cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent lamp
Lifespan
The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature. The life of a fluorescent lamp is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a fluorescent lamp can be reduced to "close to that of incandescent light bulbs". The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes so that this problem does not happen. If the light must be switched on and off often, Cold cathode fluorescent lamps can be used. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard lamps.
Mercury content and recycling
The mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste. The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working. During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken. If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a problem. It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.
Alternatives
Many people and businesses do not want to use fluorescent lamps due to their mercury content. Halogen, LED, and traditional incandescent bulbs are possible alternatives.
Water turbine
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.
Fluorescent lamp
Alternatives
LED tubes can be installed in fluorescent tube fixtures, but sometimes an electrician needs to rewire the fixture first to remove the ballast.
Water turbine
Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean and renewable energy source.
Swirl
Water wheels have been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can be used.
The word turbine was coined by the French engineer Claude Bourdin in the early 19th century and is derived from the Latin word for "whirling" or a "vortex". The main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a component of the water which passes energy to a spinning rotor. This additional component of motion allowed the turbine to be smaller than a water wheel of the same power. They could process more water by spinning faster and could use much greater heads. (Later, impulse turbines were developed which did not use swirl).
Time line
Ján Andrej Segner developed a reactive water turbine in the mid-1700s. It had a horizontal axis and was a precursor to modern water turbines. It is a very simple machine that is still produced today for use in small hydro sites. Segner worked with Euler on some of the early mathematical theories of turbine design.
In 1820, Jean-Victor Poncelet developed an inward-flow turbine.
In 1826 Benoit Fourneyron developed an outward-flow turbine. This was an efficient machine (~80%) that sent water through a runner with blades curved in one dimension. The stationary outlet also had curved guides.
In 1844 Uriah A. Boyden developed an outward flow turbine that improved on the performance of the Fourneyron turbine. Its runner shape was similar to that of a Francis turbine.
In 1849, James B. Francis improved the inward flow reaction turbine to over 90% efficiency. He also conducted sophisticated tests and developed engineering methods for water turbine design. The Francis turbine, named for him, is the first modern water turbine. It is still the most widely used water turbine in the world today.
Inward flow water turbines have a better mechanical arrangement and all modern reaction water turbines are of this design. Also, as the swirling mass of water spins into a tighter rotation, it tries to speed up to conserve energy. This property acts on the runner, in addition to the water's falling weight and swirling motion. Water pressure decreases to zero as it passes through the turbine blades and gives up its energy.
Around 1890, the modern fluid bearing was invented, now universally used to support heavy water turbine spindles. As of 2002, fluid bearings appear to have a mean time between failures of more than 1300 years.
Around 1913, Victor Kaplan created the Kaplan turbine, a propeller-type machine. It was an evolution of the Francis turbine but revolutionized the ability to develop low-head hydro sites.
A new concept
All common water machines until the late 19th century (including water wheels) were reaction machines; water's pressure head acted on the machine and produced work. A reaction turbine needs to fully contain the water during energy transfer.
In 1866, California millwright Samuel Knight invented a machine that worked off a completely different concept. Inspired by the high pressure jet systems used in hydraulic mining in the gold fields, Knight developed a bucketed wheel which captured the energy of a free jet, which had converted a high head (hundreds of vertical feet in a pipe or penstock) of water to kinetic energy. This is called an impulse or tangential turbine. The water's velocity, roughly twice the velocity of the bucket periphery, does a u-turn in the bucket and drops out of the runner at 0 velocity.
In 1879, Lester Pelton, experimenting with a Knight Wheel, developed a double bucket design, which exhausted the water to the side, eliminating some energy loss of the Knight wheel which exhausted some water back against the center of the wheel. In about 1895, William Doble improved on Pelton's half-cylindrical bucket form with an elliptical bucket that included a cut in it to allow the jet a cleaner bucket entry. This is the modern form of the Pelton turbine which today achieves up to 92% efficiency. Pelton had been quite an effective promoter of his design and although Doble took over the Pelton company he did not change the name to Doble because it had brand name recognition.
Turgo and Crossflow turbines were later impulse designs.
Theory of operation
Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine.
Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.
Newton's Third Law of Motion describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.
Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes the turbine's curved blades which reverse the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.
Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine does not require a housing for operation. Newton's Second Law of Motion describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications.
Power
The power available in a stream of water is;
where:
Pumped storage
Some water turbines are designed for Pumped storage hydroelectricity. They can reverse flow and operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical hours, and then revert to a turbine for power generation during peak electrical demand. This type of turbine is usually a Deriaz or Francis in design.
Efficiency
Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90% (not to be confused with thermodynamic efficiency).
Types of water turbines
Reaction turbines:
Impulse turbines:
Design and application
Turbine selection is based mostly on the available water head, and less so on the available flow rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for low head sites. Kaplan turbines are well-adapted to wide ranges of flow or head conditions, since their peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow conditions.
Switzerland at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Switzerland sent people to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Switzerland has a team of 31 people. Only 13 are sportspeople. They are competing in three sports: para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing and wheelchair curling.
Team
The team has 13 people. They are competing in three sports: para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing and wheelchair curling. 18 other people are part of the team. They include coaches, administrators and sport officials. The flag bearer for the Opening Ceremonies is Felix Wagner. Luana Bergamin is the Chef-de-Mission. Bergamin said he wants Switzerland to win 3 medals at the 2018 Games.
Water turbine
Design and application
Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly large bulb-type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis and Kaplan machines usually have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the available head, and makes installation of a generator more economical. Pelton wheels may be either vertical or horizontal shaft machines because the size of the machine is so much less than the available head. Some impulse turbines use multiple water jets per runner to increase specific speed and balance shaft thrust.
Switzerland at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Team
The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Switzerland") that will be participating in the 2018 Games. Switzerland and Germany share a meeting place during the Winter Paralympics. It is called "Maison des Alpes". Fans, sportspeople, journalists and other people can go there and talk. The place includes a Swiss restaurant.
Water turbine
Maintenance
Turbines are designed to run for decades with very little maintenance of the main elements; overhaul intervals are on the order of several years. Maintenance of the runners and parts exposed to water include removal, inspection, and repair of worn parts.
Switzerland at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Skiers
Christoph Kunz went to Pyeongchang with 2 gold medals. He won them at earlier Winter Paralympic Games.
Water turbine
Maintenance
Normal wear and tear is pitting from cavitation, fatigue cracking, and abrasion from suspended solids in the water. Steel elements are repaired by welding, usually with stainless steel rod. Damage areas are cut or ground out, then welding back up to their original or an improved profile. Old turbine runners may have a significant amount of stainless steel added this way by the end of their lifetime. Elaborate welding procedures may be used to achieve the highest quality repairs.
Switzerland at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Schedule and training
Skiers had training runs for the downhill race on 7 March. Their practice runs in the downhill on 8 and 9 March were cancelled.
The first event on the para-alpine program was the downhill. It started on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program was Super-G. All skiers will raced between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March. Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions. Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.
Water turbine
Maintenance
Other elements requiring inspection and repair during overhauls include bearings, packing box and shaft sleeves, servomotors, cooling systems for the bearings and generator coils, seal rings, wicket gate linkage elements and all surfaces.
Environmental impact
Water turbines have had both positive and negative impacts on the environment.
Switzerland at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Wheelchair curling
The Switzerland national wheelchair curling team members are Felix Wagner, Claudia Hüttenmoser-Pfister, Marcel Bodenmann, Beatrix Blauel, and Hans Burgener. Wagner is the skip. They won the 2016 Wheelchair Curling World Championships. This won them the right to go to the 2018 Winter Paralympics. To get ready for the Games, the team played in 5 international tournaments. They took place in Copenhagen, Wetzikon, Stirling in Scotland, Richmond in British Columbia, and Ottawa. B. Braun Medical SA is the team's sponsor.
Water turbine
Environmental impact
They are one of the cleanest producers of power, replacing the burning of fossil fuels and eliminating nuclear waste. Burning fossil fuels produces smoke and ash, and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide. Nuclear waste emits dangerous radiation and is difficult to dispose of. They use a renewable energy source and are designed to operate for decades. They produce significant amounts of the world's electrical supply.
Switzerland at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Wheelchair curling
Wheelchair curling competition started on 10 March. Switzerland plays against Sweden on 15 March.
Water turbine
Environmental impact
Historically there have also been negative consequences. The rotating blades or gated runners of water turbines can interrupt the natural ecology of rivers, killing fish, stopping migrations, and disrupting peoples' livelihoods. For example, American Indian tribes in the Pacific Northwest had livelihoods built around salmon fishing, but aggressive dam-building destroyed their way of life. Since the late 20th century, it has been possible to construct hydropower systems that divert fish and other organisms away from turbine intakes without significant damage or loss of power; such systems require less cleaning but are substantially more expensive to construct. In the United States, it is now illegal to block the migration of fish so fish ladders must be provided by dam builders.
David Briggs (headmaster)
John Davidson "David" Briggs (7 November 1917 – 16 March 2020) was an English educator. He was born in Norwich, England. Briggs was the Headmaster of King's College School, Cambridge from 1959 until his retirement in 1977. From 1946 he taught classics at Bryanston School in Dorset.
United States at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
The United States sent people to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. The team is competing in para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, para-snowboarding, sledge hockey and wheelchair curling. It has 63 people.
The World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup Finals took place in Kimberly, British Columbia in February 2018. The event was the last one used to decide who would represent the United States at the 2018 Games. The team to go was announced on 20 February 2018. In the men's downhill sitting race, Andrew Kurka of the United States won gold. He also won a silver in the men's Super-G sitting race.
The last date that countries could nominate people for their para-Nordic skiing teams at the 2018 Games was 23 February 2018. Kendall Gretsch won two gold medals in the first two days of competition. One was in biathlon's women's 6 km race. The other was in cross country skiing's women's 12 km sitting race. Daniel Cnossen won two medals in the first two days of competition. His first was a gold in the men's 7.5 km sitting biathlon race. His second was a silver in cross country skiing's men's 15 km sitting race.
The World Para Snowboard World Cup Finals in Big White, British Columbia took place in February 2018. The event was the final one used to decide who would represent the United States at the 2018 Games. On February 20, the names of the U.S. Paralympic Snowboarding Team were made public.
The USA finished in the first four at the 2017 Sledge Hockey World Championships. This was why they could compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. The United States, South Korea, the Czech Republic and Japan were in Group B for the sledge hockey competition.
Before the Games started, American wheelchair curlers had a few important dates in preparation for the Games. These included the U.S. Open in Utica, New York in December 2017, the Kisakallio Cup in Kisakallio, Finland in January 2018, and Sochi Open in January 2018. They started play on 10 March.
Team
The country has the largest team among all nations. It has 63 people. New Zealand, Sweden and the United States were the first countries to name people to their teams. The people won their places by November 2017.
The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team USA") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.
Going to the Games
The World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup Finals took place in Kimberly, British Columbia in February 2018. The event was the last one used to decide who would represent the United States at the 2018 Games. 19 February 2018 was the deadline for American alpine skiers to get 2017-18 season race points in at least one race to be eligible to represent the United States at the Paralympic Games. The team to go was announced on 20 February 2018.
Schedule and training
Skiers had training runs for the downhill race on 7 March. Their practice runs in the downhill on 8 and 9 March were cancelled.
The first event on the para-alpine program was the downhill. It started on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers will race between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March. Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions. Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.
Results
Anna Schaffelhuber of Germany won gold in the women's downhill sitting race. Momoka Muraoka of Japan won silver. Laurie Stephens of the United States won bronze. In the men's downhill sitting race, Andrew Kurka of the United States won gold, Taiki Morri of Japan won silver and Corey Peters of New Zealand won bronze. In the men's Super-G sitting race, Kurt Oatway of Canada won gold, Andrew Kurka of the United States won silver, and Frederic Francois of France won bronze.
Qualification
In December 2017, the World Para Nordic Skiing World Cup took place in Canmore, Alberta. The World Para Nordic Skiing World Cup in Oberried, Germany took place in January 2018. The last date that countries could nominate people for their teams at the 2018 Games was 23 February 2018.
Skiers
Blind skier Danelle Umstead is married to her guide skier, Rob Umstead. The two call themselves "Vision4Gold". Umstead is one of the few mothers competing in South Korea. Oksana Masters was born in 1989 in the Ukraine, near the Chernobyl site. Her disability was because of the radiation from the accident in 1986. When she was 7-years-old, she was adopted by a woman from the United States who said she should play sports. Masters tried very hard, and later went to the 2012 Summer Paralympics where she competed in adapted rowing. After the 2012 Games, she had pain in her back and changed to para-Nordic skiing.
Schedule
Cross country skiing events take place on 10, 11, 14, 17 and 18 of March. Biathlon events take place on 10, 13 and 16 of March. On 12 March, the 15 km race takes place, with standing and vision impaired women starting at 10:00 PM. Thee sprint classic qualification takes place on 14 March from 10:00 AM – 11:25 AM for both men and women in all classes. It is followed in the afternoon by the semifinals and finals. The classic race takes place on 17 March. The standing and visually impaired women's race takes place from 10:00 AM - 12:30.
Biathlon
Dan Cnossen won the first gold medal for the United States in biathlon. He won gold in the men's 7.5 km sitting race. In the women's 6 km biathlon sitting race,  Kendall Gretsch of the United States won gold, Oksana Masters won silver and Lidziya Hrafeyeva of Belarus won bronze.
Cross country skiing
In cross country skiing's men's 15 km sitting race, Maksym Yarovyi of Ukraine won gold, Daniel Cnossen of the United States won silver, and Sin Eui Hyun won bronze. In cross country skiing's women's 12 km sitting race, Kendall Gretsch of the United States won gold, Andrea Eskau of Germany won silver, and Oksana Masters of the United States won bronze.
Going to the Games
The World Para Snowboard World Cup Finals in Big White, British Columbia took place in February 2018. The event was the final one used to decide who would represent the United States at the 2018 Games. To be eligible to represent the United States at the Paralympic Games, American snowboarders had to get season race points in at least one race in the 2017-18 season. The deadline to get the points was 19 February 2018. On February 20, the names of the U.S. Paralympic Snowboarding Team were made public.
Schedule and results
The snowboard cross event starts on 12 March, running from 10:30 AM to 5:00 PM for all classes for both men and women. The slalom race is scheduled to take place on 16 March, going from 10:30 AM – 4:55 PM for men and women in all classes.
Qualifying
The USA finished in the first four at the 2017 Sledge Hockey World Championships. This was why they could compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. They went to South Korea after winning a gold medal in sledge hockey at the 2014 Winter Paralympics.
Before the Games
The United States went to the 2018 Winter Paralympics looking to win their third consecutive Paralympic gold, having claimed gold at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Paralympics. Canada was thought to be their biggest competitor. They had won three consecutive gold medals at the World Championships, with their most recent gold at the 2017 World Championships A-Pool.
The United States national sledge hockey team played in several tournaments and friendly games to get ready for the Winter Paralympics. The team played in the December 2017 World Sled Hockey Challenge in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. They played in the Para Ice Hockey International Tournament in Turin, Italy in January 2018. They also played in the 2018 Border Series in Buffalo, New York and Pt. Colborne, Ontario in February 2018.
Roster
19-year-old Brody Roybal is from Chicago. He was part of the United States national sledge hockey team at the 2014 Winter Paralympics. He won a gold medal at those games. He started playing sledge hockey in 2006. He was born with a congenital, bilateral amputation.
Joe Misiewicz will be competing at his first Paralympic Games in Pyeongchang as a 29-year-old. When he was with the 1st Battalion 5th Marines in Afghanistan, he was injured. This happened during a patrol, when his vehicle hit an improvised explosive devise. Because of injury, he is a double above-knee amputee.
Chicagoan Kevin McKee also was part of the United States national sledge hockey team at the 2014 Winter Paralympics. Competing with the team, he won a gold medal in Sochi. in 2018, he was ranked third on the national team. This was based on his performance at the World Sled Hockey Challenge in December 2017. McKee has sacral agenesis. He was born with this disorder.
Schedule and results
The United States, South Korea, the Czech Republic and Japan were in Group B for the sledge hockey competition. They played against Japan on 10 March. They play against the Czech Republic on 11 March. They play against South Korea on 12 March.
Wheelchair curling
The national team first decided who might be part of the national team in September 2017 in Incheon, South Korea. The second time when the national team said some people may not be able to go was at an event in Green Bay, Wisconsin in October 2017. The final choice of who would be on Team USA for the 2018 Games was made at USA National Team event in Wausau, Wisconsin in early November 2017.
Before the Games started, American wheelchair curlers had a few important dates in preparation for the Games. These included the U.S. Open in Utica, New York in December 2017, the Kisakallio Cup in Kisakallio, Finland in January 2018, and Sochi Open in January 2018.
They started playing on 10 March. They played against Sweden on 11 March.
Tuple names
Here are some words for tuple names.
Viganello
Viganello is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Until 2004, it was a municipality on its own. Then it was created to Lugano.
Washington Nationals
The Washington Nationals are the professional baseball team based in Washington, D.C., United States. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Nationals are a member of the Eastern Division of the National League. They are called "The Nats" for short.
Usa Jingū
Usa-jingū (宇佐神宮), also known as Usa Hachiman-gū (宇佐八幡宮), is a Japanese Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.
Washington Nationals
From 2005 to 2007, the Nationals played in Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium. The team now plays in Nationals Park, which is in Washington, D.C. along the Anacostia River.
Usa Jingū
History
The shrine was founded in the Wadō era (708-714).
A Buddhist temple called Miroku-ji was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple (jingū-ji) ever. The shrine-temple complex, called Usa Hachimangu-ji (宇佐八幡宮寺), lasted until 1868.
Washington Nationals
The franchise was founded in 1969 and at that time they played in Montreal, Quebec as the Montreal Expos. They were the first MLB team in Canada and were the only such team until the Toronto Blue Jays began to play in 1977. There was a strong rivalry between these two teams. Since the Expos moved to Washington in 2004, the Blue Jays are now the only team outside the United States.
The Nationals played in their first World Series games in 2019 against the Houston Astros, and they won at 4-3 to clinch their first ever World Series title in their franchise history. The other baseball team from Washington, D.C. recently won the World Series title was in 1924 as Washington Senators.
Kevin Stemke
Kevin Stemke (born November 23, 1978) is a retired American football punter. He played eight games in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Oakland Raiders in 2002 and the St. Louis Rams in 2004. Stemke was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He is the son of U.S. Olympic soccer player Horst Stemke.
Usa Jingū
History
Usa first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku.
Usa jingū was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the old Buzen Province. It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Oita and Fukuoka Prefectures.
Kevin Stemke
He played college football with the University of Wisconsin Badgers. During his first year, Stemke set the team punting record while averaging 43.9 yards per kick and in his second year, he was able to make the first team in the Big Ten Conference. In his senior year, he was able to break his own school record and averaged 44.5 yards per punt which was also the third best in the United States. He was awarded the very first Ray Guy Award for being the nation's top punter.
Usa Jingū
History
From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially listed among the first rank of government supported shrines.
Kevin Stemke
Stemke went undrafted in the 2001 NFL Draft but he was signed by the Green Bay Packers on April 23, 2001. The Raiders signed Stemke in August 2002. He played two games with them before he was cut from the team. He was then signed by the Miami Dolphins in January 2003. The Dolphins would send send him to play for the Scottish Claymores of the NFL Europe but they waived him before the start of the NFL regular season. The Washington Redskins cut Stemke along with 13 other players on August 30, 2004.
Little Spain
History
"Little Spain" was 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. A very different slice of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain". The Church of Our Lady of Guadelupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area. Although the Spanish business have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo has been at 210 West 14th since 1929. In 2010 the documentary Little Spain, directed and written by Artur Balder, was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.
Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or El Faro Restaurant, established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop.
Kevin Stemke
After being cut, Stemke was signed by the St. Louis Rams in November 2004 in replace of Sean Landeta. The Rams released him before the start of the 2005 season in favor of Reggie Hodges.
Little Spain
History
The heart of the Spanish American community in that area were the two landmarks the Spanish Benevolent Society and the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, founded at the turn of the 19th century, being the first parish in Manhattan with mass in Latin and Spanish.
Virginia Admiral and her son, Robert Mario De Niro Jr., moved to a top floor studio at the 219 West 14th Street, owned by the Galician entrepreneur José García. According with the investigations, Robert De Niro was living during the 50s at the heart of Little Spain after the divorce of his parents.
Kevin Stemke
Stemke has an award named after him and it is awarded to the Wisconsin high school senior kicker/punter.
Proterozoic
The Proterozoic eon comes before the Phanerozoic. It was a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The name Proterozoic comes from the Greek "earlier life". The Proterozoic Eon extended from 2500 million years ago (mya) to 541 mya. It is the most recent part of the former Precambrian.
The Proterozoic consists of 3 geologic eras, from oldest to youngest:
The well-identified events were:
Study of these rocks shows that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and mountain building.
Usa Jingū
Branch shrines
Usa is today the center of over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines. In Shinto belief, the many Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the kami at Usa.
Al Rayyan
Al Rayyan (الريان; also spelled as Ar Rayyan) is a municipality in the state of Qatar.
Thelma Aldana
Thelma Aldana or Thelma Esperanza Aldana Hernández de López (born September 27, 1955), is a Guatemalan lawyer. She became a judge in the Supreme Court in 2009. She was elected president of the Supreme Court from 2011 to 2011. In 2013 she replaced Claudia Paz y Paz as Guatemala’s attorney general.
Work
Aldana graduated from the University of San Carlos in Guatemala. She has a Master's degree in Civil and Procedural Law.
Courts for violence against women
In 2011, when she was president of the Supreme Court, Aldana started special courts in Guatemala for femicide cases. Killing women, and violence against women became a crime in Guatemala. Eleven districts now have the special courts. Judges and police officers receive special gender crime training. Every year there are 56,000 reports of violence against women.
Against corruption
In 2015 Aldana led an investigation into government corruption. As a result, the president of Guatemala resigned.
Veronica Guerin (movie)
Veronica Guerin is a 2003 British Irish American biographical crime movie directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Cate Blanchett, Gerard McSorley, Ciarán Hinds, Brenda Fricker, Alan Devine, and Don Wycherley. It was distributed by Touchstone Pictures.
Sarah Hughes
Sarah Elizabeth Hughes (born May 2, 1985 in Great Neck, New York) is an American figure skater. Hughes won a gold medal during the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Devonian
The Devonian is the fourth period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted from about 419 million years ago (mya) to about 359 mya. It is named after Devonshire, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.
Sea levels were high, and there was a great variety of fish and other marine organisms. The Devonian fish included the Agnatha (jawless fish), the Acanthodii (spiny fish), the Placoderms (armoured fish), the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), and the early Osteichthyes (bony fish). The Devonian strata are divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions.
The supercontinent of Gondwana was to the south, and the continent of Siberia to the north. The early form of the small continent of Euramerica was in between. The supercontinent Pangaea was just starting to form.
By the late Devonian, the land had been colonized by plants and insects. In the oceans, massive reefs were built. Euramerica and Gondwana were beginning to converge into what would become Pangaea.
Period ended with extinctions
Tectonic and volcanic activity was high. A series of extinction events occurred towards the end of the Devonian, including a major event at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the Late Devonian, about 364 mya.
A major extinction occurred at the start of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, about 372.2 mya. Almost all the fossil agnathan fishes suddenly disappeared. A second strong extinction closed the Devonian period. The late Devonian extinction was one of five major extinction events in the history of the Earth. The cause or causes are not known.
Boana crepitans
The emerald-eyed tree frog or rattle-voiced tree frog (Boana crepitans) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
1141
1141 is a year starting on a Wednesday of the Julian Calendar.
Marisa Del Frate
Marisa Del Frate (11 March 1931 – 6 February 2015) was an Italian actress, singer and television personality.
She died in Rome on 6 February 2015 of cancer of unknown primary origin, aged 83.
Aimyon
Aimyon (あいみょん) is a Japanese singer and songwriter.
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Single
As featured artist
1429
1429 was a common year.
Delcambre, Louisiana
Delcambre is a town in Iberia and Vermilion parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
Gasconade, Missouri
Gasconade is a city in Gasconade County, Missouri, United States.
Detroit Wolverines
The  Detroit Wolverines were a 19th century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit. They played in Recreation Park when it was started in 1879.
PlaySight Interactive
PlaySight Interactive is company that combine camera, artificial intel igence and sports. It offers smart sports video platform for over 25 sports and across 20 countries. For example basketball, tennis, ice hockey and soccer. There are over 1000 SmartCourts lockated around the world. You can find the SmartCourts there: Golden State Warriors, Toronto Raptors, Detroit Pistons and Phoenix Suns and over 70 NCAA sports programs, including Harvard University, the University of Southern California, Indiana University, Claremont Colleges, Fairleigh Dickinson University and Princeton University. The United States Tennis Association has PlaySight's SmartCourt technology on 32 courts in Lake Nona, Florida. PlaySight was one of Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies in 2017 and 2018.
History
PlaySight was founded in Kfar Saba, Israel, in 2010. They used technology with roots in the Israeli military. At first the three partners were developing weaponry and war simulators for the Israeli army. After one of the partners, Evgeni Khazanov, looling for his daughter’s tennis practice. He wondered why a sport with so much money did not have any advanced technology to help players improve their game.
The technology was commercialized in 2013. Later it was adapted for many other sports including soccer, martial arts, volleyball, squash, handball, gymnastics, dancing, hockey and wrestling. PlaySight costs $20 million and now has offices in Kfar Saba, New Jersey and Los Angeles.
Silurian
As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years. The beginning of the Silurian is set at a major extinction when 60% of marine species were wiped out, the End-Ordovician extinction event.
First terrestrial biota
The Silurian was the first period that produced fossils on land that are macroscopic. That means you can see them without using a microscope. These fossils are moss forests along lakes and streams, and millipedes and scorpions on land later in the period. The fossil record of Eurypterids (sea scorpions) reached its greatest extent in the middle Silurian, about 430 million years ago.
The first fossil records of vascular plants, appeared in the second half of the Silurian period. The earliest known representatives of this group are the Cooksonia (mostly from the northern hemisphere) and Baragwanathia (from Australia). A primitive Silurian land plant with xylem and phloem but no differentiation in root, stem or leaf, was much-branched Psilophyton. This plant reproduced by spores and respired through stomata on every surface, and probably photosynthesized in every tissue exposed to light.
Some evidence suggests the presence of primitive predatory arachnids and myriapods in later Silurian rocks. Predatory invertebrates would indicate that simple food webs were in place which included non-predatory prey animals.
Bill Elliott
William Clyde Elliott (born October 8, 1955) is an American racecar driver. He drove in the Sprint Cup Series He won the 1988 Sprint Cup, and was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2007. In 2014, Elliot was voted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in January of 2015.
P-Kara
P-Kara is a rhythm game, developed and published by SCEI. It was released in Japan on December 14, 2006.
Gameplay
P-Kara is a music & rhythm game.
East Asian calligraphy
The East Asian tradition of calligraphy originated and developed in China. The countries that use East Asian calligraphy are China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Tools
In calligraphy, paper, ink, brush, ink stone, paperweight, and a desk pad are used.
Paper
The special paper used for calligraphy, is made of rice, paper mulberries, bamboo, hemp, etc.
Ink
The ink is made from soot and binders. It comes in sticks, and must be rubbed with water on an ink stone. Pre-mixed bottle inks are now available. Pre-mixed bottle inks are for practicing.
Brush
The body of the brush can be made of bamboo, or rare materials like red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver and gold. The head of the brush is made of the hair of animals, like the wolf, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig and tiger, etc.
Paperweight
They are used to weigh down paper. Paperweights come in several types, and they are collectible works of art.
Desk pad
The desk pad is a pad made out of felt. Students use these desk pads, which are printed with grids on both sides. When placed under the paper, the grid helps to make the words the right size, and ensures correct placement.
Notable calligraphers
Almost all traditionally educated men (and sometimes women) in East Asia are good in calligraphy. The most famous are:
China
See also
Styles
There are several word styles in calligraphy. Some of them are; Seal Script (often called small seal script), Clerical Script (sometimes called official, draft or scribal script), Semi-cursive Script (also called running script), Cursive Script (sometimes called grass script), Regular Script (often called ‘standard script’), Edomoji, Munjado, and Kao.
Morrison, Missouri
Morrison is a city in Gasconade County, Missouri, United States.
Tallassee, Alabama
Tallassee is a city in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is in both Elmore County and Tallapoosa County. At the 2000 census, the population was 4,934. It is home to a major hydroelectric power plant at Thurlow Dam operated by Alabama Power Company.
Suranimala Rajapaksha
Jayasinghe Rajapakse Mohottige Don Suranimala Rajapaksha (Sinhala:සුරනිමල රාජපක්ෂ) (5 January 1949 – 14 March 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was first elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka in 1994. He was the Minister of School Education in Republic Socialist of Sri Lanka in 2001 to 2004. He was a member of the United National Party (UNP) and a member of UNP Working Committee. He was appointed as the Coordinating secretary to the Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe on 27 January 2015.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, called at the time the Eastern Roman Empire, was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived into the Middle Ages. The capital of the empire was Constantinople, which would be renamed to Istanbul after the Ottoman conquest. Greek was the most important language in the Byzantine Empire. Greek culture and identity were a very important part of the Byzantine Empire.
Suranimala Rajapaksha
Rajapaksha died on 14 March 2016 at a hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka from renal failure. He was aged 67.
Byzantine Empire
In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the Emperor of the Romans. That angered the Byzantine Emperor, who believed that he was the rightful Roman emperor. The relationship between the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople became very tense.
In 1054, the Great Schism divided Christianity into two main factions. They were the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Byzantines promoted Orthodoxy in the Balkans and East Slavic lands, and Catholicism gained popularity in Northwestern Africa and Western Europe.
Name
The Byzantine Empire did not get that name until a century after its fall. The empire was known at the time as the following:
Beginning (330–476 AD)
In 324, Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople. By the 5th century, the Roman Empire had lost its territories in the west, and the Western Roman Empire had been taken over by Germanic peoples during the Migration period. The surviving parts of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire and is now called the Byzantine Empire.
Wars in west
The Eastern Roman Empire tried to take back Rome and the rest of Italian Peninsula from the Germanic peoples. Between 530 and 555 AD, the Byzantine Greeks won many battles and took back Rome.
The Byzantines controlled Rome for a long time. Eventually, more Germanic peoples came, and Italy was lost again. Later, Avars and Slavs took parts of Southeast Europe from the Byzantines. After the 560s, invaders slowly conquered the Balkans except for parts of modern Greece and Albania. Bulgars from the steppes formed the First Bulgarian Empire north of the Byzantine Empire. At first, both the Avars and the Bulgars were Turkic peoples. They ruled over thé Slavic people, who were called Sklavinai, and slowly absorbed the Slavic language and culture.
Wars in east
After Rome had been captured by the Germanic peoples, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to control what is now Egypt, Greece, Palestine, Syria and Turkey. However, another empire, known as the Persian or the Sassanid Empire, tried to take the lands for itself. Between 224 and 628, the Greco-Romans and the Persians fought many battles, and many men were killed in the fighting. Eventually, the Persians were defeated in 627 by Emperor Heraclius in what is now Iraq, near the ancient city of Nineveh, which allowed the Byzantines to keep those lands.
Then, another enemy appeared, the Arabs. The Byzantines did not have much money to spend on war because of their battles with the Persians and so they could not withstand the Arabs. Palestine, Syria and Egypt were lost between 635 and 645 by Heraclius. However, the Byzantines defended Asia Minor (now in Turkey), and the Arab advance stopped there. Heraclius ordered the use of Greek as the only language of the empire, erased forever the name "Eastern Roman Empire" and cut the last links with Rome.
Recovery (717–1025 AD)
In 718, the Arabs were defeated but left the Byzantines very weak. In the west, the Byzantines fought the Bulgarians many times. Some battles were successful, but others were not. Many emperors died fighting. Over time, the Byzantine Empire weakened as it lost land to outside invaders.