cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
YouTube
Criticism
Because YouTube keeps changing policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising, many content creators are concerned about these frequent changes. YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising. This includes videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain"), and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content. However, it is not clear what is the boundaries for what YouTube's policies specifically accept and do not accept. Some content creators also say that YouTube's policies also change too often. For example, on January 16, 2018, the requirement for a channel to be monetized is to get 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers. Although YouTube's intent was to avoid monetizing videos of channels seen as controversial, people criticize that this move greatly harms smaller YouTube channels.
After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November 2021, citing its internal research that found users often used the dislike feature as a form of cyberbullying and brigading. While some users praised the move as a way to discourage trolls, others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognise clickbait or unhelpful videos, and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying. Some theorised the removal of dislikes was influenced by YouTube Rewind 2018, which was universally panned and became the most-disliked video on the platform. YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed." Karim felt that the ability for users on a social platform to identity bad content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there’s a name for it: the wisdom of the crowds. The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform invariably declines."
West Kingston, Rhode Island
West Kingston is an unincorporated community and village in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It is the county seat of Washington County. It is the site of the Kingston Railroad Station Amtrak station. It is a part of the Town of South Kingstown.
Yuriy Poyarkov
Yuriy Mikhaylovich Poyarkov (Юрій Михайлович Поярков, 10 February 1937 – 10 February 2017) was a Ukrainian volleyball player. He competed for the Soviet Union in the 1964 Summer Olympics, in the 1968 Summer Olympics, and in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Barbara Knox
Barbara Knox MBE (born 30 September 1933), is a British actress. She is known for her portrayal of newsagent Rita Sullivan in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street. She has been a full-time cast member for over 50 years, having appeared for one episode as Rita in December 1964, before becoming a regular cast member from January 1972 onwards. Knox is currently the second longest-serving cast member in the show.
Personal life
On 28 March 2014, it was reported that she had been arrested on suspicion of driving while under the influence of alcohol in her home town of Knutsford, Cheshire. On 4 April, Knox was formally charged, and she appeared at Macclesfield Magistrates' Court on 24 April. On 23 January 2015, she changed her plea to guilty. She was banned from driving for a year, as well as being fined £3,000 and £1,750 in costs.
Loammi Baldwin
Baldwin is known as the Father of American Civil Engineering. His five sons, Cyrus Baldwin (1773-1854), Benjamin Franklin Baldwin (1777-1821), Loammi Baldwin, Jr. (1780-1834), James Fowle Baldwin (1782-1862), and George Rumford Baldwin (1798-1888) were also well-known engineers. He surveyed and built the Middlesex Canal, but today he is perhaps best remembered for the Baldwin apple which he discovered when surveying the Middlesex Canal, and then developed at his farm
Military Career in the American Revolution
In 1774 Baldwin enlisted in a regiment, and commanded the Woburn militia at the Battle of Lexington and Concord as a major. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in the 26th Continental Regiment commanded by Colonel Samuel Gerrish. Here he rapidly advanced to be lieutenant-colonel, and on Colonel Gerrish's retirement in August 1775, he was placed in command of the regiment, and was soon commissioned colonel.
Political career
Baldwin was elected to various public offices between 1780 and 1796. He was appointed high sheriff of Middlesex County in 1780, and was the first to hold office after the adoption of the state constitution. From 1778-1784, he represented Woburn in the Massachusetts General Court (the state legislature). In 1794, he was a candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives, and obtained all the votes cast in Woburn but one.
Engineering career
Baldwin began work with his older sons on the Middlesex Canal in 1794 and after nine years, the canal began service in 1803. He later worked on Boston's fortifications. His son Cyrus continued his father's work on the Middlesex Canal as an agent for the canal company. His son Benjamin worked on the Boston Mill Dam for before an early death at age 43.
Palaeoproterozoic
The Palaeoproterozoic was the first era of the Proterozoic eon. It came after the Archaean eon, and lasted from 2500 to 1600 million years ago (mya).
In the Palaeoproterozoic, there was a huge production of stromatolites by cyanobacteria. The first unicellular eukaryote organisms also appeared in the fossil record.
The first supercontinent grew, and some of the rocks were normal sedimentary rocks, not metamorphosed.
Basic differences in Earth physics
Because the Earth was only half as old as now, there were some basic differences from today. Heat in the Earth's interior was greater than today. This was mainly due to the higher abundance of radioactive isotopes, which decay as time passes.
Temperatures at the surface were also higher, due to radiation from the Earth's interior, and due to a methane and carbon dioxide-based greenhouse atmosphere. During the previous eon, the Archaean, the oceans were hot (55–85 °C). This was only partly balanced by the fact that the Sun's radiation was lower at that time.
Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history suggests that ~1.8 billion years ago, there were about 450 days in a year, implying 20 hour days. Further back, the Earth day had about 17 hours, and there were 514±33 days per year. The Earth–Moon distance for the earliest Palaeoproterozoic was 51.9±3.3 Earth radii (compared to 60.27 at present).
Supercontinent
A global supercontinent (called Columbia, or Nena) existed from about 1.8 to 1.5 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era.
Climate
During the era climate changes were as severe as any in Earth history. From a global high temperature at the start, there were three massive ice ages, with ice deep into the tropics.
Drop in methane
There are clear indications that the era saw a drop in atmospheric methane:
Sedative
A sedative is a depressant that lowers excitement and irritability. Doctors use sedatives to prevent nervous patients from accidentally hurting themselves or the doctor. They are also used in tranquilizer guns.
Palaeoproterozoic
The buildup of oxygen
Banded iron formations, which provide most of the world's iron ore, were formed by the oxygen forming compounds with iron; most accumulation ceased after 1.9 billion years ago. Red beds, which are colored by hematite, indicate an increase in atmospheric oxygen after 2 billion years ago; they are not found in older rocks. p324
Active transport
Active transport is when molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This takes energy, often from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Active transport is done so cells get what they need, such as ions, glucose and amino acids.
Palaeoproterozoic
Ice ages
There were three major ice ages, with ice deep into the tropics. Undoubtedly, they happened as a result of reduced greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the rise of oxygen production.
There is what researchers call "a puzzling interval of ~1,400 million years with no verified glaciation between early Palaeoproterozoic glaciations at 2400–2200 mya in North America, South Africa, Scandinavia and Australia and the Neoproterozoic glaciations that affected all continents at 800–600 mya".
Meteorite strikes
There were major bolide impacts during the era, two of which caused the largest impact crators on Earth. There are also three smaller (equal or more than 30 kilometers diameter) in the time zone of 3.0 to 1.2 billion years ago.
Active transport
In general, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. To get molecules into the cell against the concentration gradient, work must be done. The work is done in special proteins which act as ports in the cell membrane. The imports must come through the ports: they cannot get through the bilipid layer of the cell membrane.
Types of ports
There are three main types of protein ports in cell membranes:
Sedative
There are different kinds of sedatives:
Most sedatives act very slowly, usually in 10-15 minutes. Doctors must know a patient's weight and medical history in order give them the sedatives which are best for them.
People who have been given sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sedatives act on their ability to react, those who have been given such drugs should not do the following: The drugs are given in clinical settings to facilitate medical procedures that would require physical restraint in a conscious patient or otherwise be unfeasible. They are also used to tranquilize dangerous animals. If the animal is in a position where it can't hurt anyone, a slow-acting sedative will be used. If the animal is out-of-control, a fast-acting sedative will be used. Fast-acting sedatives usually take between 3-5 minutes to take effect. Tranquilizer darts are rarely used on humans because there is no way to know which sedative to use and how much to use without performing a pre-anesthetic exam on the patient beforehand. There are only two known cases of a person being intentionally tranquilized, and in both cases the person doing the tranquilizing knew their target's weight and medical history.
Problems
Sedatives usually should not be taken for a longer period of time, as there are problems:
Park and ride
Park and ride facilities are parking lots with public transport connections. They allow people to leave their vehicles and travel on a bus, train or carpool for the remainder of the journey. Park and rides are usually in the suburbs of metropolitan areas or on the outer edges of large cities.
Sidney Nolan
Sir Sidney Robert Nolan (22 April 1917 – 28 November 1992) is regarded as one of Australia's great artists. He used many art forms including painting, drawing, printmaking, set design (for theatre), murals, spray painting and collage. He created over 10,000 individual art works, considered a prolific, or large, number of works of art.
Park and ride
Park and ride are shown as "P+R" on road signs in the UK.
Sidney Nolan
Nolan is famous for his set of 27 Ned Kelly paintings. His friend, Sunday Reed, donated 25 of the paintings to the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, where a special room has been built to display them. In 2010 one of the Kelly paintings was given to the National Gallery of Victoria. One of the Kelly paintings not owned by the museum was sold in March 2010 for AU$5.4 million. This was the highest price ever paid for an Australian painting.
Palaeoproterozoic
Origin of eukaryotes
The origin of the eukaryotic cell was a milestone in the evolution of life, since they include all complex cells and almost all multi-cellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll suggests they developed approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago. Some acritarchs are known from at least 1650 million years ago, and the possible alga Grypania has been found as far back as 2100 million years ago.
Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft. Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple's January 1984 original Macintosh, the first mass-produced personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that enabled users to see user friendly icons on screen. Windows 1.0 was released on November 20, 1985, as the first version of the Microsoft Windows line. It runs as a graphical, 16-bit multi-tasking shell on top of an existing MS-DOS installation. It provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software. Its development was spearheaded by the company founder Bill Gates after he saw a demonstration of a similar software suite known as Visi On at COMDEX.
Despite positive responses to its early presentations and support from a number of hardware and software makers, Windows 1.0 was received poorly by critics. Critics felt Windows 1.0 did not meet their expectations. In particular, they felt that Windows 1.0 put too much emphasis on mouse input at a time when mouse use was not yet widespread; not providing enough resources for new users; and for performance issues, especially on systems with lower computer hardware specifications. Despite these criticisms, Windows 1.0 was an important milestone for Microsoft, as it introduced the Microsoft Windows line. Windows 1.0 was declared obsolete and Microsoft stopped providing support and updates for the system on December 31, 2001.
History
Microsoft began developing a graphical user interface (GUI) in 1981. The development of Windows began after Microsoft founder Bill Gates saw a demonstration at COMDEX 1982 of VisiCorp's Visi On, a GUI software suite for IBM PC compatible computers. In 1983 Microsoft learned that Apple's own GUI software—based in part on Xerox PARC technology–was much more sophisticated, and decided that its own product would be different.
Microsoft first presented Windows to the public on November 10, 1983. Requiring two floppy disk drives and 192 KB of RAM, Microsoft described the software as a device driver for MS-DOS 2.0. By supporting cooperative multitasking in tiled windows when using well-behaved applications that only used DOS system calls, and permitting non-well-behaved applications to run in a full screen, Windows differed from both Visi On and Apple Computer's Lisa by immediately offering many applications. Unlike Visi On, Windows developers did not need to use Unix to develop IBM PC applications; Microsoft planned to encourage other companies, including competitors, to develop programs for Windows by not requiring a Microsoft user interface in their applications.
Many manufacturers of MS-DOS computers such as Compaq, Zenith, and DEC promised to provide support, as did software companies such as Ashton-Tate and Lotus. After previewing Windows, BYTE magazine stated in December 1983 that it "seems to offer remarkable openness, reconfigurability, and transportability as well as modest hardware requirements and pricing … Barring a surprise product introduction from another company, Microsoft Windows will be the first large-scale test of the desktop metaphor in the hands of its intended users".
From early in Windows' history Gates viewed it as Microsoft's future. He told InfoWorld magazine in April 1984 that "Our strategies and energies as a company are totally committed to Windows, in the same way that we're committed to operating-system kernels like MS-DOS and Xenix. We're also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run." IBM was notably absent from Microsoft's announcement, and by late 1984, the press reported a "War of the Windows" between Windows, IBM's TopView, and Digital Research's Graphics Environment Manager (GEM). Microsoft had promised in November 1983 to ship Windows by April 1984, but subsequently denied that it had announced a release date, and predicted that Windows would ship by June 1985. Deemphasizing multitasking, the company stated that Windows' purpose, unlike that of TopView, was to "turn the computer into a graphics-rich environment" while using less memory. After Microsoft persuaded IBM that the latter needed a GUI, in April 1987 the two companies announced the introduction of OS/2 and its graphical OS/2 Presentation Manager, which were supposed to ultimately replace both MS-DOS and Windows. In November 1987, Windows 1.0 was succeeded by Windows 2.0. Microsoft supported Windows 1.0 for 16 years, until December 31, 2001 – the longest out of all versions of Windows.
Windows 1.01
Version 1.01, released on November 20, 1985, was the first public release of Windows 1.0.
Windows 1.02
Version 1.02, released in May 1986, was an international release.
Windows 1.03
Version 1.03, released in August 1986, included enhancements that made it consistent with the international release like drivers for European keyboards and additional screen and printer drivers.
Windows 1.04
Version 1.04, released in April 1987, added support for the new IBM PS/2 computers, although no support for PS/2 mice or new VGA graphics modes was provided.
Sidney Nolan
Nolan was born in Carlton, Victoria on 22 April 1917. He attended Prahran Technical College and studied art at the National Gallery School in Melbourne. In 1948 he moved to Sydney, New South Wales and then in 1953 he moved to London where he stayed until his death on 28 November 1992.
Mutton
The terms lamb, mutton or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep. The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as lamb, whereas the meat of an older sheep is either hoggett or mutton depending on its age and characteristics. In some countries all such meat is referred to as lamb. All of these are known as sheepmeats.
The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms. This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and is often eaten more often in some western countries, most often on Easter.
Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals.
Taxicab stand
A taxicab stand (also called taxi rank, cab stand, taxi stand, cab rank, or hack stand) is a queue area on a street or on private property where taxicabs line up to wait for passengers.
How stands work
Stands are normally located at airports, hotel driveways, railway stations, subway stations, bus depots, ferry terminals, shopping centres, and major street intersections. Usually stands are marked by simple painted signs.
Stands generally work as a first-come, first-served queue, so that the first taxicab to arrive on the stand (the one at the front of the line) serves the first passenger to arrive, and as the first taxicab leaves, each taxicab behind it moves ahead one spot, with the last taxicab to arrive taking the last spot.
Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. About 2.4 million people live in the city. It has an area of 330.9 km². It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country.
Rod Driver
Rodney David "Rod" Driver (July 1, 1932 – January 16, 2022) was an American mathematician and politician. He was known for research on differential equations. He was a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1987 until 1995 and again from 2009 until 2011. Driver was born in London, England. Driver was a professor of mathematics at the University of Rhode Island.
Driver died on January 16, 2022 at a nursing home in East Greenwich, Rhode Island at the age of 89.
Le Plessier-Huleu
Le Plessier-Huleu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Carol Raye
Carol Raye (17 January 1923 – 19 June 2022) was a British-born Australian actress, comedian, singer, dancer, and radio and television producer and director.
Raye was best known as the producer and starring in The Mavis Bramston Show. She was also in the soap opera Number 96 as Baroness Amanda von Pappenburg. She also played herself in The Mike Walsh Show and was a regular panellist on the game show Blankety Blanks.
Raye died on 19 June 2022 in Sydney, Australia at the age of 99.
Keep the Faith (Bon Jovi song)
"Keep the Faith" is a 1992 song by American hard rock band Bon Jovi and is the leading single from their fifth studio album of the same name. It went to number 1 in Norway and Portugal, number 2 in Greece, number 3 in Switzerland, number 4 in New Zealand, number 5 in Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom, number 7 in Sweden, number 8 in Germany, number 9 in Iceland and number 10 in Australia and the Netherlands.
Brian Mawhinney
Mawhinney died on 9 November 2019 in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, aged 79.
Bradley University
Bradley University is a private university in Peoria, Illinois. It was founded in 1897. 5,400 students go here. The university has over 30 graduate programs and over 100 undergraduate programs.
Le Sourd
Le Sourd is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Guy Ourisson
Guy Henry Ourisson (March 26, 1926 – November 4, 2006) was a French chemist. He was vice president and later president of the Academy of Sciences.
Career
In 1952 he got a PhD from Harvard University. In 1954, he got a doctorate in physics from the Sorbonne under the direction of G. Dupont. At the University of Strasbourg, he was appointed as a lecturer in 1955, professor in 1958. He became a retired professor in 1995.
He died, aged 80, in Strasbourg.
Le Thuel
Le Thuel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska
Kenai Peninsula Borough is a borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,799. The borough seat is Soldotna.
Aluminium selenide
Aluminium selenide, also known as aluminum selenide or aluminium(III) selenide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2Se3. It contains aluminium in its +3 oxidation state. It contains aluminium and selenide ions.
Properties
It reacts with water to make hydrogen selenide. It is a reducing agent and can burn to make aluminium oxide and selenium dioxide.
Uses
It is used to make hydrogen selenide.
Le Verguier
Le Verguier is a commune. It is in Picardie in the Aisne department in north France.
Lüscherz
Lüscherz is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Azucena Berrutti
Azucena Berrutti (born 7 January 1929) is an Uruguayan politician and lawyer. She was the National Defence Minister, appointed by the Uruguayan President Tabaré Vázquez, from March 2005 until March 2008. Berrutti was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. She is a member of the Broad Front.
Andreas Schockenhoff
Andreas Schockenhoff (February 23, 1957 – 13 December 2014) was a German politician of the CDU. From 1990 until his death in 2014, he served as a member of the German Bundestag. In the general election in 2013, he was elected the seventh consecutive year as a direct mandate for the federal electoral district Ravensburg in the German Bundestag. Schockenhoff was born in Ludwigsburg, Germany.
Schockenhoff died in Ravensburg, Germany, aged 57.
Nose, Osaka
Nose (能勢町) is a Japanese town in the Toyono District of Osaka Prefecture.
Eugene Burger
Eugene Burger (June 1, 1939 – August 8, 2017) was an American magician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was known for his close-up skills and his work in mentalism and bizarre magic. He was also a philosopher and a historian of religion.
Burger died of liver cancer in Chicago on August 8, 2017 at the age of 78.
Great Wall
The Great Walls are the largest known structures in the universe. They are based on data set mapping of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The mapping found an unusually high concentration of similarly distanced GRBs in certain areas.
Structures larger than 1,200,000,000 light years are incompatible with the cosmological principle according to all estimates.
United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with health matters. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet.
List of Secretaries of Health and Human
(9) (15) (1)
Rodolfo Arruabarrena
Rodolfo Arruabarrena (born 20 July 1975) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.
United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
List of Secretaries of Health and Human
Status
Rodolfo Arruabarrena
Club career statistics
197||12 219||11 16||0 432||23
International career statistics
!Total||6||0
United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
List of Secretaries of Health and Human
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
!No. !Portrait !Name !State of residence !Took office !Left office !colspan=2 |President(s) !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !rowspan=2 style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !rowspan=2 style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" | !style="background: ;" |
Bohemia
Bohemia is one of the regions of the Czech Republic. Poland is to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and the Czech province of Moravia to the east. The capital city of Prague is in Bohemia.
Bohemia is well known for its glasswares and other handicrafts, its beer and its cuisine.
During the Middle Ages, Bohemia was sometimes an independent duchy or kingdom. In 1526, it came under control of the House of Habsburg. After Austria-Hungary was defeated during World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia.
Raebareli
Raebareli is a city in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, Raebareli had a population of 191,316 people.
Taro
Taro is a plant used as a vegetable. People eat its stem (corm) and its leaves. It is grown by people in Oceania. It is one of the earliest plants that people grew. It is poisonous when raw, but is safe to eat if it is cooked.
Innlandet
Innlandet is a county in Norway. It was created on 1 January 2020, by merging the old counties of Oppland and Hedmark. It is in Eastern Norway. Hamar is the biggest city in the county with a population of 28,434.
Farming and forestry are the biggest industries. It helps with 20% of Norway's farming and about 40% of wood.
Municipalities
Innlandet County has 46 municipalities:
Estrildid finch
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They can be classified as the family Estrildidae (weaver-finch), or as a sub-group within the family Passeridae, which also includes the true sparrows.
They live in flocks and often colonial seed-eaters with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but vary widely in plumage colours and pattern.
All the estrildids build large domed nests and lay 5–10 white eggs. Many species build roost nests. Some of the fire-finches and pytilias are hosts to the brood-parasitic indigobirds and whydahs respectively.
Most are sensitive to cold and require a warm, usually tropical, habitat, although a few have adapted to the cooler climates of southern Australia.
Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Provisional Irish Republican Army was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that wanted to unite Ireland, by using armed force to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom, mainly during The Troubles era. It split from the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1969. Its violent activities formally ended in 1997. During that time, about 10,000 people were members. In 2002, there were about 1,000 people left; 300 of them were still in active service. In July 2005 it destroyed all its weapons and bombs.
Its opponents were the British Army, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, and loyalist paramilitary groups like the Ulster Volunteers. The PIRA aimed to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a socialist republic within a united Ireland. It tried to do this through armed attacks and explosions and by using political persuasion.
The Provisional Irish Republican Army is also referred to as the IRA, the PIRA, the Provos, or by its supporters as the Army or the 'RA. The PIRA usually refers to its members as volunteers. The IRA is a listed in the UK under the Terrorism Act 2000. It is also listed as an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland. The United States does not list the IRA as a "foreign terrorist organization", but includes them in the category of "other selected terrorist groups also deemed of relevance in the global war on terrorism.".
Overview of strategies
The IRA's first strategy was to use force to destroy the Northern Ireland administration and to hurt or kill enough British soldiers and police officers that the British government would leave. The IRA recruited volunteers. They got more volunteers after the 1972 Bloody Sunday attack, in which the British military fired on protesters. The IRA then attacked against British military and economic targets. They were supported by arms and funding from Libya, revolutionary movements in Europe, and from some groups in the Republic of Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
The IRA agreed to a ceasefire in February 1975, which lasted nearly a year. Then the IRA decided it could not meet its goals with the ceasefire. As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as "the Long War". This started a war of attrition against the British. As well, they did more political activity through the political party Sinn Féin.
The 1981 Irish hunger strike helped the IRA to gain support and win elections. This led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy which aimed at doing more political activity. The unsuccessful attempt to do more military attacks led republican leaders to look for a political solution. Sinn Féin got more distanced from the IRA. Following negotiations with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and with British civil servants, the IRA called a ceasefire in 1994. They expected that Sinn Féin would be included in political talks for solving the disputes. When the British government demanded the disarmament of the IRA before it allowed Sinn Féin into talks, the IRA called off its ceasefire in February 1996.
After the ceasefire was reinstated in July 1997, Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks. This produced the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. The IRA's armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, caused the deaths of approximately 1,800 people. The dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and about 640 civilians. The IRA itself lost 275–300 members, of an estimated 10,000 total over the 30-year period.
On 28 July 2005, the IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed campaign. The IRA stated that it would use only political and democratic processes. Soon after, the IRA destroyed its guns and bombs.
Two small groups split from the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA in 1986, and the Real IRA in 1997. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity.
Hybrid plasmid
A hybrid plasmid is a plasmid that contains an inserted piece of foreign DNA.
Hamber Provincial Park
Hamber Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia. It is next to Jasper National Park and the border with Alberta. It has an area of about 240 km2. It is part of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. The Trans-Canada Highway was built a different way to make sure it didn't go through the park.
Campanulaceae
The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains about 70 genera and 2000 species, you are probably familiar with bellflowers and cardinal flower and think of these as a group of small herbaceous flowers.
Sodium selenide
Sodium selenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Se. It contains sodium and selenide ions.
Properties
Sodium selenide is a solid. It reacts with water to make a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroselenide. It is a reducing agent. It is oxidized to a mixture of selenide and selenium, making an offwhite color. It is eventually oxidized to selenium dioxide. it reacts with acids to make hydrogen selenide gas.
Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with a solution of sodium in liquid ammonia.
Uses
Sodium selenide is used to react with some organic compounds.
Lō'ihi Seamount
Lō'ihi Seamount, also known as Loihi or Lōihi, is an submarine volcano (seamount) in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. It lies in the Pacific Ocean south of the island of Hawaii.
Lōihi is an active volcano.
Oye Gureje
Oye Gureje, NNOM (born in 1952) is a Nigerian psychiatrist at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He is also the Director of World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences, Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the institution. Gureje is a Professor Extraordinary at the Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. He is best known for his work on epidemiology, nosology and global mental health. Gureje is of the leading voices on mental health service and policy development in Africa. He has published more than 500 peer-reviewed scientific papers, monographs, book chapters and other reports. Since 2004, he has been listed in the "top 1% cited researchers in the area of psychiatry and psychology". According to Clarivate Analytics, he is one of the "most influential scientific minds"
Lō'ihi Seamount
Hawaiian name
In 1995, the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) changed a longtime policy and is now using the Hawaiian okina and kahakō in the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). After 1995, Loihi seamount was officially identified as Lōʻihi.
Seamount
Lōihi seamount is 32 miles from the peak of Mauna Loa. This small volcano is in on the slopes of the larger and older one. Lōihi Seamount is over 3,000 meters above the sea floor. It is as tall as the volcano Mount St Helens was before it erupted.
In 2012, the top of this volcano is one kilometer below the sea,
Island
Lōihi is predicted to grow until it is an island, thousands of years from now.
Ghislaine Maxwell
Early life
Maxwell was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, Île-de-France. She is the youngest child of a French mother (Elisabeth Maxwell) and Czech-born British publishing tycoon Robert Maxwell. She grew up in Oxford, England. She has triple citizenship: American, British and French. She was a popular socialite in London in the 1980s.
Career
Maxwell founded the ocean-advocacy group The TerraMar Project in 2012. The organization announced it was closing on 12 July 2019, a week after the sex trafficking charges brought by New York federal prosecutors against Epstein became public.
Epstein relationship
During the 1990s, Maxwell had a relationship with businessman and sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. After the relationship ended, they continued their association as friends. Maxwell faced allegations of sexually trafficking underage girls for Epstein and others, charges she denied.
Sex trafficking trial and conviction
On 27 December 2019, Reuters reported that Maxwell was among those under FBI investigation for helping Epstein. Since Epstein's arrest, Maxwell has been in hiding, communicating with the courts only through her lawyers.
On 12 March 2020, she filed a lawsuit in Superior Court in the U.S. Virgin Islands against Epstein's estate seeking compensation for her legal fees.
On 2 July 2020, Maxwell was arrested by the FBI in Bradford, New Hampshire.
In 2021, she was the defendant in a trial in the lower federal court system; On December 29, she was convicted on five counts related to the sex trafficking of a child and conspiracy.
Hebron
Hebron is divided into two parts: H1, controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, and H2, about 20% of the city, controlled by Israel.
Ghislaine Maxwell
Sex trafficking trial and conviction
She is in jail (as of 2023).
Hebron
The city is famous as the traditional burial site of the Biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs. This makes it a very important city in Judaism. It is also very important to Muslims because of its connections with Abraham.
Hebron is important to the economy of the area due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories. It is also the location of the major dairy-product maker, al-Junaidi. The old city of Hebron has narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University. It has no cinemas or places of entertainment.
1980 Summer Paralympics
The 1980 Summer Paralympics took place in Arnhem, Netherlands. 1,973 athletes from 42 countries were at the Games. People with these types of disabilities competed at the games: spinal injury, amputee, blindness, cerebral palsy, and Les Autres.
Latin Empire
Fourth crusade
In 1202, Pope Innocent III called for the crusaders to retake the Holy Land from the Abbasid. Due to financial problems, the crusaders were not able to reach their original goals. Crusaders and the Venetians attacked and looted the Catholic city of Zara, Croatia. Soon after this, they were excommunicated by the pope.
Crusaders and the Venetians later decided to go to Constantinople. In 1203, the Crusaders besieged Constantinople. A year later they looted and captured the city.
Latin Empire
In 1204, Baldwin IX of Flanders was crowned the Latin Emperor of Constantinople in Hagia Sophia. Baldwin did not reign for long. He was captured in the Battle of Adrianople while fighting the Bulgarians.
Abraham Cressy Morrison
Abraham Cressy Morrison (1888-1951) was an American chemist. He was President of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Personal life
He was known to his close friends as "Cressy". His wife was the former Marguerite Snow of New York. He loved to fish and entertain at their summer home on Deer Isle, south of Bangor, Maine.
Notable work
Morrison published a book called Man in a Chemical World: The Service of Chemical Industry (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1937). It is a work on science for the general reader. He is better known for his book Man Does Not Stand Alone, which was published in 1944. His largest work was The Baking Powder Controversy (New York: American Baking Powder Association, 1904–07). This is a work in two volumes on the history of the baking powder industry in the U.S.
Joan Barril
Barril died in Barcelona, Spain from pneumonia, aged 62.
Koichi Hashigaito
Koichi Hashigaito (born 30 March 1982) is a Japanese football player.
University of Geneva
The University of Geneva (Université de Genève) is a university in Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded in 1559. As of 2018, it had 17,271 students.
Koichi Hashigaito
Club career statistics
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Rhododendron
Rhododendron is a large genus of flowering plants. It includes 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). Some are evergreen, and some are deciduous. They are found mainly in Asia.
Bruce Onobrakpeya
Bruce Onobrakpeya was born on 30 August 1932. He is a Nigerian printmaker, painter and he makes statues. His works were shown at the Tale Modern in London, the National Museum of African art of the Smithsonian institution in Washington, D.C and the Malmö konsthall in Malmö, Sweden.
Rhododendron
Most of them have quite showy flowers. What gardeners know as Azalea is in fact a kind of rhododendron. Many people have rhododendrons in their garden or flower pot. It is the national flower of Nepal. One rhododendron, Rhododendron ponticum, has become an Invasive species in North America.
War novel
A war novel is a novel that takes place during some form of fighting. In these books, the primary action happens during armed combat. Other war novels take place on the home front. The characters may be busy getting ready for or recovering from war. It is sometimes called military fiction.
Suicide
Suicide is when a person chooses to kill themselves. When someone kills themselves, people say that they have "committed suicide," "completed suicide," or "died by suicide". When a person seriously considers killing themselves, they are described as suicidal.
War novel
History
There have been war novels and other stories about war for many thousands of years. In Ancient Greece and Rome and the Middle Ages, people wrote epic poems about the glory of war. Some of the most famous epic poems are The Iliad by Homer, The Aeneid by Virgil, the Old English saga Beowulf, and the legends of King Arthur.
Another important influence of war novels are tragedies (plays about human suffering.) Euripides, Seneca the Younger, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare wrote plays that are important influences on war novels. Shakespeare's play Henry V has many features of a war novel. It has history and military tactics, and it talks about the ethics of war.
Conthey District
Conthey is a district in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities:
War novel
History
The genres of romance and satire are also important. These works, especially in Early Modern Europe, show military heroism and folly (foolishness). Some important examples are The Faerie Queen by Edmund Spenser and Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes.
Lehaucourt
Lehaucourt is a commune in France. It is in the Aisne Department, in the Picardie region. Until November 16, 1998, it was called Le Haucourt.
War novel
History
The themes and symbols found in modern war novels are also influenced by older works. In The Inferno, Dante described Hell in a way that is very close to how war is described in war novels. Other influences are John Milton's Paradise Lost and the Apocalypse in the Book of Revelation in the Bible.
Origins
The first war novels were from the 1600s. At that time fiction novels written in prose (instead of poetry) were becoming popular. These early war novels were usually satires and picaresque novels. The soldier was usually a rogue and not very realistic. One example is Simplicissimus by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen. Simplicissimus is a semi-autobiographical novel (based on the author's life) about the Thirty Years' War.
Suicide
Suicide is one of the top three causes of death for young people aged 14–35. It is the second most common cause of death for college students. Every 3 seconds, a person somewhere in the world tries to kill themselves. Every 40 seconds, someone dies by suicide. For every suicide, at least six other people are seriously affected.(WHO 2000) When people start having thoughts about killing themselves, it may be a medical emergency. They should get a suicide risk assessment as soon as possible. They should not be left alone.
War novel
19th century war novels
Influential war novels from this time include Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, about the Napoleonic Wars in Russia, and Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage, about the American Civil War.
Treat Her Like a Lady (The Temptations song)
"Treat Her Like a Lady" is a 1984 song by The Temptations and taken from their 1984 album Truly for You. It went to number 12 in the United Kingdom and number 48 in the United States and was their first success since 1975.
War novel
World War I and after
War novels from this time included the experiences of trench warfare, but also began to tell the stories of what happened at home during the war. Many novels were written about the war. Writers were from countries on all sides of the conflict.
One of the first and most influential of these was the 1916 novel Le Feu (or Under Fire) by the French novelist and soldier Henri Barbusse.
The 1920s saw the so-called "war book boom," during which many men who had fought during the war were finally ready to write openly and critically about their war experiences. In 1929, Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front was a massive, worldwide bestseller. Also significant were Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms (1929), Richard Aldington's Death of a Hero (1929), Arnold Zweig's The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927), Charles Yale Harrison's Generals Die in Bed (1930) and William March's Company K (1933).
Japanese war novels
Just after the war ended, Sakaguchi Ango (坂口安吾) published a book called Idiocy (白痴) about the strange life in Japan after the bombing and losing the war. There were many novels aout the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including: Summer Flowers (夏の花) by Hara Tamiki (原 民喜) in 1947 and Black Rain (黒い雨) by Ibuse Masuji (井伏鱒二). There were also novels about being part of the kamikaze. The 1949 book Last Friends (きけ、わだつみの声) was about a group of soldiers leaving for the front. It was a best-seller. Around 1970 another type of novel began to appear. Ordinary people wrote about their experiences of battles and air raids. Novels about the many different ways the war ended also began to appear and tell being left behind in China or becoming prisoners of the Soviet Union in Siberia.
Vietnam and after
Many Americans and Vietnamese authors wrote books during or after this long war.
Suicide
There are many reasons why a person might think about suicide. Most people who are suicidal have some type of mental disorder. They may have a chronic condition, which has been going on for a long time. But it may be an acute condition, which means the first symptoms of mental illness happened rather quickly. Depression is a mental illness that may affect a person to have suicidal thoughts. Depression may also be a symptom of other mental or medical disorders. Another mental condition which may lead to self-harm or suicide is schizophrenia. The stress of life, and its events, like losing a job or getting sick, are less likely to cause suicide. Other causes of suicidal thoughts are extreme cases of bullying and social isolation. Although depression is the main factor in suicide, it is also treatable, and suicide is often preventable.