Max von Sydow and politician Björn von Sydow.
Silent Spring
Silent Spring is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests. The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.
The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.
Jean-Jacques Perrey
Jean-Jacques Perrey (January 20, 1929 – November 4, 2016) was a French electronic music producer. He was best known for writing electronic music. He worked with the duo Perrey and Kingsley. He was also known for producing the them "The Elephant Never Forgets", used in El Chavo del Ocho and "Baroque Hoedown", used in Main Street Electrical Parade and in El Chapulín Colorado.
1520s
The 1520s was a decade that started on 1 January 1520 and ended on 31 December 1529.
Jean-Jacques Perrey
Perrey died from complications of lung cancer in Lausanne, Switzerland, aged 87.
FreeOTFE
FreeOTFE is a free, open source, computer program used to automatically encrypt and decrypt information stored on a hard disk.
FreeOTFE was originally written for Microsoft Windows and was later copied to Windows Mobile (FreeOTFE4PDA).
It can encrypt information using a large number algorithms including AES (aka Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST6, MARS, RC6, Serpent and Twofish.
Sarah Dean is the developer of FreeOTFE.
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar (غازي مشعل عجيل الياور, born 1958) is an Iraqi politician. He was the Vice President of Iraq from 2005 to 2006. He then served as President of Iraq from 2004 to 2005.
NES Advantage
The NES Advantage is a arcade style controller manufactured by Asciiware and released by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1987. The stick features two turbo buttons. It is very large, and takes up both controller ports on the system.
Bulb
A bulb is the part of some plants, mostly under the dirt, that stores food while the plant is resting from growing (a storage organ).
Some well-known bulbs people grow to use as food are onions and garlic. Some bulbs grown for the decorative flowers are the lily, tulip, and some irises.
Some plant storage organs that are similar to bulbs, but have different names are, tubers, corms (swollen stems), tuberous roots, and pseudobulbs.
Amin Maalouf
Amin Maalouf (أمين معلوف; born 25 February 1949) is a Lebanese author. He studied sociology at the French University in Beirut. He was the director of the Beirut daily newspaper an-Nahar. But, he left the country 1975 at the start of the Lebanese Civil War. He moved to Paris and still lives there today.
Maalouf writes in French, and his works have been translated into many languages. He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his book Rock of Tanios.
Populism
Populism is a name for a kind of political movement. Populists usually try to make a difference between common people and "elites" (meaning usually, top classes of people). Populists may think of wealthy people or well-educated people as belonging to the class of elites. Populists may also call those who have been working in government for a long time "establishment" and count them as elites too. A theme of populism is that the common people lack certain privileges that the elites have, or that commoners cannot do certain things the elites can do. The populists see themselves on the side of the common people. They want to help the common people get some of the rights and privileges of the elites.
The Shining
"The Shining" may mean:
Populism
Right-wing populism
Right-wing populists take some of the values of right-wing parties:
Ernest Ellis Clark
Ernest Ellis Clark (1870 – 1932) was a Derby born artist. Three of his paintings are in Derby Museum and Art Gallery.
Populism
Left-wing populism
Left-wing populists share some of the values of left-wing parties: Left-wing populism is common in Central and South America.
Pernilla Wiberg
Pernilla Wiberg (born October 15 1970 in Norrköping) is one of the most successful Swedish alpine skiers. She won the giant slalom in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and the Alpine combination at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer as well as 24 wins in the Alpine skiing World Cup between 1991 and 1999. She was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee in 2002. In club competitions, she represented Norrköpings SK.
Rasputin, the Mad Monk
Rasputin, the Mad Monk is a 1966 British Hammer horror movie directed by Don Sharp and stars Christopher Lee, Barbara Shelley, Francis Matthews, Richard Pasco, Suzan Farmer, Brian Wilde, Joss Ackland, Bryan Marshall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Cellio
Cellio is a frazione of Cellio con Breia in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Fabiano Eller
Fabiano Eller (born 19 November 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Internacional.
Club career statistics
168||14 0||0 11||0 30||1 209||15
International career statistics
!Total||1||0
Go Seigen
Wu Qingyuan (June 12, 1914 – November 30, 2014), also known as Go Seigen, was a Japanese Go player.
He was thought by many other Go players as one of the greatest Go players in its history. Seigen turned 100 in June 2014. Seigen was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
Seigen died in Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan from natural causes, aged 100.
Chandra Shekhar
Chandra Shekhar (1 July 1927 – 8 July 2007) was an Indian politician. He was the 8th Prime Minister of India between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He was born in Ibrahimpatti, Ballia, United Provinces, British India. Shekhar was mainly a member of the Janata Party.
Shekhar died on 8 July 2007 in New Delhi from multiple myeloma at the age of 80.
Natural language
A natural language is the kind which we use in everyday conversation and writing. For example English, Hindi, Chinese. Natural languages are always very flexible, and people speak them in slightly different ways.
There are some natural languages which are simplified, such as Basic English and Special English.
An artificial language is quite different, as it is built for some special purpose. They are always very precise, and must be used according to pre-set rules. Symbolic logic, mathematics, programming languages.
Smoky (1966 movie)
Smoky is a 1966 American western movie directed by George Sherman. It is the third adaptation of the 1926 novel Smoky the Cowhorse by Will James. It stars Fess Parker, Diana Hyland, Hoyt Axton, Katy Jurado, Roy Jenson, Chuck Robertson, Robert J. Wilke and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
White Rose (movie)
White Rose (Fehér rózsa) is a 1919 Hungarian drama movie directed by Alexander Korda and based on the 1853 novel by Mór Jókai. It stars María Corda, Gyula Bartos, Emil Fenyvessy, Helene von Bolvary.
Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight viruses in the herpes family. It is one of the most common viruses in humans.
Route availability
Route Availability (RA) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works (bridges, embankments, etc.) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded. All routes are given an RA number between 1 and 10.
Freyssenet
Freyssenet is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Shoot (professional wrestling)
A Shoot is something in professional wrestling that is completely real and is not scripted. In other words, broken kayfabe. A shoot rarely happens.
Worked shoot
On the scripted level, a Worked shoot is a scripted segment that takes place in a show with elements of reality being exposed, such as an off-screen incident between wrestlers being used as fuel for an on-screen rivalry between them. It can also be a segment that fans are meant to believe is a shoot, but is not.
Route availability
Rolling stock is also given an RA (again between 1 and 10) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of the supporting elements. The RA is mainly about the axle load of the vehicle, although axle spacing is also taken into thought. In practice it is the locomotive which decides where trains may operate, although many high capacity four axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded. (When considering the operation of trains the loading gauge must also be considered.)
Man in the iron mask
History
The first time this man is mentioned is in a letter Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine wrote to Sophia of Hanover in 1711. She tells that he had to wear a mask, all the time, but knows nothing about his identity. In a letter of 1698, one of the guardians of the Bastille mentions that an elderly prisoner was being brought to the Bastille, and that this prisoner had to wear a mask. The guardian of the prisoner is Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars. This person had written many letters to François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois, the minister of war at the time. There was heavy censorship at the time; about 90% of the letters were lost.
NES Max
The NES Max is a controller made by Nintendo for the NES. It has the Turbo feature of the Advantage, but it is the size of a standard NES controller.
Man in the iron mask
History
On 24th August 1669, a man was imprisoned in Pinerolo. Pinerolo was called Pignerol and was part of France at the time. On 19th August, Louvois announced that this prisoner from Dunkerque was a very important person, but that he had not yet been arrested. The prisoner's name was given as Eustache Dauger. In Pinerolo, he met other important prisoners, such as Nicolas Fouquet or Antoine Nompar de Caumont. Dauger was allowed to talk to Fouquet. At times, Daguer acted as a servant to Fouquet, when Fouquet's servant was ill. In 1678, Fouquet asked for more freedom, and this wish was granted. At Fouquet's death in 1680, a hole was discovered between his cell and that of Caumont. From then onwards, both Fouquet's servant and Dauger were separated from Caumont. Both the man with the iron mask, and the servant of Fouquet were transferred to Exilles, which is only 26 km away.
In 1682, the two were separated. Fouquet's servant died in 1687. As Exilles was threatened by war, the man with the iron mask was transferred to the island of Sainte-Marguerite, next to Cannes. At that time, only one other person was imprisoned in Sainte-Marguerite. In September 1698, Dauger was transferred to the Bastille in Paris, where he died in 1703. Each time, the unknown prisoner was transferred this also applied to Saint-Mars, who rose in position. The transfer also applied to the few other prisoners Saint-Mars had to guard.
When he was in public, or with strangers, Dauger had to wear a mask. He also could not contact anyone. When he was transferred, people saw that no one could see his face, hear his voice, or speak to him.
Despite this, people always looked that he felt relatively at ease. He received new washed clothes twice a week, and could ask for any book he wanted. He was allowed to play the lute, and could see a doctor when there was the need to do so. Saint-Mars was given 12 livres a day, for food and drink of this prisoner. The cell that he occupied in Sainte Marguerite cost 5.000 livres to build. In Pinerolo, a special cell was built that had to be entered through three doors. This cell was soundproof, nothing could be heard outside the cell. Saint-Mars was personally responsible for the well-being of the man in the iron mask. There are testimonials that officers had to take off their hat in his presence, and that they were only allowed to put it back on when told to do so.
There are accounts that at the time of his death, the prisoner was about 60 years old. When he was transferred to Exilles in 1687, the prisoner had gray hair.
Epstein–Barr virus
Infection with EBV occurs by the transfer by mouth (oral transfer) of saliva and genital secretions.
Man in the iron mask
The mask
The man with the iron mask did not wear a mask all the time. It is likely, that he only wore it when he was transferred, so that people could not recognize him. If he had worn the mask all the time, this would have led to infections. In addition, as the prisoner was male, the hair growing in his face needed cutting from time to time. The need for wearing a mask is mentioned only twice: In the document which ordered his transfer to the Bastille, and for the transfer to the island near Cannes.
Epstein–Barr virus
Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90 percent of adults have evidence of previous infection. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are just mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence, it causes glandular fever 35 to 50 percent of the time.
Man in the iron mask
Voltaire's invention?
Voltaire was immured in the Bastille, in 1717. According to him, this prisoner was an older brother of the King. In 1751, he published his work A century of Louis XIV, where he spends a section detailing the story of the man with the iron mask. According to Voltaire, the man was imprisoned in 1661, after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. It is possible that most of what is known today was an invention of Voltaire, who used this man to give an example of how bad an absolute ruler could be.
Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores
Brigadier General Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores (December 9, 1930 – February 1, 2016) was a Guatemalan politician. He was the 27th President of Guatemala from 8 August 1983 to 14 January 1986.
Man in the iron mask
The real Eustache Dauger
When he announced the arrival of the prisoner in the very first letter, Louvois gave his name as "Eustache Dauger". Historians have found out that there was a man by that name, who was alive at that time. The full name of this man was Eustache Dauger de Cavoye. According to the records, Eustache was born on 30 August 1637 and was the son of François Dauger, a guard in the service of Cardinal Richelieu. They also found out, that Eustache seems to have been involved in what became known as Affair of the Poisons. This "affair" lasted from 1675 to about 1680. Many noblemen were poisoned, or executed for witchcraft. Eustache fell into disgrace when it became known that he had participated in lavish parties that included black masses, and possibly homosexual sex. In the 1930s, it was revealed that the real Eustache Dauger died in the Prison Saint-Lazaire in Paris. In the 17th century, the prison was an asylum for mentally ill people, run by monks. Many noble families used it to get rid of the "black sheep" of the family. Records show that the man really named Dauger was kept in Saint-Lazaire in Paris at about the same time the false Dauger was kept in Pignerolo. According to Louis-Henri de Loménie de Brienne who was also imprisoned in Saint-Lazaire at the time, the real Eustache Dauger de Cavoye died as a result of heavy drinking in the late 1680s. Historians consider all this proof enough that he was not involved in any way with the man in the mask.
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Man in the iron mask
Candidates
There are several theories, who this prisoner could have been. Some of the more likely ones are given below
Brother of Louis XIV
Voltaire thought that this man was a twin brother of Louis XIV. According to Voltaire, this man had grown up in a different place than Louis XIV. He said that the man was imprisoned in 1661, a few months after the death of Jules Mazarin. Marcel Pagnol also has this hypothesis.
Illegitimate child of the Queen
Another hypothesis is that the prisoner was a illegitimate child of the Queen, Anne of Austria. The father would either be Cardinal Mazarin, or George Villiers, 1. Duke of Buckingham or one of the musketeers. Cardinal Richelieu would have arranged this meeting. This theory is less likely, however, because the child would have had no right to the throne, and imprisoning him would therefore have been no use.
Father of Louis XIV
The prisoner might have been the father of Louis XIV. Richelieu would have had a liaison with queen Anne, and both Louis XIV and Louis XIII would have been there to prevent Gaston de Bourbon, duc d’Orléans from becoming king.
Someone knowing about Louis' origins
The autopsy of Louis XIII found that Louis XIII was unable to father children. Anyone knowing this would know about the origins of Louis XIV, and would be potentially dangerous to him. This theory is that the prisoner was in fact the doctor who had performed the autopsy.
Summary
Today, there is no convincing theory that could explain who this man really was. The last person to have known the identity of this prisoner was probably Michel Chamillart, one of the ministers of the government of Louis XIV. Chamillart died in 1723.
Relative of the king
Those theories that see the prisoner as part of the family of Louis XIV neglect that there was a lot of social control back then. The birth of a child in the court of the king, or even among nobles was a public event. Several hundred people were present at the birth of Louis XIV. The "secret birth" of a twin brother of Louis is highly unlikely. The amount of social control made it almost impossible that Anne of Austria had an affair. Anne was pregnant several times, which means that her husband, Louis XIII was able to father children. Another fact that speaks against the theory that the prisoner was a relative of the king is that the prisoner had the post of a servant, at times. At the times of Louis XIV, people of noble birth would not become servants.
Servant
The theories that see the prisoner as a servant also have their weaknesses: Even though he was imprisoned, he had a comfortable life. A simple servant would have been killed, and no one would have cared about his comfort. Despite this, Louis XIV, the king himself took interest in the well-being of the prisoner.
Literature
There are several books and movies about this man. The best known of these are probably the story by Alexandre Dumas called "The Vicomte de Bragelonne" (which is the third volume of his work The Three Musketeers), the story The Twins, by Victor Hugo and The Iron Mask by Marcel Pagnol. Dumas also gives a summary of the theories about the prisoner, which were common at his time.
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