cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
External combustion engine
Idea
Any combustion engine follows the basic idea of converting fossil fuels into motion. Internal combustion engines do this by converting the energy created by an explosion of the fossil fuels, into motion. External combustion engines, on the other hand, use the energy from burning fossil fuels to expand a gas or liquid and use the expansion to create motion. The addition of this intermediate step is what differentiates an internal vs. external combustion engine. External combustion engines came first, and tend to be more inefficient. Famous examples of external combustion engines are steam engines
Types
There are two types of external combustion: single phase and dual phase. In a single phase engine, the fossil fuels are burned to heat up a gas, which then expands and creates motion. In this case, there is no phase change.
With dual phase, you need one additional mechanism known as a phase transition. This process transforms the phase of liquid to gas. This converts temperature to usable work. Some common examples that use dual-phase engines are steam engines and engines that use Organic Rankine Cycle.
Frank Worrell
Sir Frank Mortimer Maglinne Worrell (1 August 1924, Bank Hall, St Michael, Barbados – 13 March 1967, Kingston, Jamaica) was a West Indies cricketer and Jamaican senator. He is sometimes called by his nickname of Tae. He was a stylish right-handed batsman and useful left-arm seam bowler. He became famous in the 1950s as the first black captain of the West Indies cricket team. He is the only batsman to be in two 500-run partnerships in first-class cricket.
Since the 1960–61 series, the Frank Worrell Trophy is awarded to the winner of the Test series between Australia and West Indies. One of the two Halls of Residence at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus in Barbados is named after him.
In June 1988 Worrell was celebrated on the $2 Barbadian stamp along with the Barbados Cricket Buckle.
Luigi Lombardi
Luigi Lombardi (18 September 1853 – June 23, 1940) was an Italian painter from Lombardy. He was much influenced by Francesco Filippini.
Budgam district
Geography
Badgam is located at 34.63° N 76.04° E. It has an average elevation of 3194 m.
Tehsils of Budgam
Budgam district comprise of 9 tehsils namely Beerwah Tehsil, Budgam Tehsil, Chadoora Tehsil, Khansahib Tehsil Charisharif Tehsil, Khag Tehsil, Magam Tehsil, Narbal Tehsil and BK Pora Tehsil.
Karl Dall
Karl Bernhard Dall (, 1 February 1941 – 23 November 2020) was a German comedian, singer, and television presenter. He was born in Emden, Lower Saxony. He was known for his roles in Freddy in the Wild West, Hotel Clausewitz and Student of the Bedroom.
He was known for having a 'hanging' eye was caused by a congenital ptosis.
On 11 November 2020, Dall was hospitalized after having a stroke while on set for Rote Rosen in Munich. He died twelve days later on 23 November at the age of 79.
Chloride
Chloride is an ion of chlorine. It occurs when chlorine gets reduced, gaining an electrons and becoming an ion. Chloride is necessary for life. It is normally found in the salt sodium chloride, which is very common in diets.
Yves Afonso
Yves Philippe Afonso (13 February 1944 – 21 January 2018) was a French actor. He was born in Saulieu in the Côte-d'Or département.
His first movie was Masculin, féminin in 1966. Since then, he had many roles, both in movies and on television. He also played in theatre. He normally played supporting roles. He was perhaps best known for his role as Inspector Bricard in L'Horloger de Saint-Paul, and the black comedy Week End, where he played Tom Thumb.
Afonso died at his home in Saulieu at the age of 73.
Northwood, Iowa
Northwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The Road to El Dorado
The Road to El Dorado is a 2000 American animated adventure movie made by DreamWorks Animation. The movie was directed by Eric "Bibo" Bergeron and Don Paul; Will Finn and David Silverman directed additional sequences. It stars Kevin Kline, Kenneth Branagh, Rosie Perez, Jim Cummings, Frank Welker, Armand Assante, Edward James Olmos and Tobin Bell. It was composed by Elton John.
The movie follows two Spanish conmen who leave Spain and set off to the New World. As they head to the legendary city of gold, they are mistaken for gods by the people. The movie flopped at the box office. It was poorly received by critics.
Ionic bond
An ionic bond is the electrostatic forces of attraction between a non-metal and a metal ion in a giant ionic crystal lattice. This occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract. This happens after a metal atom loses one or more of its electrons to the non-metal atom. The greater the difference in charge between the metal and non-metal ion, the stronger the ionic bond. A maximum of three electrons can be transferred in the process. A metal atom becomes a positive cation because it loses electron(s). A non-metal atom becomes a negative anion as it gains electron(s). This occurs, for example, when sodium and chlorine join to form common table salt, NaCl. First, sodium atoms (Na) oxidize and lose an electron to form positively charged sodium ions (Na+). Chlorine atoms gain the electrons from the sodium atoms to form negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). Both ions are now oppositely charged and they are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
Nanjing Fuxing metro station
This station was formerly known as Nanjing (or Nanking) East Road station, but was renamed on 2014 to avoid confusion since Songshan-Xindian Line runs almost entirely under Nanjing East Road.
Wenhu line
The station platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.
Songshan-Xindian line
The station platforms are located underground. Platform 1 is for Songshan. Platform 2 is for Xindian or Taipower Building.
Norwalk, Iowa
Norwalk is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
In statistics the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium. While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.
A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle. The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.
Steve Borst
Steven James Borst (born September 7, 1977) is an American television writer and producer who has won two-time Emmy-nominations.
He's most known for co-creating Nickelodeon's Breadwinners with Gary "Doodles" DiRaffaele. He's also known for his work as a writer on Cartoon Network's Teen Titans Go!. His inspiration for the field of animation was CatDog from the network that produced Hey Dude and Double Dare that he grew up watching.
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond between two non-metal atoms. An example is water, where hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) bond together to make (H2O).
A full outer shell (or electron shell) usually has eight electrons, or two in the case of hydrogen or helium. Valence electrons are the electrons held comparatively loosely in the outer shell of the atom. (The structure of electron shells is determined by quantum mechanics.)
The number of electrons in an atom is decided by the number of protons in the atom. Electrons orbit atomic nuclei, and they are like fuzzy orbital paths around an atomic nucleus. The first layer has up to two electrons. The layers after that usually contain up to eight. Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing valence electrons.
A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms held together by a covalent bond. In this case the oxygen atom shares one electron with each hydrogen atom. This means that the oxygen atoms has a small net positive charge and the hydrogen atom has a small net negative charge. As a result, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are attracted to each other due to the electromagnetic force. Because of this the water molecule is a polar molecule: its charge is not evenly distributed.
Overhead projector
An overhead projector (OHP) is a device that allows you to display images from either a computer/laptop or images created in real time. Overhead projectors were often used in classrooms to showcase some type of presentation on paper for a group of students to view. In more recent times, overhead projectors are being used and designed to project things on technological devices. This machine has a plastic frame that is placed on top of the projector, and a fan that cools the machine, so that it won't overheat if it is used for long periods of time. Recently, overhead projectors in classrooms and conference rooms are being replaced by things like document cameras and interactive whiteboards, since they let the presenter project video directly from a computer file. The device has sometimes been called a "Belshazzar", after Belshazzar's feast.
Covalent bond
Types of covalent bond
Atomic orbitals (except for s orbitals) make different types of covalent bonds:
Targovishte
Targovishte is a town in the northeastern part of Bulgaria. It is a capital of Targovishte Province. It is 125 km to the west of the Black Sea. About 37,000 people live in the town.
Overhead projector
History
Before this device was made, there were machines similar to it, called magic lanterns. French scientist Edmund Becquerel developed the first known overhead projection machine in 1853. It was used by Jules Duboscq in 1866. During World War II, overhead projectors started to be used in U.S. military training. After that, they were used at schools. Overhead projectors began to be widely used in schools and businesses in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As the need for overhead projectors grew, a company named Bruhl Industries was founded in 1953, which created more overhead projectors than anyone else.
Covalent bond
Types of covalent bond
Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds, and have a lower melting point. They are also generally poor conductors of electricity and heat.
Bond length
The chemistry of molecules is explained mostly by their bonds, and their bonds are caused by their structure of electrons.
University of Mississippi
The University of Mississippi (also called Ole Miss) is a university in Oxford, Mississippi. The college was founded in 1848. Its sports teams, called the Rebels, play in the Southeastern Conference.
History
In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi. He attempted to enter campus on September 20, on September 25, and again on September 26. He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, who said, "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor." The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson, Jr. in contempt, with fines of more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll.
Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent U.S. Marshals. On September 30, 1962, Meredith entered the campus under their escort. Students and other whites began rioting that evening, throwing rocks and then shooting guns at the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith. Two people were killed; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds; and 160 others were injured. After the Mississippi Highway Patrol withdrew from the campus, President John F. Kennedy sent regular US Army forces to the campus to quell the riot. Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived.
Silky anteater
The silky anteater (Cyclopes didactylus), also called the pygmy anteater, is the smallest species of anteater. It is found in southern Mexico and Central/South America. The silky anteater is active at night and lives alone in trees. One of its most noticeable features are the two large claws on each of its front paws, which it uses to cling to branches and defend itself. It can use its tail to grasp things. It has soft yellow to grey fur.
Zhongxiao Fuxing metro station
Zhongxiao Fuxing is a metro station on the Wenhu Line and Bannan Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code of the Wenhu line station is BR10 and the station code of the Bannan line station is BL15.
Silky anteater
Like other anteaters, it is an insectivore (eats mainly insects) and like to eat ants.
Zhongxiao Fuxing metro station
Station layout information
The platform of Bannan line is underground and the platform of Wenhu line is above ground. An elevator connect the two lines to each other, which is currently the longest elevator in the Taipei Metro.
Wenhu line
The station platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center on the Wenhu line and Platform 2 is for Taipei Zoo.
Bannan line
The station platforms are located underground. Platform 1 is for Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center on the Bannan line or Kunyang. Platform 2 is for Dingpu or Far Eastern Hospital.
Van Province
Van (Van ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and has a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Kurds form the majority.
History
In the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide.
Political general
Background
In history, many great generals were also political leaders. Julius Caesar was a general who became the dictator of Rome in 44 BC. Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire. As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle. He was a king who was also a general. In the British Army of the 17th and 18th centuries, the officers were often aristocrats and most obtained their rank by purchase.
In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias. Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience. Andrew Jackson only had experience in the American Indian Wars. But he successfully defeated a larger and more professional British army at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome is an Australian adventure action movie. It is about Max being exiled into the desert by the corrupt ruler of Bartertown, Aunty Entity. He then meets a cargo cult near a Boeing 747 and its dead captain.
Reception
Reaction to the movie was generally positive. The movie website Rotten Tomatoes gives this movie an 81% rating. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie 4 out of 4 stars. His review of the movie was positive.
Flagrant foul
In basketball, a flagrant foul is a serious personal foul. It is considered flagrant if it involves too much or too violent contact that can injure another player. A flagrant foul may or may not be intentional. In the NCAA, if intentional, a flagrant foul is called an "intentional foul".
The NBA made a flagrant foul rule in the 1990s. It is intended to stop contact which puts a player's safety and health at risk. In the NBA, Flagrant 1 and Flagrant 2 are fouls. A player who commits a flagrant 2 foul must immediately leave the game.
Flagrant fouls can also be punished with fines.
Schubert Gambetta
Schúbert Gambetta Saint Léon (14 April 1920 – 9 August 1991) was a Uruguayan footballer. He played as a half-back and was right-footed. Gambetta was a figure in the Maracanazo when he marked Zizinho and Ademir during the game, which helped him to the 1950 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team. Regarded to be one of the best flank defenders in the history of Uruguayan and world football. Gambetta was renowned as a strong and a quick defender, who stood out for his leadership on the pitch, man-marking opponents, acceleration, beating opponents with his dribbling, long range passing and his great tackling. On the other hand, he was also considered versatile, capable of playing in ten line positions, both on the left and right flanks. Former player, former coach and current commentator Juan Faccio defined that "Gambetta, if he played now, would be the courage and prodigiousness of Ruso Pérez, the strength and courage of Diego Lugano, the ball strike of Diego Forlán, the dominance of Nicolás Lodeiro, Luis Suárez's header, Diego Godín's speed ", practicing well the fundamentals of running, passing, dominating, anticipation and heading, being a defender who knew how to reach the goal in conservative times for the advance of the defense: considered ahead of his season, he was widely considered as one of the greatest football players in the 1940s and 1950s.
Early years
Schubert Gambetta, also spelled Shubert Gambetta and nicknamed "Mono Gambetta", was a descendant of Santino Gambetta, who emigrated from Liguria to Uruguay in the early 20th century. He started playing football at the Independiente club, located in the Montevidean neighborhood around Avenidas Rivera and Osorio. On November 30, 1937 he was first committed to Club Atlético Peñarol. After a tough legal battle, he finally switched to competitor Nacional Montevideo.
Club career
Gambetta made his debut there in 1940 in the first team and played first until 1948 and after a move to Colombia again from 1950 to 1956 for the club. During his time at Nacional he was able to win the Uruguayan national champion title and in 1940 and 1946 the Copa Aldao a total of ten times (1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1950, 1952, 1955 and 1956). He has been recognised as one of the ever finest players, for his great goalscoring ability, beating attacking players and his great passing. As further career stations of "Mono" Gambetta the Montevidean clubs Sud América and Club Atlético Progreso and Millonarios and Cúcuta Deportivo (1949) reported from Colombia. In 1960 he ended his career in ranks of the second division relegated CA Mar de Fondo, one of the smaller clubs in Montevideo.
International career
In 1941 he made his debut in official matches as part of the national team of Uruguay. In the same year, he went with the national team to his first major tournament — the South American Championship in Chile, where the Uruguayans won silver. Subsequently, he participated in three more continental championships - in 1942 in Uruguay, in 1945 in Chile and in 1947 in Ecuador. At the domestic tournament held in 1942, he won the title of South American champion as part of the national team. The crown of Gambetta's career in the national team was the World Championship of 1950, held in Brazil. At the World Cup, the experienced defender first appeared on the field in the second game of the final tournament against Sweden, the victory in which left the Uruguayans in the fight for the championship title. He then played the whole of the decisive game against the home team, in which the Uruguayans, thanks to his solid defensive performance, won a sensational 2-1 victory to become the 1950 World Champions and he was chosen to be in the All-Star Team. After the triumphant World Cup, Gambetta played only one game for the national team in 1952 and ended his career there, having played 37 matches and scored 3 goals over eleven years.
University Heights, Iowa
University Heights is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Jessye Norman
Jessye Mae Norman (September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer. She was a dramatic soprano. She often sung works by Richard Wagner. Norman was in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. She won Grammy Awards. She received a Spingarn Medal. She also got a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a National Medal of Arts.
In 1970, she performed in Italy for the first time. There she sang in Handel's Deborah. The following year, she performed at the Maggio Musicale for the first time. There she sang in L'Africaine.
Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia. She died on September 30, 2019 at a Manhattan hospital from multiple organ failure and sepsis caused by a spinal cord injury at the age of 74.
Bab-e-Pakistan
The Bab-e-Pakistan is a national monument in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was built over one of the major Muslim refugee camps that came in the aftermath of independence of Pakistan.
Copt
Copt is a general term for Christians in Egypt. Some Muslims are also being referred as Coptic. Today, more than 95% of the Copts belong to the Latin community of the Coptic Catholic Church, and other of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. They used the Coptic calendar and speak the Coptic language. Baptism and male Circumcision is commonly practiced. Mark the Evangelist is believed to be the founder of Christianity in Egypt, and is thus regarded as their spiritual predecessor.
History
Tracing its root back to the introduction of Christianity into Alexandria in around 42 AD, according to the Church's tradition, by Saint Mark the Evangelist, Copts is one of the oldest and long lasting Christian communities in Egypt. Because Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great as his capital in Egypt, the city was destined to be a metropolis connecting Egypt with the rest of the Hellenic world. Connecting the Nile River, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, Alexandria was, as still is, one of the largest port cities in Egypt where local produces such as grains were exported to other parts of the word. Founded in such a well-connected location, Christianity soon got spread into the heartlands of Egypt in the following centuries. Later in the Council of Nicaea organized by Emperor Constantine I in 325 C.E., the Church of Alexandria was elevated to the rank of Patriarchate alongside Rome and Jerusalem.
The Spread of Monastic Christianity
Rooted in the crossroad between East and West, the Church of Alexandria consequently had a profound impact on spreading the faith to its surrounding areas. One greatest achievement of the Church of Alexandria was the spread of monasticism. The spread of monasticism can be traced back to Saint Anthony the Great. Having lived an ascetic life for twenty years in a cave in a dessert mountain called Mt. Pispir, only eating bread, salt, and water, Anthony’s action soon attracted followers who voluntarily vowed as his disciple. His disciples then carried his monastic style of teachings and approaches to all directions, including places like Palestine, Marseille, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Ethiopia, and even Ireland.
Schisms
Despite the elevation of the Church of Alexandria, religious persecutions were still wide spread due to multiple theological controversies throughout the entire Christian world.
Arian Controversy
Before the concept of Holy Trinity was publicly announced and accepted by most Christian schools in the council of Nicaea, most churches enjoyed freedom of interpretation to the Bible and religious doctrines. Consequently, as a hot topic among theologians, discussions over the essence of God and the Christ prevailed throughout the debates. In either year 318 or 320 AD, Arius, a former presbyter (priest who preaches) in Alexandria publicly announced that the Holy Father and the Christ are different by nature. Arius's idea, known as Nontrinitarianism, holds that the Christ is distinct from the Holy Father himself and is therefore God's creation. Arius's opponent Athanasius of Alexandria and Saint Alexander on the other hand, believed that God the Father, the Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit are consubstantial, or same in their essences.
In the Council of Nicaea, Holy Trinity theory was publicly acclaimed; as a result, Arius was expelled from the council and condemned as heresy. Despite Arianism was denounced as heresy, a substantial group of followers in Egypt still believed in Arius's theory, and their influence in Alexandria was still prevalent. Therefore, dispute was inevitable. For instance, Athanasios of Alexandria, although being acclaimed as a great priest by later theologians, had a bad reputation for brutally suppressing his theological opponents in Alexandria while he was the Patriarch of Alexandria. Nevertheless, as Emperor Constantine, the main supporter of the Nicene Creed, died in 337, Arianist theologians in Alexandria led by Gregory of Cappadocia organized an uprising with the support of street mobs. They soon took over the city and charged Athanasios for being an outlawed priest. As a result, Athanasios was forced to expelled.
Islamic Conquest of Egypt 639-646 AD
The death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD marked the start of the Rashidun Caliphate era in the Middle East. The term Rashidun literally means rightly guided; it refers to the first four Islamic caliphs who were considered rightfully elected by the ummah. Under the rule of Caliph Uthman, Rashidun armies started to invade Syria, Mesopotamia, and Fars regions, the former territories of the Byzantine Empire, and the Sassanian Persia.
A drastic change happened to the Egyptian religious milieux when Egypt was taken over by Muslim general Amr ibn al-As in 639. Initially, Christianity was tolerated because they were redeemed as the Ahl al-Kitab, or the People of the Book. In return for tolerance, Christians had to pay the Gizya tax and were forbidden from entering the army. Although tolerated by the system in theory, in practice, Copts in Egypt suffered economically, and several uprisings against their Muslim overlords happened occasionally as well. Meanwhile to suppress the uprisings, the muslim governments from time to time also confiscated church properties and imprisoned some important members of the Church. As a result, a lot of them converted to Islam to avoid the heavy tax, and eventually by the Ninth century, Muslims gained the majority in Egypt.
The French Invasion of Egypt
When Napoleon Bonaparte launched his expedition to Egypt in 1798 starting with Alexandria, several local Copts sought this as an opportunity. A formal tax collector of the Upper Egypt under the Ottoman-mamluk rule Mu'allam Ya'qub Tadrus, for instance, became a joint commander alongside general Desiax during his conquest of Upper Egypt. After Napoleon's retreat, Ya'qub was even in charge of a Coptic legion under the French army system. Another former tax collector Mu'allim Girgis al-Gawhari served as the minister of finance under Napoleon's expedition. During his term, he donated some lands to the Coptic Church.
Although individual Copts seek opportunities in the French occupation, the Coptic community as a whole remained the same as under the Ottoman rule. They were still marginalized and lack much political power outside their communities. There were only a few individual who could serve as tax collectors or government advisors occasionally, seeking for opportunities both for themselves and for their communities.
Under Muhammad Ali
Since the departure of Napoleon from Egypt, the Ottoman forces soon regain control over Egypt. Many Christian Egyptians were accused of cooperating with the French army, and many of them got sentenced to death. As Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt however, Copts, alongside Armenians and Jew enjoyed an unprecedented freedom and promotion in Muhammad Ali's government. Contrary to the Millet system under the Ottomans, Muhammad Ali promoted officers based on their merit and connection to local communities. Consequently as a power broker between the government and the regional population, former tax collectors, religious figures, and military officers got promoted to Ali's government as bureaucrats. Under Ali's reform, Copts such as al-Mu'allim Ghali got promoted to Ali's financial advisor.
Coptic Church and its Community
As a continuation of the Ottoman Millet System, Coptic clergy continued to hold a great influence on its community. They were not only in charge of religious services but was also in control of meddling day-to-day activities such as legal disputes. However, since Sharia court also coexisted alongside the Coptic Jurisdiction, and Copts often switched between different courts when the law serves their interests better. In a societal sense, this can be seen as a competition between Islam and Coptic Christianity. Although to individuals, they were only opportunists who tried to maximize their rights and profits. Similar trend continues when the Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms got adopted by the Egyptian government. In this case, Copts continued to switch between affirming Coptic laws and State Laws when the terms suits their interests.
Warcraft 3
Warcraft 3 is a real-time strategy game created by Blizzard Entertainment released on July 2, 2002 and is a sequel to Warcraft 2: Tides of Darkness. The base version of the game is Warcraft 3: Reign of Chaos and has a supplemental expansion version, Warcraft 3: The Frozen Throne.
Gameplay
In Warcraft 3, players control small armies of units of a specific race and are tasked with various objectives based on scenario to achieve victory. The common available to play races are Night elf, Human, Undead, and Orc which all have their own unique units. Armies are comprised of 1-3 primary hero units with special abilities, and anywhere from 1-80 additional units to combat other monsters or units. The primary goal of each Warcraft 3 game is to destroy your opponent's base and units with your own units, rendering them unable to fight back. Warcraft 3 features both a single player campaign and online multiplayer gameplay, which includes custom user-made arcade games that use assets from the base game.
Club
A club can be many things.
WilliamsF1 Grand Prix results
The table below details the complete World Championship Grand Prix results for the WilliamsF1 Formula One team. The team also competed in several non-Championship Formula One races.
Complete World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Юрий Владимирович Андропов; 15 June 1914-9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician. He was born in Nagutskoye, Russian Empire just 13 days before the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and before World War I began on 28 July-August 1914. He joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1939 when World War II began. He was just 25 years old when he joined the party. He was the head of the KGB Secret police from 1967 to 1982. He was involved in the Warsaw Pact. He was involved in the Lin Biao incident of 1971 when Chinese Communist Official Lin Biao died in a plane crash in 1971 in Mongolia.
Daniel Sickles
Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819–1914) was a controversial New York politician, diplomat, and political general during the American Civil War. He was the first person to successfully use the Insanity defense as a legal defense. As a result, he was acquitted of killing his wife’s lover, Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key). As a general, he was a political appointee who gained his high rank strictly through political influence. Without any military experience or training, Sickles found it difficult to follow orders. In spite of his battlefield failures, he managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
Politics
Leaving for London, as the assistant to James Buchanan, American minister to Great Britain, he left his young pregnant wife Teresa at home. Instead, as his traveling companion, he brought Fanny White, a notorious prostitute. In London Sickles embarrassed the American delegation on more than one occasion. He refused to drink a toast to Queen Victoria. Another time he introduced Fanny White to the Queen under a false name.
Murder trial
In 1859 Sickles was arrested for murder. His wife had turned to another man for attention. This was Francis Barton Key, son of Francis Scott Key. Sickles repeatedly shot Key in front of his home (which was also in front of the White House. Sickles had a team of lawyers represent him, led by Edwin M. Stanton (future Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln). Sickles was released on what was the first successful plea of "temporary insanity". Sickles already had a questionable reputation, but this incident made him a pariah. Sickles saw the outbreak of the civil war as an opportunity to save his reputation.
Rank as colonel
In Congress, Sickles had aligned himself with Southern Democrats and was himself a pro-slavery Democrat. But after the outbreak of the war, Sickles suddenly became Pro-Union. His last session in Congress had ended in March so Sickles was back in New York City practicing law when the war started. In later versions of his motives for joining the Union Army he stated he thought he could best serve the Union by raising a regiment. Republican President Lincoln needed the support of Democrats and apparently saw Sickles as one he could use. After raising a regiment, then a brigade which he named the Excelsior Brigade, Sickles assumed he would be given the rank of brigadier general (a colonel commanded a regiment while a brigadier general commanded a brigade). But officially, he remained a colonel of the first regiment, even though he commanded the entire brigade. New York Governor Edwin D. Morgan decided there were too many regiments from New York City and ordered Sickles to disband some of the regiments. As a result, Sickles would not get a brigadier general's commission. Going around the governor, Sickles went to Washington to meet with Lincoln. The President agreed to enlist the disbanded regiments as United States Volunteers. Finally on July 20, 1861 they received orders to report to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. In September, Sickles was nominated as a brigadier general of volunteers, but his confirmation was delayed for several months by the United States Senate. Sickles brigade spent most of 1861 in lower Maryland. Sickles frequently visited the Lincolns in Washington during this time. In March 1862, his command was attached to General Joseph Hooker in the Army of the Potomac. That same month, Sickles' brigadier general commission was turned down by the Senate. The Excelsiors saw their first combat that month. Sickles personally led a reconnaissance. Then on April 6, he left the Excelsiors for Washington to protest his not being commissioned a brigadier general. While his unit fought in the Peninsula Campaign, Sickles remained in Washington. Lincoln again nominated him for general and on May 3, 1862 the Senate confirmed him.
Brigadier general
On May 24, "brigadier general" Sickles was ordered to report back to Hooker. He was given command of Hooker's 2nd Brigade. Sickles saw his first major engagement at the Battle of Seven Pines. Sickles next saw action at the Seven Days Battles. Hooker's advance did not go well due in part to Sickles' brigade having difficulties moving through the swamps then meeting heavy Confederate resistance. When some of his men broke and ran to the rear, Sickles was only able to get a few to return. Nonetheless, Hooker's report noted Sickles gallantry in trying to rally his men. He did not stay long and missed the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam, being in New York recruiting men for his brigade. When Ambrose Burnside replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, both Hooker and Sickles were moved up to command larger units. Sickles still had hardly any battlefield experience yet was now leading Hooker's old second division of III Corps. Sickles was busy getting New York newspapers and Washington insiders to promote his image as a battle hardened fighting general.
In December 1862, at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Sickles brigade did not see battle until the third day. He and his troops watched as Union troops fought uphill against Lee's Confederates. After 2:00 p.m. Sickles was finally ordered to the front. Leading his men they found the battle to mostly be over in their section. They secured their position against limited sniper fire and a few Skirmishes but otherwise did not see any fighting.
Major general
When Burnside was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac, Hooker was moved up to replace him. In the new assignments resulting from the change, and even though he had little battlefield experience, Sickles was given temporary command of III Corps. But again, the Senate did not confirm his promotion to Major General. Finally, on March 9 (with his rank to date back to November 29), the Senate confirmed his promotion. By the end of March Sickles was officially a major general. Unlike earlier battles, at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Sickles saw action. As Sickles observed Confederate general Stonewall Jackson's flanking maneuver, without orders he pushed forward with two-thirds of his corps to go after the Confederates. This left XI Corps on his right completely isolated. Jackson's confederates then made a crushing attack on XI Corps. Sickles leaving his assigned position was a major factor in the Confederate victory. This started a feud between Hooker and Sickles that continued into the Battle of Gettysburg. Hooker blamed Sickles for the defeat at Chancellorsville.
Gettysburg
On June 27, Hooker resigned as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Among the corps commanders suggested to replace him, the New York Herald actually suggested Sickles as the best commander for the job. On June 28, three days before the battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed general George G. Meade to replace Hooker. On July 1, the first day ended in Confederate victory. Meade worked to quickly put his forces in place for the next day's battle. Early on the morning of July 2, Meade sent a message to Sickles with instructions to place his 12,000-man corps on Cemetery Ridge. He was specifically ordered to connect to general Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps on his right, and extend his line to Little Round Top on his left.
After Gettysburg
After Sickles lost his right leg, he gained fame for donating it to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, DC. He sent it with a card which read, "With the Compliments of Major General D.E.S.". The leg is on display today at the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command headquarters building at Fort Detrick, Maryland. After his recovery, Lincoln sent Sickles to the South where he was to look into the effect of slavery on African Americans. He was also to give suggestions for the future Reconstruction of the South.
After the Civil War he held a number of different positions. He was military governor of North and South Carolina but was removed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867. He retired from the army in 1869. From his retirement to 1872 he was appointed a U.S. minister to Spain by President Ulysses S. Grant. While there Sickles managed to engage in "undiplomatic relations" with the Spanish queen. He served one more term in Congress from 1893–1895 but was defeated for reelection in 1986. In 1897, after 34 years of lobbying, Sickles was able to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
Incubator (egg)
An incubator is a machine used mostly for hatching eggs without the help of a hen or mother.
Right
Right might mean:
Bauhaus
The Bauhaus was a design school that operated from 1919 to 1933 in Germany. It is widely regarded as the most influential art school of the 20th century. It promoted modernism. It is most well known for teaching painting, photography, advertising, weaving, architecture and the design of furniture and household products. The work that it produced and its teaching methods had a world-wide influence on art, design, photography, architecture and art education.
It was formally called the "Staatliches Bauhaus" from 1919 to 1932 because it was state funded in that period. From 1919 to 1925 it was in Weimar, in the state of Thuringia and from 1926 to 1932 it was in Dessau, in the state of Sachsen-Anhalt. It operated as privately funded school in Berlin from the end of 1932 until April 1933.
Its staff included some of the most famous artists and architects of the 20th century, including: Walter Gropius, who founded the school, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, Marcel Breuer, Josef Albers, Anni Albers, Oskar Schlemmer and Hannes Meyer.
Its former buildings in Weimar and Dessau were jointly made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.
Anele Ngcongca
Calvin Anele Ngcongca  (21 October 1987 – 23 November 2020) was a South African professional footballer. He played for AmaZulu before his death.
He made 53 appearances for the national team between 2009 to 2016.
On 23 November 2020, Ngcongca died in a car accident on the N2 highway in KwaZulu-Natal at the age of 33.
Ryūe Nishizawa
Ryue Nishizawa (西沢 立衛) is a Japanese architect and university professor at Yokohama National University. Nishizawa won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.
Career
In 1995, he started a partnership with Kazuyo Sejima in Tokyo. It was called SANAA.
In 1997, he started the independent Office of Ryūe Nishizawa.
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (Социјалистичка Република Македонија), was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and a nation state of the Macedonians.
Norway, Iowa
Norway is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 545 at the 2010 census.
Francesc Arnau
Francesc Xavier Arnau Grabulosa (23 May 1975 – 22 May 2021) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He worked as a sporting director for Málaga and Real Oviedo.
Arnau died on 22 May 2021 in Oviedo, Spain one day before his 46th birthday.
Indus Valley Bullfrog
The Indus Valley Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) is a large species of frog found in Pakistan and the Republic of India.
Hértevin language
Hértevin language (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ Sôreth) is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.
The Gits
The Gits was a punk rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1986 and disbanded in 1993 after the mysterious murder of their lead singer Mia Zapata. Joan Jett who is a long time fan of The Gits wrote a song entitled "Go Home" which was inspired by the death of Mia Zapata.
The band's original name was "Snivelling Little Rat Faced Gits" which was named after a Monty Python skit but they later shortened it to The Gits.
The Perfumed Garden
The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight (الروض العاطر في نزهة الخاطر Al-rawz al-ātir fī nuzhat al-hātir) is an Islamic sex manual, similar to the Hindu Kama Sutra, written in the 15th century by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". It is written in Arabic. The Perfumed Garden is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.
The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923, the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo.
List of governors of Odisha
This is a list of the governors of the Indian state of Odisha (formerly Orissa), since its foundation in 1936.
Jimmy Armfield
James Christopher Armfield, CBE, DL (21 September 1935 – 22 January 2018) was an English professional football player and manager. He worked as a football pundit for BBC Radio Five Live.
Armfield played the whole of his Football League career at Blackpool, usually at right back. Between 1954 and 1971 he played 627 games in all competitions, scored six goals, and spent a decade as the club's captain. He also represented the England national team 43 times between 1959 and 1966, and captained them in 15 games.
Armfield died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Blackpool, Lancashire on 22 January 2018 at the age of 82.
Kupwara district
Kupwara (ضلع کئپوارا) is a district of India. It is in Jammu and Kashmir.
West Indies cricket team
The West Indian cricket team, also known as the West Indies or the Windies, is a multi-national cricket team. They are a sporting group of 15 mainly English-speaking Caribbean countries, British dependencies and non-British dependencies.
From the mid 1970s to the early 1990s, the West Indies team was one of the strongest in the world in both Test and One Day International cricket. A number of cricketers among the best in the world have played for the West Indies. Sir Garfield Sobers, Lance Gibbs, Gordon Greenidge, George Headley, Clive Lloyd, Malcolm Marshall, Andy Roberts, Alvin Kallicharran, Rohan Kanhai, Frank Worrell, Everton Weekes, Curtly Ambrose, Michael Holding, Joel Garner and Sir Viv Richards are in the ICC Hall of Fame. World-record holder Brian Lara was a West Indies Test player.
The West Indies won the ICC Cricket World Cup twice, in 1975 and 1979. They won the ICC Champions Trophy in 2004. They were runners up in the Under 19 Cricket World Cup in 2004. They were semi finalists in the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009. They were the first cricket team to win the World Cup twice. West Indies are also the first team to win back to back World Cups. West Indies is the first team to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals (1975, 1979 and 1983).
Józef Rysula
Józef Rysula (13 March 1939 – 23 November 2020) was a Polish cross-country skier. He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics, the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics. He was born in Kościelisko, Poland.
Rysula died on 23 November 2020 at the age of 81.
Arundel Castle
Arundel Castle is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.
University Park, Iowa
University Park is a city in Iowa in the United States.
List of Meitei gods and goddesses
"Meitei deities" or "Manipuri deities" refer to the gods and goddesses of Meitei mythology and religion. The major deities include Atingkok, Leimarel Sidabi, Sanamahi, Pakhangba, Imoinu and a few others.