cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
Background
During 1969 and 1982, very few changes took place in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union. With the beginning of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, its relationship with the United States also deteriorated. At that time Jimmy Carter, followed by Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States. Jimmy Carter ended the policy of Détente - ending of unfriendly relationship. Some historians believe that this may be one of the reasons for the Soviet Union to change its political and economic policies.
In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the CPSU. Under him, a new group of officials and leaders started a process of changes in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union. They also tried to improve relationships with Western countries like the US.
In view of these and other reasons, Gorbachev and his team started three important policies:
Changes
Since the time of Vladimir Lenin in 1920s, the people of the Soviet Union did not have any right to own personal property and business. The government owned almost everything. In 1988, the government permitted the people to own some types of businesses in the service sector, manufacturing, and foreign trade. A system of cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers came into existence.
Glasnost gave a greater freedom of speech to the citizens and allowed them to criticise the government - something they had never been allowed to do. The government reduced censorship and control on publication. The government set free many political prisoners. In January 1987, Gorbachev started a process of democratization of Soviet politics. In June 1988, Gorbachev started a process to reduce the control of the CPSU on the different parts of the government.
In December 1988, the Supreme Soviet had approved the establishment of a Congress of People's Deputies, the Soviet Union's new legislative body. In March and April 1989, elections to the Congress of People’s Deputies took place. The members on 15th March 1990 elected Gorbachev as the first executive President of the Soviet Union.
The outcome
Many steps taken by Gorbachev gave results different than the intended results. Thus the perestroika and glasnost intended to make the Soviet economy stronger resulted into something very different. Many factors and events combined and finally they resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Under the policy of glasnost (political openness), the Soviet government and the Communist Party lost control over the media. A free media brought to notice of the public many bad aspects of the society and the economy of the Soviet Union. These bad aspects included poor housing, alcoholism, drug abuse, pollution, out-of-date technologies in many factories, and corruption. People also learnt of many crimes committed by Stalin. For example, they learnt about prisoners at Gulags, agreement with Adolf Hitler, and large massacres of Stalin opponents. Further, people also learnt details about such events as the ongoing Soviet war in Afghanistan and bad management of nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl (the Soviet Union didn't publicly admit to the meltdown until three days after it happened). In short, people learnt about the negative aspects of the Soviet life. People began to lose faith in their Soviet system and ideology of Communism.
By 1989, the Soviet government found it to be too difficult for the Soviet Union to keep its control over its Eastern European bloc and decided to let them choose their own futures. After the end of the Second World War, with the support of the Soviet Union, communist governments were ruling all these countries. The change in the policy of the Soviet Union resulted into fall of the communist governments in many such countries by 1990: in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
Seeing all these developments, many "republics" of the Soviet Union wanted to become independent. The Glasnost policy also released long wanted nationalism in the "republics" that the Soviet government had suppressed and covered up. Some republics tried to become independent.
The leaders had thought that the policy of perestroika was a bold step to improve the economy. But, the steps were not very strong to improve the bad economic conditions of 1980s. Despite many changes, Gorbachev and his team had left many aspects of the Soviet economy unchanged. For example, price control, inconvertibility of the ruble, and government control over most means of production continued. By 1990 the economic situation had become worse. The examples include:
The dissolution
On 7th February 1990, the Central Committee of the CPSU was forced to loosen its control over power. At around the same time, different "republics" of the Soviet Union started to claim their right to become independent. They stopped following the laws of the central government of the Soviet Union. They also stopped paying taxes to the central authorities (of Moscow) of the Soviet Union. These weakened the Soviet authority and economy.
During a 1990 visit of Gorbachev to Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, about 250,000 persons protested in a public meeting. On 11th March 1990, leaders of Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet central-government demanded Lithuania to give up its independence and sent the Soviet Army continued to keep many troops in Lithuania. The government said that it would have to follow the Soviet constitution if it wanted to leave. The Soviet Union also did economic blockade of Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia were also illegally taken by the Soviet Union in 1940. On 30th March 1990, the leaders of Estonia declared that the control of their country by the Soviet Union from 1940 was illegal. They also declared independence. The leaders of Latvia also started process of independence on 4th May 1990.
On 17th March 1991, people of the Soviet Union voted to keep the existing Soviet Union in a slightly changed form. The Baltic States (Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia), Armenia, Georgia and Moldova boycotted the voting. In each of the other nine "republics" of the Soviet Union, a majority of the voters supported the retention of the Soviet Union. In June 1991 an election took place in the Russian Republic of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin got 57% of the vote. He was a critic of Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev’s preferred candidate, former Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov, got only 16% of the vote.
The Coup
The "republics" of the Soviet Union had agreed to sign on 20th August 1991, an agreement making them almost independent republics but part of a federation, with a common president, foreign policy and military. However, many persons disagreed, and they wanted a fast transition to market economy even if it meant dissolution of the Soviet Union. There were many others in the CPSU and the military of the Soviet Union who supported continuation of the Soviet Union.
On 19th August 1991, some senior leaders of the Soviet Union formed a "State Committee on the State Emergency." They prevented signing of the above-mentioned agreement on 20th August 1991. These leaders included Gorbachev’s vice president Gennadi Yanayev, prime minister Valentin Pavlov, defense minister Dmitriy Yazov, KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, and many other senior officials. At that time Gorbachev was holidaying in Crimea). These officials put him under house arrest. They also issued orders banning all political activities and banned most newspapers.
This was like a coup. The organizers had expected popular support for their action. But, the people did not support them. Instead, they supported "White House" (Yeltsin's office), then the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty. The organizers of the coup tried but failed to arrest Boris Yeltsin. After three days, on August 21, the coup failed. The authorities detained the organizers. Gorbachev returned as president of the Soviet Union. However, Gorbachev's real powers had reduced.
Through the autumn of 1991, the Russian government took over the union government, ministry by ministry. In November 1991, Yeltsin issued an order banning the CPSU throughout the Russian republic. As a result, many former CPSU personnel left CPSU to join the new positions in the new Russian government.
After the failure of the coup, the republics of the Soviet Union increased their efforts to become independent. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 1st December 1991, Ukraine declared its independence, after 90% of the voters opted for an independent Ukraine; this really destroyed any hopes of keeping the Soviet Union together since Ukraine was the second most powerful "republic" after Russia. One by one, the remaining eleven "republics" of the Soviet Union also declared themselves as sovereign and independent states.
The CIS
As noted above, on 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It may be note that twelve out of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union had signed an international agreement (European Energy Charter) in the Hague on 17th December 1991. The signing had indicated that these republics had practically become independent and sovereign countries.
Leaving apart already independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member.
Many persons believed that with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. They believed that it was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many others think that with CIS, the Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.
On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR. By December 31, 1991 all official Soviet institutions had stopped to function in different "republics" of the Soviet Union. The individual governments of these republics started functioning. The Soviet flag flew last time over the Kremlin.
Summary
The four principles had governed the Soviet Union: a chain of soviets; ethnic federation; state socialism; and supremacy of the Communist party. Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost created a situation which weakened all the above four principles. He repeatedly tried to form a circle of leaders to support his policies. He tried to do all these as he and his team saw that the Soviet Union was moving toward a long-term stagnation.
Gorbachev’s policies made it possible for leaders of various Soviet republics to gain confidence and influence. At the same time, he faced opposition from many including the nationalist forces and the traditional communists. Some people accepted the reforms; some wanted the old system to continue; and some desired complete independence from the Soviet Union and central control. In the end, Gorbachev was unable to ensure any common view among these forces. Ultimately, this led to the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Ezzatolah Entezami
Ezzatolah Entezami (, June 21, 1924 – August 17, 2018) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. His first role was as Masht Hassan in the 1969 movie The Cow. He later appeared in many movies such as Mr. Naive, Hamoun, and in 40 Years Old. He also appeared in the television series Hezar Dastan.
History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
After the dissolution
Immediately after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin took many steps to change the economy of the Soviet Union from a socialist economy to a capitalist economy. For example: he cut the payment of grants to money-losing farms and industries; he also removed control over prices; he took steps for convertibility of the Russian rouble. He also allowed many people close to his circle, and other business people, to take possession of the businesses and industries earlier owned by the government, and to run them as private enterprises. The planners and economists had thought that these changes would lead to a faster economic development. However, nothing of this sort happened.
Ezzatolah Entezami
Entezami died in Tehran on August 17, 2018 from complications of a stroke at the age of 94.
Philip Bradbourn
Philip Charles Bradbourn, (9 August 1951 – 19 December 2014) was a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014.
Tontitown, Arkansas
Tontitown is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Al Delaney
Born in Oshawa, Borshuk lived as a teenager in Windsor. He attended W. D. Lowe High School, where he started competing in athletics of the school's team. He was specialized in the throwing events and won the gold medal in the shot put event at the Western Ontario Secondary Schools Athletic Association in 1931.
Borshuk started boxing at a young age, and started competing as an amateur boxer at the age of 15 on 19 June 1931 in Windsor against Henry Ule. When he was 18 years old in 1934 he became professional. In May 1941 he became national champion beating Terrence Warrington after a 12-round match. During his career he had 103 fights, winning 65 of them (31 losses, 7 draws).
Borshuk is induces in the Windsor / Essex county Sports Hall of Fame in 1992. Two years later he died on 25 April 1994. He is featured at the Champs Mural (993 Drouillard Road) in Windsor.
Philip Bradbourn
Bradbourn was born in Tipton, Warwickshire. He died of bowel cancer, aged 63.
Aquitaine
Demographics
The Aquitaine region had a population, in 2012, of 3,285,970, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Notes
<references group="N" />
History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
After the dissolution
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia is facing many problems, including the following:
Many Russians of older generation believe that the earlier system was better. During 1990s, Russia faced many crises in political, social and economic matters. Many persons still believe that the situation still continues to be worse compared to earlier times.
Steven Fromholz
Steven Fromholz (June 8, 1945 – January 19, 2014) was an American entertainer, poet, singer and songwriter. He was the Poet Laureate of Texas in 2007.
Fromholz was born in Temple, Texas on June 8, 1945. Fromholz began performing while he was serving in the United States Navy during the 1960s. After leaving the Navy, he teamed with Dan McCrimmon to create the group Frummox.
Fromholz died on January 19, 2014 in a hunting accident when a rifle fell and discharged in El Dorado, Houston, Texas. He was 68 years old.
Walter Mafli
Walter Mafli (May 10, 1915 – December 11, 2017) was a Swiss painter. He was born in Rebstein, Canton of St. Gallen. He was known for his work Le chant de la matière (1985) which hangs in Lausanne. In 2010, Mafli was accused of tax fraud. He was the student of well known French painters Casimir Reymond and Marcel Poncet.
Mafli died on December 11, 2017 in Lutry, Vaud at the age of 102.
Etowah County, Alabama
Etowah County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 103,436. The county seat is Gadsden. The name is from a Cherokee word meaning "edible tree". It is the smallest county in Alabama, but one of the most densely populated.
Wickes, Arkansas
Wickes is a city in the US state of Arkansas. This city is a random city in Czechoslovakia.
Dan Patrick
Daniel Patrick Pugh (born May 15, 1956), known professionally as Dan Patrick, is an American sportscaster, radio personality, and actor. He currently hosts The Dan Patrick Show broadcast on radio and on television. He also currently co-hosts NBC's Football Night in America and serves as a senior writer for Sports Illustrated. He previously worked at ESPN for 18 years, where he often anchored the weeknight and Sunday 11 p.m. edition of SportsCenter.
You Are (Lionel Richie song)
"You Are" is a 1983 song by Lionel Richie and taken from his debut studio album Lionel Richie. It went to number 4 in the United States, number 5 in Canada, number 17 in Australia and number 43 in the United Kingdom. It is the follow-up to his number one single Truly.
Fayette County, Alabama
Fayette County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. In 2020, 16,321 people lived there. The county seat is Fayette.
James Rado
Rado died of cardiopulmonary arrest on June 21, 2022 at a hospital in New York City at the age of 90.
Wilmar, Arkansas
Wilmar is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Stone dormouse
The stone dormouse (Graphiurus rupicola) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Namibia, South Africa, and sometimes in Angola. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.
Shaibu Amodu
Shuaibu Amodu (18 April 1958 – 10 June 2016) was a Nigerian football coach and player. Amodu has managed a number of club sides in Nigeria, such as BCC Lions, El-Kanemi Warriors, and Shooting Stars; he also managed Orlando Pirates in South Africa.
He first managed the Nigerian national team from April 2001 to February 2002.
Amodu died on 10 June 2016 in Benin City, aged 58.
St. Marys, Pennsylvania
St. Marys is a city in Pennsylvania in the United States. According to the US 2010 census, 13,070 people lived there.
Ye Zhengda
Ye Zhengda (22 August 1927 – 14 December 2017) was a Chinese aircraft designer. He was a professor and senior engineer at Northwestern Polytechnical University. In 1988, he was awarded the military rank of lieutenant general (Zhongjiang) by the Chinese government.
He was a member of the 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a delegate to the 5th National People's Congress. He was born in Guangdong, China.
Garfield, Jackson County, Wisconsin
Garfield is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2010 census the population was 638.
Guewenheim
Guewenheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
Doug Hutchison
Doug Hutchison (born 26 May 1960) is an American actor. He was in the X-Files and The Green Mile. He owns the production company Dark Water Inc. Hutchison was born in Dover, Delaware, the son of Deloris and Richard Hutchison.
Personal life
On May 20, 2011, Hutchison married Courtney Alexis Stodden (born August 29, 1994) in Las Vegas, Nevada. Stodden is Hutchison's third wife.
Thorrenc
Thorrenc  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Talencieux
Talencieux is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Igor Belanov
Igor Ivanovich (or Ihor Ivanovych) Belanov (born 25 September 1960) is a former Ukrainian footballer. He played for the Soviet Union football team.
Club
Dynamo Kyiv
Chornomorets Odessa
International
Soviet Union
Silent dormouse
The silent dormouse (Graphiurus surdus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Garden Valley, Wisconsin
Garden Valley is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2010 census the population was 422.
Paul (movie)
Paul is a 2011 British-American science fiction comedy movie. It was produced by Nira Park, Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner. It was directed by Greg Mottola. The movie was released on February 14, 2011 in the United Kingdom and was released in the United States on March 18, 2011. It is set in Nevada and was filmed in New Mexico. The movie received positive reviews with a 66% on Rotten Tomatoes which is fresh.
Igor Rodionov
Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov (Игорь Николаевич Родионов; 1 December 1936 – 19 December 2014 ) was a Russian general and Duma deputy. He was best known for his service heading the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation.
Heidelberg, Pennsylvania
Heidelberg is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States.
Geneva County, Alabama
Geneva County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 26,659. The county seat is Geneva. The county was named after its county seat, which in turn was named after Geneva, New York which was named after Geneva, a Swiss city.
Lobster
Lobsters are large crustaceans that live in the sea. They form the family of Nephropidae, which is sometimes also called Homaridae. People make a lot of money from catching lobsters and selling them to make seafood.
Biology
Lots of different kinds of animals that live in the sea are called lobsters. When people talk about lobsters, most of the time they mean clawed lobsters. One kind of clawed lobster is the American lobster. Lots of animals that we call lobsters are not actually clawed lobsters. Squat lobsters, spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, are all different kinds of animal. Some kinds of crayfish which live in fresh water and reef lobsters are very similar to clawed lobsters.
Smaller kinds of lobsters are sometimes called "lobsterettes". Lobsters have bones. They have hard shells which protect them. This hard shell is made from a material called chitin. The shell is so hard that lobsters must climb out of them before they can grow bigger. This is called moulting. When lobsters moult they are weak and easy to attack. If they hide for long enough they will grow a new hard shell and the lobster will be bigger. Some lobsters change color when they grow a new shell. Lobsters can grow new parts of their body when they lose them. Every time they moult the body part will get a little bit bigger and stronger until it is back to normal.
Lobsters live in the sea between the shore and the edge of the continental shelf. They live underwater on rocky, sandy, or muddy ground. They usually live alone in cracks or under rocks.
Lobsters usually eat live food like fish, molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, and some plants. Lobsters sometimes scavenge (eat dead plants and animals). Lobsters also eat other lobsters (cannibalism) when they are put together in small spaces where they cannot get out. Lobsters do not usually eat other lobsters in the oceans. People have found lobster skin in the stomachs of some lobsters. This is because lobsters eat the skin they shed when they moult. Lobsters grow all their lives. Some lobsters live for over 100 years, and some become very big. The Guinness World Records says that the largest lobster was from Nova Scotia, Canada and weighed 20.14 kg (44.4 lb).
Lobsters are usually the same on the left and right sides. Lobsters have claws on their front legs, and one claw can be bigger than the other. One reason they are different sizes is because they do different jobs. Big strong claws can grab food, and little sharp claws can cut the food up so they can eat it. When a fisherman catches a lobster, they like to keep them if the claws are big. People like to eat lobsters with big claws because there is more good tasting meat in them. The head end of the lobster is called the cephalon. The middle part of the lobster is called the thorax. These parts of a lobster are stuck together and can not move, so we put the words together and call them both the cephalothorax. The bottom end of the lobster is called the abdomen, where the tail is. At the end of the tail is a fan. Lobsters have long thin body parts called antennae under their eyes which they can move around. Lobsters use these to feel what is near them, and they also help them find food. Lobsters have eyes but they cannot see very well. Lobsters have three pairs of jaws. All legs of a lobster have claws apart from the ones at the back. Only the front two legs have big claws. The little claws on the other legs help pick up food they find and put them in the jaws so the lobster can eat.
Lobsters usually move slowly by walking on the bottom of the sea floor. When they are in danger and need to escape, they swim backwards quickly by bending their tail down and up. The fan on the tail helps them to swim faster. Lobsters can move at a speed of 5 metres every second when they do this.
Peak oil
Peak oil is the idea that at some point an oil well, an oil field, a country, or the world, will be producing the most crude oil it can ever produce at one time. After this point, less oil will be produced and therefore people will have to use less oil because it will cost more money. Many scientists and governments are concerned about what will happen when there is less oil to go around.
The first person to come up with this idea was M.K. Hubbert in the 1950s and 1960s, who said that a graph of oil production looks like a curve (which we now call Hubbert's Curve). Hubbert drew a graph in 1956 that predicted that the United States would reach its peak oil in the early 1970s. The United States did indeed reach its peak oil in the early 1970s.
It is unclear as to when the world's peak oil will happen, though many scientists agree that it was reached in the early 2000s or before 2020. For example, in 2010 the International Energy Agency (IEA) has said that peak oil may have happened in 2006.
Leithiinae
Leithiinae is a subfamily of dormice.
Sécheras
Sécheras  is a commune in the Ardèche department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France.
Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz
Mohamad Ali Keshavarz (, April 15, 1930 – June 14, 2020) was an Iranian movie and theater actor. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. He was known for his role in the television series Hezar Dastan. He also appeared in movies such as Shabe Quzi, Mr. Naive, and in Del Shodegan.
Keshavarz died from a lung infection on June 14, 2020 in Tehran, aged 90.
Other websites
A series of photographs of Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz, old and new, Jadid Online:.
Raúl Castro
Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3, 1931) was the President of the Cuban Council of State and former head of state of Cuba. He was also Second Secretary of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), Commander in Chief (Maximum General) of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and is the younger brother of Fidel Castro.
On February 24, 2013, Castro announced that his second term would be his final term and that he would not seek re-election in 2018. He officially stepped down on 19 April 2018.
Between 2014 and 2016, Castro would work with President Barack Obama on improving diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba. As a result, the U.S. embargo on Cuba would be lifted and travel/trade restrictions would be lifted as well.
Castro announced at the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, which began on the 16 April, 2021, that he was stepping down as leader of the Communist Party of Cuba.
Bernard Sherman
Bernard Charles "Barry" Sherman, (February 25, 1942 – December 13, 2017) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He was born in Toronto. He was the chairman and CEO of Apotex Inc. With an estimated net worth of US$3.2 billion at the time of his death, according to Forbes, Sherman was the 12th-wealthiest Canadian. Another publication, Canadian Business, said his fortune at $4.77 billion (CAD), ranking him the 15th richest in Canada.
On December 15, 2017, police officers entered Sherman's home in North York, Toronto, where they discovered the bodies of Sherman and his wife hanging side by side next to their indoor pool. Sherman was 75 years old. Post-mortem examinations showed the cause of death for both deceased was "ligature neck compression".
Asghar Bichareh
Asghar Bichareh (Persian اصغر بیچاره; June 11, 1927 – June 11, 2016) was an Iranian photographer and actor. Bichareh was a photographer for the Iranian movie and music industries. He acted in over 23 movies. Bichareh was known for his collection of old cameras and cinema and theater photos.
Bichareh died of laryngeal cancer on his 89th birthday on June 11, 2016 in Los Angeles, California.
Liberal Party (1922)
The Liberal Party, Liberal Union or the Liberal Union Party, was a political party in Australia. It was based in Victoria and South Australia. Active mainly in 1922, the party was formed by members of the Nationalist Party of Australia who did not support the leader, Prime Minister Billy Hughes.
The party was begun by two Victorian men, Thomas Ashworth and Charles Merrett. Two federal Nationalist MPs, Victorian William Watt and South Australian Richard Foster, joined the Liberal Party. In the 1922 federal election three more MPs (John Latham from Victoria, and Malcolm Cameron and Jack Duncan-Hughes from South Australia) were elected.
When the new Country Party refused to support Hughes, he decided to retire and leave the Prime Ministership to Stanley Bruce. All five Liberals rejoined the Nationalist Party, although they remained officially Liberals until 1925.
Rose Pourquier
Career
In 1926 she participated for the first time at Traversée de Paris à la nage, a main open water race in Paris. Her first achievement was that year on 25 December finishing second at the Christmas Cup in Marseille. In 1927 she finished third in the women's category at the Traversée de Marseille à la nage, an open water competition in Marseille. In 1929 and 1930 she participated at the French national championships (indoor), but didn't win a medal. In 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1933 she participated at the Traversée de Paris à la nage. With her team she won at these four edition the Petit Parisien Cup. In 1933 was her main achievement. In a time of n 2h 20:15 she won the women's category ahead of Suzanne Delbort and Marguerite Mahieux and became so French long distance swimming champion.
Clubs
She was a member of Étoile Sportive Phocéenne. She moved in 1927 to Chevalier Roze Sport de Marseille. She later took an individual license. From 1931 she was a member of Cercle des Nageurs de Marseille.
Yves Coppens
Yves Coppens (9 August 1934 – 22 June 2022) was a French anthropologist. He studied ancient hominids. In 2014, he became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. He also helped make documentaries about hominids such as A Species Odyssey. He played an important role in discovering "Lucy".
Coppens died on 22 June 2022 at the age of 87.
Arduino
Arduino is a small popular electronic machine that makes it very easy for people to make electronic things. It has two parts: a circuit board and a program that lets people tell the circuit board what to do. As of 2011, more than 300,000 Arduinos had been sold.
Dragon Pilot: Hisone and Masotan
Dragon Pilot: Hisone and Masotan (£¢£¢£¢£¢£) is a Japanese anime television series created by director Shinji Higuchi, screenwriter Mari Okada, and animation studio Bones. Toshinao Aoki is responsible for the original character designs, Yoshiyuki Itō is serving as the animation character designer and Taisei Iwasaki is composing the music. The anime project was revealed by the staff at the 2017 Tokyo Comic Con in December 2017. It began airing on April 13, 2018. It was licensed by Netflix for domestic and international streaming, and released internationally on September 21, 2018.
Arduino
The machine
The machine part is open source, which means that anybody can make their own version of an Arduino machine for free. An official Arduino costs around US$30. The original Arduino is made by a company in Italy called "Smart Projects" but other types of Arduino boards have been designed by SparkFun Electronics, an American company.
Spiny lobster
Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of  crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also called crayfish, sea crayfish or crawfish.
Dragon Pilot: Hisone and Masotan
Plot
Hisone Amakasu is a rookie in the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, where she is situated at the Gifu air base. She decided to join the force to distance herself from people as, her whole life, she had found it difficult to interact with others due to her candid style of speaking and oftentimes hurtful words, despite that not being her intention. Hisone's decision leads to her life being changed when the concealed "OTF" - Organic Transformed Flyer, or dragon - inside the base chooses her to be his pilot, leading her to discover her destined role as a dragon pilot during their ascension in the skies together. According to legend, dragons are thought to possess a key to unlocking the future of the world.
Arduino
"Shields"
Sometimes, people will make other machines that go on top of an Arduino board and let the board do more things. These are called "Arduino shields". They can do different things, like let an Arduino machine connect to the internet, or add a touchscreen, or let an Arduino use GPS to figure out where it is. Shields can also combine and stack on top of each other.
Spiny lobster
Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape, and that they also have a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, and by their complete lack of claws (chelae); true lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Like true lobsters, however, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas.
Dragon Pilot: Hisone and Masotan
Anime
The opening theme song titled "Shōjo wa Ano Sora no Wataru" (£¢£¢€¢€¥€¥££¢£¢¥) is composed by Taisei Iwasaki and performed by Riko Fukumoto, featuring lyrics written by Mari Okada. The ending theme song titled "Le temps de la rentrée: Koi no leji (Shingakki)" (Le temps de la rentrée~£¢£¢£¢¢(£¢£¢£)~) is a cover of France Gall's "Le temps de la rentrée," arranged by Iwasaki and performed by D-Pai (D-Pilots, short for "dragon pilots"), a vocal unit comprising voice actresses Misaki Kuno, Tomoyo Kurosawa, Maki Kawase, Satomi Arai and Kaori Nazuka.
Arduino
Telling the Arduino what to do
Arduinos are programmed in C or C++, using a program also called Arduino. An example program to blink a light (LED) could look like this:
Spiny lobster
Spiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish (Jasus novaehollandiae and Jasus edwardsii), and South Africa (Jasus lalandii). A new species, Palinurus barbarae was described in 2006.
The largest spiny lobster on record was over 1 m (3 ft) long and weighed over 11.8 kg (26 lb).
Spiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, crabs, sea urchins or carrion to eat. Sometimes, they migrate en masse, in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton. Spiny lobsters usually exhibit social habit by being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones and leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for itself.
The furry lobsters (e.g. Palinurellus) are sometimes separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include Palinurus and a number of anagrams thereof: Panulirus, Linuparus, etc. (Palinurus was also a helmsman in Virgil's Æneid.)
Christopher Benjamin
Christopher Benjamin (born 27 December 1934) is an English actor with many stage and television credits since the 1960s. His television roles include three appearances in Doctor Who, portraying Sir Keith Gold in Inferno (1970), Henry Gordon Jago in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (1977) and Colonel Hugh Curbishley in "The Unicorn and the Wasp" (2008). He also provided the voice of Rowf in the animated film The Plague Dogs (1982).
Oldfield Thomas
Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas (usually known as Oldfield Thomas) FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist.
Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens. He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.
Melina Kanakaredes
Melina Kanakaredes (born April 23, 1967) is an American video game, television and soap opera actress. She played Dr. Sydney Hansen in the television series Providence on NBC. She later played Stella Bonasera on CSI: NY on CBS (2004 to 2010).
Kanakaredes was born in Akron, Ohio.
Benny Hinn
Toufik Benedictus "Benny" Hinn (born 3 December 1952) is an American-Canadian televangelist, best known for his regular "Miracle Crusades"—revival meeting or faith healing summits that are usually held in stadiums in major cities, which are later broadcast worldwide on his television program, This Is Your Day.
Springdale, Pennsylvania
Springdale is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is about 18 mi northeast of Pittsburgh, along the Allegheny River. The population was 3,405 at the 2010 census.
Gallurese
Gallurese (gadduresu) is a Romance language spoken in the northeastern part of Sardinia. It is seen as being related to the Corsican language and Sardinian language.
The language takes its name from the region of Gallura.
Jan Eliasson
Jan Kenneth Eliasson (born 17 September 1940) is a Swedish politician. He was Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations from July 2012 to December 2016. He is a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. He was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 24 April to 6 October 2006.
William Hickey
William Edward Hickey (September 19, 1927 – June 29, 1997) was an American actor. He is best known for his Oscar-nominated role as Don Corrado Prizzi in the John Huston 1985 movie Prizzi's Honor, as well as Uncle Lewis in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) and the voice of Dr. Finklestein in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993).
Hydra (animal)
Hydra are simple invertebrates, with two layers of body cells. They live in fresh water. Their body is radially symmetric. They have a central cavity through which they take in food and expel waste.
William Hickey
Hickey died of emphysema and bronchitis in New York City, aged 69.
Hydra (animal)
As Cnidaria they have stinging cells on their tentacles. They are hydrozoa, and belong to the same order as other polyps. Most Hydra are microscopic in size. Hydras can be found in almost any unpolluted body of water. Hydras reproduce by budding. In budding, the offspring forms as a lump on the parent and eventually becomes big enough to break off and live by itself. They can move if they need to by a kind of slow somersaulting motion.
Recent research has found they produce an antimicrobial protein hydramacin, which protects their outer layer from bacterial infection.
Jamshid Mashayekhi
Jamshid Mashayekhi (, 26 November 1934 – 2 April 2019) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran, Iran. Mashayekhi was known for his roles in The Cow, Kaiser, and in Adobe and Mirror. He appeared in the television series Hezar Dastan.
Mashayekhi died on 2 April 2019 at a hospital in Tehran from pneumonia complicated by laryngeal cancer, aged 84.
Suzanne Berlioux
Suzanne Berlioux née Pointcarré (14 Fevbruary 1898 - 21 June 1984) was a French swimming coach. She trained among others swimming champions Christine Caron and Françoise Letellier.
Swimming coach
Berlioux learned swimming herself in 1917. In the 1930s she trained the school sections of swimming clubs. Working as a teacher, she included in 1935 swimming lessons in her school program and took care of bringing her students to the swimming pool. The initiative was however stopped by her superiors.
Between 1941 and 1969 she trained all the French 100 metre backstroke champions. She was a trainer at four Summer Olympics. At the 1948 Summer Olympics with Monique Berlioux; at the 1960 Summer Olympics with Rosy Piacentini and Nadine Delache; at the 1964 Summer Olympics with silver medal winner Christine Caron and at the 1968 Summer Olympics with Sylvie Canet. She was also the trainer at the 1965 Aquatics Championships of Christine Caron who became champion in the 100 metre backstroke.
Personal life
Her father Georges Poincarré was an industrialist. She married to Eugène Berlioux who was trainer at CNP and Morocco in 1950. Her daughters were swimming champions Monique Berlioux and Lucette Berlioux. She was a teacher between 1926 and 1953.
In 1966 she appeared in the short film Aquarelle (film), by Dominique Delouche. The film received the Grand Prize at the Cortina d'Ampezzo Festival.
Born in Nogent, Haute-Marne, she later lived in Nancy, Marseille and Metz. In 1926 she moved to Paris. During World War II, she fled Paris with her family to Normandy in 1943. After World War II they moved back to Paris where she lived until 1969.
She survived her daughter Lucette Berlioux who died in 1966. She died on 14 February 1898 in Nogent, Haute-Marne at the age of 86.
Legacy
The Suzanne-Berlioux sports center in Paris is named after her. The sports center consists of the Suzanne-Berlioux gymnasium and the Suzanne-Berlioux swimming pool, an underground center located in the Forum des Halles, in the Halles district of the 1st arrondissement of Paris.
Nicaragua at the Olympics
Nicaragua in the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1959, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nicaragua was NCG. It is now is NCA.
History
The National Olympic Committee for Nicaragua (Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense) was formed in 1959; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.
Nicaragua was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.
Teams from Nicaragua have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except when they boycotted the 1988 Games in support of North Korea. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
As of 2012, Nicaragua has never won an Olympic medal.
The baseball team finished in fourth place at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Henry County, Alabama
Henry County is a county on the southeastern border of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,146. The county seat is Abbeville. The county was named for Patrick Henry (1736–1799), famous orator and Governor of Virginia.
Henry County was founded on December 13, 1819.
Sully (movie)
Sully is a 2016 American biographical drama movie directed and co-produced by Clint Eastwood. It is written by Todd Komarnicki. It is about the US Airways Flight 1549 and Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, based on the autobiography Highest Duty by Sullenberger and Jeffrey Zaslow.
The movie stars Tom Hanks as Sullenberger, with Aaron Eckhart, Laura Linney, Anna Gunn, Autumn Reeser, Holt McCallany, Jamey Sheridan, and Jerry Ferrara. The movie was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 2016.
Sassarese language
Sassarese (local name Sassaresu or Turritanu) is a Romance language. It is related to the Corsican language and the Sardinian language. It is also related to Gallurese. The latter is regarded as a Corsican dialect despite the geographic location, although this attribution is a matter of controversy. It can be considered a transitional language between Italo-Dalmatian languages
Sassarese is spoken by approximately 120,000 people in the northwest coastal areas of Sardinia, Italy.
Franklin County, Alabama
Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 32,113. The county seat is Russellville. The name is in honor of Benjamin Franklin, famous statesman, scientist, and printer.
Franklin County was founded on February 6, 1818.
Żagań
Żagań is a town in the west part of Poland. 26,665 people lived there in 2004. It is the main town of part of Poland called Żagań County.
It is now part of the in the Lubusz Voivodship (a Voivoidship is part of the way Poland is organised into areas), before it was in Zielona Gora Voivodship (1975-1998). There is a castle called Sagan in the middle of an area that is also called Sagan. The castle belonged to Wallenstein, a soldier and politician of the Thirty Years' War. Later, the castle belonged to the Bohemian family of Lobkowitz. In 1786, the Sagan area was bought by Peter Biron, duke of Courland. In 1843, it went to his daughter Dorothea, the wife of Edmond de Talleyrand.
An act of the king of Prussia on January 6, 1845 made her Duchess of Sagan. Napoleon III did the same in France, for her son Louis. The double title, both Prussian and French, meant that the duc de Sagan was a neutral party in the Second World War. His house (the Château de Valençay) was a safe place to keep pictures and other things from the Louvre when German soldiers were in France.
In the Second World War, the well-known war prison Stalag Luft III was there.
Corgi
The corgi (or Welsh corgi) is a small breed of dog. It comes from Wales.
chihuahua
Culture
Outside Wales, corgis have been made popular by Queen Elizabeth II. She usually had at least four as pets and once as many as thirteen. Her first corgi was named Susan. She mated Susan and her current dogs are still offspring of that breeding. She now has two corgis who are about twelve years old. Some portraits of Queen Elizabeth II show her holding a corgi or a few around her.
Frances Footman
Frances Emma Footman (20 July 1888 - June 1982) was a British swimmer and diver in the early 20th-century from London. She was one of the earliest British female international swimmers. Footman was a member of the Battersea Swimming Club and was trained by professor Barrows.
Biography
Footman won in 1902-1903 the Battersea School Campionship and in 1903-1904 the Battersea Ladies Championship. In 1906 she finished second at the Southern Countries Ladies Championship.