cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Rumination
Depression
It is generally thought that those who ruminate, especially those who brood, have a higher likelihood of getting depressed and falling into a deeper depression than those who do not. This association seems to hold even when you account for people being depressed at the start of the study, and to be valid across ages and populations. Ruminating is also suggested to make people more vulnerable to other risk factors for depression such as gender, less memory of one’s own life, neuroticism, negative thinking styles and perfectionism. The effects of the other kind of rumination, reflection, are more varied. Even though it is generally agreed that the this style of rumination is related to less depression overall, and especially a smaller likelihood of developing depression in the future, new research points to the connection between the reflection and self-critical ruminative thinking (often thinking the same mean thoughts about yourself).
At first, RST said that rumination predicted for how long one was depressed, but evidence has shown that this might not be true, and instead rumination predicts how many and how deep depressive episodes a person might have. It was also first suggested that people who ruminate can distract themselves to improve their mood, but this has been questioned and evidence against it has been shown since.
Anxiety
Rumination is in many ways similar and related to worry, which is central to anxiety disorders. This relationship is thought to explain the part of the link between anxiety and rumination. Still, rumination on its own, especially the brooding kind, has been shown to predict both having anxiety and getting it in the future. Brooding has also been shown to make the link between neuroticism and anxiety stronger.
Rumination is also thought to increase the risk of getting other mental troubles like bipolar disorder, eating disorders, binge drinking and self-injury.
Gender differences
Studies on what groups of people ruminate and how much show that women generally ruminate more than men. This difference is the biggest in teenage years, but on the whole it is small. Studies on this suggest that the higher likelihood for women to ruminate might explain the generally bigger portion of women suffering from depression compared to men. This finding is limited by similar things such as worry and neuroticism playing into the association, though. The two-factor model suggests that it is the higher rates of brooding among women specifically that is driving the gender differences we see in depressive symptoms.
Grosse Tête, Louisiana
Grosse Tête is a village in Iberville Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Verson
Verson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) is the body system that moves blood around the body. It consists of the heart and blood vessels. The blood carries various materials that the body needs, and takes away waste and harmful substances.
Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Arteries divide into smaller arteries as they go away from the heart. The smaller arteries that connect to the capillaries, are called arterioles.
Blood vessels that take blood towards the heart are veins. Veins get bigger as they go towards the heart. The smallest veins are called venules. Pronounced (VEHN-yools)
Capillaries go between arteries and veins. Capillaries are quite thin, hence the name which comes from the Latin capillus meaning "hair."
So blood moves: heart→artery→arteriole→capillary→venule→vein→heart. This is called circulation. There are two different circulations in the circulatory system. The systemic circulation is how blood goes to most of the body. The pulmonary circulation is how blood goes through the lungs. (Pulmonary means ¨about the lungs¨). This is how it works in mammals, including humans. Circulatory systems of other vertebrates differ somewhat.
Systemic circulation
Blood that comes from the left side of the heart is full of oxygen and nutrients. Nutrients are substances that your body needs to live, like protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. The blood brings the oxygen and nutrients to your body.
This blood in systemic arteries that is full of oxygen and nutrients is systemic arterial blood. It is sometimes just called arterial blood.
The biggest systemic artery in the body is the aorta. This is the large blood vessel that comes out of the heart. Smaller arteries branch off from the aorta. These arteries have smaller arteries that branch off from them. The smallest arteries turn into arterioles.
The smallest blood vessels are capillaries. Systemic arterioles turn into capillaries. The blood from arterioles goes into the capillaries. There oxygen and nutrients go out of the blood into the tissue around the capillaries. The blood also picks up carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue. The network of capillaries that brings blood to an area is called a capillary bed.
On the other end of the capillary, it turns into a venule. Venules are the smallest veins. Veins take blood back to the heart. As veins go back to the heart, they merge and get bigger. The biggest systemic veins in the body are the vena cava. There are two vena cava. The inferior vena cava takes blood from the lower part of the body to the right side of the heart. (In anatomy, inferior means below.) The superior vena cava takes blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. (Superior means above.)
Pulmonary circulation
This same movement of blood goes through the lungs in the pulmonary circulation.
The blood that the vena cava vein takes to the heart is full of carbon dioxide. It has much less oxygen than (systemic) arterial blood. The right side of the heart pushes the venous blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery takes blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood goes through the pulmonary capillary bed. (The capillaries that are in the lungs). Here it gets more oxygen. It also drops off carbon dioxide. (This is the opposite of what happens in capillary beds in the rest of the body. In the systemic circulation blood drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide).
After the pulmonary capillary bed, the blood goes to the pulmonary veins. This pulmonary venous blood now is full of oxygen. The pulmonary veins take blood to the left side of the heart. Then the blood goes to the systemic circulation again.
The shunt
Veins from the gut shunt to the liver before returning to the right atrium and ventricle. The shunt is called the hepatic portal vein.
The meaning of this is as follows. The liver is the body's main chemical factory. It takes in the flow of nutrients from the gut, and adjusts them to suit what the body needs. It can store surplus nutrients, or release extra nutrients from store. It can change the chemical make-up of many nutrients. In this way it adapts to the many different kinds of food which the body digests.
Maclyn McCarty
Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.
McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.
McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.
The work
The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.
Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.
This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.
Rosedale, Louisiana
Rosedale is a village in Iberville Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Angela Beesley Starling
Angela Beesley Starling (born on August 3, 1977) is a British web entrepreneur. She started as a volunteer editor at the English Wikipedia in February 2003. In June 2004, she was elected to the board of the Wikimedia Foundation and re-elected in July 2005.
She is married to Tim Starling.
Derby (horse race)
Derby is a type of race for horses. The race is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby. A Derby only allows a certain age of horse to race. Most Derbies in the United States and the United Kingdom require the horse be three years old to race. So if the horse misses the Kentucky Derby when he is three, he will not get another chance to race in it. Derbies in other countries sometimes require the horse to be four years old.
Rockhopper penguin
The rockhopper penguins are closely related crested penguins that were thought to be a single species. They are now usually split into two or three species.
Not all experts agree on the classification of these penguins. Some think all three are distinct species. Some split the western and eastern forms into the southern rockhopper penguin and keeping the northern rockhopper as distinct, while other experts lump all three, calling it simply 'rockhopper penguin'.
They have a crest of feathers on their heads. Unlike other penguins, they usually live in rocky places. They are called rockhopper because they hop from rock to rock to their nesting places. They keep both feet together so they can jump up more than a metre.
Although the rockhopper penguin is one of the world’s most numerous penguins, the population has dropped almost 90% since the early 20th century. The cause of this decline is mainly unknown. Scientists speculate that humans are involved, mostly by commercial overfishing, oil exploitation, and pollution.
Reef
A reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature below the water surface (less than 80 meters below low water).
Vicques, Calvados
Vicques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Seybothenreuth
Seybothenreuth is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany.
Clapham Junction railway station
Clapham Junction railway station is a train station in Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is on St. John's Hill in the south west of Battersea.
The services
All services to Waterloo and many services to Victoria and Croydon stations pass through the junction; these include South West Trains, Gatwick Express and Southern services. Services from Clapham Junction also head north along the West London line, through West Brompton and Kensington (Olympia), on to Willesden Junction and Watford Junction - services (to Willesden Junction) are operated by London Overground.
Typical off-peak service of about 110 trains (one train every 30 seconds) is:
The facilities
The station has 17 platforms, numbered 1 to 17, and arranged in two groups. Platform 1, the northernmost platform. The station's main entrance is from St. John's Hill, into a foot tunnel which is 15 ft (4.6 m) wide. It runs under the eastern end of the 17 platforms, and to a northern exit, which has restricted opening hours. The foot tunnel becomes very crowded during the morning and evening rush hours, and ticket barriers at the end of the tunnel are a particular pinch point.
A covered footbridge connects the platforms at their western end. The footbridge does not have an exit to or from the station.
The Junction
The station is named Clapham Junction because it is close to the joining point of a number of major rail lines—although the name is not shared by any junction near the station. The names of the nearby rail junctions are:
Antonio Medellín
Antonio Medellín (15 April 1942 – 18 June 2017) was a Mexican actor. He was known for his roles in the telenovelas Muchachitas and Rubí. In movies, he was known for his role in the 1982 drama Mexican movie Aquel famoso Remington. He was born in Mexico City, Mexico. His career lasted from 1962 until his death in 2017.
Medellín died on 18 June 2017 at a hospital in Mexico City at the age of 75.
Ásgeir Trausti
Ásgeir Trausti Einarsson (born 1 July 1992) is an Icelandic singer-songwriter. In 2013 he started releasing music as Ásgeir. He lives in Reykjavík, Iceland. His first album, Dýrð í dauðaþögn, was released in 2012. An English version of the album called In the Silence was released in 2014.
Vienne-en-Bessin
Vienne-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Alysia Reiner
Alysia Reiner (born July 21, 1970) is an American actress and stage producer. Reiner is best known for playing Natalie "Fig" Figueroa in the Netflix comedy drama series, Orange Is the New Black (2013–2017) for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award for her role as part of the ensemble cast.
Reiner is Jewish.
Tasmanian Legislative Council
The Tasmanian Legislative Council is the upper house of the Parliament of Tasmania.
Salem (TV series)
Salem is an American supernatural fiction drama television show. It was created by Brannon Braga and Adam Simon. The first episode was made public on April 20, 2014. Salem is WGN America's first scripted series. Janet Montgomery and Shane West are the main actors/actresses of the show. Salem is influenced by the Salem Witch Trials in the 17th century.
Overview
In 1692 the Puritan colony was affected by young girls "crying out" accusations of devil worship against other members of the congregation. A mix of fear and superstition caused a hysteria among the Puritans that devil-worshiping witches were among them. A mob mentality caused people to torture and execute others women (and a few men) for no reason other than hysteria over the possibility of them being witches. Over 150 people were accused of being witches and placed on trial.
Salem, the WGN America series, reworks this history into a fictional story full of magic, witches as actual beings, and sexy characters. In the TV series the main characters, John Alden (Shane West) and Mary Sibley (Janet Montgomery), find themselves in love even though the whole town is in a frenzy over witch hunts. The New York Times review called it "perversely entertaining."
Cast
Most of the characters are based on the names of real people.
Reviews
Salem scored 49 out of 100, based on 16 critic reviews on Metacritic. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season scored 54%, with an average rating of 5.5 out of 10 based on 26 critic reviews. The show was also nominated for two awards.
Kidney cancer
Kidney cancer is a form of cancer that begins in the kidneys. Common forms include Wilms tumor, which occurs in children, and renal cell carcinoma.
Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
Neumarkt-Sankt Veit (until 1934 the town was called Neumarkt an der Rott) is a town in Mühldorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Rott, 10 kilometers north of Mühldorf, and 33 kilometers southeast of Landshut.
Kidney cancer
Treatment
Treatment of renal cancer depends on the type of cancer. For renal cell carcinoma, removing the kidney, (Nephrectomy), is the best treatment when the cancer is localized. Removing a part of the kidney, (partial nephrectomy) may also be an option for some patients.
Lillie, Louisiana
Lillie is a village in Union Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Vierville-sur-Mer
Vierville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Downsville, Louisiana
Downsville is a village in Lincoln and Union parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
Malaria
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite: it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. People catch malaria when the parasite enters the blood. The parasite causes a deadly infection which kills many people each year (from 75 million cases in 1950s to 0.1 million cases in 1960s). However, due to the development of insecticide resistance among mosquitoes and other factors, it staged a comeback in the mid-1970s (6.47 million cases in 1976), and continues to prevail in endemic/subendemic proportions, so that 80% Indian population lives in malaria risk areas.
Malaria is produced by 4 species of the protozoal parasite Plasmodium, is endemic in many tropical countries. It is one of the most common health problems. As per latest WHO estimates (2011)* between 149 and 274 (median 216) million clinical cases and ~ 0.655 million deaths occur globally due to malaria each year, 90% of which are in Africa. This amounts to one malaria death every minute. In India, the National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP), started in 1958, achieved near complete disappearance of the disease in 1960s (from 75 million cases in 1950s to 0.1 million cases in 1960s).
People usually get malaria from the Anopheles or Culex mosquitoes : they are the vectors of the disease. The Plasmodium gets into people by the bites of mosquitoes. The Plasmodium is in the mosquito's special saliva. The mosquito's saliva injects an anticoagulant into the person to prevent their blood from clotting. The person is then infected with Plasmodium as a by-product. This makes the person have the disease we call malaria.
Only the female mosquito gives people malaria, because only the female mosquito consumes blood. The male mosquito lives on the nectar of flowers. The female uses blood as a source of protein for its eggs.
Some people do not get malaria from mosquitoes. A baby can get it while inside its mother. This is called maternal-foetal transmission. People can also get malaria from a blood transfusion. This is when someone gives blood to another person. Another way people can catch malaria is by using a needle that someone with the disease used before them.
Malaria parasite life cycle
There are several species (kinds) of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans:
P. vivax and P. falciparum cause the most malaria in people. Falciparum malaria is the worst kind, and kills the most people.
When Plasmodium enters the blood, they are then called sporozoites. Sporozoites go to the liver, where they make many more sporozoites. Then they change into a different form of Plasmodium. This form is the merozoite. The merozoites go into the red blood cells, then they make many more merozoites.
The merozoites break out of the red blood cells again and again. When they do this, the person gets very sick, and shows symptoms of malaria. This happens every few days, and is called a paroxysm.
P. vivax and P. ovale can live in the liver for a long time. A person can look well, but still have the Plasmodium in the liver. This is called a dormant phase. Weeks or months later, the Plasmodium can leave the liver to the blood, and the person will get sick again.
P. falciparum is the most dangerous type of malaria. It makes people sicker than those with other types of malaria, because there are more of them in the blood. Also, with falciparum malaria, the red blood cells are sticky. This makes the red blood cells block blood vessels. If blood vessels are blocked, this can hurt what the blood vessel brings blood to, and can hurt people's organs.
Who is affected by malaria
Pregnant women and children are hurt most by malaria. When they get malaria, they get sicker.
Luba Goy
Luba Goy (born 8 November 1945 in Germany) is now a Canadian comedienne and a Canadian television star. She is of Ukrainian descent. She was probably best known as one of the stars of the Canadian comedy show Royal Canadian Air Farce.
Julio César Turbay Ayala
Julio César Turbay Ayala (18 June 1916 – 13 September 2005) was the 25th President of Colombia from 1978 to 1982.
Malaria
Who is affected by malaria
40% of people live in a place where there is malaria. Malaria is in these places:
Every year, 300 to 700 million people get malaria. It kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. 90% of the deaths occur in Africa. Most of the people who die from malaria are children. Even if children do not die, many have brain damage.
Julio César Turbay Ayala
1978 Security Statute
In response to an increase in guerrilla activity, a 1978 decree known as the Security Statute was implemented by Turbay's administration.
Malaria
Signs and symptoms of malaria
Symptoms are changes in someone's body that are signs for a disease. Most people who get malaria get symptoms 10–30 days after they get infected (the Plasmodium gets in their blood.) But some people can get symptoms after only a week, and some may be infected with malaria and not have symptoms for a year.
The most common symptom of malaria is fever, when the body temperature is high. The fever from malaria usually comes very suddenly. The people who have malaria often feel like they had influenza.
Julio César Turbay Ayala
1980 Dominican embassy crisis
In late 1980, sixteen ambassadors were held hostage for 61 days as part of a takeover of the Dominican Republic's embassy. The incident soon spread throughout worldwide headlines, as ambassadors from the United States of America, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Israel and Venezuela had been taken hostage, as well as Colombia's top representative to the Holy See.
Malaria
Signs and symptoms of malaria
Symptoms of malaria are: Signs of malaria:
Julio César Turbay Ayala
Personal life
Turbay married his niece, Nydia Quintero Turbay, on July 1, 1948. They had four children together: Julio César, Diana, Claudia, and María Victoria. However, their marriage was annulled by the Roman Catholic Church, and in 1986 he married his longtime companion Amparo Canal, to whom he remained married until his death.
In January 1991, Turbay's daughter Diana was kidnapped by orders of the Medellín Cartel and died during a failed police rescue operation not sanctioned by her family. Her kidnapping is chronicled in News of a Kidnapping by the Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel García Márquez (1996) and depicted in multiple onscreen productions.
Malaria
Clinical diagnosis
A clinical diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms of a disease, it is a diagnosis made without medical testing. In the case of malaria one of the main symptoms which may lead to a clinical diagnosis of malaria is a fever.
Julio César Turbay Ayala
Death
Turbay died on September 13, 2005. He was honored by a state funeral personally led by President Álvaro Uribe and was buried at the Sacromonte Caves at Canton Norte, an army base in Bogotá.
Farwell, California
Farwell is a unincorporated community in Alameda County, California. It is found along California State Route 84, in Niles Canyon.
Malaria
Clinical diagnosis
Any clinical diagnosis of malaria should be confirmed by a trained professional based upon laboratory results as soon as it is possible.
Malaria rapid diagnostic test
A Malaria rapid diagnostic test is a blood test which can confirm a diagnosis of malaria in about twenty minutes. RDTs are not foolproof and have a number of drawbacks, and as such a negative rapid diagnostic test should not be accepted at face-value and follow-up with malaria microscopy is necessary.
Malaria microscopy
To see if patients have malaria, doctors may do a blood test. This test is called a Giemsa blood smear. Blood is put on a slide which is a thin piece of glass. The Giemsa stain is put on the slide. This stain helps doctors see the malaria. Then they look at the slide under a microscope. The Plasmodium is seen in the red blood cells.
Treatment
People with different kinds of malaria need different medicines. The medicine that works for one kind of malaria may not for another kind. So it is very important to know which species of Plasmodium the person has.
Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich
Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich (circa 1830 - 1911) - prominent Tatar businessman and patron of the arts who financed the construction of the largest mosque in Moscow (built in 1904).
Malaria
Treatment
If the species is not known, the person should be given medicine and care like they have falciparum malaria – the worst kind.
It is also important to know where the person got malaria. Plasmodium in some places is resistant to some medicines. So the medicines to treat malaria in Africa are different from the medicines to treat malaria from South America.
Treatment of malaria other than falciparum
Everywhere except New Guinea, the treatment is the same. In New Guinea most P. vivax is resistant to chloroquine. It can be treated with quinine, but this medicine can make people sick. Everywhere else, non-falciparum malaria is treated with chloroquine.
Chloroquine kills the Plasmodium in the blood. But the Plasmodium in the liver is not killed by chloroquine. P. vivax and P. ovale both stay in the liver a long time. This is the dormant phase. Another medicine must be given with chloroquine for P. vivax and P. ovale. This is to kill the Plasmodium in the liver. The medicine used to kill malaria in the liver is primaquine. In southeast Asia, some P. vivax is resistant to primaquine. Most other places, primaquine works very well.
Some people get very sick from primaquine. So people have to be tested to see if they have G6PD-deficiency before they take primaquine.
Treatment of falciparum malaria
Falciparum is the worst kind of malaria. People with falciparum malaria should be treated in a hospital if they are:
Even people who are treated with medicines at home should stay with the doctor for 8 hours. This is to make sure they do not get sicker.It also makes sure they can take the medicines by mouth. Malaria does not start to become a life-threatening disease until it has been a couple of weeks after the bite without being treated.
Falciparum malaria also has more resistance to medicines. This makes it much harder to treat. Falciparum malaria is always treated with two or more medicines. Doctors choose the medicines by where in the world the person got malaria. Different places have P. falciparum that is resistant to different medicines.
The most important resistance is chloroquine-resistance. In some places in the world, P. falciparum is killed by chloroquine. In some places it is chloroquine-resistant. This means chloroquine does not kill it. In these places quinine can be used. Quinine is taken by mouth.
Control mosquitoes
Vector control is one way to stop malaria. Vector means an organism that carries an infectious disease to another organism. For malaria, the vector is the Anopheles mosquito.
The most used method of vector control is pesticides. These are chemicals that kill the mosquito. The first pesticide used for vector control was DDT. DDT worked very well for vector control. It killed mosquitoes. It did not make people very sick at the time it was used. It did not cost very much money. Other chemicals for vector control had not been invented yet.
In many places mosquitoes became resistant to DDT. This meant that DDT did not work anymore in these areas. Scientists worried that DDT was making people and animals sick. It killed a lot of wildlife too. DDT also stays in the environment for a long time. For these reasons, people mostly use other chemicals for vector control. Organophosphate or carbonate pesticides are used, like malathion or bendiocarb.
Vector control is not the only way to stop malaria. And DDT is not the only chemical that can be used for vector control. The best way to stop malaria is to use a combination of methods. In some places, DDT may be a useful part of a program to stop malaria. This is why DDT is still allowed to be used for controlling malaria.
Keeping mosquitoes from biting
The mosquito that carries malaria comes more at dawn (when the sun comes up) and dusk (when the sun goes down.) Be most careful at these times. Wear long trousers and shirts with long sleeves. Wear mosquito repellent (this is a chemical that mosquitoes do not like, so they do not bite.) Mosquitoes will bite through thin cloth. So repellent should be used on skin and clothes.
Pesticides can be used in rooms to kill mosquitoes. When sleeping outside, people use a mosquito net. This is made from cloth that air can go through but keeps mosquitoes out. It is put over a bed where people sleep to keep mosquitoes out. Sometimes people also use it when they are not sleeping. It is best to use mosquito nets that have been treated with Permethrin, which repels and kills mosquitoes.
Taking medicine to not get sick
Some people take prophylactic medicines for years. Many people in areas where there is malaria do not have the money to buy this medicine.
People who live where there is no malaria usually have not had malaria. The first case malaria is usually much worse. So people from places where there is no malaria may take prophylactic medicines when they go to places where there is malaria. The kind of prophylactic medicines people take depends on where they are. This is because not all medicines work on the malaria in every place.
Resistance to malaria
There are some children in Tanzania who are naturally immune to malaria. Researchers are using this to develop a new vaccine. U.S. researchers have found the children produce an antibody which attacks the malaria-causing parasite. Injecting a form of this antibody into mice protected the animals from the disease. The researchers plan to do tests on primates, including humans.
History
It was Britain's Sir Ronald Ross, working in the Presidency General Hospital in the Kolkata, who finally proved in 1898 that malaria is transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes. He did this by showing that certain mosquito species transmit malaria to birds. He isolated malaria parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes that had fed on infected birds. For this work, Ross received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine. After resigning from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly established Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and directed malaria-control efforts in Egypt, Panama, Greece and Mauritius. The findings of Finlay and Ross were later confirmed by a medical board headed by Walter Reed in 1900. Its recommendations were used during construction of the Panama Canal. This public-health work saved the lives of thousands of workers and helped develop the methods used in future public-health campaigns against the disease.
The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control malaria. The Jesuits noted the efficacy of the practice and introduced the treatment to Europe during the 1640s, where it was rapidly accepted. It was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by French chemists.
In the early 20th century, before antibiotics became available, Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovered that patients with syphilis could be treated by intentionally infecting them with malaria. The resulting fever would kill the syphilis spirochaetes, and quinine could be administered to control the malaria. Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable to the almost-certain death from syphilis.
In the twentieth century between 2% and 5% of all deaths  were from malaria. Malaria was the largest hazard encountered by U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II, where about 500,000 men were infected. Sixty thousand American soldiers died of malaria during the North African and South Pacific campaigns.
Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson
Pearl Lavinia Carr (2 November 1921 – 16 February 2020) and Edward Victor "Teddy" Johnson (4 September 1919 – 6 June 2018) were an English husband-and-wife team of entertainers, popular during the 1950s and early 1960s. Carr and Johnson were on British television light entertainment programmes, such as The Winifred Atwell Show as well as Big Night Out and Blackpool Night Out. They represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1959 and finished second with the song "Sing, Little Birdie". This peaked at #12 on the UK Singles Chart.
Carr was born in Exmouth, Devon, while Johnson was born in Surbiton, Surrey. Johnson died on 6 June 2018 at the age of 98. Carr died on 16 February 2020, at the age of 98.
List of Kurdish nationalist organizations
This is a list of Kurdish nationalist or pro-Kurdish organizations.
No Way Out (2002)
No Way Out (2002) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on February 17, 2002 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was the fourth No Way Out event held by the WWF.
Division of Lindsay
The Division of Lindsay is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1984 and is named after Sir Norman Lindsay, the Australian artist, writer and sculptor.
War of Devolution
In the 1667 to 1668 War of (the) Devolution, France occupied the Spanish-controlled provinces of Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté. Because of one law not many people knew about (called the Jus Devolutionis), Louis XIV claimed these provinces 'devolved' to him because of his marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain.
Division of Lindsay
The division is in the outer western suburbs of Sydney, and includes Cambridge Park, Cambridge Gardens, Castlereagh, Claremont Meadows, Cranebrook, Emu Plains, Glenmore Park, Jamisontown, Kingswood, Leonay, Llandilo, North St Marys, Oxley Park, Penrith, Regentville, St Marys, South Penrith, Werrington, Werrington County, Werrington Downs and parts of Agnes Banks, Luddenham and Wallacia.
War of Devolution
War
King Louis had claimed territory from the Spanish Empire as his own, due to his marriage of Maria Theresa. This claim started the conflict between France and the Spanish Empire. The Triple Alliance, (England, Sweden, and The Netherlands,) decided to get involved in this war, but not allying with either side. They saw 2 countries now weakened by war and realized they could expand. They also did this for the protection of each side, because both were a vital piece to trade in Europe and the world. The French soldiers marched into Flanders, (now in Belgium) and easily took over the city. Just a year later after almost a standoff, they made a peace treaty with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. They would partition the Spanish Dominions until the king's death, and France would annex part of the Netherlands.
Division of Lindsay
History
Since it was set up in 1984, its winning member of parliament has been from the party winning government.
Jackie Kelly won the seat during the 1996 election. Her win was challenged in the Court of Disputed Returns because she was still a citizen of New Zealand, and she worked as a legal officer for the Royal Australian Air Force. The Australian Constitution (Section 44) does not allow people who are citizens of another country, or people who are employed by the government to be members of Parliament. A by-election was held, and Kelly who had given up her New Zealand citizenship, and resigned from her airforce job was elected again.
In 2007 Kelly was again in trouble. Three days before the election her supporters, including her husband, were caught in Lindsay putting fake letters in peoples' letterboxes. These letters linked the Labor Party to Islamic terrorism.
Members
David Bradbury had served as the Mayor of Penrith. Every member of Lindsay to date, except Scott, has served as a minister.
Spearsville, Louisiana
Spearsville is a village in Union Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Mike B. Anderson
Mike B. Anderson (born 1973), sometimes credited as Mikel B. Anderson, is an American television director who works on The Simpsons and has directed numerous episodes of the show, and was animated first role in "Who Shot Mr. Burns?" And last role Halloween of Horror.
Crunchy Black
Crunchy Black (born August 1974 in Indiana) is an American rapper and dancer from Memphis, Tennessee. He left in 2006. He is best known for being a member of the Oscar-winning hip hop group Three 6 Mafia. Crunchy is known for his dancing "G-Walking", which he says he started doing at Club Memphis. He is not the starter of this dance but he is very good at it. He is known as a pioneer.
Günzburg
Günzburg is a town in the German state of Bavaria. It is the capital of the district of Günzburg.
Céline
Céline is a French female given name that comes from Greek. It may refer to:
Nick Fish
Nicholas Stuyvesant Fish (September 30, 1958 – January 2, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Democrat. He served as a commissioner of Portland, Oregon from 2008 until his death in 2020. Fish also worked with Portland Parks & Recreation, the Portland Housing Bureau and the Bureau of Environmental Services. He was born in Millbrook, New York. The Fish family are a notable political family. His father, Hamilton Fish IV, and grandfather, Hamilton Fish III, both served in the U.S. House of Representatives from New York. Fish's great-great grandfather was Hamilton Fish, the 26th United States Secretary of State.
Fish died of stomach cancer on January 2, 2020 in Portland. He was 61.
Iglesia ni Cristo
The Iglesia ni Cristo (IPA: ; Filipino for Church of Christ), or INC, is a church which was founded in the Philippines by Felix Manalo in 1914. The INC states the church was founded by Jesus Christ but that Felix Manalo restored it. The church does not believe in the religious teaching that Jesus is God and part of the Trinity.
History
Felix Manalo was born a member of the Roman Catholic Church, but joined a number of Protestant churches until he believed that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.
Beliefs and teachings
Some of the teachings INC believes in are:
Speichersdorf
Speichersdorf is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. It is near the Fichtelgebirge, 18 km eastern of Bayreuth. It has a population of about 6,200.
Diplom
Diplom (from Greek Δίπλωμα diploma) is a high level degree awarded for learning. It is awarded in European countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belarus and Greece. It is a similar award to the Bachelor's and Master's degrees in other countries.
The Diplom was first awarded when the Technische Hochschulen became a university.
The diplom is slowly being replaced by a system that awards Bachelor's and Master's degrees. Bachelor's degrees, sometimes called Bakkalaureus in Germany, are thought of as a "small Diplom".
Germany / Austria
The Diplom may be awarded by the two types of German university. At a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a Diplom (FH) and normally takes four years to study and gain work experience. At a Universität the degree is called a Diplom or sometimes a Diplom (Univ.) and takes four or five years. These years are called "regular study time" (Regelstudienzeit) but study for the universität normally takes longer.
The Diplom is the first university award for many students. There has been no Bachelor's degree in the German/Austrian educational system.
To win the Diplom certificate, a student must pass the tests for the Hauptstudium (main study time) after the Vordiplom, then one or more Studienarbeit (study research projects), and then write a Diplomarbeit (diploma thesis). The curriculum of diplom studies at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) is focused on using (applying) the science. The Universität is focused on learning.
A student must have a Diplom before studying for a PhD (Doctorate). The diplom qualifies a student to study for a doctorate in most other countries.
This chart is a guide to the number of years of university study needed in a diplom system to begin studying for a doctorate:
Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend two years with a company where he or she does not study before studying for a doctorate. These years are shown as "additional work" in the table.
Isaac Yamma
Isaac Yamma (1940 – January 1990) was a country singer from central Australia. He was one of the earliest musicians in Australia to become well known singing Western-style songs in an indigenous language. Isaac was a Pitjantjatjara man who was born by a waterhole near Docker River. He started his musical career as a member of a band called Areyonga Desert Tigers. He later formed his own band, the Pitjantjatjara Country Band. It was made up of his sons Hector, Frank, Peter and Paul and his cousin Russell Yamma. His song were mostly sung in Pitjantjatjara.
Diplom
Germany / Austria
Also note: A Diplom student can begin the doctorate without the additional work if their work has been good enough. Normally a Master's course is taken before a doctorate.
Loreauville, Louisiana
Loreauville is a village in Iberia Parish, Louisiana, United States.
List of Bahamas Twenty20 International cricketers
This is a list of Bahamas Twenty20 International cricketers.
Ernie Els
Ernie Els (born 17 October 1969) is a South African professional golfer. He was born in Johannesburg. He has played in the PGA.
John Miller (police official)
John Miller (born 1958 or 1959) is the Deputy Commissioner of Intelligence & Counterterrorism of the NYPD. He is the former Associate Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Analytic Transformation and Technology.
He was an Assistant Director of Public Affairs for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Miller is also a former ABC News reporter and anchorman. He is best known for conducting a May 1998 interview with Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.
Vieux, Calvados
Vieux, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Viessoix
Viessoix used to be a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new commune of Valdallière.
Ildefons Cerdà
Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer (23 December 1815 – 21 August 1876) was a Catalan-Spanish urban planner, civil engineer, politician. He developed a new urban theories, including the extension plan of Barcelona 19th-century.
Henderson, Louisiana
Henderson is a town in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Parks, Louisiana
Parks is a village in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Bicentenaria
Bicentenaria is a genus of carnivorous coelurosaurian theropods which lived during the early Upper Cretaceous (about 90 million years ago) in what is now Argentina. It contains only the type species, Bicentenaria argentina. Estimates suggest that it was 2.5 to 3 m in length. This name was first reported in June 2012.
The small carnivore is an early relative of the much later giant Tyrannosaurus.
Celine (brand)
Céline is a French luxury fashion house. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Today, it is an international brand owned by LVMH. It was sold to LVMH in July 1988 for 2.7 billion francs (US$540 million).
Céline started as a children's shoe business. It later began selling women's shoes and accessories. It began selling ready-to-wear shoes in the 1960s. Celine Vipiana remained the designer until 1997. American fashion designer Michael Kors then took over as creative director for the brand. Kors turned the fashion house into a highly successful brand. The current creative director of Céline is Hedi Slimane, who replaced Phoebe Philo at the beginning of 2018.
Menachem Mendel Schneerson
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 5, 1902 OS – June 12, 1994) is the seventh and most recent designated leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. Born in Imperial Russia, he emigrated and settled in the United States.
Princess Unikitty
History
Unikitty lives in Cloud Coo-Coo Land in the first movie, and its own Unikingdom in the TV series.
Reception
Unikitty’s character received generally positive reviews who praised Brie’s performances.
Costa Concordia
MS Costa Concordia is a cruise ship. Costa Cruises, a subsidiary of British-American Carnival Corporation & Plc, owns and operates the ship. The name Concordia was meant to express the wish for "continuing harmony, unity, and peace between European nations."
She is the first vessel of the Concordia ship class. There are sister ships built for Carnival Cruise Lines. Costa Concordia entered service in July 2006. It was one of the largest ships to be built in Italy, at GT 114,500. The later was Carnival Dream class weighed 130,000 GRT, and was built in Fincantieri.
On 22 November 2008, Costa Concordia suffered damage to her bow when high winds over the Sicilian city of Palermo pushed the ship against its dock. There were no injuries and repairs started soon after.
On 13 January 2012, the Costa Concordia ran aground and partially sank on the western coast of Italy just off the shore of Isola del Giglio. Of the 4,200 passengers and crew, at least eleven people were killed, including ten passengers and one crew member and 23 still missing. The situation is still ongoing. People were angry with the ship's captain because he left the ship. He was supposed to stay on the ship and help the other passengers get off safely. The captain's "error" took the ship off of its programmed route.
Warmensteinach
Warmensteinach is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. From here there is a chairlift, the Ochsenkopf South Chairlift, to the summit of the Ochsenkopf, the second highest mountain in the Fichtelgebirge.
Norrie May-Welby
Norrie May-Welby (born 23 May 1961) is a Scottish-Australian transsexual person. Welby was the first person to be considered 'genderless'.
Early life
May-Welby was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire. When Norrie was seven years old, the family emigrated to Western Australia. Welby has lived in Sydney since the early 1990s.