cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lamarckism
Lamarck's theory
The identification of "Lamarckism" with the inheritance of acquired characteristics alone is regarded by some as an over-simplification, rehashed in textbooks repeatedly. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that late 19th century evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics – inheritance of acquired characters – to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself". He argued that "the restriction of Lamarckism to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system". Gould advocated defining "Lamarckism" more broadly, in line with Lamarck's overall evolutionary theory.
However, as scientist historians such as Michael Ghiselin and Stephen Jay Gould have pointed out, none of these views were original to Lamarck. On the contrary, Lamarck's contribution was a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising two processes;
In essence, a change in the environment brings about a change in needs (besoins), resulting in a change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time — and thus the gradual transmutation (change) of the species.
The modern point of view is that neither of his two 'forces' exists; Lamarck can be credited with the first fully worked-out account of evolution. However, his ideas of how it came about are entirely mistaken.
Andreas Ibertsberger
Andreas Ibertsberger (born 27 July 1982) was an Austrian professional footballer. He played as a left-back. He was a member of the Austria national team. Ibertsberger is a younger brother of former national team player Robert Ibertsberger.
Club career
He started his career with his local club SV Seekirchen. Then he went on to SV Austria Salzburg. In January 2005 he went on to SC Freiburg. In January 2008 he moved to 1899 Hoffenheim. With Hoffenheim he was promoted to the German Bundesliga.
On 15 May 2012 the contract expired. He had missed most matches of the 2011–12 season with a chronic back problem. 2013 he went to MSV Duisburg in the 2.League. After this he ended his career.
International career
Ibertsberger made his debut for Austria in an October 2004 World Cup qualification match against Northern Ireland.
Managing career
He started as assistance coach for the second team of TSG Hoffenheim. Then he went on to Eintracht Frankfurt, where he is assistance coach of the U19 team.
Common Cause
Common Cause is a watchdog group based in Washington, D.C., with chapters in 35 states. It was founded in 1970 by John W. Gardner, a Republican, who was the former Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in the administration of President Lyndon Johnson. It is an advocacy group for minorities and the working poor in urban areas. The group was known for its efforts to bring about an end to the Vietnam War and lower the voting age from 21 to 18.
Port Clinton, Ohio
Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County. It is located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,056 at the 2010 census.
Coigneux
Coigneux is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Dennis King
Dennis King (born November 1, 1971) is a Canadian politician. He is the 33rd and current Premier of Prince Edward Island since May 2019. He is also the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island.
John Calvin
Jean Cauvin, also Jean Calvin (English: John Calvin, July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564), was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation who was a central developer of the system of Christian theology that is called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva City, he rejected papal authority and established a new scheme of civic and ecclesiastical governance. He is famous for his teachings and writings and is infamous for his role in the execution of Michael Servetus.
Early life
Calvin was born with the name Jean Chauvin (or Cauvin, in Latin Calvinus) in Noyon, Picardy, France, to Gérard Cauvin and Jeanne Lefranc. In 1523, Calvin's father, a lawyer, sent his 14-year-old son to the University of Paris to study humanities and law. By 1532, he had attained a Doctor of Law degree at Orléans. In 1536, he settled in Geneva City, Switzerland. After being expelled from the city, he served as a pastor in Strasbourg from 1538 to 1541, when he returned to Geneva, where he lived until his death.
Westendorf (Schmutter)
Westendorf (Wöschtedorf ) is a municipality in the district of Augsburg in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the river Schmutter.
John Calvin
Thought
Calvin trained to be a lawyer. He studied with some of the best teachers of the Renaissance in France. Some of the training used newer humanistic methods of trying to understand to deal with a text directly. His training was important for Calvin. When he started to believe in Evangelicalism, he used those methods with the Bible, which he used form his thoughts. He taught and preached what he believed that the Bible taught.
Reformers such as Jan Hus and Martin Luther are seen as original thinkers, who started a movement. Calvin was a great logician. He organized a movement but dif not start as much doctrine. He knew the writings of the early Church Fathers and the great medieval schoolmen very well. Earlier Reformers also influenced him. Calvin did not disagree with all of the scholastics of the Middle Ages, but he used them and adapted their thoughts according to his understanding of the Bible.
Calvin is often associated with the doctrines of predestination and election. He had similar ideas to those of other magisterial Reformers about them.
Last years (1555–1564)
Calvin's power was very great in his last years. He was known all around the world as a reformer who was different from Martin Luther. Mainly, Luther and Calvin respected each other. However, Luther and a Zürich reformer, Huldrych Zwingli, thought differently about the eucharist. Calvin's thoughts about it made Luther believe that Calvin agreed with Zwingli. However, Calvin was sad that the reformers were not all together. He tried to join them together by signing the Consensus Tigurinus, an agreement between the Zürich and the Geneva churches.
Calvin's greatest help to the English-speaking people was by giving Marian exiles in Geneva protection starting in 1555. With the city's protection, they could make their own reformed church under John Knox and William Whittingham. They later carried many of Calvin's ideas back to England and Scotland. However, Calvin was most interested in trying to change his homeland, France. He helped the building of churches by giving out literature and offering ministers. Between 1555 and 1562, over 100 ministers were sent to France. In Geneva, Calvin mainly wanted to make a collège, a school for children. A place to build the school was chosen on March 25, 1558. The school was opened on June 5, 1559. It was divided into two parts. One part was a grammar school, which was called the collège or schola privata. The other part was an advanced school, the académie or schola publica. In five years there were 1,200 students in the grammar school and 300 in the advanced school. The collège later became the Collège Calvin, one of the college preparatory schools of Geneva. The académie became the University of Geneva.
In autumn 1558, Calvin became ill with a fever. He was afraid he might die before finishing his last revision of the Institutes, which made him force himself to work. The last edition became much longer and so Calvin called it a new work. It was 21 chapters in the second-last edition. However, in the last one, there were 80 since he put more detail in the material that was already there, but he did not really add more subjects. He became better, but he soon strained his voice while he was preaching. That made him cough violently. He had burst a blood vessel in his lungs. His health became much worse after this. He preached his last sermon in St. Pierre on February 6, 1564. On April 25, he made his will in which he left a little money to his family and to the collège. A few days later, the ministers of the church came to visit him. He died on May 27 of septicaemia. The goodbye is recorded in Discours d'adieu aux ministres.
The next day, he was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cimetière de Plainpalais. The exact spot of the grave is unknown. However, a stone was added in the 19th century to mark a grave that has traditionally been thought to be Calvin's.
Barnet Springs, Louisiana
Barnet Springs is an unincorporated community in Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Contoire
Contoire is a former commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Trois-Rivières.
Janusz Bolonek
Januariusz Mikołaj "Janusz" Bolonek (6 December 1938 – 2 March 2016) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Huta Dłutowska, Poland. He worked in diplomacy for the Pope. Among other positions, has served as nuntius in Uruguay, Bulgaria, Romania, and in North Macedonia.
Bolonek was made a priest in 1961 in Łódź, Poland. He retired as Apostolic Nuncio in 2013. He died in Łódź on 2 March 2016 of cancer. He was aged 77.
Paul Danblon
Paul Danblon (25 July 1931 – 8 February 2018) was a Belgian composer, opera director, administrator, and journalist. He was one of the first people of scientific journalism on RTBF (Radio télévision belge de la communauté française). He was born in Ghent, Belgium.
In 1954, Danblon joined the RTBF current events programme, Carnets de l'Actualité. He went on to specialize in producing and presenting popular science programmes such as La Bouteille à encre, Connaître, and Le point de la médecine. He is the author of two books in the area:
Danblon died of pulmonary edema in Brussels, Belgium on 8 February 2018 at the age of 87.
Lodhran District
Lodhran District (ضلع لودھراں) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Lodhran is the capital.
Benoît Lacroix
Benoît Lacroix (8 September 1915 – 2 March 2016) was a Canadian theologian, philosopher, and Dominican priest. He was a professor in Medieval studies and historian of the Mediaeval period. He was the author of almost 50 works and a great number of articles. He was born in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Quebec.
Lacroix died in Quebec on 2 March 2016 from problems caused by pneumonia. He was 100 years old.
Dindigul
Dindigul is a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of the Dindigul district.Dindigul has a number of historical monuments, the Rock Fort being the most prominent.Industries in Dindigul include lock making, leather, textile spinning, administrative services, agricultural trading, banking, agricultural machinery and educational services. Dindigul is upgraded to a municipal corporation.
The city covers an area of 14.01 sqkm and had a population of 207,327 in 2011. Dindigul is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of Tamil Nadu. It is the 12th-largest urban settlement in the state and has a population of 292,512 according to Tamil Nadu's 2011 census. Dindigul has 200,000 hectares of cultivable land, and agriculture continues to be the main occupation of its inhabitants. Located between the Palani and Sirumalai Hills, Dindigul has a reserved forest area of 85 hectares..
Ouachita City, Louisiana
Ouachita City (also Ouachita or Washita) is an unincorporated community in Union Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Marinko Čavara
Marinko Čavara (born 2 February 1967) is a Bosnian Croat politician. He was a member of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is the 10th President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Banshees of Inisherin
The Banshees of Inisherin is a 2022 dark tragic comedy movie directed, written, and co-produced by Martin McDonagh. The movie stars Colin Farrell and Brendan Gleeson as two lifelong friends, who are no longer friends which causes bad things to happen to their lives. Kerry Condon and Barry Keoghan also star.
Plot
The setting is year 1923 on an island, that also is a place of fiction (or not real); The island is on the Irish west coast; A farmer (Kerry Condon) lives there in a simple house with his sister Siobhan (Kerry Condon); They have to cows and a small donkey.
Awards
The movie received nine nominations at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (for McDonagh), Best Actor (for Farrell), Best Supporting Actor (for both Gleeson and Keoghan), Best Supporting Actress (for Condon) and Best Original Screenplay.
It also had eight nominations at the 80th Golden Globe Awards, winning three Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Musical or Comedy (for Farrell), and Best Screenplay.
Coulonvillers
Coulonvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
François Legault
François Legault (born May 26, 1957) is a Canadian politician and businessman. He is the 32nd and current Premier of Quebec since 2018. He has been Leader of the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) party since its founding in 2011. He was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat.
Legault was a member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1998 to 2009. During this time, he was a part of the Parti Québécois (PQ). He was a cabinet minister while Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry were Premier. He was elected in the 1998, 2003, 2007, and 2008 elections. He did not run for election again in 2009, and stopped being a member of the National Assembly that year. As a part of the CAQ, he became a member of the National Assembly again after the 2012 provincial election.
2023 Lebanon mosque shooting
On July 7 2023, a shooting happened at a mosque in Bekka Valley, Lebanon. After the gunshots were heard, the state news agency reported that armed forces had arrived at the site.
Moncef Marzouki
Moncef Marzouki (المنصف المرزوقي, al-Munṣif al-Marzūqī, born 7 July 1945) is a Tunisian politician. On 12 December 2011, he was elected President of Tunisia. He served as Interim President of Tunisia from 2011 to 2014.
A failed presidential candidate, Chahed came in eleventh place in the 2019 election.
In November 2021, Moncef Marzouki was the subject of an international arrest warrant for endangering state security.
Hästhagen
Hästhagen is a locality in Nacka Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 499 people lived there.
Midori Ito
Midori Ito is a female figure skater from Japan. She was the world champion in 1989. She won the silver medal in the 1992 Winter Olympics. She is one of only 15 female figure skaters who have done a ratified triple Axel in competition. Ito is credited with being the first woman to successfully complete a triple axel in competition.
Mandi Bahauddin District
Mandi Bahauddin District (ضلع مندی بہوددیں) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Mandi Bahauddin is the capital.
The district has three tehsils, these are:
Kil
Kil may refer to:
Mark Teixeira
Mark Charles Teixeira (born April 11, 1980) plays American Major League Baseball. He has played first and third bases and the outfield. He was born in Annapolis, Maryland. He played college ball for Georgia Tech. In 2001 he won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year. He has played professsional ball with the Texas Rangers, the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the New York Yankees. Teixeira is of Portuguese-American descent. He, his wife, and their three children live in Greenwich, Connecticut. He likes hunting, fishing, golfing, and reading. He is a Christian and likes Broadway musicals.
IPhone SE (3rd generation)
The third-generation iPhone SE is a smartphone designed by Apple Inc. It is the successor to second-generation iPhone SE, which was released in April 2020. Apple announced the device on March 8, 2022 with pre-orders set on March 11, 2022. It will be released in Apple's online store worldwide on March 18, 2022.
Courtemanche
Courtemanche is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Marthe Bilée Etoga
Marthe Armelle Bilée Etoga (born 3 May 1989) is a Cameroonian national volleyball player.
She played at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
Marina Miletić
Marina Miletić (born 21 February 1983) is a Croatian national volleyball player.
She played at the 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship, 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, and 2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship.
She played for Telekom Baku, Galatasaray Istanbul, and Agel Prostejov.
Jhelum District
Jhelum District (ضلع جہلم) is in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According the 1998 census, the district had 936,957 people, of which 31.48% were urban. Jhelum is known for providing many soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors. The district of Jhelum stretches from the Jhelum River almost to the Indus. Salt is quarried at the Mayo mine in the Salt Range. There are two coal-mines, the only ones worked in the province, from which the North-Western railway gets some of coal. The chief centre of the salt trade is Pind Dadan Khan. The district is crossed by the main line of the North-Western railway, and also traversed along the south by a branch line. It is in the north of the Punjab province, Jhelum district is bordered by Sargodha to its south, Gujrat and the Jhelum River to its south and east, Chakwal to its west, Mirpur to its east, and Rawalpindi to its north.
Administration
The district of Jhelum, which covers an area of 3,587 km2, is administratively divided into four tehsils: Jhelum, Sohawa, Pind Dadan Khan and Dina, - which are divided into 53 Union Councils. It also contains the city of Jhelum.
Demographics
According to census 2017 total population of District Jhelum is 1222650. In Total population males are 601964, female are 620636 and Transgender are 50. Average annual growth rate is 1.41 from 1998 to 2017.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, 936,957 people lived in Jhelum District. There were 261 people per square kilometre. According the Punjab Education Department's annual literacy statistics for 2006, Jhelum had a literacy rate of 79% which is among the highest in Pakistan. Human Development Index of Jhelum is 0.770, which highest in Pakistan after Karachi.
Climate
The climate of the tract is extreme. In winter it is very cold and summer is very hot. The average rainfall varies from 48 to 69 mm each year.
Encarta
Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia by Microsoft. There was a more complete version called Encarta Premium made in 2008. It had more than 62,000 articles and many photographs and illustrations. There was also music clips, videos, maps and timelines with some activity games. It also included an atlas, and homework tools. It was available on the internet if you pay a yearly fee, or to buy on DVD-ROM, or CD-ROMs. Many articles could also be read online free of charge, a service which is paid for by advertisements.
Crest (feathers)
The crest, in some cases called a crown, of a bird, is a group of feathers that some species of birds have on top of the head. The feathers of these crests can move up and down or be permanently up, depending of the species. For example, the crests of cockatoos and the hoopoe could be up or down but the feathers in the crest of the grey crowned crane are always up.
Crests on birds are generally used for display purposes. Birds with crests often use them to communicate with others and as a part of their courtship. They also tend to display their crests when they are frightened or ready to fight because the birds may appear larger than they really are.
Cockatoos and their smaller cousins, cockatiels, are part of the Cacatuidae family of parrots found in Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Philippines, and are probably the most recognizable birds to feature crests. Cockatoos and cockatiels possess crests which may be raised or lowered at will. Their crests are used to communicate with fellow members of their species, or as a form of defense to frighten away other species that approach too closely, making the bird appear larger when the crest is suddenly and unexpectedly raised.
Patrick Michaels
Patrick J. Michaels (February 15, 1950 – July 16, 2022) was an American agricultural climatologist. Michaels was a senior fellow in environmental studies at the Cato Institute until 2019. Until 2007, he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980. He was born in Berwyn, Illinois. He was a well known climate change denier.
Michaels died on July 16, 2022 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 72.
Petar Mladenov
Petër Tošev Mladenov (Петър Тошев Младенов; 22 August 1936 – 31 May 2000) was a Bulgarian communist diplomat and politician. He was the last leader of the Bulgarian People's Republic from 1989 to 1990 and briefly the first President of the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990.
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov; Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba; Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба) was a country that was created in October 1918, in Southeast Europe. Before that, it's land was a part of Austria-Hungary. When Austria-Hungary lost the World War I, it was broken up. Slovenes, Croats and Serbs are slavic peoples that lived in the south of Austria-Hungary. Their leaders and representatives wanted their people to come together and live in one country. In December 1918, soon after it was created, it joined the Kingdom of Serbia where many Serbs were already independent. This new country became the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes which changed it's name to Yugoslavia in 1929.
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was independent for a very short time. During this time, other states didn't recognize it, but they soon recognized the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Ann McBride Norton
Ann McBride Norton (June 23, 1944 – May 5, 2020) was an American activist and business executive. She was president of Common Cause, a non-partisan watchdog group based in Washington, D.C. from 1995 to 1999. She was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. In the 1970s, Norton was a volunteer at Common Cause during the Watergate scandal before becoming the chief lobbyist for Common Cause on Capitol Hill.
Norton died of problems caused by Alzheimer's disease on May 5, 2020 at her Washington, D.C. home at the age of 75.
Mianwali District
Mianwali District (ضلع میانوالی) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Mianwali is the capital.
Udligenswil
Udligenswil is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Social responses to the idea of evolution
Evolution was an idea debated before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. In very broad terms, this idea says that species change over time. Even today, some people still talk about the concept of evolution and what it means to them, to their philosophy and their religion. Sometimes these people also talk about the social implications of evolution. This debate is mostly about the meaning of evolution to human life, or about human nature, not about how evolution works.
Debates about the fact of evolution
Some people believe in guided evolution or theistic evolution. They say that evolution is real, but it is being guided it some way.
There are many different concepts of theistic evolution. Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. As Darwin found out early on, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is its implications for human origins.
In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who reject it. The debate is mostly about if the ideas in evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way.
Other fields, like cosmology and earth science also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts. These ideas were once also fiercely opposed. Death for heresy was threatened to those who wrote against the idea that the Earth was the centre of the universe. Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake by the Holy Inquisition for teaching that the Earth moved around the Sun (and other ideas).
Evolutionary biology is opposed much more from religious believers than other groups or organizations.
The Roman Catholic Church now has a neutral position with regards to evolution. Pope Pius XII stated in his encyclical Humani Generis published in the 1950s: The Church does not forbid that (...) research and discussions (..) take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter.
Pope John Paul II updated this position in 1996. He said that Evolution was "more than a hypothesis": In his encyclical Humani Generis, my predecessor Pius XII has already [said] that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation. (...) Today, more than a half-century after (..) that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines.
The Anglican Communion also does not oppose the scientific account of evolution.
Using evolution for other purposes
Many of those who accepted evolution were not much interested in biology. They were interested in using the theory to support their own ideas on society.
Racism
In the Bible, for instance, after Noah's Ark landed, there is a passage that describes how Noah got drunk while naked and Ham laughed at him. Noah cursed Ham, which somehow became part of a justification for racism and slavery.
Later, people also tried to use evolution to support racism. Evolution itself is not about racism. However, people wanting to justify racism claimed that black people were inferior. They said that because evolution shows that, in nature, "better" animals tend to survive, leading to evolution of improved animals, they had the right to oppress the "weaker". They believed they were clearly "better", but that would need evidence. There is no agreed evidence that any race of humans is better than any other race.
Eugenics
The idea of eugenics was rather different. Two things had been noticed as far back as the 18th century. One was the great success of farmers in breeding cattle and crop plants. They did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection). The other observation was that lower class people had more children than upper-class people. If (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on merit, then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening. Faster breeding in the lower classes would lead to the society getting worse.
The idea to improve the human species by selective breeding is called eugenics. The name was proposed by Francis Galton, a bright scientist who meant to do good. Today, Galton is remembered for many things he did in statistics and psychology. He was the first to use regression analysis to see how different things that depend on one another influence one another. He used fingerprints in forensic science. He is seen as the father of experimental psychology, together with Wilhelm Wundt. He developed the bean machine to show probability distributions, among other things.
Galton's ideas were meant to do good. He said that the human gene pool should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. However, other people added to this, and said those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control; and they might even have to be killed.
The problem with Galton's idea is how to decide which features to select. There's so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock". There was rather more agreement on who should not be breeding. Several countries passed laws for the compulsory sterilisation of unwelcome groups. Most of these laws were passed during between 1900 and 1940. After World War II, disgust at what the Nazis had done lowered public support for forced eugenics.
Social Darwinism
Another example of using wrong ideas about evolution to support bad things is "Social Darwinism". Social Darwinism is a term given to the ideas of the 19th century British social philosopher Herbert Spencer. Spencer had ideas about "survival of the fittest", which he applied to commerce and human societies as a whole.
Controversy
Certain people oppose the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by their religious beliefs. Their beliefs are usually called creationism or intelligent design.
Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have found it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other proposals explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.
Herbert Frankenhauser
Herbert Frankenhauser (July 23, 1945 – May 6, 2020) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1990 to 2013. Frankenhauser was born in Munich.
Frankenhauser died on May 6, 2020 at the age of 74.
Chumash (Judaism)
The Hebrew term Chumash (also Ḥumash, חומש) is a term for Torah in printed form, unlike the Torah scroll.
The word comes from the Hebrew word for five, ḥamesh (חמש). A more formal term is Ḥamishah Ḥumshei Torah, meaning "five fifths of Torah". It is a Hebrew name for the Five Books of Moses, also known by the Latinised Greek term Pentateuch in common printed editions. The five books are: Beraishis (Genesis), Shemot (Exodus), Vayikra (Leviticus), Bamidbar (Numbers), and Devarim (Deuteronomy).
Fadil Novalić
Fadil Novalić (born 25 September 1959) is a Bosnian politician. In 2015, he became Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
He is a member of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA).
Summerfield, Louisiana
Summerfield is an unincorporated community in northeast Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is located sixteen miles east of the parish seat of Homer.
Ashok Ghosh
Ashok Ghosh (2 July 1921 – 3 March 2016) was an Indian Bengali politician. He was the senior leader of All India Forward Bloc political party. He held the position of the state general secretary of Forward Bloc in West Bengal from 1946 until his death in 2016.
Israeli Educational Television
Israeli Educational Television (הטלוויזיה החינוכית הישראלית, HaTelevizya HaḤinukhít HaYisra'elit) was the first television channel in Israel. It was established in 1965 and began broadcasting in 1966. After it started broadcasting, it was added to the national broadcasting channels. Since 1997, it has had an independent broadcasting channel called Educational 23 on Channel 23.
2017 Brussels summit
The 2017 Brussels summit was the 28th official meeting of NATO leaders, head of states and heads of government. The place the summit was held in was Brussels, Belgium on 25 May 2017.
Plans
There were many different plans from different countries on what they wanted to speak about with the other members, with leaders from Southern Europe being worried about the security of North Africa and the Middle East, as well as being worried about the European migrant crisis. However, Eastern European member nation governments were more worried about Russia's policies towards them. President of the United States Donald Trump heavily asked all NATO members meet an agreement made in 2014 that said the countries in NATO should spend at least two percent of their GDP on defense.
Plymouth, Minnesota
Plymouth is the seventh largest city in the U.S. State of Minnesota. It is located 15 mi west of downtown Minneapolis in Hennepin County. It is the third largest suburb of Minneapolis–Saint Paul. According to the 2018 Metropolitan Council, Plymouth's population is 79,450. The population was 70,576 at the 2010 Census.
Mariem Brik
Mariem Brik (born 9 December 1980) is a Tunisian national volleyball player.
She played at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for Club Féminine de Carthage.
Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou
Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou (born 1954) is a Nigerien politician. He was the 15th Prime Minister of Niger, from 3 April 2021 until 27 July 2023.
Alexander Pochinok
Alexander Petrovich Pochinok (12 January 1958 – 16 March 2014 ) was a Russian economist and politician. He was the Minister of Taxes and Levies from 1999 to 2000 and Minister of Labor and Social Development from 2000 to 2004.
Pochinok died of cardiac arrest on 16 March 2014, in Moscow, aged 56.
Changtse
Changtse is a 7553 m mountain in the Himalayas range, in Tibet. It is the 45th highest mountain in the world. The first person to reach the top of was Johan Taks, in 1982.
Bishwa Prakash Sharma
Bishwa Prakash Sharma (विश्वप्रकाश शर्मा) is a Nepali politician. He is one of the two general secretaries of the Nepali Congress.
Bourg, Louisiana
Bourg is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Jews as the chosen people
The Jewish belief of Jews as a chosen people is that Jews are the chosen people of God. Some Jews believe that God has given them a special job to repair the world and make it a better place. According to this view, they must use the things in the world to increase good and come closer to God, and as God’s partner in repairing the world – to find ways to lessen suffering of people and animals, to make more peace and respect between people, and to protect the earth’s environment from destruction. This process is known as “tikkun olam” (from Hebrew) – repairing the world.
Richard Beymer
George Richard Beymer, Jr. (born February 20, 1938) is an American actor, filmmaker and artist. He is best known for playing the roles of Tony in the movie version of West Side Story (1961), Peter in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) and Ben Horne on the television series Twin Peaks (1990–1991, 2017).
Jews as the chosen people
From the Bible
This origin of the idea in the Torah (the first five books of the Tanakh, which are also included in the Christian Bible). Much is written about these topics in rabbinic literature:
According to Judaism, God made an agreement called a “covenant” with Abraham, the ancestor of the Jewish people. The Bible says that God promised to bless Abraham and his descendants if they worshipped God and were faithful to him. God made this covenant with Abraham's son, Isaac, and with Isaac's son, Jacob. God also gave Jacob another name – Israel. This is how Jacob’s descendants got the name the “Children of Israel” or “Israelites.” The Jewish religion, God later gave the Israelites the Torah to the Israelites through their leader, Moses. The Torah told the Israelites how to live and build their community. God gave the Israelites the Ten Commandments and other laws in the Torah.
Religious Jewish views
The Jews are sometimes called the “Chosen People" because the Bible says God told them “you will be to Me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Exodus 19:6) and “For you are a holy people to the Lord your God, and the Lord chose you to be His own special nation out of all peoples on the earth” (Deuteronomy 14:2). Religious Jews ("orthodox") understand this means that they have special duties and responsibilities commanded by God - for example, that they must build a just society and serve only God. They believe that this covenant works in two ways: if they follow God’s laws, He will give them his love and protection, but they are also responsible for their sins – bad actions – and not doing what God told them. Religious Jews believe that they must teach other people that God exists and that God wants all people to do good actions. Jews believe that their job in the world is to be "a light to the nations" (Isiah 49:6) by showing the people of the world ways to make the world a better place.
Modern views
The idea of chosenness has traditionally been interpreted by Jews in two ways: one way is that God chose the Israelites, while the other is that the Israelites chose God. Another opinion is that even though the Jews chose to follow God, the Kabbalah and Tanya teach that even prior to creation, the "Jewish soul" was already chosen. However, Jews do not believe that being a member of the Chosen People gives them any special talents or makes them better than anyone else, and many of whose who are considered "Jewish" (especially secular/(non-religious ones) do not believe they are "Chosen" in any way at all.
Jews generally do not try to convince other people to believe in Judaism. Jews believe they have a special job to show all peoples that God exists, but people do not have to be Jewish to follow God. All people can serve God by following the Seven Commandments (rules) given to Noah. But, Judaism accepts people who choose to change their religion to Judaism.
From other religions
The Jewish people have a special status in the Islamic book, the Quran: "O children of Israel, remember my favor which I bestowed upon you, and that I favored you above all creation. (Qur'an 2:47). 2:122)."
Many Christians also believe that the Jews were God's chosen people, but because of Jewish rejection of Jesus, the Christians in turn received that special status. This doctrine is known as Supersessionism.
Loam
Loam is soil made mostly of sand and silt:
Chauvin, Louisiana
Chauvin is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Wafa Mnassar
Wafa Mnassar (born 21 April 1985) is a Tunisian national volleyball player.
Loam
By weight, it is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–silt–clay, respectively. These proportions vary, and give different types of loam soils: sandy loam, silty loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, and loam.
Wafa Mnassar
She played for Club Féminine de Carthage.
Kil, Nacka Municipality
Kil is a locality in Nacka Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 731 people lived there.
Nouriel Roubini
Nouriel Roubini (born March 29, 1958) is an American economist and is chairman of Roubini Macro Associates LLC, an economic consultancy firm. He is a lecturer at New York University's Stern School of Business.
Early life and education
Roubini was born in Istanbul, Turkey. He holds B.A., summa cum laude, in economics from Bocconi University. He received his Ph.D. in international economics from Harvard University in 1988, where his adviser was Jeffrey Sachs.
Roubini is a global citizen. He is fluent in English, Persian, Italian, Hebrew, and conversational French. He is a cousin of leading technology expert and former PC Magazine lead technology analyst Jonathan Roubini.
Dulac, Louisiana
Dulac is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Nouriel Roubini
Career
Roubini combined academic research with policy making by teaching at Yale and then in New York, while also being employed at the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve, World Bank, and Bank of Israel. He is now a professor at the Stern School of Business at New York University. He once said "I've been studying emerging markets for 20 years, and saw the same signs in the U.S. that I saw in them, which was that we were in a massive credit bubble,"
He acknowledges a quite number of economists for his understanding of economics, stating:
"One person who has had a great impact on me intellectually was my adviser at Harvard, Jeffrey Sachs. For me he's the model of a great intellectual. He is both a rigorous academic and very human, involved in big picture issues such as poverty, AIDS, and Africa. He's someone with a great mind that is also very engaged with the world. Another intellectual hero is Larry Summers, the former President of Harvard, an amazing intellectual and academic, who is very deeply involved with the policy world. I worked for him for many years in the US Treasury during the Clinton Administration."
Curlu
Curlu is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Lúcia Braga
Ana Lúcia Navarro Braga (December 13, 1934 – May 8, 2020), better known as simply Lúcia Braga, was a Brazilian politician, social worker and lawyer. She was born in João Pessoa, Paraíba. Braga was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1987 to 1995 and again from 2003 to 2007.
Braga died at a hospital in João Pessoa on May 8, 2020 of COVID-19 while being hospitalized for a urinary tract infection, aged 85. Her husband, Wilson Braga, also died from COVID-19 a week after her death.
Layyah District
Layyah District (ضلع لیّہ) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Layyah is the capital.
Layyah District shares borders with the districts of Bhakkar (north), Muzaffargarh (south), Jhang (east) and D.G. Khan (west). The District is of semi rectangular shape and has sandy land. The total area of the district is 6291 km2. It is 88 km from east to west & 75 km from north to south. It is made up of the three tehsils of:
Layyah District has an extremely hot climate. The temperature in winter is low because it is near the Koh-Suleman mountains. The tehsil Chaubara is almost barren and is made up of forest and sand dunes. The tehsil of Layyah and Karor Lal Esan are better developed agriculturally but they have also large areas of sand dunes and uncultivated land. The river Indus passes from north to south on western side of the district and touches D.G. Khan.
House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is an upper house of the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the lower being the House of Representatives. Federal laws need to be passed by both houses.
The House of Peoples is made out of 17 delegates from each of the constitutive nations of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs as well as seven delegates of the minorities. The House of Peoples has one chairman and two vice-chairmans.
Let's Get Loud
"Let's Get Loud" is a 2000 song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her debut studio album On the 6 (1999). It was written by the song's co-writer Gloria Estefan for herself but she felt as if the song was too similar to her last songs and gave it onto Lopez.
Estefan, who co-wrote the song alongside Kike Santander, stated that Lopez would have "more fun with it" and would put "a new spin" on it.
"Let's Get Loud" is sometimes seen as Lopez's signature song. Estefan eventually released her own version of the song in 2011 as a bonus track on the deluxe Target edition of her album Miss Little Havana.
Swara Bhaskar
Swara Bhaskar Chitrapu  (April 9, 1988) is an Indian actress who works in the Hindi film industry. She is best known for her supporting work in mainstream productions and starring roles in independent films. She has won two Screen Awards and has been nominated for Filmfare Awards three times.
Bhaskar was the daughter of naval officer Chitrapu Uday Bhaskar. She was born and raised in Delhi. After receiving her bachelor's degree in English literature from the University of Delhi, she enrolled herself at the Jawaharlal Nehru University to complete her master's in Sociology. Bhaskar made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2009 drama Madholal Keep Walking. The drama did not make much money. She achieved wider recognition for her supporting role of a bride-to-be in the commercially successful romantic comedy Tanu Weds Manu (2011). Her performance in the film was well received by critics. She was nominated for a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Positivism
Positivism is the belief that human knowledge is produced by the scientific interpretation of observational data.
The belief has been known since the time period Ancient Greece. (The approach has been an ongoing "theme in the history of western thought from the Ancient Greeks to the present day".) The term was used in the early 19th century by the philosopher and founding sociologist, Auguste Comte.
Origin of the word (or etymology)
The English noun positivism was re-imported in the 19th century from the French word positivisme, (which came from, or) derived from positif. Positif can mean 'imposed on the mind by experience'. ''
Principles
In its strongest original formulation, positivism could be thought of as a set of six principles:
Unlike materialists positivists do not make any claims about a primary substance such as matter. They assume that we have data and that we interpret the data. The idea of a material world with three dimensions is, for positivists, just a good model to handle the experiences of everyday life. If astronomy has to deal with more complex data that cannot be handled consistently in such a model, they will have to think of a different model. Early 20th-century positivists like Ernst Mach said that the best model is the most "economical" model, that is the model we can use best in calculations and predictions.
The idea that all physical laws could be useful dates back to Auguste Comte. Comte said that all theories were merely "relatively" true, and that even Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation was strictly speaking nothing but a social convention – true until new data force us to find a better theory.