cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You
To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You is a 2020 American teen romantic comedy movie directed by Michael Fimognari and written by Sofia Alvarez and J. Mills Goodloe. The movie stars Lana Condor, Noah Centineo, Janel Parrish, Anna Cathcart, Trezzo Mahoro, Madeleine Arthur, Emilija Baranac, Kelcey Mawema, Jordan Fisher, Ross Butler, Julie Tao, Sarayu Blue, John Corbett, Holland Taylor, and Maddie Ziegler.
Frumentius
Life
While teaching Ezana, Frumentius tried to convince as many people as he could to become Christian. Once Ezana was an adult both Frumentius and his brother Edesius left Ethiopia. Edesius went back home to Tyre but Frumentius went to Egypt to convince Athanasias the creator of the Athanasian Creed to appoint missionaries to Axum. So Athanasius appointed Frumentius as a bishop. Frumentius went back to Ethiopia this time with Christian priests to start Churches and to convince people there to become Christians. Frumentius even managed to get King Ezana to convert to Christianity. When the Roman Empire told Ezana to replace Frumentius with another bishop, because Frumentius didn’t believe in the Nicene Creed, Ezana said no.
To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You
The movie is based on Jenny Han's 2015 novel P.S. I Still Love You.
Frumentius
Sainthood
In Ethiopia, the Orthodox Church says that Frumentius is a Saint and they call him Saint Frumentius.
To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You
The movie is a sequel to To All the Boys I've Loved Before (2018). The movie was released on February 12, 2020 on Netflix.
Jack Schlossberg
John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg (born January 19, 1993) is an American attorney and public advocate. He is the son of U.S. Ambassador Caroline Kennedy and the only grandson of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.
Early life and education
John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg was born on January 19, 1993, to attorney Caroline Kennedy and fashion designer, Edwin Schlossberg in New York City. He is the youngest and only grandson of his maternal grandparents, John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.
Schlossberg was named after his maternal grandfather, John F. Kennedy. He was sometimes described as a look-alike of his maternal uncle, John F. Kennedy Jr.. He has two older sisters named, Rose Schlossberg and Tatiana Schlossberg.
He attended schools and universities such as, The Collegiate School, Yale University, Harvard Law School, Harvard Business School.
Career
In November 2013, He attended the Medal of Freedom Award Dinner to remember the 50th anniversary of his grandfather's death which was hosted by President Barack Obama. Schlossberg is also a member of the John F. Kennedy Library New Frontier Award Committee.
In May 2018, Schlossberg made his acting debut as Officer Jack Hammer on the eighth-season finale of the television show Blue Bloods.
Le Mesnil-Mauger
Le Mesnil-Mauger is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.
Gene Littler
Gene Alec Littler (July 21, 1930 – February 16, 2019) was an American professional golfer. He was born in San Diego, California. He was a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame. He was nicknamed "Gene the Machine" for his smooth swing. Littler won the U.S. Open in 1961. In 1977, he ended up second in the PGA Championship.
Tompall & the Glaser Brothers
Tompall & the Glaser Brothers was an American country music group composed of three brothers: Chuck Glaser (February 27, 1936 – June 10, 2019), Jim (December 16, 1937 – April 6, 2019), and Tompall Glaser (September 3, 1933 – August 13, 2013).
Gene Littler
Littler died on February 16, 2019 in San Diego from complications of peripheral neuropathy at the age of 88.
Tompall & the Glaser Brothers
The Glaser Brothers started singing together at country fairs. In 1957 the group got their big break when they appeared on the Arthur Godfrey's Talent Show and attracted the attention of several well known country stars, including Marty Robbins.
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, (born Lady Alice Christabel Montagu Douglas Scott; 25 December 1901 – 29 October 2004) was the wife of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the third son of King George V and Queen Mary. She was the mother of Prince William of Gloucester and Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester.
She became by marriage a princess of the United Kingdom, and a sister-in-law to Edward VIII and George VI. She was an aunt by marriage to Elizabeth II.
At the time of her death at 102, she was the oldest living member of the British Royal Family.
Pac-Man 99
Pac-Man 99 (パックマン99) (stylized as PAC-MAN 99) is a 2021 online multiplayer maze video game with battle royale features developed by Arika and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the Nintendo Switch through its Nintendo Switch Online service. It was announced on social media sites on April 6, 2021 and was released on April 7, 2021.
Part of its Pac-Man franchise, its gameplay involves up to 99 players competing at the same time, similar to Tetris 99 and Super Mario Bros. 35, which is another battle royale game which has since been discontinued. Players control Pac-Man through an enclosed maze, eating dots on the board and avoiding colored ghosts that go after them. Eating power pellets causes the ghosts to turn blue and become edible; eating ghosts sends enemies called "Jammer Pac-Man" to another opponent in an attempt to slow them down and get them out of the game. The game features downloadable content that includes offline play and additional skins, with some based on other Namco games, but you must pay for it.
Reviews
Pac-Man 99 received a 76 out of 100 on review collector Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
COVID-19 pandemic in Malta
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the first case of coronavirus disease in Malta was an Italian 12-year-old girl on 7 March 2020. The girl and her family were in self-isolation. After a few days, both her parents were found positive for Coronavirus as well.
Malta has reported 1862 confirmed cases, 1313 recoveries and 11 deaths; 538 cases remain active.
A mandatory quarantine was forced on travelers and those who were possibly in contact with those who traveled abroad.
WHO praised the Maltese government's response to the pandemic, before the number of cases rose to 52 on 7 April. On May Day, given that the rate of the virus was below 0, the first reopening measures were announced.
Port Royal
Port Royal was a city in Jamaica. It was the focus of trade in Jamaica in the 17th century. It was known for its piracy, but also for the riches accumulated, and for the very bad moral values that could be found in the city. An earthquake in June of 1692 largely destroyed the city. Two thirds of the city sank into the Caribbean Sea. Today, the city is covered by at least 8 metres of water. The city is among the most important archaeological sites in the Ocean. Its role as a center for trade was taken over by Spanish Town, Jamaica, and later by Kingston.
René van de Kerkhof
Reinier Lambertus van de Kerkhof (born 16 September 1951) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a right winger for FC Twente, PSV Eindhoven and the Netherlands. He was part of the teams that reached the finals of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Van de Kerkhof is the twin brother of Willy van de Kerkhof. Van de Kerkhof was a fast footballer with a great urge to move forward. His nickname was 'The Blind'. He was widely regarded as one of the best Dutch players of all time. Van de Kerkhof was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004.
Club career
Van de Kerkhof and his twin brother played as amateurs for RKSV MULO. They both made their professional debuts with FC Twente in 1970 and three years later they also went to PSV together. Their brother Gerard also played as a professional football player. Father Renier van de Kerkhof (1910-1956), was an amateur football player for Deurania, which was merged into SV Deurne in 1942. Van de Kerkhof played thirteen seasons at PSV, in ten of them together with Willy in the first team. He played his last three years with the PSV amateurs (1989-1992). 1978 was his most successful year, besides becoming runners-up at the World Cup, he also won the UEFA Cup, the Dutch championship and the KNVB Beker with PSV that year: "we had won everything possible – the title, the Dutch Cup and the UEFA Cup, and we had five or six players who had been runners-up at the FIFA World Cup in Argentina with the Netherlands. It was a beautiful period under coach Kees Rijvers", van de Kerkhof later would tell to Berend Scholten.
International career
Van de Kerkhof made his debut for the Dutch national team on March 28, 1973, during a friendly match against Austria. He played at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Euro 1976, the 1978 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Euro 1980. He played a total of 47 games for the Orange squad, in which he – like his brother – scored five times. He scored those goals in the qualifying series for the 1974 World Cup, 1976 European Championship and 1978 World Cup, at the 1978 World Cup and in the qualifying series for the 1980 European Championship.
Van de Kerkhof was a substitute in the lost World Cup final against West Germany in 1974. According to measurements of the images in 2006, he was the best Dutch player in this match based on effectiveness, according to researchers from the University of Groningen and the Groningen company Team Support. systems.
Just before the kick-off of the World Cup final in 1978, Van de Kerkhof was the center of a riot. Because he had broken his hand, he played with a plaster cuff. Argentina captain Daniel Passarella demanded Italian referee Sergio Gonella be replaced. When national coach Ernst Happel subsequently sent the Dutch players to the dressing room, Gonella decided to allow Van de Kerkhof's 'hard hand' with some extra foam rubber and tape. The kick-off was fifteen minutes late. In 1978, the Van de Kerkhof brothers were the only twins to ever play in the final of a World Cup.
Honours
PSV Eindhoven Seiko
Netherlands
Individual
Lanai
Lanai (or Lānaʻi) is sixth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It is also known as the "Pineapple Island". The island is almost a circle in shape and is 18 miles wide in the longest direction. The land area is 140 sq. miles (367 km2). It is separated from the island of Moloka'i by the Kalohi Channel to the north.
History
Lana'i was first seen by Europeans on 25 February 1779 by Captain Clerke, with HMS Resolution on the James Cook Pacific Ocean trip. Clerke took command of the ship after Capt. Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, and was leaving the islands for the North Pacific.
In 1922, Jim Dole, the president of Dole Pineapple Company, bought the island of Lana'i. He made a large part of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation.
Tourism
Tourism on Lana'i started not long ago. That was when the growing of pineapple was slowly coming to an end in the Islands. On Lana'i, you can be with nature and feel the mood of the Hawaiian countryside. Not like nearby O'ahu, the only town (Lana'i City) is small. It has no traffic or shopping centers. Tourists come mainly to relax.
There are three hotels on Lana'i and several golf courses.
Kıbrıs Türk Hava Yolları
Kıbrıs Türk Hava Yolları (often called K.T.H.Y or Cyprus Turkish Airlines in English) was the biggest airline in Northern Cyprus. Its main base of operation was at Ercan International Airport not far from the city of Nicosia. From, there it flied to mainland Turkey as well as some cities in Germany and the United Kingdom.
Its fleet had: one Airbus A320, two Airbus A321 and four Boeing 737-800.
Medical specialty
Medicine is a very complex field. In the past, a doctor could learn almost all that we knew about medicine. Now that is impossible. So after finishing medical school, young doctors choose what kind of doctor they wish to be. After school, they usually do more years of training to learn about the kind of medical specialty they want to do.
Primary care doctors
There are other doctors who are also 'primary care' doctors. Pediatricians are primary care doctors, but only for children. Internists are primary care doctors for adults. Some gynecologists do primary care, but for women only.
Specialists
Other doctors are called 'specialists'. This means they have learned more about certain types of medical care. For example:
Medicine and surgery
In the broadest meaning of 'medicine', there are many different specialties. However, within medical circles, there are two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery." There are some medical specialties that do not fit into either of these categories, like radiology, pathology, and anesthesia.
Training
In the U.S., all specialties must pass all three steps of the national medical board examinations. Steps I and II happen during medical school. Step III happens during intern year, where a person works as a student at a hospital.
After a person passes these exams, they then have to pass more exams that are specifically about their specialty. These tests are both written and oral.
A doctor is board-certified in their specialty after: There are only a few training spots per specialty each year, so some specialties can be very competitive. Some medical students do not get to train in the specialty they want. Other specialties do not have nearly enough doctors. This can happen because not enough doctors apply for training spots; because more training spots are needed; or because many people fail out of their training program.
Surgical training
Surgical training requires at least five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last another one to three years. Because fellowships can be competitive, many trainees spend another two years on research. Because of this, for some people, their surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school.
Surgical training can be very difficult and can take a lot of time. An average surgical resident works 75 hours per week.
Some subspecialties of surgery, like neurosurgery, require even longer hours. Residents training in these specialties often work 80 hours a week. Officially, these specialties only allow their residents to work up to 88 hours per week. However, many surgical programs still require residents to work more than 88 hours a week.
Arrondissement of Pau
The arrondissement of Pau is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département. Its capital, and préfecture of the department, is the city of Pau.
Medical specialty
Surgical training
Attempts to limit the amount of hours that surgical residents work have been difficult, because:
Medical training
Medical training, unlike surgical training, requires three years of residency training after medical school. Doctors can then do a one- to two-year fellowship in their subspecialty. In general, medical residents work less hours than surgical residents.
Arrondissement of Pau
It is the northernmost of the arrondissements of the department, with an area of 2490 km2, the second in area of the department. It is the most populated arrondissement with 305,089 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².
History
When the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, as Basses-Pyrénées, department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Pau was part of that original department.
Geography
The arrondissement of Pau is bordered to the north by the Landes and Gers departments, to the east by the Hautes-Pyrénées department, to the southwest by the arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and to the west by the arrondissement of Bayonne.
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The cantons of the arrondissement of Pau are:
Communes
The arrondissement of Pau has 269 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:
RLC circuit
A circuit containing resistance (R), inductance (L), and capacitance (C) is called an RLC circuit. A simple circuit only has one RLC series.
With a resistance R present, the total electromagnetic energy U of the circuit (the sum of the electric energy and magnetic energy) is no longer constant. Instead, it decreases with time as energy is transferred to thermal energy in the resistance. Because of this loss of energy, the oscillations of charge, current and potential difference continuously decrease in amplitude, and the oscillations are said to be damped.
They are damped in exactly the same way as those of the damped block-spring oscillator. To analyze the oscillations of this circuit, an equation can be written for the total electromagnetic energy U in the circuit at any instant. This is because the resistance does not store electromagnetic energy.
However, this total energy decreases as energy is transferred to thermal energy. where the minus sign indicates that U decreases. By differentiating Eq. 1 with respect to time and then substituting the result in Eq. 2, the following is obtained: Substituting dq/dt for i and d^2/dt^2 for di/dt, the following is obtained:
Windows Live Essentials
Windows Live Essentials consists of 8 programs, Windows Live Mail, Windows Live Writer, Windows Live Messenger, Windows Live Hotmail, Windows Live Photo Gallery, Windows Live Meeting Space and Windows Live Calendar.
Windows Live Essentials (2001)
The first version for Windows Live Essentials was released on August 27, 2001 for Windows XP.
Windows Live Essentials 2009
Windows Live Essentials 2009 was released on July 13, 2009 in Windows 7.
Windows Live Essentials 2011
Windows Live Essentials 2011 was released on November 10, 2010 for Windows 7, replacing Windows Live Essentials 2009.
Windows Live Essentials 2012
Windows Live Essentials 2012 was released on January 7, 2012 for Windows 8.
Discontinuation
In January 8, 2014, Microsoft announced all Windows Live programs had reached the end of their support lifecycles. In January 5, 2015. Windows Live Photo Gallery and Windows Live Mail was discontinued for Windows Vista. All Windows Live Essentials programs are discontinued as of January 10, 2017.
Sumo Digital
Sumo Digital is a British video game developer, it's main franchise is the Sackboy franchise and has also developed Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing for the Wii.
Le Mesnil-Patry
Le Mesnil-Patry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.
Mickey Tettleton
Mickey Lee Tettleton (born September 16, 1960) is a former Major League Baseball catcher for the Oakland Athletics (1984–1987), Baltimore Orioles (1988–1990), Detroit Tigers (1991–1994) and Texas Rangers (1995–1997). He made two All–Star teams and won three Silver Slugger Awards. He was named after Mickey Mantle, who was also from Oklahoma.
Electoral district of Mulgrave (Queensland)
Mulgrave is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1873, abolished in 1888 and recreated in 1950.
Nationwide Arena
Nationwide Arena is a sports arena in Columbus, Ohio. The arena opened in 2000, and right now the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League (AFL) play there. The arena was built at the location of the old Ohio Penitentiary, a prison that was destroyed in 1998.
Anxiety
Anxiety is distress or uneasiness of mind caused by a fear of danger or misfortune. Very often, people with anxiety also feel worries. There can also be physical symptoms, like having a headache or an upset stomach.
Anxiety is a very common human emotion and is often associated with fear, panic, and the fight or flight response. The amount of stress needed to cause anxiety will vary from person to person however, basics include: losing one's job, the death of a loved one, or an accident, to name a few. In most people, anxiety will settle over time and one will return to normal state.
Some people suffer a lot of anxiety over a long period of time which controls them and makes their lives difficult. These conditions are called anxiety disorders and can be treated by therapy and medicine.
General anxiety symptoms are things such as; continual tiredness / exhaustion, inability to relax, lack of confidence, low self-esteem, fear of public places, fear of socialising, frequent feelings of irrational anxiety / fear, compulsive behavior, worrying about making mistakes, regular nightmares, disturbed sleep patterns, excessive crying, headaches, stomach problems, diarrhea, nausea, aching muscles, and so on.
Symptoms of anxiety attacks are things like; sweating, shaking and tremors, palpitations, shortness of breath, hyperventilating, racing heart beat, tingling in hands and feet, feeling of impending doom, feeling you are having a heart attack. There are more, but these are the usual ones.
Medicine
These symptoms, more or less, define anxiety but they can also be signs of other problems, so the first port of call has to be a doctor or other health care professional. They will be able to define what the problem is exactly, and propose the appropriate treatment.
A doctor’s first line treatment is usually through drug-based medication; for example antidepressants, anti-anxiety tablets and beta blockers. These can be very effective, but they all have side effects, some worse than others. This can tend to put folks off continuing with them. Note however, that many drugs that have been taken for a longer time, need to be stopped in a special way (usually, with the help of a doctor); simply stopping the drug can lead to withdrawal symptoms.
Other non-drug therapies are becoming popular such as; self-hypnosis, meditation, yoga, cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, acupuncture, etc. These are therapies to help people ‘manage’ or ‘cope’ with their anxiety and / or anxiety attacks.
But what about the underlying cause(s) of anxiety? The two treatment types above focus on either reducing the symptoms of anxiety, or, helping a person cope with their disorder. They don’t seem to do anything about the underlying condition(s) that are causing the anxiety.
And the very ‘fear’ of another anxiety attack can bring one on. As long as this irrational fear exists it’s very difficult to stop attacks and resolve the general anxiety. Eliminating this fear can prevent further attacks and get rid of the general anxiety much more effectively.
Anxiety disorders
Anxiety disorders are any sort of disorder caused by a major amount of anxiety. There are many different disorders, each of which may be diagnosed by a trained professional. Examples of such disorders are
Non-medical, religious treatments
The state of anxiety can be calmed with the devotion of the Rosary that allows the person to pray and meditate with a great sense of peace.
List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
The List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
There are 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom and overseas territories. The UNESCO list has eighteen properties in England (the Frontiers of the Roman Empire is shared with Germany), five in Scotland, three in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, and one in each of the overseas territories of Bermuda, the Pitcairn Islands, and Saint Helena.
History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, including the United Kingdom.
The UK contributes £130,000 annually to the World Heritage Fund which finances the preservation of sites in developing countries. Some locations have many sites that have a common geographical location or cultural history.
List
The World Heritage list has developed over time. It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.
The United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO advises the British government on policies dealing with UNESCO. The British government is responsible for maintaining its World Heritage Sites.
Original list
The latest site to be added was Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal in 2009.
Criteria
There are 10 criteria for a site to be able to be added to the list. World Heritage Site selection criteria i–iv are culturally based. selection criteria vii–x are natural criteria. Twenty-three properties are listed as "cultural". Four are listed as "natural". One is listed as "mixed", which means that the site is notable for both natural and cultural criteria. This is similar to the proportions of all World Heritage Sites. Of the 890 sites on the World Heritage List, 77.4% are cultural, 19.8% are natural, and 2.8% are mixed. St Kilda is the only mixed World Heritage Site in the UK. At first, it was added to the list because of its natural habitats.
In 2005, the crofting community that once was part of the archipelago was added to the site. The natural sites are the Dorset and East Devon Coast, Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast, Gough and Inaccessible Islands and Henderson Island. The rest are cultural.
As of 2020, there are 30 places in the United Kingdom which are on the World Heritage List.
Tentative list
The Tentative List is an inventory of important heritage and natural sites that a country is considering for inscription on the World Heritage List, thereby becoming World Heritage Sites. The Tentative List can be updated at any time, but inclusion on the list is a prerequisite to being considered for inscription within a five- to ten-year period.
The UK's Tentative List was last updated on 25 July 2014, and consisted of 11 sites. The properties on the Tentative List are as follows:
Many other favorite sites were left out this time, including
Bernard Montgomery
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC (17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976) was a British Army officer.
Usually called "Monty", he fought in World War I. In World War II he successfully commanded Allied forces at the Battle of El Alamein, a major turning point in the Western Desert Campaign.
Early life
The family returned home once for the Lambeth Conference in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were educated for a term at The King's School, Canterbury. In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the family returned to London. Montgomery went to St Paul's School and then the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, from which he was almost expelled for setting fire to a fellow cadet during a fight with pokers. On graduation he joined the 1st Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment in September 1908 as a second lieutenant, first seeing service in India until 1913. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1910.
First World War
The First World War began in August 1914 and Montgomery moved to France with his regiment that month. Half his battalion was destroyed during the retreat from Mons. At Méteren, on 13 October 1914, during an Allied counter-offensive, he was shot through the right lung by a sniper and was so badly injured that a grave was dug because he was expected to die.
A Platoon sergeant came to assist him but was killed. He fell on Montgomery. The German sniper fired at him until sunset. The body of the sergeant protected Montgomery and took most of the enemy fire. Montgomery was hit once more though, in the knee. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant leadership. The citation for this award, published in the London Gazette in December 1914 reads: "Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their trenches with the bayonet. He was severely wounded."
In early 1915, he was appointed to be brigade major training Kitchener's New Army and returned to the Western Front in early 1916 as an operations staff officer during the battles of the Somme, Arras, and Passchendaele. During this time he came under IX Corps, part of General Sir Herbert Plumer's Second Army. Because the infantry, artillery and engineers were trained together, rehearsed together, and worked together they were able to do what they were asked efficiently and without unnecessary casualties.
Montgomery served at the battles of the Lys and Chemin-des-Dames before finishing the war as General Staff Officer 1 and effectively chief of staff of the 47th (2nd London) Division, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel. A photograph from October 1918 shows the then unknown Lt.-Col. Montgomery standing in front of Winston Churchill (Minister of Munitions) at the victory parade at Lille.
Second World War
Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. The 3rd Division was sent to Belgium as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Montgomery predicted a disaster similar to that in 1914, and so spent the Phoney War training his troops to retreat safely rather than offensive operations. During this time, Montgomery faced serious trouble from his superiors for his attitude regarding the sexual health of his soldiers. However, he was defended from dismissal by his superior Alan Brooke, commander of II Corps. Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to the River Dijle and then withdrew to Dunkirk with great professionalism, returning to Britain intact with minimal casualties. During Operation Dynamo — the evacuation of 330,000 BEF and French troops to Britain — Montgomery had assumed command of the II Corps after Brooke had taken acting command of the whole BEF.
On his return Montgomery annoyed the War Office by criticising the way the BEF was run and he was put in charge of a smaller group of soldiers. He was however made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. In July 1940, he was appointed acting lieutenant-general, placed in command of V Corps, responsible for the defence of Hampshire and Dorset, and started a long-running feud with the new commander-in-chief, Southern Command, Claude Auchinleck. In April 1941, he became commander of XII Corps responsible for the defence of Kent. During this period he instituted a regime of continuous training and insisted on high levels of physical fitness for both officers and other ranks. He was ruthless in sacking officers he considered would be unfit for command in action. In December 1941 Montgomery was given command of South-Eastern Command overseeing the defence of Kent, Sussex and Surrey. He renamed his command the South-Eastern Army to promote offensive spirit. During this time he further developed and rehearsed his ideas and trained his soldiers, culminating in Exercise Tiger in May 1942, a combined forces exercise involving 100,000 troops.
Montgomery's early command
In 1942, a new field commander was needed in the Middle East. Auchinleck was acting as both the commander-in-chief Middle East Command and commander Eighth Army. He had fixed the Allied position at the First Battle of El Alamein, but after a visit in August 1942, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, replaced him as C-in-C with Alexander and William Gott as commander of the Eighth Army in the Western Desert. After Gott was killed flying back to Cairo Churchill was persuaded by Brooke, who by this time was Chief of the Imperial General Staff to appoint Montgomery, who had only just been nominated to replace Alexander as commander of the British ground forces for Operation Torch.
Montgomery was very popular with the men of the Eighth Army, and when he took command Army's fighting spirit and abilities got better. Taking command on 13 August 1942, he immediately became a whirlwind of activity. He ordered the creation of the X Corps, which contained all armoured divisions to fight alongside his XXX Corps which was all infantry divisions. This was in no way similar to a German Panzer Corps. One of Rommel's Panzer Corps combined infantry, armour and artillery units under one division commander. The only common commander for Montgomery's all infantry and all armour corps was the Eighth Army Commander himself. Correlli Barnett said that Montgomery's solution "...was in every way opposite to Auchinleck's and in every way wrong, for it carried the existing dangerous separatism still further." Montgomery spent two months making the 30 mi long front line at El Alamein stronger. He asked Alexander to send him two new British divisions (51st Highland and 44th) that were then arriving in Egypt and were scheduled to be deployed in defence of the Nile Delta. He moved his field HQ to Burg al Arab, close to the Air Force command post in order better to coordinate combined operations. Montgomery wanted the Army, Navy and Air Force to fight together from the same detailed plan. He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa, just behind his own lines, expecting the German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with there, something that Rommel soon did. Montgomery ordered all plans for retreat be destroyed. "I have cancelled the plan for withdrawal", he told his officers at the first meeting he held with them in the desert. "If we are attacked, then there will be no retreat. If we cannot stay here alive, then we will stay here dead."
Montgomery made a great effort to appear before troops as often as possible, frequently visiting various units and making himself known to the men, often arranging for cigarettes to be distributed. Although he still wore a standard British officer's cap on arrival in the desert, he briefly wore an Australian broad-brimmed hat before switching to wearing the black beret (with the badge of the Royal Tank Regiment next to the British General Officer's badge) for which he became notable. The black beret had been given to him by a soldier when he climbing into a tank to get a closer look at the front lines. Both Brooke and Alexander were astonished by the change in atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than a week after Montgomery had taken command.
First battles with Rommel
Rommel attempted to turn the left side of the Eighth Army at the Battle of Alam Halfa from 31 August 1942. The German/Italian armoured Corps infantry attack was stopped in very heavy fighting. Rommel's forces had to withdraw quickly so that they could escape though the British minefields be cut off. Montgomery was criticised for not counter-attacking the retreating forces immediately, but he felt strongly that his build-up of British forces was not yet ready. A hasty counter-attack risked ruining his strategy for an offensive on his own terms in late October, planning for which had begun soon after he took command. He was confirmed in the permanent rank of lieutenant-general in mid October.
The conquest of Libya was essential for airfields to support Malta and to threaten the rear of Axis forces opposing Operation Torch. Montgomery prepared meticulously for the new offensive after convincing Churchill that the time was not being wasted. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay. ) He was determined not to fight until he thought there had been enough preparation for a victory, and put into action his beliefs with the gathering of resources, detailed planning, the training of troops — especially in clearing minefields and fighting at night — and in the use of 252 of the latest American-built Sherman tanks, 90 M7 Priest self-propelled howitzers, and making a personal visit to every unit involved in the offensive. By the time the offensive was ready in late October, Eighth Army had 231,000 men on its ration strength including British, Australian, South African, Indian, New Zealand, Greek and Free French units.
El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October 1942, and ended twelve days later with the first large-scale, decisive Allied land victory of the war. Montgomery correctly predicted both the length of the battle and the number of casualties (13,500 ). However, soon after British armoured units and infantry broke through the German and Italian lines and were pursuing the enemy forces at speed along the coast road, a violent rainstorm burst over the region, bogging down the tanks and support trucks in the desert mud. Montgomery, standing before his officers at headquarters and close to tears, announced that he was forced to call off the pursuit. Corelli Barnett has pointed out that the rain also fell on the Germans, and that the weather is therefore an inadequate explanation for the failure to exploit the breakthrough, but nevertheless the Battle of El Alamein had been a great success. Over 30,000 prisoners were taken including the German second in command, General von Thoma, as well as eight other general officers. Rommel, having been in a hospital in Germany at the start of the battle, was forced to return on 25 October 1942 after General Stumme - his replacement as German commander - died of a heart attack in the early hours of the battle.
Lieutenant Governor of the United States Virgin Islands
The following is a list of lieutenant governors of the United States Virgin Islands.
Bernard Montgomery
Tunisia
Montgomery was knighted and promoted to full general. The Eighth Army's later advance as the Germans retreated hundreds of miles towards their bases in Tunisia used the logistical as well as the firepower advantages of the British Army while avoiding unnecessary risks. It also gave the Allies an indication that the tide of war had genuinely turned in North Africa. Montgomery kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of each successive defensive position. On 6 March 1943, Rommel's attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at Medenine (Operation Capri) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed. At the Mareth Line, 20 March to 27 March, when Montgomery encountered stronger opposition than he had expected, he switched to trying to move around the side of the Germans, backed by low-flying RAF fighter-bomber support.
This campaign demonstrated the battle-winning ingredients of morale (sickness and absenteeism were virtually eliminated in the Eighth Army), co-operation of all arms including the air forces, first-class logistical back-up and clear-cut orders. For his role in North Africa he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States government in the rank of Chief Commander.
Sicily
The next major Allied attack was the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). Montgomery considered the initial plans for the Allied invasion, which had been agreed in principle by Eisenhower and Alexander, to be unworkable because of the way troops and effort were separated. He managed to have the plans changed to concentrate the Allied forces, having Patton's Seventh US Army land in the Gulf of Gela (on the left side of Eighth Army, which landed around Syracuse in the south-east of Sicily) rather than near Palermo in the west and north of Sicily. Inter-Allied tensions grew as the American commanders Patton and Bradley (then commanding II US Corps under Patton), got annoyed because they saw Montgomery as boastful. They resented him, while accepting his skills as a general.
Italian Campaign
During the autumn of 1943, Montgomery continued to command the Eighth Army during the landings on the mainland of Italy itself. In conjunction with the Anglo-American landings at Salerno (near Naples) by Mark Clark's Fifth Army and seaborne landings by British paratroops in the heel of Italy (including the key port of Taranto, where they disembarked without resistance directly into the port), Montgomery led the Eighth Army up the toe of Italy. Some criticism was made of the slowness of Montgomery's advance. The Eighth Army, responsible for the eastern side of the Allied front, from the central Apennine mountain spine to the Adriatic coast, fought a succession of engagements alternating between opposed crossings of the rivers running across their line of advance and attacks against the cleverly constructed defensive positions the Germans had fashioned on the ridges in between. The Eighth Army crossed the Sangro river in mid-November and penetrated the German's strongest position at the Gustav Line but as the winter weather deteriorated the advance ground to a halt as transport bogged down and air support operations became impossible. Montgomery hated the lack of coordination, the dispersion of effort, and the strategic muddle and opportunism he perceived in the Allied effort in Italy and was glad to leave the "dog's breakfast" on 23 December
Normandy
Montgomery returned to Britain to take command of the 21st Army Group which consisted of all Allied ground forces that would take part in Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy. Preliminary planning for the invasion had been taking place for two years, most recently by COSSAC staff (Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander).
Montgomery's initial plan was, most likely, for an immediate breakout toward Caen. He did not have enough men at first, so started a series of battle in which the British, Canadian and American armies trapped and defeated the German forces in Normandy in the Falaise pocket. By the middle of July the Cotentin Peninsula was occupied and Caen captured.
Advance to the Rhine
The increasing number of American troops in the European theatre (from five out of ten divisions at D-Day to 72 out of 85 in 1945) made it a political impossibility for the Ground Forces Commander to be British. After the end of the Normandy campaign, General Eisenhower himself took over Ground Forces Command while continuing as Supreme Commander, with Montgomery continuing to command the 21st Army Group, now consisting mainly of British and Canadian units. Montgomery bitterly resented this change, although it had been agreed before the D-Day invasion. Winston Churchill had Montgomery promoted to Field Marshal by way of compensation.
Montgomery was able to persuade Eisenhower to adopt his strategy of a single thrust to the Ruhr with Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was uncharacteristic of Montgomery's battles: the offensive was strategically bold, but poorly planned. Montgomery either did not receive or ignored ULTRA intelligence which warned of the presence of German armoured units near the site of the attack. As a result, the operation failed with the destruction of the British 1st Airborne Division at the Battle of Arnhem and the loss of any hopes of invading Germany by the end of 1944.
Montgomery's preoccupation with the push to the Ruhr had also distracted him from the essential task of clearing the Scheldt during the capture of Antwerp; and so, after Arnhem, Montgomery's group was instructed to concentrate on doing this so that the port of Antwerp could be opened.
Eisenhower had then wanted Montgomery to go on the offensive on 1 January to meet Patton's army that had started advancing from the south on 19 December and in doing so, trap the Germans. However, Montgomery refused to commit infantry he considered underprepared into a snowstorm and for a strategically unimportant piece of land. He did not launch the attack until 3 January, by which point the German forces had been able to escape. A large part of American military opinion thought that he should not have held back, though it was characteristic of him to use drawn-out preparations for his attack. After the battle the U.S. First Army was restored to the 12th Army Group; the U.S. Ninth Army remained under 21st Army Group until it crossed the Rhine.
On 4 May 1945, on Lüneburg Heath, Montgomery accepted the surrender of German forces in northern Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. This was done plainly in a tent without any ceremony. In the same year he was awarded the Order of the Elephant, the highest order in Denmark.
Later life
After the war Montgomery became the C-in-C of the British Forces of Occupation and the British member of the Allied Control Council. He was made 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946. He was Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1946 until 1948, succeeding Alanbrooke, but was largely a failure as it required strategic and political skills he did not have. He rarely spoke with his fellow commanders-in-chiefs, and sent his deputy to their meetings. He clashed particularly with Arthur Tedder, who as Deputy Supreme Commander had wanted Montgomery sacked during the Battle of Normandy, and who was by now Chief of the Air Staff. When Montgomery's term of office expired, Prime Minister Clement Attlee appointed General (later Field-Marshal) William Slim as his successor; when Montgomery protested that he had already promised the job to his protegé General Crocker, a former corps commander from the 1944-5 campaign, Attlee is said to have given the memorable retort "Untell him".