cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Width
For example, the distance between the left side and right side of a chair is its width.
Objects have a length and a width in two dimensions or more. In shapes such as rectangles, multiplying the length and the width equals the area of the shape.
Arrondissements of the Aisne department
There are 5 arrondissements in the Aisne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into communes.
The arrondissements of the Aisne are:
History
Since its creation, the Aisne department has had few changes:
Erotomania
Erotomania is a delusional disorder in which the subject has a delusion that a particular person is deeply in love with them; lack of response is rationalized, and pursuit and harassment may occur.
United Arab Emirates Armed Forces
The United Arab Emirates Armed Forces is the armed forces of the United Arab Emirates. It defends all seven emirates. They have about 65,000 personnel. Their headquarters are in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It has been used twice in Sharjah.
Already Gone (Eagles song)
"Already Gone" is a 1974 song by the Eagles. It is the opening song from their third studio album On the Border. It went to number 12 in Canada and number 32 in the United States. It was covered by Wilson Phillips in 2004.
Jennifer Grey
Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress. She was known for her roles in the 1980s movie such as Ferris Bueller's Day Off and Dirty Dancing. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Her father is actor Joel Grey.
Personal life
Grey was born on March 26, 1960 in New York City, New York to Joel Gray and to Jo Wilder. She studied at Dalton School. Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J. Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos. Grey married Clark Gregg in 2001. They have one daughter, Stella. They divorced in 2021.
Plastic surgery
In the early 1990s, Grey had two rhinoplasty procedures—the second of which was necessary to correct problems stemming from the first. Even even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance hurt her career. Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous. It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible."
Grey briefly thought about changing her name and starting anew, but decided against this.
Later career
From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know..., which used her much-publicized 'nose job' as a running gag.
In the 2010 season eleven of Dancing With the Stars she was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough. They won the competition.
Alcubilla de las Peñas
Alcubilla de las Peñas is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.
Bury St Edmunds
Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England. It is the main town in the borough of St. Edmundsbury and known for the ruined abbey near the town centre. The town linked to the Magna Carta; in 1214 the barons of England are believed to have met in the Abbey Church and promised to force King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, the document which influenced the creation of the Magna Carta. It was also the setting for two witch trials. one of which was used as a reference in the Salem Witch Trials. During the Second World War, the USAAF operated an airfield outside the town. It is also called 'Suffolk's Floral Town' due to the abbey gardens and amounts of rural land.
Town
Near the gardens stands Great Britain's first internally illuminated street sign called the Pillar of Salt. When built, it needed permission because it did not conform to regulations. Bury St Edmunds is where the A1101 road, Britain's lowest road, ends. There is a network of tunnels which prove that chalk-workings took place nearby, though there is no evidence of a lot of tunnels under the town centre. Some buildings have cellars which lead into each other. Due to their unsafe nature the chalk-workings are not open to the public, although viewing is allowed to some people. Some tunnels have caused subsidence in living history.
Among interesting buildings is St Mary's Church. The Tudor King Henry VIII's sister, Mary Tudor, was re-buried in Bury's St Mary's Church, after being moved from the Abbey after her brother's dissolution of the Church six year after her death. Queen Victoria had a stained glass window fitted into the church to commemorate Mary's interment.
On 3 March, 1974 a Turkish Airlines DC-10 jet crashed near Paris in France killing all 346 people on board. Among the victims were 17 members of Bury St Edmunds rugby club.
Alan Merrill
Alan Merrill (born Allan Preston Sachs; February 19, 1951 – March 29, 2020) was an American singer, guitarist, songwriter, actor and model. In the early 1970s, he became was the first westerner to become a pop star in Japan. He was the lead singer of the first ever released version and writer of the song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by the Arrows in 1975.
Merrill was born in the Bronx, New York City. His parents were jazz musicians, singer Helen Merrill and saxophone and clarinet player Aaron Sachs.
On March 29, 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, Merrill died due to COVID-19 in Manhattan. He was 69.
Bury St Edmunds
Name
The name borough comes from of Bury, which has cognates in other Germanic languages such as the Old Norse "borg" meaning "wall, castle"; and Gothic "baurgs" meaning "city". They all derive from Proto-Germanic *burgs meaning "fortress". This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrgh meaning "fortified elevation", with cognates including Welsh "bera", "stack" and Sanskrit bhrant- "high, elevated building".
Lucky Luke
Luky Luke is the name of a cartoon character, and his adventures. Morris started the series in the 1940s, and together with René Goscinny, contributed to it until his death in 1977.
Bury St Edmunds
Abbey
In the centre of Bury St Edmunds there is the remains of an abbey, surrounded by the Abbey Gardens, a park. The abbey is a shrine to Saint Edmund, the Saxon King of the East Angles, who was killed by the Danes in 869AD. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage, and developed into a flourishing cloth-making town by the 14th century.
The abbey was largely destroyed during the 16th century with the dissolution of the monasteries but Bury remained prosperous throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It fell into relative decline with the industrial revolution.
The Abbey Gardens which surround the ruins had an Internet bench installed in the late 1990s, which portable computers to connect to the Internet. It was the first bench of its kind, though within the first week two teenagers discovered they could also make free telephone calls from the bench. They phoned the Borough Council (owner of the bench) to notify them, then attempted to contact Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, to tell him.
Culture
The Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds was built by National Gallery architect William Wilkins in 1819. It is the sole surviving Regency Theatre in the country. The theatre, owned by the National Trust underwent restoration between 2005 and 2007. Appeal patron Dame Judi Dench: The Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds holds a unique place in the history of theatre in this country as well as a special place in my heart. The restoration of one of the last Georgian theatres in the country will ensure a vital part of our theatrical heritage will survive for future generations.It presents a full programme of performances and is also open for public tours.
Moyse's Hall Museum is one of the oldest (c. 1180) domestic buildings in East Anglia open to the public. It has collections of fine art, for example Mary Beale, costume, e.g. Charles Frederick Worth, horology, local and social history; including Red Barn Murder and Witchcraft.
The town holds a festival in May. This including concerts, plays, dance, and lecturers culminating in fireworks. Bury St Edmunds is home to England's oldest Scout group, 1st Bury St Edmunds (Mayors Own).
The town's football club, Bury Town, are the fourth oldest non-league team in England. They are members of the Isthmian League Division One North.
Brewing
The Greene King brewery is in Bury. The other brewery is The Old Cannon Brewery and public house on Cannon Street near the railway station. The brewing vessels, made for an exhibition in Japan in 1997, can be seen in the front room. Just outside the town is Bartrums Brewery, on Rougham airfield but originally in Thurston.
Another beer-related landmark is Britain's smallest public house, The Nutshell, which is on The Traverse, just off the marketplace.
Notable residents
Notable people from Bury St Edmunds include artist and printer Sybil Andrews, actor Bob Hoskins, theatre director Sir Peter Hall, artist and water deviner Neil Stalley, author Maria Lousie de la Ramé (also known as Ouida), World War II Canadian general Guy Simonds and the 18th century landscape architect Humphry Repton, as well as Thomas Clarkson fact-finder behind the abolition of the slave trade.
Notable bands from Bury St Edmunds include Jacob's Mouse, Miss Black America, The Dawn Parade and Kate Jackson (of The Long Blondes)
Although not from Bury St Edmunds, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel lived nearby in Great Finborough and on 12 November 2004 his funeral took place at the cathedral. It was attended by a thousand people including many artists he had championed. During a peak of local musical activity in Bury St Edmunds in 2002, he referred (tongue-in-cheek) to the town as 'The New Seattle'.
Actor Ian McShane was given freedom of the borough in 1996 after he played the title role in the television series Lovejoy, filmed in and around Bury.
Bury St Edmunds is birthplace of James Moore winner of the world's first cycle race and of the first long-distance road race, from Paris to Rouen
José Luis Capón
José Luis Capón González (6 February 1948 – 29 March 2020) was a Spanish footballer. He was born in Madrid. He played for Atlético Madrid between 1970 and 1980. He won the Spanish League in 1973 and 1977. He played in the European Cup Final in 1974, which Atlético lost. From 1973 to 1977, he played for the national team.
During the coronavirus pandemic, Capón died of COVID-19 on 29 March 2020 at the age of 72.
S4C
S4C (, from the Welsh Sianel Pedwar Cymru, meaning Channel Four Wales) is a Welsh-language free-to-air television channel. It first started in 1982 in Wales only, as the fourth analogue channel (after BBC One, ITV, and BBC Two). It was the first Welsh-language television channel, and still is.
The rest of the United Kingdom had Channel 4 instead. S4C did also show some Channel 4 programmes in English at first, but both channels can now be watched in Wales. S4C can be watched in all of the United Kingdom on Freeview and other services since 2010.
Igualada
Igualada is a municipality of the province of Barcelona in Spain. It is located on the left bank of the Anoia river.
The city is 65 km west from the city of Barcelona. It is 20 km west from the famous Montserrat mountain.
Android Nougat
Android Nougat is the seventh major release of Android. It was first released as an alpha test version on March 9, 2016 and was officially released on August 22, 2016. The LG V20 was the first smartphone released with Nougat.
Audrey Meadows
Audrey Meadows (born February 8 1922; died February 3 1996) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as Alice Kramden on the 1950s American television comedy The Honeymooners. She was born in New York City by the name Audrey Cotter. Meadows died as a result of lung cancer.
Aldealices
Aldealices is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.
Henry VIII (play)
Henry VIII is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a history play. Shakespeare's sources were Holinshed's Chronicles and The Book of Martyrs by John Foxe. The play was first acted between 1612 and 1613. It was probably first printed in 1623 in the First Folio.
Charlie Tahan
Charles Tahan (born June 11, 1998) is an American actor. His notable TV roles include Wyatt Langmore in the Netflix crime drama Ozark (2017–2022), Ben Burke in the Fox dystopian mystery thriller Wayward Pines (2015–2016) and the young Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow in the Fox/DC Comics superhero drama Gotham (2014–2017). His movie credits include Charlie St. Cloud (2010), Frankenweenie (2012) and Blue Jasmine (2013).
Tahan was born in Glen Rock, New Jersey. His sister is actress Daisy Tahan.
Aldealafuente
Aldealafuente is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.
James Sloyan
James Sloyan (born February 20, 1940 in Indianapolis, Indiana) is an American actor. He has acted in the television shows Star Trek and Hawaii 5-O. He acted in the movie The Sting. He has also acted in soap operas.
Sloyan is married and has two children, Daniel and Samantha. In 1957, he received a scholarship to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He is married to actress Deirdre Lanihan.
Carl von Gontard
Carl von Gontard (January 13, 1731 in Mannheim – September 23, 1791 in Breslau) was a German architect; he worked primarily in Berlin, Potsdam, and Bayreuth.
He modified the original Deutscher Dom and Französischer Dom cathedrals in Berlin and added the domed towers.
Bindernheim
Bindernheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
The Spanish Tragedy
The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronimo is Mad Again is a play by Thomas Kyd. It is a tragedy. The exact date the play was written is uncertain. It was probably written in the 1580s.
Ben Jonson referred to the play in  Bartholomew Fair. This suggests that The Spanish Tragedy was staged between 1584 and 1589. A date earlier than 1588 is very likely.
The play is about the horrific murders of the heirs to the Spanish throne. It had great influence on Elizabethan playwrights. Shakespeare may have adopted elements of the play for Hamlet.
Veltheim (Winterthur)
Veltheim is a district in the city of Winterthur in Switzerland. It is District number 5.
The district has these quarters: Rosenberg and Blumenau.
Until 1922 it was a municipality on its own. Then it became part of Winterthur.
Plural ignorance
Plural ignorance or pluralistic ignorance is a term which gives a name to a situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but at the same time, they assume incorrectly that most others accept it. The term describes a context in which "no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes."
A context of plural ignorance can be caused by the structure of the underlying social network.
A situation of plural ignorance develops when each individual decision-maker in a group of decision-makers does not have the necessary information to solve a problem.
History
The term pluralistic ignorance was coined by Daniel Katz and Floyd H. Allport in 1931.
Plural ignorance may partially explain why people are more likely to intervene in an emergency situation when alone than when other persons are present. If people monitor the reactions of others in such a situation, they may conclude from the inaction of others that other people think that it is not necessary to act.
Bilwisheim
Bilwisheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Judy Justice
Judy Justice is an American streaming reality court show. It is a spin-off of the courtroom series Judge Judy. It is presided over by former Manhattan Family Court Judge Judith Sheindlin. The show features Sheindlin deciding real-life small-claims disputes in a simulated courtroom set. Before starting, all the people involved sign arbitration contracts agreeing to Sheindlin's decision.
Aldealpozo
Aldealpozo is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.
Norm of the North
Norm of the North is a 2016 3D American-Indian computer-animated comedy movie. It was produced by Crest Animation Studios. It was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment. The movie was written by the Altiere brothers. It was directed by Anthony Bell (co-director of Alpha and Omega). It stars Rob Schneider, Ken Jeong and Zachary Gordon.
Marlesford
Marlesford is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 223 people living in Marlesford.
Norm of the North
Plot
Steven and Daniel Altiere's script (based on a story by director Anthony Bell) centers on Norm, a man who finds shelter in an abandoned research station when his Arctic home begins cracking and collapsing beneath him. He is accompanied by three Arctic Lemmings, sidekicks who instinctively copy Norm's every move. As the polar ice caps continue mysteriously breaking apart, their temporary home is abruptly dislodged, setting Norm and the lemmings on a journey that ends in NYC. Here Norm is discovered by the head of a multinational company and becomes their mascot. Suddenly Norm is living his performing dream as a dancing star. Unfortunately, he also soon learns the polar ice caps are continuing to break apart, and the people that made his dream come true are responsible. Norm knows he must stop them before they destroy his home, a realization that forces him to choose between life in the spotlight and his entire Polar Bear community.
Production
On February 1, 2010 it was announced that Lionsgate, Crest Animation Productions and Crest Animation Studios were developing "Norm of the North", an animated family feature in stereoscopic 3D, Lionsgate will also distribute the movie. On July 28, 2010, Rob Schneider joined the cast to voice the title character. Ken Jeong and Loretta Devine also star.
Van Cliburn
Harvey Lavan "Van" Cliburn Jr. (July 12, 1934 – February 27, 2013) was an American classical pianist.
Cliburn was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on July 12, 1934. He moved to Kilgore, Texas at age six. He died on February 27, 2013 from bone cancer in Fort Worth, Texas, aged 78.
As an honour, a street in Fort Worth, Texas was named after him.
Hawaii County, Hawaii
Hawaii County is a county in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It covers the island of Hawaii, also known as the Big Island. As of the 2020 census, 200,629 people lived there. The county seat is Hilo.
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
The New Society Movement (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, KBL), formerly named the New Society Movement of United Nationalists, Liberals, et cetera (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ng Nagkakaisang Nacionalista, Liberal, at iba pa, KBLNNL), is a right-wing to far right political party in the Philippines. It was first formed in 1978 as an umbrella coalition of parties supporting then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos for the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) and was his political vehicle during his regime. It was reorganized as a political party in 1986, as the party furthest to the right of the political spectrum among the active parties after Marcos' ouster.
Ideology
During it's establishment, Marcos advocated a form of "constitutional authoritarianism" as he seen it in his rhetoric as necessary to reform society and establish a new society under his authority.
Egmating
Geography
Egmating is in the Munich region. It includes one traditional rural land unit – Gemarkung in German – also called Egmating.
Central India
Central India is an Indian region.
Central India consists of two Indian states: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It shares a border with Rajasthan, Gujarat, Odisha, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Telangana.One of the states i.e.Chattisgarh is ruled by the Congress with Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel.
This map of India (press to open) shows all central Indian states in the color pink. The larger one is Madhya Pradesh while the smaller one is Chhattisgarh.
Android Marshmallow
Android Marshmallow is the sixth major release of Android. It was first released as a beta build on May 28, 2015 and was officially released on October 5, 2015.
Burn Hall Srinagar
Burn Hall Srinagar or Burn Hall School Srinagar or sometimes New Burn Hall School, Srinagar is an English-style public school in Srinagar, Kashmir. It was originally established at Baramula, nearby, in the early 1930s by British missionaries. In 1947, India and Pakistan obtained freedom from the British Raj and split up; and at the time, the school also divided into two branches. The original school, shifted from Baramula to Srinagar where it still exists. On the other hand, a branch that was opened as the 'Burn Hall School' in Abbottabad, Pakistan, was taken over by the Pakistan Army. That is now called Army Burn Hall College.
Don Carlos (disambiguation)
Don Carlos is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi, also known as Don Carlo.
Don Carlos or Don Carlo may also refer to:
Glen Rock, New Jersey
Glen Rock is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 census, the borough had a population of 11,601.
Window
A window is an opening in a wall or roof of a building, in a car etc., to let air and light in. It is usually filled with a sheet of glass. There can be many different shapes and sizes, including rectangular, square, circular, or irregular shapes. Some windows include coloured glass. Windows are usually transparent so that people can see through them.
Before glass was used in windows, people in Asia used paper to fill the hole in the wall. The paper would let light in.
Types of window
These are different types of windows. They are:
Cross-window
A cross-window is a window that has a mullion and a transom, that makes a cross.
Arthur Rackham
Arthur Rackham (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was a British artist and illustrator. His work, often with fantasy or mythological elements, is still popular today.
Window
Fixed window
A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened. It is made to allow light to enter. The windows in churches are usually fixed.
Single-hung sash
A single-hung sash window is a window that has one horizontal sash at the bottom that can move up and down.
Double-hung sash
A double-hung sash is a window that has two sashes (panels) that can independently move up and down. One is usually the lower; one the upper.
Casement window
A casement window is a window with a sash that has a hinge that swings in or out like a door. Casement windows are usually held open using a casement stay.
Skylight
A skylight is a window built into a roof. This type of window allows natural daylight and moonlight to enter.
Roof lantern
A roof lantern is a glass structure that has lots of different colours. It looks like a small building. It is built on a roof for day or moon light.
Stained-glass window
A stained-glass window is a window that is made up of pieces of coloured glass. The coloured glass can be transparent, translucent or opaque. It usually shows people or places. Usually, the glass in these windows is separated by lead rods. Stained-glass windows are very common in churches.
How they are made
Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains. They keep out light, give extra insulation. It also ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter. But too much can have bad effects such as glare and heat gain.
Chaghcharan
Chaghcharan also known as Firouzkoh  is a town and the capital of Ghor Province in central Afghanistan. It is located on the southern side of the Hari River.
There are about 15,000 people, mostly Persian speaking. Chaghcharan Airport is about 1 mile to the northeast of the town.
Charles Dolan
Charles Francis "Chuck" Dolan (born October 16, 1926) is an American billionaire. He is the founder of Cablevision. Dolan's business controls AMC Networks, MSG Networks, and The Madison Square Garden Company, which at one point were all part of Cablevision itself.
Bathroom cabinet
A bathroom cabinet (or medicine cabinet) is a cabinet in a bathroom. Most of the time it is located above bathroom sink. The main role of bathroom cabinet is to be place to keep drugs, hygienic equipment and toiletries like toothbrush and perfumes. Having a bathroom cabinet saves a space (it is located above sink which usually is unused space), helps to organize belongings in case of broken pipe or other kind of flooding in the bathroom.
Harrison Ford
Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American movie actor and producer. He is famous for his roles as Han Solo in the original Star Wars movie series and the title character of the Indiana Jones movie series. He won an Saturn Award in 1981 and an Bambie Award in 1997. He has recently starred in Cowboys and Aliens and in 42.
Early life
Harrison Ford was born on July 13, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. His family has Irish, German, Russian and Jewish ancestry. Ford has described himself as "Jewish as an actor, Irish as a person." He studied at Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois and at Ripon College in Wisconsin.
London Underground
The London Underground is a system of electric trains in London, UK. It is the oldest underground railway in the world. It started running in 1863 as the Metropolitan Railway. After the opening the system was copied in many other cities, for example New York and Madrid. Even though it is called the Underground about half of it is above the ground. The "Tube" is a slang name for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground. The Underground serves 270 stations and over 408 km of track. From 2006 to 2007 over 1 billion passengers used the underground.
Harrison Ford
Career
Before he became successful as an actor, he worked as a carpenter during the 1970s. He is one of the most successful actors in the world. During his early years, he used the name ' Harrison J. Ford' to stop the confusion between him and silent movie actor Harrison Ford. His movies have made a worldwide profit of US$5.65 billion. He is most known for his roles as Han Solo from Star Wars and as Indiana Jones in all four Indiana Jones movies. Since then he formed a career relationship with both Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.
Ivinghoe
Ivinghoe is a village and civil parish in Aylesbury Vale, Buckinghamshire, England. In 2001 there were 904 people living in Ivinghoe.
Harrison Ford
Personal life
Ford was married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until they divorced in 1979. Then he was married to Melissa Mathison from 1983 until they divorced in 2004. Then he was married to Calista Flockhart since 2010. He has two sons, Benjamin and Willard with Marquardt and a son, Malcolm and a daughter, Georgia with Mathison. Ford now lives in Los Angeles, California.
London Underground
Underground train systems in other cities may be called metros (like the Tyne and Wear Metro in North East England) or subways (Glasgow Subway in Scotland and in most of North America). Subway is also used across Britain to refer to underground walkways.
Beginnings
The Metropolitan Line was the first part of the Underground to be made. It was opened in 1863. It then ran between Paddington and Farringdon. It took 40,000 passengers per day. Later it was made longer. The District Line was built by a different company. In 1884, the Circle Line was finished. All these lines used steam engines at first.
In 1890, a line using electric trains was opened. It was much deeper below ground than the other lines. Now it is part of the Northern Line. More lines like this were opened. People liked them, so in 1905 the lines that used steam engines were changed to use electric trains.
Into the 20th century
Because the different lines were run by different companies, changing lines was difficult. Between 1900 and 1902, Charles Yerkes bought most of the companies and formed a company named Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd, short UERL.
In the 1930s and 1940s
In 1933, a company was formed of all the bus, tram and underground companies, called London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). It planned to make the network longer, but the Second World War stopped this. In the war, some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs.
After the war
After the war more passengers used the underground. Minor changes were made: Victoria Line was opened in the 1960s, and currently the Piccadilly Line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977. The Jubilee Line was opened in 1979, and extended to Stratford 20 years later. Night Tube was introduced in 2016.
Trains
The system uses two kinds of trains, a big type - called sub surface trains and a smaller type - deep level trains. The big ones are used for the rectangular tunnels (District Line, Metropolitan Line, Circle Line), the small ones for the round tunnels. Most lines have different trains, although they fit into one of the two categories.
Stations
The Underground's trains usually drive to 270 stations. 14 Stations are outside of London.
Tickets
The Underground uses zones to collect fares. There are 9 zones. Zone 1 is the most central zone. The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park, outside Greater London. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies.
Paper tickets or the contactless Oyster card can be used for travel. The Oyster Card is a plastic card which stores credit (money and Travelcards) which the owner uses to pay for Underground travel. The user must "charge" (put money onto) their card at a ticket machine. They then touch the card on a yellow reader to pay for their journey. Since its introduction in 2002 it has become very popular with regular travelers, as the prices are much cheaper if you use an Oyster card.
There are ticket offices, some open only in the rush-hour, and ticket machines, which can be used at any time. Some machines take coins only, other touch-screen machines take coins and English notes, and usually give change. These machines also take credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.
Summary of ticket types
The following tickets are available from London Underground and TfL ticket offices to use on the Underground:
Station access
When most of the stations in the London Underground system were built, disabled and wheelchair access was not considered. While many above-ground stations have only a few steps to the platform, nearly all Underground stations have some of the systems's 410 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators). Newer stations include disabled access, and many older stations install disabled access when they are refurbished or rebuilt. Since 2004, maps inside the trains show which stations have step-free access from street level. Transport for London plan to have a network of over 100 fully accessible stations by 2020, which means that 75% of Tube journeys can be made with step-free access.
Accidents
There have been relatively few accidents in the Underground's history. Most happen if people accidentally fall onto the tracks. In some stations there are pits in the middle of the track to stop people being injured if they fall onto the track. Newly rebuilt parts of the system, especially on the Jubilee line, have platform doors. These doors only open when a train stops and prevent people falling or jumping onto the tracks.
Platform doors
The below-ground Jubilee Line extension (Westminster to North Greenwich) stations have sliding platform doors installed to prevent people falling off the platform onto the tracks, and discourage/prevent suicides.
Bomb attacks
In the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s, the Underground was bombed many times by the IRA, and for this reason there have been no wastebins in or around stations until very recently, when clear plastic sacks were introduced in some parts of the system. On 7 July 2005, there were three attacks by radical Islamic terrorists on two Circle Line trains and on one Piccadilly Line.
Smoking
Smoking is not allowed in any part of the underground. It was banned after a fire in King's Cross Station in 1987.
Criticism
The commuters of London often complain about the Underground. Even newspapers, especially the Evening Standard, often criticise the system.
Usually the complaints are about delays, overcrowding and the fares. Sometimes strikes of London Underground staff occur.
Fares
London Underground fares are now the most expensive of any rail system around the world, including the luxurious Orient Express, and they continue to rise at very high levels. Concern has also been raised over the huge difference between oyster card fares and cash fares, with the criticism that the high cash fares will discourage tourists and day visitors to London from traveling around the city.
Delays
Because the underground is a very old system, engineering work is often needed and often causes delays. There can be other reasons as well, for example signal failures or other breakdowns. Customers can claim a refund if their tube journey is delayed for more than 15 minutes due to problems within the control of Transport For London.
Overcrowding
Because many more commuters use the underground than planned, overcrowding often happens. This can cause stress and frustration with the underground system among commuters. According to a report by MPs, commuters face "a daily trauma" and are often forced to travel in "intolerable conditions".
Industrial action
Because so many passengers travel on the London Underground network every day, strikes or industrial actions on the Underground network have a very high impact on London's traffic and can impact on London's economy. London Underground and the rail unions claim to be under high pressure from the working public, private businesses and government departments.
Words and Music (song)
"Words and Music" is a 1975 debut single by English singer Andy Gibb and is the B-side from his single "Westfield Mansions" was released in Australia as a double A-side. It went to number 29 in New Zealand and number 78 in Australia.
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was an order by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to free slaves in 10 states. It applied to slaves in the states still in rebellion in 1863 during the American Civil War. It did not actually immediately free all slaves in those states, because those areas were still controlled by the Confederacy, or those slaves in the slave states that fought for the Union, as Lincoln did not have authority to free slaves in those states. It did, however, free at least 20,000 slaves immediately, and nearly all 4 million slaves (according to the 1860 United States census) as the Union army advanced into Confederate states. Until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865, only the states had power to end slavery within their own borders. Thus, Lincoln issued the Proclamation as a war measure in his role as commander-in-chief.
The Proclamation made emancipation a goal of the Civil War. It also weakened efforts within England and France to officially recognize the Confederacy. As Union troops advanced into Rebel (Confederate) territory, they freed thousands of slaves per day. Many did not wait, but fled their owners to claim their freedom.
Five slave states (the Border States) had remained loyal to the Union and were not at war with the federal government. The Proclamation also did not apply to Tennessee, nor to areas within Virginia and Louisiana which Union forces already controlled.
The Proclamation
The Proclamation was issued in two parts. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln said that in 100 days, he would free all slaves in areas not then under Union control. On January 1, 1863, he named the ten states in which the proclamation would then apply: Texas, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Virginia, Florida, and Louisiana. The five border states where slavery was still legal were exempt, and so not named, because they had remained loyal to the Union and were not in rebellion. Tennessee also was not named because Union forces had already regained control there. Several counties of Virginia that were in the process of separating from that state to form the new state of West Virginia were specifically named as exemptions, as were several parishes around New Orleans in Louisiana. The next paragraph is part of a quote from the Emancipation Proclamation. . . . all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do not act to repress such persons. Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana [except some named parishes], Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia [and some other counties in VA])
Only a small number of slaves already behind Union lines were immediately freed. As Union forces advanced, nearly all four million slaves were effectively freed. Some former slaves joined the Union army.
Before the war was over, some of the exempted border states ended slavery within their own borders. While the Proclamation had freed slaves, it had not made slavery illegal. Thus, Lincoln sponsored a constitutional amendment to ban slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery illegal everywhere in the United States, was passed late in 1865, eight months after Lincoln was killed.
Mattenbach
Mattenbach is a district in the city of Winterthur in Switzerland.
The district has these quarters: Deutweg, Gutschick and Endliker.
Michel Aflaq
Michel Aflaq (ميشيل عفلق‎,, 9 January 1910 – 23 June 1989) was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist. He is considered to be the principal founder of Ba'athism.
Petko Petkov
Petko Petkov may refer to:
Affoltern (Zürich)
Affoltern is a quarter in district 11 in the Swiss city of Zürich. Until 1934 it was a municipality on its own. Then it became part of Zürich.
Itabashi
Itabashi (板橋区) is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.
The municipality calls itself "Itabashi City" in English.
Geography
Itabashi is in northern Tokyo. It borders Toshima to the south. Nerima is on the ward's western border. The Arakawa River and Saitama Prefecture are the norther border. Kita is on the east.
Farid-ud-din Attar
Abū Hamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm better known by his pen-name  Farīd-ud-dīn Attār (i.e. 'Farid-ud-din the perfumer'), was a Persian poet, Sufi and Muslim theoretician. Little is known about his life and he was probably born in Nishapur, Persia, sometime in the 1140s. He died in 1220 AD. His most famous works are his long allegorical poem, Mantiq at -Tayr (The Conference of Birds) and his account of the lives of many Sufi saints, the Tazkirat el Auliya.
Chato Galante
José María Galante Serrano (1948 – 28 March 2020) was a Spanish political prisoner and human rights activist. He was born in Madrid.
In 1969, he was arrested by the Franco regime-dictated Political-Social Brigade and was tortured at Puerta del Sol. After joining the Revolutionary Communist League (RCL), Galante was arrested again in 1971. He was released in 1977 after the amnesty law that freed all Franco-era political prisoners.
In 1979 and 1983, he unsuccessfully ran for the Madrid local elections under the RCL.
In 2018, he was part of a Spanish documentary titled El silencio de otros, which was about the Franco regime. It was shortlisted for the Academy Awards.
During the coronavirus pandemic, Galante died on 28 March 2020 in Madrid of COVID-19.
Manuel Akanji
Manuel Obafemi Akanji (born 19 July 1995) is a Swiss football player. He plays as a defender for Manchester City and the Switzerland national team.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages were a period in European history. They lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. They were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. These were called the “Middle” Ages because they came between ancient history and modern history. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age.
The early Middle Ages has also been called “the Dark Ages” because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, art, good architecture, technology or progress during this period.
The fall of Rome
The Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
In ancient history, the Western Roman Empire ruled much of Europe. Eventually, that empire started to weaken. In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths. Rome survived, but had been weakened greatly. In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked by Odoacer, he was able to take the city for himself. He made himself the king of Italy. This ended the Western Roman Empire. Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.
Life in the Early Middle Ages
As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts. Now these communication systems were no longer working. This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.
For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe. Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.
The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages. Most Europeans were Christian at this time.
Emmering, Ebersberg
Emmering is a community in the Upper Bavarian district of Ebersberg. It is a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Aßling.
Geography
Emmering is in the Munich region. It includes one traditional rural land unit – Gemarkung in German – also called Emmering.
Fax
Fax (short for facsimile), or telecopying, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device.
The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which turns the contents (text or images) into a bitmap, then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy.
Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods. Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. However, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.
In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.
In many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically. The servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email. Such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.
Wire transmission
Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received the first fax patent in 1843. Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones.
In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph. It became widely used in continental Europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from Paris to London in 1908. Its main competitors were the Bélinograf by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.
Transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from 1960 by satellite transmission. Digital systems are now universal. Faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine. The technology is now world-wide.
Wülflingen
Wülflingen is a district in Winterthur, Switzerland. It is District number 6.
The district has these quarters: Weinberg, Oberfeld, Lindenplatz, Niederfeld, Neuburg, Hardau, Härti and Taggenberg.
Until 1922 it was a municipality on its own. Then it became part of Winterthur.
Cupressus cashmeriana
Cupressus cashmeriana (Bhutan cypress, Kashmir cypress, weeping cypress; Dzongkha language: Tsenden) is a species of cypress native to the eastern Himalaya in Bhutan and adjacent areas of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. It is also introduced in China and Nepal. It grows at moderately high altitudes of 1250 –.
Connie Nielsen
Connie Nielsen (born 3 July 1965) is a Danish actress who acts mostly in movies. She began acting in 1984. She began acting in English language movies in 1997. Her notable movies include The Devil's Advocate, Mission to Mars and for her role as Queen Hippolyta in Wonder Woman (2017) and Justice League (2017). She was born in Frederikshavn, Jutland.
Hackettstown, New Jersey
Hackettstown is a town in Warren County, New Jersey in the United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 9,724. The town is located in the eastern region of the Lehigh Valley.
It is believed that Hackettstown was named after Samuel Hackett, an early settler and large landowner.
Hackettstown was named #72 of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live and Work In by Money Magazine in 2005.
Millionaire Hot Seat
Millionaire Hot Seat is an Australian television game show. It is a spin-off of the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. It first aired on 20 April 2009. It is hosted by Eddie McGuire.