cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Pavia
History of Pavia
In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later.
Jorge Llopart
Jorge "Jordi" Llopart Ribas (5 May 1952 – 11 November 2020) was a Spanish race walker. He competed in the 50 km event at the 1980, 1984, and 1988 Olympics. He won a silver medal in 1980. He was a European champion in this event in 1978. Llopart was born in El Prat de Llobregat, Spain.
Llopart died on 11 November 2020 in Badalona, Spain from a heart attack, aged 68.
Badalona
Badalona is a municipality to the immediate north east of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. It is the third largest city in Catalonia and the twenty-third in Spain. It became a city in 1897.
William Needles
George William Needles CM, LL.D, (January 2, 1919 – January 12, 2016) was an American-born Canadian actor and teacher. He was born in Yonkers, New York, and raised in Kitchener, Ontario.
Needles member of the acting company of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival since its inception in 1953, he has appeared in over one hundred roles with the company, among which are Albany in King Lear (1964 and 1972); the Duke of Venice in The Merchant of Venice (1996); the White King in Alice Through the Looking Glass (1996); the Lord Mayor in Richard III (1997); the Shepherd in Oedipus Rex (1997); Merriman in The Importance of Being Earnest (2000); Mortimer in Henry VI: Revenge in France(2002).
Needles died in Allison, Ontario from natural causes at the age of 97.
Rosita Fornés
Rosita Fornés (February 11, 1923 – June 10, 2020) was a Cuban-American singer and actress. She was born in New York City. She was known for her roles in A Dangerous Adventure (1939), Musical Romance (1941), The Flesh Commands (1948), The Desire (1948), Women of the Theatre (1951) and in The Unknown Mariachi (1953).
Fornés died of emphysema on June 10, 2020 at a hospital in Miami, Florida at the age of 97.
Dorneck District
Dorneck is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton.
Dorneck contains the following municipalities:
Rolan's Curse
Rolan's Curse, known in Japan as Velious Roland no Majuu (ベリウス ローランの魔獣) is an action adventure video game. It was developed by Sammy and released for the Game Boy in 1990. Sammy released a follow up to Rolan's Curse for the Game Boy in 1992, entitled Rolan's Curse II.
Walter Brennan
Brennan was born in Lynn, Massachusetts on July 25, 1894 and studied at Rindge Technical High School. He was married to Ruth Wells from 1920 until his death in 1974, they had three children. He died on September 21, 1974 in Oxnard, California from emphysema, aged 80.
Cassia County, Idaho
Cassia County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census, 22,952, people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Burley.
Scott Brown
Early life
Brown was born on September 12, 1959 in Kittery, Maine. He studied at Tufts University and at Boston College.
Ambassadorship
On February 17, 2017, news media outlets reported that Brown was under consideration by President Donald Trump to be the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand. On April 20, 2017, it was reported that he was chosen to be the next Ambassador to New Zealand.
On June 8, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed his nomination to a 94-4 vote. He resigned on December 20, 2020.
Let L-610
The Let L-610 is a Czech military light transport aircraft. It was built as only eight examples between 1988 and 1990.
Leondra Kruger
Leondra Reid Kruger (born July 28, 1976) is an American politician and lawyer. She is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California since 2015. She was acting Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States from 2010 to 2011.
Kruger is seen as a potential nominee for the Supreme Court of the United States, after the announcement of Justice Stephen Breyer's retirement in 2022.
Lay Down Your Guns
"Lay Down Your Guns" is a 1990 song by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes and is the leading single from his fourth studio album Two Fires. It went to number 4 in Australia and number 12 in New Zealand.
Track listing
CD Single (D10133)/ 7" single (K 10133)
Calvià
Calviá is a village on the island of Mallorca and it has some of the most beautiful beaches on the island.
The village of Calvià has an area of 145 km2 and an altitude of 143 m. There are almost 50,000 inhabitants.
Economy
Tourism is the main source of income in this city. In summer there are many tourist coming to this city, especially from the United Kingdom.
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (蒙疆聯合自治政府) was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire. It was located in inter Mongolia. The capital city was Kalgan.
It existed from 1939 to 1945. The ruler of the state was Demchugdongrub.
Lamborghini Huracán
The Lamborghini Huracán is a sports car built by Lamborghini. It replaced the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has been produced from 2014 to present. The name Huracán comes from the Spanish language. It means Hurricane. Huracán was also the name of a brave fighting bull. And the Mayan god of wind, storm and fire.
Huracán LP610-4 Coupé (2014-)
The LP610-4 is the base model of the Huracán. It is a coupe with two doors and two seats. The name LP610-4 means that the car has a longitudinal engine with 449 kW and all-wheel drive.
Huracán LP610-4 Spyder (2016-)
The LP610-4 Spyder is a convertible version of the LP610-4 coupé. It was first shown at the 2015 International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt. It has the same engine as the LP610-4 coupé.
Huracán LP580-2
The LP580-2 is also a coupé on the basis of the LP610-4, but instead has 427 kW and rear-wheel drive. This is to decrease the cost.
Engine
The Huracán has the same mid-engine V10 as the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has 449 kW. The displacement of the engine is 5,204 cm3.
Performance
The top speed of the Huracán is 325 km/h. It can accelerate to 100 km/h in 2.5 seconds. The Huracán weighs 1,422 kg, which means it has a power-to-mass ratio of 0.32 kW per kg. The maximum torque is 560 N⋅m at 6,500 rpm. The CO2 emissions are 290g/km.
Butterfly effect
The butterfly effect is an idea from chaos theory. A small change can sometimes make much bigger changes happen. One small incident may have a big impact on the future. The emphasis here is on the words may and can. There is no general theory which tells us what is going to happen.
Weather and events are hard to forecast, but that doesn't mean when a butterfly flaps its wings in Tokyo and Arsenal lose a match in EPL. That's just silly and impossible. However, what seem to be tiny changes in a planet's orbit can and do cause big changes to the weather: see Milankovich cycle.
Hōki
Hōki (宝亀) was a Japanese era name (年号,) after Jingo-keiun and before Ten'ō. This period started in October 770 and ended in January 781. During this time, the emperor was Kōnin-tennō (光仁天皇).
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde is a 1971 British science fiction horror movie directed by Roy Ward Baker and is based on the 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. It stars Ralph Bates, Martine Beswick, Gerald Sim, Lewis Fiander and was distributed by Hammer Film Productions.
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram or Wat Phra Kaew, the "Temple of the Emerald Buddha", is one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Thailand. It is in the grounds of the Grand Palace. It is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is famous for the statue of Buddha, which is really made from jade, not emerald. The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha. The king changes the clothes on the Buddha three times every year. In summer the Buddha is dressed in a crown and jewelry; in winter he wears a golden shawl, and in the rainy months he wears a gold robe and headdress.
The temple was started in 2325 B.E. during the reign of King Rama I and finished in 2327 B.E. The temple was built to hold the Buddha statue which is believed to have been made in Thailand in the 14th century. Captured by the Cambodians in 1552, the statue was kept in Laos for 214 years until King Rama I recaptured it. He brought it with him when he moved his capital to Bangkok in 1784. The design of this temple was copied from Wat Phrasrisanphet in the Ayudhaya period. Because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important, it is renovated every 50 years.
HV 888
HV 888 (also known as WOH S140), is a red supergiant star in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It is among the largest known stars. It has a solar radius from over 1,400 to nearly 2,000 times that of the Sun.
Armando Silvestre
Armando Silvestre (born July 6, 1926) is a Mexican-American actor. He appeared in more than 190 movies from 1948 until 2016. He was born in San Diego, California. His best known roles were as Natchez in Geronimo (1962), Two Crows in The Scalphunters (1968), multiple roles in the television series Daniel Boone and The F.B.I..
HV 888
HV 888 is located in the constellation of Dorado with an apparent magnitude of 11.861, It has a diameter of between 1,027,548,900 to 1,373,311,800 km.
Phạm Huỳnh Tam Lang
Phạm Huỳnh Tam Lang (14 February 1942 – 2 June 2014) was a Vietnamese football player and coach. He played for the teams Cho Lon Stars, Sai Gon Port and the South Vietnam national team in a twenty year career. He would later manage Sai Gon Port.
Lang was born in Gò Công, French Indochina during World War II.
Lang died from a stroke on 2 June 2014 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, aged 75.
Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580) was an Italian architect. He was born in Padua and died at Maser, near Treviso. He worked in and around Venice. He was influenced by Greek and Roman architecture. He influenced architects for centuries.
He wrote several books about architecture. His most famous buildings are: Villa Barbaro, Villa Capra "La Rotonda", Basilica Palladiana, Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Il Redentore, and Teatro Olimpico.
Gäu District
Gäu is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton.
Gäu contains the following municipalities:
Gabbi Tuft
Gabbi Alon Tuft (born Gabriel Allan Tuft; November 1, 1978) is an American retired professional wrestler. She is best known for working for WWE where she competed under the ring name Tyler Reks. She wrestled on their Raw, SmackDown and ECW brands. During her time in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), Tuft was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and a one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion with Johnny Curtis.
Tuft debuted on ECW and was also in a pre-show battle royal at WrestleMania XXVI which was won by Yoshi Tatsu. Recently Tuft was on Team SmackDown at the 2010 version of Bragging Rights when they won the trophy for the second time in a row.
She asked to be released from her WWE contract on August 21, 2012 because she wanted to retire from professional wrestling and spend more time with her family.
Assigned male at birth, Gabbi Tuft publicly came out as a trans woman in February 2021.
Thomas V. Miller Jr.
Thomas V. "Mike" Miller Jr. (December 3, 1942 – January 15, 2021) was an American politician. He was born in Clinton, Maryland.
Miller Jr. was the president of the Maryland Senate from 1987 until 2020. He was a state senator representing the 27th District, first elected in 1975. He is a Democrat. From 1971 to 1975, he was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
In July 2018, Miller was diagnosed with prostate cancer and the disease advanced in December 2018. He died from the disease on January 15, 2021 at the age of 78.
Fomalhaut
Fomalhaut is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus, the "Southern Fish". It is and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. The star has the Bayer designation Alpha Piscis Austrini. It is a class A star on the main sequence. Fomalhaut is located about 25 light years from the Sun as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is classified as a Vega-like star that throws out excess infrared radiation. This shows that the star is surrounded by a circumstellar disk. Fomalhaut, Fomalhaut b, and red dwarf star Formalhaut c make up a triple system, even though they are separated by about 8 degrees.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (March 5, 1696 – March 27, 1770) was an Italian decorative painter of the Baroque. He was born in Venice and died in Madrid. He had nine children upon his wife Maria Cecilia Guardi. Two of his three sons became his assistants; the third became a priest. He worked churches and palaces in Italy, Germany, and Spain.
Andy Kaufman
Andrew Geoffrey "Andy" Kaufman (January 17, 1949 – May 16, 1984) was an American entertainer, comedian, actor, and singer. Kaufman was known for his role as Latka Gravas in the comedy television series Taxi and for creating Tony Clifton, a fictional character.
Kaufman was born in New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Kaufman studied at Grahm Junior College. He was never married and had no children.
Kaufman allegedly told many people—including Bob Zmuda—that he wished to fake his own death. This had caused some fans to believe Kaufman was still alive when he died. Kaufman himself said that if he were to fake his death, he would return 20 years later, which would have been in 2004. Many of Kaufman's fans saw a picture that looks similar to that of Andy.
Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa
Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa (21 August 1936 – 11 November 2020) was a Nigerian politician. He was elected Governor of Kaduna State, Nigeria during the Nigerian Second Republic, holding office from October 1979 until he was impeached on 23 June 1981.
During the Nigerian Fourth Republic he was leader of the Conference of Nigerian Political Parties (CNPP), a coalition of opposition parties.
Balarabe Musa died on 11 November 2020 in Kaduna at the age of 84.
Clinton, Maryland
Clinton is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population of Clinton was 35,970 at the 2010 census. Clinton is historically known for its role in the American Civil War for the Abraham Lincoln assassination.
Fulpmes
Fulpmes is a market town in the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Patrick McHale (artist)
Patrick Nolen McHale (born November 17, 1983) is an American animator, screenwriter, songwriter and director.
George Kennedy
George Harris Kennedy, Jr. (February 18, 1925 – February 28, 2016) was an American movie, voice, radio, stage, and television actor. He won an Academy Award for his role as Dragline in Cool Hand Luke. He played Carter McKay in the Dallas television series, Chief Mechanic Joe Patroni in the Airport movie series and Captain Ed Hocken in the Naked Gun movie series.
South El Monte, California
South El Monte is a city in the San Gabriel Valley, in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city had a population of 20,116 in the 2000 census.
George Kennedy
Kennedy was born on February 18, 1925 in New York City. He studied at Chaminade High School and at Tarleton State University. He married Dorothy Gillooly in the 1940s. He was married to Norma Wurman from 1959 until they divorced in 1971. He remarried Wurman in 1973; they divorced again in 1978. He was married to Joan McCarthy from 1978 until her death in 2015. He had two children. He lived in Eagle, Idaho.
Kennedy died in a retirement home in Middleton, Idaho from heart disease on February 28, 2016 at the age of 91.
Near-Earth object
A near-Earth object (NEO) is a Solar System object whose orbit brings it close to the Earth.
Their least distance from the Sun, their perihelion, is less than 1.3 AU. NEOs include near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and near-Earth comets.
They include more than ten thousand near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), near-Earth comets, some solar-orbiting spacecraft, and meteoroids large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. Collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the planet.
In some cases NEOs hit the Earth. Most of these meteor s explode harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. But some NEOs are dangerous. We try to find out when one is going to hit Earth using impact prediction. On 30 June 1908, a meteorite of around 45 metres in diameter exploded over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It released an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT and destroyed roughly 2,000 square kilometres of forest. Such an explosion, similar to one of the biggest nuclear weapons, could have razed London about as far out as the M25 ring road. However, because the location was remote, no deaths were recorded. The Association of Space Explorers estimates that a Tunguksa-like event happens two or three times every thousand years on average. An asteroid roughly 10 km in diameter is thought to have hit Earth 66 million years ago and caused the K/T extinction event, including the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.
Related pages
<ul><li>Near-Earth asteroid</li><li>Asteroid impact prediction</li><li>Late Heavy Bombardment</li></ul>
Francis La Flesche
Background
Francis was the child of the Chief Principle Joseph La Flesche and an Omaha woman named Tainne. His father was of Ponca Indian and French descent; his mother was full Omof aha. His father pushed white culture onto him, but he was pulled towards the Omaha culture and knew how to read, write, and speak the language.
Education
La Flesche attended the Presbyterian Mission school on the reservation until it closed in 1869. After the school closed, he continued his English language education by reading the bible out loud to his father. Later in life, while working at the Smithsonian Institution, he got two degrees, a bachelor’s degree in law from National University in 1892 and a master’s degree in 1893.
Anthropological Career
La Flesche's first job in the field was as an interpreter and informant for James Owen Dorsey of the Bureau of American Ethnography. For that year, Dorsey was there in 1878; La Flesche helped Dorsey record Omaha's culture and caused him to become interested in recording Omaha's songs and instruments.
Arrondissements of the Savoie department
There are 3 arrondissements in the Savoie department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
Francis La Flesche
Anthropological Career
In 1879, Francis traveled east with his sister Susette, the Ponca chief Standing Bear, and the Omaha journalist Thomas H. Tibbles for Indian Land Reform. After this trip, he took a job as a clerk at the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. During his time there; he met Alice Fletcher. La Flesche started working closely as her interpreter. Later he turned into a partner in ethnography, and she even adopted him as her son. Together they recorded, sorted, and put together over 30 years of work on the Omaha Tribe into a complete publication known as The Omaha Tribe.
Arrondissements of the Savoie department
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Francis La Flesche
Anthropological Career
After this work together, he was sent to work at the Bureau of American Ethnology. There they sent him to Oklahoma to study with the Osage Tribe. He recorded the songs, chants, and music of the Osage people and wrote reports on them during his time at the bureau. Those recordings are still available to listen to today. La Flesche worked at the bureau until 1928 when he retired and moved back to Nebraska to live with his family.
Arrondissements of the Savoie department
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
Francis La Flesche
Legacy and Honors
La Flesche was a member of the Washington Academy of Sciences. He also got an honorary doctorate from the University of Nebraska. Francis La Flesche died in 1932 on the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska. La Flesche helped record and document important parts of the Osage and Omaha Tribes Culture for other anthropologists and community members to look back on for research and good memories.
Arrondissements of the Savoie department
The arrondissements of the Savoie are:
Francis La Flesche
Publications
Francis produced many famous works. Two with Alice Fletcher, known as A Study of Omaha Music (1893) and The Omaha Tribe (1911). Some of his own works known as The Middle Five: Indian Boys at School (1900), an autobiography about his time at the mission boarding school, a play called Da-o-ma (1912), that was never truly published, Who was the Medicine Man? (1904), A Dictionary of the Osage Language, and his most famous work The Osage Tribe(1922-1930) published in four separate volumes of the Bureau of American Ethnology annual reports.
Arrondissements of the Savoie department
History
Since its creation in 1860, the Savoie department has had few changes:
Giuliana Minuzzo
Giuliana Chenal-Minuzzo (née Minuzzo, 26 November 1931 – 11 November 2020) was an Italian alpine skier. She was born in Vallonara di Marostica, Italy.
Olympic career
At the 1952 Olympics in Oslo Minuzzo was the bronze medalist in the women's downhill competition.
At the 1960 Olympics, she was bronze medalist in the women's giant slalom event.
At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Minuzzo made history by becoming the first woman to take the Olympic Oath.
Death
On 11 November 2020, Minuzzo died in Aosta, Italy at the age of 88.
Curlew, Iowa
Curlew is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cushing, Iowa
Cushing is a city in Iowa in the United States.
J. Michelle Childs
Julianna Michelle Childs (born March 24, 1966), known professionally as J. Michelle Childs, is an American politician and lawyer. She is the United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina since 2010.
In December 2021, President Joe Biden nominated her to be the Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
In January 2022, the White House said that Childs was one of the possible candidates to replace Stephen Breyer on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Elegy for Brahms
Elegy for Brahms is a short orchestral work. It was written by Hubert Parry in 1897. It is in the key of A minor, and is marked Maestoso espressivo - Largamente - Tempo primo. The work quotes Brahms's music in several places.
It was first performed after Parry's death in October 1918 at a memorial concert for him at the Royal College of Music on 8 November 1918. It received its second performance in 1977. It has been recorded by Sir Adrian Boult and Matthias Bamert.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe was published on March 3rd, 1852. It greatly influenced many people's thoughts about African Americans and slavery in the United States. It also strengthened the conflict between the Northern and Southern United States. This led to the American Civil War. The book's effect was so powerful that Lincoln said when he met Stowe at the beginning of the Civil War, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."
The main character of the novel is Uncle Tom, a patient sentimental novel showed the effects of slavery. It also said that Christian love is stronger than slavery.
Uncle Tom's Cabin was the most popular novel of the 19th century, and the third best-selling book of the century (the first one was the Bible). It helped abolitionism spread in the 1850s.
Inspiration and references
Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Connecticut. She was an abolitionist. Stowe wrote her novel because of the 1850 passage of the second Fugitive Slave Act. This law punished people who helped slaves run away. It also made the North stop and return the South's black runaways. Mrs. Edward Beecher wrote to Harriet ("Hattie"), "If I could use a pen as you can, I would write something that will make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is." At that time, Stowe was a wife with six children who sometimes wrote for magazines. Her son, Charles Stowe, said that his mother read this letter out loud to her children. When she finished the letter, she stood up, and with "an expression on her face that stamped itself on the mind of her child", she said, "I will write something...I will if I live." That is how Uncle Tom's Cabin began.
According to Stowe, she began thinking about Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly as she was in a church in February 1851. She had a vision of a Christian black man being beaten and praying for the people who were beating him as he died. She was also partly inspired to write her novel by the autobiography of Josiah Henson. Henson was a black man who had run away and helped many black slaves. She was also helped by the book American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses by Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters. Stowe also said that she got lots of ideas for Uncle Tom's Cabin by talking to runaway slaves when she was living in Cincinnati, Ohio.
In her book A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853), Stowe wrote about the stories that inspired her when she was writing Uncle Tom's Cabin. However, later research showed that Stowe did not actually read many of the stories inside the book until after her novel was published.
Publication
Uncle Tom's Cabin began in a series in an anti-slavery newspaper, The National Era. The National Era had also printed other works Stowe had written. Because everybody liked the story so much, John P. Jewett of Boston asked Stowe to turn the serial into a book. Stowe was not sure if people would like to read the story as a book. However, she finally agreed. John Jewett, sure that the book would be popular, asked Hammatt Billings to engrave six pictures for the book. In March 20, 1852, the finished book came out. By June it was selling ten thousand copies a week. By October American sales alone were 150 thousand copies. In the first year it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold, and it was translated into many important languages.
Cylinder, Iowa
Cylinder is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Eliza's escape, Tom is sold
A Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby is afraid of losing his farm because of debts. Even though he and his wife, Emily Shelby, are kind to their slaves, he decides to sell two of them: Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and Harry, the son of his wife's maid Eliza. Emily Shelby is shocked and unhappy because she promised Eliza that she would not sell her son. George Shelby, her son, is unhappy because he admires Uncle Tom as his friend and Christian.
When Eliza hears about Mr. Shelby's plans to sell her son, she decides to run away with her only son. She writes a letter saying sorry to Mrs. Shelby and runs away that night.
Meanwhile, Uncle Tom is sold and put into a boat, which sails down the Mississippi River. There, he makes friends with a girl called Evangeline ("Eva"). When Eva falls into the water and he saves her, Eva's father, Augustine St. Clare, buys Tom. Eva and Tom become good friends because they both love Jesus very deeply.
Eliza's family hunted, Tom's life with St. Clare
During Eliza's escape, she meets her husband, George Harris, who had run away before her. They decide to try to run away to Canada. However, they are hunted by a slave hunter named Tom Loker. Tom Loker finally traps Eliza and her family, so that George shoots Loker. Eliza is worried that Loker might die and go to hell. Because of this, she persuades her husband to take him to a Quaker town to get better. The gentle Quakers change Tom Loker greatly.
After Tom has lived with St. Clare for about two years, Eva becomes very sick. She has a vision of heaven before she dies. Because of her death, many people change. Miss Ophelia loses her prejudice of black people, Tospy decides to become "good", and St. Clare decides to free Tom.
Tom's life with Simon Legree
St. Clare, however, is hurt when he tries to stop a fight at a tavern and dies. Because of this, he cannot keep his promise to free Tom. His wife sells Tom to a plantation owner named Simon Legree. Legree takes Tom to Louisiana. There, he meets other slaves, including Emmeline (who Legree bought at the same time that he bought Tom). Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom disobeys his order to whip the other slaves. Legree beats him, and decides to destroy Tom's faith in God. However, Tom secretly continues to read the Bible and help the other slaves. At the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another black slave. Her two children had been sold, and she had killed her third child because she was afraid that her child would be sold, too.
Loker has been changed because of the Quakers. George, Eliza, and Harry have finally reached Canada and become free. Meanwhile, Uncle Tom feels so unhappy that he almost gives up, but he has two visions of Jesus and Eva. He decides to continue to be a Christian, even if he has to die. Cassy and Emmeline, with Tom’s encouragement, run away. They cleverly use Legree’s superstitious fears to help them. When Tom does not tell Legree where they are, Legree tells his men to beat him to death. Tom forgives the two men who beat him as he dies, and they feel sorry and become Christians. George Shelby comes just as Tom is dying to free him. He is very angry and sad. However, Tom, saying smilingly, “Who,—who,—who shall separate us from the love of Christ?” dies.
Uncle Tom
Uncle Tom, the title character of the story, is a patient, noble, unselfish black slave. Stowe wanted him to be a “noble hero”: in the book, he stands up for what he believes in. Even though they do not want to, even his enemies admire him.
Recently, however, his name has also been used negatively. People often think of "Uncle Tom" as an old black man trying to make his masters happy, as people have criticized his quiet acceptance of slavery. However, others argue that this is not true. First of all, Uncle Tom is not really old - he is only eight years older than Mr. Shelby, which shows that he is probably around fifty. Also, Tom is not happy with slavery. His acceptance is not because of stupidity or because he likes slavery. It is because of his religious faith, which tells him to love everyone. Wherever Uncle Tom goes, he loves and spreads comfort and kindness. He helps slaves escape, such as Eliza, Emmeline and Cassy. He also refuses to beat other slaves. Because of this, he is beaten himself. Stowe was not trying to make Tom an example for blacks but for white and black people. She says that if white people were to be loving and unselfish like Uncle Tom, slavery would be impossible.
Eliza Harris
Eliza Harris is Mrs. Shelby's favorite maid, George Harris' wife, and Harry's mother. Eliza is a brave, intelligent, and very beautiful young slave. Eliza loves her son, Harry, very much. It is possible her love for him was even greater because she lost two of her first infant children. Her motherly love is shown when she bravely escapes with her son. Perhaps the most well-known part of Uncle Tom's Cabin is the part where Eliza escapes on the Ohio River with Harry.
This escape is said to have been inspired by a story heard in the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati by John Rankin to Stowe's husband Calvin, a professor at the school. In Rankin's story, in February, 1838, a young slave woman had escaped across the frozen Ohio River to the town of Ripley, Ohio with her child in her arms and stayed at his house before she had gone further towards the north.
Eva
Eva "Evangeline" St. Clare is St. Clare and Marie's angelic daughter. She enters the story when Tom saves her from drowning when he was going to be sold. Eva asks her father to buy Tom. She says, "I want to make him happy". Through her, Tom becomes St. Clare's leading coachman and Eva's "especial attendant (helper)...Tom had...orders to let everything else go, and attend to Miss Eva whenever she wanted him,—orders which our readers may fancy (imagine) were far from disagreeable to him." She is very beautiful: "Her form was the perfection of childish beauty...Her face was remarkable less for its perfect beauty of features than for a singular (strange) and dreamy earnestness (seriousness) of expression...all marked her out (made her different) from the other children, and made every one turn and look after her".
To Tom, she "...seemed something almost divine; and whenever her golden head and deep blue eyes peered (looked) out upon him...he half believed that he saw one of the angels stepped out of his New Testament." He says that "She's got the Lord's mark in her forehead." Eva is an almost perfect, Christ-like child. She is very sad about slavery. She does not see the difference between blacks and whites. She talks very much about love and forgiveness. Even Topsy is touched by her love. Eva becomes one of the most important people in Tom's life.
Ophelia St. Clare
Ophelia St. Clare is perhaps the most complicated female character in the novel. St. Clare calls her, "...desperately ... good; it tires me to death to think of it." She does not like slavery. However, she does not like to be touched or come close to any black person as a human being. When she first saw Eva "...shaking hands and kissing" with the blacks, she declared that it had "...fairly turned her stomach (made her feel sick)." She adds, "I want to be kind to everybody, and I wouldn't have anything hurt; but as to kissing...How can she?"
She has a "clear, strong, active mind", and is very practical. However, she has a warm heart, which she shows in her love for St. Clare and Eva. Ophelia hates slavery, but has a deep prejudice against blacks. St. Clare, as a challenge to her, buys Topsy. He tells her to try educating her. At first she tries to teach and help Topsy simply because of duty. However, Stowe says that duty is not enough: there must be love. Eva's death changes Ophelia. When Topsy cries, "She said she loved me...there an't (is not) nobody left now...!" Ophelia gently says, as "honest tears" fell down her face, "Topsy, you poor child...I can love you, though I am not like that dear little child. I hope I've learnt something of the love of Christ from her. I can love you...and I'll try to help you to grow up a good Christian girl." Stowe thought that there were many people like Miss Ophelia St. Clare, who did not like slavery but could not think of blacks as people. She wanted to write about such problems through Miss Ophelia.
Slavery
Uncle Tom's Cabin's most important theme is the evil of slavery. Every part in Uncle Tom's Cabin develops the characters and the story. But most importantly, it always tries to show the reader that slavery is evil, un-Christian, and should not be allowed. One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how it forced families from each other.
Motherhood
Stowe thought mothers were the "model for all of American life". She also believed that only women could save the United States from slavery. Because of this, another very important theme of Uncle Tom's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women. White women like Mrs. Bird, St. Clare’s mother, Legree’s mother, and Mrs. Shelby try to make their husbands help their slaves. Eva, who is the "ideal Christian", says that blacks and whites are the same. Black women like Eliza are brave and pious. She escapes from slavery to save her son, and by the end of the novel, has made her whole family come together again. Some critics said that Stowe's female characters are often unrealistic. However, Stowe's novel made many people remember "the importance of women's influence" and helped the women's rights movement later.
Christianity
Stowe's puritanical religious beliefs are also one of the biggest themes in the novel. She explores what Christianity is like. She believed that the most important thing in Christianity was love for everyone. She also believed that Christian theology shows that slavery is wrong. This theme can be seen when Tom urges St. Clare to "look away to Jesus" after St. Clare's daughter Eva dies. After Tom dies, George Shelby says, "What a thing it is to be a Christian." Because Christian themes are so important, and because Stowe often directly spoke in the novel about religion and faith, the novel is written in the "form of a sermon."
Style
Uncle Tom's Cabin is written in a sentimental and melodramatic style. This style was often used in the 19th century sentimental novel and domestic fiction (also called women's fiction). These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe's time. It usually had female characters and a style that made readers feel sympathy and emotion for them. Stowe's novel is different from other sentimental novels because she writes about a large theme like slavery. It is also different because she has a man (Uncle Tom) as the main character. However, she still tried to make her readers have strong feelings when they read Uncle Tom's Cabin, like making them cry when Eva died. This kind of writing made readers react powerfully. For instance, Georgiana May, a friend of Stowe's, wrote a letter to the writer. In the letter, she said that "I was up (awake) last night long after one o'clock, reading and finishing Uncle Tom's Cabin. I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child." Another reader said that she thought about the book all the time and even thought about changing her daughter's name to Eva. The death of Eva affected lots of people. In 1852, 300 baby girls in Boston were named Eva.
Even though many readers were very moved, literary critics did not like the style in Uncle Tom's Cabin and other sentimental novels. They said these books were written by women and had "women's sloppy (messy) emotions." One literary critic said that if the novel not been about slavery, "it would be just another sentimental novel". Another said the book was a "piece of hack (messy) work." In The Literary History of the United States, George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom's Cabin "Sunday-school fiction".
However, in 1985 Jane Tompkins wrote differently about Uncle Tom's Cabin in her book In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction. Tompkins praised Uncle Tom's Cabin's style. She said that sentimental novels showed how women's emotions changed the world in a good way. She also said that the popular domestic novels written in the 19th century, like Uncle Tom's Cabin, were intelligently written. She also said that Uncle Tom's Cabin shows a "critique of American society far more devastating (powerful) than any ... by better-known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville."
Reactions to the novel
Uncle Tom's Cabin has had a very great influence. There are not many novels in history that changed society so powerfully. When it was published, Uncle Tom's Cabin, people who defended slavery were very angry and protested against it. Some people even wrote books against it. Abolitionists praised it very much. As a best-seller, the novel greatly influenced later protest literature.
Contemporary and world reaction
As soon as it was published, Uncle Tom's Cabin made people in the American South very angry. The novel was also greatly criticized by people who supported slavery.
A famous novelist from the South, William Gilmore Simms, said that the book was not true. Others called the novel criminal and said it was full of lies. A person who sold books in Mobile, Alabama had to leave town for selling the novel. Stowe received threatening letters. She even received a package with a slave's cut ear once. Many Southern writers, like Simms, soon began writing their own books about slavery.
Some critics said that Stowe had never actually went to a Southern plantation and she did not know much about Southern life. They said that because of this, she made wrong descriptions about the South. However, Stowe always said she made the characters of her book by stories she was told by slaves that ran away to Cincinnati, Ohio, where she lived. It is reported: "She observed firsthand (herself) several incidents (happenings) which ... [inspired] her to write [the] famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed (saw) on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the ... plot."
Even though there were such criticisms, the novel was still very popular. Stowe's son says that when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln said, "So this is the little lady who started this great war." Historians are not sure if Lincoln really said this or not. In a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln, she does not say anything about this sentence. After this, many writers have said that this novel helped make the North angry at slavery and at the Fugitive Slave Law. It greatly helped the abolitionist movement. Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book made him help in the abolitionist movement.
Uncle Tom's Cabin also interested many people in England. The first London edition came out in May 1852. It sold 200,000 copies. Some of this interest was because at that time the British people did not like the United States. A writer said, "The evil passions which 'Uncle Tom' gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance [of slavery], but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting (hurting) under the conceit of America – we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system – our Tories hate her democrats – our Whigs hate her ... All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy." Charles Francis Adams, the American minister to Britain during the war, said later that, "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life among the Lowly, published in 1852, influenced the world more quickly, powerfully, and dramatically than any other book ever printed."
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in Russia at the end of 1857 and was soon recognized as a classic of world literature. Many people saw a very strong link between the world of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the serfdom that still existed in Russia in 1850s. In his letter to an abolitionist Maria Weston Chapman, Nikolay Turgenev wrote, “Many of the scenes described in the book seem like an exact depiction of equally frightful scenes in Russia.” Uncle Tom's Cabin served as an educational tool for Russian and Russo-Soviet elite in the post emancipation period, and it also became part of Soviet children literature.
Literary importance and criticism
However, even though Uncle Tom's Cabin was very important, many people thought the book was a mix of "children's fable and propaganda". Many critics called the book "merely (only) a sentimental novel". George Whicher wrote in his Literary History of the United States that "Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel's enormous (great) vogue (popularity); its author's resources ... of Sunday-school fiction were not remarkable ... melodrama, humor, and pathos … compounded (made up) her book."
Other critics, though, have praised the novel. Edmund Wilson said that "To expose oneself in maturity (when one has grown up) to Uncle Tom's Cabin may … prove a startling (surprising) experience." Jane Tompkins said that the novel is one of the classics of American literature. She suggested that literary critics think badly of the book because it was simply too popular when it came out.
Through the years, people have wondered what Stowe was trying to say with the novel. Some of her themes can be seen easily, like the evil of slavery. However, some themes are harder to see. For example, Stowe was a Christian and active abolitionist, and put lots of her religious beliefs in her book. Some have said that Stowe wrote in her novel what she thought was a solution to the problem that worried many people who did not like slavery. This problem was: was doing things that were not allowed justified if they did it to fight evil? Was it right to use violence to stop the violence of slavery? Was breaking laws that helped slavery right? Which of Stowe's characters should be followed: the patient Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris? Stowe thought that God's will would be followed if each (every) person sincerely (truly) examined his principles and acted on (followed) them.
The book has also been seen as trying to show that masculinity was important in stopping slavery. Abolitionists began to change the way they thought of violent men. They wanted men to help stop slavery without hurting their self-image or their position in society. Because of this, some abolitionists followed some of the principles of women's suffrage, peace, and Christianity. They praised men for helping, working together, and having mercy. Other abolitionists were more traditional: they wanted men to act more forcefully. All the men in Stowe's book show either patient men or traditional men.
Creation and popularization of stereotypes
Recently, some people have begun criticizing the book for what they thought were racist descriptions of the book's black characters. They criticized the way Stowe wrote about the characters' looks, speech, behavior, and the passive nature of Uncle Tom. The book's use of common stereotypes about African Americans is important because Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel in the world in the 19th century. Because of this, the book (together with images in the book and related stage productions) helped make a great number of people accept such stereotypes.
Among the African-American stereotypes in Uncle Tom's Cabin are:
Hyde County
Hyde County is the name of two counties in the United States:
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Creation and popularization of stereotypes
These stereotypes made many people think much more lightly of the historical importance of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a "vital antislavery tool." This change in the way people looked at Uncle Tom's Cabin began in an essay by James Baldwin. This essay was titled "Everybody’s Protest Novel." In the essay, Baldwin called Uncle Tom’s Cabin a "very bad novel". He said it was not well-written.