cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Vologda
History
The year that Vologda was founded is debated by historians. There are two different times (1147 and 1264) that are thought to be the first mentions of the city. 1147 was the year that Vologda was mentioned in a book while 1264 was the first official mention (a document of owned land by the Novgorod Republic after a treaty with the Grand Prince of Vladimir).
Throughout its history, Vologda has been a major port city on the river Vologda that several nations have fought over. In World War II, Finnish forces and Soviet forces fought over Vologda. The Soviets pushed the Finns back and used the city as a major transport hub for the rest of the war.
N. K. Jemisin
Early life
Nora K. Jemisin was born in Iowa City, Iowa, and grew up in New York City and Mobile, Alabama. Jemisin has a B.S. degree in psychology (1994) Tulane University. She  also has a Master's of Education from the University of Maryland College Park.
Vologda
Climate
Vologda's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) bordering a mild subarctic climate (Dfc). The winters are long. Spring and autumn and cool while summer is warm.
Transportation
Vologda is a major transport hub in Russia with major railways, highways, and waterways going through it or nearby it. It also has a well-developed public transport system.
Railway
The city is the largest and most active stop of the Northern Railway.
Sports
Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Vityaz", the swimming pools "Dynamo" and "Lagoon", the sports and concert complex "Spectrum", fitness centers, regional athletic spots. Vologda is a home to:
Twin towns – sister cities
Vologda is twinned with:
Nazi eugenics
Nazi eugenics were a set of beliefs and rules that were very important to Nazi Germany during World War II. These beliefs said that the Aryan race was the master race – the best race of all – and all other races were inferior (not as good). There were also many other people who the Nazis believed were "life unworthy of life," like people with disabilities. These ideas about eugenics were at the center of the Nazis' beliefs and eventually helped lead to the Holocaust.
Because they did not want these "inferior" people in German society, the Nazis decided to get rid of them, using many different strategies. They began with people with disabilities. The Nazis forced more than 400,000 people with disabilities to be sterilized (to have surgery that would make it impossible for them to have children). They also killed over 300,000 people with disabilities in a program called Action T4. In this program, the Nazis sent people with disabilities to places like Hadamar and Hartheim Euthanasia Centres to be killed. These people were killed with lethal injections and poison gas, in vans and gas chambers at the Euthanasia Centres.
Using what they learned by killing people with disabilities, the Nazis soon built extermination camps (death camps). The Nazis' goal was to use these death camps to exterminate (kill all of) the Jewish and Roma people in Europe. The Nazis also sent many other people who they thought were inferior to the death camps and to concentration camps, where they were forced to work as slaves.
Groups targeted by the Nazis
The Nazis' ideas about eugenics said that many different groups of people were "inferior" or "unworthy of life." These included:
Role of the United States
The eugenics movement was very popular in the United States by the time it spread to Germany. California eugenicists began writing things that encouraged eugenics and sterilization, and sent them to German scientists and medical professionals. By 1933, California had forced more people to get sterilized than all of the other U.S. states combined. The Nazis got the idea for their compulsory (forced) sterilization program partly from California's program.
In 1927, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology (KWIA) was created in Berlin with a lot of financial support from the American philanthropic group, the Rockefeller Foundation. The KWIA's director was Eugen Fischer, a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics. Fischer said he had found scientific proof of the Nazis' eugenics ideas, and the Nazis used his work to justify their eugenics policies.
In 1934, California eugenics leader C.M. Goethe visited Germany. At that time, more than 5,000 people per month were being forcibly sterilized in Germany. Goethe bragged to a coworker:
"You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought . . . I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people."
Eugenics researcher Harry H. Laughlin often bragged that his Model Eugenic Sterilization laws had been put into action in Germany's Nuremberg Laws. In 1936, Laughlin was invited to an award ceremony at Heidelberg University in Germany. (The ceremony was scheduled on the anniversary of the day Hitler fired all Jews from the Heidelberg faculty two years earlier.) Laughlin was offered an honorary doctorate for his work on the "science of racial cleansing." Laughlin could not afford to attend, and had to pick his doctorate up from the Rockefeller Institute. Afterwards, he proudly shared the award with his co-workers, remarking that he felt that it showed the "common understanding of German and American scientists of the nature of eugenics."
Hitler's views on Eugenics
Adolf Hitler read racial hygiene books while he was in Landsberg Prison. "Racial hygiene" was a set of ideas that said that only certain people should be allowed to have children. People who belonged to races that were seen as "inferior" would not be allowed to have children. This way, those races would eventually die out.
Hitler believed Germany had become weak, and had been poisoned by "inferior" people. He believed these "inferior" people were ruining Germany's society, and were the cause of Germany's problems.
Rachael Taylor
Taylor was born in Launceston, Tasmania.
Nazi eugenics
Hitler's views on Eugenics
In his Second Book, which was never published during the Nazi era, Hitler praised the ancient Greek city of Sparta. In Sparta, all newborn infants were examined carefully. Any infant that seemed weak, sick, or had any kind of disability was killed. Only the healthy, strong children were allowed to live. This meant that they were the only people alive to have children and continue the Spartan race. Hitler praised this early model of eugenics:
"The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction [murder], was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day [in which the most disabled people are allowed to survive], and indeed at any price ... in order subsequently to breed a race of degenerates burdened with illnesses. ''"
Basically, Hitler was saying it was better (and cheaper) to kill people with disabilities than to allow them to live and have children. He thought that if people with disabilities were allowed to have children, their children would also have disabilities. So people with disabilities should be killed to prevent them from "breeding [creating] a race of" "inferior" people.
Hitler would later apply these same ideas to other people he thought were "inferior." The Holocaust was based on the idea that all of these "inferior" people should be killed so they would no longer exist in the Third Reich, Hitler's planned Nazi empire.
Nazi eugenics program
In organizing their eugenics program, the Nazis were inspired by the United States' programs of forced sterilization, and especially the eugenics laws that had been enacted in California.
On July 14, 1933, the Nazis passed the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. ("Hereditary diseases" are genetic disorders which are passed down from parents to children. "Offspring" means "children.")  This law did a few things:
In 1934, nearly 4,000 people appealed against court decisions saying they would have to be sterilized. A total of 3,559 of the appeals (89%) failed. By the end of the Nazi regime, the Nazis had created over 200 Hereditary Health Courts (Erbgesundheitsgerichte). Based on their rulings, over 400,000 people were forced to be sterilized.
Nazi eugenics institutions
The Nazis made six psychiatric hospitals into "Euthanasia Centres," where people with disabilities (including children) were taken to be killed. These six hospitals were Bernburg, Brandenburg, Grafeneck, Hadamar, Hartheim, and Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centres.
At first, the Nazis killed patients in gas vans. The patients would be put into vansand exhaust gas from the vans' engines would be pumped into the vans. The carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas killed the patients. Later, gas chambers were built into the Euthanasia Centres and used pure carbon monoxide gas to kill the patients.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a mountain resort town in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region, and the district is on the border with Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2961 m. The Olympic Winter Games were held here in 1936.
Nazi eugenics
Identifying 'genetically sick' people
In July 1934, Nazi Germany passed the Law for Simplification of the Health System. This law set out rules for how the Nazis would decide whether a person was 'genetically sick.' The person would be sent to a Genetic Health Court, which would decide whether the person should be sterilized.
Doctor's offices and welfare departments had to give the Nazis information about people who might be 'genetically sick.'
Nazi eugenics policies regarding marriage
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 made anyone who wanted to get married get tested for genetic disorders. The goal of this rule was to make sure the "Aryan race" would stay "pure," without people with disabilities in it. While dating, everyone was encouraged to question their dating partner carefully about whether anyone in their family ever had a genetic disorder. Members of the Schutzstaffel (SS) were ordered to carefully interview possible marriage partners to make sure they had no family history of hereditary disease or insanity, but to do this carefully to avoid hurting the woman's feelings. They were told that if they had to reject the woman for eugenic reasons, they should do it politely and not upset the woman.
Kenneth O. Morgan
Kenneth Owen Morgan, Baron Morgan, (born 16 May 1934) is a Welsh historian and author. He is known for his writings on modern British history and politics and on Welsh history.
He is a regular reviewer and broadcaster on radio and television. His works are often used as resource in the Labour Party.
Gauss-Bonnet theorem
The Gauss-Bonnet theorem is a theorem that connects the geometry of a shape with its topology. It is named after the two mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777-1855) and Pierre Ossian Bonnet (1812-1872) who both found it, independently of one another. The Curvature of the shape is used, as well as its Euler characteristic.
Free rider problem
In economics, the term free rider refers to someone who benefits from resources, goods, or services without paying for the cost of the benefit. The term "free rider" was first used in economic theory of public goods, but similar concepts have been applied in to other contexts, such as collective bargaining, antitrust law, psychology and political science. Free riding may be considered as a free rider problem when it leads to under-provision of goods or services, or when it leads to overuse or degradation of a common property resource.
Although the term originated in economic theory, similar concepts have been cited in political science, social psychology, and other disciplines. Some individuals in a team or community may reduce their contributions or performance if they believe that one or more other members of the group may free ride.
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (MTA)) is the most important and prestigious learned society of Hungary. Its seat is at the bank of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca.
Its main responsibilities are to support and grow science, scientific findings, supporting research and development and representing Hungarian science domestically and around the world. There are over 1,300 members.
Lehigh, Iowa
Lehigh is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cântico da Liberdade
"Cântico da Liberdade" is the national anthem of Cape Verde.
Anthony Mackie
Anthony Dwane Mackie was born September 23, 1978. Mackie first appeared on stage before acting in mostly movies and sometimes television. He has appeared in movies such as 8 Mile (2002), Million Dollar Baby (2004), The Hurt Locker (2008), Notorious (2009), The Adjustment Bureau (2011), Man on a Ledge (2012), Gangster Squad (2013), Pain & Gain (2013) and The Night Before (2015). In 2014, he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe as the superhero Falcon. As this character, he has appeared in the movies Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Ant-Man (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018). In May 2016, he co-starred as Martin Luther King Jr. in the HBO television movie All the Way. In 2019, he played Danny Parker in the Black Mirror episode "Striking Vipers".
Mackie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He married Sheletta Chapital in 2014, but the couple divorced in 2018. The couple have three children.
Schiermonnikoog
Schiermonnikoog is an island and municipality of the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 900 people. The municipality covers an area of 199 km², the island an area of 44 km².
It lies west of the small island of Rottumerplaat and east of the island of Ameland.
Songs About Jane
Songs About Jane is the first album by American pop rock group Maroon 5. It was released on June 25, 2002, under J Records in the United States. The album was re-released on October 14, 2003, under Octone Records. It was produced by Matthew Wallace. The album spawned the singles "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", and "She Will Be Loved."
The album peaked at number-six on the Billboard 200 albums chart selling a round-up of 3 million album sales. By the time 2004 concluded, the album was titled multi-platinum in sales in several different countries.
10th year anniversary
On May 22, 2012, the band announced on their website that they would be celebrating the ten year anniversary of the album on by releasing a limited edition re-issue. The re-issue was released on June 5, 2012. 2 Disc CD Re-issue of 'Songs About Jane', featuring Original Demos, Unreleased Material and videos and a limited edition Lithograph incorporating original art inspired by each song and 'Songs About Jane' Album art.
Track listing
All songs written by Jesse Carmichael and Adam Levine, except where noted.
Ken Middleditch
Kenneth Arthur Middleditch (5 October 1925 – 9 January 2021) was a British motorcycle speedway rider. He was born in Camberley, Surrey. Middleditch signed for Third Division team Hastings in 1948. By 1949 he had become Hastings top points scorer. He later played for Poole.
Middleditch died on 9 January 2021, aged 95.
Daisy Miller
Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James. It was published in 1879. It is about a rich and flirtatious young American woman who offends the sensibilities of the Europeans she is moving among. She is an outsider and dies after catching a fever on a visit to the Colosseum. It was a huge success and is still one of James's most popular works. The story was made into a movie starring Cybil Shepherd.
Giorgio Faletti
Giorgio Faletti (25 November 1950 – 4 July 2014) was an Italian writer, actor, comedian and singer-songwriter. His books have been translated into 25 languages. They have also been published with great success in Europe, South America, China, Japan, Russia and the United States.
Faletti was born in Asti, Piedmont. He lived on Elba Island. He was a fan of the football team Juventus.
Faletti died from lung cancer on 4 July 2014 in Turin, aged 63.
Geoffrey Chater
He turned 100 in March 2021, and died on 16 October 2021.
Eight minutes 46 seconds
8 minutes 46 seconds (8:46) is a symbol of police brutality. It comes from the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Derek Chauvin, a police officer, put his knee on Floyd's neck. This stop Floyd from being able to breathe. The time that Chauvin spent kneeling was reported for weeks as 8 minutes 46 seconds. It was later reported as 7 minutes 46 seconds. Body camera footage released in August 2020 showed that the actual time was 9 minutes 29 seconds. In the days after his murder, the duration became a focus of commemorations and debates, especially around Blackout Tuesday.
The duration has been specifically referenced in "die-in" protests in Minneapolis, New York, Boston, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, Chicago, Denver, and other cities, where protesters lay down for eight minutes and 46 seconds to protest police brutality and the racialized killings by law enforcement officers in the United States. It has also been used in numerous commemorations, vigils and gatherings to recognize Floyd and protest his murder, including at his memorial.
Colcannon
Colcannon is an Irish dish made of cabbage or kale and mashed potatoes. Milk, butter, salt and pepper are usually added. It is usually eaten around Halloween.
Eight minutes 46 seconds
In the days after his death, and the protests that followed, that specific time span has become the focus of debates, especially around Blackout Tuesday.
Pakdam Pakdai
The show began airing on 27 May 2013 to present. It now telecasts 585 episodes on Sonic Nickelodeon. Some aspects of the series are based on several Indian dubs of Oggy and the Cockroaches, which added dialogue parodying Bollywood actors and filmmakers including a narrator (unlike the French series' German dub) based on Nana Patekar, some of which even localized character names. Pakdam Pakdai is narrated by Nana, the eponymous narrator. Worldwide releases of the show, however, omit these in favor of silent comedy.
Eight minutes 46 seconds
The time has been specifically referenced in "die-in" protests in Minneapolis, New York, Chicago Boston, Philadelphia, Portland, Denver and other cities, where protesters lay down for 8 minutes and 46 seconds to protest police brutality.
Pakdam Pakdai
Characters
The main cast are inspired by Oggy's notable characters, for the first three seasons. They later introduce Betty, who is Olivia's counterpart. The character's names were changed to be more American-sounding for international versions.
Dogs:
Other characters include:
Preeti Desai
Preeti Desai (born 29 September 1985) is a British actress and model. She was Miss Great Britain 2006. Desai made history by becoming the first woman of Indian origin to ever win the beauty pageant title.
National Library and Documentation Services Board
The National Library and Documentation Services Board (NLDSB) is the agency of the government of Sri Lanka which helps maintains all state libraries around the country.
Guide dog
Guide dogs are dogs trained to help blind or vision impaired people live on their own. They are sometimes called "Seeing Eye" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.
National Library and Documentation Services Board
The NLDSB was established under the act No: 51 of 1998. This act established the Sri Lanka National Library Services Board in 1970. The board is placed under the Sri Lankan Ministry of Education. The present Board of Directors consists of 11 members including a full-time Chairperson. The Director General is the chief executive and secretary of the Board.
Guide dog
The blind person (sometimes called a "handler") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler. Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.
Iglesias, Sardinia
Iglesias (Igrèsias, Bidd 'e Crèsia) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 26,992 people lived there. Its area is 208.23 km². It is 200 meters above sea level.
Shooting of Breonna Taylor
On March 13, 2020, Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American emergency medical technician, was shot and killed by Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers.
That day, three police officers came to her apartment. The officers wore everyday clothing, they were not in uniform. As they had a search warrant for drugs, there was no way of refusing them entry. Taylor's boyfriend Kenneth Walker and the officers shot at each other. When Walker was questioned, he said he believed that the officers were intruders. The LMPD officers fired over twenty shots. Taylor was shot eight times and LMPD sergeant Mattingly was injured by gunfire.
Guide dog
Because the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.
History
Germany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as The Seeing Eye in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded.
Shooting of Breonna Taylor
Another police officer and an LMPD lieutenant were on the scene when the warrant was executed. No drugs were found in the apartment.
According to a lawsuit filed against the police by the Taylor family's lawyers, the officers entered the home without knocking or announcing that they were police officers.
John Meurig Thomas
Sir John Meurig Thomas or JMT (15 December 1932 – 13 November 2020) was a Welsh scientist, educator, university administrator, and historian. He was known for his work on heterogeneous catalysis, solid-state chemistry, and surface and materials science.
From 1986 to 1991, he was Director of the Royal Institution. In 2016, he was awarded the Royal Medal. Thomas was born in Carmarthenshire, Wales.
Colombian weasel
The Colombian weasel (Mustela felipei), is a very rare type of weasel. It is also called the Don Felipe's weasel. It is only known from the departments of Huila and Cauca in Colombia and nearby northern Ecuador. The Colombian weasel is only known from one Colombian weasel.
It only lives in riparian habitats at an altitude of 1,100 to 2,700 m (3,600 to 8,900 ft). There is lots of deforestation in the riparian habitats in the northern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. There is less than 10 known dead Colombian weasels that were studied. It is could be the rarest carnivore in South America. It is a vulnerable species.
It is the second-smallest living carnivore on average. The upperparts and tail are blackish-brown, while the underparts are orange-buff.
The first photo of a living Colombian weasel was taken in 2011 by an amateur naturalist who found one trapped in his parents' house; the weasel later escaped. The image was uploaded to iNaturalist in 2018. It gained widespread attention.
Description
The Colombian weasel has a long body. It has an average length of 22 cm (8.7 in). Its tail is 11.5 cm (4.5 in) long. It weighs between 120 and 150 g (4.2 and 5.3 oz). The Colombian weasel has a dark dorsal color. It also has a light orange color. The bottom of the feet does not have any fur. It has webbed feet that is found on the second, third, and fourth toes.
Feeding
The Colombian weasel is a carnivore. It mainly hunts fish, other small aquatic animals, and small terrestrial mammals.
Inma Cuesta
Inma Cuesta is a Spanish actress.
Franz Beckenbauer Cup
The Franz Beckenbauer Cup is an friendly association football tournament that takes place in Munich, Germany. It was created to honour the German forward, Franz Beckenbauer. The tournament has not been played since 2010. The 2009 and 2011 tournaments were replaced by the Audi Cup.
Leighton, Iowa
Leighton is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Mahaska County.
Hydrogen ion
Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, there are two types: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.
Cation (positively charged)
The ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water, as well as their hydrates, are also called 'hydrogen ions'.
In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" usually refers to hydrons.
Anion (negatively charged)
Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:
Rottumerplaat
Rottumerplaat is an uninhabited small island of the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. It belongs to the municipality of Het Hogeland. It covers an area of 7.8 km².
Rottumerplaat makes part of the West Frisian Islands (Dutch: Waddeneilanden).
It lies west of the small island of Rottumeroog and east of the island of Schiermonnikoog.
Isili
Isili (Ìsili) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,748 people lived there. Its area is 67.84 km². It is 523 meters above sea level.
Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin; or informally Sir Gâr) is a unitary authority in southwest Wales, and one of the historic counties of Wales. The largest town in Carmarthenshire is Carmarthen, a market town with a population of 14,000. The area has many farms, and the land is very rural and has many hills. There are many towns, such as Llanelli and Ammanford.
She Will Be Loved
"She Will Be Loved" is the third single off the debut album by rock band Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane. The song is also the fourth track off the album. The song was released in June 2004.
John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon
John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon, (5 November 1931 – 5 June 2023) was a British politician. He was a moderate Labour Member of Parliament (MP) from 1959 to 2001 and Secretary of State for Wales from 1974 to 1979. Morris was born in Capel Bangor, Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire. He worked in the cabinets of Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Tony Blair. He also worked in the shadow cabinets of Michael Foot and Neil Kinnock.
She Will Be Loved
Music video
The video features Adam Levine (lead singer of Maroon 5) who falls in love with his girlfriend's mother. She is played by Kelly Preston and is being victimized by her husband. The band is briefly shown in the video.
John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon
Morris died on 5 June 2023 at the age of 91.
She Will Be Loved
Chart rankings
"She Will Be Loved" ranked No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and No. 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
Fitness (biology)
Fitness in biology is the relative ability of an organism to survive and pass on its genes to the next generation. p160 It is a central idea in evolutionary theory. Fitness is usually equal to the proportion of the individual's genes in all the genes of the next generation.
Like all terms in evolutionary biology, fitness is defined in terms of an interbreeding population, which might or might not be a whole species. If differences in individual genotypes affect fitness, then the frequencies of the genotypes will change over generations; the genotypes with higher fitness become more common. This is the process called natural selection.
An individual's fitness is caused by its phenotype, and passed on by its genotype. The fitness of different individuals with the same genotype are not necessarily equal. It depends on the environment in which the individuals live, and on accidental events. However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it reflects the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype.
Relatedness
Fitness measures the number of the copies of the genes of an individual in the next generation. It doesn't really matter how the genes arrive in the next generation. For an individual, it is equally "beneficial" to reproduce itself, or to help relatives with similar genes to reproduce, as long as similar number of copies of individual's genes get passed on to the next generation. Selection which promotes this kind of helper behaviour is called kin selection.
Our closest relatives (parents, siblings, and our own children) share on average 50% (half) of our genes. One step further removed are grandparents. With each of them we share on average 25% (a quarter) of our genes. That is a measure of our relatedness to them. Next come first cousins (children of our parents' siblings). We share 12.5% (1/8) of their genes. p100
Hamilton's rule
William Hamilton added various ideas to the notion of fitness. His rule suggests that a costly action should be performed if: Fitness costs and benefits are measured in fecundity.
Inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness is a term which is essentially the same as fitness, but emphasises the group of genes rather than individuals.
Biological fitness says how well an organism can reproduce, and spread its genes to its offspring. The theory of inclusive fitness says that the fitness of an organism is also increased to the extent that its close relatives also reproduce. This is because relatives share genes in proportion to their relationship.
Another way of saying it is: the inclusive fitness of an organism is not a property of itself, but a property of its set of genes. It is calculated from the reproductive success of the individual, plus the reproductive success of its relatives, each one weighed by an appropriate coefficient of relatedness.
History
The British social philosopher Herbert Spencer coined the phrase survival of the fittest in his 1864 work Principles of biology to mean what Charles Darwin called natural selection. The original phrase was "survival of the best fitted".
Ezra Nawi
Ezra Yitzhak Nawi (עזרא יצחק נאווי; 1952 – 9 January 2021) was an Israeli Mizrahi Jew, left-wing, human rights activist and pacifist. He was supportive of the Bedouin herders and farmers of the South Hebron Hills. He was a supporter of Uri Avnery. He was called "a working-class, liberal gay version of Joe the Plumber".
Nawi died on 9 January 2021 from cancer, aged 69.
Harder to Breathe
"Harder to Breathe" is the first single and the first track of Maroon 5's first album Songs About Jane. The single was released in 2003.
Texel
Texel is an island and municipality of the province of North Holland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 13,600 people. The municipality covers an area of 463 km², the island an area of 161 km².
Harder to Breathe
Music Video
The video features the band in a factory playing the song while objects keep disappearing and appearing as lead singer Adam Levine is found playing a guitar and walking down hallways.
Texel
Texel makes part of the West Frisian Islands (Dutch: Waddeneilanden).
Mooselookmeguntic Lake
Mooselookmeguntic Lake is a lake in the western part of Maine. It is near the border of New Hampshire and the Canadian province of Quebec. It is inside two counties; Franklin and Oxford. It is part of the Androscoggin River watershed. The lake is just a few miles from the Appalachian Trail.
Geography
Mooselookmeguntic Lake gets water from several rivers. These are the Cupsuptic River, the Rangeley River in Rangeley and the Kennebago River.
The lake's waters flow out to the southeast, into Upper Richardson Lake. There is a dam between the two lakes. It raises the level of Mooselookmeguntic Lake about 14 feet. When the dam was built, this connected Mooselookmeguntic with Cupsuptic Lake. The two lakes had been separate before. The new lake is used as a reservoir.
Mooselookmeguntic Lake's deepest part is 132 ft. Its surface area is 25.5 sqmi. It is the fourth largest lake in Maine. Mooselookmeguntic Lake is 1,467 feet (447 meters) above sea level.
The Portrait of a Lady
The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James. It was published in parts (serialization) in 1880-1881. It was published as a book in the United States by Houghton, Mifflin in 1881.
Texel
It lies southwest of the island of Vlieland and northeast of the small island of Noorderhaaks (part of the municipality of Texel).
Harder to Breathe
Chase The RockStar Pup Version
Harder to breathe is song by chase, he covered the song but electronic, it went EDM, or Electropop, Or alternative rock styles
The Portrait of a Lady
It tells the story of a rich young American woman, Isabel Archer. She is exploited by the scheming Madame Merle and her friend Gilbert Osmond. Isabel weds Osmond and finds herself in a loveless marriage.
Martin Dempsey
Martin Edward Dempsey (born March 14, 1952), sometimes known as Marty Dempsey, is a retired United States Army general. He was the 18th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2011 until September 25, 2015. He was the 37th Chief of Staff of the Army from April 11, 2011 to September 7, 2011. He retired on September 25, 2015.
Texel
Main town is Den Burg.
Harder to Breathe
Chase The RockStar Pup Version
it did a cool music cover of 4HD Music Publishing
The Portrait of a Lady
The book was a great success. It is thought one of James's finest works. The story has been adapted to a BBC television program and to a movie starring Nicole Kidman.
Plot summary
Isabel later declines Warburton's sudden proposal of marriage. She also rejects Caspar Goodwood, the son and heir of a rich Boston mill owner. Although Isabel likes both Caspar and Lord Warbuton,she likes her independence, which prevents such a marriage, which she feels would sacrifice of her freedom.
Isabel and Osmond live in Rome, but their marriage rapidly sours, owing to Osmond's egotism and lack of genuine affection for his wife. Isabel grows fond of Pansy, Osmond's presumed daughter by his first marriage, and wants to grant her wish to marry Edward Rosier, a young art collector.
The snobbish Osmond would prefer that Pansy accept the proposal of Warburton, who had previously proposed to Isabel. Isabel suspects, however, that Warburton may just be faking interest in Pansy to get close to Isabel again, and the conflict creates even more problems within the unhappy marriage.
Isabel pays a final visit to Pansy, who begs her to return someday, which Isabel reluctantly promises to do. She then leaves, without telling her husband, to comfort the dying Ralph in England, where she remains until his death.
Goodwood encounters her at Ralph's estate and begs her to leave Osmond and come away with him. He passionately embraces and kisses her, but Isabel flees. Goodwood seeks her out the next day but is told she has set off again for Rome.
Leland, Iowa
Leland is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The Portrait of a Lady
Plot summary
The ending is ambiguous, and the reader is left to imagine whether Isabel returned to Osmond to suffer out her marriage in noble tragedy (perhaps for Pansy's sake), or if she is going to rescue Pansy and leave Osmond.
Mooselookmeguntic Lake
Geography
There are two large islands south of Mooselookmeguntic Lake. These are named "Toothaker Island" and "Students Island".
River name
There is a local story that a Native American was hunting moose in the area, and he saw one. The native had forgotten to load his rifle with ammunition, but shot at the animal anyway. Thinking he had ruined his rifle, he began yelling at the moose about his bad luck. He said: "Moose, look! My gun stick"! This is only a legend but is told often as history. Because of this, another spelling sometimes used is Mooselookmeguntick Lake.
Mooselookmeguntic Lake is one of the longest place names in the United States. It is tied in third place with Kleinfeltersville, a small town in Pennsylvania. They both have 17 letters.
Fishing
The lake has a good variety of fishes, and is a popular tourist attraction for fishing.
Walter Eichner
Walter Eichner (6 May 1950 – 13 November 2020) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria. Eichner was born in Finning, Bavaria. He was the Chief Administrative Officer of the Landsberg district between 2002 to 2014.
Eichner died on 13 November 2020 in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria at the age of 70.
Budapest (George Ezra song)
"Budapest" is a song by English singer-songwriter George Ezra. It is from his 2014 debut studio album, "Wanted on Voyage". It was released as the album's second single in Italy on 13 December 2013 and in the UK on 13 June 2014.
The song was co-written by Ezra and Joel Pott and was produced by Cam Blackwood.
The single became a hit in the United States. It debuted at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 2015, and peaked at number 32 in May of the same year.
Rottumeroog
Rottumeroog makes part of the West Frisian Islands (Dutch: Waddeneilanden). It is the most eastern island.
It lies west of the German island of Borkum and east of the small island of Rottumerplaat.
Brenda Song
Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress. She is also a former child model. Song was first famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She was a regular part on The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. Her character was noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters. In 2010, she moved into mainstream movies and TV. These included Changeland, Angry Angel, and Station 19.
Early years
Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. Brenda Song holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.
Career
Brenda Song began acting and modeling at age 6. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.
One of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She later continued this role in the spin-off The Suite Life on Deck. She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series Phil of the Future. Song had minor guest appearances on both That's So Raven and American Dragon: Jake Long.
Song had her first starring role in 2006 in the movie Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior.
In 2010, Song was part of the main cast of The Social Network. This marked her entry into mainstream movies and TV.
In 2017, Song was cast in Freeform's movie, Angry Angel.
In January 2019, Song was cast in a starring role in the Hulu television series Dollface alongside Kat Dennings.
Personal
In 2017, Song began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin. They have a daughter together named Dakota, born in 2021.
Cilla Black
Cilla Black (27 May 1943 – 1 August 2015) was a English television personality, singer and actress. Her birth name was Priscilla Maria Veronica White and she was born in Liverpool. She became known for her songs "Anyone Who Had A Heart" and "You're My World" as well as her long-running TV shows Blind Date (1985-2003) and Surprise Surprise (1984-2001).
In the early 1960s, young Cilla worked at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, where the Beatles often performed, as a hat check girl. She also sang onstage at the Cavern sometimes, backed by the band that was playing at the time. "Swinging Cilla" was well-liked by the Cavern's members and guests.
One day Brian Epstein visited the Cavern to meet the Beatles, and ask about a record they made, so he could sell copies at his family's music store. Stories rose later that Cilla was working, and she first met Epstein when he gave her his hat and coat. Neither one remembered this later, though, and each believed the story was not true.
Epstein's getting to know the Beatles led to his becoming their manager, and with his help, they won a recording contract. The Beatles' talent and work with music producer George Martin led to hit records. Epstein decided to manage other Liverpool musicians. Along with the bands and male singers he signed up, Epstein chose Cilla as his only female performer. He suggested her stage name (changing White to Black), so she and her family could keep their privacy. Martin also agreed to record her, helping choose songs that would showcase her voice.
Cilla became popular first in England and Europe, then in America as the Beatles' music started the "British Invasion" there in 1964. One of her first hits, "Anyone Who Had A Heart", was recorded earlier by American singer Dionne Warwick. The two records sounded similar, even though Cilla had not heard Warwick's version, and a few people believed she had copied it. Both women later also recorded the theme song for the movie Alfie, but they sounded different.
Cilla had other hit records, including "You're My World" and a television theme song, "Step Inside, Love". Epstein enjoyed working with her, even helping her choose wardrobe for performances and looking after her backstage, but personal problems later took away his attention. He died in 1967, after a drug overdose.
In time, Cilla Black stopped having hits. She remained popular in England, though, and was a welcome hostess and guest on television. She also made appearances from time to time, to sing the songs from the time she was most popular.
In later years, her health became poor. Arthritis made walking painful, and she was nearly deaf. She admitted that she did not want to live past 75 years old, because she enjoyed her life less and less as she aged.
Cilla Black died of a stroke after a fall at her holiday home near Marbella, Spain, on 1 August 2015, aged 72. Her funeral took place in Liverpool on 20 August 2015.
Elisabeth-Anne de Massy
Baroness Elizabeth-Ann de Massy Noghès (13 January 1947 – 10 June 2020) was a Monegasque aristocrat. She was the daughter of Princess Antoinette of Monaco and Alexandre-Athenase Noghès.
Biography
She is a first cousin of the reigning Prince Albert II and niece of Rainier III. She is the godmother of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco.
Although Elisabeth-Anne was born out of wedlock, her parents married in 1951, thus allowing her to be in the line to the throne. She lost her place in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne upon the death of Rainier III.
Affiliations
She was President of the Monegasque Tennis Federation and of the Monte Carlo Country Club.
Whitney Port
Whitney Eve Port (born March 4, 1985) is an American television personality, fashion designer and writer of books. She was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She attended Crossroads School in Santa Monica. In 2006, Port became famous when she appeared on the reality series The Hills on MTV.
Elisabeth-Anne de Massy
Affiliations
On 10 June 2020, Elizabeth-Ann de Massy died at the age of 73.
Robotboy
Robotboy is a British-French animated television series produced by Alphanim for Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom.
Episodes
List of Robotboy episodes
God paradox
The God paradox is an idea in philosophy. This idea is explained here:
Electroreception
Research
Until recently, people thought only vertebrates had electroreception. However, research has shown that bees use electroreception to find flowers. Electroreception is found in lampreys, cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, chimaeras), lungfishes, bichirs, coelacanths, sturgeons, catfishes, gymnotiformes, monotremes, and at least one species of cetacean. Fish have electroreception from their lateral lines. In most groups electroreception is used for predation. The Western long-beaked echidna has about 2,000 electroreceptors on its bill. Its relative, the duck-billed platypus, has 40,000.
Principality of Hutt River
The Principality of Hutt River, previously known as the Hutt River Province, is the oldest micronation in Australia. The principality claims to be an independent sovereign state. It is unrecognized except by other micronations, but got de facto legal status on 21 April 1972.
God paradox
This is a paradox because:
Electroreception
Electrolocation
Electroreceptive animals use this sense to find where objects are. This is important in ecological niches where the animal cannot see. For example, animals cannot use their vision in caves, in murky water, and at night. Many fish use electric fields to find buried prey. Some shark pups "freeze" when they feel the electric signal of their predators.
Daffy Duck
Daffy Duck is a cartoon duck from the Warner Bros. cartoons. He stands on two legs, has a black body, a white ring about his neck, and an orange beak. He first appeared in Porky´s Duck Hunt in 1937. In 1946, Daffy had started to change, and Daffy became less looney. Over the years, Daffy Duck had changed from a screwball and heckling character to greedy and a jealous character. He was created by Tex Avery and Bob Clampett.
God paradox
If either outcome were considered true, then it is argued that God Almighty is actually not almighty.
Answers to the God Paradox
The God paradox is a good example of a philosophical problem. This section has some answers to this paradox.
One answer is that God could make it so he can't lift the mountain by his own choice. In other words, God can lift the unliftable mountain because he is all powerful, but he chooses not to be able to, and so he chooses to cut his own power, because he is able. God can also choose to not be able to create such a mountain. God is all powerful, so he can choose not to have the power to make an unliftable mountain. Simply said, God can cut his own power, but in so doing, he can still regain that power. It is a limbo, a state between not powerful and powerful, something that is not definable by our knowledge of what is possible or impossible. Because God is almighty, he surpasses our definitions of what he can and cannot do.