cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Self-injury
Self-injury in the population
Experts estimate that about 1% of the population has self-harmed. While people of all ages and ethnic groups have self-harmed, some groups are more likely to self-harm than others. Age, gender, and race can be factors in the risk of self-injury. Some evidence suggests that self-injury is also more common in people who have a family history of suicide or self-injury.
Age
In general, more young people are treated for self-injury than any other age group. According to one Australian study 30% of teenagers say they have self-injured. It is more widespread among those with mental illness. One in four (25%) of teenagers with mental illnesses have self-harmed. Self-harm in females is most common between the ages of 15-24. Males are most likely to self-harm through the ages 25-34.
Recent research focusing on young people suggests that 10 percent of 15 to 16 year olds have self-harmed. In this case, the self-harm was usually done by cutting.
Gender
A study in Oxford in the year 2000 found that approximately 300 per 100,000 (0.3%) of males aged between 15 and 24 years, and 700 per 100,000 (0.7%) of females of the same age, were admitted into a hospital after self-harming. Based on statistics like these, most agree that young white females are most likely to self-injure. Possibly because of this, it is usually believed that women have higher rates of self-harm than men. However, this may not be true because women are more likely to get help for their self-injury. Males may have the same or similar rates of self-injury as women. Some findings have even suggested that in the mid-30s age range, more men are treated for self-harm than women.
Discrimination
Minority groups who face discrimination are also more likely to self-injure. If someone is bullied because they are different (for example, because of their race, ethnicity or sexual orientation), this can lead to low self-esteem and a feeling of helplessness over emotions. This can lead some people to self-harm.
Personal history
Studies have show that those who have been abused are more likely to self-injure. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse can cause low self-esteem, especially in children. It can also cause other emotional problems. Some people may turn to self-harm to relieve these emotions. Low self-esteem in victims of abuse may lead them to believe that the abuse was their fault. They may turn to self-injury because of this.
Unstable living conditions such as unemployment or divorce may also make a person more likely to self-harm.
Prisoners are also more likely to self-harm. This may be because of the ongoing trauma that happens in prisons, including sexual and physical violence and intimidation. In an environment such as prison, where options for inmates are limited, prisoners may turn to self-injury. In England and Wales, a report from The Howard League says that over 22,000 prisoners harmed themselves in 2007.
Those with learning and developmental disabilities such as autism are more likely to self-harm. The cause of this is unclear. Some case studies have shown that it may be a form of self-stimulation. It may be that autistic children who self-harm are trying to express frustration that they cannot explain with words. Autistic children who self-harm may do so by head-banging or biting.
Treatment
Self-harm is an addictive behaviour. Once someone starts self-injury, it is difficult for them to stop, even if they want to. This makes professional help and treatment an important part of recovery from self-injury.
The type of treatment that is most effective is different from person to person. There are many different types of therapy that have been used to help people that self-harm.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy may help a person understand why they self-harm. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is used to help patients understand the reasons for their problem. This is so that the patient may learn what is causing their self-harm, and learn how to deal with these problems in a way other than self-harm.
Therapies used for post-traumatic stress disorder may also help. This is because many people who self-harm have been victims of abuse. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is an example of this.
Drugs may also be used to help treat self-injury. It is thought that self-injury can release chemical endorphins into the brain. Over time, these chemicals can become addictive. There are some drugs that can help with this addiction, but they have not been proven to help people who self-injure. Naltrexone and naloxone are two drugs being researched for this kind of treatment. Research involving endorphins has been mostly done with animals. It is unclear if their brain chemistry changes the outcome of the research.
Archive
An archive, also referred to as a file, is a collection of records. The term is also used for the location in which these records are kept. Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general, an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as corporations and governments. Archives are different from libraries in that archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products". The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science.
A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.
Robert Mandan
Robert Mandan (February 2, 1932 – April 29, 2018) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Chester Tate on the satirical sitcom Soap from 1977 through 1981.
Mandan died on April 29, 2018 in Los Angeles, California of prostate cancer at the age of 86.
Michael Thwaite
Michael Thwaite (born 2 May 1983) is an Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.
Club career statistics
52||0 34||0 6||0 2||0 94||0
International career statistics
!Total||6||0
Zelenograd
Zelenograd (Зеленоград) is a city in Moscow (federal city) in Russia. The city has 221,712 people as of 2010. Zelenograd means "green city" in Russian.
History
Zelenograd was founded in 1958 as an unnamed city near Kryukovo on an empty, forested place, and it's architecture and civic layout yields to one general architectural plan. Igor Pokrovsky, which has large influence from the garden city movement, the development of the Tapiola district in Finland, and new towns in the United Kingdom (Harlow and others).
Zelenograd was planned as a center of the clothing industry initially, but in 1962, Alexander Shokin proposed to change the line of future city business to electronics. Some researchers of Russian electronics history mentioned that a similar idea was proposed to the Russian government by two escaped Silicon Valley engineers, which are Alfred Sarant and Joel Barr.
On January 15, 1963, Zelenograd received official city status and name Zelenograd, and on November 25, 1968 Zelenograd got the status of district of Moscow at the same time.
In 1988, Zelenograd incorporated the former village of Kryukovo, one of the important sites during the Moscow Battle. Several monuments to the Moscow defenders and the heroes of the Great Patriotic War of Russia are in Zelenograd and the surrounding area, the most famous of which is the Shtyki Memorial, from which the remains of the Unknown Soldier of Russia were taken for burial at the Kremlin Wall in the Alexander Garden of Moscow.
Before 1989, Zelenograd was a closed city in some aspects because it was prohibited to take photos in the central parts of Zelenograd, near the plants, teaching and research stations, and foreigners were not admitted into Zelenograd.
Napoleon, Missouri
Napoleon is a city in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States.
Zelenograd
History
In 1991, Zelenograd was changed in one of the administrative okrugs of Moscow federal city in Russia.
Odessa, Missouri
Odessa is a city in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States.
Confirmation (Christianity)
In Christianity, babies might be baptised when they were young. When that baby grows to an adult, confirmation is used to make sure that the adult agrees with the promise to be a Christian, made when they were baptised. Usually in an Anglican church, people can only take their first Holy Communion if they do the confirmation before.
Lars-Emil Johansen
Lars Emil Johansen (born 1946) was the Prime Minister of Greenland. He was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 1991-1997. He was born in Illorsuit. Johansen represented Greenland in the Parliament of Denmark from 1973, a position he regained in 2001 and still holds.
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive (IA) is a non-profit organization based in San Francisco, California that has an on-line library and archive of Web and multimedia resources. The Internet Archive was founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996.
This archive includes "snapshots of the World Wide Web" (archived copies of pages, taken at various points in time), software, movies, books, and audio recordings. To make the books available on the Internet, they are first placed into special scanning machines by volunteers and employees of the library. These machines take very high quality pictures of the books' pages, and then images and text of the books are freely available on the Website. This process is called "digitization". The old collections of films and sound are digitized in this way too before being made available online. All of the original books, movies, records and so on are stored in a giant warehouse in California, just like normal libraries store their smaller collections of books or other records. This collection is called the Open Library and aims to create "one web page for every book ever published." It was created by computer programmer and activist, Aaron Swartz.
The Archive also purchases new electronic books and loans them out to readers just like any other normal library. These electronic books can be read by viewing the Website, on the reader's own computer or electronic reading device, and even in special reading areas inside the Archive where the tables have touchscreens and computers built into them.
To ensure the stability and endurance of the archive, The Internet Archive is mirrored at Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt, the only library in the world with a mirror. The Internet Archive makes the collections available at no cost to researchers, historians, and scholars. The Internet Archive is a member of the American Library Association and is officially recognized by the State of California as a library.
Chazey-sur-Ain
Chazey-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Malky Mackay
Malcolm George "Malky" Mackay (born 19 February 1972, in Bellshill) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He is the manager of Cardiff City. Mackay began his playing career in Scottish football, with Queen's Park and Celtic. He joined English side Norwich City in 1998. He also played in the Premier League with Norwich, West Ham and finally Watford. He retired as a player in 2008.
Little grass frog
The little grass frog, tree frog, least tree frog, black-spotted tree frog, or little chorus frog (Pseudacris ocularis) is a frog. It lives in the southeastern United States. It lives as far north as Virginia and far south as Florida.
The adult frog is 11 to 20 mm long from nose to rear end. It is very small. There is some webbed skin on each foot. The toes have disks on them for climbing. This frog has a stripe on each side of its body, going over each eye.
John Taylor (oculist)
Chevalier John Taylor (c. 1703 – 1770 or 1772) was a British eye surgeon and a charlatan (a person who does fake medical practice). He did surgery on Johann Sebastian Bach.
Chazey-Bons
Chazey-Bons is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2017, the former commune of Pugieu was merged into Chazey-Bons.
John Taylor (oculist)
Life
Taylor was born in Norwich. His father was a surgeon. He learned surgery at St Thomas' Hospital, London with William Cheselden.
In 1727, he published his book, An Account of the Mechanism of the Eye. He travelled around as a surgeon and oculist (an eye doctor). He started travelling Europe in 1734. He got academic degrees from Basel, Reims, Liège and Cologne. However, these are probably only honorary degrees. He became the Royal Oculist to King George II in 1736.
After Taylor did surgery on Bach, he went to Berlin. He was told to leave on 23 April because of his failed surgeries. It is not known exactly where and when he died. Charles Burney said that he died in 1770 in Rome. Others say he died in Paris. London newspapers and his grandson said that he died in Prague in 1772.
Taylor pretended to be a nobleman. He started using the title "chevalier" in 1750, even though he was not a knight. He was eventually made a nobility by Pope Benedict XIV in 1755.
Dominique Dropsy
Dominique Dropsy (9 December 1951 – 7 October 2015) was a French footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He earned seventeen international caps for the French national team during the late 1970s, early 1980s.
He was a player of RC Strasbourg (1973–1984), he was a member of the French team in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He played in a total of 596 Ligue 1 matches between 1972-1989, a record at that time.
Dropsy died in Leuze, France from leukemia, aged 63.
The Homestretch
The Homestretch is a 1947 American drama movie directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and starring Cornel Wilde, Maureen O'Hara, Glenn Langan, Helen Walker, James Gleason, Henry Stephenson, Margaret Bannerman. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Jungle Junction
Jungle Junction is an animated series for children created by Trevor Ricketts. It is on Disney Junior.
Revival
Koya-lin (voiced by Haley Tju) is an orange cat cheerleader who likes cheering for her friends. She will make her appearance in “Welcome Koya-lin”.
Junia Lepida
Junia Lepida (AD 18 - 65) was a noblewoman in the Roman Empire. Junia was born in the family of Aemilia Lepida and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus. She was married to Gaius Cassius Longinus and had two children.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving.
Ståhlberg died in Helsinki.
Zhang Wentian
Zhang Wentian (30 August 1900 – 1 July 1976), also known as Luo Fu, was a high-ranking leader of the Communist Party of China.
Kunar Hembram
Kunar Hembram, is an Engineer turned Indian parliamentarian. He is a working politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India) from Jhargram, West Bengal in the 2019 Indian general election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
The Postal Service
The Postal Service is an American indie pop band. Their songs include "This Place Is A Prison" from their album "Give Up".
Richard von Weizsäcker
Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician, and a member of the CDU party. He was President of Germany from 1984 to 1994.
Backgrounds
He was born in Stuttgart, the son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker and brother of physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. His grandfather Carl von Weizsäcker had been Minister President of Württemberg
In World War II he served in the German Army. He was wounded in East Prussia in 1945 and was sent home to Stuttgart. Then he continued his study of history in Göttingen and eventually studied law.
As a law student he was a member of his father's defence team at the Eleventh secondary Nuremburg Trial aka the Ministries Trial. He took his first judicial state exam in 1950, the second in 1953, and in 1955 was promoted doctor juris. In 1953 he married Marianne von Kretschmann; they have four children.
From 1967 to 1984 he was a member both of the Synod and the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany. He leaded the German Evangelical Church Assembly from 1964 to 1970.
Political career
He was elected vice president of the Bundestag 1979-1981, but did not stand for re-election, because he became the Governing Mayor (Regierender Bürgermeister) of West Berlin (1981-1984).
He was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention) in 1984, succeeding Karl Carstens. He was Germany’s first president after reunification.
He has served on many international commissions. He was chairman of the Independent Working Group on the future of the United Nations and was one of three 'Wise Men' appointed by European Commission President Romano Prodi to consider the future of the European Union.
Retirement and death
Richard von Weizsäcker died in Berlin, Germany, aged 94.
Books
Von Weizsäcker has written may books, including
Cheignieu-la-Balme
Cheignieu-la-Balme is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Toryglen
Toryglen is a small district in Glasgow, Scotland. There are about 7,000 people who live in the district.
Kilcullen
Kilcullen (Irish: Cill Chuilinn) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland. As of 2011, 3,473 people live in Kilcullen.
Chief Justice of the United States
The Chief Justice of the United States is the senior judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.
They have no more powers than any of the other judges of the Supreme Court, who are called Associate Justices. The Chief Justice is responsible for organizing the Court's schedules and administration.
By tradition, the Chief Justice administers the oath of office to the President of the United States. The only time this has not happened is when Calvin Coolidge became president.
Westlawn Cemetery
Westlawn Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery located in Norridge, a suburb of Chicago in Illinois. The cemetery covers 72 acre and roughly 46,000 people are buried there.
Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles
The BADGE program includes a number of elements: at least 200 hours of instruction, including theoretical and practical work, team projects and possibly distance learning, and a final validation test. The program takes place over 7 weeks to 24 months maximum, subject to alternating training / business where the period is longer than six months.
Sacré-Coeur
The Basilica of Sacre-Coeur is a minor basilica in Paris, France constructed in 1885 near the site of the Paris Commune. it is in Montmartre.. The foundation was laid in 1875. It was finished in 1914. It is named after the Sacred Heart of Jesus. It is built in the Romano-Byzantine style. The church was consecrated in 1919.
Military radio station of Pierre-sur-Haute
The Military radio station of Pierre-sur-Haute is a 30 ha site used for French military communications. It is located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It also hosts a civilian radio relay, which is used by Télédiffusion de France.
In the beginning of 2013, the radio station became famous world-wide after the French intelligence agency Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur (DCRI) reportedly attempted to have the article removed from the French Wikipedia. This request was denied by the Wikimedia Foundation in March 2013. After this denial, the DCRI had forced a contributor to the French Wikipedia to remove it leading to world-wide media coverage. The deleted French Wikipedia article was soon restored, because there were no reasons for deletion according to the Wikipedia standards visible. Meanwhile, the article has been translated into 23 other languages, still counting.
History
In 1913, a semaphore telegraph was built where the military radio station is now. At the time, it was only a small stone building, with the semaphore on top.
In 1961, NATO asked the French army to extend the site. Since then, it is one of the 82 NATO transmission stations in Europe. This network is known as ACE High system. In this network, the Pierre-sur-Haute station, served as a relay between the Lachens station to the south, and the Mont-Août station to the north. It used four 10 kW transmitters and sixteen receivers. In 1974, the French Air Force took control of the station. In 1988, NATO began to decommission the ACE High system.
Importance
The site is owned by the French Air Force. It is controlled from a site near Lyon, about 80 km away. It has a heliport, and is accessible by helicopter. There is also a private road, which starts at the Col du Béal. This road cannot be used when there is heavy snow of more than 2 m. Another option is using a hiking trail, which can be used by tracked vehicles. Since the site is of strategic importance to the French army, it has been "hardened". This means that it has its own power supply and can withstand an attack.
There are about twenty people on site. The main purpose of the site is to analyse and relay signals.
Hello, Frisco, Hello
Hello, Frisco, Hello is a 1943 American musical comedy movie directed by H. Bruce Humberstone. It stars Alice Faye, John Payne, Jack Oakie, Lynn Bari, Laird Cregar, June Havoc, Ward Bond, Aubrey Mather, John Archer, Frank Orth and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It won 1 Oscar and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1944.
Wellington, Missouri
Wellington is a city in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States.
Waverly, Missouri
Waverly is a city in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States.
The Tin Drum
The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel) is a 1959 novel by Günter Grass. The novel is the first book of Grass's Danziger Trilogie (Danzig Trilogy). It was made into a movie in 1979.
Patrice Dominguez
Patrice Dominguez (12 January 1950 – 12 April 2015) was a French tennis player. He was born in Algiers, Algeria. He represented France in the Davis Cup between 1971 and 1979. He then became a trainer for several players such as Henri Leconte and Fabrice Santoro. He also worked as an analyst for different French media. Between 2005 and 2011 he was the national technical director of the French Tennis Federation.
Dominguez died on 12 April 2015 from lung disease at the age of 65.
Nitride
In chemistry, a nitride is a compound of nitrogen with a less electronegative element, attached together in a specific way. Nitrides are a large class of compounds with a wide range of properties and applications.
Most of the names for nitrides follow a simple pattern: the name of the element attached to the nitrogen, then "nitride". So, GaN would be gallium nitride.
There are some exceptions, however, for the compounds that has had a usual name before. For example, NH3 is not called hydrogen nitride, even if it is the most simple of this class of molecules, but it is still commonly called ammonia.
Kuupik Kleist
Jakob Edvard Kuupik Kleist (born 31 March 1958) was the Prime Minister of Greenland from 2009 to 2013. He was succeeded by Aleqa Hammond.
Palaeoatherina
Palaeoatherina is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. It is called the prehistoric atheriniform because we all know that Palaeoatherina is the only prehistoric Atheriniformes.
Description
It may have resembled the brook silverside. It resembles an eel or a sardine in some drawings. We don't know what it looks like. It was a slender ray-finned fish. It was long but shorter than an eel.
Classification
Palaeoatherina is a prehistoric atheriniform fish. It is not assigned to any family, and is only assigned to the order Atheriniformes. Some people think it is assigned to orders like Perciformes, Labriformes, Clupeiformes, Esociformes, or Osmeriformes.
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (31 May 1933 – 13 July 2019) was an Indian writer,  art critic, museologist and a director of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya. He was known for his restoration of Lakshmibai Pitre Kalasangrahalaya, a museum in Devrukh, Maharashtra to its present state.
Gorakshkar was honoured by the Government of India in 2003 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award.
Gorakshkar died on 13 July 2019 in Maharashtra at the age 86.
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth book in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. The book was released on 21 July 2003. It is about Harry's his fifth year at Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Lord Voldemort has come back. Except for Albus Dumbledore, most people do not believe him. A movie based on the book was released in 2007.
Plot
Harry Potter, James and Lily Potter's only son, tries to make everyone else realise that Lord Voldemort has come back. Dumbledore, the Order, and Harry's friends are the only people that believe that he has returned. At the end of the book, Harry, Ron Weasley, Arthur and Molly Weasley's youngest son, Hermione Granger, and some of their friends go to the Ministry of Magic (the headquarters of the people who lead the magical world) because Harry thinks his godfather Sirius Black is in danger. It turns out it was a trick using mind magic, and his godfather, is murdered by Bellatrix Lestrange. They are attacked by some of their enemies. At the end, Voldemort comes, but Dumbledore saves Harry from him, and all the other wizards see Voldemort and know Harry is telling the truth. Harry is then returned to Hogwarts where Dumbledore tells him everything that he needs to know about the prophecy and why Voldemort tried to murder him when he was a child.
Chevillard, Ain
Chevillard is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
University of the City of Manila
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM), or the University of the City of Manila, is a university in the city of Manila, Philippines. It is funded by the government of the city   and it does not have any tuition fees. It is in the district of Intramuros in Manila, the Philippines. It was established on June 19, 1965 and opened on July 17, 1967 to 556 scholars, all coming from the top ten percent of graduates of Manila's public high schools. and opened on July 17, 1967.
PLM holds the distinction of being the first in several ways— the first institution of higher learning in the country and perhaps in Asia to offer tuition-free tertiary education; the first university funded solely by a city government; and the first institution of higher learning in the country to have its official name in Filipino.
From its first enrollment record of 556 freshman scholars coming from the top ten percent of the graduating classes of Manila's twenty-nine public high schools,   total semestral enrollment has grown to an average of 11,000. The lone college in its earliest beginning has sprung to 12 colleges, five graduate, two professional schools, and a score of research and specialized centers, including a teaching hospital, an enterpreneurial center, and an integrated learning center for toddlers. In addition, it maintains a comprehensive distance education and open university program for thousands of community health workers and public administrators in various regions nationwide with affiliations and recognition from various national and international organizations and institutions.
To date, there are 53 single-degree baccalaureate programs and 49 masters, doctoral, and graduate diploma offerings that lead to degrees in accountancy, economics, architecture, business administration, computer studies, education, engineering, law, mass communication, mathematics, medicine, nursing, physical education, physical therapy, psychology, sciences, social work, tourism, management, and public governance.
According to the Philippines' Commission on Higher Education (CHED), it is a model university for all public institutions across the country, one of the centers of excellence in the City of Manila, and the fifth among all universities nationwide based on the number of examinees passing the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) test.
Academics and administration
As a university with its own charter, PLM enjoys certain level of autonomy. It is governed by the Board of Regents and administered by a President. The Board of Regents has the authority to grant diplomas, certificates and titles to students who have completed their academic programs and validate graduation of students. The six-member Board is composed of the President of the PLM, a representative of the PLM faculty, a distinguished alumnus, a respected educator, and one other respected professional, and the Superintendent of the Division of City Schools-Manila. Each member serves a six-year tenure of office. The President oversees the implementation of the university policies. Immediately under the President are the offices of four Vice-Presidents - Executive Vice President, Vice President for Academic Affairs, Vice President for Administration, and Vice President for Finance and Planning.
The University is organized into twelve undergraduate colleges, two professional schools, seven graduate schools, and an open university and distance learning program, which are all being supervised by the Executive Vice President. These academic units collectively provide 53 single-degree undergraduate and 49 masters, doctoral and graduate diploma programs.
The twelve undergraduate colleges are the College of Accountancy & Economics, College of Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Engineering & Technology, College of Human Development, College of Liberal Arts, College of Management & Entrepreneurship, College of Mass Communication, College of Nursing, College of Physical Education, Recreation & Sports, College of Physical Therapy, College of Science, and College of Tourism, Hotel & Travel Industry Management. The two professional schools are the College of Law and the College of Medicine. The seven graduate schools include Graduate School of Arts, Sciences & Education, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Graduate School of Law, Graduate School of Management, Graduate School of Urban & Settlements Planning, and the President Ramon Magsaysay School of Public Governance. The university's open university and distance learning program is served through the Emeritus College, Open University, and the District Colleges.
PLM is the tenth largest university in Metro Manila with a total student enrollment of 13,711 (as of January 20, 2006). For the undergraduate class of 2011, PLM received 40,000 college applications, and accepted three percent of them.
PLM's endowment in 2008 was valued at PhP 500 million, excluding the funding allotted for its teaching hospital, Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, of about PhP 250 million. The University spends about four to fives times the national average for education.
PLM utilizes a semester-based modular system for conducting courses, adopts features of the American system (credits), and employs the General Weighted Average (GWA) system and a 1.00 to 5.00 grading scale, with 1.00 being the highest possible grade for a particular undergraduate course.
The semestral calendar being used by PLM consists of two regular semesters of about 15 to 16 weeks each, and semestral breaks of about three to four weeks each. The university requires a minimum of twelve units to be considered a full-time student, with the maximum being twenty units.
Reputation
The late President, Diosdado Macapagal, who himself visited the University, said that PLM is "a unique university because it is the first community-oriented and socially conscious university in the country." He added that, "it gives poor but deserving public high school graduates of the community the means to acquire higher education." Moreover, he recognized PLM's emerging status as "one of the top universities in the country." Her daughter, President, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo cited PLM for having a "culture of excellence," and commended the university for what she had believed as its "impressive" accomplishments in various fields.
The country's leading newspaper, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, described PLM as a local university with a national character and reputation. US Ambassador Kristie Kenney, in her speech during the 40th Commencement Exercises at the PLM Grandstand, praised PLM for building a "culture of commitment to public service in its students, faculty and alumni." In an article in the Business Mirror, PLM was considered as the "highest symbol of Manila’s public educational system which radiates another form of power and influence." Websites such as Manila Board regarded that PLM is one of leading and prime public universities in the country today.
On August 13, 2008, Adel A. Tamano, in his column at the Manila Times wrote that PLM is "a unique learning institution" and is "essentially an honors school where only the students from lower income families with excellent scholastic records are admitted."
PLM is not a perfect institution, and the university had been criticized in the past for the 'reconsideration' cases, wherein some students who failed to meet the university’s standards for retention were readmitted because of the so-called 'backers'. In order to resolve this issue, the city government has insulated the University from political pressure so as not to compromise its status as one of the country's leading educational institutions.[1] [2]
Geographical History
The site of the PLM campus at Intramuros used to be occupied by the Colegio de Manila (also known as Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio), which was founded in 1590 by Fr. Antonio Sedeño, S.J.   The Colegio de Manila formally opened in 1595, and was the first school in the Philippines.
Aside from Colegio de Manila, there were other structures that were built in the site. Iglesia de Santa Ana, the first stone church in the Philippines, was built in 1590 and opened in 1596. However, an earthquake destroyed it, and another church was built in honor of St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1626.
In 1601, the Colegio de San José was set up as an annex of Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio. Twenty years later, Pope Gregory XV, through the Archbishop of Manila, authorized the Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio to confer degrees in theology and arts and elevated it into a university. In 1623, Philip IV of Spain confirmed the authorization, making the school both a pontifical and a royal university, and the very first university in the Philippines and in Asia. In 1722, the Colegio de San José was granted royal patronage.
In 1768, the Jesuits surrendered the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio to the Spanish authorities after their suppression and expulsion from Spain and its territories. Later, the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio was placed under secular administration and converted into a seminary and a liberal arts college. In 1773, Pope Clement XIV formally declared the dissolution of the Society of Jesus. In 1895, the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio merged with the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Santo Tomas. The Colegio de San José is now the San José Major Seminary at the Ateneo de Manila University.
The buildings of what was the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio were transformed into military headquarters called Cuartel del Rey, which eventually became known as Cuartel de España. José Rizal was placed on trial for sedition here on December 26, 1896.
During the American occupation, part of the barracks was razed, and a gymnasium was built on it. In early 1930s, one of first games of the NCAA was played in the 31st Infantry Quonset Gym. The buildings and the whole premises served as military headquarters for the 31st Infantry of the United States Army until 1941. During World War II, General Douglas McArthur held command post here, but the entire area was later destroyed by the ongoing military conflict.
In early 1960s, the site was rehabilitated by the city government and a building was constructed at General Luna Street to house the students of Manila High School. However, on April 24, 1965, the late President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation 392-A, giving to the proposed city university the three-hectare lot being occupied by Manila High School. On February 26, 1967, the new complex along Victoria Street was inaugurated, and the students of Manila High School was transferred there. On July 17, 1967, the first group of PLM scholars began studying on the site where the modern educational system in the Philippines started.
Founding
The call to open a university run by the city government of Manila began during the term of Mayor Arsenio H. Lacson when Ordinance No. 4202 was approved by the City councilors on January 13, 1960. The said ordinance allotted a total of PhP 1,000,000 for the construction of the university. However, Mayor Lacson did not however live to see the realization of this project as he died suddenly of heart attack. Vice Mayor Antonio Villegas took over and continued Lacson's plan. He later issued Executive Order No. 7, s-1963 that created the committee that would draw up the plan of founding a university. But some difficulty prevented the university's formal creation. As a result, he sought the help of Congressman Justo R. Albert, representative of the City's fourth congressional district. Congressman Albert then sponsored House Bill No. 8349 at the Philippines' House of Representatives. The Senate version of the bill was authored by Senators Gil Puyat and Camilo Osias.
The two bills were eventually combined into one, and it was discussed during the Fourth Session of the Fifth Congress of the Philippines on January 25, 1965. The final bill was later passed by the joint Congress and signed by Senate President Ferdinand E. Marcos and House Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal with Mr. Regino S. Eustaquio, Secretary of the Senate, and Mr. Inocencio B. Pareja, Secretary of the House of Representatives.
On June 19, 1965, the final bill with the title - "An Act Authorizing the City of Manila to Establish and Operate the University of the City of Manila and for Other Purposes" - was signed into law by President Diosdado P. Macapacal in a signing ceremony at Malacañang Palace. The signing was witnessed by Atty. Primitivo de Leon, Mayor Villegas, Congressman Ramon Mitra Jr., and its main sponsor in the House of Representatives, Congressman Albert. The law was captioned as Republic Act No. 4196, which now serves as the University Charter.
Early years
With an enrollment of 556 students—both men and women—PLM opened for classes on July 17, 1967. All of them are housed under the University College, which offered liberal arts courses. After a year, a Graduate Institute for Teachers was founded, and it was followed by the Institute of Extramural Studies. At the turn of the decade, the school had expanded its offerings to include degree programs leading to specializations in communication, engineering, education, business administration, nursing.
Chevroux, Ain
Chevroux is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Rail gauge
Rail gauge is the distance from the inside of one rail on a railroad track to the inside of the other. Most tracks use a standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft, 8 1/2 in). Wider gauges are called broad gauge (1676mm), smaller gauges are called narrow gauge(762mm or 610mm). Broad gauge may be used where the track needs to have big things moving on it. Narrow gauge, such as metre gauge (1000mm), is used to build railroads for less money, because the smaller track costs less. Places where different gauges meet are called break of gauge.
Donald's Tire Trouble
It was directed by Dick Lundy and released in 1943. The cartoon pokes fun at the difficulties involved in America's rubber rationing, a consequence of World War II.
Home media
The short was released on December 6, 2005, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Two: 1942-1946.
Additional releases include:
Ryuzo Morioka
Ryuzo Morioka (森岡 隆三) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.
Lust, Caution
Lust, Caution is a 2007 movie set mostly in Hong Kong during 1938 and in Shanghai during 1942. The movie depicts a group of students from a Chinese university who plot to murder a high ranking agent. The director of Lust, Caution is Ang Lee. This motion picture is rated NC-17 by the MPAA due to explicit sex scenes. This was released in the United States in September 2007.
Ryuzo Morioka
Biography
Morioka was born in Yokohama on October 7, 1975. After graduating from Toin Gakuen High School, he joined Kashima Antlers in 1994. He moved to Shimizu S-Pulse in August 1995. He played many matches as center back. The club won 1996 J.League Cup and 2001 J1 League. In Asia, the club won the champions 1999–00 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and the 3rd place 2000–01 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. However his opportunity to play decreased from 2005. He moved to J2 League club Kyoto Sanga FC in 2007. He played as captain and the club was promoted to J1 League in 2007. He retired end of 2008 season.
After the retirement, Morioka started coaching career at Kyoto Sanga FC in 2009. He served as an assistant coach for top team and manager for youth team until 2016 excluding 2014 he moved to Sagawa Printing Kyoto and served as an assistant coach. In 2017, he moved to J3 League club Gainare Tottori and became a manager. However Gainare results were bad and finished at the bottom place of 17 clubs. He was sacked in June 2018 when the club was at the 7th place.
Statistics
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Shuklaphanta National Park
The Shuklaphanta National Park is a protected area in the Terai of the Far-Western Region, Nepal. It covers the area of 305 km2. The area is covered by open grassland, forests, riverbeds and tropical wetlands. It is at an altitude of 174 to 1386 m. It was established in 1976 as Royal Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve. A small part of the reserve is in the northern side of the East-West Highway. It is there to create a path for seasonal Migration of wildlife into the Sivalik Hills. The Syali River forms the eastern boundary of this national park. The international border with India makes the national park’s southern and western boundary.
The Indian Tiger Reserve Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is in the southern part of this reserve. It is a protected area of 439 km2. It represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Sukla Phanta-Kishanpur. It covers a 1.897 km2 block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.
The protected area is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion. It is one of the best-conserved examples of floodplain grassland. It is included in the Terai Arc Landscape.
History
The area was a hunting ground for Nepal's ruling class. It was declared a Royal Hunting Reserve in 1969. In 1973, the area was changed into Royal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve. At first it had an area of 155 km2. The area was made bigger to its present size in the late 1980s. A buffer zone of 243.5 km2 was added in May 2004. In 2017, the status of the protected area was changed to a national park.
Climate
The climate of the region is subtropical monsoonal. The mean annual rainfall in this area is 1579 mm. The rainfall occurs from June to September and is highest in August. The winter months of December and January are fairly cold. The daytime temperatures during this time of year is 7 - 12 °C. Sometimes frost can also be seen. From February onwards temperatures rise up to 25 °C in March. The temperature reaches upto 42 °C by end of April. When the first pre-monsoon rains reach the area in May, humidity increases.
Plants
Around 700 species of plants are there in the park. They include 553 vascular plants, 18 pteridophytes, 410 dicots and 125 monocots. Grassland covers almost half the reserve's vegetation. The main grass species are Imperata cylindrica and Heteropogon contortus. khagra reed (Phragmites karka) and Saccharum spontaneum. They grow in the marshes around the seven small lakes. The main forest type is sal. Khair and sissoo grow by the side of rivers. The grassland being covered by trees is a major threat to the long-term existence of the main plants. Trees cover any grasses growing under them, mainly those that need more sunlight. Tree seeds are spread all over the grasslands. They mostly germinate near existing trees. Also, trees help in the growth of shade-loving grasses and prevent the growth of sun-loving species. This process of succession usually converts grassland into woodland over time.
Treat Williams
Richard Treat Williams (December 1, 1951 – June 12, 2023) was an American actor, writer and aviator. He has appeared on movie, stage and television in over 120 credits. He first became well known for his starring role in the 1979 musical film Hair.
Mullingar
Mullingar (Irish: An Muileann gCearr) is the county town of County Westmeath. As of 2011, 20,103 people live in Mullingar.
Shuklaphanta National Park
Animals
The open grasslands and wetlands covers large area around the lakes. This area is home to different kinds of animals. In the rivers, lakes and ponds 28 fish species and 12 reptile and amphibian species were recorded. recorded. These include mahseer and rohu, mugger crocodile, Indian rock python, monitor lizard, Indian cobra, common krait and Oriental ratsnake.