cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Pooja Vastrakar
Pooja Vastrakar is a cricketer from India. Vastrakar plays for the India women's national cricket team. She was born on September 25, 1999.
Upplands-Bro Municipality
Upplands-Bro Municipality (Upplands-Bro kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kungsängen.
Lincoln D. Faurer
Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer (February 7, 1928 – November 7, 2014) was an American lieutenant general. He served as the director of the National Security Agency and chief of the Central Security Service from 1981 to 1985.
Faurer died on November 7, 2014 in McLean, Virginia, aged 86.
Luyten 726-8
Luyten 726-8 (UV Ceti or Gliese 65) is a binary star which is one of Earth's nearest neighbours. It is about 8.7 light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus. One of the pair, UV Ceti, was the archetype for the class of flare stars.
The two stars are of nearly equal brightness, with apparent magnitudes of 12.57 and 11.99 as seen from Earth. They orbit one another every 26.5 years. The distance between the two stars varies from 2.1 to 8.8 AU. Its own nearest neighbour is Tau Ceti, 0.88 pc away from it.
Both the stars are variables. The most spectacular is Luyten 726-8B, which was given the variable star designation UV Ceti (the other star is also known as BL Ceti). Although UV Ceti was not the first flare star discovered, it is the most prominent example of such a star, and similar flare stars are now known as UV Ceti type variable stars. This star goes through fairly extreme changes of brightness: for instance, in 1952, its brightness increased by 75 times in only 20 seconds. UV Ceti is a red dwarf of spectral type M6.0e.
Don Getty
Donald Ross "Don" Getty, (August 30, 1933 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician and football quarterback. He served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992.
Career
A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979.
Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.
Getty died of heart failure at a hospital in Edmonton, Alberta on February 26, 2016 at the age of 82.
Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
The Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia. It is the oldest orchestra in Russia. It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.
The orchestra started in 1882. It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir". It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia.
By the 1900s it had started to give public performances. Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.
Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years. They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings. Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.
By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. It is an internationally well-known orchestra. Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.
Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania
Belle Vernon is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is near the Monongahela River. As of the 2010 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,093.
L'Hôpital-du-Grosbois
L'Hôpital-du-Grosbois is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
Capital of Korea
The capital of Korea has been in many locations during the history of the Korean peninsula. Today there are two Koreas, each with its own capital city:
Since the end of World War II, there have been two countries or divided Korea:  If reunification were to take place someday, alternate prospects for the capital city, along with Seoul and Pyŏngyang,are Sejong City in South Korea and Kaesong in North Korea.
History
The Go-Joseon period lasted from 2333 BC to 108 BC. The Three Kingdoms period lasted from 57 BC to AD 676
The Goryeo Dynasty lasted from 918 to 1392. The Joseon Dynasty lasted from 1392 to 1910.
The Japanese colonial period lasted from 1910 to 1945.
George Darwin
Sir George Howard Darwin, KCB FRS (9 July 1845 – 7 December 1912) was an English astronomer and mathematician.
He was born at Down House in Kent. His father was Charles Darwin (a famous biologist). His mother was Emma Darwin (Charles's wife).
He worked at Cambridge University.
Sunshine (Gabrielle song)
"Sunshine" is a 1999 song by Gabrielle and is the leading single to her third studio album Rise. It went to number 9 in the United Kingdom, number 19 in Scotland and number 98 in the Netherlands.
Rugendorf
Rugendorf is a municipality in Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany.
United States National Guard
There are two parts of the United States National Guard, administered by the National Guard Bureau of the United States Department of Defense. The Air National Guard is part of the United States Air Force; the Army National Guard is part of the United States Army. The two National Guard groups are identified by the kinds of jobs they do. The Air National Guard does mainly air defense jobs, while the Army National Guard does the jobs on the ground.
YaCy
YaCy is a free-to-use search engine. At its core is a Java program that is run on several people's computers and constantly analyzes and indexes web pages to add to the search engine.
Dyango
José Gómez Romero, artistically known as Dyango (born March 5, 1940), nicknamed "The Voice of Love", is a Spanish musician and singer-songwriter. He was born in Barcelona. His songs were romantic music. He is widely known as one of the most romantic Spanish singers, and one of the best performers on the international level.
In 2013 Dyango participated in the Concert for Freedom, held at Camp Nou in Barcelona on June 29, 2013. That same year, Dyango published the disc The singer, an album of romantic cut that describes his own life. On September 7, 2013, he announced his retirement from the long American tours, not from music or from the concerts.
Choe Yong-rim
Choe Yong-rim (KCNA: Choe Yong Rim, Korean: 최영림, born 20 November 1930) was the Premier (naegak ch’ongri, 내각 총리) of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (commonly known as North Korea) from June 2010 to April 2013 and Workers' Party of Korea central committee presidium member since September 2010.
Choe has been described by The New York Times as a "KWP insider" and a "friend of Kim Jong-Il's family." He is honorary vice-president of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, the country's parliament.
Object-oriented design
Object-Oriented Design (OOD) is a way for the designer of a computer program to specify what a computer program will do, using the way that people think and not using the way that computers think. People think in terms of classes and objects. For example, fruit is a class, and there are different kinds of fruits such as bananas and pineapples. If a computer program designer were specifying to a computer programmer how to create a computer program to manage the fruits in a supermarket, then he or she would specify the program in terms of classes and objects which is how people think.
A computer program called a compiler and/or an interpreter would take the program that the programmer typed in and convert it into a form that a computer can run. Computers really only understand things that are encoded as numbers. Object-Oriented-Design (OOD) uses the power and speed of a computer to allow humans to be more productive in making computer programs, by letting human computer programmers think in terms of how humans think.
Arvin Reingold
Arvin Harold Reingold (July 22, 1930 – October 18, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. Reingold was in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1963 to 1965 and was a Democrat.
Reingold was born in New York City. He moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee. Reingold died in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 90.
Ilaria Occhini
Ilaria Occhini (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She starred in more than 30 movies. Her best known roles were Doctor and the Healer, Welcome to Home Gori and Loose Cannons. Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria.
Occhini died in Rome on 20 July 2019 at the age of 85.
Andrew of Cornwall
Andrew of Cornwall (Andreas Cornubiensis, Andreas de Cornubia, André de Cornouailles) (fl. 1290s) was a philosopher at Oxford during the 1290s. It is thought that he brought Parisian Modism to England, and that he helped to shape Duns Scotus with his ideas.
Farges-Allichamps
Farges-Allichamps is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. About 249 people lived there in January 2019.
Stadtsteinach
Stadtsteinach is a town in Kulmbach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, 8 km northeast of Kulmbach.
José Padilla (DJ)
José Padilla (1955 – 18 October 2020) was a Spanish disc jockey and producer of ambient music. He was best known for his work as DJ in the Café del Mar bar on the island of Ibiza. He was born in Barcelona, Spain. His career began in 1978.
In July 2020, Padilla was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. He died in Ibiza on 18 October 2020 from the disease, aged 64.
Lemonade (Beyoncé album)
Lemonade is the sixth studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on April 23, 2016, by Parkwood Entertainment. The album is Beyoncé's second "visual album", following her eponymous 2013 album. It is also a concept album.
Critical reception
Lemonade received generally positive reviews from music critics.
Track listing
Credits adapted from Tidal.
Bishop's Stortford
Bishop's Stortford is a town in Hertfordshire in south-east England, with about 35,000 people living there.
History
People have lived in the area for hundreds of thousands of years but it became a permanent town by the time of the Saxons.
The Domesday Book says there were 120 people living there in the 1100s. The Normans built a small castle there but it was unused and broken by the time of the Tudors.
In 1901 there were 7,000 people living there, and by 1951 it was 13,000.
The town is popular for travellers to London because of the M11 motorway (an important road) and good train services to London. Stansted Airport has also caused development.
Kaokhangba
Meidingu Kaokhangba (Meitingu Kaokhangpa) was a ruler of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). He is the successor of Pengsiba and the predecessor of Naokhamba. In Ancient Meitei language, "Kao" means a wild bull and "Khangpa" means to prevent or to catch.
He is one of the nine kings associated with the design of a historic flag. He is mentioned in the Cheitharol Kumbaba and the Ningthourol Lambuba.
Parliament of Victoria
The Parliament of Victoria is a bicameral legislature that makes the laws for the state of Victoria, Australia. Its two houses are a lower house the Legislative Assembly, and an upper house, the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly has 88 members, and the Legislative Council has 40 members. The political party with the most members in the lower house forms the government, and is led by the Premier of Victoria. In 2014, the Labor Party won the November election, and its leader, Daniel Andrews, became the Premier. The third part of the Parliament is the Crown, Queen Elizabeth II. She is represented in Victoria by the Governor of Victoria. The current governor is Professor David de Kretser, A.C.
The parliament meets at Parliament House in Spring Street, Melbourne. This building was also the home of the Parliament of Australia from 1901 to 1927.
Regent's Park
Regent's Park is a large park in central London, in the London Borough of Camden and the City of Westminster. London Zoo is inside the park, as is an open air theatre.
In 1982, seven military bandsmen were killed in a PIRA bombing.
NHK Symphony Orchestra
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai The NHK Symphony Orchestra is a Japanese orchestra based in Tokyo, Japan. In Japanese it is written: NHK交響楽団, pronounced: Enueichikei Kōkyō Gakudan. When the orchestra was started in 1926 it was called New Symphony Orchestra. It was the first large professional orchestra in Japan. Later, it changed its name to Japan Symphony Orchestra. In 1951 it started to get money from the Japanese radio station NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), so it changed its name again to the name it has now. It is thought of as the best orchestra in Japan. They have played in many parts of the world, including at the BBC Proms in London.
Vladimir Ashkenazy is the orchestra's main conductor (music director) and Charles Dutoit is music director emeritus. Wolfgang Sawallisch is honorary conductor laureate.
Malans, Doubs
Malans is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
Thurnau
Thurnau is a municipality in Kulmbach, Germany.
Divine Office
The Divine Office (Officium Divinum) is the public, official and common prayer of the Catholic Church. It derives from the authority of the Church, and its content is decided by the Church.
Another name for this is the Liturgy of The Hours.
Birkenhead
Birkenhead is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, in northwest England. It is west of Liverpool across the River Mersey. There is a ferry across the Mersey sung about by Gerry and the Pacemakers.
Klosterneuburg
Klosterneuburg is an Austrian town in the Tulln District in the Industrieviertel region of Lower Austria. It had about 27,000 people in 2016.
Klosterneuburg lies almost entirely south of the Danube River and borders the city of Vienna in the southeast.
It is well-known for its winegrowing.
Landry Bonnefoi
Landry Bonnefoi (born 20 September 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Amiens.
Gérard Sulon
Gérard Sulon (3 April 1938 – 18 October 2020) was a Belgian footballer who played as a midfielder.
Sulon played for RFC Liège, CS Schaerbeek, Beerschot VAV and Crossing Schaerbeek.
Sulon died on 18 October 2020, aged 82.
Florian Klein
Florian Klein (born 17 November 1986) is an Austrian football player. He plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as a defender.
Career
In July 2014 Klein moved to VfB Stuttgart. After three years he went back to Austria and joined FK Austria Wien again. In 2020 he ended his career.
International
Florian Klein played for the Under-19 and Under-21 team of Austria. He also played 17 matches for the A-team.
List of historical capitals of Egypt
The Capital of Egypt is Cairo. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Cairo.
List of Egyptian capitals
The capitals of Egypt in chronological order begin with Thinis (pre-2950 BC)
L'Hôpital-Saint-Lieffroy
L'Hôpital-Saint-Lieffroy is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
Carl Perkins
Carl Lee Perkins (April 9, 1932 – January 19, 1998) was an American rockabilly musician who recorded most notably at Sun Records Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, beginning during 1954. He is referred to as the King of Rockabilly, and his best known song is "Blue Suede Shoes". He won a Grammy Award in 1987.
Perkins was born on April 9, 1932, in Tiptonville, Tennessee. He was married to Valda deVere until his death in 1998. They had one daughter and three sons. Perkins died on January 19, 1998, from complication of a series of strokes and throat cancer in Jackson, Tennessee, aged 65.
Henrichemont
Henrichemont, known in the past as Boisbelle, is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. About 1,729 people lived there in January 2019.
Aaron Sherritt
Aaron Sherritt (August 1854 - 26 June 1880) was a close friend of Joe Byrne and later Ned Kelly. His murder in 1880 was the first of the actions that led to the Kelly Gang's final shoot out with the police at Glenrowan.
Sherritt lived about three miles from Byrne, in the Woolshed Valley, near Beechworth, Victoria. He went to school with Byrne, and in 1876 were sent to prison for stealing meat. Soon after being let out of prison, Sherritt and Byrne were sent back again. They had fought with Chinese man who had tried to stop them from swimming in his dam. In 1878 Byrne was said to be engaged to Sherritt's sister. He had a reputation for being tough; at times he would sleep out in the open at night.
Late at night on 26 June 1880, Joe Byrne and Dan Kelly went to Sherritt's house at Sebastopol. Sherritt and his family were being guarded by four policemen who were living at the house. When Sherritt opened the door, he was shot dead by Joe Byrne. The police did not come out of the house and remained there until the next day. Byrne and Kelly left Sebastopol and rode across country to Glenrowan. They knew the police would send a large group by train to Beechworth to try and capture them. Ned Kelly and Steve Hart had gone to Glenrowan earlier and had pulled up the train tracks. They had planned on the police sending the train to Beechworth during the night. The plan failed when the police at Sherritt's house did not report the murder until midday.
Metropolitan Opera
The Metropolitan Opera Association is a big organization in New York City which puts on performances of opera. The Metropolitan Opera House (often simply called: The Met) is one of the most famous opera houses in the world. It was started in 1880. Today the music director is Yannick Nézet-Séguin.
Stirrup
The stirrup is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle to create a footrest for the rider on a riding animal (usually a horse or a mule), suspended by an adjustable strap from the saddle for use as a support for the foot of a rider of a horse when seated in the saddle and as an aid in getting up.
Huanne-Montmartin
Huanne-Montmartin is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
Trebgast
Trebgast is a municipality in Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Municipal divisions
Trebgast is arranged in the following boroughs:
Spice
Spice is an ingredient that adds flavor to food. It is usually used to enrich or alter the quality of something. Spices can be used to give food an interesting and exciting taste.
Examples of a spice would be cinnamon, fenugreek and nutmeg.
Spices can also be used to hide or cover up bad tastes in the food, because it is rotten or affected by fungi, e.g. marzipan.
Indians and Pakistanis use a lot of spices like turmeric
Loye-sur-Arnon
Loye-sur-Arnon is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. About 299 people lived there in January 2019.
Candlemas
Candlemas is the feast of the purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It is celebrated on February 2. Candles are blessed on this day. Many people celebrate this holiday by eating crepes and tamales.
Flavor
Flavour or flavor (US English) is the main quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the flavor of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.
Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in processed food there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors. A person who develops natural and/or artificial food additives is called a flavourist or flavorist (US English).
Aroma
Handshaking
Handshaking is the connection between the computer and a device. Handshaking is required in order to allow both the computer and device to send protocols to each other. During a handshake, the two devices make sure that they know certain connection requirements of each other. For instance, they will need to find out a suitable bit rate and latency for each other.
Examples of devices that use this method include a modem or another computer. Normally, handshaking happens between two devices. Although, a TCP three-way handshake is a special type of handshake that involves sending a connection from one computer to another, just done three times.
TCP three-way handshake
In this setup, a synchronize message will request a server to make a connection with each other, while the acknowledgement messages return to the requesting server to let it know the message was received. Letting both hosts send synchronize messages to each other will allow the two hosts to connect with each other in both directions. Each acknowledgement message sent to each other ensures they are still connected with each other.
Lucien Clergue
Lucien Clergue (August 14, 1934 – November 15, 2014) was a French photographer. He was Chairman of the Academy of Fine Arts, Paris for 2013. Clergue was born in Arles, France.
Bonyhád District
Municipalities
The district has 2 towns and 23 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2013) • Aparhant (1,038)
• Bátaapáti (411)
• Bonyhád (13,758) – district seat
• Bonyhádvarasd (434)
• Cikó (861)
• Felsőnána (609)
• Grábóc (180)
Nikolay Neprimerov
Nikolay Neprimerov (1 May 1921 – 11 January 2017) was a Doctor of Technical Sciences and professor of physics at the Kazan State University. Neprimerov was Head of the Department of Radioelectronics of the Kazan University for 32 years and is author of more than 150 scientific papers and 9 monographs.
Bonyhád District
Municipalities
• Györe (670)
• Izmény (491)
• Kakasd (1,658)
• Kéty (719)
• Kisdorog (773)
Marty Makary
Martin Adel "Marty" Makary is an American surgeon, author and professor. He practices surgical oncology and gastrointestinal laparoscopic surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Education
Makary holds a bachelor's degree in medicine and bachelor surgery from Bucknell University, MD from Thomas Jefferson University and MPH from Harvard University.
Bonyhád District
Municipalities
• Kisvejke (393)
• Lengyel (539)
• Mórágy (773)
• Mőcsény (386)
• Mucsfa (374)
• Murga (67)
• Nagymányok (2,289)
• Nagyvejke (169)
• Tevel (1,419)
• Váralja (883)
• Závod (287)
• Zomba (2,069) The bolded municipalities are cities.
Victorian Legislative Assembly
The Victorian Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the Parliament of Victoria.
Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile)
"Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile)" is a 2001 song by Gabrielle and was taken from her greatest hits album Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1. It went to number 4 in Portugal, number 7 in Scotland, number 9 in the United Kingdom, number 11 in Denmark, number 13 in New Zealand and charted poorly in Australia where it only made #98.
Mouthpiece (woodwind)
The mouthpiece of a woodwind instrument is the part which the player blows into.
Single-reed instruments
On single-reed instruments like a clarinet or saxophone the mouthpiece is shaped like a wedge. The reed is placed near the player's bottom lip. This area is called the table. When the player blows, the reed vibrates. This is then made louder by the instrument.
The shape of the inside of the mouthpiece can change the sound very much. The sound made by a mouthpiece that is large and round will be very different from the sound made by a mouthpiece that is small and square.
The space between the end of the reed and the end of the mouthpiece is called the tip opening.
The facing (or lay) is the part of the reed that starts to curve around the end of the mouthpiece. The length of the facing can change the response of the instrument.
The ligature is what holds the reed onto the mouthpiece. Anything that can hold the reed onto the mouthpiece can be called a ligature. Most ligatures are made from metal or plastic. Some people like to use ordinary string to hold the reed onto the mouthpiece.
Kakadu National Park
Kakadu National Park is in the Northern Territory of Australia, 171 km southeast of Darwin. It is the second largest national park in the world. It covers an area of 1980400 ha. It is about 200 kilometres from north to south, and more than 100 kilometres from east to west. It is the size of Slovenia, about one-third the size of Tasmania, or nearly half the size of Switzerland. The Ranger Uranium Mine, one of the biggest Uranium mines in the world, is inside the park.
Early history
The name Kakadu comes from Gagadju, the name of an Aboriginal language spoken in the northern part of the Park. Kakadu National Park has many different ecological areas, and many different plant and animal species. The main natural features protected within the National Park include:
Kakadu National Park is famous for the richness of its Aboriginal cultural sites. There are more than 5000 recorded art sites showing Aboriginal culture over thousands of years. The archaeological sites show that Aboriginals have lived here for at least 20 000 and possibly up to 40 000 years.
The cultural and natural values of Kakadu National Park were recognised internationally when the Park was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This is an international list of places that are have outstanding cultural or natural values of international significance. Kakadu was listed in three stages: Stage 1 in 1981, Stage 2 in 1987, and the entire Park in 1992.
About half of the land in Kakadu is aboriginal land under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976. Most of the remaining land is currently under claim by Aboriginal people. The areas of the Park that are owned by Aboriginal people are leased by the traditional owners to the Director of National Parks to be managed as a national park. The remaining area is Australian Government land controlled by the Director of National Parks. All of Kakadu is declared a national park under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
The Aboriginal traditional owners of the Park are descendants of various clan groups from the Kakadu area. Their lifestyle has changed in recent years, but their traditional customs and beliefs remain very important. About 500 Aboriginal people live in the Park; many of them are traditional owners. All of Kakadu is jointly managed by Aboriginal traditional owners and the Australian Government’s Department of the Environment and Water Resources through a division known as Parks Australia. Park Management is directed by the Kakadu Board of Management.
Establishment
Kakadu was set up at a time when Australians were becoming more interested in national parks for conservation and in recognising the land rights of Aboriginal people. A national park in the Alligator River region was proposed as early as 1965. In 1978 the Australian Government took over the titles of various pieces of land that now makes up Kakadu National Park.
Stage Two was declared on 28 February 1984. In March 1978, a claim was lodged under the Land Rights Act for the land included in Stage Two of Kakadu. The land claim was partly successful. In 1986, three areas in the eastern part of Stage Two were given to the Jabiluka Aboriginal Land Trust. A lease between the Land Trust and the Director of National parks was signed in March 1991.
In 1987, a land claim was made for the land in the Goodparla and Gimbat pastoral leases that were to be included in Stage Three of Kakadu. The other area to be included in Stage Three, the Gimbat Resumption and the Waterfall Creek Reserve, were later added to this land claim. The need to create the park in stages was due to the debate over whether mining should be allowed at Guratba (Coronation Hill) which is located in the middle of the area referred to as Sickness Country. The traditional owners’ wishes were ultimately respected and the Australian National Government decided that there would be no mining at Guratba.
In 1996, the land in Stage Three, apart from the former Goodparla pastoral leases, was given to the Gunlom Aboriginal Land Trust and leased to the Director of National Parks to continue being managed as part of Kakadu.
Explorers
The Chinese, Malays and Portuguese all claim to have been the first non-Aboriginal explorers of Australia’s north coast. The first surviving written account comes from the Dutch. In 1623 Jan Carstenz made his way west across the Gulf of Carpentaria to what is believed to be Groote Eylandt. Abel Tasman was the next explorer to visit in 1644. He was the first person to record European contact with Aboriginal people. Almost a century later Matthew Flinders surveyed the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1802 and 1803.
Phillip Parker King, an English navigator entered the Gulf of Carpentaria between 1818 and 1822. During this time he named the three Alligator Rivers after the large numbers of crocodiles, which he thought were alligators.
Ludwig Leichhardt was the first land-based European explorer to visit the Kakadu region, in 1845 on his way from Moreton Bay in Queensland to Port Essington in the Northern Territory. He followed Jim Jim Creek down from the Arnhem Land escarpment, then went down the South Alligator before crossing to the East Alligator and going north.
In 1862 John McDouall Stuart travelled along the south-western boundary of Kakadu but did not see any people.
The first non-Aboriginal people to visit and have long term contact with Aboriginal people in northern Australia were the Macassans from Sulawesi and other parts of Indonesia. They travelled to northern Australia every wet season, probably from the last quarter of the 17th century, in sailing boats called praus. They came to harvest trepang (sea cucumber), turtle shell, pearls and other prized items to trade in their homeland. Aboriginal people helped in harvesting and processing the trepang, and in collecting and exchanging the other goods.
There is no evidence that the Macassans spent time on the coast of Kakadu. There is evidence of some contact between Macassan culture and Aboriginal people of the Kakadu area. Among the finds from archaeological digs in the Park are glass and metal pieces that probably came from the Macassans, either directly or through trade with the Coburg Peninsula people.
The British attempted a number of settlements on the northern Australian coast in the early part of the 19th century: Fort Dundas on Melville Island in 1824; Fort Wellington at Raffles Bay in 1829; and Victoria Settlement (Port Essington) on the Coburg Peninsula in 1838. They wanted to secure the north of Australia before the French or Dutch, who had colonised islands further north. The British settlements all failed for a variety of reasons, such as lack of water and fresh food, sickness and isolation. It is difficult to assess the impact of these settlements on the local Aboriginal people and the type of relationship that developed between them and the British. Certainly, some Aboriginals worked at the settlements. Exposure to new sickness was an ever-present danger. As in other parts of Australia, disease and the disruption it caused to society devastated the local Aboriginal population.
Buffalo hunters
Water buffalo have had a big influence on the Kakadu region as well. By the 1880s the number of buffaloes escaped from early settlements had grown so much that hunting them for skins and horns was economically successful.
The industry began on the Adelaide River, close to Darwin, and moved east to the Mary River and Alligator Rivers regions.
Missionaries
Missionaries had a big influence on the Aboriginal people of the Alligator Rivers area. Many of the people lived and went to school at missions. Two missions were set up in the region in the early part of the century. Kapalga Native Industrial Mission was started near the South Alligator River in 1899, but lasted only four years. The Oenpelli Mission began in 1925, when the Church of England Missionary Society accepted an offer from the Northern Territory Administration to take over the area, which had been used as a dairy farm. The Oenpelli Mission operated for 50 years.
Some writers and anthropologists say that missionaries, in trying to ‘civilise and institutionalise’ Aboriginal people, forced them to give up their lifestyle, language, religion, ceremonies and change the whole way they lived. Others say that, although they might not have used the best methods to achieve their goal, the missionaries did care about the Aboriginal people at a time when wider Australian society did not.
Pastoralists
In southern Kakadu much of Goodparla and Gimbat was claimed in the mid-1870s by three pastoralists, Roderick, Travers and Sergison. The leases were later passed on to a series of owners, who were all unsuccessful. In 1987 both stations were taken back by the Commonwealth and added to Kakadu National Park.
There was a sawmill at Nourlangie Camp, begun by Chinese workers, probably before World War I, to cut stands of cypress pine in the area. After World War II there were a number of small-scale activities, including dingo shooting and trapping, brumby shooting, crocodile shooting, tourism and forestry.
Nourlangie Camp was again the site of a sawmill in the 1950s, until the cypress pines were cleared. In 1958 it became a safari camp for tourists. Soon after, a similar camp was started at Patonga and at Muirella Park. People were flown in to hunt buffalo, crocodiles and fishing.
Crocodile hunters often made use of the bush skills of Aboriginal people. By copying a wallaby’s tail hitting the ground, Aboriginal hunters could attract crocodiles, making it easier to shoot the animals. Using paperbark rafts, they would track the movement of a wounded crocodile and get the carcass for skinning. The skins were then sold to make leather goods. Aboriginal people became less involved in commercial hunting of crocodiles once night spotlight shooting started. Freshwater Crocodiles have been protected by law since 1964 and Saltwater Crocodiles since 1971.
Mining
The building of the North Australia Railway line helped the mining camps, and places such as Burrundie and Pine Creek became permanent settlements. The mining camps and new settlements drew many Aboriginal people away from Kakadu. No Aboriginal people are known to have worked in the mines but their access to alcohol and other drugs had a huge impact.
Small-scale gold mining began at Imarlkba, near Barramundi Creek, and Mundogie Hill in the 1920s and at Moline (previously called Eureka and Northern Hercules mine), south of the Park, in the 1930s. The mines employed a few local Aboriginal people.
In 1953 uranium was discovered in the South Alligator River valley. Thirteen small but rich uranium mines operated in the following decade, at their peak in 1957 employing over 150 workers. No Aboriginal people were employed at any of these mines.
Early in the 1970s large uranium deposits were discovered at Ranger, Jabiluka and Koongarra. The Australian Government began an inquiry into land use in the Alligator Rivers region. The Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry (known as the Fox inquiry) recommended that mining begin at the Ranger site. It also said that Jabiluka and Koongarra sites should be developed, and that a town be built to support the mines.(Fox et al. 1976, 1977). The Ranger mine and the service town at Jabiru have had many impacts on Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people have different opinions about mining.
Climate
Kakadu is in the tropics, between 12° and 14° south of the Equator. The climate is monsoonal, with two main seasons: the dry season and the rain season. The 'build up' describes the change between the dry and the rain. During the dry season (from April/May to September), there are dry southerly and easterly trade winds. Humidity is relatively low and rain is unusual. At Jabiru, the average maximum temperature for June-July is 32 °C. During the 'build up' (October to December) conditions can be extremely uncomfortable with high temperatures and high humidity. However, 'build up' storms are impressive and with many lightning strikes. At Jabiru the average maximum temperature for October is 37.5 °C.
The rain season (January to March/April) has warm temperatures and rain. Most of the rain is caused by monsoonal troughs formed over Southeast Asia. Sometimes tropical cyclones cause very heavy rain over small areas. At Jabiru, the average maximum temperature for January is 33 °C. Annual rainfall in Kakadu National Park ranges from 1,565 mm in Jabiru to 1,300 mm in the Mary River region.
The Aboriginal people, the Bininj/Mungguy, named as many as six seasons in the Kakadu region:
Periods of torrential rain and long dry spells mean that Kakadu can change its appearance according to the season, so is a place deserving of more than one visit.
Flora
Kakadu has more than 2000 plant species, because of the different geological areas, landforms and habitats. Kakadu is also said to be one of the most weed free national parks in the world.
The different geographical areas of Kakadu have their own specialised plants. The area called ‘the Stone Country’ has ‘resurrection grasses’ that are able to survive extreme heat, and dry conditions followed by periods of heavy rain. Monsoon forests often develop in the cool moist gorges found in the stone country. The southern hills and basins support several endemic plants that are only found in Kakadu such as Eucalyptus koolpinensis near Jarrangbarnmi (Koolpin Gorge). Lowland areas form a large proportion of Kakadu National Park and are mainly covered in eucalypt-dominated open woodland with the ground layer consisting of a large range of grasses including spear grass, sedges and wildflowers.
The floodplains, which are flooded for several months each year, feature sedges such as spike rush as well patches of freshwater mangroves (itchy tree), pandanus and paper bark trees (Melaleuca). Varieties of water lilies, such as the blue, yellow and white snowflake, are commonly found in these areas. Estuaries and tidal flats are populated with varieties of mangroves, in fact 39 of the 47 Northern Territory species of mangrove are found in Kakadu. These are important for preventing erosion of the coast. Mangroves serve as feeding and breeding grounds for many fish species including the barramundi.
On the tidal flats behind the mangroves, hardy succulents (samphire), grasses and sedges grow. Isolated pockets of monsoon forest grow along the coast and river banks. These forests contain several impressive trees, among them the banyan fig, which can be recognised by its large, spreading aerial roots, and the kapok tree, which has a spiny trunk, large, waxy red flowers and pods full of cotton-like material.
Fauna
The different areas of Kakadu National Park support a huge number of animals, a number of which have adapted to particular habitats. Some animals in the Park are rare, endangered, vulnerable or endemic. Because of the extreme weather conditions experienced in the Park, many animals are active only at particular times of the day or night or at particular times of the year.
About 62 mammal species have been seen in the Park. Most of them live in the open forest and woodlands and are nocturnal, making it difficult to see them. Others, such as wallabies and kangaroos are active in the cooler parts of the day and are easier to see. The larger mammals are Dingos, Antilopine Kangaroos, Black Wallaroos, Agile Wallabys, and Short-eared Rock Wallabys. Smaller common mammals are northern quolls, brush-tailed phascogales, brown bandicoots, black-footed tree-rats, and black fruit bats. Dugongs are found in the coastal waters. However, recent surveys have shown smaller numbers of nearly all mammals throughout Kakadu. This includes once common and widespread species such as northern quolls.
Kakadu’s many habitats support more than 280 species of birds. This is about one-third of Australia’s bird species. Some birds range over a number of habitats, but many are found in only one environment.
To date, 123 species of reptiles have been found in Kakadu. Being cold blooded, these animals need heat from an external source such as the sun to control their body temperature. This is not to say that reptiles are active only during the day; in fact, few snakes can withstand Kakadu’s midday heat and most are active at night.
Kakadu’s 25 frog species are extremely well adapted to the region’s climatic extremes. Many remain dormant during dry times. At the start of the wet season, when the billabongs and swamps start to fill with water, the night air is filled with the sounds of frogs such as the northern bullfrog and the marbled frog. As the water builds up, frogs and tadpoles have plenty of food, such as algae, vegetation, insects, dragonfly nymphs, and other tadpoles. Not all of Kakadu’s frogs are found in the wetlands: many live in the lowland forests.
Fifty-one species of freshwater fish have been found in Kakadu’s waterways; eight of them have a restricted distribution. In the Magela Creek system alone, 32 species have been found. In comparison, the Murray–Darling river system, the most extensive in Australia, now supports only 27 native fish species. Although introduced fish have been found in most Australian waterways, none have been recorded in the Park.
Vingåker Municipality
Vingåker Municipality (Vingåkers kommun) is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Vingåker.
Kakadu National Park
Fauna
Kakadu supports more than 10,000 species of insect including grasshoppers, beetles, flies, termites, butterflies and moths, bees, wasps, ants, dragonflies and damselflies, caddis flies, non-biting midges and mayflies. The great variety of insects is a result of the varied habitats and relatively high temperatures throughout the year.
Kathy Hilton
Kathleen Elizabeth Hilton (née Avanzino, formerly Richards; born in New York City, March 13, 1959) is an American actress, socialite and fashion designer. She is the mother of the media personality, socialite and actress Paris Hilton and fashion designer Nicky Hilton Rothschild.
Kakadu National Park
Fauna
Perhaps the most striking insect-created features in the Park are the termite mounds. The mounds in the southern part of the Park are particularly large and impressive. Leichhardt’s grasshopper, in colours of orange, blue and black, is perhaps the most spectacular insect found in Kakadu. It is also found on the Arnhem Land plateau and in Gregory National Park.
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
The orchestra tours to many parts of the world. In 1971 they visited Germany. Some of the world's greatest conductors have conducted the orchestra. Leonard Bernstein and Zubin Mehta in particular have had a close relationship with them. They did not have a main conductor until 1977 when Mehta was made Music Director. The IPO have made many recordings with Mehta, and also with Bernstein.
Kakadu National Park
Environmental issues and threats
Kakadu has seen several invasive species threaten the native habitat, particularly in recent decades. Introduced fauna including the Water Buffalo, wild pig and more recently, the Cane Toad have had major effects on habitat. Invasive weeds include Mimosa pigra, which covers 800 km² of the Top End, including vast areas of Kakadu, invasive paragrass displaces the native food of much of Kakadu's birdlife. Salvinia molesta has infested the Magela floodplain. Brumbies also inhabit areas of the National Park, including Yellow Water.
Kathy Hilton
Her acting career
In 1968, Hilton began acting while still a child. She retired from acting eleven years later in 1979.
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
After 1938 the orchestra have refused to play the music of Richard Wagner because he was anti-Jewish.
Kakadu National Park
Landforms
There are six main landforms in Kakadu National Park: Each landform has its own range of habitats. Kakadu’s varied landscapes and the habitats they contain are features that contributed to its listing as a World Heritage Area.
Kathy Hilton
Her acting career
In 2005, Hilton hosted the reality program I Want to Be a Hilton through NBC. She later appeared on the show The World According to Paris in 2011 along with her daughter. The show wasn't popular with audiences or critics.
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
Musical Advisors/Music Directors
Until 1977 the orchestra had no Music Directors. The conductors most closely associated with the orchestra were called musical advisors.
Châteaumeillant
Châteaumeillant is a commune in Cher, Centre-Val de Loire, France. About 1,751 people lived there in January 2019.
Kakadu National Park
Landforms
Most of Kakadu was under a shallow sea about 140 million years ago, with the escarpment wall formed from sea cliffs and Arnhem Land from a flat plateau above the sea. Currently the escarpment rises 330 metres above the plateau and stretches 500 kilometres along the East edge of the park and on into Arnhem Land. The escarpment varies from near vertical cliffs in the Jim Jim Falls area to isolated outliers and stepped cliffs in the North.
Kathy Hilton
Business ventures
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Hilton ran her own gift and antique shop. It was The Staircase on Sunset Plaza in Los Angeles. She began selling merchandise in 2002 on the cable television home shopping network QVC. In 2007, Hilton began selling signature skincare lines on the Home Shopping Network. The following year, she launched a perfume called "My Secret".
Kakadu National Park
Landforms
Chasms and gorges form a network that cut through the rocky platforms on the plateau. The plateau top is a harsh, dry environment where water drains away quickly and top soil is scarce in most areas. Sparse pockets of open forest and woodlands have developed in these areas. However creeks have carved deep gorges in the escarpment in which tall monsoon forests grow. These areas form microclimates for plants and animals and often serve as a refuge during the dry season. Allosyncarpia ternata, a large shady tree found only in the Kakadu and Arnhem Land, is the main plant species.