cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Arrondissement of Louhans
History
When the Saône-et-Loire was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Louhans was part of that original department. In 1926, the arrondissement of Louhans was eliminated but in 1942 it became again an arrondissement of the department.
Geography
It is the easternmost of the arrondissements of the department, with an area of 1248.5 km2, the second smallest in area of the department. It has 55,567 inhabitants, the arrondissement of Saône-et-Loire with fewer people living in it, and a population density of inhabitants/km².
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Communes
The arrondissement of Louhans has 79 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:
Elias Rahbani
Elias Hanna Rahbani (إلياس حنا الرحباني; 1938 – 4 January 2021) was a Lebanese musician, composer, songwriter, orchestra conductor and reality television personality. He composed more than 2500 songs. He wrote the soundtrack for more than 25 movies. He composed songs for many artists including Fairuz and Sabah. Rahbani was born in Antelias, Lebanon. His career began in 1962. He was a reality show judge on SuperStar and Star Academy.
Booster Gold
Booster Gold (Michael Jon Carter) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by Dan Jurgens. The character first appeared in Booster Gold #1 (February 1986). He is a member of the Justice League.
Serial ATA
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a standard that has been defined to connect storage devices or optical drives to a computer. The most common standard that was used beforehand was called ATA or IDE; it has been renamed PATA. The main difference between the two lies in the cables: SATA cables have seven wires, PATA cables have 40 or 80. Another difference is that with SATA, there is one cable for each device, while with PATA, all devices are connected to the same cable.
Elias Rahbani
Rahbani died on 4 January 2021 at a Beirut hospital from COVID-19, aged 82.
Booster Gold
He is known for his knowledge of historical events and future technology to use as his superpower. Over the course of his publication history and through personal tragedies, he becomes a true hero weighed down by the bad things he did in the past.
Flag of Estonia
The flag of Estonia has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured blue (top), black, and white (bottom). Blue mirrors the sky, black the colour of the soil and national coat, and white the peoples' happiness and light. In Estonian language it is called the "sinimustvalge" (literally "blue-black-white"), after the colours of the bands. The flag was designed in the 1880s and adopted when Estonia became independent in 1918.
Serial ATA
As of 2022, almost all desktop computers have a SATA interface. PATA is very rare nowadays, but some old computers still use it. Computers that still use PATA are mostly used for industrial applications and embedded systems. Some computers (mostly laptops) do not have a SATA interface. They have an M.2 NVME interface to connect NVME SSDs which are based on the PCIE standard. Some laptops also have an embedded flash memory. SATA will most likely disappear from laptops (and some computers) in the future and be replaced with M.2 NVME SSDs.
Technology and transfer speeds
Electric signals transmitted on a parallel bus made of several wires will influence each other, if the transfer speed is increased. This phenomenon is known as crosstalk. Another problem with PATA is that the termination of the bus is not specified. Serial ATA uses low-voltage differential signaling, which avoids most of these problems.
Serial ATA uses 8B/10B encoding. This means that 10 bits are used to transfer 8 bits. The first standard of SATA used 1.5 GBit/second transfer speed (or 1.2 GBit/second usable data rate). This is only slightly faster than the last PATA standard (ATA/133). Later standards doubled this rate, at almost every revision. These values are transfer speeds, because of signalling, the usable speed is 25% lower.
Other benefits are that SATA cables are much easier to handle than PATA cables. Some SATA drives can also be connected and disconnected while the computer is running. This is called hot swapping. Finally, some drives support a technology called "Native Command Queueing". This means that the drive can rearrange the order of what it's told to do so that it gets done faster.
From the first version, SATA has been fast enough for hard drives. The data needs to be read from a number of locations on the drive. Between the locations, the electronic device used for reading and writing has to be repositioned. Even with current drives, this does not happen fast enough so that the 1.2 Gbit/s poses a problem.
Revisions
As of 2016, there are five different revisions of the SATA standard.
SATA Express
SATA Express is a version of the SATA standard that uses the same protocol as PCI Express. Current solid state drives (SSDs) are able to saturate SATA III, specified at 6 Gbit/s. For this reason SATA Express has been introduced.
Compatibility
Diffferent versions of the Serial ATA standard are compatible with each other. This means that older devices can be operated on a newer controller, but they will only support the features and speed of the standard for which they were built. Similarly, devices built for a newer standard can be operated on an older controller. In this case, the controller is the limiting factor, and some of the newer functions may not be supported. An SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) controller is compatible with SATA drives, but a SATA controller is not compatible with SAS drives.
Connectors
To be usable, the devices using SATA need to be connected to the motherboard. This is probably the most visible difference between SATA and PATA. SATA drives have two different connectors, One connection is for transmitting the data and the other connection is for transmitting power. In some cases, both have been combined into one cable, to connect external drives. The normal case though is that two different connectors are used. Some connectors can be locked in place.
Standard connector
PATA specified that power is transmitted using a 4 pin Molex connector. With SATA, this connector. The 4 pin Molex connector has also been used to power floppy drives. SATA changed this connector. With SATA, the power connector and the data connector look similar, but the power connector is wider than the data connector. The standard power connector has 15 pins. It is used for standard 3.5 inch and 2.5 inch drives.
Slimline and micro connector
Smaller form factors can also use a smaller power connector, It has six pins and a coding notch. For smaller drives, there is a connector with 8 pins. A coding notch makes sure that the power connector cannot be connected to the plug which transfers the data.
eSATA and eSATAp
eSATA is a version of SATA which is used to connect external drives. Its plugs are more robust, and its cables are more rugged. In this market, SATA competes with other standards, such as USB or Firewire. Many external drives are standard SATA drives in an external case. To be able to communicate over USB or Firewire, an extra electronic board is needed. This board translates between SATA and the external interface. When eSATA is used, no translation is necessary. Using USB or Firewire may have other benefits though.
There also is a version of eSATA called eSATAp. It combines the pins of the USB, those of SATA, and those of the power connector. This makes it possible to directly connect SATA or USB drives externally, with only one cable. In addition to the data, power is also transmitted over this cable, so no extra power connection is necessary.
In Little Italy
In Little Italy is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Marion Leonard, George Nichols, and Henry B. Walthall.
Olpe (district)
Olpe is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Sunny Baudelaire
Sunny Baudelaire is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, A Series of Unfortunate Events. In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.
Olpe (district)
History
The district was created in 1817 as Bilsteiner Kreis, in 1819 the capital was moved to Olpe. During the reorganization of the districts in 1969 several of the municipalities in the district were joined together to become cities, but the district itself was only changed a little bit. Even in the second reorganization 1974 it stayed nearly in the same borders as in 1817.
Sunny Baudelaire
She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny cannot talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth, and she hates limp food. Her love of biting is not as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.
Klaus Baudelaire
Klaus Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket. His first name is possibly derived from Claus von Bülow.
Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series, and turns thirteen in The Vile Village. He is fourteen by the end of the series.
George W. Campbell
George Washington Campbell (February 9, 1769–February 17, 1848) was an American statesman. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as the Representative from Tennessee's at-large congressional district in 1803. He served in the House from 1805-1809, in the 8th, 9th, and 10th Congresses. During the 10th Congress, he was the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He was also one of the managers appointed in 1804 to conduct the impeachment hearings for John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, and later in the same year, the impeachment hearings against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Life
Born in Scotland, he immigrated to North Carolina in 1772 with his parents. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1794 and began studying law. He was admitted to the bar in North Carolina and began practicing in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Political life
He left Congress in 1809 to become judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, serving until 1811.
He served as a United States Senator from Tennessee twice, once from 1811 to 1814, having been elected to fill the seat of Jenkin Whiteside, and again from 1815 to 1818. His first service was from October 8, 1811 to February 11, 1814, when he resigned to accept appointment as the United States Secretary of the Treasury. He returned to the Senate on October 10, 1815. He served as the first chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and its predecessor from December 4, 1815, until his resignation from the Senate on April 20, 1818; on this occasion to accept appointment as United States Ambassador to Russia, a position he held from 1818-1821. Campbell served as a member of the French Spoliation Claims Commission in 1831.
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by James Madison, he faced national financial disorder brought on by the War of 1812. Congress had failed to recharter the First Bank of the United States after its charter expired in 1811, and appropriations for the war were unavailable, so Campbell had to convince Americans to buy government bonds. He was forced to meet to lenders terms, selling government bonds at exorbitant interest rates. In September, 1814 the British occupied Washington, D.C. and the credit of the government was lowered even further. Campbell was unsuccessful in his efforts to raise money through additional bond sales and he resigned that October after only eight months in office, disillusioned and in bad health.
Gangster movie
Gangster film is a type of crime film. It is about gangs and organized crime. It is considered a subgenre of the crime genre. Notable directors in this subgenre are Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, Quentin Tarantino and Brian De Palma. Notable actors in gangster films are Robert De Niro, Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, Joe Pesci, Frank Vincent, Wesley Snipes, Ray Liotta, Christopher Walken, and Samuel L. Jackson.
George W. Campbell
Political life
He died in 1848 and is buried at Nashville City Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.
Gangster movie
Early Hollywood
The first official gangster film was The Regeneration (1915) and the first with sound was The Lights of New York (1928). There were a few notable films in the 1920s and early 1930s, including Scarface (1932), Little Caesar (1931) and The Public Enemy (1931). Films from th e 1930s to 1960s reflected political and cultural views on criminals. Punishment was strict and respect for authority important. Films showed criminals and organized crime as bad things. Several gangster films had warnings before the motion picture. Early films showed criminals as a result or product of society and not rebels. As a result, viewers could sympathize with the criminals. With the growth of the FBI, there were more films about police and government officials hunting criminals. Gangster films were often about trying to deal with crimes and detectives fighting crime.
New Hollywood
In 1968, the Hays Code that censored inappropriate films was removed. Directors now had more freedom. Some notable gangster films were made after 1968. They include Bonnie and Clyde by Arthur Penn and Mean Streets by Martin Scorcese. The movie starred Robert De Niro. These films began to include move violence and gore.
In the 1970s, The Godfather films by Francis Ford Coppola showed the Italian-American Mafia in New York. The Godfather is considered one of the best movies of all time. The Godfather movies changed the genre and made the genre more popular. Many films about the Mafia would follow in the 1970s and 1980s. Important films are the Goodfellas and The Untouchables.
George W. Campbell
Political life
Campbell County, Tennessee, is named in his honor.
Gangster movie
New Hollywood
Martin Scorcese has made several gangster films from the 1990s to 2010s. Scorsese often works with Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci. Scorsese has also worked with Leonardo DiCaprio in films like Gangs of New York and The Departed.
Notable Gangster Films
For a more complete list of gangster films see List of Gangster Films.
Cogne
Cogne is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Blues (disambiguation)
Blues can mean more than one thing:
Massoud Achkar
Achkar was the co-founder the Lebanese Forces party. He was known as "Poussy". He was in charge of military operations in Achrafieh between 1975 and 1986, the 2009 Lebanese general election and the 2018 parliamentary elections.
Achkar died on 11 January 2021 in Beirut from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon, aged 64.
Book of Shadows
The Book of Shadows is a mix of religious text and personal diary content caried by many Wiccans. Gerald Gardner started the idea and said Wiccans should write down rituals and magical instructions inside.
Broxbourne railway station
Broxbourne railway station, opened in 1840, serves Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, England. It is on the West Anglia Main Line, and train services are provided by Abellio Greater Anglia, who also manage the station.
Châtillon, Aosta Valley
Châtillon is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Flag of Delaware
The flag of the state of Delaware is of a buff-colored diamond on a field of colonial blue. The coat of arms of the state of Delaware are inside the diamond. Below the diamond is the date December 7, 1787. This is the day when Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. The colors of the flag are the colors of the uniform of General George Washington.
Châtillon, Aosta Valley
Hameaux
Bourg, Breil-de-Barrel (or Petit-Breil), Gros Breil, Grand Frayan, Petit Frayan, Barma des Antesans, Setoret, Cret de Breil, Baron Gamba, Grange de Barme, Chaméran, Fours, Ventoux, Garin, Pavirola, Sez de Val, La Fournaise, Champlong, Conoz Dessus, Conoz Dessous, La Verdettaz, Murate, Isseuries, Perrianaz, Brusoncles des Gard (or Dessus), Brusoncles des Janin (or Dessous), Chardin, Bren, Boësse, Devies, Promiod, Boettes, Francou, Champlong, Arsine, Sopien, Brenvey, Champ, Chancellier, Chancellier Dessous, Chancellier Dessus, Revard, Pracarrà, Bioure, Salère, La Nouva, Giacomet, Varé, Chenez, Devies, Pointé, Étavé, Chesalet, Toniquet, Assert, Fontanella, Fressoney, Nissod, Travod, Nuarsa, Soletta, Domianaz, Closel Dessous, Closel Dessus, La Tour, Lo Cret, Verlex, Albard, Pissin Dessous, Pissin Dessus, La Sounere, Barmusse, Cretadonaz, Cret Blanc Dessous, Cret Blanc Dessus, Chavod, Merlin, Tour de Grange, Sarmasse, Barmafol, Plantin, Perolles, Soleil, Bretton, Saint-Valentin, Sellotaz, Govergnou, Cillod, Panorama, Remela, Neran, Larianaz, Gléréyaz, La Marca, Grand Prà, Crétaz, Cloîtres, Plan Pissin, Tornafol, Bertina, Gare, Saint-Clair, Piou, Cérouic, Étrop, Étrop Dessus, Pranego, Crétaz Chardon, Pragarin Dessous, Pragarin Dessus, Salé, Salé Dessus, Les Îles, Moriola, Taxard, Ussel, Château d'Ussel, Biolasse Dessous, Biolasse Dessus, Perry, Bellecombe, Mon Ross Dessus, Toule.
Flag of Delaware
The coat of arms in the center of the flag was adopted on January 17, 1777. It shows a shield with green, blue, and white stripes on it. On the stripes are a sheaf of wheat, an ear of corn, and an ox standing on grass. All of these things are shown for Delaware's farming. Above the shield is a sailing ship. Supporting the shield are a farmer on the left and a soldier on the right. The state motto, below the shield, reads "Liberty and Independence". These symbols are also included on the seal of Delaware.
Cartmel Fell
Cartmel Fell is a village and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 309 people living in Cartmel Fell.
Noragugume
Noragugume (Noragùgume) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 311 people lived there. Its area is 26.73 km². It is 288 meters above sea level.
Flag of Delaware
The current flag was adopted on July 24, 1913.
During the American Civil War, regiments from Delaware flew a flag which was similar to the state coat of arms on a field of blue.
In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed Delaware's flag 52nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked.
Femi Taylor
Femi Taylor is a Nigerian-British actress who is famous for playing Oola in Return of the Jedi, a Star Wars movie. She has also acted in TV shows and plays, and studied dance in New York.
Life
She was born in Nigeria. Her father gave her to missionaries because her mother died giving birth and he couldn't take care of all their kids alone. She was adopted by a couple from England and grew up there.
She now runs an interior design company.
She has two children and is married to Claus Skytte Kamper.
Career
She played a slave dancer Oola in Return of the Jedi, the last film of the original trilogy. She reprised the part fourteen years later, filming new scenes for the 1997 Special Edition release.
Indre
Indre can mean different things:
Casterton
Casterton is a village and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 500 people living in Casterton.
Ichthyology
Ichthyology is the scientific study of fish. The term Ichthyology which is derieved from following two Greek word 'Ichthyus' means fish and 'logos' means knowledge. It includes hagfish and lampreys (jawless fish), cartilagenous fish (such as sharks, skates and rays) (Chondrichthyes) and bony fishes (Osteichthyes).
A person who studies fish is called an ichthyologist.
Indre, Loire-Atlantique
Indre is a city in France at the Atlantic Ocean. It is the south eastern end of the Brittany.
Shield bug
Shield bugs are the Acanthosomatidae, a family of Hemiptera. There are 55 genera, with about 200 species. It is one of the least varied families of bugs. The number of species is quite low for beetles, and it is not known why this is so. Individually they are fairly common.
Indre, Loire-Atlantique
Indre has about 3,643 inhabitants.
Shield bug
Shield bugs, like almost all bugs, live by sucking the sap of plants, usually flowering plants. They have a "layered" defence system. From a distance they are difficult to see because they are camouflaged. Then, they have a tough armoured back. Lastly, if touched, they give off revolting scents, rather like stink bugs (which are a related group).
Governor of Massachusetts
Just like the other 49 American states, Massachusetts has its own governor. The current governor is Maura Healey. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The first governor of Massachusetts was John Hancock.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present
This is a complete list of governors of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Jones and His New Neighbors
Jones and His New Neighbors is a 1909 American silent comedy movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars John R. Cumpson, Florence Lawrence, and Anita Hendrie.
Totterdown
Totterdown is a residential area in Bristol, England. It is just south of the city centre. It is a short walk from Bristol's main train station, Bristol Temple Meads.
Zulia
Municipalities and municipal seats
Zulia is divided into 21 municipalities (municipios):
Totterdown
Totterdown is known for its steep residential streets and its colourful houses. It has many cafes, bistros and pubs. It is popular for the arts. It hosts The Totterdown Front Room Arts Trail each autumn. The Totterdown Music Festival takes place in the summer. It has easy access to several parks and green spaces - School Road Park, Perrett's Park, Victoria Park and Redcatch Park.
Arnos Vale Cemetery is located in Totterdown.
Flag of South Carolina
The flag of the U.S. state of South Carolina has existed in some form since 1775, being based on one of the first Revolutionary War flags. South Carolina's flag was ranked as the 8th best designed state or provincial flag in North America by a non-scientific poll on the website of the North American Vexillological Association in 2001.
Coat of arms of Estonia
The coat of arms of Estonia has existed long before they were official recognized after the War of Independence between 1918 and 1920, when the Republic of Estonia was internationally recognized.
The symbol has been in use since the 13th century, where the big coat of arms was used for the capital city, Tallinn. The origin of the slim blue lions can be traced back to the King of Denmark at the time, Valdemar the Second. As Denmark was the ruling power of Northern Estonia at the time, it imposed the coat of arms upon the state.
Jincheng
Jincheng Township is a township in the Republic of China. It is the capital of Kinmen County and Fujian Province.
Bastille Day military parade
Reviewing the troops
President of the French Republic leaves the Élysée Palace aboard his official car and joined the Arc de Triomphe, escorted by bikers of the Republican Guard. After that he boarded a military vehicle, his command car. From that moment, under the protocol, it fully embodies the role of "Chief of the Armies". Thus he reviews the troops stationed on the right side of the avenue. Aboard his military vehicle he rejoind and its place in the official gallery. A detachment of the Republican Guard makes military honors to the president.
Nule
Nule (Nule) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,380 people lived there. Its area is 51.95 km². It is 650 meters above sea level.
Bastille Day military parade
First flypast
The Bastille Day military parade begins really by the first flypast. The Alpha Jet of the famous Patrouille de France fly over Paris. They produce smokes of three colors, blue, white, and red, like of the Flag of France. Behind them marched combat aircraft, military transport aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft and training aircraft. These aircraft represent military and state components : French Air Force, French Navy, and French Sécurité Civile. In 2015 the most represented were Dassault Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale, Casa CN-235M, Airbus A400M Atlas, and Bombardier CL-415.
Troop parade
.
After it's the moment for the troops to make the parade. In first the military schools and behind them the regiments and formed units. In addition of soldiers and officers (of the French Army, the French Navy, and the French Air Force) firemen of the Paris Fire Brigade and Sécurité Civile, and policemen of the Gendarmerie Nationale and Police Nationale make the parade.
The troops parade always ends with the famous Légion Étrangère. This elite unit of the French army walks more slowly than other soldiers, so it goes last.
Seconde Flypast
Then comes the turn of the helicopters. From French Army, French Air Force, French Navy, Gendarmerie Nationale, and Sécurité Civile. In 2015 it was NH90 Caïman, Eurocopter EC725 Caracal, Eurocopter EC665 Tigre, and Aérospatiale SA-342 Gazelle.
Vehicles parade
In first, it's motorcycles of the Gendarmerie Nationale and Police Nationale. And after armored military cars, tanks, troops trucks, and specialized vehicles are in Paris. At the end of vehicles parade it's red cars, ambulances and fire trucks of Paris Fire Brigade.
Cultural impact
The Bastille Day military parade is very famous in France. All years more than 15 000 peoples come in Paris to see it. It is broadcast in live by two TV channels : TF1 and France 2.
Nughedu San Nicolò
Nughedu San Nicolò (Nughèdu) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 819 people lived there. Its area is 67.89 km². It is 577 meters above sea level.
Crodo
Crodo is a comune in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont.
SWAPO Party Youth League
The SWAPO Party Youth League (SPYL), formerly SWAPO Youth League (SYL), is the youth wing of the SWAPO Party, the ruling party of Namibia. It shares the same principles as those of the SWAPO Party.
1929–30 NHL season
The 1929–30 NHL season was the thirteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens upset the heavily favoured Boston Bruins two games to none for the Stanley Cup.
Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold
Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes
Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1929–30 (listed with their last team):
Flag of Maryland
The official flag of the state of Maryland consists of the heraldic banner of George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1579–1632). The flag was officially adopted by the Maryland General Assembly in 1904.
Roman Senate
The Roman Senate was the longest-lasting institution in Ancient Rome. It began in the first years of the city, which was supposedly founded in 753 BC. It survived the Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC), the Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD) and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD).
The Senate started as an advisory council of elders. The word "senate" came from 'senex' meaning "old man". The Senate reached its peak in the middle Republic, when it was the most powerful body in Rome. The Senate lost much of its power in the first period of the Empire, known as the Principate.
After Diocletian, when the centre of government was moved out of Rome, the Senate became just a municipal body. The influence of the old idea lived on, and Constantine II set up a Senate in Constantinople.
Functions
The Senate passed decrees called senatus consultum, which were advice from the Senate to a magistrate (senior official). They usually were obeyed in practice.
Through such advice, the Senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief magistrates) in their handling of military conflicts.
The Senate also had power over the civil government in Rome. Only the Senate could authorize paying out public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Empire grew, the Senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors. It decided which magistrate should govern which province.
The senators were patricians, and so members by birth, or men of lesser birth who had notable achievements. Under the early kings, the Senate numbered 100, but grew to 900, then Augustus reduced it to 600. Even so, only about 100 to 200 members were active at any given time. From time to time there were other sources of power in Rome, such as assemblies, magistrates, dictators and emperors, but the Senate always played a part.
Brioude
Brioude is a commune. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
Jones and the Lady Book Agent
Jones and the Lady Book Agent is a 1909 American silent comedy movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars John R. Cumpson, Florence Lawrence, and Flora Finch.
Geological formation
A formation, or rock formation, is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy.
A formation consists of a certain number of rock strata. They have similar lithology (rocks), sedimentary facies (appearance) or other properties. Formations are not defined on the thickness of the rock strata, and the thickness of different formations can therefore vary widely.
Zviad Gamsakhurdia
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (ზვიად გამსახურდია, tr. Zviad K'onst'ant'ines dze Gamsakhurdia; Звиа́д Константи́нович Гамсаху́рдия, tr. Zviad Konstantinovich Gamsakhurdiya; March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993) was a Georgian scientist and writer. He became the first democratically elected President of Georgia in the post-Soviet era.
Geological formation
The concept of formally defined layers or strata is central to stratigraphy. A formation can be divided into 'members' and are themselves packed together in 'groups'.
Formations were initially described as time markers, based on relative dating and the law of superposition. The divisions of the history of the Earth were the formations described and put in chronological order by the geologists and stratigraphers of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Rock formations are formed by sedimentary deposition in environments which may persist for hundreds of millions of years. For example, the Hammersley Basin in Pilbara, Western Australia, is a Proterozoic sedimentary basin where up to 1200 million years of sedimentation is preserved intact. Here, up to 300 million years is represented by a single unit of banded iron formation and shale.
Avenal, California
Avenal is a city in Kings County, California.
Paderborn (district)
Paderborn is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History
Paderborn became a part of Prussia in 1802. After the Napoleonic wars when Prussia created the province Westphalia it split Paderborn into two districts - Paderborn and Büren. In 1975 these two districts were joined together again to make the current Paderborn district.
Calistoga, California
Calistoga is a city in Napa County, in California's Wine Country. During the 2020 census, the population was 5,228.
Vassilis Alexakis
Vassilis Alexakis (Βασίλης Αλεξάκης) (25 December 1943 – 11 January 2021) was a Greek-French writer and self-translator. He translated many novels in Greek to French. Alexakis was born in Athens, Greece.
In 2006, Les mots étrangers was translated by Alyson Waters and published under the title Foreign Words; this was the first of his novels to be translated into English.
In 1995, he received the prestigious Prix Médicis for La langue maternelle. In 2007, he received the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française.
Alexakis died on 11 January 2021, aged 77.
Global citizenship
Global citizenship is the idea that everyone is a member of the world. This means that everyone has duties and rights no matter what country they come from.
Baldwin, Florida
Baldwin is a town in Florida in the United States.
Calotropis gigantea
Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea) is a species of plant. It is also known as Giant Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadodeae. It is native to southeast Asia. It has been naturalized in Hawai'i.
Ox (zodiac)
The Ox is the second of the 12-year animal cycle that appears in the Chinese zodiac in relation to the Chinese Calendar. The 'Year of the Ox' is denoted by the Earthly Branch symbol 丑. The name is also translated into English as 'cow'. This is because 牛 / 丑 also refers to Cow in general, both men and women.
In the Vietnamese zodiac, the water buffalo takes the position of the Ox. In the Guru zodiac, the cow is also replaced by the Cow.
Year and the Five Elements
People born within these dates can be said to be born in the "Year of the Cow", while carrying the following elemental sign.
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network
This is a list of television programs broadcast on Cartoon Network.
Programming from Warner Bros. Discovery
An asterisk (*) indicates that the program initially aired as a Cartoon Network program.
References
General
Specific
South of Heaven
South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. South of Heaven was released on July 5, 1988. The album was released through Def Jam. It is the second collaboration with record producer Rick Rubin.
The album is their second to enter the Billboard 200 and was their last album that was released under Def Jam Recordings. Guitarist Jeff Hanneman has said that the album was the only album that the band members had discussed before writing the music. They knew that they "couldn't top Reign in Blood", and that whatever they recorded would be "compared to that album", he believed they "had to slow down", something the band had never done on albums before, or since.
Guitarist Kerry King mentioned the need to "keep people guessing" as another reason for the musical shift. According to Slayer's official biography: "In order to contrast the aggressive assault put forth on Reign in Blood, Slayer consciously slowed down the tempo of the album as a whole". "They also added elements like undistorted guitars and toned-down vocal styles not heard on previous albums."
Daemon (computer software)
In Unix, and in other computer multitasking operating systems, a daemon ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background task. Many daemons have names that end with the letter "d": for example, <tt>syslogd</tt>, the daemon that handles the system log, <tt>httpd</tt>, a daemon that handles web requests, or <tt>sshd</tt>, which takes care of incoming SSH connections.
Panzerschreck
A Panzerschreck (also known as a Raketenpanzerbüchse, abbreviated to RPzB) is an infantry weapon made by Nazi Germany. They fired an 88 mm calibre anti-tank rocket. Unlike the Panzerfaust, they were reusuable.
Tanit Phoenix
Tanit Phoenix (born 24 September 1980) is a South African super model, actress and makeup artist. She is known for her swimwear and lingerie photo shoots after appearing in a Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 2003 and in GQ magazine and FHM in the same year. She was born in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
In 2016, she married actor Sharlto Copley. They have one child.
Overcharge
Overcharge is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller actually paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller would have paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.
The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.
Sharlto Copley
Sharlto Copley (born 27 November 1973) is a South African actor.
He has played Wikus van der Merwe in the Oscar-nominated science fiction movie District 9, Howling Mad Murdock in the 2010 adaptation of The A-Team, Agent C.M. Kruger in the science fiction movie Elysium, James Corrigan in the science fiction horror movie Europa Report and King Stefan in the dark fantasy adventure movie Maleficent.
He also played the title character in the science fiction movie Chappie, as Jimmy in Hardcore Henry, and starred in two seasons as Christian Walker of the TV series Powers.
La Habra Heights, California
La Habra Heights is a city in Los Angeles County, California.
Harriet Frank Jr.
Harriet Frank Jr. (March 2, 1923 – January 28, 2020) was an American screenwriter and producer. She was born in Portland, Oregon.
Frank worked alongside her husband, Irving Ravetch. Frank won many awards during her career, such as the New York Film Critics Circle Awards and the Writers Guild of America Award, and several nominations.
Her best known works are The Long, Hot Summer (1958), Norma Rae (1979), Murphy's Romance (1985) and Stanley & Iris (1990).
Frank was one of the "leading characters" in the 2017 memoir The Mighty Franks: A Memoir.
Frank died on January 28, 2020 at her home in Los Angeles at the age of 96.
American comic book
The comic book superhero first emerged from pulp fiction in the 1930s in what is known as the Golden Age of DC Comics and its protagonists superheroes characters such as Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman, who were only marginally associated with science and technology. The post-World War II period saw a decline in the popularity of these figures. But in the 1960s, Marvel Comics brought about a Silver Age by creating a new pantheon of superheroes characters including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk and the X-Men, all of whom reflected a deeper concern for the ethical issues associated with science and technology in the nuclear age.
This was followed by a superhero boom that lasted until the end of World War II. After the war, while superheroes were well known, the comic book industry later made comics of horror, crime, science fiction and romance.
Chloé Dufour-Lapointe
Chloé Dufour-Lapointe (born December 2, 1991 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian freestyle skier. She skied in the moguls events for Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi where she won a silver medal. Her sister Justine Dufour-Lapointe also won a gold medal in the event which was the first time that Canadian sisters stood together on the podium. She also competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver where she placed fifth on February 13, 2010.
Hawaiian Gardens, California
Hawaiian Gardens is a city in Los Angeles County, California.
Recklinghausen (district)
Recklinghausen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Flat Earth
The flat earth is a scientifically false hypothesis that the surface of the Earth is not roughly a sphere, but rather flat (a plane). Belief in a flat Earth is found in writings predating around 500 BC. Early Mesopotamian maps showed the world as a flat disk floating in the ocean.
This was a common belief until the Classical Greeks began to discuss the Earth's shape about the 4th century BC. One of the "giveaways" is that ships' masts disappear as they move away from shore.
Eratosthenes (276 BC –194 BC ) calculated the circumference of the Earth quite well. From then on, few educated people ever believed in its being flat, though the idea of a flat earth was still common among the less educated. Aristotle knew the Earth was round, that is to say, roughly spherical. (330 BC).
The large-scale shape of the Earth only matters when considering large distances, as it is hard to see the Earth's curve from the ground. Therefore in the Ancient world only sailors, astronomers, philosophers, and theologians would have cared about the Earth's large-scale shape.
The following authors argued for a spherical or ball-shaped earth: King Alfred of the Anglo-Saxons, Hildegard von Bingen, Thomas Aquinas, Snorri Sturluson, Marco Polo, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Columbus
Portuguese people explored Africa and Asia, Columbus sailed to the Americas (1492) and Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated (sailed all round) the earth (1519-21). This proved finally, and in a practical way, that the Earth is a globe.
During the 19th century, the Romantic ideas about a European "Dark Age" made the Flat Earth model look more important than it ever had been in history.
In 1849, the Flat Earth movement was revived by Samuel Rowbotham, who wrote the book Zetetic Astronomy, which says that the results of his Bedford level experiment proved that the earth was flat.
The widely circulated woodcut is of a man poking his head through the firmament of a flat Earth to see the machines working the spheres. It was made in 16th century style but cannot be traced to an earlier time than Camille Flammarion's L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire (Paris, 1888, p. 163). The woodcut illustrates the statement in the text that a missionary in the middle Ages claimed that "he reached the horizon where the Earth and the heavens met". That story may be traced back to Voltaire, but not to any known source in the Middle ages. The original woodcut had a decorative border that places it in the 19th century; in later publications, some claimed that the woodcut dated from the 16th century and the border was removed. According to an unproved story Flammarion ordered the woodcut himself; certainly no source of the image earlier than Flammarion's book is known.
An early mention in literature was Ludvig Holberg's comedy Erasmus Montanus (1723). A great many people disagree with Erasmus Montanus when he claims the Earth is round, since all the peasants believe it is flat. He is not allowed to marry his fiancée until he cries "The earth is flat as a pancake". In Rudyard Kipling's The Village that Voted the Earth was Flat, the main characters spread the rumor that a Parish Council meeting had voted in favor of a flat Earth.
Myth
The myth of the flat Earth, or the flat earth error, is a modern wrong idea. It says that European scholars and educated people during the Middle Ages believed the Earth to be flat. They did not.
Fantasy fiction
Fantasy fiction often imagines a flat Earth. In C. S. Lewis' The Voyage of the Dawn Treader the fictional world of Narnia is "round like a table" (i.e., flat), not "round like a ball", and the characters sail toward the edge of this world. Terry Pratchett's Strata and Discworld novels (1983 onwards) are set on a flat, disc-shaped world resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle.
Howard Johnson (jazz musician)
Howard Lewis Johnson (August 7, 1941 – January 11, 2021) was an American jazz musician. He was known for his work on tuba and baritone saxophone. He also played the bass clarinet, trumpet, and other reed instruments. He was born in Montgomery, Alabama.
Johnson was known for his sideman work, mainly with George Gruntz, Hank Crawford, and Gil Evans. During the 1970s, he was the live band conductor of the Saturday Night Live Band.
Johnson died on January 11, 2021 at his home in New York City, aged 79.
James B. Dudley
James Benson Dudley (November 2, 1859 – April 4, 1925) was President of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University from 1896 until his death in 1925. James B. Dudley High School in the town of Greensboro, North Carolina, where the Agricultural and Technical University is located, was named after Dudley because of his work for his community.
Early life
Dudley was born on November 2, 1859. Dudley was an infant slave, born into slavery; his parents were owned by Edward B. Dudley the Governor of North Carolina from 1836 to 1841. The governor had a great impact on Dudley. One of the governor's thoughts was that all people need to be educated. Dudley kept these ideas in mind, and they affected everything he did for the rest of his life.
Education
Most of the schools in the area were closed after the American Civil War because there was not enough money. Dudley was not able to go to school until 1867 (age 8) when a private school opened. Dudley was one of the first students to enroll. Dudley later went to public schools when they opened in his area, and learned Latin. After going to public school, Dudley attended the Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For college Dudley attended Shaw College in Raleigh, North Carolina. During his education he focused on learning to become an teacher. In 1880, at age 21, Dudley took the North Carolina state test needed to become a teacher, and passed. Later he attended Harvard summer school and gained an Master of Arts from Livingstone College and a doctorate degree from Wilberforce University.
Peabody Graded School
Dudley worked as a teacher. He first taught in a first-grade classroom in Sampson County. The following year he became principal of Peabody Graded School in Wilmington, North Carolina in 1881. The school at this time was one of a few "very good public schools for African Americans" in the area. He spent the next 15 years teaching in Wilmington. He was also President of the State Teachers' Association For Negroes for six years.
Other Roles
He also worked editing and publishing the Wilmington Chronicle. He worked with the Chronicle for fifteen years. He was also register of deeds in Wilmington for a period of time, and organized the Perpetual Building and Loan Association.