cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Replacement child
History
Philippe Airès's L'Enfant et la vie familiale sous 'Ancien Regime (The Child and Family Life in France before the Revolution), was published in 1960. He believed that before the 18th century the French had no real concept of children. They were seen as miniature adults. They were often dressed like adults. Parents knew many of their children would not survive. For this reason they did not invest in them emotionally.
Persian lime
References
ss
Replacement child
The heir and the spare
In history it has long been a practice for an aristocratic wife to provide an "heir and a spare". That means an heir to continue the family line and a spare in case the heir died too young. In Royal families one spare was the minimum. When child mortality rates were high, more was considered even better to secure the throne. Queen Victoria had nine children. George III had thirteen. These children had different names, but the concept was and is the same. The difference between early heirs and spares and the modern practice is that today a female can inherit the throne.
La Roche-sur-Yon
La Roche-sur-Yon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.
Tobermory, Mull
Tobermory (Scottish Gaelic: Tobar Mhoire) is a town on the Isle of Mull in Scotland. It has roughly around 1,000 people. Historically the town was a fishing port.
Tobermory is well known for hosting the children's television show Balamory.
La Réorthe
La Réorthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.
Geodetic datum
A geodetic datum is used to locate a given position when using a set of reference, such as a map. That way a set of coordinates might reference an exact location on the map.
Planck constant
The Planck constant (Planck's constant) says how much the energy of a photon increases, when the frequency of its electromagnetic wave increases by 1 (In SI Units). It is named after the physicist Max Planck. The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant. It is written as h.
The Planck constant has dimensions of physical action: energy multiplied by time, or momentum multiplied by distance. In SI units, the Planck constant is expressed in joule seconds (J⋅s) or (N⋅m⋅s) or (kg⋅m2⋅s−1). The symbols are defined here.
In SI Units the Planck constant is exactly 6.626 J·s (by definition). Scientists have used this quantity to calculate measurements like the Planck length and the Planck time.
Planck h=WL= Wb/2P 4C/3X=2WbC/3XP. Magnetron W=Wb/2P Electron L=4C/3X = 25e/3 =(13U1d)
Background
Between 1670 and 1900 scientists discussed the nature of light. Some scientists believed that light consisted of many millions of tiny particles. Other scientists believed that light was a wave.
Light: waves or particles?
In 1678, Christiaan Huygens wrote the book Traité de la lumiere ("Treatise on light"). He believed that light was made up of waves. He said that light could not be made up of particles because light from two beams do not bounce off each other. In 1672, Isaac Newton wrote the book Opticks. He believed that light was made up of red, yellow and blue particles which he called corpusles. Newton explained this by his "two prism experiment". The first prism broke light up into different colours. The second prism merged these colours back into white light.
During the 18th century, Newton's theory was given the most attention. In 1803, Thomas Young described the "double-slit experiment". In this experiment, light going through two narrow slits interferes with itself. This causes a pattern which shows that light is made up of waves. For the rest of the nineteenth century, the wave theory of light was given the most attention. In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell developed equations that described electromagnetic radiation as waves.
The theory of electromagnetic radiation treats light, radio waves, microwaves and many other types of wave as the same thing except that they have different wavelengths. The wavelength of the light we can see with our eyes is roughly between 400 and 600 nm. The wavelength of radio waves varies from 10 m to 1500 m and the wavelength of microwaves is about 2 cm. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is given by:
The symbols are defined here.
Rayleigh-Jeans Law
Lord Rayleigh first published the basics of the Rayleigh-Jeans law in 1900. The theory was based on the Kinetic theory of gasses. Sir James Jeans published a more complete theory in 1905. The law relates the quantity and wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by a black body radiator at different temperatures. The equation describing this is:
For long-wavelength radiation, the results predicted by this equation corresponded well with practical results obtained in a laboratory. However, for short wavelengths (ultraviolet light) the difference between theory and practice were so large that it earned the nickname "the ultra-violet catastrophe".
Planck's Law
in 1895 Wien published the results of his studies into the radiation from a black body. His formula was:
This formula worked well for short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, but did not work well with long wavelengths.
In 1900 Max Planck published the results of his studies. He tried to develop an expression for black-body radiation expressed in terms of wavelength by assuming that radiation consisted of small quanta and then to see what happened if the quanta were made infinitely small. (This is a standard mathematical approach). The expression was:
If the wavelength of light is allowed to become very large, then it can be shown that the Raleigh-Jeans and the Planck relationships are almost identical.
He calculated h and k and found that
The values are close to the modern day accepted values of 6.626 and 1.381 respectively. The Planck law agrees well with the experimental data, but its full significance was only appreciated several years later.
Quantum theory of light
Einstein also found that electromagnetic radiation with a long wavelength had no effect. Einstein said that this was because the "particles" did not have enough energy to disturb the electrons.
Planck suggested that the energy of each photon was related to the photon frequency by the Planck constant. This could be written mathematically as:
Planck received the Nobel Prize in 1918 in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for linking the Planck constant to the photoelectric effect.
Application
The Planck constant is of importance in many applications. A few are listed below.
Bohr model of the atom
where
The Bohr model of the atom can be used to calculate the energy of electrons at each level. Electrons will normally fill up the lowest numbered states of an atom. If the atom receives energy from, for example, an electric current, electrons will be excited into a higher state. The electrons will then drop back to a lower state and will lose their extra energy by giving off a photon. Because the energy levels have specific values, the photons will have specific energy levels. Light emitted in this way can be split into different colours using a prism. Each element has its own pattern. The pattern for neon is shown alongside.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
In 1927 Werner Heisenberg published the uncertainty principle. The principle states that it is not possible to make a measurement without disturbing the thing being measured. It also puts a limit on the minimum disturbance caused by making a measurement.
In the macroscopic world these disturbances make very little difference. For example, if the temperature of a flask of liquid is measured, the thermometer will absorb a small amount of energy as it heats up. This will cause a small error in the final reading, but this error is small and not important.
In quantum mechanics things are different. Some measurements are made by looking at the pattern of scattered photons. One such example is Compton scattering. If both the position and momentum of a particle is being measured, the uncertainty principle states that there is a trade-off between the accuracy with which the momentum is measured and the accuracy with which the position is measured. The equation that describes this trade-off is: where
Colour of light emitting diodes
In the electric circuit shown on the right, the voltage drop across the light emitting diode (LED) depends on the material of the LED. For silicon diodes the drop is 0.6 V. However for LEDs it is between 1.8 V and 2.7 V. This information enables a user to calculate the Planck constant.
The energy needed for one electron to jump the potential barrier in the LED material is given by  where
When the electron decays back again, it emits one photon of light. The energy of the photon is given by the same equation used in the photoelectric effect. If these equations are combined, the wavelength of light and the voltage are related by
The table below can be calculated from this relationship.
Value of the Planck constant and the kilogram redefinition
Since its discovery, measurements of h have become much better. Planck first quoted the value of h to be 6.55 erg·sec. This value is within 5% of the current value.
As of 3 March 2014, the best measurements of h in SI units is 6.626 J·s. The equivalent figure in cgs units is 6.626 erg·sec. The relative uncertainty of h is 4.4.
The reduced Planck constant (ħ) is a value that is sometimes used in quantum mechanics. It is defined by
Planck units are sometimes used in quantum mechanics instead of SI. In this system the reduced Planck constant has a value of 1, so the value of the Planck constant is 2π. Plancks constant can now be measured with very high precision. This has caused the BIPM to consider a new definition for the kilogram. The international prototype kilogram is no longer used to define the kilogram. Instead the BIPM defines the Planck constant to have an exact value. Scientists use this value and the definitions of the metre and the second to define the kilogram.
Value of Theoretical Planck constant
The Planck constant can also be mathematically derived:
Here, \mu_0 is the permeability of free space, c is the speed of light, q_0 is the electric charge of electron, a_0 is the Bohr's radius, and f_{1r} is the frequency of revolution of the electron in a hydrogen atom. When these constant values are substituted to the theoretical Planck constant, the theoretical Planck constant value is exactly equal to the experimental value.
The Planck's constant elementary formula in terms of proton-to-electron mass ratio, the charge of electron, speed of light and vacuum permittivity is derived in. It is expressed as follows:
where e is the elementary charge of an electron, m_p the mass of a proton, m_ethe mass of an electron,  the vacuum permittivity, and c the speed of light.
Deborah Watling
Deborah Watling (2 January 1948 – 21 July 2017) was an English actress. She was born in Loughton, Essex. She was known for her role as Victoria Waterfield, a friend of the Second Doctor in the BBC television series Doctor Who.
Watling died on 21 July 2017 from lung cancer in Frinton-on-Sea, Essex at the age of 69.
Merle Haggard
On April 6, 2016, Haggard died at his home in Palo Cedro, California from complications of pneumonia. He was 79 years old.
Heidi Fleiss
Heidi Lynne Fleiss (born December 30, 1965 in Los Angeles) is an American television personality and columnist, regularly featured in American media. She is often called "Hollywood Madam" (formerly she was a madam and for a short time a prostitute) and is a periodic guest on Fox News programs. Her father was Paul M. Fleiss. She is of Jewish descent.
Fleiss had been convicted of tax evasion and spent some time in prison. She was in a domestic partnership with Dennis Hof until his death in October 2018.
Focke-Wulf Fw 190
The Fw 190 was a German fighter aircraft made by Focke-Wulf during World War II. It first flew in 1939 and was introduced in 1941. Even though it was not sleek, it could still go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour). It was also called the Shrike and the Butcher Bird.
In 1942, Luftwaffe pilot Armin Faber landed by accident at a British airfield. They were then able to find out things about the aircraft.
The Focke-Wulf Fw-190 was a multirole fighter/bomber German aircraft. It could take down large bombers itself, and ambush enemy squadrons. It fought its way through British crowds of aircraft, and supported its allies. It was also able to attack and destroy ground targets, as it has a handy bomb, found under the fuselage.
FW 109 was 1500 kg heavier than Bf 109. It was also faster (FW 190 A-8 was 16 kph faster than Bf 109 G-6) but it didn't climb as fast as Bf 109 (at 15 m/s compared to 17 m/s of Bf 109). FW 190 was much better armed than Bf 109 - it had 2 machine guns above the engine and four cannons in the wings. Bf 109 had only one cannon and two machine guns.
America's Morning Headquarters
America's Morning Headquarters, often called AMHQ, is a morning television program on The Weather Channel. It was formerly named Your Weather Today and Morning Rush.
Dennis DeConcini
Dennis Webster DeConcini (born May 8, 1937) is an American lawyer, philanthropist, politician. He served as the Democratic U.S. Senator from Arizona from 1977 until his retirement in 1995. He was replaced by Jon Kyl. DeConcini was born in Tucson, Arizona.
In February 1995 DeConcini was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Board of Directors of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), where he served until May 1999.
In June 2021, President Joe Biden nominated DeConcini as a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship Foundation. His nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in December 2021.
Dolly-Rose Campbell
Dolly-Rose Campbell (born 12 April 1987) is an English actress, known for her portrayal of Gemma Winter on the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, a role she has played since October 2014.
Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes
Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut. In 2007, 13383 people lived there.
2020 United States presidential election
The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th presidential election and was held on November 3, 2020. Former vice president Joe Biden and California Senator Kamala Harris defeated incumbent Republican president Donald Trump and incumbent vice president Mike Pence, on the Democratic Party ticket.
Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes
It is at 50° 19 North, 04° 23 East.
2020 United States presidential election
Voters selected presidential electors who then voted on December 14, 2020 to either elect a new president and vice president or re-elect the incumbents. On November 7, Biden won the election and became the president-elect of the United States.
Donald Trump, the 45th president, started a campaign to be president for four more years in the Republican primaries. Several state Republican Party organizations cancelled their primaries in a show of support for his candidacy. He became the presumptive nominee in March 2020.
Twenty-seven major candidates started campaigns for the Democratic nomination. This was the largest number of candidates for any political party in modern-day American politics. In April 2020, former Vice President Joe Biden became the presumptive nominee after beating Senator Bernie Sanders. In August 2020, Biden picked U.S. Senator and former 2020 candidate Kamala Harris as his running mate.
Some issues of the election included the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which killed over 220,000 Americans at the time of the election, protests in reaction to the murder of George Floyd and other black Americans, the death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett, and the Affordable Care Act, with Biden wanting to protect and expand it and Trump pushing for ending it.
After the election, Donald Trump refused to accept that he lost and filed over 40 lawsuits against states and politicians trying to change the election results. The lawsuits said that the election was not fair. Almost all of the lawsuits failed in court because Trump could not prove what he said. In some states, the votes were counted again, which still showed that Biden won. After the electors voted for Biden on December 14, Trump tried other ways to overturn the election results. When the electoral votes were counted in Congress on January 6-7, some Republicans voted not to count votes from certain states.
Biden was inaugurated on January 20, 2021, at midday when he took the oath of office.
Background
The 2020 U.S. presidential election was the first time all members of the millennial generation were able to vote. The age group of people in the 18 to the 45-year-old area was 40 percent of those able to vote in 2020.
The United States House of Representatives voted to impeach President Donald Trump on December 18, 2019, making him the third president in American history to be impeached. He was acquitted by the United States Senate on February 5, 2020.
Mail voting
More people voted by mail in the United States, with 25% of voters nationwide mailing their ballots in 2016 and 2018. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 means there has been an increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of large groups at polling places. For the 2020 election, a state-by-state analysis found that 76% of Americans are eligible to vote by mail in 2020, a record number. The analysis predicted that 80 million ballots could be cast by mail in 2020—more than double the number in 2016. The Postal Service sent a letter to multiple states in July 2020, warning that the service would not be able to meet the state's deadlines for requesting and casting last-minute absentee ballots.
President Trump was critical of voting by mail saying that it would make it easier for voter fraud to happen. Many people dropped their votes in voting boxes in their voting places instead of going to the polls.
Convention site
On July 20, 2018, the Republican National Convention chose Charlotte, North Carolina as the site for their 2020 national convention. The convention was held between August 24 to 27. In June 2020, the convention location was moved to Jacksonville, Florida over COVID-19 health measures.
The 2020 Democratic National Convention happened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13–16, 2020.
Type 74 105 mm self-propelled howitzer
Type 74 105 mm self-propelled howitzer (74式自走105mm榴弾砲) is an armored artillery vehicle used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).
History
Komatsu developed the chassis; and Japan Steel Works made the turret.
2020 United States presidential election
Libertarian Party
Though Jacob Hornberger won the most primaries and received the most votes, Jo Jorgensen was chosen as the party's presidential nominee on the night of May 23, 2020, after four rounds of voting.
Convention site
On December 10, 2017, the Libertarian National Committee chose Austin, Texas as the site of their 2020 national convention. The convention was going to be held there between May 22–25, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was held through an online convention from May 22 to May 24.
Type 74 105 mm self-propelled howitzer
History
The howitzer was accepted for service or "standardised" in 1974.
2020 United States presidential election
Convention site
The 2020 Green National Convention was held in Detroit, Michigan from July 9-12. Greenville, South Carolina and Spartanburg, South Carolina were also considered to host the convention.
Type 74 105 mm self-propelled howitzer
History
Type 74s are used by the 2nd Artillery Regiment at Asahikawa, Hokkaido.
Waltham Cross
Waltham Cross is a town in southeast Hertfordshire just north of London. It is named after a cross in the town centre dating from 1294, put there by King Edward I of England.
2020 United States presidential election
Independent candidates
Various independent candidate campaigns were on the ballot in several states, among the most notable of these are billionaire and child actor Brock Pierce and rapper Kanye West. [[File:Brock Pierce 2020 ballot access.svg|300px|thumb|right|Total electoral vote eligibility: 166 {{legend|#178d41|On ballot (15 states + DC, 115 electoral votes) * {{legend|#00FF21|Write-in (5 states, 51 electoral votes)}}
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Nawabganj Upazila, Dhaka
Nawabganj (নবাবগঞ্জ) is an upazila of Dhaka district of Bangladesh.
Location
Nawabganj Upazila is an Upazila under Dhaka District. Ichamati river, Kaliganga river and Padma river flow over this upazila. Nawabganj Upazila is located 35 km southwest of Dhaka city. Its location coordinates: 23.67° North Latitude - 90.17° East Longitude. Singair Upazila of Manikganj District to the North, Dohar Upazila to the South, Keraniganj Upazila to the East , Sirajdikhan Upazila and Srinagar Upazila of Munshiganj District , Harirampur Upazila of Manikganj District and Manikganj Sadar Upazila to the West.
History
There is no written history about the naming of Nawabganj. But there is a popular legend - during the Nawab period, the Nawabs and their subordinates and soldiers used to travel to Dhaka by boat from Murshidabad through the Ichamati river in Nawabganj. They used to pitch their tents and rest in this area along the banks of the Ichamati. At one point the servants of the Nawab started living in this area for the purpose of collecting rent. In this way, the population gradually increased in this area and the city was built. As a result, this area became known as Nawabganj from Nawabi period.
Gloucester Rugby
Gloucester Rugby are a rugby union club based in Gloucester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are known as the 'Cherry and Whites' in reference to their traditional red and white hooped shirts.
Gloucester's fiercest rivals are Bath, Bristol and Worcester with matches between the three being referred to as west country derbies.
The Staple Singers
The Staple Singers were an American gospel, soul and R&B singing group.
Members
Roebuck "Pops" Staples (1914–2000), the founder of the family group, formed the group with his children Cleotha (1934–2013), Pervis (1935–2021), and Mavis (b. 1939). Yvonne (1936–2018 ) replaced her brother when he was drafted into the U.S. Army, and again in 1970.
Songs
They are best known for their 1970s hits "Respect Yourself", "I'll Take You There", "If You're Ready (Come Go with Me)", and "Let's Do It Again", which with one exception ("I'll Take You There") peaked on the Hot 100 within a week from Christmas Day. While the family name is Staples, the group used "Staple" commercially.
2020 United States presidential election
Independent candidates
Rhode Island {{legend|#d4d4d4|Not on ballot}} ]]
The Staple Singers
Awards
In 1999, The Staple Singers was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2005, the group was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
2020 United States presidential election
Brock Pierce
[[File:Kanye West 2020 ballot access.svg|300px|thumb|right|Total electoral vote eligibility: 135 {{legend|#003c82|On ballot (12 states, 84 electoral votes)
{{legend|#0070e8|Write-in (5 states, 51 electoral votes)}}
The Staple Singers
Awards
The Staple Singers were inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2018.
2020 United States presidential election
Brock Pierce
Alabama
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island {{legend|#d4d4d4|Not on ballot}} ]]
Gordon Pinsent
Gordon Edward Pinsent, CC, FRSC (July 12, 1930 – February 25, 2023) was a Canadian actor, screenwriter, director and playwright. He was known for his roles in numerous productions, including Away from Her, The Rowdyman, John and the Missus, A Gift to Last, Due South, The Red Green Show and Quentin Durgens, M.P. He was the voice of Babar the elephant in television and film from 1989 to early 2015.
2020 United States presidential election
Debates
Three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate were scheduled. The second presidential debate was cancelled, because Trump was ill with COVID-19. The presidential candidates still debated in the third debate.
Gordon Pinsent
Pinsent died in his sleep on February 25, 2023, at age 92.
2020 United States presidential election
After the election
After the election, Trump, and many of his supporters, said that he only lost because of fraud or conspiracies. In early December, only a quarter of Republicans believed that Biden was the real winner of the election. Trump did not accept Biden's win until January 7.
Lawsuits
Trump and his lawyers filed over 40 lawsuits after the election, in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Biden won each of these states by a small number of votes. Some lawsuits said that states should not allow more time to collect ballots in the mail, and some said that voters should not be allowed to put ballots in drop boxes. Other lawsuits said that election workers did not make sure all signatures were correct. Judges rejected most of the lawsuits because they did not have evidence. The Trump campaign only won one lawsuit.
Many of the lawsuits asked states to remove thousands of votes, and others asked for the states to ignore the results of the election. In December, the Attorney General of Texas filed a lawsuit (Texas v. Pennsylvania) against Pennsylvania, Michigan, Georgia, and Wisconsin, in front of the Supreme Court. It asked the court to stop these states from certifying their votes. Over 100 Republicans in the House of Representatives supported it. However, the Supreme Court rejected it and said Texas did not have standing.
Trump campaign tries to overturn the election
After lawsuits failed, Trump said many times that the election was "rigged". From November to January, Trump and his lawyers made phone calls to many election officials, and told them that they should not certify the votes for Biden. In the calls, they said many things which were false. On January 2, Trump called the Georgia Secretary of State and told him that Georgia (where Biden was the winner) should find more votes for Trump, so Trump could win.
Electoral college count
On January 6-7, members of Congress counted the votes of the Electoral College. Some Republican members of Congress signed objections to the votes (they thought the votes should not be counted) from Arizona and Pennsylvania. By the end, seven Republican senators and 138 Republican representatives voted not to count these votes. Half of senators and half of the representatives must vote to throw out electoral votes. Congress has never thrown out electoral votes.
While Congress was counting the votes on January 6, Far-right terrorists broke into the US Capitol building in protest. Members of Congress hid for hours until police forced the protestors to leave.
Carl Stiner
Carl Wade Stiner (September 7, 1936 – June 2, 2022) was a United States Army four-star general. He was Commander in Chief, United States Special Operations Command (USCINCSOC) from 1990 to 1993. Stiner was born in LaFollette, Tennessee.
Stiner died on June 2, 2022 at a hospital in Knoxville, Tennessee at the age of 85.
Tatsuro Kimura
Tatsuro Kimura (born 24 June 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
48||19||6||3||2||0||56||22 48||19||6||3||2||0||56||22
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a country in Europe that lay mostly in the Balkan Peninsula. It existed in one of three forms from 1918 to 2006. Yugoslavia means “land of the south Slavs”. The name comes from people who left Poland, which was to the north of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia contained a wide range of different ethnic groups that spoke different languages, used different alphabets and worshipped different religions. These included Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Herzegovinians, Montenegrins, Macedonians and Albanians.
From 1918 until 1928 it was called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. From 1928 until World War II it was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After WWII it was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics, 2 autonomous provinces: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo, next to Albania.
In 1991, came the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, in 1992, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, causing the end of the country. Serbia and Montenegro, were the last two republics in the Socialist Yugoslavia. In 1992, they formed a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) which ended in 2006 with Montenegro declaring independence.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945)
In 1903 the Serbian king was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and capture Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914 a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to the outbreak of the Great War (World War One).
Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which came from a part of Austria-Hungary, joined with the Kingdom of Serbia. The King of Serbia became the king of the new country. Southern territories of Yugoslavia were taken by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
For ten years it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by Axis powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. The Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992)
A People's republic was created in 1945 by a newly established communist government. It was ruled by Josip Broz Tito from then until 1980. The country renamed itself SFR Yugoslavia in 1963. It was made up of six individual Socialist Republics: SR Croatia, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Serbia, and SR Slovenia. The SFR Yugoslavia was different from other socialist states of the Cold War, deciding to keep itself out of it. Yugoslavia was the only socialist state to have open borders and allowed Yugoslavs and tourist s to freely move around the country. Yugoslavia also kept warm relations with the West. It was also an enemy of the Soviet Union after the Tito-Stalin split as Stalin considered him a traitor. In 1968 the Soviet Union invaded socialist Czechoslovakia to stop its leader from making the country freer. Tito told the Czechoslovak leader that he was willing to fly to Prague to help him face the Soviet s if he wanted.
The Yugoslav republics began turning against one another in the 1970s and 1980s. Josip Tito ruled Yugoslavia with an iron fist and crushed any nationalist movements that wanted to see the country break up. His government forced the six republics to stay part of Yugoslavia. When he died in 1980, the new leaders were less strict and let nationalist feelings grow in the republics of Yugoslavia. The breakup was caused by many things like nationalism, economic difficulty, and ethnic problems. The Socialist state was dissolved in 1992 during the Yugoslav wars. Serbia and Montenegro stayed together as FR Yugoslavia.
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/Serbia & Montenegro (1992-2006)
After the dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia, only Serbia and Montenegro were willing to remain in the union. They renamed themselves the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. The country was led by the controversial statesman Slobodan Milosevic from 1996 until 2000. He was widely accused of having his opposition assassinated in 2000. Yugoslavia applied for UN membership in October 2000 and was granted the following month. For most of its existence, the country was involved in what was called the Yugoslav Wars. There was much ethnic violence including mass genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo (1998). It was the worst act of war seen in Europe since World War II. The country was bombed by NATO forces in 1999 during the Kosovo war. In the late 1990s, separatism was growing in Yugoslavia and the country dropped the name Yugoslavia in favor of a state union in 2003. Serbia and Montenegro became independent states in 2006, formally ending the last remaining parts of Yugoslavia
Now, Yugoslavia has been split up and made into these countries:
Bernhard Kempa
Bernhard Kempa (19 November 1920 – 20 July 2017) was a German handball player and coach. He became world champion in field handball in 1952 and 1955 as a national team player. He was born in Opole, Upper Silesia. Kempa made a significant contribution as the outstanding player.
Until his career as a player in 1957, Kempa won the championship in Göppingen one more time in the hall (1955) and in the field (1957). As a Göppinger coach, he did so in the indoor handball five more times (1958-1961, 1970), and Kempa also took the Europapokal in 1960.
In 2011, Kempa was admitted to Germany's Sports Hall of Fame.
Kempa died in Bad Boll, Germany of complications from Parkinson's disease on 20 July 2017 at the age of 96.
Thiago Alcântara
Thiago Alcântara do Nascimento (born 11 April 1991), commonly known as Thiago Alcântara, or simply Thiago is a Spanish professional footballer. He plays as a central midfielder for Premier League club Liverpool, and the Spain national team. He is the son of former Brazilian player Mazinho. Thiago is considered as one of the best midfielders of all time.
Club
Barcelona
International
Spain Youth
Peugeot
Peugeot is a French company. They make cars, vans, motorcycles and scooters in France.
Peugeot 605
The Peugeot 605 is the name of a car. This was a full-size car. It was made between 1989 and 1999 after the company stopped the production of Peugeot 505. After this, the company made a smaller car named Peugeot 405, and a bigger car named Peugeot 605. The Peugeot 605 is a car of the luxury-family car class.
Peugeot 306
The Peugeot 306 is the name of a car that started being made in 1993 and stopped being made in 2002. It was a small, family car. There were several verities of this car: from the slowest version, the 1.4, all the way up to the fastest version which was called the GTI-6. The Peugeot 306 also came in a diesel veriety, which many people see as an important step in bringing economical diesel oil powered car to people. This version came in 1.8 litre, 1.9 litre, and 1.9 litre turbocharged versions. In 1999, Peugeot replaced these diesel engines with the 2.0 litre HDI engine which was better at saving fuel than all the other engines.
Peugeot 3008
The Peugeot 3008 was launched in 2008 as part of Peugeot's range. The design of this crossover aimed to combine the genres of an MPV and a hatchback. The 3008 comes with turbocharged 1.6-litre petrol engines, plus 1.6 and 2.0-litre diesels.
Following the original 3008 model, Peugeot revealed the 3008 HYbrid4 later in the 2010 Paris Motor Show. It is the first diesel electric hybrid car.
In 2012, the 3008 was facelifted.
In May 2016, the 3008 received an all-new second generation. It now resembles a proper SUV rather than a MPV, and it comes with Peugeot's i-Cockpit from the 208.
In September 2020, the second generation 3008 was facelifted with a new front end.
Current Vehicles
The cars that Peugeot currently make are the:
208, 308, 408, 508, 2008, 3008, 5008, and Rifter.
The vans that Peugeot currently make are the:
Expert/Traveller, Boxer, Partner
Discontinued Vehicles
106, 107, 108, 206, 207, 306, 307, 405, 406, 407, 605, 607, and the 807.
Other websites
Peugeot International Website
Peugeot Motocycles Website
Vasylivka
Vasylivka is a city in Zaporizhzhia oblast (province) in southern Ukraine.
Russian soldiers have control of the city (as of 2023's second quarter).
La Tardière
La Tardière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.
Pops Staples
Roebuck "Pops" Staples (December 28, 1914 – December 19, 2000) was an American Gospel and R&B musician. He was the patriarch and member of singing group The Staple Singers.
In 1998 he received a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the highest honor in the folk and traditional arts in the United States.
Staples was buried in Oak Woods Cemetery in Greater Grand Crossing, Chicago.
La Tranche-sur-Mer
La Tranche-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.
O.G. Original Gangster
O.G. Original Gangster is a 1991 studio album from Ice-T. This album was released May 14, 1991. Many people said it was his best record.
Many songs from this album sample other songs, including those from James Brown.
Hamme
Hamme is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, 23368 people lived there.
It is at 51° 05 North, 04° 08 East.
Super Smash Bros.
Super Smash Bros. (ニンテンドーオールスター！大乱闘スマッシュブラザーズ) is a crossover fighting game made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was sold in Japan on January 21, 1999, in North America on April 26, 1999, and in Europe on November 19, 1999. Super Smash Bros. is the first game in the Super Smash Bros. series. The second game in the series is Super Smash Bros. Melee for Nintendo GameCube and was sold in 2001. Super Smash Bros. Brawl is the third game in the series and was made for Wii. Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U are be the fourth games to be release for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Super Smash Bros. was in the Wii's Virtual Console in Japan on January 20, 2009, ten years after it was made for Nintendo 64. Super Smash Bros Ultimate was released for Nintendo Switch.
In the game, the players can control every characters from the video game series, including Mario, Pokémon, The Legend of Zelda and many others. The games are very different compared to other fighting games. Other characters include Kirby, Donkey Kong, Captain Falcon, and Jigglypuff among others.
Secret Characters
Super Smash Bros. has 12 characters. 8 starters and 4 unlockables. Pit, King Dedede, Mewtwo, Meowth, Bowser, and Princess Peach were going to be in Super Smash Bros., but were removed. They all made it in either Super Smash Bros. Melee or Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Meowth does appear in Super Smash Bros. and Super Smash Bros. Brawl but only as a Pokéball Pokémon. Master Hand is a character that you will always fight last.
Gameplay
The point of the game is to beat the character(s) that you are fighting. To beat them you must hit them again until they are very hurt. Once they are very hurt, you have to knock them off of the stage in some way.
One player mode
In 1P mode, you have to fight all of the characters in the game (including the one you are using) and Master Hand. You also play some mini-games along the way. In this mode, you can unlock characters and stages by doing certain things. It does not work like that with Master Hand, though. With Master Hand, you have to hit him again and again until he dies. You do not have to knock him off the stage. It's impossible to knock him off the stage.
Multiplayer mode
In multiplayer mode, up to 4 people can play against each other non-stop. If there are fighters that have died at the same time, they will fight in a sudden death battle. In that battle, they are badly hurt and they have to fight other fighters who made it into the sudden death battle as well.
Mini-games
The two mini-games are "Break The Targets" and "Board The Platforms". In Break The Targets, you have to break 10 targets. It's very hard to get all 10 of the targets. The same goes for Board The Platforms except you have to just simply land on all of the platforms. Board The Platforms is a little bit harder than Break The Targets. Characters can be unlocked in these mini-games.
Development
Super Smash Bros. was made by HAL Laboratory in 1998. It was first called lit. "Dragon King: The Fighting Game" (格闘ゲーム竜王), and it did not have all those characters from different Nintendo games. Later, Sakurai had an idea of having characters from different Nintendo games to make it very fun. Lots of people liked it so he began making the game with some people. At first, it was only sold in Japan. Sakurai saw how many people bought the game and liked it so the game was sold in other countries as well.
Reception
Super Smash Bros. became very popular, and quickly became a Player's Choice game (which means it's very good). In Japan, 1.97 million Super Smash Bros. CDs were sold, and 2.93 million Super Smash Bros. CDs have been sold in the United States.
Sic semper tyrannis
Sic semper tyrannis is a Latin phrase attributed to Marcus Junius Brutus, one of the people who assassinated Julius Caesar. It can be translated as "Thus always to tyrants". John Wilkes Booth is believed to have said the phrase after assassinating Abraham Lincoln. It is also the motto of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Loppersum
Loppersum is a village and former municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. In 2019, 9,614 people lived there. Since 2021, it has been part of the new municipality of Eemsdelta.
American Beauty/American Psycho
American Beauty/American Psycho (sometimes abbreviated as AB/AP) is a studio album by punk rock group Fall Out Boy. It was released on January 20, 2015. This was the second album the band recorded since getting back together in 2013. The band wrote the music for the album while on tour with Paramore.
The band released a single ("Centuries") on September 9th, 2014. This was before the album itself was complete. "Centuries" reached No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. It reached first position on the UK Rock and Metal Chart. The album debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 album chart. It sold the equivalent of 218,000 copies in its first week. It became the band's third No. 1 album.
William Blake
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. He was born and died in London.
During his lifetime he was not very well known. Today Blake's work is thought to be important in the history of both poetry and the visual arts. Blake's first collection of poems, Poetical Sketches, was printed around 1783. His most famous poem "And did those feet in ancient time" was, over 100 years later, put to music by Hubert Parry. The hymn is called "Jerusalem".
Books about Blake
•
• Peter Ackroyd (1995). Blake. Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 1-85619-278-4.
• Donald Ault (1974). Visionary Physics: Blake's Response to Newton. University of Chicago. ISBN 0-226-03225-6.
• ——— (1987). Narrative Unbound: Re-Visioning William Blake's The Four Zoas. Station Hill Press. ISBN 1-886449-75-9.
• Stephen C. Behrendt (1992). Reading William Blake. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-312-06835-2.
• G.E. Bentley (2001). The Stranger From Paradise: A Biography of William Blake. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08939-2.
• ——— (2006). Blake Records. Second edition. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09685-2.
• ——— (1977). Blake Books. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-818151-5.
• Harold Bloom (1963). Blake's Apocalypse. Doubleday.
• Jacob Bronowski (1972). William Blake and the Age of Revolution. Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7277-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-7100-7278-3 (pbk.)
• ——— (1944). William Blake, 1757–1827. A man without a mask. Secker and Warburg, London. Reprints: Penguin 1954; Haskell House 1967.
• Helen P. Bruder (1997). William Blake and the Daughters of Albion. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, and New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-333-64036-5.
• G. K. Chesterton, William Blake. Duckworth, London, n.d. [1910]. Reprint: House of Stratus, Cornwall, 2008. ISBN 0-7551-0032-8.
• Steve Clark and David Worrall, eds (2006). Blake, Nation and Empire. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, and New York: St. Martin's Press.
• S. Foster Damon (1979). A Blake Dictionary. Revised edition. University of New England. ISBN 0-87451-436-3.
• Morris Eaves (1992). The Counter-Arts Conspiracy: Art and Industry in the Age of Blake. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2489-5.