cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Labour Briefing
Labour Briefing is a monthly political magazine made by members of the British Labour Party. The magazine was started in 1980 as London Labour Briefing.
Throughout the 1990s, London Labour Briefing lost supporters and influence as New Labour's hold over the Labour Party increased. This was also because control inside the Labour Party was centralised, and the role played by activists was reduced.
London Labour Briefing was renamed Labour Briefing and was then known as Labour Left Briefing. In 2008 it was changed back to Labour Briefing on merging with Voice of the Unions. It supports the Socialist Campaign Group of Members of Parliament, and aims to promote and build the network of local Campaign Groups.
Outcast of Redwall
Outcast of Redwall is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1995. It is the eighth book in the Redwall series. Outcast of Redwall has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.
Session key
A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.
Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using session keys:
Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem.
Keith Tippett
Keith Tippett (born Keith Graham Tippetts; 25 August 1947 – 14 June 2020) was a British jazz pianist and composer. He was born in Bristol, Avon. In the late 1960s, Tippett led a sextet featuring Elton Dean on saxophone, Mark Charig on trumpet and Nick Evans on trombone. He also performed with King Crimson and performed in their "Cat Food" song.
Tippett died on 14 June 2020, aged 72.
Apsara
Apsara are female water spirits in Hinduism and Buddhism. They are usually depicted dancing and are prominent in sculpture, literature, dance, and art of Indian and Southeast Asian cultures.
Cedar Hill, Texas
Cedar Hill is a city in Dallas and Ellis counties in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located about 16 mi southwest of Dallas. The population was 45,028 at the 2010 census.
The Pearls of Lutra
The Pearls of Lutra is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1996. It is the ninth book in the Redwall series. The American edition of the novel was titled Pearls of Lutra. The Pearls of Lutra has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.
Ladysmith, Wisconsin
Ladysmith is a city and the county seat of Rusk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,414 at the 2010 census.
Irish migration to Great Britain
Irish migration to Great Britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to present.
Baek A-yeon
Baek Ah-yeon (Hangul : 백아연, born on March 11, 1993) is a South Korean solo singer who debuted in JYP Entertainment. She is known as the third finalist of South Korea's talent show, K-Pop Star.
Biography
A-yeon was born on March 11, 1993. She was one of a popular talent show contestants, K-Pop Star which the judges was the big three (SM, YG, JYP). She studied at the Department of Practical Music at Howon University.
Stephen Bradley
Stephen Reid Bradley (born August 23, 1972 in Richmond, California) is an American musician, songwriter, record producer, photographer, and videographer. He is best known as the trumpet and keyboardist in the band No Doubt. He has toured with acts like Greenday, Smashing Pumpkins, and Steel Pulse.
Early beginnings,club days
During high school,Bradley performed with fellow high school friends in a band called Private Culture.Modeled after The Police,they played local Bay Area clubs in the late 80's early 90's.On one of these shows, they opened for No Doubt in Berkeley, California.Thats was the first time Bradley was introduced to the band.
Bradley would go on to play with another Bay Area band called Dizzybam,which was a funk/rock/rap band from Oakland,CA.Bradley would be re-introduced to No Doubt by Dizzybam bassist and co-founder Kerry James.James and Tony Kanal(No Doubt)were friends, and Kanal reached out to James about finding a trumpet player to fill in for a Bay Area show at The Great American Music Hall(San Francisco).Bradley preformed the show, and was later asked to go on the road with No Doubt to play a leg of the inaugural 'Warped Tour.
Bradley would go on to tour and record with No Doubt until the band discontinued in 2015.
Branching out
During the time with No Doubt,Bradley also pursued songwriting, and producing.Teaming up with long time friend and multi-instrumentalist David tweedie,the two created the self-titled album Chocolate O'Brian.That experience led to Bradley branching out as a producer, and songwriter.
Artemisia annua
Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood, sweet annie, sweet sagewort, annual mugwort or annual wormwood, is a common type of wormwood native to temperate Asia, but naturalized in many countries including scattered parts of North America.
Stephen Bradley
Solo work
After living exclusively in the bay area,Bradley relocated to Los Angeles to seek more opportunities in the music business.
In 2015,Bradley released his first solo single/video as a artist,with the release of 'Over and Out'.
He later released an EP called "Runaways',in which he teamed up with fellow songwriter and producer Javan Slagle.Runaways was received well by music critics, and Bradley coincided this with a solo residency at the Skybar in West Hollywood.
In 2018,Bradley teamed up with Steel Pulse guitarist David Elecciri Jr. to record the reggae/pop album 'United We Stand',under the band name 'Valley of the Kings'.
Touring
In addition to touring with No Doubt,Bradley has toured with Greenday on their Nimrod tour in the early 2000's.He also toured with Smashing Pumpkins for their 20th anniversary tour.
Bradley toured with Gwen Stefani on her 'Sweet Escape world tour',and is still performing with her currently.
He is also a current touring member of Steel Pulse.
Photography/Videography
Bradley had also branched out into making music videos, and photography.
Aerostatics
Aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion. The study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics. It is a part of fluid statics.
An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float.
Coppell, Texas
Coppell is a city in the northwest corner of Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas. It is a suburb of Dallas. The population was 38,659 at the 2010 census.
Anubias gilletii
Anubias gilletii is a plant in the Araceae family. It was first described for science in 1901 by Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman and Th. Durand.
Where it grows
The plant is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Description
The plant's leaves are medium-green and spear-shaped. They grow on long stalks. They may grow to about 40 cm in length. The plant grows in muddy areas near, or in, streams. Sometimes it even grows completely under water.
Growing conditions
This plant grows best when only partly under water and when not crowded by other plants. It needs a lot of nutrients. The substrate should be loose and have a lot of iron. The light should be moderate to strong. It prefers a temperature range of 22-26 degrees C (72-79 degrees F). It can be propagated by dividing the stolon or by its seed.
Department for Social Security
The Department of Social Security (DSS) was a government department in the United Kingdom.
The department was created in 1988. The Department of Health and Social Security was divided into two departments, one of which was the DSS. During 2001, the department was largely replaced by the Department for Work and Pensions. The other responsibilities of the department were assumed by the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence.
Belsize Park tube station
Belsize Park is a tube station in north-west London. It is in fare zone 2. In July 2011, it became a Grade II listed building.
Farmers Branch, Texas
Farmers Branch, officially the City of Farmers Branch, is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The population was 28,616 at the 2010 census.
30 Minutes or Less
30 Minutes or Less is a 2011 action-comedy-crime movie that was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Ben Stiller and Jeremy Kramer and was directed by Ruben Fleischer. 30 Minutes or Less was released on August 12, 2011 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 51 out of 100 from Metacritic.
Naked Cowboy
Robert John Burck (born December 23, 1970), better known as the Naked Cowboy, is an American street performer who performs in Times Square in New York City. He wears only cowboy boots, a hat, and underwear, playing a guitar over his underwear to look like he is nude. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Burck began performing in 1997 in Venice Beach, Los Angeles. He became popular when a friend suggested that he dress only in his underwear to earn more money. He is currently best-known for performing in Times Square. Tour guides on passing buses point him out, and he gets a lot of attention from tourists who stop and take pictures with him.
On October 6, 2010, Burck announced that he was running for President of the United States in the 2012 U.S. presidential election, representing the Tea Party movement.
Project Athena
Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM. It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.
The project created many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.
Theodora Kroeber
Theodora Covel Kracaw Kroeber Quinn (March 24, 1897 – July 4, 1979) was an American writer and anthropologist. She wrote about many Native Californian cultures. She was born in Denver, Colorado. Kroeber grew up in the mining town of Telluride. She studied at the University of California, Berkeley, for undergraduate and graduate studies. In 1926, she married anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber.
Her daughter was the writer Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–2018).
Jess Roskelley
Jess Roskelley (July 13, 1982 – April 16, 2019) was an American mountaineer. On May 21, 2003, he became the youngest American to reach the summit of Mount Everest. He was born in Spokane, Washington. He is the son of mountaineer John Roskelley.
Roskelley, along with David Lama and Hansjörg Auer, died in an avalanche on April 16, 2019. The men were climbing Howse Peak in Banff National Park of the Canadian Rockies. Their bodies were found on April 21, 2019.
Extensive reading
Extensive reading is a way of learning a language, especially a second or foreign language, by reading large mount of texts.
First language and second language
Free voluntary reading is one name for extensive reading in first language education. Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly. A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades. In some schools this approach is also called Drop Everything and Read (DEAR).
In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language. Students read as much as possible. Reading materials should use simple grammar and vocabulary so learners feel comfortable. Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects.
Graded Readers
Many extensive reading programs use special series of books. These books use simplified grammar and vocabulary. They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.
Effectiveness
Many teachers and some learners believe that extensive reading alone is enough to improve vocabulary. McQuillan and Krashen also believe this. However, other researchers say that extensive reading alone is not enough. Cobb and Parry have done research to show that there is a limit. Extensive reading may not improve vocabulary as much as people thought, especially for less common words.
Economy of the United States
The economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy and the world's second-largest overall economy, the GDP of the European Union being approximately $2 trillion larger. The nominal GDP of the United States was estimated to be $21.4 trillion in 2019, approximately a quarter of nominal global GDP. Its GDP at purchasing power parity is the second-largest in the world, behind China. It has approximately a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity.
Auditorium 6
Auditorium 6 is a 2017 American short comedic horror movie directed, written, produced, and edited by Chris Stuckmann. It stars Matthew Brando, KateLynn E. Newberry, Rob Grant, George Tutie, Tara O. Horvath, and Sam Liz. The movie premiered in Cleveland, Ohio on October 25, 2017.
Premise
A night janitor takes a job working for an old movie theater and is warned of its sinister history. When he encounters the presence that haunts the theater, something unexpected happens.
Scottish Socialist Party
The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; Pàrtaidh Sòisealach na h-Alba; Scots Socialist Pairtie) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.
Auditorium 6
Critical response
Tyler Hummel from Geeks Under Grace praised the film and said "Auditorium 6 carries both a genuine energy, enthusiasm, and talent that suggests to me that Mr. Stuckmann could become quite a good independent director." Horror Geek Life writer Curt Oglesbee scored the film 4 out of 5 stars, and said "Chris Stuckmann‘s Auditorium 6 is an ode to that particular relationship with film, made by movie lovers FOR movie lovers."
Sukhinder Singh Cassidy
Sukhinder Singh Cassidy (born Sukhinder Singh in 1970) is an entrepreneur. She founded many technology companies. In the beginning of her career, she worked for Amazon, BskyB, and Merrill Lynch. She founded a business called Yodlee.
Education
Cassidy was born in Tanzania. She lived in Canada as a child. She went to college at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She studied Business Administration.
Career
By the age of 25, her goal was to start her very own business. Cassidy is known for leading many online businesses such as theBoardlist, Joyus, and StubHub. Cassidy also worked as CEO of Polyvore for some time. It is an online marketplace. Additionally, she worked for more than 5 years as president of one of Google's international businesses. She has led to the growth of many tech businesses. She still works as chairman of many companies including theBoardlist and Joyus. She continues to be a board member of Urban outfitters. Her goal is to assign women in to more leading positions on boards and lead successfully.
The Long Patrol
The Long Patrol is a children's fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1997. It is the tenth book in the Redwall series. The Long Patrol has been translated into four different languages including Finnish, French, Italian, and Swedish.
Parliamentary select committees of the United Kingdom
A parliamentary select committee in the United Kingdom can be appointed from the House of Commons, like the Foreign Affairs Select Committee; from the House of Lords, or as a joint committee of Parliament drawn from both of them. Some of the committees are near-permanent and some are set up for some special work and then stop. Most of the Commons committees look at the work of government department s and agencies but the Lords committees mostly look at big subjects.
Committees may be nearly permanent), or as "ad-hoc" committees with a specific timeline by which to complete their work, after which they stop existing, such as the recent Lords Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change.
Both Houses have their own committees to review drafts of European Union directives: the European Union Committee in the House of Lords, and the European Scrutiny Committee in the House of Commons.
Archduke Joseph Árpád of Austria
Archduke Joseph Árpád Benedikt Ferdinand Franz Maria Gabriel (Habsburg–Lotaringiai József Árpád; 8 February 1933 – 30 April 2017) was a member of the Hungarian Palatine branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.
Family
He was born in Budapest, the son of Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria and his wife, Princess Anna of Saxony. He was the great-grandson of Archduke Joseph of Austria, Count Palatine of Hungary.
Personal life
He received a degree in economics from the University of Lisbon in Portugal.
Fable (video game)
Fable is a role-playing game made by Big Blue Box and Lionhead Studios for the Xbox, Windows and Mac OS X. The game was released on September 14, 2004 in North America and an extended version of the game called Fable: The Lost Chapters, was released for Xbox and Microsoft Windows in September 2005.
Fable was originally called Project Ego in early development and took around four years to create, with a team of around 70 developers working on it. The theme music for Fable was composed by Danny Elfman. The game won over fifty awards and was the Xbox's fastest-selling game at that time.
Gameplay
In the game, the player controls the main character, The Hero of Oakvale. The player can interact with people and can battle foes. To further the game's plot, the player must complete missions known as quests and can also complete side quests.
The player can choose to either be good or evil. Completing good deeds will award the character good points and will produce a positive alignment and committing evil acts will add evil points and produce a negative alignment. The character's appearance will also change if the player makes the character's alignment strong enough. If the character has a strong enough positive alignment, a halo will appear above the character's head and if the character has a strong enough negative alignment, a red haze will rise from around his legs, he will draw flies, and will have glowing red eyes and horns.
U.S. Bank Stadium
U.S. Bank Stadium is an enclosed stadium located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. Built on the former site of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, the indoor stadium opened in 2016 and is the home of the Minnesota Vikings (NFL); it also hosts early season college baseball games of the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers.
Lisa Kudrow
Lisa Valerie Kudrow (born July 30, 1963 in Encino, California) is an American actress. She was best known for her roles as Ursula on Mad About You and Phoebe on Friends. Friends has been very popular lately and is still selling many copies, beating many popular shows even though it finished a long time ago. She also starred in P.S. I Love You playing the role Denise Hennessey.
The Kite Runner
The Kite Runner is a 2003 book written by Afghan-American Khaled Hosseini.
In The Kite Runner, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.
Pollinator
A pollinator is an animal that does pollination. Pollination is almost entirely done by insects, though there are some exceptions. Some birds (such as hummingbirds) pollinate flowers as they take nectar. Overall, however, it is insects that pollinate. Bees, of course, pollinate flowers as they take nectar. But wasps, ants, flies, beetles, butterflies and moths all have many species which are pollinators. The plant which offers the pollen is called the pollenizer.
Although it is obvious that flowering plants are the plants which usually offer pollen, there is a pre-history of pollination in cycads.
Bees may not be the most numerous insects which take up the pollen. Hoverflies (Syrphidae) are very numerous visitors to flowers, and they may be more numerous than bees in many environments.
The list of pollinators is long. Bees, wasps, ants, flies, mosquitoes, lepidoptera and beetles all have some pollinators who take nectar, and also some vertebrates: bats, birds, monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents.
K. Megan McArthur
Childhood
Megan McArthur was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Don and Kit McArthur. Her father was a career naval aviator, and the McArthur family later relocated to the Moffett Field Naval Air Station, which shares the same base as NASA’s Ames Research Center. This is where her inspiration of become an astronaut grew. McArthur attended St. Francis High School in Mountain View, CA. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of California, San Diego where she performed research activities at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Megan enjoys SCUBA diving, backpacking, and cooking. She is married to fellow astronaut Bob Behnken, and together they have one child.
Oceanography Career
At the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, McArthur conducted graduate research in nearshore underwater acoustic propagation and digital signal processing. Her research focused on determining geoacoustic models to describe very shallow water waveguides using measured transmission loss data in a genetic algorithm inversion technique. She served as Chief Scientist during at-sea data collection operations, and has planned and led diving operations during sea-floor instrument deployments and sediment-sample collections. While at Scripps, she participated in a range of in-water instrument testing, deployment, maintenance, and recovery, and collection of marine plants, animals, and sediment. During this time, McArthur also volunteered at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps, conducting educational demonstrations for the public from inside a 70,000 gallon exhibit tank of the California Kelp Forest.
NASA Career
Selected as a Mission Specialist by NASA in July 2000, McArthur reported for training in August 2000. Following the completion of two years of Astronaut Candidate training and evaluation, she was assigned to the Astronaut Office Shuttle Operations Branch working technical issues on shuttle systems in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL). She has also worked in the International Space Station and Space Shuttle Mission Control Centers as a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) and has served as a Crew Support Astronaut for Expedition Crews during their six-month missions aboard the International Space Station. McArthur was the Astronaut Office Lead for visiting vehicles during the first commercial cargo missions to the International Space Station. Currently, she provides support to crews in training and aboard the International Space Station, as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office ISS Operations Branch.
Megan McArthur was a member of the STS-125 mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope. McArthur was the ascent and entry flight engineer and was the lead STS-125 (May 11 through May 24, 2009). This was the fifth and final Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. McArthur worked as the flight engineer during launch, rendezvous with the telescope, and landing. She also carefully retrieved the telescope, using the shuttle’s robotic arm, and placed it in the shuttle’s cargo bay. The 19-year-old telescope then spent six days undergoing an overhaul during 5 days of spacewalks. The spacewalkers were supported by McArthur operating the robotic arm. The team overcame frozen bolts, stripped screws, and stuck handrails. The refurbished Hubble Telescope then had four new or rejuvenated scientific instruments, new batteries, new gyroscopes, and a new computer. The STS-125 mission was accomplished in 12 days, 21 hours, 37 minutes and 9 seconds, traveling 5,276,000 miles in 197 Earth orbits.
McArthur is currently assigned as the Commander of the NASA SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the ISS, scheduled to launch in April 2021 and return in the fall 2021.
Chemical similarity
Chemical similarity or molecular similarity is a similarity between two different molecules. Two molecules with chemical similarity may do the same or a very similar thing in an organism. They might also have very similar chemical structures. It can be used to predict the properties of certain chemicals.
Bitchū Province
Bitchū Province (備中国) was an old province of Japan in the area Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshū. Along with Bizen and Bingo Provinces, it was sometimes called Bishū (備州).
The province had borders with Hōki, Mimasaka, Bizen, and Bingo Provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was near Soja.
History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Bitchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Kibitsu jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Bitchū.
Shinshūshinmachi, Nagano
Shinshushinmachi is a town in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It is south of Nagano city. It is famous for mutton, beautiful fireworks on August 15th, wasabi, soba, canoe polo, the Sai River, apples, and the fossil museum.
Step into Christmas
"Step into Christmas" is a 1973 song by Elton John and is a very popular Christmas single. It went to number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 38 in New Zealand, number 40 in Australia, number 41 in Canada and number 42 in Switzerland.
Paleography
Paleography is the study of ancient handwriting. Using paleography, it is possible to understand communication between people.
Nutmeg
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is a species of evergreen tree in the genus Myristica. It is found in tropical Southeast Asia and Australia.
Nutmeg powder can cause allergic reactions.
London Regional Select Committee
The London Regional Select Committee was one of nine regional select committees of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The House of Commons agreed to create the committee on 25 June 2009, after committees for the eight other regions of England were created in November 2008. 'Regional ministers' were appointed by Gordon Brown when he was made Prime Minister in June 2007. The committee was created on 1 January 2009. It ceased to exist upon the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a wall that separated the city of Berlin in Germany from 1961 to 1989. It separated the eastern half from the western half. Many people believed it was a symbol of the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was taken down on November 9, 1989. The Berlin Wall was about 168 km long. It was built to prevent people from escaping from the eastern half of Berlin.
What led to the building of the wall
After Germany split into West and East Germany on May 8, 1949, 2.6 million East Germans left to go to West Germany. In Berlin alone, 3.6 million people fled to the west. To stop this, on August 13, 1961, the Communist government of East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin.
The wall was built to keep the country's people in. But the Soviets and East German government said it was to keep capitalism out. They said that West Germany refused to recognize East Germany as an independent country because they wanted to take over North-East Germany just like Hitler took over Poland.
People still tried to escape even though the Berlin Wall was there. They used many methods to get around the guards and barbed wire on the Berlin Wall.
In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev said that the Soviet Union would not use the Red Army to stop the people of Eastern and Middle Europe from changing their government. After he said that, several countries began to change the way they governed their people. Hungary opened its border and people from East Germany began moving to the west through Hungary. In October 1989 mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began. The long-time leader, Erich Honecker, resigned and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted in January 1989 that the wall would stand for a "hundred more years" if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change. This did not turn out to be true.
This image of people in West Berlin hitting the wall is often said to be East Berliners breaking out. This is not true. The eastern side of the wall had no graffiti on it. All pictures of people chipping away at the wall show people hitting graffiti covered walls. Less than one year after the Berlin Wall was broken down, Germany again became one country.
Death toll
In the 28 years of its existence, between 125 and 206 people were killed when trying to cross the Berlin Wall. At least 800 more people were killed outside Berlin, trying to cross from East Germany to the west.
Gregoria de Jesús
Gregoria de Jesús (9 May 1875 – 15 March 1943) was a Philippine nationalist. She was the second wife of Andres Bonifacio, a Philippine nationalist. She founded Katipunan. She was the first vice president of the Philippine revolutionary government (1896 to 1897).
Berlin Wall
Death toll
The East Germans did not record all of the deaths, so the real number of how many people died may never be known.
Those people who were caught alive in an attempt to flee, had to go to jail for at least five years. The first victim of the Wall was Ida Siekmann. She was fatally injured after jumping out of the window of her apartment. She fell onto the pavement on the west side. The first victim of the Wall to be shot at was Günter Litfin. He was 24 years old and was shot by police, near the railway station of Berlin Friedrichstrasse, when he tried to get into the West. This was on 24 August, 1961, only eleven days after the border had been closed.
Peter Fechter bled to death in the death strip, on 17 August, 1962. This led to a public outcry. American troops watched him, but could not help him. The East-German border policemen, who had wounded him, did not help him either.
In 1966, two children, aged ten and thirteen years, were killed in the border strip. This is unusual because the East German border police had orders to not shoot on pregnant women, children or mentally ill people.
On 6 February, 1989, border guards shot and killed Chris Gueffroy as he tried to cross the wall. He was the last person to be killed by border guards. On 8 March, 1989, Winfried Freudenberg died after falling from a gas balloon. He was the last person to die trying to cross the Berlin Wall and escape into West Berlin.
Languages with official status in India
This is a list of languages with official status, in India:
Berlin Wall
The Riots of Berlin
The Berlin wall eventually started to fall once people rioted. Many jumped on top of the wall, and even crowded against it. This caused the wall to collapse in some areas, and more people could get through to the refugee camps that were set up on the other side. "Tear down this wall!" was a speech made by United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the wall. The speech was made at the Brandenburg Gate near the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987. It was made to honor the 750th anniversary of Berlin. His speech and its fallout might have aided in the wall's demolition.
Fall of the Wall
By late 1989 the GDR was suffering from many problems such as a struggling economy, and large-scale protests. The Hungarian regime had collapsed and was dismantling its border fences with Austria by August 1989. Since the Warsaw Pact allowed citizens to travel within the Soviet bloc, many East German tourists fled to the west via Hungary. When the Hungarian government refused the GDR's demand to stop defectors, East Germany banned all travel to Hungary; prompting demonstrations and protest. This began the GDR's isolation within the bloc.
Erich Honecker, leader of the GDR since 1971, was forced to resign on October 18, 1989. He was replaced by Egon Krenz after a unanimous vote by the politburo. Under Krenz's regime, East Germans could still escape to Hungary via Czechoslovakia.
The number of defectors grew and caused tensions between East Germany and Czechoslovakia. The Krenz regime decided to allow people to leave directly to the west through border checkpoints in East Berlin. This prompted many East Germans, who learned about it through broadcasts originating from West German media, to go to the border crossings and demand to be let through immediately.
Border guards at each checkpoint told the people to go back home as they had no orders that the wall would open that night. As time passed, the number of people arriving at the checkpoint was increasing and the guards were becoming alarmed. They began taking the more aggressive people aside and stamped their passports with a special stamp that allowed them access to West Berlin however, the people were not aware that they were effectively revoking their East German citizenship and were shocked to be refused entry back into the GDR. The Chief Guard of the checkpoint frantically telephoned his superiors hoping to get answers as to why so many people thought that the wall was to open. By 22:45, it was clear that the outnumbered and overwhelmed border guards would not use their weapons to suppress the crowds. The Chief Guard surrendered and ordered the gates to West Berlin to be opened. The crowds of East Berliners were met with crowds of West Berliners in a happy scene as the Berlin wall had just fallen.
Many people even climbed up onto the wall by the Brandenburg Gate in protest and began to chisel away at the wall. The GDR authorities responded to this initially by blasting the people with water cannons; this proved to be ineffective. The East German army later climbed up onto the wall to prevent others from standing on the wall. The government began demolishing the wall the next day. The fall of the wall destroyed the SED, the ruling party of the GDR, and caused many of its officials to resign. The German Democratic Republic would cease to exist less than a year later; reuniting with the Federal Republic of Germany on October 3, 1990.
What the wall was made of
The wall was changed and added to several times. It was not really a wall, but a collection of walls and fences and other devices. This is what the border fence was made of, starting from the east, going west
The whole was done in an a zone of between 30 and 500 m wide. The official (civil border) began before the first fence. Entering the installation required a special permit. The real border was about one or two metres in front of the concrete wall, so that the whole of the wall complex was inside East Germany (only the East Berlin part of the wall was inside East Berlin).
The border between East Germany and West Germany was also heavily defended with fences and mines. East Germans needed a special permit to live close to the border.
What is left today
After the Reunification of Germany on October 3, 1990, the Berlin Wall was demolished and taken away. A few sections of the wall remain; some of the sections became a museum.
Controversies
However, after the Wall was built, many people were no longer able to leave East Berlin using normal border posts. The only way they could do so was to race through the Wall or try to dig a tunnel underneath.
After the unification of Germany, border guards who had shot people were convicted by West German Courts. The judges said, that some of the laws of the border police (about shooting) were against human rights. They therefore should have refused to shoot.
Balanced ternary
Balanced ternary is a type of numbering system. It is based on base 3.
Berlin Wall
Controversies
Border guards who did shoot, and stop someone from fleeing could get a reward of up to 500 Marks. Some of those guards were sentenced after the unification.
Balanced ternary
The most common numbering system in use today is base 10, or decimal. With decimal, there are ten digits. these are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. In ternary only 0, 1 and 2 are used. Balanced ternary is similar, but instead of using 0, 1 and 2, the numbers -1, 0 and 1 are used. The letter T is used to mean -1.
Berlin Wall
Controversies
The other choice was to not shoot, or to miss badly. Such guards risked losing their well-paid jobs.
Balanced ternary
As with all numbering systems, each place is equal to the number Multiplied by the system's base raised to that positions location. For example with the base 10 number 1234, the value is 1x 103 (1000) + 2 x 102 (100) + 3 x 101 (10) + 4 x 100.(1) In base 3, these same values would be 27, 9, 3 and 1.
The benefits of using balanced ternary is that it is possible to write down numbers less than zero without the need to say whether a number is positive or negative. Another benefit is that when it comes to computers, there are much fewer rounding errors.
Senegambia
Senegambia was a region of West Africa occupying the area of present day Senegal and Gambia. The 20th century Senegambia Confederation, was a loose confederation between Senegal and Gambia. The term Senegambia was used by the British as early as 1765. They used it to refer to their settlements on the islands off the coast of present day Senegal. The modern use of the term Senegambia means the region that includes both Senegal and Gambia.
Senegambia and the Middle Passage
About 24% of the African slaves brought to America, were from Senegambia. The Africans from Senegambia were found nearly everywhere in the United States before the American Civil War, both in the North and South.Senegambia was strongly Muslim. This means that many African slaves in the US had been exposed to Islam much more than the rest of the Americas.
Because of the need for field workers up to two-thirds of Africans taken captive were men. In the Senegambia region due to the high demand by buyers, men and boys were taken from all over the region. Women, however, being in less demand, were taken from the easily accessed coastal areas. Most of them belonged to the Jolof people and so, unlike the men, they had a common language. Due to the fear of slaves revolting, men were kept below decks and in chains. Women were usually kept on deck and were sometimes allowed to move around. Some historians say that it was the women who organized many of the slave uprisings at sea.
Huronian glaciation
The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation) lasted from 2400 million years ago (mya) to 2100 mya, during the Paleoproterozoic era.
Next of kin
In some legal systems, rights regarding inheritance (which imply a decision-making capacity such as in a medical emergency in which no clear will or instructions have been given, and the person has no spouse) flow to the closest relative (regardless of the age, with a representative appointed if a minor), usually a child, a parent or a sibling. However, there are people without any close adult relatives and, in such a case, decision-making power often flows to a niece or nephew, first cousin, aunt or uncle, or grandparent.
Hansjörg Auer
Hansjörg Auer (18 February 1984 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian mountaineer. He is known for his free solo climbs. He is probably best known for his 2007 free solo climb of the fish route (south face) of Marmolada in the Dolomites, northeastern Italy. He was born in Zams, Tyrol.
Huronian glaciation
This was one of the most severe and longest ice ages in geologic history. It was similar to the Snowball Earth ice ages that happened later, in the Neoproterozoic era.
Next of kin
In cases of medical emergency, if a person is incapable (because of age or mental infirmity, or they are unconscious) of making decisions for themselves and they have no spouse or children, the next of kin may participate in medical decisions made by medical personnel, subject to the specific laws of the jurisdiction.
Huronian glaciation
The glaciations were probably triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), which removed atmospheric methane (a greenhouse gas), and eventually supplied free oxygen to the atmosphere. The alternate warm and ice age periods was probably caused by a repeating cycle. Cyanobacteria flourished in the warm periods, producing huge amounts of oxygen. The oxygen removed the free methane, and used up carbon dioxide. This caused the temperature to crash. This slowed down the bacteria. So the temperature rose again.
Hansjörg Auer
Auer, along with David Lama and Jess Roskelley, died in an avalanche on 16 April 2019. The men were climbing Howse Peak in Banff National Park of the Canadian Rockies. Their bodies were found on 21 April 2019.
Next of kin
The inability of persons who are not in a legal marriage to make decisions with respect to the care of a live-in partner has resulted in many jurisdictions giving live-in partners rights equivalent to a spouse in such situations, even though most jurisdictions still do not require non-spouses to be made beneficiaries of estates (it is improper in most jurisdictions to disinherit a spouse). The inability of same-sex partners to have rights with respect to a partner's medical care or funeral arrangements over and above those of the next-of-kin is one of the main reasons behind litigation to require same-sex marriage or its equivalent.
Huronian glaciation
However, it is also possible that there was a 250 million year lull in volcanic activity, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels and so reduced greenhouse effect.
Keller, Texas
Keller is a suburban city in Tarrant County, Texas, in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. According to the 2010 census, the city's population is 39,627, making Keller the 74th most populated city in Texas.
Justice Select Committee
The Justice Select Committee is a committee made up of a small number of members of the British House of Commons. The committee looks at the policy, management and spending of the Ministry of Justice. It also looks at the work of the Law Officers of the Crown, the Serious Fraud Office, and the Crown Prosecution Service. It gives reports with opinions and advice.
The committee also reviews draft Sentencing Guidelines issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council.
Rubén Darío
Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (January 18, 1867 – February 6, 1916) was a Nicaraguan journalist, diplomat, and poet who wrote under the pseudonym of Rubén Darío and is also known as The Father of Modernism.
Further reading
English:
Primary Texts:
Group velocity
Group velocity is often considered to be the wave velocity at which information travels. Often, this can be seen as the speed at which the envelope of the wave travels.
Mansfield, Texas
Mansfield is a suburban city in the U.S. state of Texas, and is part of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex area. The city is located mostly in Tarrant county, with small parts in Ellis and Johnson counties. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,368.
Clay Mathematics Institute
The Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge. It gives out various awards and sponsorships to promising mathematicians. Boston businessman Landon T. Clay and his wife, Lavinia D. Clay started it in 1998. Harvard University mathematician Arthur Jaffe was the first president of CMI.
The institute is best known for its Millennium Prize Problems, a list of the seven most important unsolved mathematical questions. Of these, only the Poincaré conjecture has since been solved. The Clay Institute also does other things, including a postdoctoral program (ten Clay Research Fellows are supported each year) and an annual summer school, the proceedings of which are published jointly with the American Mathematical Society.
Letter case
Letter case is the difference between uppercase/capital letters and lowercase letters for certain writing systems. The name comes from letters on a printing press, where uppercase letters were stored on top of the lowercase letters in a drawer. Their formal names are "majuscule" and "minuscule" in the same order. Writing systems that have letter case include the Latin alphabet, the Greek alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet.
When the first alphabets were made, they only had capital letters. Overtime, especially during the Middle Ages, lowercase letters were made to write more quickly. Other than Greek and Latin, European languages made no clear differences between capital and lowercase letters until the year 1300.
Different languages have different rules for when to capitalize or not to capitalize letters. For example, German always capitalizes nouns, while English only capitalizes proper nouns, so while German would write "the automobile" as "das Auto", English would not do the same. However, nearly all languages with letter case capitalize the first letter of the first word of every sentence.
Brenda Villa
Brenda Villa (born April 18, 1980) is an American water polo player and coach.