cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Joachim Peiper
Peiper was convicted of war crimes committed in Belgium. He was imprisoned for almost 12 years. He was also accused of war crimes in Italy. However, Italian and German courts decided that there was not enough evidence. After his release from prison, Peiper worked for both Porsche and Volkswagen. He then moved to France. In France he translated books from English to German under the pseudonym Rainer Buschmann. Peiper was murdered in France in July 1976. He was shot by unknown people who then burned his house to the ground using Molotov cocktails.
The Milli Gazette
Milli Gazette (MG) is an English-language newspaper in India. It is a compact newspaper. It describes itself as the leading English newspaper for Indian Muslims. Feature articles generally cover global news concerning Muslims, focusing especially on Indian Muslim issues.
Fischenthal
Fischenthal is a municipality in the district of Hinwil in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Pamela L. Reeves
Pamela Lynn Reeves (July 21, 1954 – September 10, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. She was the Chief United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee from 2019 until her death. She was the first female judge to serve in the Eastern District. Reeves was born in Marion, Virginia. She was nominated to the court by President Barack Obama in 2014.
Fischenthal
Besides the village of Fischenthal, it includes the villages of Gibswil and Steg, as well as nearly 100 smaller settlements.
Pamela L. Reeves
Reeves died on September 10, 2020 from cancer, aged 66.
Pyotr Stepanov
Pyotr Petrovich Stepanov (Пётр Петро́вич Степа́нов; born 2 January 1959) is a Transnistrian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Transnistria from 18 January 2012 until 10 July 2013.
MX record
In the Domain Name System, an MX record is something that a domain uses to tell people and software the IP address of an email server. There can be more than one MX record for a domain. When there is more than one record, DNS uses a priority list that tells whatever is looking up the records to try the IP addresses in a certain order. For example, example.com might have a set of MX records that say for mail.example.com to try 127.0.0.5 first. If that try fails, another record will say to try 127.0.0.6. This behavior makes email more reliable.
Washington Summit (1987)
The Washington Summit of 1987 was Cold War-era summit meeting between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 8-10 in Washington, D.C..
Reagan and Gorbachev talked about problems in Afghanistan, Central America, and South Africa, arms control problems for chemical weapons, the status of START agreements, and human rights.
Reagan achieved the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty during the summit.
Weston-super-Mare
Weston-super-Mare, sometimes known as just Weston is a sea-side town in Somerset, England. Weston is 18 mi from the city of Bristol. It also includes the suburbs of Oldmixon, West Wick and Worle. The beach is a popular tourist destination. The town has many museums and a pier.
Iron age
The earliest settlements of Weston are iron age hill forts in the north
19th century
By the time of the 19th century, Weston had already become a popular tourist destination
Modern history
in world war 2, 4,000 people migrated to weston-super-mare
Transport
Weston is connected to the M5 motorway by junction 21 where the dual carriageway A370 goes to the town centre.
The main railway station is on a short loop off the Bristol to Exeter line. The station is called Westo-super-Mare. It is close to the town centre and less than ten minutes walk from the sea front.
Xinbeitou metro station
Xinbeitou is a metro station on the Xinbeitou branch line of the Tamsui-Xinyi Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code is R22A.
Station layout information
The station platforms are above ground level. Both Platforms 1 and 2 are for Beitou, but Platform 2 is a backup platform.
Tere Liye
Tere Liye is a Hindi-language Indian television series of the romantic drama genre. It was aired on Star Plus and was produced by Balaji Telefilms.
Guangci–Fengtian Temple metro station
Guangci/Fengtian Temple is an under construction metro station on the Tamsui-Xinyi Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station is scheduled to open at the end of 2022 and the station code will be R01.
Station layout information
The station platforms will be located underground. Both Platforms 1 and 2 will be for Tamsui.
Leen van der Waal
Van der Waal died in Ridderkerk on September 10, 2020 at the age of 91.
Sanamahi Kiyong Temple
The Sanamahi Kiyong (sa-naa-ma-hee kee-yong) is a Meitei temple. It is built in honor of God Sanamahi of Sanamahism (Meitei religion). It is built on the top of the Selloi Langmai mountains (Nongmaiching mountains) in Imphal East district of Manipur. It was opened on the 8th of June, 2019. It is one of the most visited pilgrimage sites for the Meitei people as well as the other followers of Sanamahi religion in Manipur.
Loulan Kingdom
Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina, was an ancient kingdom. It was based on an important oasis city on the Silk Road. It was known in the 2nd century BC on the northeastern edge of the Lop Desert. Loulan is now in Xinjiang, China.
The oasis has now dried up.
Tatiana Turanskaya
Tatiana Mikhailovna Turanskaya (Тетяна Михайлівна Туранська; born November 20, 1972) is a Transnistrian politician. She was the Prime Minister of Transnistria from 2013 until 2015.
Peter R. Orszag
Peter Richard Orszag (born December 16, 1968) is an American banker and former government official. He is the CEO of Financial Advisory at Lazard.
Flaach
Flaach is a municipality in the district of Andelfingen in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.
Peptide hormone
Peptide hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptide. Peptide hormones have shorter amino acid chain lengths than protein hormones. These hormones have an effect on the endocrine system of animals, including humans.
"The word peptide refers to peptide bonds between amino acids", according to media.
Epiquerez
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Epiquerez, Epauvillers, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne and Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.
Deaths in May 2022
The following is a list of deaths that happened in May 2022. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.
Each listing of death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known), and a source.
Gonzales, California
Gonzales is a city in Monterey County, California, United States. It is in the Salinas Valley, which is an very productive farming area. It is known for growing vegetables and wine.
Christina Romer
Christina Duckworth Romer (née Duckworth; born December 25, 1958) is an American politician and economist. She was the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers in the Obama administration. She resigned from her role on the Council of Economic Advisers on September 3, 2010.
The Velvet Underground & Nico
The Velvet Underground & Nico is the first album by American rock band The Velvet Underground. It is said to be one of the greatest albums ever made. Rolling Stone ranked it the 13th best album of all time. The album was produced by famous artist Andy Warhol. Some of the songs talked about drugs, prostitution and sex. They were very controversial back then that radio stations won't play any of their songs.
Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed unless otherwise noted.
Les Genevez
Les Genevez is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Vesilahti
Vesilahti is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 4,4800 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Akaa, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Sastamala and Urjala.
Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark decision in criminal procedure. The United States Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment may not be used at trial in a state court.
Circumstances
On May 23, 1957, in Cleveland, Ohio, three police officers arrived at the home of a Miss Mapp, the appellant. The officers said they had information a bombing suspect was in the house and demanded entry. After telephoning her attorney, she refused to admit them without a search warrant. The officers watched the house until more officers arrived. Three hours later and with four more police officers, they again demanded entrance to the home. When Mapp did not come to the door immediately, a door was forced open and the police entered. At about the same time, Mapp's attorney arrived, but was refused permission to see his client or to enter the home. When Mapp was halfway down the stairs she demanded to see the search warrant. A piece of paper was flashed at her which she grabbed and hid on her person. The officers grabbed her to physically recover the paper. The paper was not a warrant. The police did not find the bombing suspect. However, they did find books and photographs they said were sexually explicit. At trial, the prosecution did not produce a search warrant or prove one was ever issued. Mapp was convicted of violating Ohio state law prohibiting “lewd, lascivious, or obscene material.” She was sentenced to one to seven years in prison. Mapp appealed the conviction based on her First Amendment rights.
Ohio Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Ohio heard the case. The court believed an argument could be made for reversing the case because of the way the evidence was obtained. But they did not determine the evidence was taken from Mapp's person by the use of brutal force against the defendant. They added that even if the search was made without authority, it could be used at the state trial. They ruled the Fourteenth Amendment does not forbid the admission of evidence gained by unreasonable search and seizure. Therefore, her appeal was denied.
US Supreme Court decision
In their decision, the court ruled in favor of Mapp and overturned her conviction. In the 6-3 decision, the court found the states were also required to exclude evidence seized in violation of a person's Fourth Amendment rights. They stated that any evidence obtained in searches and seizures that violated the Constitution were not admissible in state courts. Otherwise, there would be no right against unreasonable search and seizure. Associate justice Tom C. Clark delivered the majority opinion.
Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of Haute-Vienne are:
History
Since its creation, the Charente department has had some changes:
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit is a bookstore owner from Thailand. She also helped start Creating Awareness for Enhanced Democracy (CAFÉ Democracy), an organization for political ideas. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Mike McCormick (pitcher)
Michael Francis McCormick (September 29, 1938 – June 13, 2020) was an American baseball pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the New York and San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators, New York Yankees and Kansas City Royals from 1956 to 1971. He batted and threw left-handed and was primarily a starting pitcher.
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit
Life
Wattanapanit graduated from Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She raised money for conservation of forests. She worked for Community Forest Support group, a non-governmental organization. When Wattanapanit received the award in 2016, she was 49 years old.
Cobalt (Ontario)
Cobalt is a town of the district of Timiskaming, in the province of Ontario, Canada.
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit
Work
In October 2011, Wattanapanit started the bookstore Book Re:public with Pinkaew Luangaramsri, an anthropology scholar from Chiang Mai University. After the May 2014 coup, the government closed her bookshop. They took her to military camps twice. They wanted her to sign an agreement not to work for political activities. The first time, they took her to Kawila Army Camp in Chiang Mai. The second time it was the Army Central Command.
Mike McCormick (pitcher)
McCormick died on June 13, 2020 in Cornelius, North Carolina from Parkinson's disease, aged 81.
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit
Work
After one year, she opened the bookshop again. The shop is a place for neighbors to meet and talk about social and political problems.
François Lalande
François Lalande (29 November 1930 – 1 September 2020) was an Algerian-born French actor. He had performed in the theatre, on television, and movies. He was born in Mostaganem, French Algeria. Lalande was known for his roles as Monsieur Ribeaux in Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo (1977) and as Mr. Levert in French Postcards (1979).
Lalande died on 1 September 2020 in Paris, aged 89.
Betty Caywood
Betty Caywood Bushman (March 10, 1931 – September 3, 2020) was an American sportscaster. She was one of the first female Major League Baseball broadcasters. She gave color commentary on radio broadcasts for the Kansas City Athletics in September, 1964. Caywood was born in Chicago.
Caywood, then known as Betty Caywood Bushman, returned to the baseball broadcast booth on August 16, 2008, joining the WHB radio broadcast of games for the independent baseball team, the Kansas City T-Bones.
Caywood died on September 3, 2020 at the age of 89.
East of Sudan
East of Sudan is a 1964 British adventure movie directed by Nathan Juran and starring Anthony Quayle, Sylvia Syms, Derek Fowlds, Johnny Sekka, Jenny Agutter, Derek Blomfield.
AKB48
AKB48 is a Japanese idol group produced by Yasushi Akimoto. He searched Akihabara to find members who are innovative, because the area has been energetic recently. They are very popular in Japan. The "AKB" name comes from Akihabara, which is their home ground. (秋葉原).
On 2012-10-31, AKB48 sold over 20,000,000 records in Japan and became the best selling female group in J-POP history.
Concept
The group debuted in January 2009. There are 47 members in total. They have their very own theater called the "AKB48 theater" (AKB48劇場) in Akihabara, and they perform there everyday. AKB48's theater is located on the 8th floor of the shopping mall "Don Quixote Akihabara" (ドン・キホーテ秋葉原店). The reason for this is because Akimoto wanted to change the idea of idols. Idols usually are presented in an unrealistic way in the media, so Akimoto's idea was to show idols as real people whom fans could interact with.
The group became popular for its concept of "Idols you can meet every day". Since they perform every day in the theater, in the days when they were less known their fans could visit every day and meet their favorite members afterwards. But now, AKB48 has so many fans that it is not possible to go to the theater every day. Instead, their fans must enter a lottery to win a ticket for the popular theater shows.
They also hold "handshake events". Fans who buy a CD single of the group can get a ticket to the handshake event, and get the chance to meet a member and shake her hand for ten seconds.
Also, there are sister groups such as SKE48, SDN48, NMB48, HKT48, JKT48, SNH48, TPE48 and MNL48. "SKE" name is derived from Sakae (栄),"NMB" is from Namba (難波), "HKT" is from Hakata (博多), "JKT" is from Jakarta, "SNH" is from Shanghai (上海), "TPE" is from Taipei (台北) and "MNL" is from Manila. Also, the name "SDN" is derived from "Saturday Night". SDN48 consisted of members aged 20 or over. It had a more sexy, adult image, but it eventually split up.
Vilseck
Vilseck is a town in Amberg-Sulzbach, a district (Landkreis) in the Upper Palatinate. It is on the river Vils, which is a tributary of the Naab river.
AKB48
Name
AKB is a short form for Akihabara. During the first phase of this project, the name "Akihabara 48" was decided. It is popularly thought that the number 48 means the number of members, but instead it refers to the name of the group's President's office; "office48". The office is located in Chiba Prefecture, and in Japanese pronunciation, "Chiba" and "48" sound similar.
Lee Weissenborn
Lee Edward Weissenborn (March 19, 1929 – May 7, 2017) was an American Democratic Party politician in the state of Florida. He was a member of the member of the Florida House of Representatives for Dade County from 1963 through 1966. He later served as a member of the Florida Senate from 1967 through 1971.
Weissenborn was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He studied at University of Florida. Weissenborn died at his home in Palmetto Bay, Florida on May 7, 2017 from stroke complications at the age of 88.
AKB48
Members
Because there are so many AKB48 members, they don't perform all at the same time. Instead, AKB48 consists of 5 teams called "Team A", "Team K", "Team B", "Team 4", and "Team 8". Most of the group's members are in one of these teams. Each team holds individual performances at the AKB theatre. These performances are a unique set list of around 15 to 20 songs, known as "stages". Each team has more than 20 members. For members who do not have enough experience to join a team, they are part of a group of "research students". The research students can take the place of a team member during performances if she is sick or unable to perform. When they are thought to have enough experience, they can join a team.
"Senbatsu Members"
Due to the large number of members, only a few members are picked by their producer when making media appearances. The members picked are called "senbatsu members", because "senbatsu" is a Japanese word meaning "selection". Senbatsu members have "earned" the privilege of representing the group during media appearances, and are chosen in different ways. The most famous is the election.
Election
There are four big elections to decide who sings new songs. You can get tickets to vote in the election when you buy specific CDs or related goods by AKB48. The member who ranks at number one in the election will become the "center" of their new song. This means they will stand in the front and center for the dance, and they will get a starring role in the song's music video.
AKB48 Second Election
The second election of AKB48 happened from May 25th to June 8th 2010, and results were announced at JCB Hall (JCBホール). The top 21 in this election got the right to sing in the 17th single CD "Heavy Rotation". The top 12 were called "Media Senbatsu". They were chosen to promote new information on media such as TV and radio. Yuko Oshima was ranked number 1 "center".
AKB48 Third Election
The third election of AKB48 happened from May 24th to June 8th 2011. Results were announced at Nihon Budoukan (日本武道館). Top 21 in this election got the right to sing in the 22th single CD "Flying Get". Atsuko Maeda was ranked number 1 "center".
AKB48 Fifth Election
The fifth election of AKB48 took place from May 21st to June 7th 2013, with results announced at Nissan Stadium (日産スタジアム). Top 16 in this election can get the right to sing 32th single CD "Koi Suru Fortune Cookie". Rino Sashihara was ranked number 1 "center".
AKB48 Sixth Election
The sixth election of AKB48 took place from May 20st to June 6th 2014, with results announced at Ajinomoto Stadium (味の素スタジアム). Top 16 in this election can get the right to sing 37th single CD "Kokoro no Placard". Mayu Watanabe was ranked number 1 "center".
Lithium battery
A lithium battery is a long-life, lightweight, high-power battery used in watches, medical devices, camera flashes, electronic car keys, alarm systems, and many other devices. It is normally in the shape of a coin. As the name suggests, the battery has lithium in it. The lithium is oxidized, providing the power for the battery. They are not rechargeable; once they are dead they should be thrown out. A lithium battery is different from a lithium-ion battery. They are rechargeable and are used in phones, portable computers, and other items like that. Lithium batteries come in several sizes. The size is indicated by a code. CR1216 is a small battery, while CR2012 is medium-sized and CR2450 is large. They are normally more expensive than other batteries.
AKB48
AKB48 Sixth Election
AKB48 Seventh Election
The seventh election of AKB48 took place from May 19th to June 5th 2015, with results announced at Fukuoka Yahoo Auction Dome  (福岡 ヤフオク!ドーム). Top 16 in this election can get the right to sing 41st single CD "Halloween Night". Rino Sashihara was ranked number 1 "center".
Awards
The following table lists some of the major awards received by the group.
Yolanda and the Thief
Yolanda and the Thief is a 1945 American musical comedy movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Fred Astaire, Lucille Bremer, Frank Morgan, Mildred Natwick, Mary Nash, Leon Ames. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Pirkkala
Pirkkala is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 18,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Tampere, Nokia, Lempäälä, and Vesilahti. Pirkkala has been growing fast but doesn't yet have the status of a town or city.
Black-necked crane
The black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), also known as Tibetan crane, is a large bird and medium-sized crane.
It is 139 cm (55 in) long, it has a 235 cm (7.8 ft) wingspan and weights 5.5 kg (12 lbs). It is whitish-gray crane with a black head, red crown patch, black upper neck and legs, and white patch to the rear of the eye. It has black primaries and secondaries. Both sexes are similar. In Kashmir, it is the state/regional bird of the disputed territory.
Mohammad Asghar
Mohammad Asghar (30 September 1945 – 16 June 2020) known as Oscar, was a Welsh politician. He was a member of the Welsh Conservative Party, and of the Welsh Labour Party, and Plaid Cymru. He was elected to the Welsh Assembly in 2007 as a member of Plaid Cymru on the list for South Wales East.
He is best known for being the first ethnic minority and Muslim Member of the Senedd, and being the first Assembly Member who was a member of a political party to defect to another party.
Asghar died on 16 June 2020 after being rushed to hospital in Newport, Wales earlier in the day, aged 74.
Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone. In animals, it is made from cholesterol. It is the base for making certain estrogens and androgens. In animals, it is produced by their body mainly during the second half of the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy it is produced in higher quantities. Willard Myron Allen co-discovered progesterone with his anatomy professor George Washington Corner at the University of Rochester Medical School in 1933 year. Allen discovered temperature needed to melt it and its weight. He also gave it the name Progesterone based on Progestational Steroidal ketone. In one plant, Juglans regia, progesterone has been found. Also progesterone-like steroids are found in Dioscorea mexicana. Progesterone level is low in children and postmenopausal women.
Florin Cîțu
Florin-Vasile Cîțu (born 1 April 1972) is a Romanian politician and senator, elected in 2016. On 4 November 2019, he became finance minister in the Orban Cabinet, lead by prime-minister, Ludovic Orban.
On 26 February 2020, after the Romanian Parliament passed a motion of no confidence against the Orban Cabinet, President Klaus Iohannis designated Cîțu Prime Minister of Romania and asked him to form a new government. He resigned in November 2021 and later became President of the Senate of Romania.
Birgland
Birgland is a municipality in Amberg-Sulzbach, a district (Landkreis) in the Upper Palatinate.
Disappearance of Rebecca Coriam
Early on the morning of 22 March 2011, Rebecca Coriam (born 11 March 1987), a British crewmember on the cruise ship Disney Wonder, having an emotional phone call while worried and wearing men's clothing. Several hours later, she missed the beginning of her work shift and could not be located anywhere aboard the ship.
The case remains under investigation, and her whereabouts since the phone conversation have not been discovered. Her parents believe that Disney are hiding certain facts of her disappearance. Her family settled a lawsuit against Disney out of court in 2016.
Maginot Line
The Maginot Line (Ligne Maginot, ) was a long line of walls, forts, and armed defenses that the French built after the First World War. It is named after André Maginot, who was the French Minister of war when it was built. The Maginot Line was made of a number of fortifications and bunkers, close to the French border to Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy. Today, the fortifications towards Italy are commonly called Alpin Line. The Maginot Line was built between 1930 and 1940.
During the First World War, the German Army had built the Hindenburg Line, which is similar.
The plan was that the French army would have time to get ready and go north to Belgium and win any battle with the German army there. In the Second World War the German army and French army met in the Ardennes (forest) in Belgium. The French army lost, opening the way to German victory in the Battle of France.
Ceres (dwarf planet)
Ceres, also known as 1 Ceres (symbol: ), is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.
It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, as the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.
With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter. The asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Ceres is located at 2.8 AU (257 million miles) from the Sun, which makes it the closest dwarf planet to the Sun. It is also the only dwarf planet in the Solar System than has no moons.
On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta. In 2015, Dawn became the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft visited Pluto, another dwarf planet.
Ceres has an unusual crater, Occator which contains bright salts.
Ronnie Spector
Veronica Yvette Spector (née Bennett; August 10, 1943 – January 12, 2022), known as Ronnie Spector, was an American singer who was the lead singer of the group the Ronettes. She was in this group with her sister Estelle Bennett and their cousin Nedra Talley.
Personal life
Spector married music producer Phil Spector in 1968. They adopted three children together. Ronnie said "The more kids I got, the further I was in that mansion and I never got out until I ran out and escaped". She also said that her mother helped her escape from Phil Spector in 1972, saying "I knew that if I didn't leave I was going to die there". She said that Phil had abused her for many years and did not allow her to leave or perform. He also had guard dogs and barbed wire around the house. Phil later murdered Lana Clarkson in 2003, and was jailed in 2009.
Spector married Johnathon Greenfield in 1982. They lived in Danbury, Connecticut with their two sons, Austin Drew and Jason Charles.
Spector died on January 12, 2022 from cancer in Danbury, aged 78.
Goumois
Goumois was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Goumois and Les Pommerats merged into the municipality of Saignelégier.
Robert Lowie
Robert Harry Lowie (born Robert Heinrich Löwe; June 12, 1883 – September 21, 1957) was an Austrian-born American anthropologist.
Early life and education
He was born on June 12, 1883 to an Austrian mother and Hungarian father in Vienna. He lived there until he was ten years old then moved to New York City. In New York he surrounded himself with German friends and family and even continued to speak Viennese at home. For the rest of his life he felt like a member of both American and German-Austrian cultures. He studied Latin, Greek, philosophy, and science at the City College of New York until he graduated in 1901. Then he worked as a teacher in New York City public schools for three years. In 1904 he started to go to Columbia University for graduate school and it was there that he met Franz Boas, a famous anthropologist. Boas became Lowie's teacher and role model. Lowie liked Boas because of their shared German background and similar interest in details rather than abstractions about human cultures. As a student of Boas, Lowie was tasked with writing a thesis about the Native American Crow tribe, which is what ended up sparking his interest in other tribes. He graduated from Columbia with his Ph.D in 1908 and worked at the Natural History Museum in New York City from then until 1921. He enjoyed researching and writing, so he continued to do those things throughout his life. He did extensive ethnographic field work during this time and studied more than nine Native American tribes throughout his lifetime. He was a teacher at UC Berkeley from 1921 to 1950.
Emphasis on individual variation
One of Boas's main interests and most passionate arguments was that of individual variation. As Stefan Bargheer writes, "the notion of individual variability in the work of Lowie […started] in the 1910s […]. Lowie's argument was initially directed against race scholars […] who argued that the Nordic race displayed a higher range of variation than other races and could thus be assumed to produce a particularly high number of exceptional individuals, which ensured the superiority of the culture produced by this race." Instead he argued that there really were no differences in the range of variation between races.
Critique of race and racism
Although the popular belief in the early 20th century was that the white race was better than all others, Lowie argued against racism, saying that all races had individual variation present within them and that no one race was superior. He used statistics to argue that "the differences in cultural achievements between groups was a function of their population size and thus of the total number of outstanding individuals-not of the rate at which such individuals occurred."
He realized that because bigger populations have more people they are more likely to have a higher number of very smart individuals. He also applied his beliefs to primitive societies, arguing that they too had individual variation. In Primitive Society (1920) he argues "that mental processes are not only comparable but identical in the simpler and the higher civilizations." His interests were always primarily in culture and psychology. He specifically studied issues in race, environment, nature, and relationships. He believed that people were different, but he did not believe that one race was superior to others even though this belief was common during WWII when he was alive.
He fought for German scientists during the war, and against scientific racism, which is when scientific evidence is used to try to justify the discrimination against certain peoples. He also argued against the belief that cultures create people with identical personalities, spread by his two peers Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. Mead and Benedict thought people within the same culture had very similar personality traits and that at least primitive cultures were more or less invariant.
Austan Goolsbee
Austan Dean Goolsbee (born August 18, 1969) is an American economist. Goolsbee was the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers. He was a member of the cabinet of President Barack Obama and an acting fill-in anchor for WGN-TV in Chicago.
Nedra Talley
Nedra Talley (born January 27, 1946), now known as Nedra Talley-Ross, is an American retired singer who was backing singer for the group the Ronettes with her cousins Ronnie and Estelle Bennett. She now works in real estate in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where she lives with her husband Scott Ross.
Asymptomatic carrier
An asymptomatic carrier (healthy carrier or just carrier) is a person or other animal which has become infected with a pathogen, but who shows no signs or symptoms. Although unaffected by the pathogen themselves, carriers can transmit it to others.
History
Mary Mallon, known as "Typhoid Mary", was an asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella enterica, the causative agent of typhoid fever. She worked as a cook for several families in New York City at the beginning of the twentieth century and she also cooked for the soldiers. Several cases of typhoid fever in members of those families were traced to her by the Health Department. It appeared that she "carried" the infectious agent without becoming sick. At the time, there was no way of eradicating the disease.
Gothic cathedrals
Gothic cathedrals are important examples of gothic architecture. Gothic architecture was a way of planning and designing buildings that began in Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture, in France in the 12th century. The architecture spread across Europe and lasted until the 16th century when Renaissance architecture became popular.
Many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe are Gothic architecture. It is also the architecture of many castles, and palaces. It is also found in some town halls, universities, and some houses.
In the 19th century, the Gothic style became popular again, particularly for building churches and universities. This style is called Gothic Revival architecture.
About the word "Gothic"
Gothic architecture was at first called "the French Style" (Opus Francigenum). The word "Gothic" was used later during the Renaissance as an insult, relating to the uncivilized ancient Goths, Germanic-people documented living near lower Vistula river.
An Italian writer named Giorgio Vasari used the word "Gothic" in the 1530s, because he thought buildings from the Middle Ages were not carefully planned and measured like Renaissance buildings or the buildings of ancient Rome. He said that, as the barbaric Goths had destroyed the classical world, so this "modern art" had destroyed the architecture of the twelfth century. After Vasari, many other people used the word "Gothic" to describe architecture with pointed arches.
Towns, states and countries
At the end of the 12th century, Western Europe was divided into different states. Many of these were beginning to become the countries that exist today.
The Holy Roman Empire ruled a big part of Europe including the modern countries of Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France and much of northern Italy, apart from Venice. Emperor Charlemagne began the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD.
The modern countries of France and Spain were each divided into different kingdoms. England was ruled by a king whose family also had a lot of land in France. Norway was influenced by England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by German states.
Trade between towns and states began to make the towns grow larger. Germany, Holland and Belgium had many big towns that grew peacefully, often trading with each other. Because of the peace and wealth of these towns, they showed their pride by building huge town halls, often with very tall towers.
In England and France, most people did not live in towns. They lived on farms. Rich noblemen or lords owned these farms. The house of the lord was called a manor house. Italy was mostly split up into small city-states which often fought each other. Cities often had high walls and many of the houses built at this time were tall, high towers.
The Church
In Western Europe, in the Middle Ages, almost everyone belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church has one head - the Pope. During the Middle Ages, one language was used in churches all across Europe - Ecclesiastical Latin, sometimes called Church Latin, which had developed from ancient Latin. The churches of each area had a local bishop who came under the Pope. Each Bishop had a throne where he could sit when priests and people came to him. A church which has a Bishop's throne is called a "cathedral". Cathedrals were usually the biggest and most beautiful churches.
In the early Middle Ages, many monasteries were built all over Europe. A group of holy men lived and worked and prayed there. Monks belonged to different "orders" which had different rules. The biggest number of monasteries were homes to the monks of the Benedictine Order. Their monasteries were generally in towns and they often built very big churches called "Abbeys" for the monks and the townspeople to worship in. Other orders of monks, like the Cistercians, did not live near towns. Nowadays their abbeys are seen as beautiful ruins in the English countryside.
In France, there were also Benedictines, as well as Cluniac Orders. The great monastery at Cluny, built in the Romanesque style, was the biggest in Europe. The abbey and other buildings were very well planned so for hundreds of years other monasteries were influenced by that plan.
In the 13th century St. Francis of Assisi started the Franciscans, who were often called the "Grey Friars" because of their grey-brown robes. The Dominicans were founded by St. Dominic in Toulouse and Bologna. The Dominicans built many of Italy's Gothic churches.
Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building
In 1127 Suger decided to rebuild the great abbey Church of Saint-Denis. He began by changing the "West Front" or facade. This side of the church was about 200 years old and had only one small door. Suger planned for three big doors like the arches on the Arch of Constantine in Rome. These large entrances let in all the crowds on special Holy Days. The facade also had a big round window in the centre, called a rose window, which was the first one in France.
Abbot Suger did not rebuild the church inside the west doors where most of the ordinary people stood. Next, he rebuilt the eastern end. Suger wanted the east facade to make people think of Heaven. He wanted it to be very light and bright, with very big windows of beautifully coloured glass. He looked at all the most modern designs, and all the clever things that other architects had done. He put all the new ideas together in one building. It was the first building of the new "Gothic" style. It was not yet called Gothic at this time. It was called "the French Style".
The new East End was dedicated or "given to God" on June 11, 1144. Other architects soon copied the design for other big churches and cathedrals in northern France. After Abbot Suger's death, the rest of the church was also rebuilt in the new style, and got two more much larger and more decorated rose windows, one on either side.
The style soon spread to England and through France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain and northern Italy and Sicily.
Architectural features of Gothic churches
Note:- The architectural vocabulary words are written in bold type and are explained and/or shown on the plan and cross-section.
Romanesque architecture
"Romanesque" was the style of architecture in Europe before the "Gothic" style. Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture. There was not a clean break between the two styles. Many of the features of Gothic architecture did not begin in the Gothic period. They were already there in Romanesque architecture, and slowly changed to become Gothic. The main changes were the pointed arch and the flying buttress. These two developments allowed many other changes to happen.
Romanesque buildings had thick walls, small windows, round arches and flat buttresses. Gothic buildings had thinner walls, larger windows, pointed arches and large buttresses.
All the types of buildings, and the general shape of the buildings were already there in the Romanesque period. The types of buildings were:- the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall and the gatehouse.
Before the 20th century, the landmark building in almost every town was a church, cathedral, abbey, or town hall with its tall tower or spire rising high above all the houses. Many of these buildings were from the Middle Ages and were Romanesque or Gothic in style.
Plans
The groundplan of most Gothic churches is shaped like a cross. The long nave makes the body of the church and, crossing it, the arms are called the transept. On the other side of the transept is the chancel which is often called the choir because that is where the priest and the choir sing the services.
The nave usually has a passageway or aisle on either side. Sometimes there are two aisles on each side. The nave is usually a lot taller than the aisles, and has high windows which light up the central space. The upper part of the building, where these windows are, is called the clerestory (or clear storey). (It is pronounced "clair-rest-tree")
Some Gothic churches in Germany and Austria and also Milan Cathedral (which was built in the German style) often have nave and aisles of almost the same height and are called "hallenkirke" (hall church). The Cathedral of St. Stephen of Vienna is an example.
In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not stick out beyond the aisles. In English cathedrals the transepts always stick out a long way and sometimes there are two transepts as at Salisbury Cathedral.
It is at the eastern end that Gothic churches are the most different from each other.
In France the eastern end is often polygonal and has by a passage for walking called an ambulatory. Often French churches have a ring of chapels called a chevette. German churches are often like those of France at the eastern end.
In Italy, there is no long chancel jutting out beyond the transept. There is usually just a semicircular chapel as at Florence Cathedral.
Grand facade
The "facade" or West Front of a large church or cathedral is designed to make a big impression on the worshippers. One of the best known is Notre Dame de Paris.
In the centre of the facade is the main door or portal, often with two side doors as well. In the arch of the middle door is often an important piece of sculpture, usually "Christ in Majesty". Sometimes there is a stone post in the middle of the doorway where there is a statue of the "Madonna and Child". There are many other carved figures in niches set all around the portals. Sometimes there are hundreds of stone figures carved all across the front of the building.
Above the middle door there is a large window, which is usually a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral, but not in England, Scotland, Belgium or Scandinavia where there will nearly always be a very large pointed window to let in lots of light.
In Italy, the facade is often decorated with coloured marble and mosaic made of little coloured tiles, and not so many statues, as at Orvieto Cathedral
The facade of a French cathedral and many English, Spanish and German cathedrals usually has two towers.
Height
Large Gothic churches and cathedrals are often very tall. On the inside, the nave is usually at least twice as high as it is wide, which gives the church a very tall narrow look. Some of the churches in France and Germany have naves that are three times as high as they are wide. Cologne Cathedral is an example. The tallest nave is at Beauvais Cathedral which is 157.5 feet high. Westminster Abbey is 102 feet high.
On the outside most Gothic churches, both big and small, have at least one tower. In Italy there are domes on the churches, and the tower stands to one side. But in most other countries, cathedrals generally have two towers and quite often have three. Some have even more. Laon Cathedral was planned to have seven, but they were not all built.
Sometimes there is just one tower with a huge spire as at Salisbury. Lincoln Cathedral had the tallest spire of the Middle Ages at 527 feet (160 metres).
Because a pointed arch points upwards, it makes people look upwards. In Gothic architecture, the whole building is designed to make people look up. There are long narrow columns, long narrow windows and high pointed roofs. On the inside the arches of the roof rise up like branches. On the outside, there are often lots of fancy bits along the edge of the roof and on the tops of buttresses and above the windows. These are called  pinnacles. Milan Cathedral has hundreds of them.
Shunsuke Ando
Shunsuke Ando (安藤 駿介) is a Japanese football player.
Biography
Ando was born in Setagaya, Tokyo on August 10, 1990. He joined J1 League club Kawasaki Frontale in 2009. Although he debuted in 2011, he could not play many matches. In 2013, he moved to Shonan Bellmare on loan and played 10 matches. In 2014, he returned to Kawasaki.
In July 2012, Ando was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. Although he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shuichi Gonda, Japan won the 4th place.
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Gothic cathedrals
Light
The flying buttresses which arch across the roof of the aisle were used to support the roof above the windows, so the walls did not have to be so thick.
Through the Gothic period, because of the pointed arch, Gothic windows were able to change from simple openings to very rich designs. The windows were very often filled with stained glass which made coloured light in the building, and was used for story-telling pictures.