cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sarah T. Schwab
He started his film career in 2012 as a screenwriter and continued as a producer and director. Cardinal Flix, Inc., which produces independent films. (CFI) is the director of the firm. She made a name for herself with the film A Stage of Twillight which she produced, wrote and directed, and won awards in some festivals, starring Karen Allen and William Sadler, in the production of 2022.
Other productions he contributed include; A My Name Is (2019), Life After You (2022), and Crybaby Bridge.
Houlton, Maine
Houlton is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, on the Canada–US border, located at 46.1256°N, -67.8398°W. As of the 2010 census, the town's population was 6,123. Houlton is the county seat of Aroostook County, and as such its nickname is the "Shire Town".
Vladimir Zhutenkov
Vladimir Zhutenkov (Владимир Александрович Жутенков; 2 April 1962 – 14 November 2021) was a Russian businessman and politician. He was a member of United Russia. He was in the State Duma from 2016 to 2017.
Oryzias latipes
Oryzias latipes, also called the medaka or Japanese rice fish, is a freshwater fish. It lives in small streams and waterways. Its body is grayish brown on light yellow. It has a dark brown line on its back.
These fish usually lay eggs in spring and summer. They have very strong kidneys, so they can tolerate more salt than most freshwater fish. If they get used to it slowly, they can live in seawater.
These fish live about one year and several months.
Appearance
They are approximately 3.5 cm long. Their dorsal and ventral fins are far in the back of their bodies.
Optimus Prime
Optimus Prime, known in Japan as Convoy, is a character from the Transformers franchise. Prime is the leader of the Autobots, a group of transforming robots from the planet of Cybertron. The Autobots are constantly at war with another group of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis O'Neil made his name. In the 1986 animated film Transformers: The Movie, he is killed by his nemesis Megatron, who is the leader of the Decepticons. He is voiced by Peter Cullen.
Design of a Decade: 1986–1996
Design of a Decade: 1986–1996 is the first greatest hits album by American recording artist Janet Jackson. It was released on October 10, 1995 by A&M. It features 14 of Jackson's hits from her three previous albums; Control (1986), Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989), janet. (1993) as well as two newly recorded singles "Runaway" and "Twenty Foreplay".
Track listing
Note: (*) denotes co-producer.
Ian Lavery
Ian Lavery (born 6 January 1963) is a British Labour Party politician and former trade union leader. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wansbeck since the 2010 general election.
He was president of the National Union of Mineworkers, 2002–2010. In June 2017, he became Chairman of the Labour Party and would continue in the role until 5 April 2020.
Spencer Bohren
Spencer Ward Bohren (1950 in Casper, Wyoming – June 8, 2019) was an American roots musician, singer, songwriter, teacher, and visual artist.
Biography
He played guitar, lap steel guitar, banjo, and percussion, and utilizes the roots of American traditional music to write songs in blues, country, gospel and folk styles. He has released fourteen albums from 1984 until 2018.
Bohren died on June 8, 2019 from prostate cancer, aged 69.
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 5th FIFA Confederations Cup tournament. It took place in South Korea and Japan from 30 May to 10 June. France won the tournament after defeating Japan. Australia got third place.
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state of the United States of America. It is considered part of the American Southwest and is bordered by Texas to the east, Oklahoma to the northeast, Colorado to the north, and Arizona to the west. The northwest corner of the state also touches Utah. This area is known as the Four Corners because four states meet there. The state has the nickname Land of Enchantment. It has been inhabited since ancient times by the Pueblo people. It was first named and founded as Nuevo México (New Mexico) in the 1500s by Spain. The state’s ancient Native American and Hispanic history have given New Mexico a unique food type called New Mexican cuisine, and a distinct music style called New Mexico music.
New Mexico became a state on 6 January 1912 and became the 47th state accepted into the United States. The state capital is Santa Fe. New Mexico's population is 2,096,829 as of the July 1, 2019 population estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau. Most of the people live in the biggest city, Albuquerque. New Mexico is home to one of the longest trams in the world, the Sandia Peak Tramway, in Albuquerque and one of world's longest zip lines, the Apache Eagle ZipRider, in Ruidoso.
Climate
The climate for most of the state is generally semi-arid. In the summer it can be very hot in southern New Mexico. The temperature is sometimes over 100 °F (37.8 °C) with lows over 70 °F (21.1 °C). It occasionally snows in the northern part of the state in the winter. It is drier in the southern portion of the state, and it rarely snows. New Mexico is usually affected by the North American monsoon from mid June to late September.
History
New Mexico is the long-time home of the Pueblo people, a group of Native Americans. The area was named Nuevo México (New Mexico) by the Spanish in the mid-1500s and officially settled in 1598, its capital Santa Fe was selected in 1610. In the late 1600s, the Pueblo people revolted against the Spanish. The Spanish returned twelve years later, and made a better attempt at giving the Pueblos better representation in New Mexico’s society and government. One such Spanish governor of New Mexico, that is most well known for his work with Native Americans, was named Tomás Vélez Cachupín.
When Mexico became independent in the early 1800s, New Mexico was part of it. Mexico wasn’t successful in representing the New Mexican people, which lead to another revolt called the Chimayo Rebellion.
In 1846, the United States and Mexico went to war over a border dispute in Texas (a former state of Mexico that, after being its own country for a time joined the US), and the United States won the war. The peace treaty the two countries signed gave what is now the American Southwest to the United States. While most of what was then Northern Mexico did not have a large amount of people living in it, New Mexico had population centers in Pueblo and Spanish towns, especially along the Rio Grande river and in the Sangre de Cristo mountains. The New Mexican citizens living there were allowed to stay if they agreed to become US Citizens; over 90% did.
After some time as a territory, the area became a state in 1912.
Bonnay, Somme
Bonnay is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Barnsley F.C.
Barnsley F.C. is an English football club who play in Barnsley, Yorkshire. The club was founded in 1887 and play its home games at a stadium called Oakwell.
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
The Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts is the first in the line to discharge the powers and duties of the office of governor following the incapacitation of the Governor of Massachusetts.
James Montgomery (colonel)
James Montgomery (December 22, 1814 – December 6, 1871) was a Jayhawker during Bleeding Kansas. He was also a controversial Union colonel during the American Civil War. Montgomery was a strong supporter of abolitionist ideas and individual liberty, and he used extreme actions against pro-slavery people.
Early life and Bleeding Kansas
James Montgomery was born on December 22, 1814 in Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio; his parents were James and Mary Baldwin Montgomery. He moved to Kentucky in 1837 with his parents, and he taught school there. He married, but his first wife died shortly after the wedding, so he married again to Clarinda Evans. They moved to Pike County, Missouri in 1852, and then to Jackson County, and finally to Bates County while waiting for Kansas to be open to settlement.
In 1854 Montgomery bought land near present-day Mound City, Kansas. There, he became a leader of local Free-state men and was a strong abolitionist. In 1857 he organized and led a "Self-Protective Company", using it to move pro-slavery people out of the area. Fights with other pro-slavery people led territorial governor James W. Denver to send U.S. Army soldiers in to restore order. Montgomery sometimes worked with the abolitionist John Brown and thought about doing a raid to rescue Brown after his capture in Virginia, but snow in Pennsylvania upset his plan.
Civil War
On July 24, 1861, Montgomery was hired as a colonel of the 3rd Kansas Infantry of U.S. Senator James H. Lane's Kansas brigade, with Montgomery as second-in-command of the brigade.
Later life
After the war, Montgomery went back to his farm in Linn County, Kansas, where he died on December 6, 1871.
Lieutenant Governor of Texas
The Lieutenant Governor of Texas is a constitutional statewide elected office in the executive branch of the state government of the U.S. state of Texas. It is the second highest-ranking official in the state government.
The lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. Official duties of the lieutenant governor are under the current Texas Constitution are to serve as the president of the Texas Senate, serve as the acting governor in the absence of the governor from the state or to become the governor in the event of the governor's death, resignation or impeachment.
Dan Patrick is the current Lieutenant Governor of Texas, in office since January 2015, under Greg Abbott.
Sting
Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner (born 2 October 1951) better known as Sting, is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.
As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.
With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of Q magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album 44/876, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.
Aroostook County, Maine
Aroostook County (Comté d'Aroostook) is a county in the U.S. state of Maine along the Canada–U.S. border. As of the 2020 census, the population was 67,105. Its seat is Houlton.
Yusuke Tanaka (footballer, born February 1986)
Club career statistics
208||32||8||1||1||0||217||33 208||32||8||1||1||0||217||33
Temozolomide
Temozolomide is a chemotheraputic drug used in the treatment of brain cancer, specifically Glioblastoma multiforme and Anaplastic astrocytoma. In patients with these two types of brain cancer, temozolomide has been shown to extend survival. It is currently an experimental treatment in Metastatic melanoma patients.
Bruno Vella
Bruno Vella (3 April 1933 – 13 November 2021) was an Italian Socialist politician. He was President of the Province of Rieti from 1975 to 1982, Mayor of Rieti from 1982 to 1983, and served on the Senate of the Republic from 1983 to 1992.
Charles R. Jennison
Charles Rainsford Jennison also known as "Doc" Jennison (June 6, 1834 – June 21, 1884) was a member of the anti-slavery group during Bleeding Kansas. He was also a famous Jayhawker, and a member of the Kansas State Senate in the 1870s. He later served as a Union colonel and as a leader of Jayhawker militias during the American Civil War.
Civil War
Even before the start of the war, Jennison became a captain of the Mound City Guards on February 19, 1861.
After the war
Jennison was elected to the Kansas Legislature from Leavenworth County in 1865, re-elected in 1867, and elected to the Kansas State Senate in 1872. He died at Leavenworth, Kansas June 21, 1884.
Cominform
Cominform was an organisation set up in 1947 to coordinate the European Communist parties. It was actually an organisation which enabled the Communist Party in the USSR to control the other Communist parties in Europe.
First ScotRail
ScotRail was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.
History
National Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004.
On July 28 2003 Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.
On June 11 2004 Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004. It originally traded as First ScotRail before being rebranded as ScotRail in September 2008.
On October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015.
I See Fire
"I See Fire" is a song from the movie The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. It is played during the end credits. It was performed by Ed Sheeran. The song hit #1 in New Zealand.
The song was released in November 2013.
Khemarak Phoumin
Khemarak Phoumin (ក្រុងខេមរភូមិន្ទ) is a city in Cambodia. It is the capital of Koh Kong Province in Western Cambodia.
History
Until the end of 1990, Koh Kong was one of the least parts of Cambodia. On 21 April 1984, the Khmer Rouge captured Koh Kong and held it for a night and day. They claimed via the Khmer Rouge Radio to have killed 1,107 Vietnamese troops and injured 125 more during the Vietnamese battle of Koh Kong.
Environment
Koh Kong town is just below the southern end of the Cardamom Mountains. The Kah Bpow river runs through the town of Koh Kong, and begins in the Cardamoms and runs down to join the Gulf of Thailand. In 2000, wildlife traders from Thailand were reported to come to Koh Kong town each month to purchase wildlife products. In 2005, One of Cambodia"s tiger hunters, Yor Ngun, was finally captured in Koh Kong town. He was eventually charged with having killed and sold at least 19 tigers, 40 leopards, 30 elephants, 500 gaur, banteng and sambar, 40 Sun bears and three Asian black bears.
Geography
Khemarak Phoumin is accessible by land, sea, and air. It is over 450 kilometers southeast of Bangkok, Thailand, 133 kilometers west of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and 138 kilometers northwest from Sre Ambel, Cambodia.
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies is a 2014 action, fantasy and adventure movie. It is about the dwarves and Bilbo having accidentally released the dragon Smaug. Bard the Bowman breaks out of prison and fights Smaug. Lee Pace plays Thranduil. Orlando Bloom plays Legolas. Evangeline Lilly plays Tauriel. Christopher Lee plays Saruman. Hugo Weaving plays Elrond. Cate Blanchett plays Galadriel.
The movie took in over $962 million overall. It got mostly positive reviews from critics.
Wilson Airport
Wilson Airport (IATA: WIL, ICAO: HKNW) is an airport in Nairobi, Kenya. It operates flights to several airports within Kenya, while Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and Moi International Airport which are the primary airports in Nairobi and Mombasa respectively, serve destinations both inside and outside Kenya.
Wilson Airport is located at an altitude of 5,546 feet (1,690 m) above sea level. It has two runways made of asphalt. Runway 1 has a length of 4,798 feet (1,462 m) and a width of 72 feet (22 m). Runway 2 has a length of 5,052 feet (1,540 m) and a width of 76 feet (23 m). The two runways have different headings, with Runway 1 heading 07/25 and Runway 2 heading 14/32.
George Henry Hoyt
George Henry Hoyt (November 25, 1837 – February 2, 1877) was an abolitionist and attorney for John Brown. During the American Civil War, he served as a Union cavalry officer and captain of the Kansas Red Leg scouts. He became a brevet brigadier general by war's end. Following the war, Hoyt served as the sixth Attorney General of Kansas.
Early life and John Brown's Trial
George Henry Hoyt was born in Athol, Massachusetts, on November 25, 1837. He was the only surviving son of Athol physician and abolitionist George Hoyt and his wife Avelina Witt Hoyt. In 1851, the Hoyts moved to Boston, where George studied law. Lysander Spooner, abolitionist anarchist and good friend of Dr. Hoyt, strongly influenced young George's views of abolition, as did radical orator Wendell Phillips.
Midwestern Career College
Midwestern Career College (MCC) is a junior college in Illinois offering various associates degrees, certification in certain auxiliary medical fields, and courses in English as a Second Language. It has campuses in Chicago, Naperville and Blue Island.
Academics
The college grants associates of applied science degrees in three business-related areas and four medical-related areas. It also has programs leading to certification in five specialties relating to medicine. The school offers English language training for foreign students, including a program specifically for healthcare professionals.
Accreditation and approvals
Midwestern Career College is approved by the Division of Private Business and Vocational Schools of the Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE).
The college is also approved by the Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE) to operate and to grant certain Associate of Applied Science degrees.
Midwestern Career College is accredited by the Commission of the Council on Occupational Education.
Antoine of Navarre
Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, also called Antoine of Navarre (22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (jure uxoris) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death. He was the founder of the Royal House of Bourbon. Antoine was the father of Henry IV of France.
Stella Maris Leverberg
Stella Maris Raquel Leverberg (12 September 1962 – 3 January 2020) was an Argentine politician and trade unionist. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the province of Misiones from 2007 to 2015. She was also the leader of the Unión de Docentes de la Provincia de Misiones (UDPM).
On 3 January 2020, Leverberg died at a hospital of cardiac arrest after being in a road accident in Cruce Caballero, Misiones. She was 57.
Bonneville, Somme
Bonneville is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Six Gun Sal
Six Gun Sal is an American Southern Rock band based in Los Angeles, California.
Background
Six Gun Sal, specializes in producing classic Southern Rock music. The members consisted of Anthony Appello, Dusty Lang, Joey Durant, Matt Geinitz. In 2016, they released an album West Of Heaven, which consisted of 9 tracks. Tracks from album West Of Heaven, Whiskey Mountain and The Life features modern-day Southern Rock sound with emotion and aggression.
In November 2018, Six Gun Sal was invited to perform at the Whisky a Go Go and OC Fair & Event Center.
Electoral district of Jordan
Jordan is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 2017.
Jordan is in Brisbane.
I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love
I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love is the first studio album by American rock band, My Chemical Romance. It was released on July 23rd, 2002 by Eyeball Records. It was made after lead singer Gerard Way saw the 9/11 attacks and made the band in 2001.
Emma Raducanu
Emma Raducanu (born 13 November 2002) is a British tennis player. She is the current women's singles US Open champion. She won it without losing a set in the tournament.
Raducanu has a career-high singles ranking of world #150, got on 23 August 2021. Before she played at Wimbledon in 2021, her highest WTA singles ranking was #333, on 9 March 2020. She has won three singles titles on the ITF Circuit.
She was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire on 29 November 2022 by King Charles III for her service to tennis.
Personal life
Raducanu was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to a Romanian father and a Chinese mother, who both work in finance. Her family moved to London when she was aged two because they thought it would be an exciting place for her to grow up. She started playing tennis at the age of five at the Bromley Tennis Academy. She was a pupil at Newstead Wood School, a state grammar school in the London Borough of Bromley.
Arrondissements of the Gers department
There are 3 arrondissements in the Gers department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.
If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.
The arrondissements of the Gers department are:
.
History
Since its creation, the Gers department has had few changes:
Kazuki Hara
Kazuki Hara (born 5 January 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.
Club career statistics
52||9||8||4||18||3||78||16 52||9||8||4||18||3||78||16
St. Nicholas Magazine
St. Nicholas Magazine was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between 1873 and 1943 by Scribner's & Co. It was directed for 32 years by Mary Mapes Dodge. Writers published in the magazine include Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Rudyard Kipling. It folded in 1943.
Waste container
A waste container (known more commonly in British English as a dustbin, rubbish-bin or simply a bin, and American English as a trash can) is a container, usually made of plastic or metal, used to store refuse.
Rubbish (trash) is usually kept in these until it is emptied by collecters, who will take it to a landfill or incinerator.
Some bins are used specifically for recycling.
Japanese striped snake
The Japanese striped snake is a species of snake endemic to Japan.
Appearance
They are about 80~150 cm. Sometimes there are black types but usually they are light yellow. Their scales are not so big so they can't swallow big animals.
Living areas
They live in almost all areas of Japan (Hokkaido, Honsyuu, Shikoku, Kyuusyu, Osumi islands).
Jure uxoris
Iure uxoris (or Jure uxrois) is a Latin term that was mainly used in the Middle Ages. It was used to refer to a title of nobility a man used, but which originally belonged to his wife, who also had that title.
Japanese striped snake
Reproduction
They lay 4~16 eggs from July to August. Hatching period is 40~50 days.The eggs are usually under the soil,a gap in the stone wall, or under the fallen leaves.
Relationship with humans
They are often seen in the rural area.They move on the ground so they are often run over by the car.
The Tokens
The Tokens were an American male doo-wop-style vocal group and record production company group from Brooklyn, New York. They are known best for their 1961 single "The Lion Sleeps Tonight".
Albert Ayler
His trio and quartet records of 1964, such as Spiritual Unity and The Hilversum Session were one of his best known works.
Ayler disappeared on November 5, 1970, and he was found dead in New York City's East River on November 25. His death was ruled a suicide. There were rumors that the mafia killed him.
Neptune
Good
Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is an ice giant. It is the fourth-largest planet in the system. Neptune has five rings. These rings are hard to see from the Earth.
Neptune's mass is 17 times Earth's mass and a little bit more than Uranus' mass. Neptune is denser and smaller than Uranus. Its greater mass makes its gravity make its atmosphere smaller and denser.
It was named after the Roman god of the sea, Neptune. Neptune's astronomical symbol is ♆, the trident of the god Neptune.
Mary Mapes Dodge
Mary Mapes Dodge (January 26, 1831 – August 21, 1905) was an American writer. She wrote Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates. She also edited St. Nicholas Magazine.
Neptune
Neptune's atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium. It also contains small amounts of methane which makes the planet appear blue. Neptune's blue color is much darker than the color of Uranus. Neptune also has the strongest winds of any planet in the Solar System, as high as 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph.
Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams were the astronomers who discovered Neptune. Neptune was not discovered using a telescope. It was the first planet to be discovered using mathematics. In 1821, astronomers saw that Uranus' orbit was different from what they expected. Another nearby planet's mass was changing Uranus' orbit. They found Neptune was the cause.
Voyager 2 visited Neptune on 25 August 1989. It was the only spacecraft to visit the planet. Neptune used to have a huge storm known as the "Great Dark Spot". Voyager 2 discovered the spot in 1989. The dark spot was not seen in 1994, but new spots were found since then. It is not known why the dark spot disappeared. Visits by other space probes have been planned.
Discovery
Galileo Galilei was the first person who saw Neptune. He saw it on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613. His drawings showed points near Jupiter where Neptune is placed. But Galileo was not credited for the discovery. He thought Neptune was a "fixed star" instead of a planet. Because Neptune slowly moved across the sky, Galileo's small telescope was not strong enough to see that Neptune was a planet.
In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published the astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus. Later observations showed that Uranus was moving in an irregular way in its orbit. Some astronomers thought this was caused by another large body. In 1843, John Couch Adams calculated the orbit of an eighth planet that could possibly affect the orbit of Uranus. He sent his calculations to Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal. George Airy asked Adams for an explanation. In 1846, Urbain Le Verrier made his own calculations but also failed to get much attention from French astronomers. Airy saw his calculations and encouraged James Challis to search for the planet. Challis began his search in July 1846. Meanwhile, Le Verrier had convinced Johann Gottfried Galle to search for the planet.
Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the Berlin Observatory, suggested that a newly drawn map of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted area could be compared with the current sky. This map was needed to look for the change of position of a planet, compared to a fixed star. Neptune was discovered the same night on 23 September 1846. It was found 1° from where Le Verrier had thought it would be. It was about 1.5° from Adams' prediction. Challis later found out that he had seen the planet twice in August. He did not recognize it at the time because of his careless work approach. Neptune became the first planet to be discovered by mathematical calculations instead of a telescope.
Crediting and naming
When Neptune was discovered, the French and the British could not agree on who would get credit for the discovery. Later, an international agreement decided that both Le Verrier and Adams deserved credit. However, historians reviewed the topic after the rediscovery in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents from the Royal Greenwich Observatory). It had seemingly been stolen by astronomer Olin Eggen for nearly three decades. It was only found again (in his ownership) shortly after his death. After looking at the documents, some historians now think that Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier.
Shortly after its discovery, Neptune was temporarily called "the planet exterior to Uranus" or "Le Verrier's planet". The first suggestion for a name came from Galle. He proposed the name Janus. In England, Challis suggested the name Oceanus. In France, Arago suggested that the new planet be called Leverrier, but a lot of people outside France disagreed with this. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus and Leverrier for the new planet.
Mass and composition
Neptune's mass is between that of the Earth and the largest gas giants.
Neptune is the fourth largest planet in the solar system and third most massive. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth, but just 1⁄18 the mass of Jupiter. Neptune is a little bit more massive than Uranus, though Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus. Neptune and Uranus are often considered to be part of a sub-class of a gas giant known as "ice giants". They are smaller in size than Jupiter and Saturn, and have differences from them in composition. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a reference to compare the size and structure of the discovered planet. Some discovered planets that have similar masses like Neptune are often called "Neptunes".
The atmosphere of Neptune is made up mostly of hydrogen, with a smaller amount of helium. A tiny amount of methane was also detected in the atmosphere. The methane gives Neptune its blue color. The color of Neptune is much darker than the color of Uranus.
Because of Neptune's far distance from the Sun, it gets very little heat. The average surface temperature on Neptune is about −201°C (−331 °F; 72 K). Therefore, at its surface Neptune is the coldest planet in the Solar System.
But in the depths of planet the temperature rises. The source of this heating is unclear. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is strong enough to create the fastest winds seen in the Solar System, at 1,300 mph. Several possible explanations have been suggested. Firstly, radiogenic heating from the planet's core. Among the explanations is the continued radiation into space of leftover heat made by infalling matter during the planet's birth. Another explanation is gravity waves breaking above the tropopause. It has also been suggested that the friction and ram pressure of the diamond hail heats up the planet.
The structure inside Neptune is thought to be similar to the structure inside Uranus. There is likely to be a core, thought to be about 1.5 Earth masses. It is made up of molten rock and metal surrounded by rock, water, ammonia, and methane. This mixture is referred to as icy. It is called a water-ammonia ocean. More mixtures of methane, ammonia, and water are found in the lower areas of the atmosphere.
At a depth of 7,000 km of Neptune, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals. These diamond crystals look like hailstones.
Weather and magnetic field
One difference between Neptune and Uranus is the level of its meteorological activity. When the Voyager spacecraft flew by Uranus in 1986, the winds on that planet were observed not so strong as on Neptune. When Voyager flew by Neptune in 1989, powerful weather events were observed. The weather of Neptune has very active storms. Its atmosphere has the highest wind speeds in the Solar System. It may be powered by internal heat flow. Regular winds in the equatorial region have speeds of around 1,200 km/h (750 mph). Winds in storm systems can reach up to 2,100 km/h, near-supersonic speeds.
HMS Salisbury (1707)
The Salisbury was a warship built in 1707. Philip Carteret, the commander of the ship, had many unforgettable voyages on the ship with its crew. The ship was a symbol of power and strength that earned the admiration of its crew. Today, it remains as a symbol of perseverance and determination and gives hope to us when we need it.
Neptune
Weather and magnetic field
In 1989, the Great Dark Spot, an anticyclonic storm system, was discovered by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft. On 2 November 1994, the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet. Instead, a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in the planet's northern hemisphere. The reason why the Great Dark Spot has disappeared is unknown. The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. Its nickname was given when first noticed in the months leading up to the Voyager encounter in 1989. It moved faster than the Great Dark Spot. Later images showed clouds that moved even faster than Scooter. The Wizard's Eye/Dark Spot 2 is another southern cyclonic storm, the second strongest storm seen during the 1989 encounter. It originally was completely dark, but as Voyager came closer to the planet, a bright core developed.
Neptune also has similarities with Uranus in its magnetosphere. However, Uranus' magnetosphere is weaker than Neptune's magnetosphere. The magnetic field is strongly tilted compared to its rotational axis at 47°. It is offset at least 0.55 radii (about 13,500 kilometres, bigger than the Earth's diameter, for scale) from the planet's physical center. The unusual course may be caused by flows in the interior of the planet.
Neptune has a similar axial tilt to Earth, so it will have seasons. Seasons last about 40 years.
Neptune's rings
There are five rings around the planet. They are not as well known as the rings of Saturn. The rings were discovered by a team led by Edward Guinan in 1968. Then, in the mid-1980s astronomers thought that the rings might not be complete. Stellar occultations were found that rarely showed an extra "blink" just before or after the planet moved in front of the star. However, Voyager 2 showed that they were complete. The planetary rings of Neptune have a weird "clumpy" arrangement. Scientists think that it may be because of the gravitational contact with small moons that orbit near them. Pictures showed that the ring system had several faint rings. The farthest ring, Adams, has five arcs now named Courage, Liberté, Egalité 1, Egalité 2 and Fraternité (Courage, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity).
Arcs are a puzzle. The laws of motion predict that arcs spread out into one ring in a very short time. But the arcs in Neptune's rings did not. A moon's gravity may have created the arcs. Galatea is a moon just inside the Adams ring.
In 2005, scientists figured out that Neptune's rings are more unstable than had been believed. The Liberté arc may disappear in less than 100 years.
Neptune's moons
Neptune has 14 known moons. As Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, the planet's moons were named after lesser sea gods or goddesses.
The largest moon of Neptune is Triton. Triton was discovered on October 10, 1846 by British astronomer William Lassell. Unlike all other large planetary moons, Triton orbits in the other direction to the other moons. This shows the moon was probably captured and maybe was once a Kuiper belt object. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous orbit. It is also slowly moving into Neptune and may one day be torn apart when it passes the Roche limit. Triton is the coldest object that has been measured in the Solar System, with temperatures of −235 °C (38 K, −392 °F).
Neptune's second known moon (by order of discovery), the odd moon Nereid, has one of the most unusual orbits of any satellite in the Solar System. Nereid is so far from Neptune that it requires 360 Earth days to make one orbit. It causes the largest elliptical orbit and the largest deviation from a circular path. It is also considered that Nereid may be a captured asteroid or Kuiper Belt object.
From July to September 1989, Voyager 2 discovered six new moons of Neptune. Of these, Proteus is the second most massive Neptunian moon. It has only one quarter of 1% of the mass of Triton. Neptune's closest four moons, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, and Galatea, orbit close enough to be inside Neptune's rings. The next farthest out, Larissa was discovered in 1981 when it had covered up a star. The moon was credited for causing Neptune's ring arcs when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989. Five new unusual moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. The latest moon, Hippocamp, was discovered from examining Hubble Telescope images on 16 July 2013.
Observation
Neptune can not be seen by just looking at the sky with the naked eye. To see it, a telescope or binoculars is needed. This is because Neptune has a normal brightness between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0. It can be out-shined by Jupiter's Galilean moons, the dwarf planet Ceres, and the asteroids 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 3 Juno and 6 Hebe. A telescope or strong binoculars show Neptune as a small blue dot that looks similar to Uranus. The blue color comes from the methane in its atmosphere. Its small size in the night sky has made it difficult to study visually. Most telescopic data was quite limited until the arrival of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics.
The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is about 4.5 billion km. Therefore, Neptune completes its orbit once every 164 years. On 12 July 2011, Neptune completed its first orbit since its discovery in 1846.
Exploration
Currently, only one spacecraft has visited Neptune. NASA's Voyager 2 probe made a quick flyby of the planet with its closest encounter on 25 August 1989.
One of Voyager 2's important discoveries was its very close fly-by of Triton, where it took pictures of several parts of the moon. The probe also discovered the Great Dark Spot. However, it had now disappeared after the Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of Neptune in 1994. Originally thought to be a large cloud or cyclonic storm system. It was later guessed to be a hole in the visible cloud deck.
The pictures sent back to Earth from Voyager 2 in 1989 became the basis of a PBS all-night program called Neptune All Night.
References
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Atelopus ignescens
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Promotion
Lavigne will perform the song on the German show Schlag den Raab on June 4, 2011.
Personnel
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Leysin
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Wasp
Wasps are members of the order Hymenoptera, which also includes ants, bees and sawflies.
The common or garden wasps, Vespula vulgaris, and hornets (Vespa) are members of the eusocial family Vespidae. This has about 5000 species.
Anatomy
Many people get confused between wasps and bees. It's pretty easy to tell the difference between bees and wasps, because bees look quite hairy and wasps do not.
Wasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments. They usually have wings and their abdomens are attached to their thorax by a slender petiole, or a “waist”. Females have a sting, which they use for piercing and egg laying. Adult wasps feed mostly on nectar, but their larvae feed on insects or pollen, provided by the mother.
Nests made of paper
Most free-living wasps are social insects, like bees and ants, but there are a few solitary wasps. Social wasps are formed of paper wasps, yellowjackets and hornets. All three make paper nests from tree wood. They create paper cells similar to the combs that bees make with wax. They chew up bits of wood and convert it into a paste which they use to construct their paper nests.
Eggs & larvae
The queen lays an egg in each cell of the nests. When it hatches the grub is fed regurgitated insects by the worker wasps. In one group, the pollen wasps, grubs are fed pollen and nectar only. Adult wasps eat only nectar. Unlike honeybees, the only one in a social wasp colony that will survive the winter is the queen. She will find a place to hibernate - in the hollows of trees, under bark, or in the walls of buildings. In the spring, she crawls out and starts all over again building a few cells, laying a few eggs, and nurturing them until they can become workers who will do all the work while she lays more eggs.
Parasitic wasps
With most species, adult parasitic wasps themselves do not take any nutrients from their prey, and, much like bees, butterflies, and moths, those that do feed as adults typically derive all of their nutrition from nectar. Parasitic wasps are typically parasitoids, and extremely diverse in habits, many laying their eggs in inert stages of their host (egg or pupa), or sometimes paralyzing their prey by injecting it with venom through their ovipositor. They then insert one or more eggs into the host or deposit them upon the host externally. The host remains alive until the parasitoid larvae are mature, usually dying either when the parasitoids pupate, or when they emerge as adults. Farmers buy these parasitic wasps for insect control in their fields.
Solitary life
The mud dauber is one of the most common solitary wasps. The difference between normal wasps and mud daubers can be seen easily because of its long petiole. The female gathers together mud and puts it in her mouth to use when building her paper nest for her young. She uses her ovipositor to sting and paralyze tiny insects, spiders, caterpillars, and other creatures, which are stuffed into the mud nest. After each cell in the nest is filled and almost overflowing with spiders and insects, the mud dauber lays an egg in each cell, closes the openings, and leaves. Then, when the eggs finally hatch, the larvae, have a perfectly nice feast upon which they will dine until they become adults.
Some solitary wasps make galls, which are abnormal growths on plants. They form directly after the wasp lays its eggs, and the plant develops a growth around the egg, encasing it. The trigger for the gall to form is not known. The gall protects the eggs while they develop. Galls can be found almost everywhere in the late summer, especially on the branches of oak trees, like in this picture.
Allergy and stings
A few people are allergic and might die if stung by a wasp. Wasps do not usually sting something unless it bothers them first. Allergy to bees is uncommon compared with allergy to wasps. Some people have a very marked local reaction to a wasp sting. This can usually be prevented with good self care such as elevation, cold compress, pain relief tablets and (if medically advised) antihistamines.