cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Fact
Scientific theories
A person who understands the scientific method can test to see if the facts of a scientific theory are correct. When statements have been tested and shown to be not false, they may be "true". The facts of each scientific theory have usually been questioned and tested by many people. Because of this, we know that the knowledge of a scientific theory is fact and not opinion. Examples of scientific theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. More simply, it is a fact that the Earth goes around the Sun (and not vice versa). This took so long to establish because a leading religious body had the reverse opinion (see articles on Galileo and Copernicus for the story). Now we can say that there is a difference between statements of fact, and opinions or claimed truths of religion. The difference is in the way disputes about the truth are decided.
Mellette, South Dakota
Mellette is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
Todd County, South Dakota
Todd County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 9,612 people lived there. Todd County does not have its own county seat. Instead, Winner in neighboring Tripp County serves as its administrative center. Its largest city is Mission. It was created in 1909.
Origin of the name
The county was named after John Blair Smith Todd, who was a delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Quenemo, Kansas
History
Quenemo was planned out around 1870. Quenemo was the name of a Sac and Fox Indian chief. A fire in 1878 destroyed a lot of the town. Quenemo had a lot of growth in 1884 after the AT&SF railroad was built through it.
Geography
Quenemo is at 38.58028°N, -95.52778°W (38.580413, -95.527895). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 0.44 sqmi. All of it is land.
People
Quenemo is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 388 people, 139 households, and 90 families living in Quenomo.
Education
Quenemo is a part of USD 456 Marais des Cygnes Valley. The district high school is Marais des Cygnes Valley High School. Their mascot is the Trojans.
Beah Richards
Richards made many guest television appearances in shows, like The Bill Cosby Show, Designing Women and ER.
Richards was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Emphysema took her life in September 2000. She was age 80.
Lincoln County, South Dakota
Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 44,828. This makes it the third-most populated county in the state. Its county seat is Canton. The first resident of the area was A. I. Linderman in 1866. He was the only resident until the summer of 1867. Lincoln county was incorporated on December 30, 1867. The county was named for Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States.
Arctic char
Arctic char or Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, is a cold water fish in the family Salmonidae. It is native to Arctic, sub-Arctic and alpine lakes. It breeds in fresh water. Char may either be landlocked or anadromous, migrating to the sea. No other freshwater fish is found as far north. It is the only fish species in Lake Hazen on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic. It is one of the rarest fish species in Britain. Found only in deep, cold, glacial lakes, and is at risk from acidification. In other parts of its range, such as Scandinavia, it is much more common, and is fished extensively. It is also common in the Alps, (particularly in Trentino and in the mountain part of Lombardy). Char are also found in Iceland. In Siberia, it is known as golets. The Arctic char is a relative of both salmon and lake trout. It shares traits with both. The char's color depends on the time of year and where it lives. The back is usually dark brown or olive green. It has dark spots on a light background on its sides, and the color can be gold, brown, red, or orange. At spawning, the fins and belly become bright red or orange.
John Entwistle
John Alec Entwistle (9 October 1944 – 27 June 2002) was an English musician who was best known as the bassist for the rock band The Who. His bass playing style influenced many other bass players who came after him. Entwistle is regarded by many as the greatest bassist in the history of rock music.
Entwistle played his bass guitar as a lead instrument, employing a "full treble, full volume" sound, as well as often using pentatonic lines and a typewriter finger approach. He recorded the first bass solo in the history of popular music on The Who's song "My Generation". Other notable examples of Entwistle's playing are "Boris the Spider" and "The Real Me". As he developed his sound and refined his skill, Entwistle's bass sounded like a VOX Amplifier. At the time of his death he had a collection of over 400 instruments that reflected the different brands he used over his career: Fender, Rickenbacker, Alembic, Warwick were the brands he used most. He owned many of the most expensive bass guitars in the history of the world.
Entwistle played bass for The Who and as a solo performer from 1964 until 2002. His bass guitar sound was the main reason The Who gave the loudest concert on record at the time.
Entwistle died in a hotel room at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on 27 June 2002. The Las Vegas coroner said that he died of a heart attack caused by cocaine.
In 1990, Entwistle was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Who.
Demarchy
Demarchy is a political system based on many decision-making groups that deal with specific functions in a given area (transport, parks, land use, etc.) The members that make up each group are chosen randomly every year. Democracy in Athens used this method to appoint officials.
This system is advantageous because it can not be influenced by pressure groups, media and others. In demarchy "political machines" or special preparation of candidates are not important because nobody can predict who will be in government next.
Hitchhiking
Hitchhiking is a way to end travel from place to place in someone else's car or lorry. Usually, a hitchhiker (a person who hitchhikes) will stand at the side of a road and hold his or her thumb in the air waiting for a passerby to come and pick her or him up. This is a sign that he or she wants to go somewhere else.
It was a very common way of traveling in Europe in the 1970s until people started to go missing. It is common for people to encounter rapists or lunatics while hitchiking, it is not always clear when being picked up if a person is dangerous, and this make it very dangerous and has made it less popular.
Because of this, hitchhiking is illegal or restricted in many country’s and states of America.
Mob rule
Mob rule is sometimes called ochlocracy or mobocracy. There is sometimes no legal government, and mobs of people decide whatever they want. It is government by a mob (crowd of people). In this system, the mob becomes the ruler or dominant force in society. Actually, it is rare for a whole country to be under mob rule. More frequent is for part of the country to overthrow its leaders and be for a time without a government. Parts of a country may try to secede (break off) from the country. That has been quite common in certain parts of the world.
Mobs do have leaders, who make speeches complaining about what is wrong, and what they want instead of the legal government. Sometimes mods succeed in taking over the whole country (Russian revolution), sometimes they fail because the government succeeds in using force to stop them. The British decision to ban the trade of slaves (William Wilberforce) was fiercely resisted by the people who made money out of the trade. Slave trade mobs attacked the homes of people known to support abolition.
Lozova
Lozova (Лозова́, ) or Lozovaya (Лозова́я) is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center (capital city) of the Lozova Raion (district). Lozova is also the center of Lozova urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population:
Măceșu de Sus
Măceşu de Sus is a commune found in Dolj County, Romania.
John Stabb
John Dukes Schroeder (July 12, 1961 – May 7, 2016), known professionally as John Stabb, was an American punk rock singer. He was best known as one of the founding members of the hardcore punk band Government Issue. He also sang in the bands Betty Blue, The Factory Incident, Stabb, Stain, Emma Peel, Weatherhead, and History Repeated. 44
Stabb was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Rockville, Maryland. While living in Rockville, he attended Colonel Zadok A. Magruder High School. Stabb occasionally acted. He was also a freelance writer for Washington City Paper and Forced Exposure.
Personal life
Stabb married his long-time partner Mina Devadas on St. Patrick’s Day 2016 while he was at Holy Cross Hospital (Silver Spring). After a 112-day battle with stomach cancer, he died at a hospice in Rockville, Maryland, on May 7, 2016, at 54.
MBC 3
MBC 3 is a free-to-air children's channel launched on 8 December 2004, and appeals to children under the age of 15. All foreign television animated programs have been dubbed into Arabic. The channel also produces its own original programmes. It was owned by the Middle Eastern company MBC Group.
MBC 3 started airing Nickelodeon shows following the closure of Nickelodeon Arabia in 2011. It includes Nicktoons such as T.U.F.F. Puppy, The Fairly OddParents and SpongeBob SquarePants are also present in the channel, but they are dubbed. The Nick Jr. Channel shows include LazyTown, Go Diego Go, The Backyardigans, Little Bill, and Blue's Clues. Dora the Explorer and Blue's Room. MBC 3 is known in the Middle East for censoring scenes unsuitable for Islamic audiences, such as visual romance outside of marriage, kissing before marriage scenes, awkward angles of female characters, sensual scenes between members of the opposite sex, cross-dressed men, references to alcohol and gambling, references to non-Islamic religious content and visually-grotesque scenes. However, the channel does not have a proper consensus of its censoring policy, featuring cuts that are so heavily edited it renders plot continuities inconsistent. MBC 3 has separate pay-TV feeds which broadcast in Europe and the United States. They target the overseas Arab diaspora and air the same Arabic dubs as the main channel. The US feed is exclusive to Dish Network.
History
on December 2, 2004. a promo for the Channel was unveiled, revealing the channel’s branding, the promo even scheduled the channel to launch on December 8, 2004.
The channel officially was first announced launched on 8 December 2004. The channel originally launched as a on the main, the branding for the channel was designed by UK design house Turquoise who also did the idents.
on December 8, 2005. to celebrate its 1st anniversary, the channel was given a rebranding, along with a new mascot, a green cube named “Cubee” who later became the channel’s mascot to this day.
The channel marked its tenth anniversary on 8 December 2014.
On 18 September 2017, the channel underwent a major rebrand to a comic strip background, in which on-screen imagery featured a comic book aesthetic. This is the current era of the channel.
On 23 March 2020, MBC 3 had a major rebrand with a new logo on-screen. The new logo was just like the modern logo but the number 3 is outside the cube.
From 24 March 2020 to 22 June 2020, following the COVID-19 pandemic, MBC 3 used a logo with a house displayed on-screen and slogans معاكم بالبيت (With you at home.)
Democratic republic
A democratic republic is the idea which combines both republicanism and democracy. This means that people can take part in the decisions that affect the way their community is run. There is no monarch. The country could be a presidential, semi-presidential or parliamentary.
Many countries consider themselves democratic republics. Many of these countries are dictatorships where elections are rigged in various ways. For example, in Eastern Europe, countries had Soviet troops stationed after WWII. Elections were organised so that the electorate had no real choice. The consequence of this is that "democratic republic" has become a synonym for "dicatatorship".
Washington County, Minnesota
Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 267,568 people lived there. The county seat is Stillwater.
It is the fifth-most populous county in the state.
Shiki District, Nara
Shiki (磯城郡) is a district near Nara in Nara Prefecture, Japan.
According to tradition, the Shiki District was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
Compulsory voting
Some countries have compulsory voting, which requires citizens to register to vote and to go to their polling place or vote on election day. If the voter does not attend a polling place, they may be subject to punishment such as fines or community service.
Kingdom Hearts III
Development
After years of rumors and speculation, the game was confirmed to be in development at E3 2013. Director Tetsuya Nomura said that the game will finish the "Xehanort Saga" but that it would not be the final game in the series.
In a June 2013 interview with Famitsu, Nomura discussed the visuals that were seen in the teaser trailer. He said that they tried to remember that the "Kingdom Hearts characters were originally paintbrush art from Disney productions, a texture that was one of our original aims, and that it was time to return to that. So [chief creative director Takeshi] Nozue went through a series of tests, and the results are the visuals that we refer to in the team as the Kingdom Shader. It may look like a pretty drastic change, but I see it as a rich evolution of everything we've shown you up to now." In September 2013, producer Shinji Hashimoto said that since both Kingdom Hearts III and Final Fantasy XV are being directed by Nomura, there would be a big gap between the release of the two games, "as [they] want each game to be perfect in terms of quality." Hashimoto repeated Nomura's statements about the game's announcement at E3 2013, and said that "the company thought it was about time it addressed speculation about the long-awaited conclusion to the trilogy." In October 2013, Teruzane Utada, the father of singer Hikaru Utada, said that Hikaru would once again be involved in the theme song, as she did with Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II. He later stated that it is still undecided on their involvement. In January 2014, actor Haley Joel Osment, the English voice of Sora in the series, said that he was in talks with the development team after the announcement and said that since dialogue was one of the last parts of the process, he believed he would not begin recording until mid-2014 at the earliest.
Controversy
After the announcement of SQUARE ENIX that there would be no French Spanish and German voice (present in the 1 and 2) European fans launched the movement # EUDubbingForKH3 which aims to change his opinion SE and he includes (real) German and Spanish French voice through petition, letter etc.
Chaucenne
Chaucenne is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
2019 Grays incident
In the early hours of 23 October 2019, 39 dead bodies were found in a freight container in Grays, Essex, England. The lorry cab is owned by an Irish company. It had been registered Bulgaria, but had not been there since 2017. It travelled from the Netherlands through Belgium before arriving in the United Kingdom at Purfleet, Essex, from Zeebrugge.
Investigations are ongoing in regard to how the lorry passed through security at the border.
Investigations were led by the Essex Police, but made international by the end of the day.
Todd County
Todd County is the name of three counties in the United States:
2019 Grays incident
The lorry driver is a 25-year-old man from Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The Guardian reported that there are several photographs of him with the lorry cab involved in the incident on his Facebook page. He was arrested at the scene, on suspicion of murder. He drove it from Purfleet to Grays.
Contraband (1980 movie)
Contraband (Luca il contrabbandiere) is a 1980 Italian action crime drama movie directed by Lucio Fulci (who also stars). It stars Fabio Testi, Ivana Monti, Guido Alberti, Venantino Venantini, Ajita Wilson, Marcel Bozzuffi and was distributed by CMR International.
Arrondissement of Périgueux
The arrondissement of Périgueux is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Dordogne département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Périgueux.
History
When the Dordogne department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Périgueux was part of that original department.
Geography
The arrondissement of Périgueux is the central western part of the department and it is the largest of the arrondissements of the Dordogne department, with an area of 3336.5 km2. It has 189,301 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².
The arrondissement of Périgueux is bordered to the north by the arrondissement Nontron, to the east by the Corrèze department, to the southeast by the arrondissement Sarlat-la-Canéda, to the south by the arrondissement Bergerac, to the west by the Gironde and Charente-Maritime departments and to the northwest by the Charente department.
The Isle river, a tributary of the Dordogne river, and its tributaries Dronne, Lizonne, Auvézère and Loue flow through the arrondissements of Périgueux.
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:
Communes
The arrondissement of Périgueux has 146 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:
Uday Hussein
Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (عُدي صدّام حُسين) (June 1964 – 22 July 2003) was the oldest son of Saddam Hussein, the fifth President of Iraq. He had one younger brother named Qusay Hussein. For years, people thought that Uday would become the head of Iraq after his father died. However, Uday lost this place to Qusay for several reasons: because Uday was badly injured in an assassination attempt; because his behavior was often out of control; and because his relations with his family became more and more troubled.
Uday has been accused of many crimes, including rape, murder, and torture. Uday was imprisoned several times, exiled, and received a token death sentence by his father's regime. After the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, Task force 20 killed Uday, Qusay, and Qusay's son Mustapha during a four-hour gunfight in Mosul.
Early life and education
Uday was born in Tikrit, Iraq, to Saddam Hussein and Sajida Talfah. Saddam was in prison for the first three years of Uday's life.
Uday graduated from high school with very high marks. He started university at Baghdad University College of Medicine, but he only lasted three days there. After that, he moved to the College of Engineering. Uday got a degree in engineering and graduated summa cum laude from Baghdad University. However, some of his professors later admitted that Uday barely managed to earn passing grades in many of his classes. They said he was given the honor of summa cum laude, and the rank of valedictorian (ranking first out of 76 students) because he was the President's son.
Losing favor with Saddam
In 1988, Uday became even more unpopular with his father. In October 1988, Saddam had a party for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak's wife, Suzanne. At the party, in front of all the guests, Uday murdered his father's personal valet and food taster, Kamel Hana Gegeo. Uday beat Gegeo, and according to witnesses, stabbed him with an electric carving knife. Gegeo had recently introduced Saddam to a younger woman, Samira Shahbandar, who later became Saddam's second wife. Uday thought this was an insult to his mother. He also may have feared that Saddam would make Gegeo, not Uday, his heir.
As punishment for the murder, Saddam briefly imprisoned his son and sentenced him to death. However, Uday probably served only three months in a private prison. In response to personal intervention from King Hussein of Jordan, Saddam released Uday, banishing him to Switzerland as the assistant to the Iraqi ambassador there. He was expelled by the Swiss government in 1990 after he was repeatedly arrested for fighting.
Return to Iraq
Saddam later put Uday in charge of the Iraqi Olympic Committee and the Iraq Football Association. Uday tortured Olympic athletes who failed to win. He also became the editor of the Babel newspaper; the general secretary of the Iraqi Union of Students; and the head of the Fedayeen Saddam. Uday seemed proud of his reputation and called himself Abu Sarhan, an Arabic term for "wolf".
In December 1996, somebody tried to assassinate Uday. Uday was driving at the time, and was hit by many bullets. He was permanently injured. At first, doctors thought he was paralyzed. He was evacuated to Ibn Sina Hospital. He had many surgeries, but a bullet was so close to his spinal cord that his doctors could not remove it. Eventually, he was able to walk, but not without a limp. Because of Uday's disabilities, Saddam gave Qusay more responsibility and authority, and named him as his heir apparent in 2000.
Personal life
In a sign of loyalty to Saddam, Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, who was vice president of the Revolutionary Command Council, agreed to let Uday marry his daughter. But al-Douri had so much influence over Saddam that he could make Saddam promise the marriage would never be consummated. (This means his daughter would never have to have sex with Uday.) However, soon after the marriage, because of Uday's violent and out-of-control behaviour, al-Douri quickly asked that his daughter be allowed to divorce Uday.
Uday loved luxury cars, especially European sports cars. He collected many hundreds of these cars. According to witnesses, Uday had thousands of suits, and each suit had to match the color of the car he was driving that day. When U.S.-led military forces were about to take over Baghdad, he ordered his bodyguards to burn the cars so the United States could not take them.
In 2002, Uday opened accounts with Yahoo! and MSN Messenger. This created controversy. At the time, the United States had trade sanctions against Iraq. This meant Iraq was not allowed to use American products. By using Yahoo! and MSN Messenger, Uday was violating these trade sanctions.
Uday also built up a large video collection, found in his palace in 2003. Many of the videos showed himself in both public and private situations.
Crimes against athletes
Uday would insult athletes who performed below his expectations by calling them dogs and monkeys to their faces. The Iraqi national football team were seen with their heads shaved after failing to achieve a good result in a tournament in the 1980s. It was widely said that Uday ordered the shaving to punish the players.
Another defector claimed that athletes were dragged through a gravel pit and then put in a sewage tank so their wounds would become infected. After Iraq lost 4–1 to Japan in the quarter finals of the 2000 AFC Asian Cup in Lebanon, goalkeeper Hashim Hassan, defender Abdul Jaber, and forward Qahtan Chatir were labelled as guilty of loss and eventually flogged for three days by Uday's security guards.
Kidnapping and rape
Uday was well known for kidnapping young Iraqi girls and women from the streets in order to rape them. Uday was known to go into parties and pick out women whom he would later rape. Time published an article in 2003 detailing his sexual brutality.
For example, Time reported that in 1998, Uday kidnapped a 14-year-old girl, kept her for three days, and raped her. The girl's father kept complaining, in public, that Uday had raped his daughter. After three months, Uday sent two guards to threaten the girl's father. He also ordered the father to bring both his 14-year-old and 12-year-old daughters to Uday's next party. He told the girls' father: "Your daughters will be my girlfriends, or I'll wipe you off the face of the earth." The man obeyed, and brought both girls to the next party.
Time also reported that twice Uday showed up at weddings and took away the bride to rape. The first time, in the late 1990s, after Uday raped the bride, the groom shot himself in the head. The second time, in October 2002, Uday raped the bride, burned her body with acid, and killed her.
Torture
Uday was also well known for torturing anyone who disagreed with him. For example, he once beat an army officer unconscious when the man refused to allow Uday to dance with his wife. The man later died of his injuries. Uday also shot and killed an army officer who did not salute him.
Uday was reported to have his own private torture chamber. He used many different ways of torturing people, including an iron maiden.
According to a family friend who spoke to Time magazine:
A family friend says the day Uday discovered the Internet was "a black day for Iraqis," because he used it to learn of torture methods from other ages and lands that he decided to try. He would lock victims in coffins for days at a time, says the source, or put them in pillories. According to a family friend, he also liked to have offenders beaten on one side. Then he would order medical tests and have the thrashings continue until the kidney on that side had conclusively failed.
Uday's favorite punishment was the medieval falaqa, a rod with clamps that go around the ankles so that the offender, feet in the air, can be hit on the bare soles [of the feet] with a stick. A top official in radio and TV says he received so many beatings for trivial mistakes like being late for meetings or making grammatical errors on his broadcasts that Uday ordered him to carry a falaqa in his car.
Illegal trading
Uday gained millions of United States dollars by running fake corporations and illegally trading with Iran (Iraq's sworn enemy). At this time, the United Nations did not allow Iraq to trade with other countries. By using fake corporations, Uday was able to get around this rule. From Iran, he was able to get almost anything he wanted.
When U.S. troops captured his mansion in Baghdad, they found a personal zoo with lions and cheetahs; an underground parking garage for his collection of luxury cars; Cuban cigars inscribed with Uday's name; and millions of dollars worth of fine wines, liquor, and heroin. They also found an HIV testing kit.
Death
On 22 July 2003, Task Force 20 and the United States Army 101st Airborne Division raided a home in Mosul, Iraq. They surrounded Uday, Qusay, and Qusay's 14-year-old son, Mustapha. They had been told by an Iraqi that Uday and Qusay were in the home.
Dental records proved that two of the men killed in the house were Uday and Qusay, according to the United States Military. They also announced that the person who gave them the tip about where Uday and Qusay were staying would get a $30 million reward.
The United States Military released graphic pictures of the Hussein brothers' dead bodies. Many people said this was wrong. When criticized, the U.S. Military's response was to point out that these men were no ordinary combatants. The Military also said they released the pictures to prove that Uday and Qusay were dead, and that they hoped this would bring closure to the Iraqi people.
Uday was buried in a cemetery near Tikrit alongside Qusay and Mustapha Hussein. After his execution in 2006, Saddam Hussein was buried in the same cemetery.
That night, and several nights following Uday and Qusay Hussein's death, celebratory gunfire could be heard throughout Baghdad.
In popular culture
Uday has been portrayed in several movies and books. Latif Yahia has written three books about Uday: I Was Saddam's Son; The Devil's Double; and The Black Hole. In these books, Yahia says he was forced to be a body double for Uday. The Devil's Double was made into a movie, starring Dominic Cooper as Uday. The National Geographic Channel also produced an episode of Locked Up Abroad that tells Lahia's story.
Uday was played by Philip Arditti in House of Saddam.
In his book Separation of Power, Vince Flynn describes Uday's behavior. In the book, the main character, Mitch Rapp, pretends to be Uday.
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek (in Dutch) or Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (in French) is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007, 81632 people lived there.
Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Adrenomyeloneuropathy is a rare inherited disorder. It is a form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Leukodystrophy causes a disruption to the myelin covering that protects nerves.
Shot put
Shot put is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at their neck and pushing it through the air. The shot put has been part of the Olympics since 1896. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26 kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The main objective of the sport is to throw the ball as far as possible.
The shot put is similar to the javelin. It is an official Olympic event and can be seen at the Olympic games. The athlete cannot wear gloves when they are participating. If wearing gloves, the athlete would be disqualified.
It is an outdoor event and cannot be played inside. It is a track and field event.
History
The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to the first century. In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.
Throwing technique
There are two types of putting styles: glide and spin (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin was also developed in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian and made famous by Brian Oldfield.
Abrasive
An abrasive is something that is very hard. It is also rough. It is used to rub things so they get smooth. When abrasives are glued to paper, it makes sandpaper. Aluminium oxide is a common abrasive. Abrasives are used to make the ends of wood pieces smooth and to smooth the cut ends of metal. The hardest natural abrasive is diamond. Diamond is commonly used in saw blades designed to cut tile or stone.
As-Suwayda Governorate
As-Suwayda or Al-Suwayda Governorate (مُحافظة السويداء Muḥāfaẓat as-Suwaydā) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. Its capital is al-Suwayda.
Domat/Ems
Domat/Ems (Domat, Ems) is a municipality of the district of Imboden in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
Ido
Ido is a constructed language, a so-called reformed Esperanto, which was developed in 1907. Ido was made by a group of people that thought Esperanto was too hard to be a world language. They did not like how Esperanto used letters with special diacritic marks over them, because that made it hard to type, and they thought that a world language should be easy to learn and write.
Ido is not as popular as Esperanto, but still about 100-200 people in the world speak it. They have a conference every year where people come together and speak the language.
The Delegation for the adoption of an international auxiliary language
At the beginning of the 20th century, the need for an international language was being thought about by many personalities, especially scientists and philosophers. This period goes along with a flowering of new international language projects. The math expert Leopold Leau creted the Delegation for the adoption of an international auxiliary language on January 17, 1901 with the support of many scientists. In 1906, the Delegation had received the support of more than 1,200 members of universities from different countries and more than 300 scientific societies.
In May 1907, the delegation sent the question of the International Association of the Vienna Academies, which declared itself unable to solve the issue, by 12 votes to 8. As a result, the delegation formed a working group whose members were elected by 242 votes out of a total of 253. Among them there were famous scientists, such as the language experts Jespersen, Schuchardt and Baudouin de Courtenay or even the chemist Ostwald. By cooptation, other personalities were admitted, such as the Italian math expert Peano. Léopold Leau and Louis Couturat were the secretaries of the committee.
Development
The group of the delegation decided to create a permanent Commission. This commission would be charged with "studying and fixing the details of the language to be adopted". Its members were Louis Couturat, Wilhelm Ostwald, Otto Jespersen, Baudouin de Courtenay and Leopold Leau.
A union of friends of the international language (Uniono di la Amiki di la Linguo Internaciona) was founded. It included an academy and a Directing Committee. Also a monthly magazine, Progreso, was created in 1908 to publish language discussions and decisions of the Ido Academy.
The language would take the name "Ido", after Zamenhof rejected all nominations using the name "Esperanto".
The development of the language was completed in 1910 with the publication of the first language manuals and dictionaries. Finished its mission, the delegation dissolved regularly on July 31, 1910 after founding the Uniono por la linguo internacional.
There was a debate between those who wanted to leave the language as it in to spread it and those who wanted to keep changing it (in order to improve it, according to them).
Finally, after many years of intense work, a period of ten years without further changes was decided in 1914 to make the language known.
Two World Wars
However two terrible events stopped the spread of the language: on August 3, 1914, Louis Couturat died in a car crash, the same day that Germany declared war on France. The Idist movement actually survived in neutral countries such as Switzerland (including the activity of Schneeberger, Secretary of the Ido Union or the International Linguo), and Sweden (with Ahlberg, editor of the idista magazine Mondo). The magazine Progreso stopped being published in 1914.
After the war, the Idist movement was slowly built-up again. In 1920, Schneeberger, president of the Ido Academy, announced the resumption of the academy's work. Louis de Beaufront published in 1925 his "Complete Grammar" (Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza). Many idist congresses have been organized: Vienna (1921), Dessau (1922), Kassel (1923), Luxembourg (1924), Turin (1925) and Prague (1926). Many Idist magazines have appeared since then.
In 1927, some serious disagreements divided the Idist movement. The appearance in 1922 of another auxiliary language, Occidental, and the reappearance of the argument between stability and change weakened Ido. For his part, Otto Jespersen, who broke away from the Idist movement, published his own linguistic project, Novial, in 1928. Novial, which contains many features of Ido while eliminating the more conspicuous elements of Esperanto (for example, noun endings in -o, adjectives in -a or conjugation, in -is, -as, -os) attracted some Idists like Ahlberg whose Idist newspaper Mondo became a Novialist magazine.
The Zurich Idist congress of 1928 marks the beginning of the reunification of the Idist movement. L'Uniono by the international Linguo Ido is reactivated and an official written announcement is published. Progress magazine reappears from 1931 and without interruption until today.
After the Second World War
The Idist movement survived World War II. Progreso magazine has never stopped appearing. Later the language changing stopped.
An important poetic production has grown in Ido by many authors, whose main author continues to be the Belgian Andreas Juste. He was the most important person in the Idist movement between the years 1960-1998. His collection includes a library with more than 250 books on Ido or in Ido and many texts on Ido. In 2009, it was maintained by the association Juste & Co.
In 2009, the Idist movement is present on the Internet. There are many websites. Many discussion lists on Ido or about Ido are active. There is a Wikipedia in Ido. The Idist magazines Progreso, Kuriero Internaciona and Ido-Saluto appear regularly. Idist reunions happen every year. It is, along with Interlingua, the second most widely spoken auxiliary language.
Special points about Ido
Ido is easy to learn for many reasons:
Grammar (how to use the language)
Each word in Ido comes from a smaller word called a root word. A root word has a root and an ending. The speaker can take the root and put it on another word to make a new one. For example, urbo means "city" and -estro means "leader". The root of urbo is urb-, and if -estro is put on the end, it becomes urbestro, which means mayor (leader of a city). Or the speaker can put something on before; chef- means chief or leader, and if the speaker puts that before the word it becomes chefurbo, which means capital city.
Here are some of the endings:
Pronouns
Pronouns are the words in a language like I, thou, he, she, it, we, ye, they, and so on. Ido was made from Esperanto, and all of Esperanto's pronouns end in -i. The people that made Ido thought that they sounded too much the same and that it might be too difficult to hear sometimes. Also, most languages have two ways of saying you so they decided to have two ways of saying you. Lastly, they decided to make a pronoun that can mean he or she. Some languages like the Finnish language and the Estonian language have something like this.
Here is a chart of all the pronouns in English, Ido, and Esperanto.
Literature
During the First World War appeared Buddho e lua doktrino and, in 1923, an important anthology of texts translated from Hungarian literature was published. During the 1920s, Catholic Idist published booklets about saints' lives. The work Esther by Jean Racine and translated by the priest Guignon is worth mentioning.
There are also some science fiction works like La suno di Tiahuanako, published in 1999 by G. T. Romanin. It was the first of this genre published in the language. He then published Skandalo en Roseringen in 2005. Also in that year was published La Sucedanto, a detective novel by Eduardo A. Rodi (Argentina). He also published Narkotanti. The Mexican Jose Cossio Ramírez published two science fiction books L' Aventuri dil Amazonia: Unesma Kontakto and (2006) and L' Aventuri dil Amazonia II: Gravito Zero (2007).
In 2006, Robert Pontnau published GDR 66, a booklet about the German Democratic Republic. Since December 2012, Brian E. Drake has published a lot of books in Ido, both original and translations.
Ido and Esperanto
Ido is a language that came from Esperanto, so they look very similar. Since Esperanto has more speakers than Ido, most people that know Ido first learned Esperanto and then later learned that Ido is a language, too. Sometimes Idists (people who speak Ido) and Esperantists (people who speak Esperanto) do not agree with each other. Luckily they both agree that making a language that everybody can learn is a good idea. Most Idists and Esperantists can understand most of each other's language.
Criticism
Some people criticise Ido for the way it was presented by Louis Couturat, who was not supposed to defend any constructed language during the Congress in which he was part of the jury.
Another critique, done by the ex-Idist Ric Berger, is that the system of derivation is too complex, with suffixes that make derivation more difficult.
Samples
Here are samples of the language Ido to show what the language looks like. On the right is a page from a magazine in Ido called Adavane! (forward), written by an Ido group in Spain every two months. This is a page from a diary by a girl named Anne Frank, a Jewish girl from the Netherlands that was killed in 1944 by the German government of Adolf Hitler.
Mea vido-cirklo (horizonto)
This was a song by a bard from Russia named Alexandr Sukhanov; he used words from the poetry of another Russian person named Yunna Mortis. This is the Ido version, sung with guitar.
([[Media:Meahorizonto.ogg|listen]])
Conventions
People who know Ido come together for a few days every year to meet each other and speak the language. Most Ido speakers live in Europe and so the conventions (a meeting of people) have taken place in Europe. Information on Ido conferences (the section that says raporto is the report on the convention written in Ido).
Kallen Pokkudan
Kallen Pokkudan (കല്ലേൻ പൊക്കുടൻ; 1937 – 27 September 2015), also known as Kandal Pokkudan, was an Indian environmental activist and writer. He was best known for helping to protect mangrove forests in Kerala from 1989 until his death. He also wrote several books even his basic literacy, including to autobiographies.
Pokkudan was born in Ezhom Moola, Idukkil Thara, Kannur. He had six children, three sons and three daughters.
Pokkudan died after an illness on 27 September 2015 in Cherukunnu, Kannur. He was 78.
Baraga, Michigan
Baraga is a village in Baraga County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,053 at the 2010 census.
Xavier Trias
Xavier Trias i Vidal de Llobatera (Barcelona, 5 August 1946) is a Spanish politician. He is a member of the Catalan European Democratic Party and Mayor of Barcelona from July 2011 to June 2015. He was Minister of Health and Director of the Presidency for the Governments of Jordi Pujol.
The Mark of Athena
The Mark Of Athena is the third book of the Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan. In this book, the perspective of the story moves between Percy Jackson, Annabeth Chase, Leo Valdez, Jason Grace, and Piper McLean. All of the seven demigods appear in this book.
Xavier Trias
In November 2017 an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism said he was one of the many politicians mentioned in the "Paradise Papers" allegations.
Sledge, Mississippi
Sledge is a town located in Quitman County, Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 545 people lived in the town.
The Mark of Athena
In the beginning, the Argo II is approaching Rome (Camp Jupiter) when suddenly, a statue pops into existence on the ship and almost knocks Annabeth overboard. The statue is Terminus, the Roman god of boundaries. He yells that he will not accept having weapons over the Pomerian Line (the camp boundary). After being irritated by a curious Leo and a charmspeaking Piper, Terminus tells them to "surrender, then leave". Annabeth sees Percy walking down in Camp Jupiter with Hazel and Frank as if they were best friends, and knew she was too close to give up. (She also notices that Percy is a praetor now and signs that New Rome had recently been attacked by an army of monsters.) She asks if it was against the rules to hover OVER New Rome, as technically it wouldn't be on Roman soil. Terminus agrees grudgingly to this, but tells them to not harm his city.
Chay, Doubs
Chay is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
Civilization
Civilization (or civilisation) comes from the Latin word civis meaning someone who lives in a town. The Romans usually wanted conquered people to live in towns. When people are civilized, they have learned from the wisdom, skill, and knowledge gained over centuries of human progress. The opposite of civilization is sometimes said to be entropy, barbarity, rudeness, or animal-like behavior.
A civilization is generally an advanced stage of organization. That means it has laws, culture, and a regular way of getting food and protecting the people. Most civilizations have agriculture and a system of government like monarchs or elections. They speak a common language and usually have a religion of some kind. They teach their young the knowledge they need. All civilizations since the Sumerians and the Egyptians have had some kind of writing. This is because writing lets people store and build up knowledge. Civilizations also have large cities, large and unique architecture, and complex labor divisions.
Past societies that would be called more primitive compared to today, are still often referred to as civilizations for their time. The Roman Empire is an example of a past large civilization. It was governed by Rome. This empire once stretched from the Scottish borders to North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Their language was Latin.
Latin remained the preferred way of communication among educated people, long after their civilization had vanished. Some scientists, scholars, and others still use Latin in the course of everyday work, even though the Roman civilization fell apart more than 1,500 years ago. The Roman civilization lasted almost 1000 years.
Other examples of civilizations are the Incas and Aztecs. They had large territories with complex cities and social structures. The empires were made of city-states. They had advanced agriculture. This allowed for population growth. There was also complex architecture in these regions.
One way a civilization ends is to become part of another civilization. For example, Ancient Egypt was conquered by foreigners who changed the country. It became part of Persian, Greek, Roman, and Islamic civilization. Another way is to go back to an earlier, simpler way of life. For example, Roman civilization collapsed in the Dark Ages. When people became more civilized again, it was the Medieval civilization.
Dieffenbachia
Dieffenbachia is a genus of tropical plants in the family Araceae noted for their patterned leaves. Members of this genus are popular as houseplants because of their tolerance to shade. The name commemorates Ernst Dieffenbach, a German physician.
Gonzo
Gonzo may refer to:
In fictional characters:
In nicknames:
Nico de Bree
Nico de Bree (16 September 1944 – 6 May 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. De Bree started his professional career at local club Elinkwijk. He moved to N.E.C. in 1966.
After playing 204 matches for the Nijmegen club, he moved to play in Belgium and won the 1975 league title with RWDM. He won the 1978 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup with Anderlecht. He also played for Winterslag and Beerschot.
He died of cancer in Vienna on 6 May 2016, aged 71.