cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Guns, Germs and Steel
Introduction
In the introduction, Diamond writes about the time he met Yali, a man from New Guinea, in 1972. Yali asked "Why is it that you white people [made] so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?" By "cargo", Yali meant inventions and objects that are made in a factory. Diamond thought about this question for years, which led to him writing the book.
Diamond says that sometimes, one society has been far better at fighting wars and using inventions than another. This has led to times when one society found it very easy to conquer another. One example is when the Spanish conquered the Inca Empire in the 1530s. The Spanish won because they had far better weapons, and they also had horses. This is why thousands of Incas died fighting against 168 Spaniards at the Battle of Cajamarca. Another important reason why the Spanish won was diseases. The Spanish did not know that they had brought diseases to South America that killed many people. This also weakened the Inca Empire. The Spanish conquered the Inca Empire with their "guns, germs and steel", and other things.
Diamond starts by talking about how modern humans (homo sapiens) spread out of Africa and around the world. Diamond believes that it is unlikely that some modern humans could be born more intelligent than others, because if a more intelligent type of human appeared, they would spread around the world very quickly.
How farming began
At first, humans lived in hunter-gatherer societies. This means that they lived by hunting animals and picking up foods from plants. The journey towards modern inventions began about 9,000 years ago when humans first learned to grow crops. In order to start farming these crops, humans first had to domesticate the crops, meaning that they had to change them so that they were better for farming. They did this by using selective breeding. This means that they planted the seeds from the best plants, to make sure that better plants appeared the next year. Diamond talks about why this happened to some plants and not others. For example, most trees are not useful for farming because they take a very long time to grow. The most useful plants were plants that took only a year to grow.
The Fertile Crescent (an area now mostly in Iraq, Syria and Turkey) was the first place where humans learned to farm. China and New Guinea were also early places where humans learned to farm. Later, farming also began in other regions. However, some regions had more useful crops than others. Crops were more useful if they had more nutritious, meaning they had things like proteins that humans need from their food. They were also more useful if they were easier to grow and were less likely to fail in bad weather. This is why crops from the Fertile Crescent and China spread a long way, while those from New Guinea did not spread far from the island.
Farming was a big change. In a farming society, more people could live in the same area (population density) than a hunter-gatherer society. This is why they could easily take over the lands of hunter-gatherers, if their crops could grow there. Diamond notes that it was usually easier for crops to spread east or west than north or south, because crops could only grow in a similar climate. Humans from farming societies spread to regions where their crops could grow, such as from the Fertile Crescent to Europe, North Africa and South Asia and from China to the rest of East Asia. Eurasia (Europe and Asia) became home to far more farming societies than the rest of the world, and they had better crops. Meanwhile, these crops could not spread from North Africa into the middle of Africa, and therefore they did not spread to South Africa (where the crops could grow). Meanwhile, until Europeans discovered the Americas, crops from Central America did not spread to South America, and crops from South America did not spread to Central America.
Humans also domesticated animals. As with plants, only some animals were good for this. For example, animals that lived in herds were easier to control than animals that lived alone. Mostly for similar reasons, Eurasia had more farm animals than the other parts of the world. Only two large animals were domesticated outside of Eurasia: llamas and alpacas in South America. Living with animals caused humans to catch more diseases. These spread through Eurasia and Africa. This is why many Native Americans died of diseases after European people travelled to the Americas, but the Europeans did not catch diseases from the Native Americans. On the other hand, in tropical areas, diseases like malaria stopped Europeans from moving into those areas until the late 19th century.
Farming by region
Diamond writes about what each region was like before European explorers started travelling around the world:
Inventions
Diamond believes that farming was important because humans had to start farming before they could invent things like cities, metal, the wheel and writing. Farming led to humans living in larger groups, so they had to form more complicated societies. They began to live in countries rather than tribes. In a farming society, not everyone may work on a farm. Some people can do other jobs, like rulers, writers and inventors, because there is so much food. The societies with the best farming were the ones that were more likely to have inventors. This is different to a hunter-gatherer society, where everyone must help find food.
Later in the book, Diamond talks about why European countries developed more inventions than the rest of Eurasia. Because of this, some European countries were the first places to be changed by the Industrial Revolution and they also formed empires that ruled over distant lands (known as colonialism). Until the 15th century, China actually had more inventions than Europe. Diamond suggests that this changed because many European countries were in competition with each other. European countries had to keep changing and using new inventions, to avoid being conquered by other countries. Meanwhile, China was ruled as one empire that did not have to worry about this. Diamond also believes that geography affected this pattern. Geography made it hard for Europe to unite into large countries, but made it easy for China.
Wakinosaurus
Wakinosaurus (meaning "Wakino lizard") is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur. It is named from the find of a single tooth.‭ ‬The genus is dubious (doubtful) because it is almost impossible to assign further fossil material to it.
The find was made in Lower Cretaceous deposits in Fukuoka, Japan in 1990 by Masahiro Sato. The triangular-shaped tooth has fine serrations on its cutting edge, which is standard for a theropod dinosaur.
Tocowa, Mississippi
Tocowa is a Ghost town located just outside Batesville in Panola County, Mississippi, United States.
Temuera Morrison
Temuera Derek Morrison (born 26 December 1960) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for his role as Dr. Hone Ropata on the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street. He later starred as Jake "The Muss" Heke in the 1994 movie Once Were Warriors and its 1999 sequel What Becomes of the Broken Hearted?.
Morrison became known internationally after playing bounty hunter Jango Fett in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Commander Cody in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). He also played Boba Fett in the post-2004 reprints of The Empire Strikes Back and in The Mandalorian.
Recently, he became known for voicing Chief Tui in Disney's Moana (2016) and for playing Aquaman's father Thomas Curry in the DC Extended Universe in Aquaman (2018), The Flash and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (both 2023).
Salles-Mongiscard
Salles-Mongiscard is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Stowaway (1936 movie)
Stowaway is a 1936 American musical movie directed by William A. Seiter and starring Shirley Temple, Robert Young, Alice Faye, Helen Westley, Allan Lane, Astrid Allwyn, Eugene Pallette, Philip Ahn. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Voiced palatal click
The voiced palatal click is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Sallespisse
Sallespisse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Farmway LRT Station
Farmway LRT Station is a light rail transit station in Sengkang, Singapore. It opened on November 15 2007. It is part of the Sengkang LRT Line.
Name
Its name was from the old roads near the station.
Other websites
SBS Transit Website
Lenticel
A lenticel is porous tissue in the bark of trees. Its cells make large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the bark. They are found in the woody stems and roots of dicotyledonous flowering plants.
Lenticels are also found in other woody plants, starting in the Carboniferous period. The development and increase in these primitive lenticels gave a system for aeration and gas exchange in these plants.
Lenticels work as pores for the direct exchange of gases. Otherwise the bark is impermeable to gases. The name 'lenticel' comes from its lenticular (lens-like) shape. The shape of lenticels is one of the characteristics used for tree identification.
Jalal Dabagh
Jalal Dabagh has continuously taken part in the Kurdish guerrilla movement, called the peshmerga, and has written and translated many books; among other the Kurdish translation of The Communist Manifesto.
Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)
"Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)" is a 1972 song by Northern Irish singer Van Morrison and is the leading single from his sixth studio album Saint Dominic's Preview. It went to number 61 in the United States and number 65 in Canada. It pays tribute to singer Jackie Wilson. It was covered by Dexys Midnight Runners in 1982 for their second studio album Too-Rye-Ay and made number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 7 in Ireland, number 3 in Israel and number 67 in Australia.
The Story of Louis Pasteur
The Story of Louis Pasteur is a 1936 American biographical drama movie directed by William Dieterle and starring Paul Muni, Josephine Hutchinson, Anita Louise, Donald Woods, Fritz Leiber, Henry O'Neill, Porter Hall. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and was nominated for 4 Oscars and won 3 Academy Awards in 1937.
Lien
A lien ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The owner of the property is called the lienee. The creditor or person holding the lien is called the lienor or lien holder.
In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged. In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely possessory form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released.
Stock
In financial markets, stock is the partial ownership of a company. Shareholders bear the financial (but not legal) risk of the corporation, and receive dividends, which are a piece of the net income.
A person or organization which holds shares of stocks is called a shareholder. The value of the stock multiplied by the shares outstanding is the market capitalization. This is the most common metric for valuing a publicly traded company.
Stocks can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges. Someone who buys and sells stock on the behalf of another individual is called a stockbroker.
In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term share is used the same way as stock is described in the United States.
Nürburgring
The Nürburgring, known as simply "the Ring" by enthusiasts, is the name of a famous motorsport race track in Nürburg, Germany, built in the 1920s around the village and medieval castle of Nürburg in the Eifel, which is about 70 kilometres south of Cologne, 100 kilometres northwest of Mainz, and 120 kilometres northwest of Frankfurt. Originally, the track featured four track configurations: the 28.265 km long Gesamtstrecke ("Whole Course"), which included the 22.810 km Nordschleife ("Northern Loop"), and the 7.747 km Südschleife ("Southern Loop"). There also was a 2.281 km warm-up loop called Zielschleife ("Finish Loop") or better known as Betonschleife, around the pit area.
Between 1982 and 1983 the start-finish area was demolished to create a new GP-Strecke, and this is currently used for all major and international racing events.
Brooklyn Nets
The Brooklyn Nets are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the New York City community of Brooklyn. They play their home games in the, Barclays Center.
Alvaschein
Alvaschein (Alvaschagn) is a former municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Alvaschein, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls, Mon, Stierva, Surava and Tiefencastel merged into the new municipality of Albula/Alvra.
Brooklyn Nets
Individual awards
NBA Rookie of the Year
NBA Executive of the Year
NBA Sportsmanship Award
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award
All-NBA Second Team
All-NBA Third Team
NBA All-Defensive First Team
NBA All-Defensive Second Team
NBA All-Rookie Team
NBA All-Rookie Team|NBA Rookie Second Team
David Huddleston
David William Huddleston (September 17, 1930 – August 2, 2016) was an American actor. An Emmy Award nominee, Huddleston had a prolific television career, and appeared in many movies including Blazing Saddles, Crime Busters, Santa Claus: The Movie and The Big Lebowski.
On August 2, 2016, Huddleston died of heart and kidney disease in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 85.
Jill Johnson
Jill Johnson (born 24 May 1973, Ängelholm, Sweden) is a country singer from Sweden. She participated for Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 with the song "Kärleken är", finishing 10th. She had a major hit in Sweden in 2003 with the Melodifestivalen song "Crazy in Love".
Several of her albums have chartered at Sverigetopplistan.
Case law
Case law in a legal system are those laws based on previous judicial decisions. This is opposed to decisions based on existing statutes or regulations. In countries using common law, it is generally uncodified meaning there are no collections of legal rules, and laws to rely on. Instead they rely on legal precedent. Precedents are previous legal cases that are used as examples for deciding the present case. They are also binding on lower courts where the facts and issues are similar. In countries that use civil law, their laws are codified, and there is much less reliance on case law.
Common law
Judges make judicial decisions based on precedent, and their own understanding when there are few or no precedents. This is "judge-made law" as compared to statuary law, which is made by legislatures, and governments. In the United States the courts can rule statutes, and regulations unconstitutional if they go beyond the authority given by the constitution. In the United Kingdom judge-made law, or common law cannot rule against statutes made by an act of Parliament. The judiciary, and legislative branches are not coequal. Judges, however, have traditionally used one of three ways of interpreting statutes:
St. Michaels, Arizona
St. Michaels is a chapter of the Navajo Nation and a census-designated place (CDP) in Apache County, Arizona, United States.
The population was 1,443 at the 2010 census.
Poly (footballer)
Policarpo Ribeiro de Oliveira is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup finals.
Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly and Company is an American global medication company. Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana. The products of the company are sold in about 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876. It was named after Colonel Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical chemist and American Civil War veteran.
Public administration
Public administration has two meanings. First it means putting into action government policy. Second, academics study this, and prepare civil servants for working in the public service (the non-political part of the government).
Public administration helps improve management and improve policies so that government can work better. Public administrators manage public programs, translate politics into the programs and services that citizens use every day. In universities, professors of public administration study government decision making, analyze policies, and think about how to improve policies and programs.
Other websites
Canada
Hong Kong SAR, China
Europe
Voiced alveolar lateral click
The voiced alveolar lateral click is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly's most important products before World War II included diabetic insulin. One of the brand names they used for the insulin was Iletin. In 2002, Eli Lilly made more products for people with diabetes than any other company.
Public administration
Other websites
Holland
Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly is the largest manufacturer and distributor of medications used for mental health issues. They make medications for bipolar disorder, clinical depression, generalized anxiety and others. One drug in this class is Amytal. It is used mainly to help with sleep and anxiety.
Public administration
Other websites
India
Philippines
Sames, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Sames, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Public administration
Other websites
Poland
Turkey
United States
Dora Cadavid
Dora Cadavid (23 November 1937 – 31 January 2022) was a Colombian actress and singer. She appeared in many telenovelas. She was known for her roles in Yo soy Betty, la fea, La Teacher de Inglés and Café con aroma de mujer. Cadavid was born in Medellín, Colombia. Her career began in 1967.
Cadavid died on 31 January 2022 in Bogotá, Colombia from respiratory failure, aged 84.
Survival mode
Survival mode is a video game mode. In this mode a player must continue playing for as long as possible without dying. It must be done in one session with no interruptions. This is while the game becomes more difficult by adding waves of challenges.
Human rights in Togo
Togo's constitution and laws forbid discrimination "based on race, gender, religion, disability, language, or social status". Although these prohibitions are not enforced enough.
Togo's constitution and laws guarantee freedom of speech and of the press, but there are considerable restrictions on those rights. Many journalists are being fined or sued for defamation. Some are engaging in self-censorship to avoid lawsuits or violent reprisals.
Nasal palatal click
The palatal nasal click is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Interstate 22
Interstate 22 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. It goes from Memphis, Tennessee, east to Birmingham, Alabama, on U.S. Route 78.
Stock (disambiguation)
A stock is a share of ownership in a company. See stock.
Supply and inventory
Stock in general refers to the equipment, materials, or supplies of an establishment or a store or supply accumulated or available, as in:
Original
Stock may also mean the original (as a person, race, or language) from which others derive, as in:
Names
Stock or stocks is also the name of:
Other usages
Other meanings and usages of the word stock include:
Nasal alveolar lateral click
The alveolar lateral nasal click is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Sixpence (British coin)
The sixpence (6d; ), sometimes known as a tanner or half-shilling was a British coin. It was worth 6 pennies or 2 1⁄2 new pence. It has not been produced since 1970. The coin was first minted in silver during the reign of Edward VI of England. From 1947 it was made from cupronickel. Following decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the coin remained in circulation with a value of 2½ new pence. It was taken out of circulation in 1980.
Pierre Bellon
Pierre Bellon (24 January 1930 – 31 January 2022) was a French billionaire businessman. He was the founder of Sodexo, a food management company.
Bellon died on 31 January 2022 in Paris, one week after his 92nd birthday.
Cheung Chau
Cheung Chau is an island of Hong Kong. It is a famous scenic spot of Hong Kong. Each year, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival is held there.
Cheung Chau is located between Lamma Island and Lantau Island.
Samsons-Lion
Samsons-Lion is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Preguinho
João Coelho Neto, known more commonly as Preguinho (8 February 1905 – 1 October 1979) is a former Brazilian football player. He was the first Brazilian player to score a goal at FIFA World Cup playing for Brazil national team.
Paris Métro
The Paris Métro or Métropolitain (Métro de Paris) is a rapid transit system in Paris, France. The network is mostly underground. It has 19 lines, which together are 225.1 km (139.9 mi) long. There are 304 stations. 17 of these lines are owned by RATP, the state-owned public transport operator in Île-de-France, and 2 by Paris Airport.
The Paris Métro is a symbol of the city. Notable is its Art Nouveau architecture at the older entrances. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow. It carries 4.16 million passengers a day, and an annual total of 1.52 billion (2015).
The first line opened on 19 July 1900, during the 1900 World's Fair (Exposition Universelle). The system expanded quickly and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and in particular the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, Downtown Paris and its urban area are served by a number of other transit systems.
Voiced uvular lateral approximant
The voiced uvular lateral approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Seal of Missouri
The Great Seal of the State of Missouri is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Missouri. It was officially adopted on January 11, 1822. The center of the seal has two bears with the motto: "United we stand, divided we fall". The outer circle has the words "The Great Seal of the State of Missouri".
The year 1820 is shown in Roman numerals. Missouri, however, did not become a state until August 1821.
Electoral district of Clarence
Clarence is an electoral district of New South Wales. It was created in 1859, abolished in 1920 and recreated in 1927.
It is generally considered a conservative electorate, having been held by the National Party as an electorate with one member for all but seven years. The current MP is Richie Williamson, who is from the National Party.
Ekakpamre
Ekakpamre is a village in Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, having boundaries with Ekrejegbe.
Voiced uvular tap or flap
The voiced uvular tap or flap is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Gijsbert Lekkerkerker
Gijsbert Lekkerkerker (13 February 1947 – 23 October 2022) was a Dutch organist.
At the age of 17, Lekkerkerker was appointed organist of the Maranathakerk in Woerden. He annually gave about 35 organ concerts in Europe, the United States, Canada and Israel. He was also a organ teacher. He was awarded the silver medal in Paris in 2003 by the French Arts-Sciences-Lettres for his interpretations of organ works by César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant and Charles-Marie Widor. In 2014 he received this medal for the second time, now in silver with gold.
Lekkerkerker died in Harmelen on 23 October 2022, aged 75.
Junction, Utah
Junction is a town in and the county seat of Piute County, Utah, United States. As of the 2020 census, 212 people live in Junction.
Eddie Su'a
Eddie Su'a (born 13 January 1983) is an Australian former rugby league player. He played for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL in 2007. He played as a prop.
Andeer
Andeer is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Clugin and Pignia merged into the municipality of Andeer.
Climate Pledge Arena
Climate Pledge Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Seattle, Washington. It is located north of downtown Seattle in Seattle Center, a multi-use development that opened for the 1962 World's Fair.
Skyscraper (2018 movie)
Skyscraper is an action movie. It has Dwayne Johnson acting as a FBI agent who has to rescue his family from a very tall skyscraper in Hong Kong, after it is set on fire. The film was written and directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber and was released in the United States on July 13, 2018.
Climate Pledge Arena
The arena, which opened with the World's Fair, reopened in October 2021 after a major rebuild that cost $1.15 billion. It is home to the Seattle Kraken, a National Hockey League (NHL) expansion team that began play in the 2021–22 season; the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA); the Seattle University Redhawks men's basketball team, and the Rat City Roller Derby league of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.
Rain on Me (Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande song)
"Rain on Me" is a song by American singers Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande. It was released on May 22, 2020, as the second single from Gaga’s sixth studio album, Chromatica. It was written by the singers with Rami Yacoub, Nija Charles, Alexander Ridha, and its producers, BloodPop, Tchami, and BURNS.
On June 1, 2020, it was announced that the song entered at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. The song became Gaga’s fifth number-one single in the US and Grande’s fourth. Grande became the first artist with four songs on the Hot 100 to enter at the top, passing Justin Bieber, Drake, and Mariah Carey, who had three each at the time. It became Gaga's second number-one entrance after "Born This Way" in 2011. The song is also the only female collaboration to enter at number one in the US.
Toshitaka Tsurumi
Toshitaka Tsurumi (born 22 December 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics
76||21||4||0||80||21 76||21||4||0||80||21
Sarpourenx
Sarpourenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Joost van der Westhuizen
Joost van der Westhuizen (20 February 1971 – 6 February 2017) was a South African former rugby union player. He played as a scrum-half for the national team. He played in the 1995 and 1999 Rugby World Cups.
On 12 May 2011, van der Westhuizen's publicist announced that he had a muscle-related neural disease. It was believed to be a form of motor neurone disease. Doctors at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States have since confirmed that he had motor neurone disease. They believed he had only a 20% chance of living for two to five years.
On 6 February 2017, van der Westhuizen died at a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa from complications of motor neurone disease, aged 45.
Heroes (TV series)
Heroes is an American television show on the network NBC in the US, BBC 2 in the UK and various other stations worldwide. It is about a group of people who have superpowers. It was shown from 2006-2010.
Voiceless uvular trill
The voiceless uvular trill is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
101st Airborne Division
The 101st Airborne Division is an infantry division in the United States Army. It was called an "airborne" division because, as a paratrooper unit, it used airplanes to go into battle. It is most famous its defense of Bastogne at the Battle of the Bulge. The division later fought in the Vietnam War, including the Battle of Hamburger Hill. It also fought in the Gulf War, War in Afghanistan, and War in Iraq.
History
The 101st Division was organized 2 November 1918 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. World War I ended 9 days later. The unit was disbanded on 11 December 1918.
The unit was made active again on 10 September 1921, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They were assigned to the United States Army Reserve. At this time the "Screaming Eagle" nickname became associated with the division. They assumed several traditions as a successor to the volunteer regiments of the American Civil War. In order to reorganize the 101st as an airborne division in the (regular) U.S. Army, the reserve division was disbanded on 15 August 1942.
World War II
The 101st Airborne Division was activated in the U.S. Army on 16 August 1942. This was at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. On 19 August 1942, its first commander, Major General William C. Lee, promised his new recruits that the 101st had "no history but had a rendezvous with destiny." On D-Day (6 June 1944) the 101st Airborne Division parachuted behind the enemy lines in back of Utah Beach. They cleared a path for the beach landings and captured several key objectives. The division took part in Operation Market Garden (17–25 September 1944). This was the largest airborne operation of all time.
Spiro Agnew
Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th vice president of the United States. He served under President Richard Nixon. He was also the 55th governor of the state of Maryland and the first Greek American governor and vice president in United States history.
He is most famous for his resignation in the fall of 1973 after he was under investigation for the crimes of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. In October he was charged for taking bribes of more than $100,000 during his vice presidential term.
Agnew is the only U.S. vice president in history to leave office because of criminal charges. Ten years later, in January 1983, he paid the state of Maryland almost $270,000 as a result of a civil suit that came from the bribery allegations. He was only the second vice president to resign the office (John C. Calhoun had been the first).
He wrote two memoirs later in his life. He defended his corrupt actions in both memoirs.
Early life
Spiro Agnew was born in Baltimore, in the state of Maryland. His father was Theodore Spiros Agnew, a Greek immigrant who shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos when he moved to the USA (which was between 1897 and 1902), who married Margaret Akers, a native of Virginia. He joined the US Army and served in both World War II and the Korean War.
Career
Agnew was chosen as Richard Nixon's running mate in 1968. Nixon wanted to do better in the Southern States. Agnew, a moderate, also could get Democrats to vote for him. He was chosen as vice presidential candidate at the convention over George Romney. Agnew supported "law and order" a policy of enforcing the law strictly. Agnew took a hard stand against the anti-war movement. His sometimes dirty attacks led him to be called Nixon's "hatchet man". However he did speak out against the Kent State Shooting, where national guard troops shot protestors to death in Ohio.
Agnew enjoyed the privileges of being vice president. He was well liked by Nixon supporters, and made it onto the Republican national ticket again in 1972. But in 1973, it became clear that Agnew had been very corrupt in his career as governor and was facing several felony charges. He cut a plea deal and narrowly got out of having to serve a long time in prison.
Resignation, disgrace, and death
He resigned in disgrace in October 1973, and never spoke to Richard Nixon again (Nixon would himself resign in 1974 over a similar scandal). Agnew became a disgraced figure and never was very much involved in politics after that. His portrait was taken down in the Maryland Governor's Mansion and his bust was not put up as a former vice president. When both were put on display, many criticized the decision to display them. He died in 1996 of leukemia. He was not given a state funeral of any kind and had a small funeral service. He was buried at a cemetery in Maryland.
Electoral history
Baltimore County Executive, 1962
Governor of Maryland, 1966
1968 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)
1972 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)
United States presidential election, 1972
Death
Agnew died of leukemia in Berlin, Maryland.
Bupropion
Bupropion, also sold as Wellbutrin or Zyban, is an antidepressant. It is also used to help people quit smoking. Bupropion is different from other antidepressants because it does not often cause weight gain or sleepiness. However, it has a higher chance of causing seizures than other antidepressants.
Common side effects of bupropion are having a dry mouth, nausea, lack of sleep, a lot of sweating, anxiety and constipation (difficulty pooping). It can also increase blood pressure. Using bupropion while pregnant can give the baby congenital heart defects.
Bupropion was made by Nariman Mehta in 1969. It was first used in the United States in 1985. Bupropion was first called amfebutamone, but it was renamed in 2000. In 2020, it had more than 25 million prescriptions in the United States.
São Luiz Gonzaga
São Luiz Gonzaga (Portuguese for St. Aloysius Gonzaga) is a municipality of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 35,193 (2015 est.) in an area of 1295,68 km².
Suda
The Suda or Souda is a massive 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world. It is an encyclopedic dictionary, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word souda, meaning 'fortress' or 'stronghold'.
The Suda is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. It explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of its period. There is nothing especially important about this aspect of the work. It is the articles on literary history that are valuable. These entries supply details and quotations from authors whose works are otherwise lost.
Braniff International Airways
Braniff International Airways was an American airline. The company started in 1928. The first flight was between Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma on 20 June 1928. Called the Paul R. Braniff Inc. Airline, it set up service between Oklahoma City and Tulsa three days a week. During World War II it lost half it's fleet to government service. After the war, Braniff began flying to South America. It served Brazil, Argentina, Columbia and Peru. Braniff became the first all-jet airline in 1960. After the airline deregulation of 1978, Braniff found the air fare competition cut into profits. The recession had caused fewer passengers. Braniff found itself with too many air routes. With rising interest rates and fuel prices, the company debt became a major problem. Braniff declared bankruptcy in 1982. Its last flight was on May 12, 1982.
Suda
This lexicon represents a convenient work of reference for persons who played a part in political, ecclesiastical, and literary history in the East down to the tenth century. The chief source for this is the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912–959), and for Roman history the excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century).
The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors. The work is uncritical, and probably much added to, and the value of the articles is very unequal. Nevertheless, it contains much information on ancient history and life.
The Souda has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the Kitab al-Fehrest of Ibn al-Nadim.
Organization
The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations. The letters follow phonetically, in order of sound (of course in the pronunciation of the tenth century, which is similar to that of modern Greek). The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but in some modern editions the work is rearranged alphabetically.
Sare
Sare is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Seal of Iowa
The Great Seal of the State of Iowa is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Iowa. It was created in 1847, one year after Iowa became a state. The seal shows a soldier over fields of wheat surrounded by symbols important to Iowa's history. They include transportation, farms and mining.
The seal has the words "The Great Seal of the State of Iowa" around the outside.
Iowa became a state on December 28th, 1846. Before joining the Union, it was a territory. Iowa had a long history in civil rights. The territory was decades ahead of other territories and states. As part of its process in becoming a state, Iowa determined a motto that says this: 'Our Liberties We Prize and Our Rights We Will Maintain'.
Kirk Fordice
Daniel Kirkwood "Kirk" Fordice Jr. (February 10, 1934 – September 7, 2004), was an American politician and businessman. He was the 61st Governor of Mississippi from 1992 to 2000. He was the first Republican governor of the state since Reconstruction-era and the first governor elected to two consecutive four-year terms. Fordice was a staunch conservative.
Russinho (footballer, born 1902)
Moacyr Siqueira de Queiroz (18 December 1902 – death date unknown) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Saubole
Saubole is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Chinese calligraphy
Chinese calligraphy is calligraphy that is done in China. Chinese calligraphy is compared to painting, poetry, and music.
Jörg Schramme
Jörg Schramme is a sailor from Germany. Schramme competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics. He was born on 25 December 1951.
Chinese calligraphy
In China, calligraphy is called shūfǎ (書法/书法). It means "way/method/law of writing". It is called shodō (書道) in Japan. It means "way of writing" in Japanese. It is called seoye (서예; 書藝) in Korea. It means "skill of writing" in Korean.
Materials and tools
Four of the most important tools in Chinese calligraphy are called the Four Treasures of the Study. They are the ink brushes, the ink, the paper, and the inkstone. Many calligraphers also usually use water-droppers, paperweights.
Stroke order
Calligraphy usually follows a certain order when writing.
Back-released velar click
The back-released velar click is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Seal of Louisiana
The Great Seal of the State of Louisiana is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Louisiana. It was adopted in 1902.
The wording "State of Louisiana" is on the outer edge of the seal.
Heber City, Utah
Heber City is a city in and the county seat of Wasatch County, Utah, United States. As of the 2020 census, 16,856 people live in Heber City. This is up from 11,362 people at the 2010 census.
Seal of Arkansas
The state seal of Arkansas was adopted in 1864. It was changed to its present style on May 23, 1907. The inner seal contains an Angel of Mercy, Sword of Justice and Goddess of Liberty around a bald eagle.
The outer ring has the words "Great Seal of the State of Arkansas".
Keflavík International Airport
Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport (also called Keflavik Airport) is the largest and busiest airport in Iceland. It is the country's main hub for international flights. The airport is 50 km west of the Icelandic capital, Reykjavík. The airport has three runways. Most international flights to or from Iceland pass through this airport.
The main airlines at Keflavík are Icelandair and WOW Air. Both make the airport their main hub. The airport handles almost all international flights. Most domestic flights are flown from Reykjavík Airport. It is only 3 km from Reykjavík. Keflavík Airport is operated by Isavia, a government enterprise.
US Military
Until World War II Iceland had very little contact with the United States. Because of the strategic importance of Iceland to the war in Europe The US and Iceland signed a treaty in June 1941. The Americans built military bases on land provided by Iceland. Construction on the airport began on 2 July 1942. It was occupied by US troops on 24 March 1943 and named Meeks field. After the war the US wanted to keep their bases but the Icelandic government said no. Ownership of Keflavik airport was returned to Iceland while the American military turned over their facilities to an American company to run for them. When Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, they sided firmly with the Americans in the Cold War. In 1951 a new treaty was signed and the American military returned to Iceland. During the cold war the Icelandic bases were used for surveillance in the North Atlantic. In the 1990s, with the end of the cold war, the US scaled back its operations in Iceland. In 2006 it closed down its base at Keflavik.
Sarrance
Sarrance is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Keflavík International Airport
Keflavik
During the 1950s two airlines served Iceland. Loftleidir Icelandic flew between Luxembourg and New York stopping in Iceland. The other carrier was Flugfelag Islands. They flew to Europe from Reykjavik. Sometime after the start of the jet age both moved to Keflavik. The two companies later joined together as “Icelandair”. In April 1987, the airport got the "Leifur Eiriksson International Air Terminal". It was remodeled and extended in 2001. When the US military left in 2006, the government owned company ISAVIA took over control. The company operates all airports and navigational aids in Iceland.
Leifur Eiríksson terminal
According to an article in USA Today, Leifur Eiriksson Air Terminal was ranked second best in the world. According to Frommers.com "Iceland's cozy, little international airport looks like it arrived in a flat pack from Ikea". The airport has beautiful views of the rugged Islandic landscape. The Leifur Eiríksson Terminal is well lit, clean and easy to navigate for travelers. It is open 24 hours a day. The tax-free and duty-free shops are available both for arriving and departing passengers.
Dunkleosteus
Dunkleosteus was a prehistoric arthrodire. It was a primitive fish from the later Devonian period, about 360 million years ago. Dunkleosteus was a heavily armoured placoderm. Fossils have been found in Morocco, Africa, Poland, Belgium, China, and the USA.
String (music)
A string in music is a string made of steel, nylon, or gut which vibrates on string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, or violin. They are usually under tension to help them vibrate.
Dunkleosteus
Placodermi first appeared in the Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Devonian to the Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. The class lasted barely 50 million years, in comparison to the 400 million year long history of sharks.
Description
This top predator was up to 11.5 ft (3.5 m) long and had large, scissor-like cutting jaws with serrated, razor-sharp bones, but no teeth. Its skull was over 2 feet (65 cm) long. It had a jointed neck, an eel-like tail, a scale-less body, and hinged body shields.
Ivo Pitanguy
Ivo Hélcio Jardim de Campos Pitanguy (July 5, 1926 – August 6, 2016) was a Brazilian plastic surgeon. He was born in Belo Horizonte.
In 1953, he began working at a Brazilian hospital. On December 17, 1961, a burning circus tent fell on 2,500 spectators in the Brazilian city of Niterói. Pitanguy treated burn victims for weeks on an emergency basis. He later referred to the event as life changing, as it taught him that for many, physical appearance was critical to living.
Pitanguy died of a heart attack at his home in Rio de Janeiro on 6 August 2016, aged 90.
Norma Waterson
Norma Christine Waterson (15 August 1939 – 30 January 2022) was an English singer. She was best known as one of the original members of The Watersons. Other members of the group included her brother Mike Waterson and sister Lal Waterson. She later worked with her husband Martin Carthy. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
Waterson died on 30 January 2022 from pneumonia, at the age of 82.
Interstate 24
Interstate 24 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. It goes from Goreville, Illinois southeast to East Ridge, Tennessee. The route is 316.36 mi long.
Yohei Hamasaki
Yohei Hamasaki (born 6 July 1987) is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
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Voiceless bilabial trill
The voiceless bilabial trill is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Pedro Casaldáliga
Pedro Casaldáliga, born Pere Casaldàliga i Pla (16 February 1928 – 8 August 2020), was a Catalan-born Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church.
Casaldáliga was one of the best known experts of liberation theology. He was born in Balsareny, Catalonia.
Palatal lateral ejective affricate
The palatal lateral ejective affricate is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.
Saucède
Saucède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Saginaw Grant
Saginaw Morgan Grant (July 20, 1936 – July 27, 2021) was a Native American actor and dancer, best known for his roles in The Lone Ranger, The World's Fastest Indian, Community, and Breaking Bad. He was the Hereditary Chief of the Sac and Fox Nation. Grant was born in Pawnee, Oklahoma.
Noppenspitze
The Noppenspitze is a rocky mountain in the Allgäu Alps. It is 2,594 m high and made of Dolomite. It is in the central part of the Hornbach chain. The Noppenspitze was first climbed on 16 August 1890 by Antony Spiehler and his guide, Johann Schiffer. The Noppenspitze is not climbed very much. According to the summit book in 2006, it was only being climbed about 5 - 15 times per year.
Nicole Sassine
Nicole Sassine is a sprinter from Canada. Sassine was born on 24 November 1989. Sassine competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China.
Compassvale LRT Station
Compassvale LRT Station is a light rail transit station in Sengkang, Singapore. It opened on 18 January 2003. It is on the east loop of Sengkang LRT Line.
Teóphilo
Teóphilo Bettencourt Pereira (11 April 1900 – 10 April 1988) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.