cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lamborghini Diablo
Diablo Roadster Concept
Lamborghini first revealed the Diablo Roadster Concept at the 1992 Geneva Motor Show. Lamborghini allowed the German tuner Koenig Competition to turn regular Diablos into Diablo Roadsters. Koenig Competition stopped doing this in 1995. It was because Lamborghini had released the factory-made Diablo VT roadster in 1995.
Diablo VT
Lamborghini revealed the Diablo VT in 1993. The Diablo VT was the first Lamborghini to have all-wheel drive. There were also a few other changes to the car, such as power steering. Most of these would eventually be found on the standard Diablo.
Diablo SE30 and SE30 Jota
Lamborghini revealed the Diablo SE30 in 1993. It was made to celebrate Lamborghini’s 30th anniversary. The Diablo SE30 was lighter and more powerful than the standard Diablo. The engine had its power increased to 530 PS. The Diablo SE30 was rear-wheel drive.
Lamborghini built 150 Diablo SE30s. Fifteen of them were changed into the "Jota" version. The "Jota" upgrade turned the Diablo SE30 into a more track-focused car. The Jota’s engine made 603 PS, and 639 N·m of torque.
Diablo SV
Lamborghini revealed the Diablo SV at the 1995 Geneva Motor Show. The SV is based on the standard Diablo. This means that it does not have the Diablo VT’s all-wheel drive system. The Diablo SV was more powerful than the standard Diablo. It made 517 PS at 7,100 rpm, and 580 Nm of torque at 5,900 rpm. The Diablo SV actually cost less than the standard Diablo, even though it was more powerful.
Diablo VT Roadster
Lamborghini introduced the Diablo VT Roadster in December 1995. The VT roadster used the same all-wheel drive system as the VT.
In 1998, Lamborghini increased the power of the Diablo VT Roadster to 530 hp. The car’s top speed was raised to 335 km/h because the engine made more power.
Diablo SV (1999)
The Diablo was updated in 1999. Lamborghini stopped making the standard Diablo in 1999. This was because the Diablo SV had become the basic Diablo model. Lamborghini changed the inside of the Diablo (see picture).
Lamborghini increased the power level of the Diablo SV to 536 PS and 605 N·m of torque.
Diablo VT and VT Roadster (1999)
The second-generation VT was very similar to the first one. There were a few changes, though. These included an engine that tuned to make 536 PS. The VT kept the same all-wheel drive system.
Diablo GT
Lamborghini revealed the Diablo GT in 1998. It was made mainly to be used for track racing. The Diablo GT weighed less than the standard Diablo. The Diablo GT’s engine’s size was increased to 6.0 L. The engine made 583 PS and 630 N·m of torque. A version of the Diablo GT’s engine was later used in the Diablo VT 6.0.
Diablo VT 6.0 and VT 6.0 SE
Lamborghini introduced the Diablo VT 6.0 in 1994. It shared its engine with the Diablo GT. The engine made 557 PS and 620 N·m of torque.
Sainte-Geneviève, Aisne
Sainte-Geneviève, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
The Prophet (book)
The Prophet is a book of 26 prose poetry fables by the Lebanese-American artist, philosopher and writer Kahlil Gibran. It was first published in 1923 by Alfred A. Knopf. It is Gibran's best known work. The book has been translated into over 40 different languages and has never been out of print.
Fred Dinenage
Frederick Edgar Dinenage MBE (born 8 June 1942) is an English television presenter, broadcaster and author. He was born in Birmingham, West Midlands. He is known for presenting How, How 2, and ITV News Meridian.
Early life and education
Dinenage was born in Birmingham. He was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School, an independent school in Portsmouth.
Thal-Drulingen
Thal-Drulingen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Osvaldo Hurtado
Hurtado was born on June 26, 1939 in Chambo, Chimborazo Province, Ecuador. He was married to Margarita Pérez. Hurtado studied at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.
Newberg, Oregon
Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 22,110.
Loukianos Kilaidonis
Loukianos Kilaidonis (Λουκιανός Κηλαηδόνης; 15 July 1943 – 7 February 2017) was a Greek composer, songwriter and singer.
Kilaidonis was born in Athens. He studied at the Leonine Lycium of Patissia. afterwards he went to Thessaloniki where he studied architecture at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for two years, where he finished his studies at the National Metsovo Polytechnic.
Kilaidonis died in Marousi, Greece on 7 February 2017 from a respiratory infection, aged 73.
Valley Falls, Kansas
Valley Falls is a city in Jefferson County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 1,192 people lived there.
History
Valley Falls was first called Grasshopper Falls. It was named after the falls in the Grasshopper River (now known as the Delaware River). The first settlement was made there in 1854, and the town was platted in 1855. Many of the town's streets were named after women pioneer settlers.
Geography
Valley Falls is at 39.34306°N, -95.46056°W (39.342936, -95.460584). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 0.78 sqmi. Of that, 0.77 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.
Climate
Valley Falls has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Valley Falls has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
People
Valley Falls is part of the Topeka, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,192 people, 444 households, and 290 families living in Valley Falls.
Heinz Wolff
Heinz Siegfried Wolff (29 April 1928 – 15 December 2017) was a German-born British scientist, and television and radio presenter. He was best known for the BBC television series The Great Egg Race. He was born in Berlin, Germany.
Because they were of Jewish descent, he and his family fled to the United Kingdom in September 1939.
He studied physiology and physics at University College London. He specialized in biological engineering, and was a professor at Brunel University.
A familiar face in the 1970s and early 1980s, well known to British television audiences with his memorable bow tie and pronounced German accent.
Wolff died in London of heart failure on 15 December 2017 at the age of 89.
Faiyum
Faiyum (الفيوم; ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ or Ⲫⲓⲱⲙ ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ or Ⲫⲓⲱⲙ) is a city in the Middle of Egypt. It is 100 km away from Cairo. The city is located in the Faiyum Oasis, and it is the capital of Faiyum Governorate. The city was called Shedet in Ancient Egypt. When the Greeks took Egypt, they called it Crocodilopolis or Krocodilopolis. the Romans called it Arsinoë. It is one of Egypt's oldest cities, and it has a strategic location.
Sainte-Preuve
Sainte-Preuve is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Aisne department in north France.
Holmium
Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. A rare earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite.
SModcast
SModcast is a weekly podcast featuring filmmaker Kevin Smith and his long-time producing partner Scott Mosier, although guests are occasionally featured. Released each Sunday night/Monday morning, the episodes are generally one hour in length and feature Smith and Mosier discussing current events and other non-sequitur topics.
The name was derived from taking the first letters of "Smith" and "Mosier" and replacing the "P" in podcast. The podcast was originally distributed through Smith's entertainment website Quick Stop Entertainment. New episodes were made available for download each Sunday night or Monday morning, and are then released through the RSS feed the following Friday in order to ease bandwidth strains on the Quickstop Entertainment. On January 1, 2010, the host site was sold, the SModcasts were removed and a dedicated site was started. In addition, the one-week delay for iTunes subscribers was dropped starting with SModcast 101.
Google Maps
Google Maps also shows the locations of many places and businesses (called points of interest). It can provide street addresses, phone numbers, and URLs to their websites. It can generate directions between different places using many ways of transport, such as by car, bike, public transport, and even by air, and show traffic traffic congestion. Maps can be embedded on other websites via the Google Maps Application programming interface. It has a feature called Google Street View, which provides photos of streets in some places so one can see what it is like if they were standing in that area of the Earth in real life.
SModcast
In September 2009, a book of Smith's favorite SModcasts called Shootin' the Sh*t with Kevin Smith was released.
Lamborghini Jalpa
The Lamborghini Jalpa is a sports car. Lamborghini built it from 1981 to 1988. The Jalpa came after the Silhouette. The Jalpa was designed by Carrozzeria Bertone.
SModcast
SModcast guests
While the show is primarily hosted by Smith and Mosier, there have been several occasions when Mosier was unable to record, and his place was filled by one or more guests, though sometimes guests appear with Smith and Mosier.
Lamborghini Jalpa
History
The Jalpa was introduced at the 1981 Geneva Auto Show. It was based off the Silhouette. Lamborghini designed it to be less expensive than the Countach.
SModcast
Awards and recognition
The podcast has been nominated for several awards, and has gained a great deal of recognition from various sources. In 2007, the podcast was named one of the best new podcasts by iTunes. In 2010, several of the podcasts were placed upon iTunes' Best Podcasts of 2010 list which included: Jay & Silent Bob Get Old, Tell 'Em Steve-Dave!, Hollywood Babble-On, and Highlands: A Peephole History.
Châteaulin
Châteaulin (Kastellin) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France. It is a subprefecture of the department.
Lamborghini Jalpa
Engine and transmission
The Jalpa was powered by a 3.5 L V8 engine. The engine in the Jalpa came from the Silhouette. The Jalpa’s engine had a power output of 255 hp, and 225 lbft of torque. The engine in the US models made 250 hp.
Performance
Lamborghini said that the Jalpa could accelerate from 0 to 62 mph in 6.0 seconds. They also said that it could reach 100 mph in 19.1 seconds. The top speed of the Jalpa was 249 km/h. The Jalpa weighed 1510 kg.
Arzano, Finistère
Arzano (An Arzhanaou) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.
Sancy-les-Cheminots
Sancy-les-Cheminots is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Detritivore
Detritivores are animals that eat dead plants and animals. They also eat waste from other animals. They help to break down dead things and turn them into soil. This helps plants to grow. Detritivores are important for the environment. Some examples of detritivores are earthworms, millipedes, and woodlice, they live in the soil and eat dead leaves and other things. In the ocean, there are also detritivores like crabs and sea cucumbers, they eat dead things on the bottom of the ocean.
Difference from Decomposers
Detritivores are different from decomposers. Decomposers are things like bacteria and fungi. They break down dead things by absorbing them. Detritivores eat the dead things and break them down inside their bodies.
Importance
Detritivores are important for recycling nutrients in the environment. Detritivores also play an important role in food webs. They eat dead things and turn them into nutrients for plants. Then, herbivores eat the plants and get energy from them. Carnivores eat the herbivores and get energy from them. This is how energy flows through a food web. They also help to keep the soil healthy and help to clean up dead things, so they don't spread disease.
Eating Habits
Detritivores also have different ways of finding food. Some, like earthworms, use their sense of touch to find food in the soil. Others, like crabs, use their sense of smell to find food in the water.
Detritivores have different ways of eating dead things. Earthworms swallow the dead things whole. Others, like millipedes, have special mouthparts to chew the dead things. Some detritivores, like woodlice, can even eat cellulose, which is a tough part of plants.
Reference
[1] Merriam-Webster (n.d.). Detritivore Definition & Meaning. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/detritivore
[3] Kanchwala, H. (2019, March 23). Detritivore: Definition, Function and Examples. Science ABC. https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/what-are-detritivores.html
[4] Detritivore | Definition, Role, & Examples. (n.d.). Tutors.com. https://tutors.com/lesson/detritivore-definition-examples
Monica De La Cruz
Mónica De La Cruz (born November 11, 1974) is an American Republican politician. She is the member to the U.S. House of Representatives from TX's 15th congressional district since 2023. De La Cruz is the first Republican candidate to represent the Texas's 15th congressional district in over one hundred years.
V (2009 TV series)
V is an American science-fiction television show from ABC channel. It started November 3, 2009 and ended March 15, 2011.
RMS Carpathia
Carpathia was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson. The ship made her maiden voyage in 1903.
She was famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS Titanic after the RMS Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on 15 April 1912.
WASSCE
The West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia
The exams
There are two different types of the exam:
The grades
The grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams.
Neubois
Neubois is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Samoussy
Samoussy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Flaming Moe's
"Flaming Moe's" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991. In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls "Flaming Homer". Moe steals the recipe from Homer, renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern. The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness and seeks revenge.
The Crazy Ones
The Crazy Ones is an American sitcom created by David E. Kelley. It starred Robin Williams and Sarah Michelle Gellar. The single-camera series aired on CBS on September 26, 2013.
It was based in Chicago, Illinois. It was about Simon Roberts (Williams) who is an advertising executive and his daughter, Sydney Roberts (Gellar) also an executive working together. It was cancelled on April 17, 2014.
John James (Michigan politician)
John Edward James (born June 8, 1981) is an American businessman and politician who is the U.S. Representative for Michigan's 10th congressional district since 2023.
4-H
4-H in the United States is a youth organization administered by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with the mission of "engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development." The name represents four personal development areas for the organization's members: head, heart, hands, and health. The organization has over 6.5 million members in the United States. Members are five to 19 years old, in approximately 90,000 clubs.
John James (Michigan politician)
James ran as the Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in Michigan in 2018 and 2020, losing the elections to Democratic incumbents Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters.
4-H
Today, 4-H and related programs exist in over eighty countries around the world. The organization and administration varies from country to country. Each of these programs operates independently. They cooperate in international exchanges, global education programs, and communications.
The 4-H motto is "To make the best better", while its slogan is "Learn by doing" (sometimes written as "Learn to do by doing").
History
The start of 4-H began around 1900, with the work of several people in different parts of the United States. The focal point of 4-H has been the idea of practical and hands-on learning, which came from the desire to make public school education more connected to rural life. Early programs tied both public and private resources together to benefit rural youth.
During this time, researchers at agricultural experiment stations of the land-grant universities and USDA saw that adult farmers did not readily accept new agricultural discoveries, but educators found that youth would experiment with these new ideas and then share their experiences and successes with the adults. So, rural youth programs became a way to introduce new agriculture technology to the adults.
A. B. Graham started one of the youth programs in Clark County, Ohio, in 1902, which is considered the birth of the 4-H program in the United States. The first club was called "The Tomato Club" or the "Corn Growing Club". T.A. "Dad" Erickson of Douglas County, Minnesota, started local agricultural after-school clubs and fairs also in 1902. Jessie Field Shambaugh developed the clover pin with an H on each leaf in 1910, and, by 1912, they were called 4-H clubs. The national 4-H organization was formed in 1914. When the United States Congress created the Cooperative Extension Service (CES) of the USDA by passage of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, it included within the CES charter the work of various boys' and girls' clubs involved with agriculture, home economics and related subjects. By 1924, these clubs became organized as 4-H clubs, and the clover emblem was adopted.
The first 4-H camp was held in Randolph County, West Virginia. Originally, these camps were for what was referred to as "Corn Clubs". Campers slept in corn fields, in tents, only to wake up and work almost the entirety of each day. Superintendent of schools G. C. Adams began a boys' corn club in Newton County, Georgia, in 1904. However, the city of Jacksboro, Texas, also stakes a claim to having the first forerunner to 4-H in 1910. 4-H membership hit an all-time high in 1974 as a result of its popular educational program about nutrition, Mulligan Stew, shown in schools and on television across the country.
Pleuven
Pleuven (Pluwenn) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.
While loop
In computer science, a while loop is a statement which is used to execute code repeatedly based on a condition. Simply, it can be thought of as a repeating if statement.
Overview
The while loop consists of two parts: the condition and a block of code. The condition is evaluated and if it is true, the block of code is executed. This repeats until the condition evaluates to false. As a pre-test loop, the while loop checks the condition before the block is executed. In contrast, the do-while loop checks the condition after the loop has executed. A while loop would typically be used when you don't know the number of times you would like to loop over the block of code. Instead, code would continue looping until a particular condition is met. When the number of times a loop is to be executed is already known before the execution of the loop, a for loop would be a better choice.
A template of a while loop is shown below:
Example
Example code in the C programming language is shown below.
In this example, the loop first checks to see if the variable x is less than 5. Because it is, it will enter the loop, printing the value of x and then increment x by 1. After completing the code block, it will continue to repeat the code block until x is equal to 5. When x is equal to five, the condition evaluates to false and the code exits the while loop.
A loop that continues repeating forever is possible if the condition is always true. When this happens, it is up to the developer to create a statement to exit the loop. An example of this is shown below:   In the above example, the condition while always be true. To exit the loop, a break statement is used when a specific condition inside the loop evaluates to true.
Cornea
The cornea is the front part of the eye. It is the clear transparent section of the eye. The cornea covers the iris, pupil, and the eye chamber. It is a special form of tissue. The cornea is clear and has no blood vessels. It has nerves, but with no myelin sheaths on them.
The cornea, with the lens, refracts light. The cornea and the lens bend light so the image strikes the retina. The cornea does about two-thirds of this refraction.
Dua's layer is a newly discovered layer of the cornea. It was described in June 2013. It is the sixth layer of the cornea to be discovered. Despite its thinness, the layer is very strong, and air does not get through it.
Emeishan Traps
The Emeishan Traps is a flood basalt volcanic province in Southwestern China, around Sichuan province. Many igneous rock types can be found there. This is known as large igneous province in geology. Other names for the traps include Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, and other variations. The Traps are the step-like rock made up of many layers of basalt, which were laid down by successive eruptions of magma.
The eruptions that lead to the Emeshian traps began about 260 million years ago. The traps are much smaller than the Siberian Traps, which occurred not long afterwards, about 251 million years ago. Despite this, the Emeshian traps were large enough to have an impact on the ecology of the time, and on paleontology. They are part of the mass extinction events towards the end of the Permian period.
The Emeishan Traps are part of the scientific debate on the causes of mass extictions. The end-Guadalupian extinction occurred at almost the same time as the Emeshian Traps were formed. This supports the argument, that volcanism is the main driving force behind mass extinctions. Another theory that has been proposed to explain mass extinctions is that meteor or comet impact events caused them. In this context, the hypothesis is that impact events cause flood basalt eruptions, such as those which generated the Emeshian Traps. This hypothesis is not widely supported.
Anna Paulina Luna
Anna Paulina Luna (née Mayerhofer; born May 6, 1989) is an American politician and U.S. Air Force veteran. She is the U.S. representative for Florida's 13th congressional district since 2023. She believes that former President Donald Trump won the 2020 presidential election.
Audierne
Audierne (Gwaien) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, Esquibien became a part of the commune of Audierne.
Rufous-crested coquette
The rufous-crested coquette (Lophornis delattrei) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Apex predator
Apex predators are predators with no natural predators of their own. They are at the top of their food chain.
Apex predators have big effects on the animals and plants lower down the food chain. If they become extinct in an area, many changes happen. In recent times, it is often humans who have removed top predators.
An example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem is in Yellowstone National Park. After the gray wolf was reintroduced, in 1995, researchers noticed big changes occurring in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior. This freed the riparian (river) zones from constant grazing. This allowed willows, aspens, and cottonwoods to grow, so creating a habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species. In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear, a vulnerable species. The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills after fasting for months. They can also eat wolf kills in autumn to prepare for hibernation. As grizzly bears give birth during hibernation, a greater food supply may improve the mother’s nutrition and increase the number of cubs. Dozens of other species, including eagles, ravens, magpies, coyotes, and black bears, have been seen scavenging from wolf kills.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (or haemoglobin) is a protein in red blood cells which contains iron. It is used to transport oxygen around the human body.
Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The exceptions are the fish family Channichthyidae, and the tissues of some invertebrates. It does occur in some invertebrates, but most invertebrates use other chemicals, such as hemocyanin.
Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases. It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total).
Red blood cells get their colour from hemoglobin, which is red. There are millions of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell and millions of red blood cells in the human body. When hemoglobin has oxygen attached, it is called oxyhemoglobin.
Structure
The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. Each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein (globin) with a heme group inside it. Each heme group has one iron atom. This binds one oxygen molecule. So the complete hemoglobin molecule has four globin chains, four heme molecules, and four iron atoms. When hemoglobin is in the lungs, it picks up oxygen in its hemes, and carries it to the rest of the body.
Its structure took years to work out. Max Perutz and John Kendrew worked out the structure of myoglobin first. That muscle globin is smaller, with only one heme group.
Fossil, Oregon
Fossil is a city in and the county seat of Wheeler County, Oregon, United States.
Saponay
Saponay is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Nuclear chain-reaction
A nuclear chain reaction is a nuclear reaction in which a heavy isotope atom such as uranium or plutonium splits and the neutrons released by the fissioning of that atom strike and split other heavy atoms which, as a result, hit others one after another after another. Chain reactions are the main way of getting nuclear energy. Power plants use a slow chain reaction to make steam. Fast reactions can make a nuclear explosion. Nuclear reactions make ionizing radiation that is harmful to life.
Milizac-Guipronvel
Milizac-Guipronvel (Milizag-Gwiproñvel) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Guipronvel (the seat) and Milizac.
Célia Šašić
Célia Šašić (née: Okoyino da Mbabi; born on 27 June 1988 in Bonn, Germany) is a German association football forward who currently plays for 1. FFC Frankfurt and the Germany women's national football team. She is one of the best German footballers of her generation. She was the Bundesliga top scorer in 2013–14 and 2014–15, and was also named the German Player of the Year in 2012. She is of Cameroonian decent.
She also won the Golden Boot as the leading goal scorer in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Because she was tied with American Carli Lloyd with 6 goals, the award was decided by tiebreakers. Both were even on the first tiebreaker of assists, with one each. Šašić won the award on the second tiebreaker, having played fewer minutes than Lloyd.
Thimble
A thimble is a small, hard cup. People wear one on their finger for protection from the needle when sewing.
Jonagold
A Jonagold is a kind of apple, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Jonathan. They form a large sweet fruit with thin skin.
Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands
Christiansted is a city in the United States.
Neugartheim-Ittlenheim
Neugartheim-Ittlenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Ren Xinmin
Ren Xinmin (December 5, 1915 – February 12, 2017) was a Chinese rocket scientist. He was a specialist in astronautics and liquid rocket engine technology. He worked at the University at Buffalo.
Early life
Ren was born in Ningguo, China. He studied at Southeast University and at the University of Michigan.
Career
Ren was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.
Death
Ren died on February 12, 2017 in Beijing, aged 101.
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Created on December 15, 1791, the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that establishes the right of citizens to possess firearms for lawful purposes. It says, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."
Background
During the time that America was being colonized by European countries, firearms were very important to colonists. When Europeans came to America, they brought with them the idea of land ownership by an individual. They received this right from their king through land grants. This was completely foreign to Native Americans who considered a particular territory belonged to the tribe. Colonists defended their claims against Native Americans and other Europeans whose kings may have granted them the same lands. They also needed firearms for hunting. In many towns and villages, men were required to own firearms for the defense of the community. Most colonists coming to America in the 17th century had no experience as soldiers. The British kept few soldiers in the colonies, and colonists soon found they needed to establish militias.
Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied white man to be available for militia duty and to provide his own arms. In 1774 and 1775, the British government, which now had a larger presence, attempted to disarm American colonists. This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors appointed by the British government. The Minutemen who fought the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord were an independent militia.
After the American Revolutionary War, the framers of the Constitution, like most Americans of the time, distrusted standing (permanent) armies and trusted militias. After the Revolutionary War, Americans trusted state militias to defend the country. The Articles of Confederation, the new nation's first constitution, called for each state to maintain a well-armed militia. Congress could call up the militias to defend the country against any foreign power. However, Congress could only form a standing army if nine of the thirteen states approved. This was one of the weaknesses that led to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and a new constitution.
In the 18th century, the word "army" meant mercenaries. Americans distrusted standing armies and were afraid they could be used to take over the country. People still remembered Oliver Cromwell and his military dictatorship in England.
State constitutions
Virginia was one of the first colonies to adopt a state constitution. They included the words: "a well regulated Militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free State." Other states followed with similar wording in their own constitutions. Pennsylvania declared: "the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power."
In 1781 the Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation. This recognized that the thirteen original states had the power to govern themselves. They acted collectively to have a congress, but did not provide any money to run it. There was no president and no court system. This confederation of states proved to be a very poor form of central government.
Philadelphia Convention of 1787
The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 25 to September 17, 1787. The purpose of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation. But it became clear that many of its members, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, wanted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. They eventually agreed on agreed on Madison's Virginia Plan and began to make changes. The result was the Constitution of the United States and the present form of government.
Bill of Rights
The constitution debate at Philadelphia caused two groups to form: the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The federalists wanted a strong central government. The anti-federalists wanted the state governments to have more power. The vote on the new Constitution was passed on a promise by federalists to support a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution.
Originally, Congress suggested 12 amendments to the states. However, the states only ratified ten. The Bill of Rights, as the first 10 amendments came to be called, originally applied to the national government rather than to states. Many states already had their own Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was ratified and went into effect in 1791.
Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician. He was the 65th President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Humala lost the 2006 presidential election and eventually won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote. He was elected as President of Peru in the second round, defeating Keiko Fujimori (daughter of former President Alberto Fujimori).
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Different interpretations
The Second Amendment was a result of several proposals being combined and simplified into just 27 words. This simplification has caused many debates over gun ownership and individual rights. Historians, judges and others have repeatedly looked for the intended meaning by the 18th century writers of this amendment. Different interpretations of the Second Amendment still cause public debates about firearm regulations and gun control.
Arkansas's 3rd congressional district
Arkansas's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Arkansas. The district is in the northwest part of the state. The cities of Bentonville, Fayetteville, Springdale and Fort Smith are in the district. The district was made on March 4, 1863 but left the same day to join the Confederate States of America. The people who live in the district elect a person to represent the district in the United States House of Representatives. The district was represented by a Republican from 1868 to 1874. A Democrat would represent the district from 1874 to 1967 and not Democrat has been the representative since then. The district has been represented by Steve Womack since 2010.
Ollanta Humala
Early life
Born to a prominent political family affiliated with the ethnocacerist movement, Humala is the son of famed Quechua labour lawyer Isaac Humala. Humala entered the Peruvian Army in 1981, eventually achieveing the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. During his time in the military, he fought in the internal conflict against far-left terrorist group Shining Path as well as in the Cenepa War with neighboring Ecuador. In October 2000, Humala attempted an unsuccessful coup d'etat against President Alberto Fujimori during the dying days of his regime; eventually, Congress granted him amnesty and Humala was allowed to return to military duty.
Politics
In 2005, Humala entered electoral politics, founding the Peruvian Nationalist Party (PNP) in order to run in the 2006 presidential election. Having received first place in the first round, he faced former centre-left President and APRA candidate Alan García in the second round, ultimately losing by a narrow margin. His campaign received widespread international attention in 2006 given the recent success of left-wing politicians in Latin America. In 2011, he would once again run for President, and narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori in the runoff.
Medical Renaissance
At the beginning of this period, around 1400, doctors did not understand anatomy and physiology. They had a lot of ideas that sound strange to modern people. Several things helped scientists make progress. Starting in the 1450s, the printing press made it possible for medical books to be mass-produced. This made it easy for medical knowledge to spread. Scientists published books sharing knowledge about anatomy and physiology. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica (“On the fabric of the human body”), a detailed anatomy book. This was the first time in history that realistic diagrams of dissections were published. By studying anatomy, physicians learnt the positions of bones, muscles, and organs.
Ollanta Humala
Politics
Humala's election initially concerned investors, who feared he would govern similar to far-left Venezuelan PresidentHugo Chavez, a former ally of his. To assuage these fears, Humala would begin his term by choosing centrists for positions in his cabinet. Humala's unpopular presidency was dominated by corruption scandals surrounding him and his politically influential wife Nadine Heredia. Environmentalists were highly critical of Humala's mining policies, and argued that he reneged on his campaign promise to reign in mining companies.
Medical Renaissance
Much later, in 1628, the Englishman William Harvey discovered that the heart pumps blood, which travels through the body in blood vessels, and returns to the heart in the circulatory system. Thus physicians began to understand the basic facts of anatomy and physiology.
Ollanta Humala
Politics
Humala was arrested by Peruvian authorities in July 2017 for illegally accepting bribes and awaits a corruption trial.
Medical Renaissance
Beliefs
During the Renaissance, the theory of the four humours (or four temperaments) was very important. The ancient Greeks created this theory, and it influenced medical development until the 19th century. According to this theory, the body is filled with four different humours (liquids): black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. When a person is healthy, these substances are in balance. When there is an imbalance between the humours, the person will be sick. The sickness can be cured by bringing the four humours back to balance. The ancient Roman physician Galen had supported this theory, though he refined it in many ways. He said that body temperature is based on the balance between the humors.
During the Medical Renaissance, several important physicians helped to prove this theory wrong. The first was a Persian physician called Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī  (865-925; he was also called Rhazes). In his book Doubts about Galen, he described doing an experiment to test Galen’s theory about what controls body temperature. He inserted a liquid with a different temperature into the body. This would result in an increase or decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of that particular fluid. Rhazes noted that a warm drink would heat up the body to a degree much higher than its own natural temperature. The drink would therefore trigger a response from the body, rather than transferring only its own warmth or coldness to it.
Ollanta Humala
Politics
Humala ran for president again in 2021, but lost in the first round of the election.
Medical Renaissance
Beliefs
Finally, in the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) discovered both pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation. This proved once and for all that the theory of the four humors was incorrect.
Medicine or myth?
Before the Medical Renaissance, there were only a few ways of studying the human body. Early doctors did not understand how the body works, how to treat sickness, or how disease spreads.
In the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, people thought that "bad air" or "flying venom" caused illness. For that reason, they covered their mouths or burned good-smelling leaves, but did not wash their hands after seeing a sick friend or family member.
When William Harvey suggested that the heart pumps blood, most people thought he was a quack (a fake or bad doctor). At that time, most doctors focused on treating illness, not trying to find out how the body works.
In the 17th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke developed the light microscope. In 1676, using this microscope, Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see bacteria. He called them "animalcules" and published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society. The name bacterium was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838.
Some cures prescribed by early doctors were both ineffective and dangerous. For instance, doctors would often attach leeches to sick patients. They thought that leeches could cure sickness by sucking bad blood out of a patient's body. In reality, taking blood from very sick patients just made them weaker. Some died from this "treatment."
Other cures really worked, though. To close large wounds, which modern doctors would stitch together, early doctors would use beetles that had pincers. They would get a beetle to pinch together the edges of the wound, then cut off the beetle's head. Early doctors also used spider webs to stop bleeding by making blood clot together.
Doctors are still studying other "cures" that were used in the Medical Renaissance to see if they can help today's medicine.
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Capitalization and punctuation
In 2007, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit heard a case called Heller v. District of Columbia. At the time, it was illegal for regular Americans to have a gun in Washington, D.C. To decide whether this was against the Second Amendment, the court looked very closely at capitalization and punctuation in the Amendment to try to figure out exactly what the framers meant.
Judge Laurence H. Silberman wrote the Court's decision. It made the ban on guns by the District of Columbia invalid. The decision was based on the second comma (after the word "state") as proof that the Second Amendment allows individuals the right to carry a gun. This is in addition to state's rights to maintain militias.
The Second Amendment ratified by the States and approved by the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, said:
The version passed by Congress and signed by President George Washington (but never ratified by the States) said: On June 25, 2008, the Supreme Court agreed with the Court of Appeals' decision. (In the Supreme Court, the case was called District of Columbia v. Heller.)
Jaime Roldós Aguilera
Jaime Roldós Aguilera (November 5, 1940 – May 24, 1981) was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1979 until his death on 24 May 1981. In his short tenure, he became known for his firm stance on human rights.
Roldós was born in Guayaquil on November 5, 1940. He attended high school at the Vicente Rocafuerte National School. He studied law and social sciences at the University of Guayaquil. He was an excellent student and won many awards, medals and scholarships.
For loop
In computer science, a for-loop (or “for loop”) is used to run specified lines of code repeatedly. In different languages, there are different keywords to specify this statement—ways to identify a for loop—but they all do the same task. Most languages use either “for” or “do” as keywords.
Jaime Roldós Aguilera
He was married to Martha Bucaram until his death in 1981.
On May 24, 1981, a plane carrying the President, Minister of Defense, assistants and their spouses crashed into the Huairapungo Mountain, in Celica Canton of Loja Province. The crash left no survivors: killed along with the president were First Lady Martha Bucaram, Minister of Defense Marco Subía Martínez and his wife, as well as two aides-de-camp and three other passengers.
For loop
A for-loop has two parts: a header, and a body of code. The body consists of a set of instructions (lines of code) that run for each repetition of the loop. The header often declares how many loops to compete, generally indicated by either a loop counter or a loop variable. For-loops are typically used when the number of repetitions are known. For-loops are similar to “while-loops”, but usually have a known number of repetitions.
Sample for-loop in Python:
This for loop prints outs "Hello, world!" ten times.
The name for-loop comes from the English word for, which is the direct translation of the earlier German für, used by Heinz Rutishauser, who also helped define ALGOL 58 and 60.
Loop Counter
In computer science, a loop counter is a variable that controls how many repetitions the loop will do. Usually, the loop counter variable is an integer value that increments by 1 for each completed loop. However, loop counters can also decrement, and can have step sizes other than 1.
Loop counters change each iteration. With each repeat, there is unique counter value. The loop counter is the deciding factor for when a loop should end and go onto the next section of code.
Common identifier names for loop counters are i, j, and k(and so on, if needed).
for loop
A for-loop is available in most common programming languages. While for-loops in different languages will all fulfill the same task, there are differences on how each programming language deals with for loops.