cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II (Vittorio Amedeo Sebastiano; 14 May 1666 – 31 October 1732) was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of Marquis of Saluzzo, Duke of Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont, Count of Aosta, Moriana and Nizza.
Commodity market
Early history of commodity markets
If a seller's reputation was good, individual "backers" or "bankers" could decide to take the risk of "clearing" a trade. The observation that trust is always required between market participants later led to credit money. But until relatively modern times, communication and credit were primitive.
Elko, Nevada
Elko is a city in the state of Nevada in the United States. It is the county seat of Elko County.
Commodity market
Early history of commodity markets
Classical civilizations built complex global markets trading gold or silver for spices, cloth, wood and weapons, most of which had standards of quality and timeliness. Considering the many hazards of climate, piracy, theft and abuse of military fiat by rulers of kingdoms along the trade routes, it was a major focus of these civilizations to keep markets open and trading in these scarce commodities. Reputation and clearing became central concerns, and the states which could handle them most effectively became very powerful empires, trusted by many peoples to manage and mediate trade and commerce.
Forward contracts
Commodity and Futures contracts are based on what’s termed "Forward" Contracts. Early on these "forward" contracts (agreements to buy now, pay and deliver later) were used as a way of getting products from producer to the consumer. These typically were only for food and agricultural Products. Forward contracts have evolved and have been standardized into what we know today as futures contracts. Although more complex today, early “Forward” contracts for example, were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan. Modern "forward", or futures agreements, began in Chicago in the 1840s, with the appearance of the railroads. Chicago, being centrally located, emerged as the hub between Midwestern farmers and producers and the east coast consumer population centers.
Hedging
"Hedging", a common (and sometimes mandatory) practice of farming cooperatives, insures against a poor harvest by purchasing futures contracts in the same commodity. If the cooperative has significantly less of its product to sell due to weather or insects, it makes up for that loss with a profit on the markets, since the overall supply of the crop is short everywhere that suffered the same conditions.
Whole developing nations may be especially vulnerable, and even their currency tends to be tied to the price of those particular commodity items until it manages to be a fully developed nation. For example, one could see the nominally fiat money of Cuba as being tied to sugar prices, since a lack of hard currency paying for sugar means less foreign goods per peso in Cuba itself. In effect, Cuba needs a hedge against a drop in sugar prices, if it wishes to maintain a stable quality of life for its citizens.
Delivery and condition guarantees
In addition, delivery day, method of settlement and delivery point must all be specified. Typically, trading must end two (or more) business days prior to the delivery day, so that the routing of the shipment (which for soybeans is 30,000 kilograms or 1,102 bushels) can be finalized via ship or rail, and payment can be settled when the contract arrives at any delivery point.
Standardization
U.S. soybean futures, for example, are of standard grade if they are "GMO or a mixture of GMO and Non-GMO No. 2 yellow soybeans of Indiana, Ohio and Michigan origin produced in the U.S.A. (Non-screened, stored in silo)," and of deliverable grade if they are "GMO or a mixture of GMO and Non-GMO No. 2 yellow soybeans of Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin origin produced in the U.S.A. (Non-screened, stored in silo)." Note the distinction between states, and the need to clearly mention their status as "GMO" ("Genetically Modified Organism") which makes them unacceptable to most "organic" food buyers.
Similar specifications apply for orange juice, cocoa, sugar, wheat, corn, barley, pork bellies, milk, feedstuffs, fruits, vegetables, other grains, other beans, hay, other livestock, meats, poultry, eggs, or any other commodity which is so traded.
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Biography
He was the only child born to Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and Marie Jeanne of Savoy. At his fathers death in 1675, his mother took over a regency in the name of her nine year old son and would remain in de facto power till 1684 when Victor Amadeus banished her further involvement in the state. Louis XIV organised his marriage to Anne Marie d'Orléans in order to maintain French influence in the Duchy but Victor Amadeus soon broke away from the influence of France. Anne Marie was a devoted wife but Victor Amadeus did not love her.
Having fought in the War of the Spanish Succession, he became king of Sicily in 1713 but he was forced to exchange this title and instead became king of Sardinia to which his direct descendants claim as part of the Kingdom of Italy. He abdicated in 1730 and the crown was inherited by his son Charles Emmanuel III. Victor Amadeus left a considerable cultural influence in Turin remodelling the Royal Palace of Turin, Palace of Venaria, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi as well as building the Basilica of Superga where he rests.
Family and issue
His distant relationship with his mother was always strained and has been blamed on her ambition to keep power to herself. Marie Jeanne spent most of her time relegated to state business which she enjoyed and had little time for her only child whom she kept under close supervision in order to make sure he would try to assume power. Anne Marie gave her husband six children but also had two stillbirths of each gender one in 1691 and again in 1697. Three of these children would go on to have further progeny including the eldest Maria Adelaide who was the mother of Louis XV of France. His second daughter Maria Luisa known in the family as Louison would marry Philip V of Spain in 1701 and was also regent of Spain for various periods. These two marriages were tactics used by Louis XIV to keep Victor Amadeus close to France prior to the War of the Spanish Succession.
Anne Marie would remain a devoted wife. She quietly accepted his extramarital affairs the longest one being with the famed beauty Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert by whom he had two children. Jeanne Baptiste was his mistress for eleven years and eventually fled Savoy due to Victor Amadeus' obsession with her. Victor Amadeus subsequently had his daughter including the future Maria Vittoria marry the Prince of Carignan from which the present Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples is a direct descendant. His favourite child was Victor Amadeus born in 1699 and given the title Prince of Piedmont as heir apparent. At the death of the Prince of Piedmont in 1715 from smallpox Victor Amadeus II was very upset. His devoted wife Anne Marie died in 1728 after a series of heart attacks.
His relationship with his younger son and eventual successor Charles Emmanuel was a cold one and the two were never close. Victor Amadeus organised the first two marriages of Charles Emmanuel the first one being to Anne Christine of Sulzbach, daughter of the Count Palatine of Sulzbach which produced a son which died in infancy. The second marriage was to Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg a first cousin of Anne Christine and mother of six children including the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.
Commodity market
Standardization
The concept of an interchangeable deliverable or guaranteed delivery is always to some degree a fiction. Trade in commodities is like trade in any other physical product or service. No magic of the commodity contract itself makes "units" of the product totally uniform nor gets it to the delivery point safely and on time.
Regulation of commodity markets
Cotton, kilowatt-hours of electricity, board feet of wood, long distance minutes, royalty payments due on artists' works, and other products and services have been traded on markets of varying scale, with varying degrees of success. One issue that presents major difficulty for creators of such instruments is the liability accruing to the purchaser:
Unless the product or service can be guaranteed or insured to be free of liability based on where it came from and how it got to market, e.g. kilowatts must come to market free from legitimate claims for smog death from coal burning plants, wood must be free from claims that it comes from protected forests, royalty payments must be free of claims of plagiarism or piracy, it becomes impossible for sellers to guarantee a uniform delivery.
Generally, governments must provide a common regulatory or insurance standard and some release of liability, or at least a backing of the insurers, before a commodity market can begin trading. This is a major source of controversy in for instance the energy market, where desirability of different kinds of power generation varies drastically. In some markets, e.g. Toronto, Canada, surveys established that customers would pay 10-15% more for energy that was not from coal or nuclear, but strictly from renewable sources such as wind.
Proliferation of contracts, terms, and derivatives
However, if there are two or more standards of risk or quality, as there seem to be for electricity or soybeans, it is relatively easy to establish two different contracts to trade in the more and less desirable deliverable separately. If the consumer acceptance and liability problems can be solved, the product can be made interchangeable, and trading in such units can begin.
Since the detailed concerns of industrial and consumer markets vary widely, so do the contracts, and "grades" tend to vary significantly from country to country. A proliferation of contract units, terms, and futures contracts have evolved, combined into an extremely sophisticated range of financial instruments.
These are more than one-to-one representations of units of a given type of commodity, and represent more than simple futures contracts for future deliveries. These serve a variety of purposes from simple gambling to price insurance.
Arthur (TV series)
{{Infobox television }} }} }} }} }} Wildbrain Dublín (seasons 23-present }} }} Arthur is a children's animated television series that aired on PBS Kids in the United States. The main age range for this series is 3 to 9. It is based on the Arthur book series that is written and illustrated by Marc Brown. The series has 253 episodes (including specials) made from October 1996 to February 2022.
Commodity market
Oil and fiat
Building on the infrastructure and credit and settlement networks established for food and precious metals, many such markets have proliferated drastically in the late 20th century. Oil was the first form of energy so widely traded, and the fluctuations in the oil markets are of particular political interest.
Some commodity market speculation is directly related to the stability of certain states, e.g. during the Gulf War, speculation on the survival of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Similar political stability concerns have from time to time driven the price of oil. Some argue that this is not so much a commodity market but more of an assassination market speculating on the survival (or not) of Saddam or other leaders whose personal decisions may cause oil supply to fluctuate by military action.
The oil market is, however, an exception. Most markets are not so tied to the politics of volatile regions - even natural gas tends to be more stable, as it is not traded across oceans by tanker as extensively.
Commodity markets and protectionism
There are signs, however, that this regime is far from perfect. U.S. trade sanctions against Canadian softwood lumber (within NAFTA) and foreign steel (except for NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico) in 2002 signalled a shift in policy towards a tougher regime perhaps more driven by political concerns - jobs, industrial policy, even sustainable forestry and logging practices.
Nature's commodity outputs
Commodity thinking is undergoing a more direct revival thanks to the theorists of "natural capital" whose products, some economists argue, are the only genuine commodities - air, water, and calories we consume being mostly interchangeable when they are free of pollution or disease. Whether we wish to think of these things as tradeable commodities rather than birthrights has been a major source of controversy in many nations.
Most types of environmental economics consider the shift to measuring them inevitable, arguing that reframing political economy to consider the flow of these basic commodities first and foremost, helps avoids use of any military fiat except to protect "natural capital" itself, and basing credit-worthiness more strictly on commitment to preserving biodiversity aligns the long-term interests of ecoregions, societies, and individuals. They seek relatively conservative sustainable development schemes that would be amenable to measuring well-being over long periods of time, typically "seven generations", in line with Native American thought.
Weather trading
"Will a freeze hurt the Brazilian coffee crop? Will there be a drought in the U.S. Corn Belt? What are the chances that we will have a cold winter, driving natural gas prices higher and creating havoc in Florida orange areas? What is the status of El Niño?"
Emissions trading
Weather trading is just one example of "negative commodities", units of which represent harm rather than good.
"Economy is three fifths of ecology" argues Mike Nickerson, one of many economic theorists who holds that nature's productive services and waste disposal services are poorly accounted for. One way to fairly allocate the waste disposal capacity of nature is "cap and trade" market structure that is used to trade toxic emissions rights in the United States, e.g. SO2. This is in effect a "negative commodity", a right to throw something away.
In practice, political pressure has overcome most such concerns and it is questionable whether this is a capacity that depends on U.S. clout: The Kyoto Protocol established a similar market in global greenhouse gas emissions without U.S. support.
Joinville-le-Pont
Joinville-le-Pont is a commune. It is in the Val-de-Marne department in France.
Commodity market
Community as commodity?
This highlights one of the major issues with global commodity markets of either the positive or negative kind. A community must somehow believe that the commodity instrument is real, enforceable, and well worth paying for.
Joinville-le-Pont
The commune is in the southeastern suburbs of Paris. It is 9.4 km from the center.
In 2018, 19,516 people lived there.
Commodity market
Community as commodity?
A very substantial part of the anti-globalization movement opposes the commodification of currency, national sovereignty, and traditional cultures. The capacity to repay debt, as in the current global credit money regime anchored by the Bank for International Settlements, does not in their view correspond to measurable benefits to human well-being worldwide. They seek a fairer way for societies to compete in the global markets that will not require conversion of natural capital to natural resources, nor human capital to move to developed nations in order to find work.
Marvin Heemeyer
Marvin John Heemeyer (October 28, 1951 – June 4, 2004) was an American welder and an automobile muffler repair shop owner. He destroyed many buildings with a custom bulldozer in Granby, Colorado on June 4, 2004.
Commodity market
Is human life a commodity?
The green economists and the more conservative environmental economics argue that not only natural ecologies, but also the life of the individual human being is treated as a commodity by the global markets. A good example is the IPCC calculations cited by the Global Commons Institute as placing a value on a human life in the developed world "15x higher" than in the developing world, based solely on the ability to pay to prevent climate change.
Is free time a commodity?
Accepting this result, some argue that to put a price on both is the most reasonable way to proceed to optimize and increase that value relative to other goods or services. This has led to efforts in measuring well-being, to assign a commercial "value of life", and to the theory of Natural Capitalism - fusions of green and neoclassical approaches - which focus predictably on energy and material efficiency, i.e. using far less of any given commodity input to achieve the same service outputs as a result.
Marvin Heemeyer
His feud came to a head on June 4, 2004. Over about 18 months Heemeyer had secretly created a Komatsu D355A bulldozer by adding layers of steel and concrete, intended to serve as armor. He used this to demolish the Granby town hall, the former mayor's house, and several other buildings.
Commodity market
Is free time a commodity?
Indian economist Amartya Sen, applying this thinking to human freedom itself, argued in his 1999 book "Development as Freedom" that human free time was the only real service, and that sustainable development was best defined as freeing human time. Sen won The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1999 (sometimes incorrectly called the "Nobel Prize in Economics") and based his book on invited lectures he gave at the World Bank.
Marvin Heemeyer
Heemeyer's rampage ended with his suicide, after his bulldozer became trapped in the basement of a hardware store he had been in the process of destroying.
Roger Penrose
Sir Roger Penrose Kt OM FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist. He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford and emeritus fellow of Wadham College.
Penrose won the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly, in 2020. Previously he had won the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics, which he shared with Stephen Hawking for the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems.
Works
He is renowned for his work in astrophysics with Stephen Hawking, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher.
Roger Penrose is the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose. His sister, now Shirley Hodgson, is a notable geneticist. He was born in Colchester, Essex, England. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 2008.
Villa Clara Province
Villa Clara is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its main cities are Santa Clara (the capital), Sagua La Grande, Placetas, Camajuaní, Remedios and Caibarién.
The coast of Villa Clara is dotted with numerous cays, and there are many coral reefs and sandy beaches, too.
Sugar, the commodity that the Cuban economy relies upon, is grown in the plains in the north of the province, and several large mills provide employment to many people.
The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Las Villas.Santa Clara was the capital of Las Villas.
Limeil-Brévannes
Limeil-Brévannes is a commune. It is in the Val-de-Marne department in France.
Nikopol, Ukraine
Nikopol (Ні́кополь; Ни́кополь) is a city in Nikopol Raion (district), Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine. In 2020, 109,122 people lived there.
Julio Alemán
Julio Méndez Alemán (November 29, 1933 – April 11, 2012) was a Mexican movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor.
Second International
The Second International (1889–1916) was an organization created on July 14, 1889, by socialist and labour parties who wanted to work together for international socialism. It continued the work of the First International, which stopped being an organization in 1886. However, it did not include the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and trade unions.
Julio Alemán
Alemán was born in Morelia, Michoacán on November 29, 1933. He was married to Esperanza Martínez. They had six children.
Second International
Among the Second International's most famous actions were its 1889 declaration of May 1 as International Labor Day and its 1910 declaration of March 8 as International Women's Day.
Langur
The Gray langur or Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus) is a genus of colobine monkey. They are found in southeast Asia. The word "langur" means 'having a long tail'. It is commonly called the leaf monkey. They usually live in small groups of between 2 and 10 individuals. They mainly eat leaves, as well as some fruit. Langur spend most of their time in trees. They have white fur and black faces. They are considered sacred animals therefore the "National social mammal of India".
Julio Alemán
Alemán died in Mexico City on April 11, 2012. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer. His remains were cremated and a memorial service was held on April 12, 2012, in Mexico City.
Kropyvnytskyi
Kropyvnytskyi (Кропивни́цький) is a city in central Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of the Kirovohrad Oblast. In 2020, 225,339 people lived there.
Second International
The International's permanent executive and information body was the International Socialist Bureau (ISB). It was located in Brussels and formed after the International's Paris Congress of 1900. Emile Vandervelde and Camille Huysmans of the Belgian Labour Party were its chair and secretary. Vladimir Lenin was a member from 1905. Dadabhai Nauroji attended its Paris commune in 1906.
Matt Maiellaro
Matt Maiellaro is the co-creator and writer of the cult television animated Adult Swim shows Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Perfect Hair Forever. He is also the creator of 12 Oz. Mouse. Maiellaro was a producer and writer for Space Ghost Coast to Coast since the show started in 1994.
Bradford, Tennessee
Bradford is a town in Gibson County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,048 at the 2010 census.
A4 autoroute
The A4, also called the Autoroute de l'Est (Autoroute of the East) in French, is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It is the third-longest autoroute in France. It is 488 km long. The A10 is the longest (549 km), the A89 is the second-longest (544 km). The A4 connects Paris with Strasbourg. It is part of the E25 and E50 European routes. The A4 goes past Disneyland Paris, linking it with the city of Paris. The autoroute also goes through the cities of Reims and Metz. The end of the autoroute in Strasbourg joins onto the A35 autoroute towards Mulhouse and Switzerland.
Macmillan Cancer Support
Macmillan Cancer Support is one of the largest British charities. It provides health care, information and financial support to people affected by cancer. As well as helping with the medical needs of people affected by cancer, Macmillan also looks at the social, emotional and practical impact cancer can have. Macmillan campaigns for better cancer care. Macmillan Cancer Support's goal is to reach and improve the lives of everyone living with cancer in the UK. They are one of Britain's top 1,000 charities.
Marolles-en-Brie
Marolles-en-Brie is the name of two communes of France:
Roseville, California
Roseville is a city in Placer County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 118,788.
Sancti Spíritus Province
Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.
The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous. The southeast has numerous mangroves and swamps.
The largest man made reservoir in Cuba, the Embalse Zaza, is in Sancti Spíritus province.
Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism revolving around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities. Some tobacco and rice is also grown.
During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off. From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city.
1890 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Canada, on January 6, 1890. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to his third term in office as Mayor of Toronto, defeating Alderman John McMillan.
Sancti Spíritus Province
The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.
1890 Toronto municipal election
Toronto mayor
References:
Aldermen elected to City Council
Three elected per ward
The Toronto World noted that the new council was "more Conservative than ever" and that "not a single Catholic is an alderman" as both Catholic candidates, Burns in St. Andrew's Ward and Kelly in St. Lawrence, had been defeated.
Ernest A. Macdonald had previously represented St. Matthew's Ward
References:
Marolles-en-Brie, Val-de-Marne
Marolles-en-Brie is a commune. It is in the Val-de-Marne department in France.
Alex Parent
Alexander A. (Alex) Parent was a trade union official and, for one term, was a member of the Ontario Legislative Assembly.
Parent was president of United Auto Workers Local 195 in Windsor, Ontario in the 1940s, and a supporter of the Communist Party of Canada, which at the time was known as the Labor-Progressive Party. In the 1945 Ontario general election, Parent was nominated by the UAW-CIO as one of three Labour candidates in the election. Parent ran in Essex North, George Burt, the UAW's Canadian director, ran in Windsor-Walkerville and Windsor mayor Arthur Reaume ran in Windsor—Sandwich. All three were jointly nominated by the Communist Labor-Progressive Party and the Ontario Liberal Party and ran as Liberal-Labour candidates and targeted ridings held by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Parent was elected, and initially sat with the Liberal Party but quit the Liberal group in the legislature in January 1946 in order to sit as a "straight Labor representative", working and voting with Labor-Progressive MPPs J.B. Salsberg and A. A. MacLeod.
He remained president of Local 195 until March 1946 when he defeated by Earl Watson by 2,200 votes to 1,600 votes.
Parent did not run in the 1948 Ontario general election, and his riding was re-taken by the CCF. He died on December 25, 1961, at the age of 53.
Matt Damon
Matthew Paige "Matt" Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer and philanthropist. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his writing of the story for the movie Good Will Hunting, and he was nominated for his acting in the same movie. He has also acted in several other movies including The Bourne Identity, the Ocean's Trilogy, Syriana and Oppenheimer.
Early life
He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the son of Kent Telfer Damon, a stockbroker, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. His father is of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry, while his mother is of Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish ancestry. His brother Kyle is an accomplished sculptor and artist. He and his family moved to Newton and lived there for two years. After his parents divorced, Damon and his brother moved with their mother back to Cambridge, where they lived in a six-family communal house. Damon grew up near actor Ben Affleck, a close friend since childhood and collaborator on several films (Damon is Affleck's tenth cousin, once removed, through a common New England ancestor).
Gibson County, Tennessee
Gibson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,429. Its county seat is Trenton.
Miangul Aurangzeb
Miangul Aurangzeb (Urdu/Pashto: ميانگل اووررنگزيب) (28 May 1928 – 3 August 2014) is a PakistanI politician. He served in the National Assembly of Pakistan and as governor of Balochistan and subsequently as governor of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
Aurangzeb died in Islamabad, Pakistan, aged 86.
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2020
On the night of March 2, 2020, and into the morning of March 3, a series of large tornadoes touched down across middle Tennessee, including a tornado that impacted downtown Nashville and one confirmed touchdown in Western Tennessee between Bradford and Skullbone. 25 people have been confirmed dead, at least 150 are injured, and more than 70,000 people lost power in the storm.
The path of the Nashville tornado was very similar to the one that hit East Nashville in 1998. Tornadoes were also reported in southeastern Missouri and western Kentucky.
Governor Bill Lee declared a state of emergency for all of Tennessee. President Donald Trump is scheduled to visit the state on March 6.
Broken Flowers
Broken Flowers is a 2005 French American mystery comedy drama movie directed by Jim Jarmusch and starring Bill Murray, Sharon Stone, Alexis Dziena, Frances Conroy, Christopher McDonald, Jessica Lange, Tilda Swinton, Julie Delpy, Mark Webber, Chloë Sevigny. It was distributed by Focus Features.
Vic Morrow
Victor Morrow (February 14, 1929 – July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the television series Combat! (1962–1967), in which he also worked as a television director.
Morrow was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was the father of actress Jennifer Jason Leigh.
Morrow died while filming Twilight Zone: The Movie at an accident in Ventura County, California with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.
Pilum
A pilum was a type of spear. It was used by the Roman army. Pila were generally 2 metres long. They were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.
Bohuslav
Bohuslav (Богуслав) is a city in Kyiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine, on the Ros River. It is the administrative centre of Bohuslav Raion (district). In 2020, 16,190 people lived there.
Cienfuegos Province
Cienfuegos (Spanish for "one hundred fires") is one of the provinces of Cuba. The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819.
Cienfuegos is the smallest province in Cuba. Growing and processing sugar is very important to its economy. There are many sugar mills and sugarcane plantations across the province.
Scuba diving is a popular activity in Cienfuegos. There are many underwater caves and over 50 places for diving. There are also waterfalls in the mountains of the province.
The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the Santa Clara province. The Santa Clara province no longer exists though.
Samsung Galaxy A12
Samsung Galaxy A12 is an Android smartphone that released on Nov 2020.
It has a 6.5 in Infinity-V dlsplay and 48 MP quad cameras.
All-America
In sports, an All-America "team" is a group of amateur athletes who are honored for being the best in the sport. The players who are on these teams are usually selected by members of the media or companies who sponsor the team. In other cases, players become an All-American by achieving a standard such as placing in the top 40 of the NCAA cross country race. Sometimes these teams play in games against other All-American teams, but most All-American teams never actually compete in events.
Inval-Boiron
Inval-Boiron is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Pine barrens
Pine barrens are a type of habitat. It is a place where a few pine trees grow. A pine barren does not have enough trees to be a forest. A pine barren is one type of savannah. There are pine barrens in the eastern half of North America, in the United States and Canada.
Soil and plants
The soil in a pine barren has a lot of acid and sand in it. Water flows through the soil instead of staying in it. Pine barren soil does not make good farms.
Because pine barrens have fires, droughts, and frost during the growing season, the trees never grow enough to form a canopy. They never form a "roof" that stops the sunlight. That means that sunlight can touch the ground in a pine barren. That means that small plants that need a lot of light can grow there.
Animals
Many animals without bones live in pine barrens. For example, there are butterflies and grasshoppers. Birds that eat these animals live there too.
Damage
Human beings can hurt pine barrens by cutting down the pine trees for wood, by bringing plants from other parts of the world there, and by stopping the natural fires. When human beings stop fires, other types of trees can grow in the pine barren, and it becomes a forest instead. Then, the small plants that need a lot of sunlight die.
Axolotl
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is the best known of the Mexican mole salamanders: it belongs to the Tiger Salamander complex. The Axolotl shows paedomorphosis: the larvae do not undergo metamorphosis, so the adults stay aquatic, with external gills.
Natural history
The species evolved in the lake underlying Mexico City'''. Axolotls''' are used a lot in scientific research because they can regenerate most body parts, are easy to breed, and have large embryos. Axolotls are closely related to waterdogs, the larval stage of the closely related Tiger salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum and Ambystoma mavortium. These are common in much of North America and also sometimes become neotenic. The mudpuppies, Necturus, are fully-aquatic salamanders which are not closely related to the axolotl, but look like it.
Wild axolotls are now near extinction due to population growth in Mexico City, and the polluted waters of the lake. Non-native fish, such as African tilapia and Asian carp, have also recently been introduced to the waters. These new fish have been eating the axolotls' young, as well as its primary source of food. The axolotl is currently on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.
Genetics and development
Compared with land-dwelling salamanders, the sexually mature adult Axolotl is a chimera (mixture) of larval and adult tissues. A mutation in hormone production slows the development of the non-sexual tissues compared to the gonads. So, it ends up as an adult which looks like a larva, except that it is sexually mature. This is an example of neoteny, a type of heterochrony. Axolotls in the lab have reduced pigmentation and end up being a lighter pink color, while axolotls that live in nature are a darker, brown to black color.
Boyd, Texas
Boyd is a town in Wise County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 1,207.
Kelly Macdonald
Kelly Dorothy Macdonald (born 1976) is a Scottish actress. She played Diane in Trainspotting. She also played Dolly in the movie Anna Karenina. She also acted in many other movies and television shows.
Macdonald was born in Glasgow, Scotland.
Bumpy rocket frog
The bumpy rocket frog or Peter's frog (Litoria inermis) is a frog from Australia. It lives all across the northern and eastern parts of Australia, in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia.
An adult frog is 3.5 cm long from nose to rear end. It is light and dark brown with some yellow marks on its legs and a white spot near its jaws. Its front feet have no webbing and its back feet have some webbing. Its skin is bumpy.
The scientists who first wrote about this frog in the 1800s thought it was a burrowing frog, meaning a frog that likes to dig into the ground and spend time underground, but it is not. Its scientific name, "inermis", means "does not have a weapon". Most burrowing frogs have sharp bones in their feet, but the bumpy rocket frog does not. Burrowing frogs use these bones to dig.
George M. Dallas
George Mifflin Dallas (July 10, 1792 – December 31, 1864) was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 11th vice president of the United States from 1845 to 1849, under James K. Polk. Before becoming vice president, he was a senator from Pennsylvania and the mayor of Philadelphia.
Yves Montand
Ivo Livi, better known as Yves Montand (13 October 1921 – 9 November 1991), was an Italian-French actor and singer. He was best known for his roles in Jean de Florette (1986) and Manon des Sources (1986).
George M. Dallas
Dallas was born in Philadelphia and graduated from the College of New Jersey (now the Princeton University) in 1810.
Bumpy rocket frog
This frog lives in flood plains, forests, grasslands, swamps and streams, but it can live in rocky places if there are streams through them.
Mount Vernon, Virginia
Mount Vernon is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 12,416 at the 2010 census.
Madagascar (soundtrack)
Madagascar is the soundtrack to the 2005 Dreamworks film of the same name. It was released on May 24, 2005 by Geffen Records. It contains Hans Zimmer score, and songs from the movie.
Track listing
This is a list of Tracks from the soundtrack.
George M. Dallas
Early life
Dallas was born in Philadelphia on July 10, 1792. His parents were Alexander James Dallas and Arabella Maria Smith Dallas. His father was the Secretary of the Treasury under United States President James Madison, and was also briefly the Secretary of War. George Dallas was given his middle name after Thomas Mifflin. Mifflin was another politician who was good friends with his father.
Pre-political career
As a new graduate, Dallas did not want to become a lawyer; he wanted to fight in the War of 1812. He gave up on that plan after his father objected. Just after this, Dallas became the private secretary of Albert Gallatin. He went to Russia with Gallatin, who was sent there to try to get it to help with peace negotiations between Great Britain and the United States. Dallas liked the opportunities he got by being in Russia, but after six months there he was told to go to London to determine whether the War of 1812 could be ended diplomatically. In August 1814, he arrived in Washington, D.C. and delivered a draft of Britain's peace terms. There, James Madison made him the remitter of the treasury. Since the job did not have a big workload, Dallas found time to work on understanding politics. He later became the counsel to the Second Bank of the United States. In 1817, Dallas's father died, ending Dallas's plan for a family law practice. He then stopped working for the Second Bank of the United States and became the deputy attorney general of Philadelphia, which lasted until 1820.
Political career
After the War of 1812, Pennsylvania's political climate was chaotic. There were two factions in that state's Democratic party vying for control. Dallas led the Philadelphia-based "Family party". The other faction was called the "Amalgamators", and it was led by future President James Buchanan.
Voters elected Dallas mayor of Philadelphia as the candidate of the Family party, after the party gained control of the city councils. However, he quickly got bored of being the mayor. He became the United States attorney for the eastern district of Pennsylvania in 1829, and continued in that role until 1831. In December of that year, he won a contest in the state legislature, that enabled him to become the Senator from Pennsylvania in order to complete the unexpired term of the previous senator who had resigned.
Dallas served from 13 December 1831 to 3 March 1833. He was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. Dallas did not try to get re-elected, due to both a fight over the Second Bank of the United States, and because his wife did not want to leave Philadelphia to move to Washington.
Dallas went back to his law career, and was attorney general of Pennsylvania from 1833 to 1835. He was initiated to the Scottish Rite Freemasonry at the Franklin Lodge #134, Pennsylvania, and served as the Grand Master of Freemasons in Pennsylvania in 1835. Dallas was offered the role of Attorney General, but did not take it, and went back to being a lawyer. In the lead-up to the 1844 presidential election, Dallas helped Van Buren get the Democratic nomination instead of Dallas's fellow Pennsylvanian, James Buchanan.
Vice presidency
At the 1844 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, James K. Polk and Silas Wright were nominated. However, Wright did not want to be vice president, and Dallas was picked as his replacement. Dallas was not at the convention. He was woken up at his home by people from the convention who went to Philadelphia to tell him the news. Dallas accepted the nomination. The Democrats won the election with an electoral vote of 170 out of 275.
Dallas decided to use his position to lower tariffs and make the country bigger. Dallas used to support the tariff policy that his state's coal and iron companies wanted. But as vice president, he agreed to do anything necessary to realize that goal. Dallas thought that the vice president's power to break tied votes in the Senate was similar to the president's power to veto acts of Congress. At the end of his term, Dallas said that he had cast thirty tie-breaking votes during his four years in office. Dallas talked about this achievement in his farewell address to the Senate. However, Dallas wanted to avoid having to break a tied vote on the tariff issue, and lobbied senators during the debate over Treasury Secretary Walker's tariff bill in the summer of 1846.
Despite Dallas's efforts to avoid taking a stand, the Senate completed its voting on the Walker Tariff with a 27-to-27 tie. (A twenty-eighth vote in favor was held in reserve by a senator who opposed the measure but agreed to follow the instructions of his state legislature to support it.) When he voted for the tariff on July 28, 1846, Dallas said that he had studied the Senate support and concluded that all regions of the country had people who liked the bill. Additionally, the measure had overwhelmingly passed the House of Representatives. While the vote earned Dallas the respect of the president and certain party leaders from the southern and western states that supported low tariffs, it destroyed his home state political base.
While Dallas's tariff vote destroyed him in Pennsylvania, his aggressive views on Oregon and the Mexican War ruined his campaign efforts elsewhere in the nation. He shifted his attention to the aggressive, expansionist foreign policy program embodied in the concept of "Manifest Destiny" to get more votes. He actively supported efforts to gain control of Texas, the Southwest, Cuba, and disputed portions of the Oregon territory.
Dallas was important in the Senate, where he worked to support Polk and cast several tie-breaking votes. Dallas called for the annexation of all of the Oregon Territory and all of Mexico during the Mexican–American War, but accepted compromises that gave the United States parts of both areas. Though Dallas could not stop Polk from appointing Buchanan as Secretary of State, he helped convince Polk to appoint Robert J. Walker as Secretary of the Treasury. As vice president, Dallas tried to make himself a potential candidate for president in the 1848 election. However, his tie-breaking vote to lower a tariff destroyed much of his base in Pennsylvania, and his advocacy of popular sovereignty for slavery made more opposition against him.
Later life
In 1856, Franklin Pierce appointed Dallas minister to Great Britain, and he served as the minister until Abraham Lincoln appointed Charles F. Adams. When he started his service in England, he was called to work on the Central American question and the request made by the United States that Sir John Crampton, the British minister to the United States, should be recalled. At the end of his diplomatic career, Dallas returned to private life. He stopped getting involved in public affairs, except to condemn the Confederacy.
Death
Dallas returned to Philadelphia, where he lived until his death from a heart attack on Saturday, December 31, 1864. He was 72 when he died.
Yves Montand
Montand died of a heart attack on 9 November 1991 in Senlis, France at the age of 70.
In 2004, Catherine Allegret, Signoret's daughter, said in her autobiography "Un Monde a L'envers" (A World Upside Down), that she had been sexually abused by Montand at the age of five.
District 9
District 9 is a 2009 science fiction thriller movie directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The movie stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The movie won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International movie, which is awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing.
The plot is based on a 2005 short movie, Alive in Joburg, also directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. The title and plot of District 9 were based on real-life events that took happened in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. The movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and made $37 million in its first weekend. Lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.
References
Notes <references group="lower-alpha"/>
1889 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Canada, on January 7, 1889. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to a second term as Mayor of Toronto without anyone running against him.
1891 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Canada, on January 5, 1891. Edward Frederick Clarke, was re-elected to his fourth term in office, defeating former alderman Ernest A. Macdonald.
Toronto mayor
References:
Aldermen elected to City Council
Three per ward
References:
1889 Toronto municipal election
Toronto mayor
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