cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ribes
Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants. They are native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. Seven subgenera are recognized.
Sometimes Ribes is instead put in the family Saxifragaceae. A few taxonomists place the gooseberry species in a separate genus of Grossularia.
Cultivation
The genus Ribes includes the edible currants (blackcurrant, redcurrant, white currant), gooseberry, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currant used in cakes and puddings, which is a cultivar of small grape (Zante currant). Ribes gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.
The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance R. sanguineum.
References
current affairs 2020
Antonis Samaras
Antonis Samaras (Αντώνης Σαμαράς; born 23 May 1951) is a Greek politician. He became Prime Minister of Greece and Leader of New Democracy. He last served as the Minister of Finance in 1989, then Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1989 to 1990, and again from 1990 to 1992. His term as prime minister ended on 26 January 2015 when he was succeeded by Alexis Tsipras.
Ennordres
Ennordres is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. About 212 people lived there in January 2019.
Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art
Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art (北九州市立美術館) is an art museum in Japan. It is on a hill in Tobata ward of Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture.
The museum shows the work of Japanese artists, like Hokusai's woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai.
The collection of Western art includes a portrait of Edouard Manet and his wife painted by Edgar Degas in 1869.
The current building was designed by Arata Isozaki. It was built in 1974.
History
The municipal art collection was established in the 19th century.
Mount Vernon, New York
Mount Vernon is the 8th most populated city in the State of New York. It is in south central Westchester County. The city's neighbors include the Bronx on the south, and Yonkers on the west, separated by the Bronx River. Mount Vernon is primarily African American.
Anne Hutchinson started Mount Vernon in the 1640s in New Netherland which later became New York.
Biglen
Biglen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Delta IV
The Delta IV is a rocket made to launch satellites. It has many different types including Medium, Medium+, and Heavy for many different types of satellites orbiting at many different altitudes above the Earth. The Delta IV launches at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida and at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
Launches
The Delta IV has launched 32 times. The first flight was on November 20, 2002, and it launched the Eutelsat W5 communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).
Types
The Delta IV rocket comes in many different types meant to launch different sizes and kinds of satellites.
Delta IV Medium+ (5,2)
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) is like the (4,2), but the second stage and fairing has a larger diameter. This kind has launched 2 times.
Delta IV Medium+ (5,4)
The Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) is like the (5,2), but it has two more GEM-60 solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 5 times.
Delta IV Heavy
The Delta IV Heavy is the biggest kind of Delta IV rockets. It has two CBC strapped onto it like solid rocket boosters. This kind has launched 9 times, and is the most powerful rocket currently doing launches (the most powerful rocket ever is the Saturn V).
Jean Grenet
Jean Grenet (12 July 1939 – 23 February 2021) was a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France from 1993 to 1997 and again from 1992 to 2012. He represented the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. Grenet was a member of the Radical Party. From 1995 to 2014, he was Mayor of Bayonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques. He was born in Bayonne.
Grenet died on 23 February 2021 in Bayonne, aged 81.
Agamemnon
Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων) was a legendary king of Mycenae, as told in The Iliad. The son of Atreus and Aerope, he was the brother of Menelaus, and the commander of the unified Greek forces in the Trojan War. His wife was Clytemnestra, with whom he sired Iphigenia, Electra or Laodike, Orestes and Chrysothemis. Homer's Iliad tells the story of his quarrel with Achilles, the greatest of the Greek warriors, in the final year of the war. Upon his return home from Troy, Agamemnon is murdered by Aegisthus, the lover of Clytemnestra. The story of his return home and subsequent murder is featured in the Odyssey (5.266).
Giant Bible of Echternach
The Giant Bible of Echternach was made at the Abbey Echernach. The abbey is famous for its scriptorium and its illuminated manuscripts from the 11th century.
Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar
Mohan Sanjibhai Delkar (19 December 1962 – 22 February 2021) was an Indian politician. He was elected seven times as a member of Lok Sabha (parliament) from Dadra and Nagar Haveli from 1989 to 2009 and from 2019 until his death. He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Delkar was born in Silvassa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
Delkar died on 22 February 2021 in Mumbai, Maharashtra at the age of 58. The cause of death was suicide.
Barbelo
Barbelo is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is believed to be the first emanation of Bythos.
In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."
The Apocryphon of John continues:
"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."
Relation to other systems of thought
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American writer. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts. His first novel Fanshawe was published anonymously in 1828. Some short stories were published in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. He married Sophia Peabody in 1842. They had three children. The family moved about Massachusetts for a few years, but finally settled in Concord, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850. The House of the Seven Gables was published in 1851. A political appointment sent Hawthorne and his family to Europe. They returned to Massachusetts in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864.
Hawthorne's works belong to the cultural movement called romanticism. His novels and short stories are cautionary tales. They suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England. They combine historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes. They border upon surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.
Early life
Hawthorne, a famous short story author, whose childhood was not very good. But many people believe that he was lucky, because he had a wealthy uncle. Hawthorne had two sisters, he was the only son in his family. His father died because of yellow fever when he was four years old. Only his mom took care of him and his sisters. However, Hawthorne’s mother, Elizabeth, had a wealthy brother, so after Hawthorne’s father died, they lived with Elizabeth’s brother. Because of Hawthorne’s wealthy uncle, he attended a very good college, Bowdoin College. During his college time, Hawthorne met and befriended Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and future-president Franklin Pierce. Hawthorne started to write novels during the time that he came back home after he finished college. He published his first work in 1828.
Influence on society
Hawthorne’s books are still very popular now, as many students are still reading his books today. Hawthorne’s books are very useful in education. As his books reflect many dark parts in American History, they are very good sources to help people learn about history. Also, his books were the very good examples of the Romantic Era of literature.
End of Life
Hawthorne's mother died in 1848 and he became very sad. “The Scarlet Letter” was written down when he was in this condition. In 1851, Hawthorne’s last daughter, Rose was born. Hawthorne had three children, one son, and two daughters. In 1853, President Franklin Pierce gave Hawthorne a political appointment as U.S. Consul in Liverpool, but in 1857, Hawthorne lost this position. Before Hawthorne died, he published his last works, “Our Old Home “ and “The Marble Faun”. On May 19, 1864, Hawthorne died in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Ploudaniel
Ploudaniel (Plouzeniel) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.
Moçarria
Moçarria is a parish in the city of Santarém, Portugal.The parish has an area is 12.11 km2. 1,072 people lived there in 2001.
Juan Manuel Fangio
Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a race car driver. He won the Formula One drivers' championship five times, in the years 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957.
Xerophile
Xerophiles are extremophile organisms that can grow and reproduce in conditions with almost no water.
Many moulds and yeasts are xerophilic. Mould growth on bread is an example of food spoilt by a xerophilic fungus.
Examples:
Menelaus
Menelaus (Μενέλαος, Menelaos - "wrath of the people") is one of the central figures in Homer's Iliad and a hero of the Trojan War. He was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, and the brother of Agamemnon. He was the king of Sparta. His wife was Helen of Troy, said to be the most beautiful woman in the world. She was kidnapped by Prince Paris of Troy. That caused the Trojan War, as Menelaus sought to get Helen back. Prior to the war, Menelaus had one child with Helen, a daughter named Hermione.
Audiophile
An audiophile is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and Compact Discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.
Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas.
Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".
Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".
Audiophile is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.
Tokushima Prefecture
Tokushima Prefecture (徳島県) is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is the city of Tokushima.
Geography
Tokushima and Kagawa have disagreed about sharing water for a since the 1850s. The Yanase Dam was built in 1953.
Towns and villages
Towns and villages in each district:
National Parks
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples
Ōasahiko jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Gary A. Lee
Gary Alcide Lee (August 18, 1933 – October 12, 2022) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1979 through 1983. Lee was born in Buffalo, New York.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1975 to 1978. After losing his re-election, he moved to Florida where he became Chairman of the Lee County Republican Party.
Lee died on October 12, 2022 in Fort Myers, Florida at the age of 89.
Intimacy (album)
Intimacy is the third studio album by British indie rock band Bloc Party. It was recorded in two weeks in different places around London and Kent in the UK. Bloc Party liked the idea of releasing their album by download over the Internet, so on 21 August 2008, people could buy it online.
Kazakh language
Kazakh is a Turkic language that is mostly spoken in Kazakhstan, a country in Central Asia. It, along with Russian, is one of Kazakhstan's official languages.
History
The Kazakh language had been written in the Cyrillic alphabet since the Russian Empire started to occupy that country in the 19th century. In 1917, people began to use the Arabic alphabet, but the Russians were not able to make them use Cyrillic.
The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Ahmed Baytursinuli reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s in an effort to thoroughly Russify them. Today, Kazakhs use the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts to write their language.
Bauen
Bauen is a municipality of the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Kazakh language
History
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly-independent Republic of Kazakhstan allowed the old Latin alphabet to be used, but continued to use Cyrillic as the main alphabet. In 2006, president Nursultan Nazarbayev started a project to introduce a standard form of the Latin alphabet as the official script of his country. A version of the new Latin alphabet, which used apostrophes for certain sounds, was created in April 2017, but was replaced with another one in February 2018 which instead uses diacritics on certain letters. The latest version, proposed in 2021, has been in official use and will be taught in elementary schools starting 2023. If all goes as planned, the Cyrillic alphabet will be fully replaced with Latin by 2025.
Kazakh letters
The last proposed Kazakh Latin alphabet was shown in 2019:
Clytemnestra
Clytemnestra (or Klytaimnestra) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Tyndareos of Sparta and his wife Leda. She was married to Agamemnon, King of Mycenae. With him she had children Iphigenia, Elektra, Orestes and Chrysothemis.
After the Trojan War, Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthos killed Agamemnon. Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter, Iphigenia, to the Gods to have wind to set sail for war. Clytemnestra and Aegisthos are later killed by her son Orestes.
Swedish Evangelical Mission
The Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) (Evangeliska Fosterlandsstiftelsen) ("EFS") is an independent organization within the Church of Sweden. It was established on 7 May 1856.
Urvashi Vaid
Urvashi Vaid (8 October 1958 – 14 May 2022) was an Indian-American LGBT activist. She moved to the United States when she was eight. She ended high school after three years. She then went to New York’s Vassar College. After, she went to law school at Northeastern University in Boston. She is lesbian.
Achievements
Vaid supports gay and lesbian rights. She lived in Boston and started the Lesbian Gay Political Alliance. This organization supports the gay people in Boston. After college, she helped prisoners who had HIV. In 1985, she started working at the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. This group teaches people about the lives of gay and lesbian people. She also started the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force’s Creating Change Conference. In 1995, she wrote a book called Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation.
Death
Vaid died on 14 May 2022 in New York City, aged 63. She had breast and thyroid cancer at the time of her death.
Impeachment: American Crime Story
Impeachment: American Crime Story is the third season of the FX true-crime anthology television series American Crime Story. It has 10 episodes and premiered on September 7, 2021. The season is about the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and the impeachment of Clinton. It is based on the book A Vast Conspiracy: The Real Story of the Sex Scandal That Nearly Brought Down a President by Jeffrey Toobin.
It stars Sarah Paulson, Annaleigh Ashford, and Judith Light, along with Beanie Feldstein, Clive Owen, Margo Martindale, Billy Eichner, Cobie Smulders, Edie Falco, Taran Killam, Colin Hanks, and Elizabeth Reaser.
Ploudiry
Ploudiry (Plouziri) is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.
Shock wave
A shock wave is when lots of energy comes from a very small spot and shakes the material around it. The energy makes the material around the spot move very quickly, and very hard. This is a special type of vibration, and it is very strong.
The shock wave can be so powerful that it can knock things over. For example, bombs create shock waves. A shock wave can be destructive because it vibrates the material around the point in an extremely hard and fast wave, which causes other things that the material touches to vibrate too, and even make them explode. Shock waves make bombs more dangerous and sometimes are the most dangerous part of an explosion. This is because the vibration from the shock wave can hurt the inside of a human's body (organs and bones) much worse than the explosion's fireball. However, the shock wave moves much faster than the rest of the bomb's energy and fades away quickly. It is called a shock wave, and not simply a shock, because the force goes up and down, like an ocean wave.
A shock wave can move through any material. An earthquake is a shockwave traveling through the ground. Shock waves can also be felt in the water. A shock wave is affected by the materials it travels through, and different materials have different effects. A thick material, like water, might help the shock wave travel further, whereas a thin material, like air, would not. This is similar to the way that sound waves are affected by what they move through, but sound waves and shock waves are not the same.
A sound wave is similar to a shock wave in the way it looks, but the two are not the same. While a sound wave can be described as the ripples created when you drop a small rock in a bucket of water, a shock wave is faster and not as smooth. If you were to draw a picture of a perfect sound wave, it would be a smooth line, up and down by the same amount. If you were to draw a picture of a shock wave, it would be like many big bumps on a road - the line goes up very quickly, but it does not go down as much. Some of the words people use to talk about sound waves and shock waves are the same, like amplitude or frequency, but this does not mean that they are the same.
Coherence (physics)
In physics, two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency, and the same waveform. In such a case the waves plot as identical: their peaks and troughs occur at the same time, and they have the same amplitude.
Coherence is an ideal property of waves. It produces stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference.
More generally, coherence describes all properties of the correlation between physical quantities of a single wave, or between several waves or wave packets.
Mankato, Minnesota
Mankato is a city in Blue Earth and Nicollet counties of Minnesota in the United States. It is the county seat of Blue Earth County. About 32,400 people were living in Mankato as of 2000. It can be found by the Minnesota River where it meets up with the Blue Earth River. It has a sister city called North Mankato. The city of Skyline can be found inside of Mankato.
Hemel Hempstead
Hemel Hempstead is a town in England. It is 25 miles north-west of London. The town is off the M1 motorway, 20 minutes drive from Luton Airport and 40 minutes from London itself.
History
The town began as an Anglo Saxon village where two river valleys met in the Chiltern Hills. The local area grew very good grain. By Tudor times, the village became a market where grain and straw were sold. The town also had many water mills to grind the grain. Local people also earned money by plaiting the straw to be made into hats.
From about 1800, the town changed as the Industrial revolution took place. It is on the shortest route between London and the Birmingham. As trade between these two cities increased, a canal and a railway were built that passed very close to the town. Some of its water mills were changed from grinding grain to places where paper was made by machine. Some of these grew into giant paper making factories.
After the Second World War, the government in London wanted to build many new homes for people who had had their homes destroyed by bombs in the war. It decided to build some new towns where houses could be built in an very good environment. Hemel Hempstead was chosen to be one of these towns. Many new districts were built during the 1950s and 1960s all around the old town of Hemel Hempstead. It grew into a middle size town of over 80,000 people.
Many new industries came to the town helped by money from the government and because it is where important motorways cross each other.
Hemel Hempstead became world famous for a brief time in 2005 when an oil depot in the town at Buncefield exploded. It caused a big toxic smoke cloud to cover all the surrounding areas. Millions of pounds in damage was done, but no one was killed.
Tatiana Volosozhar
Tatiana Andreyеvna Volosozhar (Татья́на Андре́евна Волосожа́р, Тетяна Андріївна Волосожар; born 22 May 1986) is a Russian figure skater.
Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Vivaldi (born Venice, 4 March 1678; died Vienna, 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer. He was the most important composer in Italy at the end of the Baroque period.
Vivaldi wrote more than 400 concertos for various instruments, especially for the violin. The scores of 21 of his operas, including his first and last, are still intact. His most popular work is the group of four violin concertos called "The Four Seasons". Each concerto describes a season: Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. He is believed to be the inventor of the ritornello form.
Early life
Vivaldi probably was taught to play the violin by his father, who was professional musician. He trained to be a priest, and because of his red hair, he became known as il Prete Rosso, which means "the red priest". He did not work as a priest for very long, and in 1703, he began teaching violin to girls at an orphanage in Venice, the Pio Ospedale della Pietà. The name means "Devout Hospital of Mercy". The girls were chosen because they showed exceptional musical abilities. They gave regular concerts, so as part of his duties Vivaldi wrote music for them to play. He lost the job between 1709 and 1711, when he was reappointed. He also took on the extra job of writing sacred music for the girls' choir. He continued teaching until 1716 when he was put in charge of all the music events.
Composing
Vivaldi's music was becoming well known. During his break from teaching between 1709 and 1711 he wrote a large number of works including violin sonatas and concertos. In 1711 he wrote a collection of 12 concertos, L'estro armonico op.3, for one, two and four solo violins was published by Etienne Roger in Amsterdam. This made him famous throughout Europe, and musicians coming to Venice would visit Vivaldi for lessons. Further new publications of his music made him even more famous. The first of his many operas, Ottone in villa, was performed in 1713. His first oratorio, Juditha Triumphans devicta Holofernis barbaric, was performed by the girls from the Pietà in 1716.
Travels
In 1718 Vivaldi left Venice and moved to Mantua, where he became the director of music for the governor, Prince Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt. He composed his famous "Four Seasons" as well as several operas during this time. He went to Rome in about 1721, where he performed on several occasions for the Pope. While he was travelling, he continued to write music for the girls at the Pietà, over the years he sent them about 140 concertos. He went to a number of cities in Europe to have his operas performed including Vienna, Verona, and Prague. He often went back to Venice to rehearse his music with the girls.
Even though his music was popular, Vivaldi did not make a lot of money from his music. As newer musicians, and more modern styles became popular, he found it more difficult to earn a living. He moved to Austria to play for royalty but when the king died, he became poor and had no way to return home. He died, a poor man, in Vienna, on 28 July 1741.
Faverdines
Faverdines is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. About 139 people lived there in January 2019.
Bat
Bats are mammals in the order Chiroptera. Bats are nocturnal – they are active during the night, dusk, or dawn and they sleep during the day.
Most use echolocation to catch prey and to find their way about. As nighttime animals, bats avoid direct competition with birds, few of which are nocturnal.
Bats usually live in caves or trees. In North America and in Europe they sometimes live in people's houses or barns. They are protected animals in the UK.
Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for the State of Judah), or simply Yehud, was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was within the satrapy of Eber-Nari.
Bat
Bats are a successful group. They are the second largest order of mammals: there are more than 1,400 species of bats. This means that 20% of all living mammal species – one in five – are bats.
Yehud Medinata
It was roughly like the older kingdom of Judah but had less land. The area of Yehud Medinata is roughly the same as the previous Babylonian province of Yehud, which was created after the kingdom of Judah was invaded by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c. 597).
Bat
Bats live everywhere except the Arctic, Antarctic and a few oceanic islands. They usually roost in caves, old buildings, or trees.
Traditionally, bats are divided into two groups. Microbats mostly use echo-location and catch insects, but just a few eat fish or drink blood. Megabats do not echolocate, but instead eat fruit or nectar.
Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata continued to exist for two centuries, until Alexander the Great conquered it and made it part of his empire.
Bat
Most of the bats are well known for their uncanny capability to fly in dark places. Most bats use sound to navigate during the night by echolocation. Bats can fly and find their food by listening to the outcoming echoes and sending out high-frequency squeaks even in total darkness.
Yehud Medinata
History
Exact times for Babylonian and Persian rule do not have complete agreement. Other dates are plausible.
Bat
Taxonomy
The hypothesis was that flight only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group.
Fossil bats
There are few fossilized remains of bats, as bats are terrestrial and light-boned. An Eocene bat, Onychonycteris, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. It could fly, but the well-preserved skeleton showed the cochlea of the inner ear could not achieve the great hearing ability of modern bats. This was evidence that flight in bats developed before echolocation. The team said it lacked ear and throat features not only of echolocating bats today, but also in other known fossil species. Fossil remains of other Eocene bats, Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx, Hassianycteris and Australonycteris all show a similar mixture of basal and derived traits, as expected by mosaic evolution.
Bear (disambiguation)
Bears are a group of large mammals. They form the family Ursidae, in the order Carnivora.
Bat
Fossil bats
All Eocene bats had long tails. This feature is also found in early flying insects in the Carboniferous, in early pterosaurs and in Archaeopteryx and other dinobirds. The tail helped to keep their flight stable, which means it kept on course, and did not dart about much. To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes, which later bats, birds and pterosaurs had, but early ones did not. It requires more brains to control unstable flight than it does for stable flight. That early bats had long tails was predicted by John Maynard Smith before any fossil early bats were found.
Bear (disambiguation)
The word bear could also mean:
Bat
Fossil bats
Onychonycteris had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had broad, short wings, suggesting it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris likely alternated between flaps and glides while in the air. Such physical characteristics suggest this bat did not fly as much as modern bats do, rather flying from tree to tree and spending most of its waking day climbing or hanging on the branches of trees.
Echolocation
An interesting thing about bats is that even though they can see with their eyes, they also use their ears to help them 'see' in the dark. Because of this, they can fly into very dark places where no eye could see. This way of sensing is called echolocation. Echolocation means they use echoes to find where things are.
Echolocation is like sonar, which submarines and ships use to find things underwater. This is how it works: when a bat flies, it makes lots of sounds. We cannot hear these sounds (they are too high-pitched), but bats can hear them. Biologists have instruments to record them, and then play them back at a lower frequency so humans can hear them.
When a bat makes its noises, the sound waves move away from the bat. If they hit something, they bounce back to the bat (this bounce is called an echo.) If nothing bounces back, the bat knows there is nothing in front. They use this echolocation to catch their food, like butterflies or dragonflies. When a bat begins its nightly exploration, it usually sends out about 10 calls per second. From the echo they know what is in front. When they get an echo from something good to eat, the calls increase up to 200 calls per second. This increase of sounds is called a feeding buzz. The bat makes a feeding buzz to sense all the quick moves of the insect it is trying to catch.
Hearing and understanding the echoes that go back to the bat takes special structures in the bat's brain. Because of this, many scientists, doctors, and even the U.S. army study bats carefully. The U.S. army spends hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to study echolocation in bats.
Bat wings
Bats fly with their hands. In fact, the name of the order of bats, Chiropetera, means 'hand-wings' in Greek.
Bat and bird wings are different. Birds do not have long finger-like bones in their wings like bats. Birds can not move each of their fingers, but bats can. Because of this, bats can change their direction while flying or fly in any pattern they want: this makes it easier to catch their food. A bat flies as if they are "swimming" through the air – pushing both wings down and backward.
A bird's wing has lots of feathers, while a bat's wing is mostly a stretchy, thin skin called a patagium. This thin membrane of skin stretches between each finger bone, connects to the bat's ankle, and connects to the bat's tail (if it has one). A bat folds its wings next to its body when not flying.
Bats have one claw (sometimes called a bat thumb) that sticks out of the top of the wing. They use their "thumb" to climb and crawl. Interestingly, bats also use their thumbs to clean their ears.
Bats' wings have a lot of maneuverability (they can change direction quickly) – more so than a bird, in fact – but they do not have a lot of lift. Because of this, bats usually have to climb up onto a tree or jump up into the air for the boost before they start flapping their wings.
Immune system
Even though bats are very small, they live a long time. Some bats can live forty years. Scientists think this is because their immune systems are very good at fighting viruses. Bats fight viruses without having inflammation in their bodies. Doctors think inflammation causes harm to the body, so they think this could be why bats live a long time.
Because bats rest in large groups with many other bats, they can pass diseases to each other easily. This means that over thousands of generations, viruses and other germs have placed selective pressure on bats, killing bats with weak immune systems and leaving bats with good immune systems to survive and have young.
Many viruses that start in bats later change and become dangerous diseases in humans, for example Ebola and SARS-CoV-2.
Food
Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen. They pollinate flowers and sometimes spread their seeds. Many tropical plants completely depend on bats.
Most microbats (7 out of 10 bat species) are insectivorous, that is, they eat insects. Some microbats eat small vertebrate animals (small mammals or fish), blood, or even other bats. There are only a few species of vampire bats, which eat blood from cattle.
Resting position
Most bats rest, sleep and hibernate in an upside-down position. They hang on to branches or rocks with their feet. To do this they have a locking mechanism on the tendons in their feet which stops them from slipping. The energy they spend hanging on is greatly reduced. The most obvious gain is that they can sleep without falling off. Once the tendons are locked, the muscles in their legs and feet can relax. Even dead bats stay hanging.
Bats and people
In the United Kingdom all bats are protected by law, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.
Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat coven (under the Congress Avenue bridge), an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, who eat an estimated 10 to 30 tons of insects each night, and attract 100,000 tourists each year.
In Sarawak, Malaysia bats are protected species, but the large naked bat and greater nectar bat are eaten by the local communities.
Bats in folklore and fiction
In the West, bats are associated with vampires, who are said to be able to change into bats. Bats are also a symbol of ghosts, death and disease. However bats are said to be lucky in some European countries, such as Poland.
The bat is used in fiction by both villains like Dracula and heroes like Batman. Kenneth Oppel wrote a series of novels, beginning with Silverwing, which feature bats as good characters.
Verdana
These alphabets are included Armenian, Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic.
Trunk (botany)
The trunk is the main stem or "main woody axis of a tree". In the lumber trade a severed trunk is a log. In botany it means the main structural member of a tree that is directly connected to the roots and which supports the branches. The trunk is also often called the bole. The trunk is covered by the bark, which protects the tree against damage and often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species. The trunk, or bole, is the most important part of the tree for timber production. The tree trunk can be separated into five different layers: the heartwood, the sapwood, the vascular cambium, the inner bark, and the outer bark.
Walnut Ridge, Arkansas
Walnut Ridge is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It has a population of 4,925.
Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley performed in the city early in their careers.
The town is located on U.S. Route 67 which is named "Rock 'N Roll Highway."
Peyton List
Peyton Roi List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role as Emma Ross in the Disney Channel series Jessie. She is also well known for portraying Holly Hills in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.
Eastern green mamba
The eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) is a highly venomous snake species of the mamba genus Dendroaspis. They are found in the coastal regions of southern East Africa. It was discovered in 1849. It has a slender build with bright green upperparts and yellow-green underparts. The adult female averages around 2 m in length, and the male is slightly smaller.
Ken Lucas
Kenneth Ray "Ken" Lucas (born August 22, 1933) is an American politician. Lucas, a Democrat, was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky's 4th congressional district from 1999 until 2005.
On February 2, 2009, he was appointed as Commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Veterans Affairs by Governor Steve Beshear.
Prime Minister of Malta
The Prime Minister of Malta (Prim Ministru ta' Malta) is the Head of Government, which is the highest official of Malta. The office of "Head of Ministry" was created as soon as Malta was granted autonomous government in 1921.
Role
As minister in his own right the Prime Minister is responsible for a number of departments of government. The Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) has been based at the Auberge de Castille in Valletta since 1972, playing a central role in decision-making apart from being the administrative headquarters of the Government.
Weiner, Arkansas
Weiner is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It is in Poinsett County.
Gordon Douglas (director)
Gordon Douglas (born Gordon Douglas Brickner; December 15, 1907 – September 29, 1993) was an American movie director. He was born in New York City. He worked with RKO Films, Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros.. He also directed many Our Gang shorts.
For Columbia Pictures, he made Mr. Soft Touch (1949), Between Midnight and Dawn (1950), Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950), Fortunes of Captain Blood (1950), and The Nevadan (1950).
For RKO Films, he made The Great Gildersleeve (1942) and its sequel Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943), Gildersleeve's Bad Day (1943) and Gildersleeve's Ghost (1944). He also directed The Falcon in Hollywood (1944), Girl Rush (1944), A Night of Adventure (1944), and First Yank into Tokyo (1945).
Jameson's mamba
Jameson's mamba (Dendroaspis jamesoni) is a species of quick, highly arboreal and highly venomous snake of the family Elapidae. The species are found in Africa. They were discovered in 1843.
Rosie Hackett
Rosanna “Rosie” Hackett (1893–1976) was a worker rights activist and trade union leader. She lived in Dublin, Ireland.
Wichita Recordings
Wichita Recordings is a London-based independent record label. They are home to Bloc Party, Peter, Bjorn and John and other United Kingdom-based bands.
Rosie Hackett
Early life
Hackett was born on 25 July 1893, in Dublin, Ireland. Her family was hardworking, but they did not have very much money. They lived in a small, broken, dirty building with many people. Her father died when she was young. A few years later, she worked at a paper store in her hometown to get money.
Achievements
Hackett had a lot of important events in her life. She was a part of many strikes and helped to start the group, IWWU (Irish Women Worker Union). Also, after her death, she had a bridge in Dublin named after her in 2013. (The Rosie Hackett Bridge)
Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Natchitoches Parish (Paroisse des Natchitoches ou Les Natchitoches) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,566. The parish seat and most populous municipality is Natchitoches. The parish was formed in 1805. It was named after the Natchitoches Native Americans.
Check on It
Music video
When demand was growing for the song, Knowles shot a music video serving as promotion for both #1's and The Pink Panther. The video was directed by Hype Williams, and was premiered on December 16 2005. The remix of the song in the music video features a remix of "The Pink Panther Theme" and a rap from Bun B. The video has a pink theme, with Knowles shown in mostly all pink (to fit in with The Pink Panther), and the dancers wear pink PVC jackets and dance around rippling pink satin sheets. The video cuts to Knowles wearing a pink polka dot corset against a hot magenta polka dot wall. Where black bars normally appear on a 4:3 (full screen) television showing a widescreen production, footage is displayed of pink curtains moving in the background.
"Check on It" won the 2006 MTV Video Music Award for "Best R&B Video" on August 31, 2006.
Elías Piña Province
Elías Piña is a Dominican province in the western part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city is Comendador.
Name
Elías Piña was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He was born in a place near Comendador and died in 1845 in a battle near Bánica.
Location
Elías Piña has Dajabón to the northwest, Santiago Rodríguez to the northeast, San Juan to the east and the Independencia province to the south. To the west Elías Piña borders the Republic of Haiti.
History
Few people lived in the territory of Elías Piña during colonial times because it was on the border between two colonies: the French Saint-Domingue and the Spanish Santo Domingo. After 1844, the region became part of the border between Haiti and Dominican Republic.
The only town founded during the colony was Bánica, in the eastern end of a region of many savannas that was called Oncéano by the Spanish; most of Oncéano is now part of the Centre Department of Haiti. Both Comendador and Hondo Valle were military posts on the border after the Dominican independence. The rest of the present province had very few people until the end of the Restoration War in 1865 when families from other parts of the country came to live here.
During the Dominican-Haitian War (1844-1856), Haitian soldiers came across this region; because of that, there were many fights here. The most important fight was La Estrelleta Battle, in a savanna to the east of Comendador.
Since colonial times, the territory was part of the Azua province until it was changed to the Benefactor province (now the San Juan province) when this province was created in 1938.
The Elías Piña province was created in 1942 with the municipalities of Elías Piña and Bánica; the new province was named San Rafael and its capital was the city of Elías Piña. In 1965, the name of the province was changed to La Estrelleta and later, in 1972, it was changed to Elías Piña and the capital got its old name of Comendador.
Pedro Santana became a municipality of the province in 1952, El Llano in 1974, Hondo Valle in 1978 and Juan Santiago in 2005.
The municipal districts of the province were created in:
Population
In (last national census), there were 0 people living in the Elías Piña province, and only 30,429 (NaN%) living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km², one of the lowest in the country.
Its population represents NaN% of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 28th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
, the total estimated propulation of the province is 63,449 inhabitants.
Geography
The Elías Piña province has a total area of 1395.5 km2. It has 2% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 14th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are two main roads in the province. One, Carretera Sánchez (Sánchez National Road), goes through the central part of the province from east to west; this is one of the main road of the country and goes from Santo Domingo to the western part of the country, to Comendador.
The second main road goes from south to north; it starts in the Sánchez National Road at Matayaya (San Juan province) and goes through Bánica and Pedro Santana and then through the Dajabón and Monte Cristi provinces to end in San Fernando de Monte Cristi, on the north coast. This road, for several kilometres north of Pedro Santana, marks the border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti and, for that reason, is called "International Road".
There are other secondary roads. One of them goes from Comendador to Hondo Valle and then to the Independencia province, crossing the Sierra de Neiba mountain range.
Mountains
Two mountain ranges crosses the province from east to west and then into Haiti. The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range") is in the northern part of the province, and the Sierra de Neiba runs across the southern half. The area between those two mountain ranges is composed of several valleys, formed by the Artibonite River and its tributaries, and low mountains (hills).
The highest mountain in the province is the Loma La Tasajera del Chivito at 2179 m above sea level in the Sierra de Neiba. Nalga de Maco, 1990 m high (19.20982°N, 71.48009°W), is the second highest mountain, in the northeast corner of the province, close to the Santiago Rodríguez province. It is the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central.
Rivers
The main river is the Artibonite that, in some places, marks the Dominican-Haitian border. Other rivers are Macasías, Tocino, Joca and Vallecito, all of them tributaries of the Artibonite river. The Caña river is the most important in the southern part of the province, going from south to north; it is a tributary of the Macasías river.
Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Municipalities
There are 6 municipalities and 7 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:
Economy
As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is important, mainly in Comendador. On the mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Potatoes are also produced in the south (Sierra de Neiba).
Hurrians
The Hurrians or Khurrites were people who lived in and around northern Mesopotamia from about 2500 BC. They were a large ethnic group, and had some cities and kingdoms, but they also lived in small groups among other ethnic people. The first known piece of music to be written down was Hurrian.
West Fork, Arkansas
West Fork is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
West Helena, Arkansas
West Helena is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Ziziphus
Zizhiphus is a type of tree that grows fruit. The species Z. mauritianis is known as the Indian jujube, and the species Ziziphus jujuba is known as the red date. They are mostly found in Asia.