cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Looft
Looft is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
CNCO
CNCO is a Latin American boy band based in Miami, Florida. The group consists of the members Richard Camacho, Erick Brian Colón, Christopher Vélez and Zabdiel De Jesús. Joel Pimentel, a band member, had departed from the band in May 2021. Their debut and second singles, "Tan Fácil" and "Quisera" charted very well soon after the band's debut. They released their first album, "Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos) in August 2016.
Oldenborstel
Oldenborstel is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Tang Enbo
Tang Enbo (1898-1959) was a Nationalist general in the Republic of China. Along with Hu Zongnan and Xue Yue, Tang was one of the Kuomintang generals most respected by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Aidan Hutchinson
Aidan Hutchinson (born August 9, 2000) is an American football defensive end for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan. Hutchinson was chosen second in the 2022 NFL Draft.
BirdLife International
BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations. It works to protect birds and their habitats. BirdLife International wants to stop extinction of bird species. It wants to protect important places for birds.
BirdLife International has identified 13,000 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. It is the official International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List authority for birds.
BirdLife International publishes a quarterly magazine, BirdLife: The Magazine.
Nienbüttel
Nienbüttel is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
JAO
Jao or JAO may refer to:
Braidwood, New South Wales
Braidwood (-35.43333°N, 149.8°W) is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Palerang Shire. In 2006 there were 1,108 people living in Braidwood. It was used as a location for the movie Ned Kelly starring Mick Jagger in 1969.
Graham, Texas
Graham is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Braidwood, New South Wales
Geography
Braidwood is on the Kings Highway which joins Canberra to Batemans Bay on the coast. It is about 200 km south west of Sydney. It is in a highland area near the headwaters of the Shoalhaven River.
History
Europen explorers, Kearns, Marsh and Packer, reached the area in 1822 and the settlers arrived soon after. The town was surveyed in 1839. Gold was discovered in 1851, and over the next 20 years the population grew to about 10,000.
Thomas Braidwood Wilson
The town was named after Dr Thomas Braidwood Wilson. He had been a surgeon on the ships taking convicts to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania). He was first given land in Van Diemen's Land in 1824, but changed it for land near Lake George in 1825. He was also given 2560 acre of land in the 'new country' on Monkittee and Flood creeks. In 1833 the government took back the western end of Wilson's land for a future village. They gave him more land at the eastern land in return. Wilson moved to the district in late 1836 with his wife and family. He became a community leader. He built the first courthouse in 1837-38. In 1840 Wilson asked the government to build a road from Braidwood to Huskisson for faster and cheaper shipping of wool to Sydney. Wilson and Col. John Mackenzie, supplied the materials and men to make the Braidwood to Nerriga section. In 1841 there were 141 people living at Braidwood Farm. Wilson lost all of his money because of a drought in the late 1830s. He died in November 1843. His land was sold for £2,000 to John Coghill, who now owned most of the land on the south, east and north of the town. Wilson still owned land on a hill north of the town and was buried there in 1843.
Spring Offensive
The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser's Battle), also known as the Ludendorff Offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during World War I, which marked the deepest advances by either side since 1914. The German authorities had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the overwhelming human and matériel resources of the United States could be deployed. They also had the advantage of nearly 50 divisions freed by the Russian surrender (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).
Braidwood, New South Wales
Thomas Braidwood Wilson
A memorial and large pine tree mark the site of Wilson's grave. The path to the grave is open to the public and is through a series of paddocks with gateway sculptures and large art pieces by local artists.
JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)
JPMorgan Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Houston, United States. It is 305 meters (1002 feet) tall and has 75 floors. It was built in 1982 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.
Braidwood, New South Wales
Bushrangers
Bushrangers, Thomas and John Clarke, killed four policemen near Braidwood in 1867. There is a special monument for the police in the Braidwood cemetery.
2009 Formula One World Championship
The 2009 Formula One season was the 60th FIA Formula One World Championship season. There were ten teams signed up to compete in the championship. Jenson Button became the Drivers' World Champion and Brawn GP won the Constructors' title.
Braidwood, New South Wales
Bushrangers
Australia's first Royal Commission took place in Braidwood in 1867. It looked at the role of the police in trying to control bushrangers in the area. The Commission found the police were lazy, and in some cases had actually helped the bushrangers. They found that the superintendent of police did not have 'strict and proper control over his men.'
Spring Offensive
The first and most important part was called Operation Michael. It used new infiltration tactics. After the offensive, not enough German soldiers were still alive to win the war anymore.
Jon Bernthal
Jonathan Edward Bernthal (born September 20, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Shane Walsh in the AMC horror series The Walking Dead (2010–2012; 2018) and Frank Castle / The Punisher in the Netflix action series Daredevil (2015–2018) and The Punisher (2017–2019).
Bernthal's movie credits include The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Fury (2014), Sicario (2015), The Accountant (2016), Baby Driver (2017), Wind River (2017), Widows (2018) and Ford v Ferrari (2019).
Bernthal was born in Washington, D.C., to Jewish parents. His grandfather was musician and producer Murray Bernthal. Other notable relatives include his brother, Tom Bernthal, and cousin, Adam Schlesinger. He married Erin Angle in 2010. The couple have three children.
Braidwood, New South Wales
Gold rush
Because of the goldrush the banks and hotels in Braidwood were well built and made to last. It is these old heritage buildings that now attract visitors to the town. Other businesses in the area are sheep and cattle farming, and timber growing.
Pöschendorf
Pöschendorf is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
2009 Formula One World Championship
The season is scheduled to take place over 17 rounds, and started with the Australian Grand Prix on 29 March 2009. It will end on 1 November 2009 with the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, which is included on the race calendar for the first time and will be held at the new Yas Marina Circuit. The French and Canadian Grands Prix, which were both included in the 2008 championship, have been dropped.
Harvey Hall
Harvey Leonard Hall (January 5, 1941 – May 19, 2018) was an American businessman and politician. He served as the 25th mayor of Bakersfield, California. Hall was first elected in 2000, and re-elected in 2004, 2008 and 2012. He was one of the longest serving mayors in Bakersfield's history. He was born in Bakersfield.
2009 Formula One World Championship
Several rule changes will be implemented by the FIA, in a bid to cut costs due to the global financial crisis and to improve the on-track spectacle. New rules governing tyres, aerodynamics and Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS), among others, are some of the biggest changes in the Formula One regulations for several decades. FIA initially declared a change in deciding the World Driver's Championship, with the driver winning the most races to be declared as the champion. However, this decision was later reversed following protests from Formula One Teams Association.
Drivers
† Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
Harvey Hall
As mayor, one of his focuses had been physical improvement of the city, through "Keep Bakersfield Beautiful" and the creation of, and participation in, monthly "Mayor’s Freeway Cleanups", trash pickups on local freeways. Hall has donated his mayor’s salary to the Kern Community Foundation, which provides scholarships to local colleges, and to California State University, Bakersfield, for local students.
Hall was the founder and former president of Hall Ambulance Service.
Braidwood, New South Wales
Braidwood today
Braidwood used to be the home of the Tallaganda local government area. However, following changes to local government areas by the New South Wales Government, it is now part of the Palerang council. The eastern office of the council is in the town. The local paper is now called the Braidwood Times.
After the gold rush, Braidwood became a quiet and poor country town. Because of this, very little new building work was carried out, and so the town still has most of its original streetscape and architecture intact. On 30 March 2006 the town and its setting were listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. There were arguments between those who wanted to save the town's old fashioned charm and those wishing to develop it.
Movies
The town has several times been used for movie making locations:
Local stories say that Mick Jagger wrote one of his major hits while in Braidwood making the Ned Kelly film; but there is no agreement as to which one.
Puls, Steinburg
Puls is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
2022 NFL Draft
The 2022 NFL Draft was the 87th National Football League's yearly draft and was held from April 28–30, 2022, at the Caesars Forum on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada.
Player selections
The following is the breakdown of the 262 players selected by position:
Trades
In the explanations below, (PD) indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft (i.e. Pre-Draft), while (D) denotes trades that took place during the 2022 draft.
Round one
Round two
Round three
Round four
Round five
Round seven
Notes
Selections removed
References
Trade references
General references
Kristin Nelson
Sharon Kristin Nelson (née Harmon; June 25, 1945 – April 27, 2018) was an American primitive painter, actress and author. She was married to musician Ricky Nelson.
She was the daughter of Tom Harmon and actress/model Elyse Knox, her younger siblings are model-actress Kelly Harmon and actor Mark Harmon.
In 1988, she married Mark Tinker, who encouraged her to paint. Her brightly colored primitives found favor with Jacqueline Kennedy and Mia Farrow, among other celebrities, and they form the basis of her coffee-table autobiography Out of My Mind.
Nelson starred in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Adam-12, The Resurrection of Broncho Billy, which won an Academy Award for best live action short movie, and Liar's Moon.
Her daughter, actress Tracy Nelson, announced on Facebook that her mother had suddenly died on April 27, 2018 of a heart attack.
Plantain
The plantain is a crop from the genus Musa. Its fruits are edible, and are generally used for cooking. This is different from the soft and sweet banana (which is often called dessert banana). Dessert bananas are more common to import in countries in the European Union or the United States.
The way certain species are called often show how they are used: cooking plantain, banana plantain, beer banana, bocadillo plantain (the little one), etc. All members of the genus Musa are indigenous to the tropical region of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia.
Primary cultivation originated in Southeast Asia, secondary in West Africa. Other regions with Plantain crops include the Southern United States, the Caribbean, Central America, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Southern Brazil, the Canary Islands, Madeira, Egypt, Cameroon, Nigeria, Uganda, Okinawa, Kerala and Taiwan. Farmers grow plantains as far north as Northern California and as far south as KwaZulu-Natal.
Plantain flowers
Each pseudostem of a plantain plant will flower only once. All the flowers grow at the end of its shoot in a large bunch made of multiple hands with individual fingers (the fruits). Only the first few hands will become fruits. In Vietnam the young male flower, at the end of the bunch, is used to make salad. In Laos, the plantain flower is often eaten raw; it is added to a special kind of soup. Thoran is made in Kerala with the end of the bunch (called "Koompu" in Malayalam and Vazhaipoo in Tamil). It is said to be very healthy. You can fry it or boil it
Plantain leaves
Plantain leaves are used like plates in several dishes, including hallaca from Venezuela, or south Indian Thali. In southern India, meals are traditionally served on a plantain leaf. The position of the different food items on the leaf is important, also for Hindu rituals.
The plantain leaves often add an aroma to the dish. In the Indian state of Kerala, a food preparation called "Ada" is made in plantain leaves. Plantain leaves are also used in making "Karimeen Pollichathu" in Kerala.
In Nicaragua, leaves are used to wrap different kinds of food, such as Nacatamales,Vigoron and Vaho. In Peru they are often used to wrap the famous Tamale (Tamales). In Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, these are usually used to wrap tamales before and while cooking, and they can be used to wrap any kind of seasoned meat while cooking to keep the flavor in. The plantain is the main food source of the Dominican Republic, and is used just as much as, if not more than, rice. Mangu and Sancocho are two dishes for which the plantain is very important.
Turkey at the UEFA European Championship
Turkey has been in 5 UEFA European Championships (1996, 2000, 2008, 2016, and 2020). Their best performance was reaching the semi-finals in 2008.
Semih Şentürk has scored 3 goals for Turkey in the UEFA Euro Championships, more than any other player.
Euro 2008
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Scorers
These players have scored goals for Turkey in a UEFA Championship.
Xue Yue
Xue Yue (1896-1998) was a Nationalist general in the Republic of China. Xue joined the Chinese army in 1914, at the age of 18. Along with Hu Zongnan and Tang Enbo, Xue was one of the Kuomintang generals most respected by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Xue was in the defense of greater Wuhan, commanding the 1st Army Corps. In the mountains Xue's army succeeded in nearly destroying the 106th division of the Japanese army. During the battle, most of the Japanese officers were killed and the Japanese had to drop 300 officers by parachute into the battlefield.
Xue lived to 101 years old.
Joni Mitchell
Roberta Joan Anderson (born November 7, 1943 in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada), better known as Joni Mitchell, is a Canadian songwriter, musician and artist. Her usual musical instrument is a guitar. Her songs include "Big Yellow Taxi", "Woodstock" (about the 1969 Woodstock Festival), "Free Man In Paris", "Help Me" and "Both Sides Now". Her name Mitchell comes from her first marriage (to Chuck Mitchell).
She first began singing folk music while she attended art school, to earn spending money. In time, her songs and style got her noticed, and she became a professional musician. She signed a recording contract, and her first album appeared in 1968. "Both Sides Now" also boosted the musical career of Judy Collins, another folksinger, whose cover version became a popular hit. She also performs in the contralto range.
Mitchell had romantic relationships with Stephen Stills and David Crosby, both of the band Crosby, Stills & Nash. She also did artwork for one of their album covers. She was scheduled to appear at the Woodstock Festival, as CSN was (joined by Neil Young), but she had to cancel. Her song "Woodstock" still became a hit for CSN, and summed up for many people the meaning of the festival.
During the 1970s, Mitchell changed from folk music to jazz, and she lost some of her fans. Many other people enjoyed her later music, though, including an album she made with Charles Mingus, a legendary jazz musician. The album was Mingus's last project before his death.
Before she became famous, Mitchell gave up a newborn daughter for adoption in Canada. During the 1990s, the two got back in contact, and now have a good relationship.
Though she first became famous during the 1960s, Mitchell does not that era. She reminds listeners of the negative parts of it, and encourages them to make the present better.
In March 2015, Mitchell was found unconscious in her Los Angeles home. She regained consciousness in an ambulance on her way to hospital, but was taken to intensive care for tests. She had a brain aneurysm. She was diagnosed with a throat tumor later the next day.
Purble Place
Purble Place is a set of three learning games created by Oberon Media, which no longer exists, for Microsoft.
History
Purble Place was first shown in Windows Vista build 5219, together with Chess Titans and Mahjong Titans.
Games
The collection features one main screen with three game packs: Purble Pairs, Comfy Cakes, and Purble Shop.
Purble Pairs
Purble Pairs is a memory game like Concentration, where the goal is to clear the board in the fewest turns.
As the difficulty increases, a timer appears, the grid size grows, and more similar images are used.
The Beginner level has one 5x5 grid, Intermediate has two 6x6 grids, and Advanced has four 8x8 grids per game (with different shapes).
Special pairs and features are available in higher levels, such as a jester that finds a match, a card that shuffles the board, a clock that adds time, and a chef that matches cake cards.
A Sneak Peek bonus lets the player see all cards for a short time, but each card seen counts as a turn. This game isn't in Purble Place v0.4, an early version from 2005.
Comfy Cakes
Comfy Cakes is a hand-eye coordination game.
The goal is to make cakes that match a given specification by controlling a conveyor belt with different cake-making stations.
Cake elements include pan shapes (square, circular or heart-shaped), batter flavors (strawberry, chocolate or vanilla), three cake layerings (red, green or white), optional icing (strawberry, chocolate or vanilla), and decorations (decorations such as sugar can be sprinkled on top of the cake. In some rare cases, flames are applied to iced cakes to create a smooth glaze.).
There's also a rotate button in v0.4.
Bacliff, Texas
Bacliff is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Galveston County, Texas, United States.
Purble Place
Comfy Cakes
If the cake doesn't match the specification, the player is penalized, and the cake is thrown away.
The game ends if two or three wrong orders are sent.
To win, the player must complete a certain number of correct orders.
The final score depends on the number of cakes made, incorrect orders, and the player's efficiency.
At higher levels, the specifications become more complex, and multiple cakes must be made on a single conveyor belt.
The player makes around five to eight cakes in one difficulty level. If the player tries an incorrect move, the computer says it's not allowed.
Purble Shop
Purble Shop is a code-breaker game where the computer chooses up to five features (topper, eyes, nose, mouth, and clothes) and hides their colors from the player.
The can choose from five colors (red, purple, yellow, blue, and green) and use each color once, several times, or not at all.
The player then tries to guess the correct feature colors in a limited number of attempts.
It's like a game called Mastermind where you have to use your brain to figure out the right colors.
There are three difficulty levels:
Bristol, Texas
Bristol is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ellis County, Texas, United States.
U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)
U.S. Bank Tower is a skyscraper in Los Angeles, California, United States. It is 310 meters (1018 feet) tall and has 73 floors. It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States. It is one of the tallest building in the United States that is west of the Mississippi River. It is also the second tallest building in Los Angeles and California, after the Wilshire Grand Center.
At first it was named Library Tower, but in 1993 it became U.S. Bank Tower.
Bolivar Peninsula, Texas
Bolivar Peninsula is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Galveston County, Texas, United States.
Maya Jribi
Maya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From the PDP merged into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party.
Jribi died on 19 May 2018 in Tunis of pancreatic cancer at the age of 58.
Bondorf
Bondorf is a municipality of the district Böblingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2018, 6,002 people lived there.
Geisha
Geisha (芸者) (or geigi (芸妓) or geiko (芸子)) are traditional female Japanese entertainers. They are skilled at different Japanese arts, like playing classical Japanese music, dancing and poetry. Geisha are not prostitutes, despite what some people think.
The term geisha is made of two Japanese words, 芸 (gei) meaning "art," and 者 (sha), meaning "person who does" or "to be employed in." The most literal translation in English is "artist." Geisha are respected as artists and performers, and it is difficult to become one.
Apprentice geisha are called maiko (舞子). The name comes from 舞 (mai), meaning "dancing," and 子 (ko), meaning "child." Maiko wear white make-up called oshiroi and long-sleeved kimono with many bright colors. Maiko in some places wear a belt, called an obi, that is up to 6 m long. Many maiko wear fancy hairstyles made with their own hair, but in some places, they wear wigs instead. Full geisha wear simpler kimono and wear white makeup only for special occasions. Geisha also wear wigs and have a much shorter kimono belt.
There are also geisha in other cities, but there are differences. In Tokyo, becoming a full geisha takes from six months to a year. Geisha apprentices in Tokyo are called han'gyoku (半玉), which means "half jewel" or "half pay." Apprentice geisha in Tokyo are also called o-shaku (御酌), which means "one who serves (alcohol)." Geisha in Tokyo are normally older than those in Kyoto.
Many geisha still live in traditional geisha houses called okiya (置屋) in neighborhoods called hanamachi (花街), which means "flower town." Older geisha who are successful may have their own home. A geisha always needs to be registered to a geisha house to be allowed to work.
The world that geisha are a part of is called karyūkai (花柳界), which means "the flower and willow world." One very famous geisha, Mineko Iwasaki, said that is because a "geisha like a flower, beautiful in her own way, and like a willow tree, gracious, flexible, and strong."
Geisha are considered to be cultural icons of Japan.
History
Before geisha appeared, some women worked as artists and entertainers. In the Heian Period (794-1185), women entertained people at the Imperial Court by singing and dancing and were known as shirabyōshi (白拍子).
Later, women who worked as prostitutes and courtesans entertained men in the red-light districts of Japan. In 1589, Toyotomi Hideyoshi authorized the building of a neighborhood in Kyoto that was closed from the outside with walls. Called Shimabara, it was dedicated to pleasure. Shimabara was established as an official red-light district in 1640, and became one of three areas in Japan in which prostitution could be practiced legally. The other two were Yoshiwara in Tokyo, which had been established in 1617, and Shinmachi, in Osaka.
Thelose areas were known as yūkaku and were the only places that women were allowed to be prostitutes. Courtesans were collectively called oiran (花魁) and were very expensive. Oiran also entertained men with singing, dancing, poetry, music and conversation. The highest-ranking oiran were the tayū, who did not engage in prostitution, under the other oiran. Instead, they would have one or two rich clients act as their patron; those men would pay a lot of money to be entertained by their tayū clients.
Tayū could turn men away and could decide who they would entertain. Tayū were raised from a young age to be very skilled in different types of art and entertainment, and many of them became celebrities. Many woodblock prints and paintings exist of famous tayū, and other oiran.
Geisha appeared only much later, during the Tokugawa period. Originally, geisha were men, who travelled throughout the red-light districts to entertain clients with music, dancing, and poetry. Such men were known as geisha but were also called otoko geisha (男芸者), hōkan (幇間) and taikomochi (太鼓持ち) because they played the taiko, a Japanese drum.
Male geisha were very low-class entertainers, but oiran were considered to be upper class. Every man who wished to be with an oiran had to follow difficult rituals and etiquette and to have enough money to pay for her time. That meant that only the richest nobility got to be entertained by oiran. Many tea houses (ochaya (お茶屋)) appeared outside Shimabara and offered entertainment that was not offered inside Shimabara. At some of the tea houses, some women practiced cheaper prostitution and were called sancha-jorō. However other women, who were called 'odoriko' ('dancing girls'), acted as dancers and musicians and soon became very popular. They started calling themselves 'geisha', like the male artists who worked in Shimabara.
By about 1700, female geisha had become much more popular than male geisha. A few years later, almost all geisha were women.
The government prohibited geisha from working as prostitutes and allowed them only to act as entertainers. One of the laws made them tie their obi (帯) (sash) in the back, as oiran wore theirs at the front as a sign that they were available for sex. Geisha had to wear simpler hairstyles, less hair accessories, less makeup, and simpler kimono. If an oiran accused a geisha of stealing her customers, the geisha would be investigated.
Soon, the geisha became so much more popular than the oiran that in 1761, the last tayū of Yoshiwara retired. Though tayū continued to work in Kyoto and Osaka, oiran as a whole were seen as outdated, too traditional, and too expensive. Oiran could not leave the red-light districts because they had a lot of debt to the owner of the brothel they worked in and were not thought of as celebrities or fashionable anymore. Most people could not afford to hire them. In contrast, geisha were cheaper and more fashionable, and could leave the red-light districts whenever they wanted. They sang popular songs and did not need several expensive meetings before they would entertain a client. New geisha neighborhoods (hanamachi) were created in Kyoto and other cities.
In the 19th century, geisha were in better position than common women,but they also had problems in Japanese society. Some poor people sold their daughters to a geisha house, but that was less common than some people think since many geisha came from families in which the mother or another female relative had once been a geisha. Geisha could not marry but could have a patron to pay for their expenses, and some retired when they gained a rich patron. Other men paid a lot of money to take the new girls' virginity (mizuage), and if the owner of a geisha house was dishonest and greedy, a young geisha could have her virginity sold a number of times to different men.
However, the reputation and the respect for the geisha grew in the Meiji Restoration and even more after World War II. Important laws to protect them were created. Young girls could no longer be sold to the geisha houses, and the virginity of young geisha could no longer be bought. Since then, women become geisha only by their free will.
Number
Though people often talk about how there are not many geisha left in Japan and that they might be about to die out, the geisha profession is very resilient. In history, the numbers of geisha sometimes fell because of changes in the economy or because of war. However, the number of working geisha usually rose again not long afterward.
In the 1920s there were over 80,000 geisha in Japan. In 1944, all geisha districts were shut because of World War II, and geisha, like everyone else, had to help out with the war. In Tokyo alone, almost 9,000 geisha were still entertaining guests before they were told they could not work as geisha anymore. After the war, geisha districts opened up again on 25 October 1945. By 1967, there were nearly 5,000 geisha in Tokyo again.
Emma Atkins
Emma Jayne Atkins (born 31 March 1975) is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of Charity Dingle in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale (2000–2005, 2009–present).
Geisha
Number
Today, there are far fewer geisha. The exact number of geisha working today is not known but is estimated to be around 1,000 to 2,000.
21st century
Geisha today live and work now Japan in different geisha districts (hanamachi), which have their own traditions of arts, training, and clothing. The best-known geisha live in Kyoto, which has five geisha districts. The most famous one is Gion Kobu, which is sometimes just called Gion. There are also Manu geisha in Tokyo and in towns with hot springs like Atami. In some places in Japan, people have decided to bring back geisha districts that had no geisha in them for decades.
Many geisha houses and districts now use social media to advertise their work, and geisha do not need to be born into a geisha district to work there. Some geisha districts put on events to attract tourists. In Kyoto, places like Gion Corner put on dances performed by maiko that anyone can go and watch.
Young women who wish to become geisha now usually begin their training after they finish junior high school or even high school or college. Many women begin their careers as adults. Geisha still study traditional musical instruments like the shamisen, the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), and drums, as well as traditional songs, Japanese traditional dance, tea ceremony, literature and poetry. By watching other geisha, apprentices also become skilled in the difficult traditions of dressing, makeup, and dealing with clients.
Geisha are often hired to go to parties and gatherings at tea houses or traditional Japanese restaurants (ryōtei). Their time is measured by the time it takes an incense stick to burn, which called senkōdai (線香代) ("incense stick fee") or gyokudai (玉代) ("jewel fee"). In Kyoto, the terms ohana (お花) and hanadai (花代), meaning "flower fees," are used instead. Clients hire the services of geisha through the geisha district's union or registery office, known as the kenban (検番), which takes care of the geisha's schedule and makes appointments for her to entertain customers and train in the traditional arts.
Training
Traditionally, geisha began their training at a very young age. Although some girls were sold to become geisha as children, that was not normal practice in hanamachi with good reputation. Daughters of geisha were often educated as geisha themselves.
When an apprentice became skilled in the geisha arts and passed a final and difficult dance test, she was promoted to the second stage of training, the minarai, and not longer did housework. This stage still exists but is much shorter than before (only a month). The minarai learn in the field and go to banquets and dance with the geisha. However, they do not participate but just sit, watch, and learn from their onee-san (older sisters). Their kimono are more elaborate than even that of a maiko, and it does the talking for them.
After a short time, the third and most famous stage of training begins, the maiko. The apprentice geisha stayed in this stage for years. Maiko learn from their senior geisha and follow them around to every presentation that she does. The onee-san/imoto-san ("older sister/younger sister") relationship is very important. The onee-san teaches her maiko everything about working in the hanamachi. She teaches her the right ways of serving tea, playing the shamisen, and dancing and everything about the art of iki (see below). Maiko wear heavy white makeup and elaborate hairstyle and have their lips painted almost all the time. Their kimono and obi have more vibrant colors and richer embroidery than those of full geisha. Like the minarai, maiko charge less money to go to parties or gatherings than full geisha.
After a period of only six months (in Tokyo) or five years (in Kyoto), the maiko is promoted to a full geisha and charges full price for her time. Geisha use kimono of fewer colors and wear makeup only for work or dance because they are more mature than a maiko, and the simpler style shows her own natural beauty. Geisha remain as such until they retire.
Art of geisha and iki
Geisha must be very skilled at traditional Japanese music, dance, and poetry since they use all three skills at their work. The arts of makeup, hairstyles, and clothing are very important as well.
The most important principle of a geisha is iki, which started in the 18th century as a reply to the extravagant ways of the courtesans (oiran) and those who liked their style. Oiran wore very elaborate clothes, makeup, and jewelry. Geisha preferred to be discreet, and more intelligent. They created iki as a style that gave more importance to conversation and wit. Instead of working with sex, as oiran then did and simple prostitutes still do, geisha try to be sexy. A geisha will flirt, tease, and joke with men but always with art and elegance. Japanese clients know that nothing more can be expected. Men enjoy the illusion of that which is never to be. Geisha do not have sex with clients for money. Geisha give more importance to their reputation than prostitutes do, and they almost never enter a relationship with a client. Those who do generally act with care and usually get married. Normally, when a geisha marries, she retires from the profession. The most important quality of a geisha is her trustworthiness, especially to Japanese clients. Anything that her clients do or tell her must remain a secret. Anything said or done at a tea house will remain anonymous.
Becoming a geisha needs such discipline. A geisha believes she must be a work of art in herself. She works everyday to improve everything she does. A geisha's movements and her way of walking, sitting, and talking are very important. She is a geisha all the time, even when she is at home or not working. An example of the dedication is the old custom of kangeiko ("lessons in the cold"). Until the early 1920s, apprentice geisha would put their hands in icy water and then go outside in cold weather to practice playing the shamisen until their fingers bled.
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