cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Pippi Longstocking (book)
Background
Astrid Lindgren first thought of Pippi Longstocking in 1941. Her 9-year-old daughter Karin was sick and had to be kept in bed. She asked her mother to tell her a story, so Lindgren made up a character named Pippi Longstocking and some stories about her to entertain her daughter. In 1944, she wrote them down and sent the manuscript of the book to Bonnier Publishers. They said that they did not want to publish the book. When the publishing company Rabén and Sjögren announced a children's book contest on January 28 of the next year, she sent a new version of the book to the company. It won first prize and was published in 1945. Afterwards, Rabén and Sjögren would also publish the sequels, Pippi Goes on Board (1946) and Pippi in the South Seas (1948). Since then, the series has been translated into many other languages. It has also been adapted into a television series and two movies.
Plot
Pippi is a girl who is 9 years old. She lives alone in Villa Villekulla, an old house in a garden way out at the end of a small town (the name of the town is not given). She lives there all alone because her father, a sea captain called Captain Efraim Longstocking, disappeared when he was washed overboard in a storm and her mother died when she was very young. Pippi believes that her mother is now an angel in Heaven, watching her through a peephole and her father, instead of drowning after being washed overboard, had actually floated to an island filled with cannibals and become a cannibal king.
Luckily for her, her father had bought Villa Villekulla many years ago so that when he would grow old he would move into the house with his daughter. So Pippi decides to move into the house with the two things she had taken from her father's ship: her pet monkey named Mr. Nilsson (a present from her father) and a suitcase filled with gold coins. After moving into the house, she also buys a horse, which she keeps on the porch. She likes living alone because nobody orders her to go to bed and no one forces her to take cod liver oil, when she likes candy more.
Afterwards, she invites them over to her house, where they eat pancakes and Pippi tells them about Brazilians, who always have eggs in their hair. Then she shows them some of the things which she and her father brought home from their journeys around the world. From these, Pippi gives them some gifts: Tommy gets a small knife with a handle of pearl and Annika gets a ring with a green stone. Annika and Tommy then go back to their home.
Phytoplasma
Phytoplasmas are a type of parasitic bacteria. They are pathogens of economically important plants, including coconut, sugarcane, and sandalwood.
They are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue. Their vectors are insects which inject then into the plant cells. They were discovered by scientists in 1967 and were named mycoplasma-like organisms or MLOs. They cannot be grown in vitro (in laboratory conditions), and that limits the information about them. They are described by the special term "Candidatus", reserved for such difficult organisms.
Lucia Cammarano
Lucia Cammarano (born 27 July 1992) is an Italian rugby union player. She took part in the 2014 Women's Six Nations Championship, 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup, and 2019 Women's Six Nations Championship.
She played for Monza, where they won the 2013-2014 Serie A championship. She played as a hooker for Belve Neroverdi from L' Aquila.
Wangen District
The district of Wangen was one of the 26 districts in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It had an area of 129 km².
Underneath
Underneath is the fourth studio album by The Verve Pipe. The album was released on September 25, 2001.
Michela Sillari
Michela Sillari (born 23 February 1993) is an Italian rugby union player, three quarters of the center of Valsugana and international since 2012. At all Six Nations 2019, she was the best scorer for the national team (141 points) as well as the third best ever after Veronica Schiavon and Michela Tondinelli.
Life
She started rugby at seven years of age in the second grade, she was first in the youth teams of Amatori Parma and then moved to Noceto, and then to Lupe Piacenza.
In the 2011-12 season, she was in Colorno, and in February 2012 she made her debut for Recco in the 2012 Six Nations, against England.
In 2016, she moved to the Aylesford Bulls, later to Harlequin FC, with whom in April 2017 she was England champion, also achieving two goals in the final match against Bristol.
Later in the season, she returned to Colorno and took part in the 2017 Rugby World Cup in Ireland. In 2018, she was champion of Italy with the Parmense team and, at the end of the 2018-19 season, she moved to Padua.
Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack
A terrorist attack began on 15 January 2019 and finished on 16 January 2019 in the Westlands area of Nairobi, Kenya. The incident began at 14:30 on 15 January, and ended a few minutes to ten the following day.
James Otis Kaler
James Otis Kaler (March 19, 1848 — December 11, 1912) was an American writer. Kaler was born and died in Maine. He wrote many, many books for children (mostly boys) using the pen name James Otis. His first book Toby Tyler is his best known book. It was made into the Walt Disney movie Toby Tyler in 1960.
Joe Castiglione
Joe Castiglione is a radio announcer currently for the Boston Red Sox. He works with Dave O'Brien. O'Brien is now the lead announcer with Castiglione with secondary. Castiglione has worked with Jerry Trupiano for Red Sox broadcasts for many years. He also has called games for the Milwaukee Brewers, Cleveland Indians, Cleveland Cavaliers, Massachusetts Minutemen football and basketball, and the Lafayette Leopards football and basketball.
Johnny Holliday
John Holliday Bobbitt (born October 15, 1937), known professionally as Johnny Holliday, is an American sportscaster and former disc jockey. He is a personality with Mid-Atlantic Sports Network and the radio voice of the Maryland Terrapins football and basketball. He did the pregame/postgame show for Washington Nationals telecasts until 2020, and served as a fill-in play-by-play announcer for Bob Carpenter. He also called United States Football League games for ABC Radio. Holliday has also worked for the Washington Bullets/Wizards, San Francisco Giants, California Golden Bears football and basketball, Washington Senators (as a TV Studio Host), Stanford Cardinal football and basketball, Navy Midshipmen football, and George Washington Colonials. He also covered the Olympics, boxing, and The Masters for ABC Radio. He has hosted pregame/postgame shows for the San Francisco Giants and Washington Redskins for radio coverage.
Young Earth creationism
Young Earth creationism (YEC) is the pseudoscientific belief that the God of Judaism or Christianity created the Universe, the Earth and all life on Earth over a short time between 5,700 and 10,000 years ago. Those who believe young Earth creationism are mainly Christians and Jews. They believe the Genesis account of creation in the Bible is completely true. Young Earth creationists believe that God created the Earth in six 24-hour days. They disagree with other creationists because they believe the Bible is literally true when it tells the age of the Earth.
Many scientists agree together that young Earth creationism is wrong and know about experiments and observations (facts that scientists have seen, heard, recorded with their instruments) in their theory. Scientists believe that the universe is more than 13 billion years old while the earth existed for 4.5 billion years according to scientific theory.
Tsuneyasu Miyamoto
Tsuneyasu Miyamoto (宮本 恒靖) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Miyamoto was born in Tondabayashi on February 7, 1977. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 1995. He became a regular player as center back from later 1990s. He also served as a captain. He played 295 matches for the club in 12 seasons. In 2005, the club won the champions J1 League. In 2007, he moved to Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg. In January 2009, he returned to Japan and signed with Vissel Kobe. He retired end of the 2011 season.
Miyamoto played for Japan U-17 national team in the 1993 U-17 World Championship and Japan U-20 national team in the 1997 World Youth Championship. He played full-time in all matches in both tournaments. In September 2000, he was also selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics.
On June 18, 2000, Miyamoto debuted for Japan national team against Bolivia. As a center back, he served as captain for Japan in the 2002 World Cup, after an injury to Ryuzo Morioka, who had begun the tournament as captain. He then continued to captain his country through the 2004 Asian Cup and the 2006 World Cup. At 2004 Asian Cup, he played full-time in all 6 matches and Japan won the champions. At 2006 World Cup, he played the first two group matches of the cup, but was suspended for the third and last match against Brazil after he received yellow cards against Australia and Croatia. Yuji Nakazawa wore the armband in his place. This competition was his last game for Japan. He played 71 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 2006.
After the retirement, Miyamoto started coaching career at Gamba Osaka in 2015. He became a manager for Gamba Osaka U-23 in 2017. In July 2018, top team manager Levir Culpi was sacked when the club was at the 16th place of 18 clubs. Miyamoto was named new manager as Culpi successor. Miyamoto raised Gamba to the 9th place in 2018 season. In 2020, the club won the 2nd place in J1 League and Emperor's Cup.
Statistics
337||8||32||0||43||1||5||1||417||10 21||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||27||0 358||8||35||0||43||1||8||1||444||10
!Total||71||3
Víctor Benítez
Víctor Benítez Morales (12 September 1935 – 11 July 2022) was a Peruvian footballer. He played as a centre-back or defensive midfielder. He played for the Italian clubs A.C. Milan, A.S. Roma and F.C. Internazionale Milano as well as Argentine club Boca Juniors. He won the European Cup title with A.C. Milan in 1963.
He also made 11 appearances for the Peru national football team between 1957 to 1959.
Benítez died on 11 July 2022 in Milan, Italy at the age of 86.
Gary Thorne
Gary Thorne (born June 9, 1948, in Bangor, Maine) is an American sportscaster. He works with MASN calling games for the Baltimore Orioles. He also calls Little League World Series games for ABC and ESPN and some Major League Baseball games for ESPN. His other jobs include:
Kaavi
Kaavi is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 3,260 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuopio, Juuka, Outokumpu, Polvijärvi and Tuusniemi.
History
Kaavi was established 1813.
Toby Tyler
Toby Tyler; or, Ten Weeks with a Circus is a children's novel. It was written by 'James Otis' (James Otis Kaler). It was first published in parts (serialization) in the magazine Harper's Young People in 1877. It was then published as a book by Harper & Brothers in 1881. A sequel called Mr. Stubb's Brother was published in 1883.
The story is about a boy who runs away from a foster home to join the circus. It was one of many "bad boy" books of the 19th century that were meant to show boys the consequences of being "bad". Toby Tyler was made into a Walt Disney movie in 1960.
Common Era
Common Era (CE; aera vulgaris) is a method used to identify a year. It means "a year in our time" (rather than a year a very long time ago). It is the system for recording dates used almost everywhere around the world today. It is in common use.
CE is an alternative to the AD system used by Christians but the numbering is the same: the year 2023 CE is equally AD 2023 (but usually we just say "the year is 2023"). AD is an abbreviation of the anno domini. The CE method was created as an alternative to AD as not everyone is a Christian. However, the name Christian Era (aera christiana) is another name for Common Era.
When writing about calendars, an era is span of dates, starting from a particular moment in time. In the case of both CE and AD, that start date is approximately the date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Neither system uses a year zero (0): the year before 1 CE was 1 BCE.
Before Common Era
Before Common Era (BCE) is the system for the years "Before the Common Era". BCE uses the same numbering as BC (Before Christ). "CE" and "BCE" are placed before the year number. Thus we write "Right now our year is 2023 CE" or "Artaxerxes III of Persia was born in 425 BCE."
Usage of Common Era notation began about 1615 among Christians in Europe, and has been growing among non-Christians and among Christians who desire to be sensitive to non-Christians.
Western rattlesnake
Western rattlesnake may refer to:
Collingsworth County, Texas
Collingsworth County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 2,652 people lived there. The county seat is Wellington.
Aryan
Aryan is the name that an ancient people speaking Indo-Iranian languages gave to themselves. Descendants of the Aryans include speakers of Sanskrit and Avestan which are related to the Indo-European languages. Ancient Persians and Vedic peoples used the name Aryan to mean nobles. The name "Iran" itself means the Land of the Aryans.
The Avestan name Airiianəm vaēǰō "Aryan expanse", is a reference in the Zoroastrian Avesta (Vendidad, Fargard 1) to the Aryans’ mother country and one of Ahura Mazda's "sixteen perfect lands". Other Avestan names are airyō.šayana, the “Aryan people”, and airyā daiŋˊhāvā “the Aryan lands”. These names were known to old Greek writers as Ariana. Also the Sanskrit name Aryavarta "abode of the Aryans", was a region in north of today's India. The Middle Persian name of the Sassanian Empire, an empire that ruled Persia from the 3rd century to the 7th century, was Eran-shar meaning the Aryan Empire. Today, the name Iran is simply the Persian word for Aryan.
Sanskrit is the oldest written language of the Indo-European family of languages. The Vedas are composed in this language. Some portions of the Rigveda are thought to be the oldest writing in any Indo-European language.
Aryan equated with Indo-European
In the late 18th century, Europeans began using the term Aryan to refer to the original prehistoric Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendents up to the present day (i.e., the Indo-European peoples—those Caucasians who are speakers of the Indo-European languages). This was the most common definition of Aryan in the 19th century and early 20th century.
Nazism
In the late 19th century, some Europeans began to use the name Aryan for only the Nordic peoples of Europe (one branch of the Indo-European peoples), as a "pure," "noble" and "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original Aryans.
The theory that the Aryans first came from Europe became especially accepted in Germany. It was widely believed that the "Vedic Aryans" were the same people as the Goths, Vandals and other ancient Germanic peoples who brought the Western Roman Empire to an end. This idea was often mixed with anti-Semitic ideas. The Master Race theory became a main idea for Nazis. After the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, these ideas led to horrible persecutions of the Jews which culminated in the Holocaust.
Modern view
The idea of racism that the Nazi theory means has been totally put aside by modern scientists, some of whom also disagree with the idea that the original Aryans ever lived in Europe. Most other scientists do maintain that the original Proto-Indo-Europeans did live about 5,000 years ago in the area in Europe east of Ukraine and north of the Caucasus Mountains and that the original Aryans (the Indo-Iranians or eastern branch of the Indo-European peoples) did migrate east to Iran and India from there, and the original ancestors of the modern European peoples (the western or European branch of the Indo-European peoples) did migrate west from there. This is called the Kurgan hypothesis.
Prairie rattlesnake
Prairie rattlesnake may refer to:
Sofia Stefan
Sofia Stefan (born 12 May 1992) is an Italian rugby union player. She often plays internationally in the three quarters wing position. She participated at the 2011 FIRA Women's European Trophy, 2012 FIRA Women's European Championship, 2013 Summer Universiade, and 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup.
She played for Rennes' as utility back in the French championship.
Flags of the U.S. states and territories
The flags of the U.S. states, territories and federal district exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as different styles and design principles. Nonetheless, the majority of the states' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background, commonly blue.
The most recent current state flag is that of Mississipp i (January 11, 2021), while the most recent current territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands (July 1, 1985).
Florence Knoll
Florence Marguerite Knoll Bassett (née Schust; May 24, 1917 – January 25, 2019) was an American architect and furniture designer who studied under Mies van der Rohe and Eliel Saarinen. She was born Florence Schust in Saginaw, Michigan, and was known in familiar circles as "Shu".
Knoll felt architects should contribute their design ability to furniture as well. Some of these furniture designs would become design icons of the 20th century and have remained in the Knoll line for decades due to their timeless design.
Knoll's most famous creations are the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company Headquarters building in Bloomfield, Connecticut and the interior of the CBS Building in New York City.
Ossi
Ossi (Ossi) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,817 people lived there. Its area is 30.09 km². It is 322 meters above sea level.
Dorothy Fay
Dorothy Fay (April 4, 1915 – November 5, 2003) was an American actress. She was known for her appearances in Western movies. She was born in Prescott, Arizona.
She played a heroine in The Green Archer (1940) and White Eagle (1941), both at Columbia Pictures.
Fay also made a few small appearances in other genres, such as the crime drama Missing Daughters (1939). She had a small role in The Philadelphia Story, which starred Cary Grant, James Stewart, and Katharine Hepburn.
Fay died on November 5, 2003 in Los Angeles at the age of 88.
Reggio Calabria
Reggio di Calabria (, ;  Reggio di Calabria ) is a city in southern Italy, capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, and the  twenty-first most populous city in Italy after Modena. Reggio was the capital of Magna Graecia. It was the first city to take the name of Italy, founder of the ononymous name, formerly populated by Italics. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy, the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over 236 km², while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city and is the 100th most populated city in the EU.
Geography
Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region.
As a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina, which lies across the strait in Sicily, forming a metro city of less than 1 million people.
History
Reggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia. Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after the catastrophic earthquake of 1908, which destroyed most of the city. The region has been subject to earthquakes.
Economy
It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia, dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace, rare example of Greek bronze sculpture, which became one of the symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania.
The city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms. Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The "city of Bronzes", after the Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the "city of bergamot", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the "city of Fatamorgana", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside.
Ninette de Valois
Dame Ninette de Valois OM CH DBE FRAD FISTD (6 June 1898 – 8 March 2001) was an Irish-born British dancer, teacher, choreographer and director of classical ballet.
Most notably, she danced professionally with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, reaching the rank of soloist. After Diaghilev's death she established what became The Royal Ballet. This became one of the foremost ballet companies of the 20th century and one of the leading ballet companies in the world today. She also established the Birmingham Royal Ballet and the Royal Ballet School. She is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of ballet and as the 'godmother' of English ballet.
Career
Before de Valois there had been no permanent ballet company in London, though there were a few quality dance schools which offered shows from time to time. The company which became the Royal Ballet started as the Vic-Wells Ballet, founded by de Valois in 1931. It had Anton Dolin as its Guest dancer. In 1933 the company was joined by Alicia Markova, who was appointed prima ballerina. At this point de Valois retired as a stage performer, and continued as Director. Her reputation was now made as an organiser and teacher. She was also a choreographer, with a number of ballets to her credit. Her ballet Checkmate is still danced today.
'Madame', as she was called by everyone, attracted great talents to the company. She engaged Frederick Ashton as Principal Choreographer and Constant Lambert as Musical Director, in 1935. Tamara Karsavina was a dance advisor. Eventually the company included many of the most famous ballet dancers in the world, including Margot Fonteyn, Svetlana Beriosova, and, most sensationally, Rudolf Nureyev.
As a manager, she had a fearsome reputation. She would stand for no misbehaviour, or for anything which stood in the way of the dance. One younger dancer said:
Treehouse of Horror (The Simpsons episode)
Treehouse of Horror is the third episode in season 2 of The Simpsons. It was first shown on October 25, 1990. It is the first-ever "Treehouse of Horror" episode and has since been followed by a yearly "Treehouse of Horror" episode. This episode features three stories. The last one is the famous The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe.
Ninette de Valois
Career
The Vic-Wells was given a Royal Charter in 1956, and became the Royal Ballet. Madame was its first Director. She retired from the Royal Ballet in 1963, but was a big influence for years. She was appointed a Companion of Honour, and awarded the Order of Merit. Madame died at the age of 102 in 2001.
Grenfell, New South Wales
History
By 1870-71 more gold was found at Grenfell than in any other town in NSW. By the middle of the 1870s the gold was running out. Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871. The railway reached Grenfell in 1901.
The Grenfell area has been badly affected by drought since 2001.
Events
In June 2007, the Spirit of the Bush Concert was held. It was organized by Australian of the Year, Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde and the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts.
Famous people
Cricketer Stan McCabe, cyclist Reggie "IronMan" McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane and Creative Writer Adam Burn were born in Grenfell.
Coat of arms of New York
The coat of arms of the state of New York was formally adopted in 1778, and appears as a component of the state's flag and seal.
The shield displays a masted ship and a sloop on the Hudson River (symbols of inland and foreign commerce), bordered by a grassy shore and a mountain range in the background with the sun rising behind it. The sun has a face on it. The unheraldic nature of the Hudson River landscape reveals the modern origin of the design.
John Alderson (cricketer)
John Dalton Alderson was born 3 February, 1929 in Glen Innes and died 6 November, 2022 in Karaka. He was a New Zealand cricketer who played for Canterbury in the Plunket Shield in the 1949/50 and 1950/51.
Getty
Getty can mean:
Laurent Mauvignier
Laurent Mauvignier, born in Tours in, is a French writer. Brother of the director Thierry Mauvignier, he is a former resident of the Villa Medici and an officer of the Order of Arts and Letters.
Biography
Laurent Mauvignier comes from a working-class family of five children living in Descartes in Touraine. He is the brother of director Thierry Mauvignier. At the age of seventeen he entered the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Tours from which he graduated in visual arts in 1991. Laurent Mauvignier published his first novel Loin d'eux in 1999 at editions de Minuit, which remained his main publishing house throughout his career. The novel received the Fénéon Prize in 2000. His second novel published the following year Learning to finish was awarded several prizes, the Wepler Prize in 2000, and the Inter Book Prize and Prix du second novel in 2001.
In 2006, he won the Fnac novel prize for his work In the crowd, a novel about the Heysel drama which occurred in Belgium in 1985, which according to Télérama "striked with its surging style, its long and gnarled sentences, its art of voracious apnea."
His novel Des hommes, published in 2009, won several prizes, including the Prix Virilo the same year, and the Prix des libraires the next year. The novel delves into the narrator's memories of the Algerian War. For the review of Télérama a "the most nauseating truth about a shameful time comes to light. Atrocity says its name, opprobrium, disbelief, humiliation, bestiality too." According to the review of the newspaper L'Express, the work is. It will be adapted to the cinema in 2020 by the director Lucas Belvaux alongside the actors Gérard Depardieu, Jean-Pierre Darroussin and Catherine Frot.
Score
Score or scorer may refer to:
Mimicry
In biology, mimicry is when a species evolves features similar to another. Either one or both are protected when a third species cannot tell them apart. Often, these features are visual; one species looks like another; but similarities of sound, smell and behaviour may also make the fraud seem more real.
Mimicry is related to camouflage, and to warning signals, in which species manipulate or deceive other species which might do them harm. Although mimicry is mainly a defence against predators, sometimes predators also use mimicry, and fool their prey into feeling safe.
Mimicry happens in both animal and plant species. The mimic is the species which looks like the model. The model may be living, or not. Whole groups of animals go in for mimicry as a life style, such as mantids, leaf insects or stick insects. Camouflage, in which a species looks similar to its surroundings, is a form of visual mimicry.
Mimicry evolves because the species that are better at mimicking survive to produce more offspring than the species that are worse at mimicking. The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species. Over time, mimic species get closer to their models. This is the process of evolution by natural selection.
Avoiding detection
Since most higher animals have relatively good eyesight, they use it to find what they want. Both herbivores (animals which eat plants), and predators (animals which hunt and eat other animals), use sight to find their food. Prey need to avoid being eaten by predators. Their best chance is to avoid being seen. Usually, they need camouflage. With camouflage, an animal looks like its background, and so is more difficult to see. This is achieved in various ways:
Signalling
Not all animals use camouflage because there are situations where it is good to show themselves off. One case is the need to find and keep a mate. Many male animals have some bright colours during the mating season, or change their behaviour and come out into the open. Without this, they might not succeed in mating. Their females, on the other hand, are usually dowdy and camouflaged. This pattern occurs in almost all animals where the male displays and the female chooses. There is at least one good reason the female stays camouflaged. The moment she is fertilized she carries the precious cargo: the eggs that will form part of the next generation.
Warning colouration
Animals that are dangerous, or foul to eat, usually advertise the fact. This is called warning or aposematic colouration. It is the exact opposite of camouflage. Warning colours are vivid, often some of black, white, red, yellow.
Tests show that warning colours definitely do deter predators.
The fact that some animals are genuinely dangerous or noxious (disgusting) to eat gives the opportunity for mimicry based on warning colouration: Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.
Müllerian mimicry
In Müllerian mimicry, some species with warning colouration come to look like each other. English naturalist Henry Walter Bates first noticed that some distasteful butterflies resembled one another, which he wrote about in 1862. However, he did not give a good explanation; that was left to German naturalist Fritz Müller in 1878. Müller's explanation was simple: Both species benefit from a common pattern. They share the cost of predators learning of their foul taste. Only one learning experience per predator might well be enough to deter it from eating both species.
The butterflies Bates, Wallace and Müller watched and collected were brightly coloured and slow-moving. They often flew in groups which were highly visible. Despite this, they were avoided by birds. This is typical of aposematic (warning) colouration. The colouring of some species from the same area was so perfect that even experienced naturalists could not tell them apart on the wing.
Tests show that birds do learn what to eat by sampling when they are young. All aspects of this situation have been the subject of research. Field and experimental work on these ideas continues to this day.
Batesian mimicry
In Batesian mimicry, the mimic is a sheep in wolf's clothing: it looks like something dangerous or which tastes disgusting, but in reality it is good to eat. As he was exploring the Amazon valley in the 1850s, Bates collected butterflies. He saw how some harmless butterflies looked like other species which were toxic. Birds avoided them, so the mimics survived even though they were good food. This was the first scientific account of mimicry.
Hoverflies often visit flowers to feed on nectar. They are harmless insects which often mimic wasps and bees. They also fly in a slow, erratic fashion, rather like wasps and bees. Often their mimicry is not perfect, and you can easily tell them apart once they have settled. However, even an imperfect mimic might cause a bird to hesitate, and that may save their life.
Biologists still do research on Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. They study how the models differ in their foul taste; and what happens when the ratio of mimics to models varies. Quite often, it is only the female which is a mimic; the male carries the normal appearance of its genus. The females need more protection, while the males need to mate. A more subtle reason is that it halves the number of mimics, and so bolsters the effectiveness of the mimicry. Batesian mimicry might damage the warning effect if the frequency of mimics became high, because more young birds would taste them and be encouraged to try again. The benefit of warning declines if there are more mimics.
This may explain cases such as Papilio dardanus, an African swallowtail, whose females mimic a number of unpalatable species from the Danaidae: survival is higher when each mimetic form is rare relative to its model. The advantage is probably greater for the females, because males do not show the mimetic patterns; sexual selection probably helps to maintain this difference. These, and other issues, have been researched for many years.
With this type of insect the life is split into stages (see complete metamorphosis). The larva is the growth stage, the adult is the reproductive stage. The larvae, too, show camouflage, aposematic colour and mimicry. It is the larvae that pick up the offensive chemicals from the plants they feed on. However, larvae do not show differences between male and female, because reproduction is not their function.
Mimicry rings
In tropical countries, field research has shown that there are large numbers of species involved in mimicry. 54 species of Heliconius are recognised, with over 700 named colour forms. There are four (or perhaps five) assemblages of butterflies, which include the heliconiines and their mimics. These 'mimicry rings' are called tiger, red, blue and orange for short. Members of each ring tend to roost together at night, fly to similar habitats and at the same time of year. Mimicry rings include both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.
Vavilovian mimicry
Vavilovian mimicry occurs in plants where a weed comes to look like a crop plant. It is named after Nikolai Vavilov, a Russian plant breeder who discovered the idea. Before herbicides, weeds were plucked by hand. This has been done for thousands of years. The weeds come to look like the crop because the weeders pick those weeds which look most different. Vavilovian mimicry is caused by unintentional selection by humans. The weeds that survive pass on their genes. Gradually, all the weeds look more like the crop plant.
An example is rye, a common Mediterranean species. Rye was originally just a weed growing with wheat and barley. Weeding made it like the crop. Like wheat, it came to have larger seeds and more rigid spindles to which the seeds are attached. Rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. Having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.
Aggressive mimicry
This type of mimicry is quite common. It is the bible metaphor of the wolf in sheep's clothing. The mimicry works to entice a victim, who is then eaten, or otherwise taken advantage of. Angler fish, insectivorous plants and the cuckoo are all examples. All these groups are widespread, and there is no doubt that the aggressive mimicry is a successful life-style.
The next two examples introduce another metaphor, that of the siren. The Australian katydid Chlorobalius leucoviridis can attract male cicadas by imitating the species-specific reply clicks of sexually receptive female cicadas. Playback experiments show that C. leucoviridis is able to attract males of many cicada species, even though cicada mating signals are species-specific.
Female fireflies of the genus Photuris emit the same light signals that females of other genera use as a mating signal. Further research showed male fireflies from several different genera are attracted to these mimics, and are subsequently captured and eaten. Female signals are based on that received from the male, each female having a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the female of the corresponding species.
Luring is not a necessary condition however, as the predator may have a significant advantage by not being identified as such. They may resemble a mutualistic symbiont or a species of little relevance to the prey.
Aggressive mimicry may be used by some parasites as a means of getting to their next host. A parasitic trematode (flatworm) lives in the gut of songbirds. Their eggs pass out, and are then eaten by a snail which lives in moist environments. The eggs develop into larvae inside this second host. Unlike related species, these larvae are brightly coloured and able to pulsate. A sac full of spores forces its way into the snail's eye stalks, and pulsates at high speed. This causes the tentacle to enlarge. It also affects the host's behaviour: the snail moves towards light, which it usually avoids. These factors make the sporocysts highly conspicuous, and they are soon eaten by a hungry songbird. The snail then regenerates its eye stalks, and carries on with its life cycle. p134
Cleaner fish are the allies of many other species, which allow them to eat their parasites and dead skin. Some allow the cleaner to go inside their mouth to hunt these parasites. One species of cleaner, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), shown to the right cleaning a grouper, lives in coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is recognized by other fish who allow it to clean them.
Its imposter, the mimetic sabre-toothed blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus), also lives in the Indian Ocean. It not only looks like the wrasse in terms of size and colour, but even mimics the cleaner's 'dance'. After fooling its prey into letting its guard down, the blenny then bites it, tearing off a piece of its fin before fleeing the scene. Fish attacked in this manner soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they become much more cautious of the model as well. Due to victim's ability to discriminate between foe and helper, the blennies have evolved close similarity, right down to the regional level.
Inside a species
A phenomenon sometimes called auto-mimicry is when the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. An example is the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus, which feeds on milkweed plants. The butterflies store toxins from the plant, which they maintain even in their adult forms. As the levels of toxin vary depending on diet during the larval stage, some monarchs will be more toxic than others.
Less palatable individuals can be thought of as mimics of the more dangerous individuals. They carry exactly the same warning colours as the more toxic individuals, but their punishment for predators is weaker. In species where one sex may be more of a threat than the other, if the two sexes look alike one can protect the other. Evidence came from a monkey from Gabon, which regularly ate male moths of the genus Anaphe, but promptly stopped after it tasted a noxious female.
Combined tactics
Many animals use more than one type of mimicry. This is seen in butterflies, who usually rest with wings folded upwards. They usually have different patterns on the underside of wings. The underside may be cryptic, while the upper side has some warning pattern. Moths, which rest with wings horizontal, may have different patterns on the rear wings. The rear wings are normally covered by the front wings at rest, but can be revealed if the moth is disturbed. This tactic occurs in moths which are active in daytime or twilight. The scarlet tiger moth uses both camouflage and warning colour according to its situation. It is a fine example of how behaviour and mimicry work together.
Fossil history
The earliest known example of leaf mimicry among insects has been found in the Middle Jurassic of 165 million years ago. The insects are lacewings (Neuroptera), and the leaves are from cycads or related gymnosperms. This is interesting because it shows this type of mimicry evolved long before flowering plants arose.
Kombolela
Kombolela is a television drama from Tanzania produced by Kisimani Films and directed by Majag, it began airing in 2021 on Sinema Zetu channel 103 on Azam TV from Friday to Sunday at 1 P.M. Kombolela won the Majic Vibe Awards as the best television series of 2021.
Synopsis
Civilization is buried, jobs are not visible, money is also hidden, they eat what is available and they are full of houses that do not breathe. Kombolela is a drama which depicts the family of Mzee Kikala which is a Swahili family full of cases, tragedies, love, violence, anger and hate. All the family members live together in a small house of their father, Mzee Kikala  while they depend on him for everything.
Production
The production of Kombolela was done by Kisimani Films and the locations of the series were mainly in the streets of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Rapti Zone
Rapti (राप्ती अञ्चल ) was a zone, in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. It was named after the Rapti river.
Vladimir Mitkov
Vladimir Mitkov (Born 20 October 1931) is a Macedonian politician who served as head of the SSR of North Macedonia from 1983-1986.
Bilal Erdogan
Necmettin Bilal Erdoğan (born 23 April 1981) is a Turkish businessman, the third child of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey.
Early life
Necmettin Bilal was born on 23 April 1981, the second child of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Emine Erdoğan. He has three siblings: Ahmet Burak, Sümeyye Erdoğan and Esra Erdoğan. After finishing secondary school at Kartal Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi in 1999, Erdoğan moved to the United States, and graduated from Indiana University Bloomington with a bachelor's degree in political science and economics. He then earned a master's degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 2004.
Career
After graduation, he served at the World Bank as an intern for a while. He returned to Turkey in 2006 and started his business life. Erdoğan is one of the three equal shareholders of BMZ Group Denizcilik ve İnşaat Sanayi Anonym Şirketi, a marine transportation corporation. He is also on the governing board of Türkiye Gençlik ve Eğitime Hizmet Vakfı (TÜRGEV), an education and youth foundation.
Personal life
In October 2015, Today's Zaman reported that Erdoğan and his family had moved to Bologna, Italy, after his father's AK Party lost its parliamentary majority in June. It is stated that he will finish his PhD at The Johns Hopkins University SAIS Bologna Center there, but that all he has to do is complete his thesis, which does not require his permanent presence in Bologna, but does enable him to obtain a two-year residence permit.
In February 2016 the prosecuting attorney of Bologna started a lawsuit for money laundering against him.
Corruption scandal
Erdoğan came under accusations of corruption during the 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey that extended to other top members of TÜRGEV,  for which he gave testimony.
Dress clothes
Dress clothes are clothing that is less formal than formal wear but more formal than casual wear.
Summary
For girls or women, an outfit of dress clothing can include either slacks, a skirt, or a dress. With slacks or a skirt, a shirt or blouse is worn. With a skirt or dress, hosiery such as pantyhose might be worn.
Dress clothing is often worn for nights out. It is worn in white collar work environments such as offices. Other appropriate places include gatherings such as graduations, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, and funerals.
Ottana
Ottana (Otzàna) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,307 people lived there. Its area is 45.07 km². It is 185 meters above sea level.
Flag of Wisconsin
The flag of the state of Wisconsin is a blue flag charged with the state coat of arms.
Sällskapet till belöning för trotjänare
Sällskapet till belöning av trotjänare is nonprofit organization in Sweden. It was established in 1828 It gives prizes and awards to domestic worker girls and women who have worked for at least 15 years for the same family in Stockholm County. The activite of the organization was brought attention on 4 March 1987 at SR P1.
The headquarters were in Saltsjö-Duvnäs. They were then relocated to Grillby.
In 1988 a newspaper announce about the organization holding annual meeting led to the making of the programme Frida, en trotjänarinna. The initiative to the establishment of the organization was taken by Carl Löwenhielm.
Tex Ritter
Woodward Maurice "Tex" Ritter (January 12, 1905 – January 2, 1974) was an American country music singer and actor. He was popular in the mid 1930s into the 1960s.
His son was actor John and his grandchildren include Jason and Tyler, and granddaughter Carly. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
In 1936, Ritter moved to Los Angeles. His motion picture debut was in Song of the Gringo (1936). He starred in 12 B-movie Westerns for Grand National, including Headin' for the Rio Grande (1936), and Trouble in Texas (1937) co-starring Rita Hayworth.
Between 1938 and 1945, he starred in around forty "singing cowboy" movies. He made four movies with actress and future wife Dorothy Fay.
Ritter died in Nashville, Tennessee on January 2, 1974 from an aortic dissection, aged 68.
Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to take part in elections. This means two things, which are not necessarily related: First of all, women are allowed to vote for a candidate in an election, and their vote will be treated the same as any other vote. The second thing is that women can be a candidate, and get elected to hold a political office. There's also the idea that all adult citizens should be allowed to vote.
Dave Sims
Dave Sims (born February 14, 1953) is an American sportscaster.
Women's suffrage
Before the 19th century, a few countries had this idea that all adults should be able to vote, but it only applied to men.
Dave Sims
He is the voice of the Seattle Mariners, College Basketball on Westwood One/Dial Global, and the voice of Sunday Night Football on Westwood One/Dial Global with James Lofton. Sims was a play-by-play voice for the United Football League on Versus. He hosts "Basketball and Beyond with Coach K". He was a sports anchor for WCBS-TV in New York City. Sims called college football and basketball games for ESPN and ESPN Plus. He was the preseason announcer for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
He called Philip Humber's perfect game on April 21, 2012. He also called Major League Baseball games. Sims called another perfect game in 2012, this time by Felix Hernandez. Vin Scully has called four perfect games in his career.
Women's suffrage
The modern movement for women to gain the right to vote started in France in the late-18th century. The French Republic had been founded after a revolution, and political scientist Antoine Condorcet and activist Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women to be allowed to vote in the national election.
The Promised Land (Bruce Springsteen song)
"The Promised Land" is a 1978 song by Bruce Springsteen and is taken from his fourth studio album Darkness on the Edge of Town. It did not chart when it was released as a single in 1978.