cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Olympic Games
Use of performance enhancing drugs
In the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes began using drugs to improve their athletic abilities. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas J. Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach. The only Olympic death linked to doping happened at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamines. By the mid-1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The IOC did likewise in 1967. The IOC created the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the Olympic Standard) has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations around the world attempt to emulate. The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use.
Violence
The Olympics have not brought lasting peace to the world, even during the Games. Three Olympic Games were not held due to war. The 1916 Games were cancelled because of World War I, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II. Terrorism has also threatened the Olympic Games. In 1972, when the Summer Games were held in Munich, West Germany, eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the terrorist group Black September. This event is now known as the Munich massacre. The terrorists killed two of the athletes soon after they had taken them hostage and killed the other nine during a failed rescue attempt. A German police officer and 5 terrorists also died. During the Summer Olympics in 1996 in Atlanta, a bomb was detonated at the Centennial Olympic Park, which killed 2 and injured 111 others. Eric Robert Rudolph is currently serving a life sentence for the bombing.
Host nations and cities
The host city for an Olympic Games is chosen seven years ahead of the event. The process of selection is carried out in two phases that span a two-year period. The process starts when a city wanting to host the games applies to its country's Olympic group. If more than one city from the same country gives a proposal to its NOC, the national group chooses which city will run for host. The first step once the deadline passes (To tell the IOC that you want to hold the Games), is to ask the cities to complete a questionnaire which covers many key points in the organization of the Olympic Games. The evaluation of the filled questionnaires by a group provides the IOC with an idea of each cities project and their potential to host the Games. On the basis of this evaluation, the IOC chooses the applicants that will proceed to the candidature stage.
Once the candidate cities are chosen, they must give to the IOC a bigger presentation of their project as part of a candidature file. Each city is analyzed by an evaluation group. This group will also visit the cities. The group give a report on its findings one month prior to the IOC's final decision. During the interview process the candidate city must also guarantee that it can fund the Games. The IOC members gathered in the meeting have the final vote on the host city.
In the Winter Olympics, France has hosted three Games, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, and Italy have hosted twice. The most recent Games were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea's first Winter Olympics and second overall. The next Winter Games will be in Beijing, China in 2022, which will be the first time this nation has hosted.
And Youth Olympic Games in a separate list.
Pfaffenhofen an der Glonn
Pfaffenhofen an der Glonn is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
Quérénaing
Quérénaing is a commune in the Nord department in north France. It belongs to the Communauté d'agglomération Valenciennes Métropole. The popularity was 925 people in 2007.
List of governors of Haryana
This is a list of governors of the Indian state of Haryana, which was carved out from Punjab on 1 November 1966.
Chuck Woolery
Charles Herbert Woolery (born March 16, 1941) is an American game show host, talk show host, and musician. He was born in Ashland, Kentucky.
Woolery was the original host of Wheel of Fortune (1975–1981), the original version of Love Connection (1983–1994), Scrabble (1984–1990, and during a brief revival in 1993), Greed on Fox from 1999 to 2000, and Lingo on Game Show Network from 2002 to 2007.
Marcelino Oreja, 1st Marquis of Oreja
Marcelino Oreja y Aguirre, 1st Marquis of Oreja (born 13 February 1935) is a Spanish lawyer, diplomat and politician. He was a member of the People's Party. He was Foreign Minister of Spain between 1976 and 1980. Between 1984 and 1989 he was Secretary General of the Council of Europe.
In 1989 he became member of the European Parliament and he was until 1993. In 1994 he was appointed European Commissioner for Transport and Energy and then European Commissioner for Institutional Relations and Communication Strategy.
Carlos Westendorp
Carlos Westendorp y Cabeza (born 7 January 1937 ) is a Spanish diplomat. He was Secretary General of the Club of Madrid. He was the 2nd High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1999 he was elected Member of the European Parliament representing the PSOE. He left the office in 2003. He was born in Madrid.
Berkeley High School (California)
Berkeley High School is a public high school in the Berkeley Unified School District. It is the only public high school in the city of Berkeley, California. It is one long block west of Shattuck Avenue and three short blocks south of University Avenue in downtown Berkeley. The school mascot is the Yellowjacket.
Connecticut Post
The Connecticut Post is a daily newspaper in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It serves Fairfield County and the Lower Naugatuck Valley. The Post has Municipalities that include areas like Ansonia, Bridgeport, Darien, Derby, Easton, Fairfield, Milford, Monroe, New Canaan, Orange, Oxford, Redding, Ridgefield, Seymour, Shelton, Stratford, Trumbull, Weston, Westport and Wilton. It is owned by the Hearst Corporation, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues. The Connecticut Post also gains revenue by offering classified advertising for job hunters with minimal regulations.
2013 Africa Cup of Nations
The 2013 Africa Cup of Nations was the 29th Africa Cup of Nations held from 19 January to 10 February 2013. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). South Africa hosted the tournament for the second time. This was also the first tournament to be held on an odd-numbered year. This was done so that it doesn't get in the way of the FIFA World Cup.
Nigeria won the tournament after a 1–0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final. Mali also won the third-place game. Nigeria later represented Africa in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Qualification
A total of 47 countries entered the qualification.
Venues
The average daytime temperature of the host cities ranges from 25.0 °C to 30.3 °C.
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Hugo van der Goes
Van der Goes became mentally ill on a visit to Cologne, Germany in 1481. On his way home, he tried to kill himself. His friends took him to a monastery in Belgium to recover from his illness, but he died in Auderghem a few weeks later.
Marian Taylor
Marian Taylor is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1998 World Aquatics Championships.
Premature birth
Premature birth is when a baby is born before the normal end of pregnancy. In humans, a pregnancy normally lasts for about nine months. On average, a pregnancy lasts for 266 days.
Babies who are born before 37 complete weeks of pregnancy (calculated from the last menstrual period) are said to be premature. In the United States, about twelve percent of the babies are born prematurely (that is about one in every eight babies). In 2003, there were over 490,000 premature births.
Complications
The risk of having a problem (called a complication) is higher in shorter pregnancies. Babies born prematurely die more often in their first year of life than others. Most such deaths occur in the first month of life, which is called neonatal mortality.
Worldwide, prematurity causes ten percent of neonatal mortality, or around 500,000 deaths per year. In the U.S., where many infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk of developing serious health problems, such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation, vision loss, or hearing loss. They are also more likely to have depression as teenagers.
Nearly half of all premature births have no known cause. When conditions permit, doctors may attempt to stop premature labor, so that the pregnancy can have a chance to continue to full term. This will increase the baby's chances of health and survival.
In the United States, the rate of preterm births has increased 30% in the past two decades.
Special care for babies born early
In developed countries, many hospitals have special facilities for prematurely born infants. This type of hospital unit is usually called a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU, pronounced "NICK-you"). In the NICU, premature babies are kept warm in incubators or other warming machines. They are enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment which keeps them warm and keeps germs away from them.
Unterlangenegg
Unterlangenegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Premature birth
Special care for babies born early
Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, heart function, oxygen supply, and brain activity. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition given through intravenous catheters; oxygen, breathing support; and medications.
In developing countries, where advanced equipment may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as kangaroo care (skin-to-skin warming), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures help reduce death rate and illness.
Chances of survival
The earliest time in the pregnancy where the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is called the limit of viability. In countries with good health care, viability has been reduced to about 24 weeks. Rare survivors have been documented as early as 21 weeks, but this date is controversial because the pregnancy was measured from the date of conception rather than the date of her mother's last menstrual period. This makes gestation appear 2 weeks less than if calculated by the more common method. Risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that early time. Even if the infant lives, there are ethical controversies over the care given to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the abortion debate.
1028
1028 (MXXVIII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-eighth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
Diagnosis: Murder
Diagnosis: Murder is an American action-comedy-mystery-medical crime drama television series. It stars Dick Van Dyke as Dr. Mark Sloan, a medical doctor who solves crimes with the help of his son Steve, a homicide detective played by Van Dyke's real-life son Barry.
It is a spin-off of Jake and the Fatman and became a series of three television movies, and then a weekly television series that debuted on CBS on October 29, 1993.
Abdul Qadir Bajamal
Bajamal died on September 7, 2020 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates from problems caused by multiple strokes, aged 74.
Martin Freeman
Martin John Christopher Freeman (born 8 September 1971) is an English actor. His most famous roles include Tim Canterbury in The Office, John in Love Actually, Arthur Dent in the film adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Dr. Watson in Sherlock, and Paul Maddens in Nativity! He played the role of Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of The Hobbit.
Early life
Freeman was born in Aldershot, Hampshire. He went to Salesian School.
The Daily Voice (American hyperlocal news)
Daily Voice, formerly Main Street Connect, is an American community journalism company based in Norwalk, Connecticut. It operates many town-based news web sites in Westchester County, Dutchess County, Putnam County, Rockland County in New York; Bergen County, Passaic County in New Jersey; and Fairfield County, Connecticut.
Beaver, Pennsylvania
Beaver is a borough in and the county seat of Beaver County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the borough population was 4,531.
Rochester, Pennsylvania
Rochester is a borough in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located 25 mi northwest of Pittsburgh. It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The population was 3,657 at the 2010 census.
Open Mind Productions
Open Mind Productions is a British television production company that was founded in 1989 by Roland Tongue and Chris Ellis. Tongue, who left the company at the end of 2011, was previously a film editor at the BBC, while Ellis was previously a teacher and script writer at Children's BBC.
The company has made programmes for children and educational TV, such as The Number Crew, Rat-A-Tat-Tat and Maths Mansion for Channel 4 and Numberjacks, and The Shiny Show for the BBC.
Ingénieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile
The IEEAC is the corps of the Ingénieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (Civil Aviation Operations Engineer). It is the sixth corps of the French civil aviation authorities in terms of numbers with 777 IEEAC out of 13,076 agents the 1st of July 2011.
The third-year training of IEEAC is performed at the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) of Toulouse.
They work for French civil aviation authorities.
Kazuki Nagasawa
Kazuki Nagasawa (長澤 和輝) is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Nagasawa was born in Chiba on December 16, 1991. When he was a Senshu University student, he also played for J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos in 2013. After graduating from the university, he joined German 2. Bundesliga club Köln in 2014. Köln won the champions in the 2013/14 season and was promoted to Bundesliga. In 2016, he returned to Japan and joined J2 League club JEF United Chiba. In 2017, he moved to J1 club Urawa Reds. Urawa won the champions in the 2017 AFC Champions League and the 2nd place in the 2019 AFC Champions League. In 2021, he moved to Nagoya Grampus.
On November 14, 2014, Nagasawa debuted for the Japan national team against Belgium.
Statistics
133||11||11||1||11||0||17||1||172||13 21||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||0 154||11||14||1||11||0||17||1||196||13
!Total||1||0
Changqing Subdistrict
Changqing Subdistrict is a subdistrict in Hefei, Anhui, China.
Rearrangement reaction
A rearrangement reaction are organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:
Intermolecular rearrangements also take place.
Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction. Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams. But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:
Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.
1,2-rearrangements
A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. But moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:
2019 Belizean territorial dispute referendum
A referendum on the territorial dispute with Guatemala was originally and initially scheduled to be held in Belize on 10 April 2019, but the date has now been delayed and set on 8 May 2019.
Rearrangement reaction
1,2-rearrangements
and the Beckmann rearrangement:
2019 Belizean territorial dispute referendum
Yes : 58% No : 42%
Rearrangement reaction
Pericyclic reactions
A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts
2019 Belizean territorial dispute referendum
The purpose of this referendum is to ask the Belizeans If they agree that their neighbouring country, Guatemala and their country, Belize request the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to finally resolve the Belizean-Guatemala territorial dispute.
Rearrangement reaction
Pericyclic reactions
and the Claisen rearrangement:
Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.
Giza Plateau
Giza Plateau is an ancient plateau in Giza. It has many ancient mysteries about it, and archeologists are still trying find its mystery. The plateau is the site of one of the most impressive ancient monuments around the world, the Pyramids of Giza. It also holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history.The Giza Plateau is also home to many other ancient Egyptian monuments,including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Nynetjer of the Second Dynasty.The Giza Plateau has astonished tourists and travellers over the years.
Squidward Tentacles
Squidward Tentacles is one of the main characters of SpongeBob SquarePants. He is SpongeBob SquarePants's grumpy neighbor and coworker. He is a turquoise octopus. He lives in a moai. His moai is between SpongeBob SquarePants' pineapple house and Patrick Star's rock. Squidward gets annoyed by SpongeBob and Patrick having fun with each other.
Squidward is not happy with his boring life. He always wants to be famous and well-known by everyone. He wants to show everyone about his talent as a musician or painter, even though he has no talent on either of them. He enjoys plays the clarinet. However, he has to work as a cashier at the Krusty Krab restaurant. Squidward hates working at the Krusty Krab, because he dislikes his greedy boss Mr. Krabs and is annoyed that he has to work with SpongeBob.
Benedict To Varpin
Benedict To Varpin (24 July 1936 – 8 September 2020) was a New Papua Guinean Roman Catholic prelate. He became a priest in 1971. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bereina, Papua New Guinea from 1979 to 1987. He later became archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madang, Papua New Guinea in 1987.
To Varpin died on 8 September 2020, aged 84.
2019 Samoa measles outbreak
The 2019 Samoa measles outbreak began in September 2019. As of December 13, there were 5,080 confirmed cases of measles and 72 deaths, out of a Samoan population of 201,316. There have also been 10 reported cases in Fiji. It is expected that 70 people will die and up to 6,500 people will be infected.
A state of emergency was declared on November 17, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and making vaccination mandatory.
On December 2, 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families have been ordered to display a red flag or red cloth in front of their homes to warn others. On December 5th and 6th, the government shut down everything other than public utilities to move all civil servants over to the vaccination campaign.
Röhrmoos
Röhrmoos is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria. It is located ca. 25 km northwest of Munich.
Röhrmoos has 14 local communities:
Cult
A cult is a group of people who have a religion or a set of beliefs. In modern times the term "cult" usually does not mean a mainstream religion, but a group set up "in opposition to a centre of established authority". New Age religions were often called cults because they were thought to be deviant social movements.
The word cult originally meant a system of ritual practices. It was first used in the early 17th century to mean homage paid to a divinity. It came from an ancient Latin word cultus meaning "worship".
A cult is often a small, newly started religious movement. Cults have beliefs or practices that many people think of as being odd, or that have practices that most people in the world do not practice. More than that, cults have often been led by people who are not elected, and control the group according to their own wishes. Some cult leaders have been dangerous criminals (Charles Manson; Peoples Temple) or even lunatics. Killings and mass suicides have occurred in cults (Order of the Solar Temple; Heaven's Gate). Of course, a "suicide" enforced by armed guards carrying sub-machine guns (Peoples Temple; Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God) is not a simple suicide as generally understood. It is at least an assisted and coerced suicide.
Whether a religious group is or is not a cult can be a hard question to answer. What is at one point in time considered a cult may later be accepted as a religion and what at one point of time is considered an accepted religion may later become a cult.
Mind control
Some form of persuasion or mind control can be used to recruit and maintain members. The objective is to prevent the faithful from thinking critically, and making choices in their own best interest.
Bert
Bert is a golden yellow Muppet created by Jim Henson. He was on the TV show Sesame Street. He's Ernie's roommate.
Character
Even though Bert is a grumpy, he is still sometimes happy. He's yellow with a single eyebrow called a unibrow, and had a vertical striped shirt (compared to Ernie's which is horizontal). He looks like a banana.
Cult
Mind control
The following methods have been used in some or all cults studied:
Bert
History
Bert first appeared in the test episodes of Sesame Street in 1969, with his uni brow never moving, and a little more tame. Then later in the years starting in Season 3 of Sesame Street, Bert can move his uni brow up and down. Starting in 1997, he was funnier and nicer but still grumpy. Bert has known to be changed nine times.
Ernie
Ernie is Bert's brother and roommate. And is the more clumsy and funny guy. He was first seen the same day Bert first was seen. He was voiced by Jim Henson until his death in 1990.
Cult
Mind control
This view is disputed by some. Society for the Scientific Study of Religion stated in 1990 that there was not sufficient research for a consensus, and that "one should not automatically equate the techniques involved in the process of physical coercion and control with those of nonphysical coercion and control".
Raju Aryal
Raju Aryal is the Armed Police Force's Inspector General of Nepal. He was designated as the successor to the 12th Armed Police Force (Nepal) on May 2, 2022.
Cult
Management style of cults
An oft-repeated criticism of cults is that their management style is dictatorial and exploitative. The following is one example:
Use of violence
Ownership of weapons and violence has occurred in some cults. The Branch Davidians under the direction of David Koresh used violence against Federal agencies, with tragic results for both sides. The later FBI report reveals the extent of their arms stockpile. The People's Temple included guards armed with submachine guns. These guards killed the visiting U.S. Congressman Ryan, and stood around the believers as they committed suicide. Members of the Manson Family were convicted of several murders.
Vaisakh
Vaisakh (Punjabi: ਵੈਸਾਖ, Shahmukhi Punjabi: ویساکھ) is the second month in the Nanakshahi calendar. This month is usually in April and May in the Gregorian calendar. It is the same as Vaisakha in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar. Usually, it is when crops are harvested in the Punjab region.
The Wind and the Lion
The Wind and the Lion is a 1975 American adventure movie directed by John Milius and starring Sean Connery, Candice Bergen, Brian Keith, John Huston, Roy Jenson, Nadim Sawalha, Marc Zuber, Antoine Saint-John, Darrell Fetty. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1976.
Civic Star
The Civic Star (Étoile Civique) is a French award.
Diorite
Diorite ( /ˈdaɪ.əˌraɪt/) is an melted rock that has cooled made mostly of the silicate minerals (materials made of silicon and oxygen). Diorite is in between that of basalt and granite. Diorite is usually grey to dark-grey in color, but it can also be black or bluish-grey, and often has a greenish cast. It is distinguished from gabbro (basalt) because the materials in diorite has more sodium and less calcium. Diorite may have small amounts of quartz, microcline, and olivine. Tiny amounts of muscovite may also be found. If there is a lot of quartz it makes the rock type quartz-diorite (>5% quartz) or tonalite (>20% quartz).
Diorite has an often speckled, texture of coarse grain size.
Civic Star
The star distinguishes those who contribute to the enrichment of the community, improvement of social life,and the progress of Humanity. It is particularly for those whose lives are of hard work, sacrifice and would remain unknown without this award. It is divided into four degrees: Bronze, Silver, Gold and Silver-gilt.
Diorite
Diorites may be associated with either granite or basalt intrusions, into which they may merge. Diorite results from the partial melting of a rock above the area where two tectonic plates merge under each other. It is commonly produced in volcanic arcs, and in cordilleran mountain building, such as in the Andes Mountains, as large batholiths. The extrusive volcanic equivalent rock type is andesite.
Civic Star
The star's motto is Honorer les vertus civiques - Servir le prestige national ('To honor the civic virtues - Serving national prestige').
Diorite
Occurrence
Diorite is a relatively rare rock; source localities include Leicestershire (one name for microdiorite—markfieldite—exists due to the rock's being found in the village of Markfield) and Aberdeenshire, UK; Guernsey; Sondrio, Italy; Thuringia and Saxony in Germany; Finland; Romania; Northeastern Turkey; central Sweden; the Darrans range of New Zealand; the Andes Mountains.
2007 French presidential election
The main candidates were Arlette Laguiller from Lutte Ouvrière, Nicolas Sarkozy from the Union for a Popular Movement, Ségolène Royal from the Socialist Party, François Bayrou from the Union for French Democracy, Jean-Marie Le Pen from the National Front, Olivier Besancenot from the Revolutionary Communist League, Philippe de Villiers from the Movement for France, Marie-George Buffet from the French Communist Party, Dominique Voynet from The Greens, José Bové, Frédéric Nihous from Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition and Gérard Schivardi from the Workers' Party.
On 22 April 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy won 31.2% of the vote and Ségolène Royal winning 25.9% of the vote. Both candidates advanced to the second round of the election, which Nicolas Sarkozy later won with 53.1% of the vote.
Schwabhausen
Schwabhausen is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
Sulzemoos
Sulzemoos is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
WRRV
WRRV (92.7 FM) is an American radio station. It is located in Middletown, New York. The station serves Orange County. It broadcast area includes parts of the mid Hudson Valley and Catskills Mountains. The station is owned by Townsquare Media. It broadcasts an alternative rock radio format. WRRV's programming is simulcast on 96.9 WRRB Arlington, New York. WRRB serves the Mid-Hudson Valley, north of WRRV's signal.
Pasteurization
Pasteurization (or pasteurisation) is a process of heat processing a liquid or a food to kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe to eat and to preserve longer. It involves heating the food to kill most harmful microorganisms. Producers pasteurize dairy and other foods to make them safe to eat. The process is named after Louis Pasteur. He was the first person to learn how to do it successfully. The first pasteurization was done by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard on 20 April 1862.
Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all microorganisms in the food. Instead, pasteurization gets a "log reduction" in the number of microorganisms. It brings their number down so they are unlikely to cause disease if the product is kept in the refrigerator and consumed before its sell-by date. Commercial sterilization of food is not common, because it tends to destroy the flavour of the food.
Milk pasteurization
Pasteurization is usually done to milk, which was first suggested by Franz von Soxhlet in 1886. There are two popular ways to pasteurize milk. First, high temperature/short time (HTST), and second, ultra-high temperature (UHT). HTST is the most common method. Milk only labeled pasteurized (or past) is usually treated with the HTST method, whereas milk labelled ultra-pasteurized or UHT must be treated with the UHT method. HTST is when the milk is at a temperature of 72 degrees Celsius (or 161.5 degrees Fahrenheit) for at least 15 seconds. UHT is when the milk is at a temperature of 138 °C or 280 °F for at least two seconds.
Pasteurization rules are usually set by national food safety agencies (like the USDA in the United States and the Food Standards Agency in the United Kingdom). These agencies say milk has to be HTST pasteurized to have the "pasteurized" label. There are different rules for different dairy products, depending on the fat content and what they will be used for. For example, the pasteurization rules for cream are different than the rules for fluid milk, and the standards for pasteurizing cheese are designed to keep the phosphatase enzyme fresh, which helps in making the cheese.
HTST pasteurized milk normally has a refrigerated shelf life of two or three weeks, but ultra pasteurized milk can last much longer when refrigerated, sometimes two or three months. When UHT pasteurization is mixed with safe handling and container technology, it can even be stored unrefrigerated for even longer periods of time.
Alternative pasteurization standards and raw milk
In addition to the standard HTST and UHT pasteurization standards, there are other lesser-known pasteurization techniques. The first technique, called "batch pasteurization", involves heating large batches of milk to a lower temperature, typically 68 °C. The other technique is called higher-heat/shorter time (HHST), and it lies somewhere between HTST and UHT in terms of time and temperature. Pasteurization causes some irreversible and some temporary denaturization of the proteins in milk. In most legislations, double pasteurization is not allowed. A heat treatment at a lower temperature or for a shorter time is sometimes performed. Possibly, such milk could be called "raw milk" or, confusingly, "unpasteurized milk". It cannot be called "pasteurized", even though a significant number of pathogens are destroyed during the process.
In recent years, there has been some consumer interest in raw milk products, due to perceived health benefits. Advocates of raw milk maintain, correctly, that some components survive in milk that has not been pasteurized. Specifically, raw milk contains immunoglobulins and the enzymes lipase and phosphatase, which are inactivated by heat. Raw milk also contains vitamin B6 of which up to 20% may be lost on heat treatment. It is also claimed to contain beneficial bacteria which aid digestion and boost immunity.
Commercial distribution of packaged raw milk is not allowed in most US states.
Some doctors (and some raw milk advocates) acknowledge that certain people should not drink raw milk, including pregnant or breast-feeding mothers, those undergoing immunosuppression treatment for cancer, organ transplant, or autoimmune diseases; and those who are immunocompromised due to medical conditions such as AIDS.
In fact, some doctors suggest that babies and breast-feeding mothers avoid all but UHT pasteurized dairy products.
Unpasteurized milk
Milk pasteurization standards have been subject to increasing scrutiny in recent years, due to the discovery of pathogens that are both widespread and heat resistant (able to survive pasteurization in significant numbers). Researchers have developed more sensitive diagnostics, such as real-time PCR and improved culture methods, that have enabled them to identify pathogens in pasteurized milk.
One bacterium in particular, the organism Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), which causes Johne's disease in cattle and is suspected of causing at least some Crohn's disease in humans, has been found to survive pasteurization in retail milk in the U.S., the U.K., Greece, and the Czech Republic. The food safety authorities in the U.K. have decided to re-evaluate pasteurization standards in light of the MAP results and other evidence of harmful, pasteurization-resistant pathogens.
A newer method called flash pasteurization involves shorter exposure to higher temperatures, and is claimed to be better for preserving color and taste in some products.
The term cold pasteurization is used sometimes for the use of ionizing radiation (see food irradiation) or other means (e.g. chemical) to kill bacteria in food. Food irradiation is also sometimes called "electronic pasteurization".
Hemberg
Hemberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
Crucified Barbara
Crucified Barbara are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.
Marc Monchal
Marc Monchal (27 August 1935 – 12 November 2020) was a French Army General. He was Chief of Staff of the French Army from 17 April 1991 to 27 August 1996. He was the Head of the Minister of Defence's military cabinet from 17 April 1989 to 17 May 1991. Monchal was born in Die, France.
Crucified Barbara
The currents members on the band are:
Radhika Tamang
Radhika Tamang is the deputy speaker of the Provincial Assembly of the Bagmati Province and a politician from Nepal. In May 2018, she won a seat in the Nuwakot 1 (constituency).
Crucified Barbara
Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.
History
Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'. It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist. The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.
Singles
In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".
Tours
In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.
Edin Džeko
Edin Džeko (born 17 March 1986 in Sarajevo, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) is a Bosnian association football forward who currently plays for Internazionale FC and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team.
Jake and the Fatman
Jake and the Fatman is an American crime drama television series. It stars William Conrad as prosecutor J. L. (Jason Lochinvar) "Fatman" McCabe and Joe Penny as investigator Jake Styles.
The series ran on CBS for five seasons from September 26, 1987, to May 6, 1992.
Diagnosis: Murder was a spin-off of this series.
French Army
The French Army, officially the Ground Army (armée de Terre, ) is the land-based and largest part of the French Armed Forces.
According to British historian Niall Ferguson, out of all recorded conflicts since the year 387 BC, France has fought in 168 of them, won 109, lost 49 and drawn 10.
Dhanik Lal Mandal
Dhanik Lal Mandal (30 March 1932 – 13 November 2022) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Jhanjharpur in Bihar, twice in 1977 and 1980. He was the member of Bihar Legislative Assembly (1967–74) and also speaker of Bihar Legislative Assembly, (1967–69).
He was the Governor of Haryana from 1990 to 1995.
Vierkirchen
Vierkirchen is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
George Bizos
George Bizos (14 November 1927 – 9 September 2020) was a Greek-born South African human rights lawyer. He campaigned against apartheid in South Africa, most notably during the Rivonia Trial. He was Nelson Mandela's lawyer.
Bizos died in Johannesburg on 9 September 2020, aged 92.
Jerry G. Melvin
Jerry G. Melvin (July 22, 1929 – February 19, 2020) was an American Republican politician and lawyer. He was born in Bonifay, Florida. Melvin was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1968 to 1971, again from 1973 to 1978 and lastly from 1995 to 2005.
Melvin died on February 20, 2020 in Crestview, Florida from heart failure, aged 90.
Alcino Pinto
Alcino Martino de Barros Pinto (1955/56 – 19 November 2020) was a São Toméan politician. He was President of the National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe from November 28, 2012 to November 22, 2014.
Pinto died on 19 November 2020 at the age of 64.
Iwannis Louis Awad
Iwannis Louis Awad (17 April 1934 – 18 November 2020) was a Syriac Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1957. He was titular bishop of 'Zeugma in Syria' and as apostolic exarch of the Syriac Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Venezuela from 2003 to 2011.
Monster (movie)
Monster is a 2003 American crime drama movie. It is a true story about female American serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos' girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins.
Joseph Monier
Joseph Monier (November 8, 1823, Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie, France—March 13, 1906, Paris) was a French gardener. He was one of the inventors of reinforced concrete.
Monier did experiments with iron-wire reinforcement for his cement and concrete tubs and basins. He made the idea in 1867 and put his invention on exhibition the same year at the Paris Exposition.
At the age of 17 (1840) he was hired by the Duke of Uzès to work in the gardens of the Duke's mansion in Paris. In 1846 he took a job at the famous Tuileries Gardes of Paris where he was responsible for the orangery. Here he began his work with concrete that would result in the invention of reinforced cement.
Charles H. Pitman
Charles H. Pitman (October 20, 1935 – February 13, 2020) was an American politician. He was lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps. Pitman was Deputy Chief of Staff for Aviation. He retired in 1990. He served during the Vietnam War and was awarded the Purple Heart. Pitman was born in Chicago, Illinois.
WrestleMania XXVII
WrestleMania XXVII was the twenty-seventh yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia.
Production
In September 2009, it was reported that the city of Atlanta was wanting to have WrestleMania XXVII at the Georgia Dome. A press conference was held on February 1, 2010 at the Georgia Dome to officially announced the event for Atlanta; this will be the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Georgia. Along with WrestleMania XXVII, a group of events known as "WrestleMania Week" will be held in the week before the event including WrestleMania's yearly WrestleMania Axxess fan convention, the 2011 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony, the fourth yearly WrestleMania Art showing and auction, and a Celebrity Pro-Am Golf tournament. According to the president of the Atlanta Sports Council, Gary Stokan, WrestleMania Axxess is planned to be held at the Georgia World Congress Center, while the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony will take place either at the Fox Theatre or at Philips Arena.
Between 15 and 20 cities were thought of to host the event, with fewer than half of the people thought of invited to explain why they should hold the event at WWE's headquarters at Stamford, Connecticut. Atlanta's main rival to hosting the event was the city of Miami, Florida who wanted to host the event at Sun Life Stadium along with WrestleMania Axxess at the Convention Center and the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the American Airlines Arena. Miami was later given WrestleMania XXVIII.
Charlize Theron
Charlize Theron (born 7 August 1975) is a South African-American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie Monster. She was nominated for her role in the movie North Country. Theron can speak three languages, her first being Afrikaans.
Early life
Theron was born in Benoni near Johannesburg. Her ancestry is German and Dutch.
She attended a boarding school at the age of thirteen. At the age of fifteen, she saw her alcoholic father being killed by her mother as an act of self - defence. No charges were pressed against her mother.
Career
At the age of sixteen, she won a local modelling competition and went to Milan, Italy for a one year contract. After her modelling contract was over, she moved to New York, United States, and became a ballet dancer. She injured her knee at the age of eighteen, ending her career of being a ballet dancer.
She did star in a few movies, but only really became noticed when she portrayed the life of serial killer, Aileen Wuornos, in the movie Monster. She won an Oscar for her role in this movie.
After this, she got a lot of attention from the perfume label, Dior, and appeared in some of their advertisements.
She also does a lot of community work, including for PETA, for their anti - fur ads. She also works with animal rights activists and supports same-sex marriage. She has become one of Hollywood’s most acclaimed actresses.
Theron became an American citizen in 2007.
WRKI
WRKI (95.1 MHz, "I-95") is an American commercial FM radio station licensed in Brookfield, Connecticut, and serves Fairfield, Litchfield and New Haven Counties in Connecticut. From its tower at more than 1200 feet above sea level (HAAT:194 m./674 ft.) WRKI's 29,500 watt signal can be heard in such large Connecticut cities as Bridgeport, Danbury, Stamford and New Haven.
Kirchberg, St. Gallen
Kirchberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
Geography
Kirchberg is the most north-western municipality in the Wahlkreis and in bordered in the west by canton Thurgau and in the east by the Thur river. It has of the village of Kirchberg on a high plateau in the center of the municipality, the village of Gähwil south of Kirchberg and the village of Bazenheid on a terrace above the Thur.
Places in Kirchberg
Bäbikon, Bazenheid, Bräägg, Bruberg, Dietschwil, Gähwil, Husen, Lamperswil, Müetligen, Müselbach, Nuetenwil, St. Iddaburg, Stelz, Oberbazenheid, Oetwil, Rupperswil, Schalkhusen, Underbazenheid and Under.
Niall Ferguson
Niall Campbell Ferguson (born 18 April 1964) is a Scottish-American historian. He was born in Glasgow. He is the Milbank Family Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He was a professor at Harvard University and New York University.
Ferguson writes and lectures on international history, economic and financial history and British and American imperialism. He is a contributing editor for Bloomberg Television and a columnist for Newsweek.
Joosje Burg
Joosje Burg (born 29 July 1997) is a Dutch field hockey forward from Veghel. She plays with HC 's-Hertogenbosch and the Netherlands women's national field hockey team.
Club Hockey
Burg plays with HC Den Bosch since 2015.
Under-23 National Team
Burg played with the national Under–21 team at the 2016 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup in Santiago, Chile.
Senior National Team
Burg was a reserve player during the 2020–21 Women's FIH Pro League and made her debut in the 2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League. She scored during the league several times.
She was selected in the Netherlands squad for the 2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup, held in July 2022.
Personal life
The father of Burg died in January 2019 from a fatal accident during a holiday in Thailand.
Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (ενθαλπος), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word were made up by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.
When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work were added or removed from the substance.
Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.
Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:
1) Increase the Internal Energy of the gas
or
2) Lead to some work being done to expand the system. The work done is the product of pressure and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:   Enthalpy (H)= Internal Energy (E) + (Pressure(P) x Volume (v)); H = E + (P x V)
Enthalpy and chemical reactions
For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100-kilo joules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was ∆H = –100 kJ.
If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of ∆H is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.