cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
Sites by autonomous community
This is the list of Heritage sites by autonomous community.
Auntie Mame
Auntie Mame is a 1958 American comedy drama movie directed by Morton DaCosta and based on the 1955 novel of the same name by Patrick Dennis. It stars Rosalind Russell, Forrest Tucker, Coral Browne, Fred Clark, Patric Knowles, Joanna Barnes, Lee Patrick and was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was nominated for 6 Academy Awards in 1959.
Claudia Hernández
Claudia Hernández Aguila (born 9 January 1997) is a Cuban volleyball player.
She played at the 2015 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2017 FIVB U23 Volleyball Women's World Championship, and 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
The Agronomist
The Agronomist is a 2003 American documentary movie directed by Jonathan Demme and featuring the music of Wyclef Jean.
Claudia Hernández
She played for La Habana.
South Gate, California
South Gate is the 17th largest city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 94,396.
Tokyo Imperial Palace
Tokyo Imperial Palace (皇居) is the official home of the Emperor of Japan. It is the site of the old Edo castle.
The Imperial Palace is in the Chiyoda area near to Tokyo Station.
The palace complex has several buildings. including the main palace (Kyūden (宮殿). There are also the private homes of the imperial family and the offices of the Imperial Household Agency.
History
Traditionally, the home of the emperor is called a palace. The location of the palace has been considered the capital city of Japan. Since 1868, the center of the government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home has been Tokyo. From 794 through 1868, the emperor lived in Kyoto.
Max Keith
Max Keith was a German businessman who invented Fanta during World War II in Germany.
Discovery of Fanta
When he was 30 years old, he worked at a German subsidiary of Coca-Cola in 1933. Sales of Coca-Cola in Germany rose from 100,000 cases in 1933 to over 4 million cases in 1939. Because of the Allied blockade, Coca-Cola GmbH was unable to get Coca-Cola syrup during World War II. The supply of regular Coca-Cola ran out in 1942. To keep the plant in operation, Keith developed a fruit flavored drink made from apple fiber, left over from cider pressings, and whey, a byproduct from cheese manufacture, creating Fanta.
Fanta sold three million cases in 1943, sustaining the firm's business in Germany. In 1945, at the last stages of the war, Keith was ordered by a German general to rename the subsidiary, but he refused. The general was killed in an air raid before any action was taken against Keith.
Grecia Castro López
Grecia Esther Castro López (born 5 March 2001) is a Mexican volleyball player.
She played at the 2019 FIVB U20 Women's World Championship and 2018 FIVB Women's World Championship.
She played for Baja California.
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-American philosopher and logician. He was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. He is considered "one of the giants among twentieth-century philosophers".
Education
He studied at the Barmen Gymnasium. Then, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also studied philosophy and attended Frege's courses in mathematical logic.
Career
He taught philosophy in Prague, and Vienna and the United States.
Works
Here is the list of some of his works in philosophy:
Bethania de la Cruz
Bethania de la Cruz de Peña (born May 13, 1987 in Santo Domingo) is a female volleyball player from the Dominican Republic. She won the gold medal with the Dominican Republic women's national volleyball team at the 2009 NORCECA Championship and the 2010 Pan-American Cup. She played at the 2004 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2006 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2007 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2008 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2018 FIVB Women's World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Nations League.
She played for Deportivo Nacional.
Stephen Bishop (musician)
Earl Stephen Bishop (born November 14, 1951) is an American singer-songwriter, actor and guitarist. His biggest hits include "On and On", "It Might Be You" and "Save It for a Rainy Day". He has performed music in movies such as National Lampoon's Animal House, The China Syndrome, Roadie, Summer Lovers, Tootsie, White Nights, The Money Pit, The Boy Who Could Fly and All I Want for Christmas. Bishop was born in San Diego, California.
Eric Clapton wrote in his autobiography that Bishop was one of his favorite singer-songwriters. On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Bishop with hundreds of other artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal Studios fire.
George Romney
He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, and current United States Senator Mitt Romney. He was also the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney. In 1968, he ran for president, but lost to Richard Nixon.
Biography
Romney was born to American parents living in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico on July 8, 1907. The events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child. The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah, where they struggled during the Great Depression. Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any. In 1939 he moved to Detroit, Michigan.
Marriage and children
On July 2, 1931, he married Lenore Romney. They would later have four children, Lynn Romney, Jane Romney, Mitt Romney, and G. Scott Romney. His granddaughter from Scott Romney, Ronna Romney McDaniel, is the current chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.
Death
Romney died on July 26, 1995 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from a heart attack, aged 88. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.
Melanie Parra
Melanie Guadalupe Parra Quintero (born 12 September 2002) is a Mexican volleyball player.
She played at the 2019 FIVB U20 Women's World Championship and 2018 FIVB Women's World Championship.
She played for Sinaloa.
Qawwali
Qawwali (قوٌالی) is an Islamic Sufi type of music, that is famous in Pakistan and India. Mainly performed at Sufi Shrines in Pakistan and India, Qawwali has also become popular in the world. Singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well known for this music due to their excellent voice and ability of singing. Qawwali music is believed to have started 700 years ago. This music is mainly based in Punjab, which is a state of Pakistan and India.
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
The first inauguration of Calvin Coolidge as the 30th president of the United States was held on Friday, August 3, 1923 at the Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, following the death of President Warren G. Harding.
Mediodactylus aspratilis
Mediodactylus aspratilis is a lizard species. It is in the family of Gekkonidae. It is also known as Iranian gecko or Iranian keel-scaled gecko, It is endemic to southwestern Iran.
First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
The inauguration marked the beginning of the first term (a partial term of 1 year, 214 days) of Calvin Coolidge as President. The presidential oath of office was administered to the new president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr..
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that happens within the brain tissue or ventricles.
Symptoms can include headache, one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, and neck stiffness. Often symptoms get worse over time. Fever is also common. In many cases bleeding is present in both the brain tissue and the ventricles.
Causes include brain trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and brain tumors.
Viktor Yushchenko
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Віктор Андрійович Ющенко) (born February 23, 1954) is a previous President of Ukraine. On November 26, 2004, he lost the Ukrainian presidential election. However, he and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted. They argued that the election results had been falsified by the Ukrainian government, in support of the opposing candidate Viktor Yanukovych. They organized political demonstrations in the autumn and winter of 2004 that gathered millions of people all over the country. They called the demonstrations The Orange Revolution. The Constitutional Court ordered a second round of elections, which Yuschenko won.
Yushchenko claimed to have been poisoned by political enemies. He was hospitalized and his appearance showed signs of a serious illness.
Yulia Tymoshenko and Yushchenko were once strong allies (during the Orange Revolution). Today there is a lot of political misunderstanding between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko.
In February 2010 Yushchenko lost the presidential election to Viktor Yanukovych.
List of Warner Bros. movies
The following are list of Warner Bros. films. Note: This list does not include direct-to-video releases or films from New Line Cinema prior to its merger with Warner Bros. in 2008, nor does it include third-party films or films Warner gained the rights to as a result of mergers or acquisitions such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's pre-May 1986 library or RKO Radio Pictures' library. From 1928 to 1936, films by First National continued to be credited solely to "First National Pictures". In July 1936, stockholders of First National Pictures, Inc. (primarily Warner Bros.) voted to dissolve the corporation and no further separate First National Pictures were made.
Battle of Dunkirk
The Battle of Dunkirk (French: Bataille de Dunkerque) (Also known as Operation Dynamo) was a major battle during World War II. It lasted from the 26 May until 4 June 1940. The Allied forces were split in two by a German armoured advance to the Channel coast at Calais. The British and French commanders had been taken by surprise at the speed of the advance. The northern part of the army was surrounded In Dunkirk, France, a port on the English Channel. There they made a perimeter and waited for an evacuation.
The majority of British troops were able to escape. Approximately half as many French troops also escaped. About 40,000 troops, mostly French, had to stay behind to keep the Germans away during the evacuation. Many of the evacuated French troops landed elsewhere and continued the Battle of France.
Obersinn
Obersinn is a market community in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (Administrative Community) of Burgsinn.
Location
Obersinn is in the Würzburg Region and is split into a Spessart half and a Rhön side by its namesake river, the Sinn. The landscape is filled with fields, meadows and, above all, beech forests.
The municipality has the following subdivisions (Gemarkungen, traditional rural cadastral areas): Obersinn, Burgjoß, Forst Aura.
Johnny Yune
Johnny Yune (October 22, 1936 – March 8, 2020) was a Korean-American actor, singer, and comedian. He played the lead in the 1980s movies They Call Me Bruce? and They Still Call Me Bruce.
Yune became well known in the United States for his comedy performance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Yune stated that because actor Charlton Heston did not arrive on time, he was given over twenty minutes on the show to make a good impression. Carson liked Yune and had him on the show over 30 times.
Yune performed at the 1988 Summer Olympics at Seoul, along with Bob Hope and Brooke Shields. From 1989 to 1990, he hosted The Johnny Yune Show (자니윤쇼), the first Americanized talk show in Korea.
Yune died in California from a cerebral hemorrhage on March 8, 2020 at the age of 84.
Strength training
Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the physical strength and endurance. There are many different methods of strength training, the most common being the weight/gravity training and the training with the help of resistive equipment.
Training commonly uses the technique of progressively increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental increases of weight, elastic tension or other resistance, and uses a variety of exercises and types of training equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity.
Strength training differs from bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, and strongman, which are sports rather than forms of exercise, although training for them totally depends on strength training. Many other sports use strength training as a part of their training regimen, notably football, lacrosse, basketball, hockey and track and field.
Some samples
Some samples of strength training exercises in a gym are presented in the picture gallery below.
Karin Gayer
Karin Gayer (born 1969 in Mödling near Vienna) is an Austrian writer. She published poetry and fiction.
Life
Karin Gayer was born in May 1969 in Mödling and lives today in Vienna. She began to study psychology but ended her studies before the end because she “could not find what she was looking for″. Then she worked in several social professions. Karin Gayer began to write literature at school. In the beginning she only published in Austrian literary magazines, for example in Zenit and Wienzeile. Her first book made was printed in 2002 by the publisher Arovell Verlag.
List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia
The List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.
Serbia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 2001.
List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time. It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.
There are four WHS places in Serbia.
Tentative list
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated. The evaluation process is not yet completed.
Roborovski hamster
Roborovski hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii) are the smallest of all hamsters commonly kept as pets. Roborovski hamsters live in the wild around the Gobi Desert, throughout Mongolia's desert steppe and parts of northern China. Robo hamsters, as they are commonly called, are also extremly fast. Because of their size wired cages are not suitable for them
John Calvin Coolidge Sr.
John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (March 31, 1845 – March 18, 1926) was an American politician and businessman. He was the father of J. Calvin Coolidge Jr., the 30th President of the United States.
He administered the presidential oath of office to his son at their family homestead on the early morning of August 3, 1923, following the death of President Warren G. Harding.
Andrew Rivkin
Andrew Rivkin (born May 31, 1969) is a Canadian entrepreneur. He co-founded Cryptologic Inc , which was one of the first online gambling software companies. He also co-founded Fun Technologies which is one of the largest online skill gaming provider worldwide. Andrew is an avid polo player, member of the Toronto Polo Club. He is also listed as a donor to the Mount Sinai Hospital of Toronto.
Afro
The afro is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.
It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa. The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States. They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly. So they grew their hair into afros on purpose. The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s. Then it came back with the natural hair movement. In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice. Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals.
An afro can be any length, short or long, but it is different for everyone, especially depending on the person's race and ethnicity. Europeans and Asians will tend to have wavier, looser curls, so they usually cannot grow natural afros. Some people say it is in poor taste or bad manners for a white person to call their hairstyle an "afro" because that cuts the afro off from its history as a way black people showed their hair could be beautiful even when white-majority cultures said it wasn't. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."
The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in Glamour, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.
Guy Sebastian
Guy Theodore Sebastian (born 26 October 1981) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was the winner of the first Australian Idol in 2003. He represented Australia at the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in 5th place. Sebastian has released nine top ten albums, including two number ones. He has 22 top twenty singles, with 13 reaching the top ten, including six number ones. His first single "Angels Brought Me Here" was the highest selling song in Australia in the decade 2000 to 2009. "Battle Scars", featuring Lupe Fiasco, spent 20 weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 71. The single has been certified 11× platinum.
Sebastian was also a judge on Australia's The X Factor in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015 and 2016. He was a coach for The Voice Australia in 2019.
Sebastian was born in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. He moved to Australia as a child. He first lived in Melbourne, Victoria before moving to Adelaide, South Australia.
Pakistani rock
Pakistani rock is a form of rock music from Pakistan. It mixes up Pakistani classical music with American rock. It has its own vibrant elements, with slightly different sounds and tunes. Pakistani rock is mostly sung in Urdu, however large numbers of songs are also sung in languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Seraiki. Many new music bands are also now singing in English.
Popularity
Pakistani rock music has become massively popular among people in the country. It is listened to in countries such as Iran, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India and even as far as China and Japan.
Michael Buffer
, the catchphrase has generated $400 million in revenue from licensing the trademark.
In 2008, Buffer was treated for throat cancer.
Old Town Road
"Old Town Road" is a song by American recording artist Lil Nas X. It was originally released independently on December 3, 2018. The song later gained popularity on the social video sharing app TikTok.
"Old Town Road" has been officially remixed four times, featuring a different array of guest artists including Billy Ray Cyrus, Diplo, Young Thug, Mason Ramsey and RM.
In March 2019, the song reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart before the magazine disqualified it. The song was not re-entered onto the overall country charts. However, both the original version of the song and the remix featuring Cyrus eventually peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a record-break of nineteen continuous weeks.
The song was the first number one song on the Rolling Stone Top 100 chart.
Lenore Romney
Lenore LaFount Romney (born Lenore LaFount, November 9, 1908 – July 7, 1998) was an American politician and actress. She was the wife of businessman and politician George Romney and the First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.
She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in 1970 from Michigan. Her youngest son, Mitt Romney, is the former Governor of Massachusetts and the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.
Early life
Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School. While there, she developed an interest in drama and met George Romney.
She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University, graduating from the latter in 1929. She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood where she became a bit player.
Career
She acted in some movies with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931. The couple had four children together. She was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics. She ran for the United States senate, but lost the election.
Death
Romney died on July 7, 1998 in Royal Oak, Michigan from a stroke, aged 89. She was buried next to her husband at the Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.
Retzstadt
Retzstadt is a community in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (Administrative Community) of Zellingen.
Location
Retzstadt is in the Main-Spessart district in a side-valley of the Main, on the river Retz. The community has only the Gemarkung (traditional rural cadastral area) of Retzstadt.
Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis in biology means the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages. Good examples are insects and amphibians. Life for most insects begins as a larva or nymph then progresses to the pupa stage and ends as an adult.
Animals that metamorphose include tadpoles into frogs, caterpillars into butterflys, and generally insect larva into adult insects.
Insects
There are two main types of metamorphosis in insects: simple metamorphosis or hemimetabolism, and complete metamorphosis or holometabolism.
Simple metamorphosis or hemimetabolism
Insects who go through simple (or incomplete) metamorphosis have three life stages. These insects start as eggs, which are usually very small. When the egg hatches, a larva or nymph comes out. Nymphs are just baby insects. Most of the time, the nymph looks similar to the adult, but it is smaller, may have different colouration, and does not have wings. The nymph grows through stages called instars, shedding its 'skin' (epicuticle) at each stage (ecdysis). Finally, it changes into a mature adult with wings.
Some insect nymphs are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs usually have gills and look very different from the adults they will turn into. Nymphs that live in water are called naiads.
Some insects that have a life cycle of egg-nymph-adult are:
Complete metamorphosis or holometabolism
Insects that have complete metamorphosis have four life stages. These insects start as eggs, which are very small. The egg hatches and a larva comes out. The larva looks like a worm and eats and eats so that it can grow much bigger. When the larva has grown it changes into a pupa. The pupa usually can not move or eat. The pupa is a special time when the insect is changing into an adult that will look very different from the larva or the pupa. Moth pupae (plural of pupa) are inside cocoons. When the pupa opens, the adult insect comes out.
Many insects have a life cycle of egg-larva-pupa-adult. Some of these insects are:
The monarch butterfly
The monarch butterfly goes through four stages of development. Life for a monarch butterfly begins as an egg hatched from an adult. This egg then develops into a worm-like larva caterpillar. In the pupa or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar spins a silk pad on a twig or leaves and hangs from this pad by its last pair of prolegs. It hangs upside down in the shape of a "J" and then molts leaving it encased in a green exoskeleton. The mature butterfly emerges after about two weeks and feeds on a variety of flowers including milkweed flowers, red clover and goldenrod.
Amphibian metamorphosis
In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads, and newts all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills. Afterwards, newt larvae start a predatory lifestyle, while tadpoles mostly scrape food off surfaces with their horny tooth ridges.
Marine organisms
Many marine species have evolved a system where they release their eggs and sperm into the water at the same time, and fertilisation takes place in the sea over one or two days. This increases their chance of reproductive success.
Then, larvae join the other plankton, eating and growing before metamorphosing into adults. Most marine invertebrates and many fish have a life cycle with pelagic larvae or even pelagic eggs. These have the capacity to be transported long distances, and so spread the species around to other places.
Need for metamorphosis
Their development is packaged into stages, and each stage has adaptations to life at its stage. The sharp distinction between stages (best seen in insects) is presumably because a longer transition would leave the juvenile less fit, either at its younger or older ways of life.
Nanjing Massacre
The Nanjing Massacre was a massacre (an unjust killing of many people) that happened in Nanjing, China, in December of 1937 and January of 1938. It was part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which was the part of World War II between China and Japan. At the time, Japan was trying to take over China and Nanjing was the Chinese capital. The Japanese Army reached Nanjing on 13 December 1937 and began killing and raping thousands upon thousands of people.
Some Japanese claim the fighting in Nanjing was the same or not much worse than fighting in other places and in other wars. That is simply untrue. There is a lot of evidence from the Chinese, from outsiders who were there, from outsiders who have studied it, and from the Japanese themselves that things were much worse. There were many, many war crimes: soldiers without weapons were killed; people who were not soldiers were killed; many were tortured (hurt very badly), mutilated (hurt in ways that can never be fixed), or killed in very cruel ways; many were raped (forced to have sex) or forced to work and treated like things. We have the orders from the soldier's leaders telling them to do these kinds of things and not to follow rules against them. The Nanjing Massacre was so bad that some even think of it as a kind of genocide (trying to wipe out an entire group of people).
The memory of the Nanjing Massacre—and anger at attempts to deny that it happened or to honor the soldiers who led it at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo—still cause difficulty between the Chinese and Japanese governments and between Chinese and Japanese people.
Names
The Nanjing Massacre is also known as the Rape of Nanjing. It was known at the time as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking. The name of Nanjing has not changed: it was 南京 then and now, but people have changed the way they spell the sounds of Chinese names using the Latin alphabet. "Nanking" was the Postal Map spelling, which usually tried to spell words the way local people said them around the year 1900. "Nanjing" is the pinyin spelling, which spells words the way they should sound in Mandarin Chinese.
The Mandarin Chinese name for the Nanjing Massacre is the Nánjīng Dàtúshā, which means the same thing. (Part-by-part, dàtúshā could mean "a big butchering and killing" but, taken all together, it is just the Chinese word for "massacre".) It is written 南京大屠殺 in traditional Chinese writing and 南京大屠杀 in the easier Chinese writing now used by mainland China and Singapore.
The Japanese can use similar names but often prefer to call it the Nankin Jiken, which just means "The Thing that Happened in Nanjing". It is written 南京事件 in Japanese writing.
The massacre
The Nanjing Massacre lasted over six weeks. During this time, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army
Mass murder of civilians
During the six weeks of the Nanjing massacre, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) massacred between 40,000 and 300,000 people. It is difficult to know exactly how many people were killed in this mass murder, because the IJA burnt many bodies, buried others in mass graves, and dumped others in the Yangtze River. Because of this, scholars and historians do not agree on exactly how many civilians were killed. p. 1015
In another massacre, Japanese soldiers shot thousands of Chinese people with machine guns. They left their bodies in a trench they named the "Ten-Thousand-Corpse Ditch." Most historians think that more than 12,000 people were killed in this massacre. The IJA also massacred about 100 Hui people (a minority group in China who are mostly Muslim).
Torture of civilians
For example, in 1984, ex-IJA soldier Kozo Tadokoro admitted: We used barbed wire to [tie] the captured Chinese into bundles of ten and tied them onto racks. Then we poured gasoline on them and burned them alive. . . I felt like [I was] killing pigs
Another ex-soldier named Nagatoni admitted that Japanese soldiers tortured people to death by doing things like:
In 2010, a Japanese woman named Tamaki Matsuoka made a documentary film about the Nanjing Massacre. In the film, former IJA soldiers admit that they often raped Chinese women and massacred Chinese civilians. However, out of the 250 former soldiers that Matsuoka interviewed, only three felt bad about what they had done. One former solder, Sho Mitani, said: We were living in an age where we were taught that Chinese were not human. The army used a trumpet sound that meant 'Kill all Chinese who run away.' We were taught from childhood in schools that Chinese were like insects.
Rape
During the Massacre, the Japanese soldiers raped about 20,000 women – including children and the elderly. p. 1012 Soldiers would go from door to door, searching for girls. When they found one, they would take her and rape her as a group. If anyone tried to stop the soldiers, the soldiers would shoot them. p. 77
One survivor of the massacre said that sons were forced to rape their mothers, and fathers were forced to rape their daughters. One group of soldiers gang-raped a pregnant woman, who gave birth only a few hours later (the baby did not seem to be hurt). Japanese soldiers also raped Buddhist nuns and forced monks to rape women.
Witnesses' stories
On 19 December 1937, the Reverend James M. McCallum wrote in his diary: I know not where to end. Never I have heard or read such brutality. Rape! Rape! Rape! We estimate at least 1,000 cases a night and many by day. In case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval, there is a bayonet stab or a bullet ... People are hysterical ... Women are being carried off every morning, afternoon and evening. The whole Japanese army seems to be free to go and come as it pleases, and to do whatever it pleases.
Another witness to the rapes in Nanjing was Robert O. Wilson. He was a surgeon at an American hospital in Nanjing. On December 15 and 18, 1937, he wrote to his family: Last night the house of one of the Chinese staff members of the university was broken into and two of the women, his relatives, were raped. Two girls, about 16, were raped to death in one of the refugee camps. In the University Middle School where there are 8,000 people the Japs came in ten times last night, over the wall, stole food, clothing, and raped until they were satisfied.
Killing of prisoners of war
Starting in 1931, an international law called the Third Geneva Convention said it was illegal to treat prisoners of war in certain ways. It said these prisoners had rights – for example, the right to have a trial before being executed. However, in August 1937, Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan, had decided that neither he nor the army would follow any international laws about how Chinese prisoners of war had to be treated.
Right after the IJA took over Nanjing, they started searching for ex-Chinese soldiers. They took thousands of young men as prisoners. Some of these men were never soldiers; the IJA just assumed they were. Without any trials, the IJA took many of these young men to the Yangtze River and killed them with machine guns.
According to confessions made by former IJA soldiers, on December 13 and 14, 1937, a unit of IJA soldiers had taken 14,777 Chinese prisoners of war. In the next few days, they took another 2,000–3,000 prisoners. In two days, the IJA massacred every one of these prisoners of war—over 15,000 people. In their confessions, the former IJA soldiers said their military leaders had ordered them to do this.
Over the six weeks of the massacre, the IJA killed a total of about 30,000 Chinese prisoners of war. p. 1015
Theft and arson
The Japanese Army left most of the buildings in Nanjing destroyed by looting and arson. They destroyed newly built government buildings as well as many civilians' homes. Soldiers also stole whatever they wanted. Because the Imperial Japanese Army was so much stronger than the Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing, the Chinese could not fight back. This meant the Japanese could take all of the city's valuable things for themselves.
End of the massacre
In January 1938, the Imperial Japanese Army announced that Nanjing was in "order" again. In the first week of February, it created a government that would obey all of Japan's needs. After that, the IJA left. The massacre was over.
Trial and punishment
On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers. This ended World War II.
Soon after this, the Allied Powers began creating international military courts. To try Japan's leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity, they created the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE).
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Three of the Japanese Imperial Army's leaders in Nanjing were put on trial at the IMTFE:
All three of these men were found guilty of "Class A" war crimes. This meant they had been found guilty of planning and being in charge of the war. All three were sentenced to death and were executed.
The Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
In 1946, the Chinese government created the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal. This court tried General Matsui's lieutenant, Tani Hisao, for his part in the Nanjing Massacre. It found him guilty and sentenced him to death.
Denial
The Nanjing Massacre is still very controversial in Japan. Only a small number of Japanese writers say the Massacre never happened at all. Most of the argument over the massacre has to do with how many Chinese people died. Some scholars say that many fewer Chinese people died than most historians say. For example, Japanese writer Tanaka Masaaki says that only a few hundred civilians died in Nanjing.
Evidence
There is a lot of proof that the Nanjing Massacre happened the way most historians and survivors say it did. This proof includes:
FIDE
FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs) is the world chess organisation. All national federations are members. It decides matters like World Championships and changes in rules of the game.
Anisul Hoque
Anisul Hoque (আনিসুল হক; born March 4, 1965) is a Bangladeshi author, novelist, dramatist, and journalist. Hoque was born in Rangpur in 1965. His father was Mofazzal Hoque. His mother is Mst Anwara Begum. Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, trained as a civil engineer. He is currently working as a journalist. Currently, Hoque is working as an Associate Editor of a Bengali language daily, Prothom Alo.
FIDE
FIDE was founded on 20 July 1924 in Paris, France. However, it had little influence until the end of World War II. The reigning world champion at that time, Alexander Alekhine, did not want to have anything to do with it. He regarded the world title as his personal property. This only changed when he died with the title, in 1946 (no other champion has ever died while holding the title). It was obvious that some method was needed to find a new champion. FIDE stepped in and, with Russian backing, put forward a solution. The strong Soviet Chess Federation only joined FIDE in 1946. It had a great influence, with resources and many young strong players.
After WW II
In 1948 a tournament was organized to determine which of the world top players was entitled to call himself World Champion. The death of Alekhine had left a vacuum. Two previous champions, Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca had died in the late 1930s. It was clear that a new champion would come from the younger players.
The six players chosen by FIDE were: In the end, Reuben Fine dropped out, and the other five contested the event. Mikhail Botvinnik won the tournament and became the new world champion.
In 1950 the FIDE awarded its first IM (International Master) and GM (International Grandmaster) titles. However it was not until 1957 that FIDE formulated clear criteria to award these titles. In 1970 a new ranking system, the Elo-rating, was introduced.
Partenstein
Partenstein is a community in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and the seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (Administrative Community) of Partenstein. Partenstein is on Bundesstraße 276.
FIDE
Later years
With the collapse of the Soviet Union FIDE lost a powerful partner. This resulted in a long period of trouble. In 1993 worldchampion Gary Kasparov and his challenger Nigel Short left FIDE. They founded their own organisation for professional top players, the PCA (Professional Chess Association). So now there were two worldchampions: one from FIDE and one from the PCA.
Partenstein
Location
Partenstein is in the Main Spessart Region in the middle of the Spessart (range) on the left edge of the river Lohr, some 7 km northwest of the town of Lohr am Main.
The community has the following Gemarkungen (traditional rural cadastral areas): Partenstein, Partensteiner Forst.
FIDE
Later years
It was not until 2006 that the dust settled down and a re-unification match between Vladimir Kramnik and Veselin Topalov took place. In 1999 FIDE was recognised by the International Olympic Committee. In 2001 FIDE played by anti-doping rules, trying to make chess for like a candidate for the Olympic Games.
Neustadt am Main
Neustadt am Main (officially: Neustadt a. Main) is a community in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Lohr am Main (municipal administrative association).
Location
Neustadt am Main is on both sides of the Main river in the Würzburg Region, around 8 km south of the town of Lohr at the foot of the Spessart hills. It is part of the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia.
The municipal territory extends quite far into the wooded hills to the west. The highest peak of the Main-Spessart-Kreis is in Neustadt's territory: the Klosterkuppel at 552 m above sea level. In that area is the source of the  that flows into the Main near the town.
Out of a total municipal area of around 1,980 hectares, forest accounts for almost 1,600 ha.
Subdivisions
The community has the following Gemarkungen (traditional rural cadastral areas): (on the left bank of the river), Neustadt am Main (on the right bank). The two Ortsteile are linked by a pedestrian bridge across the Main (built 1970-71).
There are two additional (small) settlements, Aurora and, both located in the wooded hills west of the Main.
Neighbouring communities
From the north, clockwise:
The Magic Flute
The Magic Flute (German: Die Zauberflöte, K. 620) is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder.
It premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theater, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden. The story has traditional fairy tale themes and Masonic elements.
Act One
Prince Tamino has got lost in the forest and now finds himself in a country which is ruled by the Queen of the Night. A huge monster chases him and he is very frightened. He falls down in a faint. Three ladies who work for the Queen of the Night come and kill the monster. Then they see the handsome prince and they argue about which one of them will stay to look after him.
The three ladies go off and Papageno enters. Papageno is a birdcatcher whose job is to catch birds for the Queen of the Night. He is a happy, simple young man. Tamino wakes up, sees him and asks him who he is. Papageno introduces himself. He has not noticed the dead monster. Tamino sees that the monster is dead and asks him who killed it. Papageno suddenly notices it and then decides to pretend that he killed it himself. The three ladies hear what he says and they come and punish him by giving him a stone instead of bread and wine, and by padlocking his mouth so that he cannot speak. Then they give Tamino a portrait of Princess Pamina. She is the daughter of the Queen of the Night. They tell him that Pamina has been captured by an evil man called Sarastro. In fact, Sarastro is a good man, and he is looking after Pamina because her mother, the Queen of the Night, is evil. The prince does not know this. He is already in love with the princess just from looking at her picture, and decides to go and rescue her.
The three ladies give the Prince a magic flute which will protect him if he finds himself in danger. They promise Papageno that he, too, will find a lovely wife for himself if he goes with Tamino. They take off his padlock and give him a set of magic bells which will help him if he is in danger. They are told that three lovely boys will show them the way.
In the next scene we see Princess Pamina who is being guarded by a cruel Moor called Monostatos. He has tied the princess up. Papageno arrives and both men are frightened of one another. Monostatos runs away, Papageno unties the rope around the princess and tells her about the prince who is on his way to rescue her.
In the next scene Tamino finds himself in a holy place. The three boys have guided him there. They tell him he must be patient and silent. He meets a priest who tells him he must not think that Sarastro is cruel. He tells him that Pamina is alive. Tamino is very happy to hear this, takes his flute and plays. The animals from the forest come round him. Pamina and Papagena are caught by Monostatos. He is about to tie them up, but Papageno plays his magic bells and, when they hear the music, Monostatos and all the animals cannot help dancing and they disappear, still dancing. Sarastro enters. He tells Pamina once more that she must stay with him to learn how to live a good, virtuous life. She must not become evil like her mother. Monostatos enters with Tamino whom he has caught. Tamino and Pamina see one another and embrace. Sarastro says that Monostatos must have a beating. He says that Tamino and Pamina cannot have one another yet. First they will have to go to the temple and go through some trials to show that they are good.
Act Two
Sarastro explains to the priests that Tamino and Pamina will have to go through the trials to show that they are worthy of one another. If they can do this then they will be able to defeat the evil power of the Queen of the Night.
Tamino and Papageno go through the trials together. Tamino remains calm and brave. Papageno is frightened and finds it difficult to keep quiet, but he continues because he has been promised that a girl called Papagena will be waiting for him.
In the first trial the Three Ladies try to make them think that the dark place they are in will lead them to death. In the second trial they see Monostatos about to rape Pamina. The Queen of the Night explains why she wants power. She says that Tamino and Pamina will be cursed unless Sarastro is killed. Tamino realizes that this is all part of the trial and he must not do anything. Papageno is given food and drink by Papagena who is disguised as an old lady. Tamino plays his flute. Pamina appears but turns her back on him. The Queen of the Night sings a very famous song in this section. It is famous because it reaches the highest ranges of a female voice.
Tamino and Pamina have to go through the last trial together. Papagena enters and dances, then, when Papageno promises to be true, she throws off her disguise and disappears. Pamina thinks her mother is going to use her dagger, but at the last moment the boys save her and take her to Tamino. Tamino plays the flute as they go together through fire and water. The chorus sing in triumph.
In the last scene Monostatos and the Queen of the Night enter to do battle, but they are defeated. Good triumphs over evil.
Masonic ideas in the opera
Mozart belonged to a group of Freemasons. The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols. For example: the number three is an important number in masonry and there are lot of things in the opera that happen in threes: there are three long chords at the beginning of overture, and the three chords appear again in the scene in the temple. Even the key is E flat major which has a key signature of three flats. There are three ladies, three young boys and three trials. The scenery used in the early productions make it look as if the story comes from Egypt or somewhere in the Orient. Mozart and Schickaneder meant this to have a Masonic meaning. The trials are similar to the rituals in Masonic ceremonies.
Chess master titles
A Master in chess is a player who is awarded a master title by the world chess organisation FIDE, or by a national chess organisation. The term was used for a long time to describe someone who was accepted as an expert player, but it now has an official meaning.