cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
SC Austria Lustenau
History
The club was founded in June 1914 as football department of Turnerbund Lustenau and was named FA Turnerbund Lustenau. This name had the club till 1936. For not having a football assosiation in Vorarlberg the club only played friendly matches. During the time of First World War there were no matches. In 1920 the club started in a regular championship. The first success was the Vorarlberg championship in the 1929/30 season. They were qualified for the Austrian Amateur Championship and reached the final versus Kremser SC.
In 1936 the club left the Turnerbund Lustenau and became a club of its own. The were renamed to SC Austria Lustenau. In the following years they reached several titels. In 1994 they won the Regionalliga West and were promoted to the First League, the second division in Austrian football. From 1997 to 2000 they played in the Bundesliga, the top division of Austrias football. Since the relegation 2 000 they played in the 2. Liga. In the 2021-22 season they won the league and were promotet to the Bundesliga.
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was sepatated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.
SC Austria Lustenau
History
The biggest success so far was the Cup final in 2010/11. Austria Lustenau was the first club from Vorarlberg which ever reached a Cup final. The match was lost against SV Ried. In 2020 they reached again the Cup final but lost again versus FC Red Bull Salzburg.
Bihu Loukon
<mapframe latitude="24.8052141" longitude="93.8195098" zoom="12" width="400" height="300" align="right" /> The Bihu Loukon (ꯕꯤꯍꯨ ꯂꯧꯀꯣꯟ) is an ancient star shaped mud fort located in the Maklang region of Imphal West district in the Indian state of Manipur.
SC Austria Lustenau
Current squad
Updated 17 December 2021.
Adriatic Sea
The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).
Prospect, Connecticut
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Freshwater biology
Freshwater biology is the study of plants and animals that live in fresh water. This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes and other bodies of water. It is part of the branch of science called Limnology.
David Kautter
David Kautter is an American lawyer and tax policy advisor. He is the Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury for Tax Policy. He was a partner at accounting firm RSM International.
Freshwater biology
Much freshwater biology takes place in man-made places such as sewage treatment works and water treatment works. In these places water is purified using plants and animals. Keeping them working as hard as possible helps to make the water as cleaner.
David Kautter
Kautter was a partner at Ernst & Young and served as tax legislative counsel for former U.S. Senator John Danforth.
Freshwater biology
In recent times freshwater biologists have been looking at how plants and animals change in the autumn and spring. This is helping us to understand more about the effects of climate change.
David Kautter
On October 26, 2017, President Donald Trump announced the designation of Kautter to be the acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service effective November 13, 2017.
Risoul
Risoul is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Road
The D86 and D186 roads pass through the commune.
Austin Lewis (politician)
Austin William Russell Lewis (born 5 December 1932) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Liberal Party. He served as a Senator for Victoria from 1976 to 1993.
Lewis was born in Richmond, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He married Wilma Lawrey in 1956. The couple had four children.
Khaled Asaad
Khaled Asaad (‏خالد الأسعد‎; 1934 – 18 August 2015) was a Syrian archaeologist. He was the head of antiquities in the city of Palmyra for more than forty years. In May 2015, Palmyra came under the control of the terrorist militant group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and Asaad was amongst those captured during this time. He was executed on 18 August 2015.
Huzhou metro station
Huzhou is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on the Wenhu Line, whose station code is BR21.
Station layout information
The platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.
Elsau
Elsau is a municipality in the district of Winterthur in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Charles P. Rettig
Charles P. Rettig (born November 18, 1956) is the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for the term expiring November 12, 2022.
He was a partner at the Beverly Hills tax law firm of Hochman, Salkin, Rettig, Toscher & Perez, P.C., "known in the industry as a controversy firm" according to the Los Angeles Times.
Jeeva (movie)
Jeeva (جیوا) is a 1995 Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie introduced Babar Ali and Resham into Lollywood and turned them into stars. Jeeva was also very well liked at the film festivals in other countries where it was shown. The shrine of Hazrat Ayub Ansari (reh) in Istanbul, Turkey was shown in this movie. Nadeem played the title role. This movie was a big milestone for Anwar Rafi who was struggling in many years. Famous folk singer Shoukat Ali sung his only duet song with Madam Noor Jehan
List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
This is a list of Administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu a union territory of India. The union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu was created following the merger of the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu on 26 January 2020.
Wen Tingyun
Wen Tingyun (812–870) was an important Chinese lyricist of the late Tang Dynasty.
He was born in Qin, Shanxi province, China. Wen became regarded as the first truly distinctive writer of ci, the song-verse style of poetry that dominated Chinese poetry during much of the late Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. Most of his poems are "boudoir"-style verses that described the opulent furnishings and gardens of solitary women and their hidden desires. This style of poetry was commonly used for romantic communications between men and women in the entertainment districts of the Chinese capital Chang'an during the Tang dynasty.
Kerry Sibraa
Kerry Walter Sibraa (born 12 October 1937) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Labor Party. He was a Senator for New South Wales from December 1975 to June 1978, and then again from August 1978 to February 1994. He also served as President of the Senate from 1987 to 1994. After leaving Parliament, Sibraa served as Australian High Commissioner to Zimbabwe from 1994 to 1998.
Sibraa was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He was married to Yvonne Margaret Melvin from 1957 to 1992. They had two children. In 1993, Sibraa married Julie Louise Hatcher.
Embrach
Embrach is a municipality of the district of Bülach in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Colin Mason
Colin Victor James Mason (born 28 October 1926) is a New Zealand-born Australian journalist, author and politician. He worked as a journalist for The Sydney Morning Herald and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Mason's notable books include Dragon Army (1968), A Short History of Asia (2000) and The 2030 Spike: Countdown to Global Catastrophe (2003). As a member of the Australian Democrats, he served as a Senator for New South Wales from 1978 to 1987.
Mason was born in Auckland, New Zealand. In 1950, he moved to Australia. He married Nancy Williamson in 1952. The couple had three children.
Margaret Anstee
Margaret Anstee (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat. She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General. She was the Director-General of the UN office in Vienna. She also worked as the Director-General's Special Representative to Angola. She wrote an autobiography called Never Learn to Type.
Deewane Tere Pyar Ke
Deewane Tere Pyaar Key (دیوانے تیرے پیار کے, English title: Love Crazy) is an Urdu film which was released in March 1997. It was directed by Syed Noor and produced by Evernew Studios.
American Airlines Center
The American Airlines Center (also known as the AAC) is a multi-purpose arena. It is in the Victory Park neighborhood, near downtown Dallas, Texas. It is currently used by the Dallas Stars, Dallas Mavericks and, Dallas Vigilantes. It is also used for concerts and entertainment.
Jim Cornette
He is best known for his work in Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He was also the owner of Smoky Mountain Wrestling from 1991 to 1995. He has also appeared as an on-screen character in an authoritative role for Ring of Honor (ROH) as the "Commissioner" and in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as the "Management Director" (as well as an off-screen road agent).
Rosans
Rosans is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department.
Road
The D25, D225, D325, D949 and D994 roads pass through the commune.
Sheldon S. Cohen
Sheldon S. Cohen (June 28, 1927 – September 4, 2018) was an American attorney. He was the Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 1965 to 1969 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was born in Washington, D.C..
Cohen died of heart failure on September 4, 2018, in Chevy Chase, Maryland at age 91.
Langthabal Konung
"Langthabal Konung" (ꯂꯥꯡꯊꯕꯥꯜ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ) is an old royal palace in the Langthabal (Canchipur) region in the Imphal West district of Manipur. It served as the seat of administration of many rulers of Medieval Manipur.
Oto, Iowa
Oto is a city in Iowa, United States. It is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area.
Ultramontanism
Ultranontanism was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church of the 18th and 19th century. It placed strong emphasis on what the pope had to say. The name in composed of ultra ("beyond"), and refered to the fact that the pope at that time was on the other side of the Alps.
Cojedes
Cojedes State (Estado Cojedes) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is San Carlos. Cojedes covers a total area of 14,800 km². It had a population of 323,165 in 2011.
Lierna
Lierna is a comune in the province of Lecco in Lombardy, in north-west Italy. It lies on the eastern shore of Lake Como. It is about 60 km north of Milan and about 15 km north-west of Lecco. It has an area of 11.3 km² and has twelve frazioni: Bancola, Casate, Castello, Cisarino, Genico, Giussana, Grumo, La Foppa, Mugiasco, Olcianico, Sornico and Villa. At the end of 2014 the population was 2176 people, in 983 families. Lierna is the most represented village on Lake Como over the centuries in works of art.
Lierna borders the comunes of Esino Lario, Mandello del Lario, Oliveto Lario and Varenna.
History
The first mention of Lierna dates to 854 AD, but Roman remains, including a mosaic floor now in the Palazzo Belgioioso of Lecco, attest to much earlier settlement. The name of the village may be of Roman or of Celtic origin. Between 1035 and 1202 it was a feud of the Monastery of San Dionigi in Milan. Lierna was contested between Milan and Como, and between the Della Torre and Visconti families. It passed into the hands of the Marchesino Stanga in 1499, and in 1533 to the Sfondrati family of Cremona, who held it until 1788. Lierna became a comune in 1743, when it was separated from that of Mandello.
In 1927 the Milanese sculptor Giannino Castiglioni opened a studio at his house in Lierna. He died in Lierna on 27 August 1971. He left some preparatory plaster casts to the comune; a museum to house them is under construction.
In 1933 an incomplete fossil of Lariosaurus balsami, a nothosaurid from the Middle Triassic (circa 240 million years ago) of which the first example was discovered at Perledo, some 10 km north of Lierna, was found in a quarry in the frazione of Grumo. It is now in the Museo di Storia Naturale in the Palazzo Belgioioso of Lecco.
Adele Bloch-Bauer
Adele Bloch-Bauer I (1881-1925) was an Austrian Jew who lived in Vienna. She supported many artists. Adele knew the painter Gustav Klimt. She is the only woman he painted more than once. People called her "the Austrian Mona Lisa." After her death, the Nazis stole the paintings from her family. Years later, her niece and some lawyers went to the United States Supreme Court to get them back.
Early life
Adele Bloch-Bauer was born Adele Bauer in 1881. Her father worked as a director for banks and railways.
Ottosen, Iowa
Ottosen is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Adele Bloch-Bauer
Marriage
Adele married Ferdinand Bloch when she was 19. He was 17 years older than she was. He liked her so much that instead of her becoming Adele Bloch, they both became Adele and Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. They both liked many artists, including Gustav Klimt. She tried to have children with him, but two of them died before they were born and one baby died after.
Adele's sibling married Ferdinand's sibling, and all four of them used the same last name, Bloch-Bauer. Adele's sibling had two children.
Maria Altmann said her aunt was "rather cold, intellectual woman who was very politically aware and became a socialist. She wasn't happy. It was an arranged marriage but she was childless, after two miscarriages and the death of a baby. I remember her as extremely elegant, tall, dark and thin. She always wore a slinky white dress and used a long, gold cigarette holder."
Bloch-Bauer had parties for artists every week. Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss and Stefan Zweig came to the parties. Some of the educated people who came to the parties convinced Bloch-Bauer to support the poor and help women have the right to vote.
Paintings
According to Klimt's website, Bloch-Bauer was his mistress. She is also the only woman he ever painted twice. Adele's husband, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, hired Klimt to paint both paintings. Klimt painted Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I in 1907 and Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II in 1912. Some artists also think Adele Bloch-Bauer might be the woman in The Kiss and Judith and the Head of Holofernes. The first portrait was a gift from Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer to Adele's parents.
Legal case
During World War II, the Nazis stole Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I from Bloch-Bauer's family. It ended up in the Belvedere Gallery.
In Republic of Austria v. Altmann in 2004, Adele Bloch-Bauer's niece, Maria Altmann, tried to get the painting back from the Belvedere Gallery. The Supreme Court said the painting was Altmann's. Because Aultmann could not pay for insurance and storage, she sold the painting to Ronald Lauder to put in the Neue Gallery in New York City.
Legacy
Bloch-Bauer had a large influence on modern art. Also, in 2016, the street Bloch-Bauer Promenade in Vienna was named after her and her husband.
In popular culture
The 2015 movie Woman in Gold is about Maria Altmann trying to get the painting back from the Belvedere Gallery. Adele Bloch-Bauer is shown in flashbacks.
Donghu metro station
Donghu is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on the Wenhu Line, whose station code is BR22.
Portuguesa
Portuguesa may refer to:
Shaun the Sheep Movie
Shaun the Sheep Movie is a 2015 British stop-motion animated adventure comedy movie directed and written by Mark Burton and Richard Starzak and based on the British television series Shaun the Sheep, created by Nick Park, which in turn is a spin-off of the 1995 Wallace and Gromit film, A Close Shave. The movie follows Shaun and his flock into the big city to save their farmer, who finds himself with amnesia there as a result of their mischief. And an animal hunter follows all of them to capture them.
Sangam (1997 movie)
Sangam is a Pakistani Urdu movie released in 1997, directed by Syed Noor and starring Resham, Shaan, Salim Sheikh and Sana.
Donghu metro station
Station layout information
The platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.
Erlenbach, Switzerland
Erlenbach is a municipality in the district of Meilen in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Nangang Software Park metro station
Nangang Software Park is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a station on the Wenhu Line, whose station code is BR23.
Warren Hinckle
Warren Hinckle (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist. He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's. Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.
SN1 reaction
The SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry. "SN" stands for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the fact that the rate-determining step involves only one molecule (unimolecular). The reaction involves a carbocation intermediate. Some common SN1 reactions are of secondary or tertiary alkyl halides under strongly basic conditions or, under strongly acidic conditions, with secondary or tertiary alcohols. With primary alkyl halides, the alternative SN2 reaction occurs. Among inorganic chemists, the SN1 reaction is often known as the dissociative mechanism. Christopher Ingold et al. first proposed the reaction mechanism in 1940.
Mechanism
An example of a reaction taking place with an SN1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with water to form tert-butyl alcohol:
This SN1 reaction takes place in three steps:
Because the first step is the bottleneck or "rate-determining step" chemists classify the entire reaction mechanism as SN1. Only one molecule is needed for that step.
Scope of the reaction
Sometimes a molecule can react using either an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. The SN1 mechanism will win this competition when the central carbon atom is surrounded by bulky groups because such groups sterically hinder the SN2 reaction. Additionally, bulky substituents on the central carbon increase the rate of carbocation formation because of the relief of steric strain that occurs. The resultant carbocation is also stabilized by both inductive stabilization and hyperconjugation from attached alkyl groups. The Hammond-Leffler postulate says that this too will increase the rate of carbocation formation. The SN1 mechanism therefore dominates in reactions at tertiary alkyl centers and is further observed at secondary alkyl centers in the presence of weak nucleophiles.
An example of a reaction proceeding in a SN1 way is the synthesis of 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane from the corresponding diol with concentrated hydrochloric acid:
Stereochemistry
The carbocation intermediate formed in the reaction's rate limiting step is an sp2 hybridized carbon with trigonal planar molecular geometry. This allows two different paths for the nucleophilic attack, one on either side of the planar molecule. If neither path is preferentially favored, these two paths will be used equally, yielding a racemic mix of enantiomers if the reaction takes place at a stereocenter. This is illustrated below in the SN1 reaction of S-3-chloro-3-methylhexane with an iodide ion, which yields a racemic mixture of 3-iodo-3-methylhexane:
However, an excess of one stereoisomer can be observed, as the leaving group can remain close to the carbocation intermediate for a short time and block nucleophilic attack. This is very different than the SN2 mechanism, which does not mix the stereochemistry of the product (a stereospecific mechanism). The SN2 mechanism always inverts the molecule's stereochemistry.
Side reactions
Two common side reactions are elimination reactions and carbocation rearrangement. If the reaction is performed under warm or hot conditions (which favor an increase in entropy), E1 elimination is likely to predominate, leading to formation of an alkene. At lower temperatures, SN1 and E1 reactions are competitive reactions. So, it becomes difficult to favor one over the other. Even if the reaction is performed cold, some alkene may be formed. If an attempt is made to perform an SN1 reaction using a strongly basic nucleophile such as hydroxide or methoxide ion, the alkene will again be formed, this time via an E2 elimination. This will be especially true if the reaction is heated. Finally, if the carbocation intermediate can rearrange to a more stable carbocation, it will give a product derived from the more stable carbocation rather than the simple substitution product.
Solvent effects
Solvents will change the reaction rate. Since the SN1 reaction involves formation of an unstable carbocation intermediate in the rate-determining step, anything that can help this will speed up the reaction. The normal solvents of choice are both polar (to stabilize ionic intermediates in general) and protic (to solvate the leaving group in particular). Typical polar protic solvents include water and alcohols, which will also act as nucleophiles.
Grignard reaction
The Grignard reaction (pronounced ) is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) attack electrophilic carbon atoms that are present within polar bonds (for example, in a carbonyl group as in the example shown below). Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles. The Grignard reaction produces a carbon–carbon bond. It alters hybridization about the reaction center. The Grignard reaction is an important tool in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. It also can form carbon–phosphorus, carbon–tin, carbon–silicon, carbon–boron and other carbon–heteroatom bonds.
SN1 reaction
Solvent effects
with m a reactant constant (m = 1 for tert-butyl chloride), For example 100% ethanol gives Y = −2.3, 50% ethanol in water Y = +1.65 and 15% concentration Y = +3.2.
Grignard reaction
It is a nucleophilic organometallic addition reaction. The high pKa value of the alkyl component (pKa = ~45) makes the reaction irreversible. Grignard reactions are not ionic. The Grignard reagent exists as an organometallic cluster (in ether).
The disadvantage of Grignard reagents is that they readily react with protic solvents (such as water), or with functional groups with acidic protons, such as alcohols and amines. Atmospheric humidity can alter the yield of making a Grignard reagent from magnesium turnings and an alkyl halide. One of many methods used to exclude water from the reaction atmosphere is to flame-dry the reaction vessel to evaporate all moisture, which is then sealed to prevent moisture from returning. Chemists then use ultrasound to activate the surface of the magnesium so that it consumes any water present. This can allow Grignard reagents to form with less sensitivity to water being present.
Another disadvantage of Grignard reagents is that they do not readily form carbon–carbon bonds by reacting with alkyl halides by an SN2 mechanism.
François Auguste Victor Grignard discovered Grignard reactions and reagents. They are named after this French chemist (University of Nancy, France) who was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
Reaction mechanism
The addition of the Grignard reagent to a carbonyl typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state.
However, with steric hindered Grignard reagents, the reaction may proceed by single-electron transfer.
Grignard reactions will not work if water is present; water causes the reagent to rapidly decompose. So, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF), because the oxygen in these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent. The reagent may also react with oxygen present in the atmosphere. This will insert an oxygen atom between the carbon base and the magnesium halide group. Usually, this side-reaction may be limited by the volatile solvent vapors displacing air above the reaction mixture. However, chemists may perform the reactions in nitrogen or argon atmospheres. In small scale reactions, the solvent vapours do not have enough space to protect the magnesium from oxygen.
Making a Grignard reagent
Grignard reagents are formed by the action of an alkyl or aryl halide on magnesium metal. The reaction is conducted by adding the organic halide to a suspension of magnesium in an ether, which provides ligands required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound. Typical solvents are diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Oxygen and protic solvents such as water or alcohols are not compatible with Grignard reagents. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfer.
Grignard reactions often start slowly. First, there is an induction period during which reactive magnesium becomes exposed to the organic reagents. After this induction period, the reactions can be highly exothermic. Alkyl and aryl bromides and iodides are common substrates. Chlorides are also used, but fluorides are generally unreactive, except with specially activated magnesium, such as Rieke magnesium.
Many Grignard reagents, such as methylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, and allylmagnesium bromide are available commercially in tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether solutions.
Maria Eugénia
Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer. She became known as the Radio Girl when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.
El Dorado
La Ciudad del Dorado (Spanish for "The City of the Golden One"), otherwise referred to as simply El Dorado ("The Golden One"), is a mythical city in South America. A story of the same name first referred to a deity El Dorado was called after named "El Hombre Dorado" ("The Golden Man"), "El Rey Dorado" ("The Golden King") or "El Dorado" for short. Later, it was used for a city, and in the end, for a whole country. When the Spanish came to South America, they were greedy and tried to find El Dorado.
Grignard reaction
Making a Grignard reagent
Using the Schlenk equilibrium, Grignard reagents form varying amounts of diorganomagnesium compounds (R = organic group, X = halide):
El Dorado
Legend
According to the legend, the new king had to sacrifice things to the sun god. This happened at Lake Guatavita, a small lake near modern-day Bogotá. At night, fires were lit, and the naked torsos of the noblemen were covered in a paste made of gold dust. With the noblemen, the ruler used a raft to navigate to the middle of the lake. There, they sacrificed the valuables, made of gold or precious stones. The king then jumped into the lake, and the gold paste, as well as the other sacrifices went to the bottom of the lake.
Allan Funk
Allan Eric Funk (born July 7, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently competes in Lucha Libre USA where he competes under the ring name Chi Chi.
Grignard reaction
Initiation
Many methods have been developed to initiate Grignard reactions that are slow to start. These methods weaken the layer of MgO that covers the magnesium. They expose the magnesium to the organic halide to start the reaction that makes the Grignard reagent.
Mechanical methods include crushing of the Mg pieces in situ, rapid stirring, or using ultrasound (sonication) of the suspension. Iodine, methyl iodide, and 1,2-dibromoethane are commonly employed activating agents. Chemists use 1,2-dibromoethane because its action can be monitored by the observation of bubbles of ethylene. Also, the side-products are innocuous: The amount of Mg consumed by these activating agents is usually insignificant.
Louis Stokes
Louis Stokes (February 23, 1925 – August 18, 2015) was an American attorney and politician. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He served 15 terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 through 1999. He was the first black congressman elected in the state of Ohio.
Grignard reaction
Initiation
The addition of a small amount of mercuric chloride will amalgamate the surface of the metal, allowing it to react.
Reactions with carbonyl compounds
Grignard reagents will react with a variety of carbonyl derivatives.
The most common application is for alkylation of aldehydes and ketones, as in this example:
Such reactions usually involve a water-based (aqueous) acidic workup, though this is rarely shown in reaction schemes. In cases where the Grignard reagent is adding to a prochiral aldehyde or ketone, the Felkin-Anh model or Cram's Rule can usually predict which stereoisomer will form.
Reactions with other electrophiles
In addition, Grignard reagents will react with electrophiles.
Another example is making salicylaldehyde (not shown above). First, bromoethane reacts with Mg in ether. Second, phenol in THF converts the phenol into Ar-OMgBr. Third, benzene is added in the presence of paraformaldehyde powder and triethylamine. Fourth, the mixture is distilled to remove the solvents. Next, 10% HCl is added. Salicylaldehyde will be the major product as long as everything is very dry and under inert conditions. The reaction works also with iodoethane instead of bromoethane.
Formation of bonds to B, Si, P, Sn
The Grignard reagent is very useful for forming carbon–heteroatom bonds.
Carbon–carbon coupling reactions
A Grignard reagent can also be involved in coupling reactions. For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III), often symbolized as Fe(acac)3, after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester, shown as follows. Without the Fe(acac)3, the Grignard reagent would attack the ester group over the aryl halide.
For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignards, nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is also a good catalyst. Additionally, an effective catalyst for the couplings of alkyl halides is dilithium tetrachlorocuprate (Li2CuCl4), prepared by mixing lithium chloride (LiCl) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) in THF. The Kumada-Corriu coupling gives access to [substituted] styrenes.
Oxidation
The oxidation of a Grignard reagent with oxygen takes place through a radical intermediate to a magnesium hydroperoxide. Hydrolysis of this complex yields hydroperoxides and reduction with an additional equivalent of Grignard reagent gives an alcohol.
A reaction of Grignards with oxygen in presence of an alkene makes an ethylene extended alcohol. These are useful in synthesizing larger compounds. This modification requires aryl or vinyl Grignard reagents. Adding just the Grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction, showing that the presence of oxygen is essential. The only drawback is the requirement of at least two equivalents of Grignard reagent in the reaction. This can addressed by using a dual Grignard system with a cheap reducing Grignard reagent such as n-butylmagnesium bromide.
Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution
Grignard reagents are nucleophiles in nucleophilic aliphatic substitutions for instance with alkyl halides in a key step in industrial Naproxen production:
Elimination
In the Boord olefin synthesis, the addition of magnesium to certain β-haloethers results in an elimination reaction to the alkene. This reaction can limit the utility of Grignard reactions.
Grignard degradation
Grignard degradation at one time was a tool in structure identification (elucidation) in which a Grignard RMgBr formed from a heteroaryl bromide HetBr reacts with water to Het-H (bromine replaced by a hydrogen atom) and MgBrOH. This hydrolysis method allows the determination of the number of halogen atoms in an organic compound. In modern usage, Grignard degradation is used in the chemical analysis of certain triacylglycerols.
Industrial use
An example of the Grignard reaction is a key step in the industrial production of Tamoxifen. (Tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer in women.):
Ghunghat (movie)
Ghoongat (also spelled Ghunghat) (گھونگٹ) is an Urdu movie released in the summer of 1996. It starred Mohsin Khan, Andaleeb, Shaan, Resham and Arbaaz Khan. The movie marked Shaan's comeback into the Lahore industry and won the actor many plaudits for his performance as the villain. Ghoongat was directed by Syed Noor and produced by Shezad Rafique.
Étienne de Gerlache
Étienne Constantin, Baron de Gerlache (26 December 1785 – 10 February 1871) was a Belgian politician. He was born in Luxembourg, and died in Paris. Gerlache studied law. When Napoleon was emperor, Gerlache was part of the Supreme Court in Paris. When Belgium and the Netherlands joined, he was part of a court in Liège. During this time, he wrote several articles about law subjects. In 1826, he became a member of the States General of the Netherlands. During that time he became known for his eloquence as the leader of the Catholic opposition. In 1831, he became the first Prime Minister of Belgium. Because he was a catholic, and all the other members of the government were liberals, this led to many conflicts. In the end, he resigned his post as Prime Minister. In 1832, he was elected head of the Supreme Court of Belgium. In church matters, he was an ultramontanist.
Anaconda Plan
The Anaconda Plan was used during the American Civil War to "squeeze" the life out of the South. It was proposed by General Winfield Scott. The plan called for the blockade of the Southern ports. Then an advance down the Mississippi River was to cut the South in two. Like the coils of an anaconda snake suffocating its victim, the south would be squeezed until it returned to the Union. The plan was approved by President Lincoln. Northern Generals, newspapers and the public made fun of the plan. After a year of bloody fighting it was finally put into operation.
Tincture of iodine
Tincture of iodine is a disinfectant. It has iodine and potassium iodide dissolved in ethanol and water. Normally, iodine does not dissolve in water. But when potassium iodide is added, the iodine can dissolve. Also, ethanol helps iodine dissolve. Tincture of iodine has about equal amounts of iodide and iodine. It is not suitable for consumption. There are two types Tincture''': for every 100 mL, it has 6.8 to 7.5 grams of iodine, 4.7 to 5.5 grams of potassium iodide, and 50 mL ethanol. The rest is water.
It can be used as a skin disinfectant and as a water disinfectant. It is used to disinfect minor cuts, burn and scratches. Because it has iodine in it, it is toxic in large amounts. Lugol's iodine is an alcohol-free version. It is commonly used in experiments in middle school science labs. It is an alcoholic solution of iodine.
Chauchat
The Chauchat ("Show-sha", French pronunciation: [ʃoʃa]) is a gun. It was the standard light machine gun or "machine rifle" of the French Army during World War I (1914–18). Its official designation was "Fusil Mitrailleur Modele 1915 CSRG" ("Machine Rifle Model 1915 CSRG"). Beginning in June 1916, it was placed into regular service with French infantry, where the troops called it the FM Chauchat, after Colonel Louis Chauchat, the main contributor to its design. The Chauchat in 8 mm Lebel was also extensively used in 1917–18 by the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.), where it was officially designated as the "Automatic Rifle, Model 1915 (Chauchat)". A total of 262,000 Chauchats were manufactured between December 1915 and November 1918, including 244,000 chambered for the 8mm Lebel service cartridge, making it the most widely manufactured automatic weapon of World War I. The armies of eight other nations—Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Serbia—also used the Chauchat machine rifle in fairly large numbers during and after World War I.
Yi Jun-yong
Yi Jun-yong (or Lee Junyong, 이준용, hanja: 李埈鎔, June 25 1870 – March 22, 1918) was a Korean politician. He was a member of the Joseon Dynasty royal family. He was the grandson of Heungseon Daewangun, and elder nephew of Emperor Gojong of the Korean empire. He was rival of his uncle Kojong 1874 to 1907. His title was 'Prince Yeongseon' (영선군, 永宣君).
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (DNHDD) is a union territory in western India. The population of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu is 585,764 (2011 census), and the union territory covers an area of 603 sq km. It was created through the merger of the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. The Government of India announced plans to merge the territories in July 2019. The necessary law was passed in the Parliament of India in December 2019, and the territories merged on 26 January 2020.
The territory is made up of four separate geographical areas: Dadra, Nagar Haveli, Daman and the island of Diu. The capital is the city of Daman.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli was occupied by the Portuguese in June, 1783. Residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli got themselves liberated from Portuguese rule on August 2, 1954. From, 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered by a citizen’s council called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, it was merged with the Republic of India and made a Union Territory.
Tetris DS
Tetris DS is a 2006 puzzle game that was developed and published by Nintendo and was distributed by Nintendo. It was released on March 20, 2006 in North America, April 13, 2006 in Australasia, April 21, 2006 in Europe, April 27, 2006 in Japan and July 7, 2007 in South Korea. The game has Nintendo themed levels: Balloon Fight, Super Mario Bros., Metroid, The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi's Cookie and the game received mostly positive reviews, selling over 2.05 million copies worldwide.
Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center metro station
Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center is a metro station in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a terminal station on the Wenhu Line and the Bannan Line. The station code of the Wenhu Line station is BR24 and the station code of the Circular Line station is BL23.
Wenhu line
The platforms of the Wenhu Line are above ground level. Platform 1 is not in service, because Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center is the terminal station. Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.
Bannan line
The platforms of the Bannan Line are located underground. Both Platforms 1 and 2 are for Dingpu or Far Eastern Hospital.
Sargam (1995 movie)
Sargam is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie starring the singer Adnan Sami Khan and his former wife Zeba Bakhtiar. The movie was Khan's first and last movie. He composed some songs with Indian singer Asha Bhonsle. He created 10 songs for this movie. This is more songs than any other Pakistani movie. Most of the songs were very popular. A classical musician, Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak appeared as an actor in this movie. The song "Woh Mujhey" was sung by the popular Pakistani pop singer Hadiqa Kiyani. It was an instant hit for her and increased her popularity.
Chor Machaye Shor (1996 movie)
Chor Machaye Shor (چور مچائے شور) is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie stars Babar Ali, Resham and Sahiba. The movie was released in 1996. It is a remake of Punjabi movie Sohra te Jawai
World music
In Western countries it may describe a set of (music) market products collected from traditional music or folk music which were found in different parts of the world. In sampled world music collections the music is sung or played by people who traditionally live in the area. World music can be anything from a short song to a long Indian raga. Hindi music is a very popular genre in the category of world music - made even more famous by Bollywood movies.
World music artists can provide accompaniment, feature, background, or lead. World music groups have traveled the world. World music mixing and jamming is a popular activity among musicians. Some genres of world music have become known in a music category of their own. For example, reggae has achieved near to world-wide recognition.
Some music contests would considered to be world music in foreign audiences. Eurovision has grown in world popularity since it's beginnings.
Some songs are sung for international use. Each FIFA World Cup has a song. K'Naan sung a popular song called "Wave your flag" for the tourney in South Africa. These attributed songs have a 'world music' appeal.
Wylie Gibbs
Wylie Talbot Gibbs (born 26 July 1922) is an Australian politician and surgeon. He is a member of the Liberal Party. He served as a member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Bowman from 1963 to 1969.
Torsten Wiesel
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) is a Swedish neuroscientist.
He and David Hubel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries of information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
After serving as president of the Rockefeller University, he is now director of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior at the same institution. He is also an advisor to several countries and organizations, mainly helping young scientists do research. He is a member of the President's Council of University of the People.
Torsten was married to American editor Jean Stein from 1995 until they divorced in 2007.
Throat lozenge
A throat lozenge (it is commonly called a cough drop) is a small pill that slowly breaks in a person's mouth. It breaks because it touches the spit in their mouth and dissolves. When it dissolves, medication inside the lozenge will go inside their body. The medication is sometimes for pain relief, stopping coughs, making your mouth more wet, stopping painful throats, or for other things. They were made for the first time in 1000 BC by Egypt's 20th Dynasty as candies that stop painful throats. They commonly use the drugs benzocaine, menthol, or the plant oil from eucalyptus trees. They sometimes use dextromethorphan to stop coughs and in the 1800s they used morphine and heroin for the same reason.
Sana Konung
The Sana Konung (ꯁꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ) is the Royal Palace of the rulers of Manipur, from the annexation of the Kangla by the British Forces in the Modern Manipur to the present day. In recent years, the ruling titular monarch of Manipur is facing struggles against the "Government of Manipur" regarding the conversion of the historical building from the Royal residence into a public museum.
Siamosaurus
Siamosaurus (meaning 'Siamese lizard') is a carnivorous theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand. It is only known from fossil teeth, so paleontologists don't know much about its size, but it might have reached a length of 9.1 meters (30 ft). The teeth that were discovered looked a lot like those of Spinosaurus, so it probably ate fish.
A study made in 2010 by Roman Amiot and his colleagues compared the teeth of spinosaurids like Baryonyx, Irritator, Siamosaurus, and Spinosaurus to other meat-eating dinosaurs. They found that spinosaurids had very semiaquatic (living partly in water, and partly on land) lifestyles. This means they lived in habitats like those of hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and turtles. It also means they could exist at the same time and place as other large predators without competing for food.
Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 video game)
Microsoft Flight Simulator is an amateur flight simulator created by Asobo Studio and published by Xbox Game Studios. It is part of the Microsoft Flight Simulator series.
Reception
According to review aggregator Metacritic, the simulator received "universal acclaim".
Gary Bender
Gary Nedrow Bender (born September 1, 1940, Ulysses, Kansas ) is a retired American sportscaster. Bender has worked for CBS, ABC and TNT. While working at CBS, he covered 27 different sports. His play-by-play jobs include:
Jack Ma
Ma Yun (, ; born 10 September 1964), known professionally as Jack Ma, is a Chinese business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group. As of April 2021, with a net worth of $51.5 billion, Ma is the third-richest person in China.
Ma retired from Alibaba on 10 September 2018 and focused on educational charity work.
Dina Carroll
Geraldine Carroll (born 21 August 1968, Newmarket, England), best known as Dina Carroll, is a British singer. She is of Scottish and African American heritage. Carroll had a number of hit songs during the 1990s. She had two platinum albums.
Early career
Carroll started singing at age of five, mainly at home with her sister. She did not have any formal training as a singer. In 1981, at the age of 13, she won a local talent competition. She sang Barbra Streisand's "Woman in Love". After leaving school, she worked in various jobs. This includes a one-day job as a maid in a Cambridge hotel in 1985.
At the age of 16, she was signed to the London record label "StreetSounds". Carroll moved to West London and recorded two singles, "Set It Off" and "One Nation". Both were released in the mid-1980s. They were credited to a non-existent group, Masquerade. After six months she left StreetSounds.
Her first album has sold more than 350,000 copies.
Hera Hilmar
Hera Hilmar (born 27 December 1988) is an Icelandic movie and television actress.
David Dunbar Buick
David Dunbar Buick (September 17, 1854 – March 5, 1929), was a Scottish-born inventor of American nationality, known for having founded Buick in 1899 and being its president until 1906.
Hera Hilmar
Personal life
Hilmar is the daughter of the film director Hilmar Oddsson and the actress Thorey Sigthorsdottir (Þórey Sigþórsdóttir). Her grandfather was the playwright and theater director Oddur Björnsson.
David Dunbar Buick
He previously he had created the first nameplates of American History.
Hera Hilmar
Personal life
She graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2011.
Career
Hilmar was nominated for an Edda as Actress of the Year in a leading role in 2007 for her role in The Quiet Storm. Later she won the same award, twice, first in 2015 for her role as Eik in Life in a Fishbowl, and then in 2017 for her role as Anna in The Oath. She was also chosen as one of Europe's Shooting Stars at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2015, as well as winning a ‘special mention’ at the Zurich Film Festival for her role in Life in a Fishbowl.
She played Lillie Rowe, a 20-year-old nurse from a prominent Philadelphia family, in a period drama film The Ottoman Lieutenant.
In February 2017, Hilmar was cast in the lead role of Hester Shaw in Peter Jackson’s film, based on the novel of the same name by Philip Reeve, Mortal Engines. Writer Philippa Boyens described Hilmar's audition via Skype was "flawless". She recounted the challenges. That film, as of 2021, is currently her last international film role before the coronavirus pandemic.
Fällanden
Fällanden is a municipality in the district of Uster in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.