cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
The idea of indeterminacy
The following diagrams show what happens when we try to measure both location and momentum.
Putting indeterminacy into mathematical form
Here we will show the first equation that gave the basic idea later shown in Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Heisenberg's groundbreaking paper of 1925 does not use and does not even mention matrices. Heisenberg's great success was the "scheme which was capable in principle of determining uniquely the relevant physical qualities (transition frequencies and amplitudes)" of hydrogen radiation.
After Heisenberg wrote his breakthrough paper, he gave it to one of his teachers to fix up and went on a vacation. Max Born was puzzled by the equations and the non-commuting equations that even Heisenberg thought were a problem. After several days Born realized that these equations were directions for writing out matrices. Matrices were new and strange, even for mathematicians of that time, but how to do math with them was already clearly known. He and a few others worked everything out in matrix form before Heisenberg came back from his time off, and within a few months the new quantum mechanics in matrix form gave them the basis for another paper.
Max Born saw that when the matrices that represent pq and qp were calculated they would not be equal. Heisenberg had already seen the same thing in terms of his original way of writing things out, and Heisenberg may have guessed what was almost immediately obvious to Born—that the difference between the answer matrices for pq and for qp would always involve two factors that came out of Heisenberg's original math: Planck's constant h and i, which is the square root of negative one. So the very idea of what Heisenberg preferred to call the "indeterminacy principle" (usually known as the uncertainty principle) was hiding in Heisenberg's original equations.
"Heisenberg's rule of multiplication left me no peace, and after a week of intensive thought and trial, I suddenly remembered an algebraic theory....Such quadratic arrays are quite familiar to mathematicians and are called matrices, in association with a definite rule of multiplication. I applied this rule to Heisenberg's quantum condition and found that it agreed for the diagonal elements. It was easy to guess what the remaining elements must be, namely, null; and immediately there stood before me the strange formula"
[The symbol Q is the matrix for displacement, P is the matrix for momentum, i stands for the square root of negative one, and h is Planck's constant.]
Later on, Heisenberg put his discovery into another mathematical form:
(The special symbol {\hbar} is called "h-bar," or 'reduced Planks constant', is equal to .)
The math is a way of describing things that happen in the real world. You might imagine that it would be easy to get both the exact position of something and its exact mass, path, and speed at the same time. However, in reality you have to do two things to get your answer. If you are measuring the position and momentum of a bullet that is stuck in a cliff of a great mountain somewhere, it is a simple matter. The mountain does not appear to be going anywhere, and neither is the bullet. So its position is known and its velocity is 0, so its momentum is also 0. But if the bullet is somewhere between a gun and a target, it will be difficult to get its position at any given time. The best we may be able to do is to take its picture using a camera with a very fast shutter. But a single squeeze of the shutter would give you only one thing, the bullet's position at time t. To get the momentum we might put a block of paraffin in the bullet's way and measure how the block of paraffin moved when it stopped the bullet. Or, if we knew the bullet's mass, we might take a sequence of two pictures, compute the velocity by knowing the difference between the two positions of the bullet and the time between its two appearances. However we do it, we need to measure mass and position and time between appearances. We end up making at least two measurements to get to x and p. In that case we have to choose which measurement to make first, and which to make second. It seems to make no difference which order our measurements are made in. Measuring the bullet's mass and then measuring its positions twice, or measuring the bullet's positions twice and then recovering the bullet and measuring its mass would not make any difference, would it? After all, we have not done anything to the bullet when we weigh it or when we make photographs of it.
On the very small scale when we are measuring something like an electron, however, each measurement does something to it. If we measure position first, then we change its momemtum in the process. If we measure the electron's momentum first, then we change its position in the process. Our hope would be to measure one of them and then measure the other before anything changed, but our measuring itself makes a change, and the best we can hope to do is to reduce to a minimum the energy we contribute to the electron by measuring it. That minimum amount of energy has the Planck constant as one of its factors.
Uncertainty goes beyond matrix math
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle was found in the earliest equations of the "new" quantum physics, and the theory was given by using matrix math. However, the uncertainty principle is a fact about nature, and it shows up in other ways of talking about quantum physics such as the equations made by Erwin Schrödinger.
Indeterminacy in nature, not uncertainty of humans
There have been two very different ways of looking at what Heisenberg discovered: Some people think that things that happen in nature are "determinate," that is, things happen by a definite rule and if we could know everything we need to know we could always say what will happen next. Other people think that things that happen in nature are guided only by probability, and we can know only how things will behave on the average—but we know that very precisely.
The physicist John Stewart Bell discovered a way to prove that the first way cannot be correct. His work is called Bell's theorem or Bell's Inequality.
Popular culture
The expression "quantum leap" or "quantum jump" has been taken to mean some great and transformative change, and it is often used in hyperbolic expressions by politicians and mass media sales campaigns. In quantum mechanics it is used to describe the transition of an electron from one orbit around the nucleus of an atom to any other orbit, higher or lower.
Sometimes the word "quantum" is used in the names of commercial products and businesses. For instance, Briggs and Stratton manufactures many kinds of small gasoline motors for lawn mowers, rotary tillers, and other such small machines. One of their model names is "Quantum."
Because the uncertainty principle tells us that certain measurements at the atomic level cannot be made without disturbing other measurements, some individuals use this idea to describe instances in the human world where the activity of an observer changes the thing that is being watched. An anthropologist may go to some far away place to learn how people live there, but the fact that a strange person from the outside world is there watching them may change the ways that those people act.
Things that people do while observing things that change what is being observed are cases of the Observer effect. Some things that people do cause changes on the very small level of atoms and are cases of uncertainty or indeterminacy as first described by Heisenberg. The uncertainty principle shows that there is always a limit to how small we can make certain pairs of measurements such as position and speed or trajectory and momentum. The observer effect says that sometimes what people do in observing things, e.g., learning about an ant colony by digging it up with garden tools, can have big effects that change what they were trying to learn about.
Gholam Ali Oveissi
Arteshbod Gholam-Ali Oveissi (‎; 16 April 1918 – 7 February 1984) was an Iranian general and the Chief Commander of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He was the last general to head the Imperial Army of Iran. He is regarded as one of the most powerful military generals in Iran's modern history.
Optical depth
Optical depth is a measure of transparency. It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path. One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog. The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero. As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.
Yuji Unozawa
Yuji Unozawa (born 3 May 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagano Parceiro.
Club career statistics
100||18||12||4||13||4||125||26 100||18||12||4||13||4||125||26
West Side, Chicago
The West Side is one of the three major sections of the city of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, along with the North Side and the South Side. The West Side consists of communities that are of historical, cultural, and ideological importance to the history and development of Chicago. On the municipal flag of Chicago, the West Side is represented by the central white stripe.
Melbourne Airport
Melbourne Airport is the second busiest airport in Australia. It is the home base for Tiger Airways Australia and Jetstar. It is also the home base for cargo airlines Australian Air Express and Toll Priority. Qantas and Virgin Australia use it as a hub. Passenger data from paxstat.
Space Shuttle Discovery
Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) is the third space shuttle run by NASA. It has flew more missions than any orbiter. It is named after RRS Discovery. It was retired on March 9, 2011. It has spent one year (365 days) in space. It is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C.
Courtney Love
Courtney Michelle Love (born Courtney Michelle Harrison on July 9, 1964) is an American rock musician and actress. She is best known as lead singer for the now-defunct alternative rock band Hole and as the widow of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, with whom she had a daughter called Frances Bean Cobain. Rolling Stone has called Love "the most controversial woman in the history of rock". In the 90s there was a twee band who were called, 'Courtney Love', named after her.
Career
In 1981 Love started Sugar Babydoll. In 1982 she went to a Faith No More concert. She convinced the members to let her join as a singer. She was kicked out of the band because they wanted "male energy". In 1984 she started Pagan Babies.
Hole
In 1989 Love began Hole. In 1990 Hole's first single "Retard Girl" was released. The band released its first album Pretty on the Inside in 1991. On April 12, 1994 Hole's second album Live Through This was released, four days after Love's husband Kurt Cobain was found dead in their home. The album got very good reviews. On September 8, 1998 Celebrity Skin was released.
On February 10, 2004 Love released America's Sweetheart. Hole's last album Nobody's Daughter was released on April 27, 2010.
In 2006 she published a memoir, Dirty Blonde: The Diaries of Courtney Love.
Love sung on "Rat a Tat" on Fall Out Boy's fifth album Save Rock and Roll, released April 12 2013. She also wrote the song.
Love said that her next album would be released for Christmas 2013 along with Courtney Love: My Story, a book about her life so far.
In 2014 Love released her first single in ten years, "Know My Name".
Personal life
Love is a feminist. She is open about having had cosmetic surgery.
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
The Jin dynasty (1115–1234) is also known as the Jurchen dynasty, and as the Great Jin. It was one of the last dynasties before Mongol invasion (and eventual conquest) of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens. These were the ancestors of the Manchu, who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later. The Jin Dynasty was founded in northern Manchuria, The founder was Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打).
Hydrogen telluride
Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2Te. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions.
Properties
Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides.
Preparation
It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride.
Uses
Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable.
List of Johnny Test episodes
The following is a list of episodes of the Canadian-American adult animated television series Johnny Test.
Season 1 (2005-06)
All episodes in this season were directed by Chris Savino
Maria Elvira Salazar
Maria Elvira Salazar (born November 1, 1961) is an American journalist, broadcast television anchor and politician. She is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 27th congressional district since 2021.
As a journalist, she worked for the Spanish-language network Telemundo for thirty years as a news anchor for Miami-based Mega TV. She has also worked for CNN en Español and Univision.
She was the Republican nominee for Florida's 27th congressional district in 2018, losing the general election to Donna Shalala. Salazar and Shalala faced off again in the 2020 general election, and Salazar won.
Alfred Moisiu
Alfred Spiro Moisiu (born 1 December 1929) is an Albanian politician. He was the fourth President of the Republic of Albania from 2002–2007. He is the eldest son of famed Albanian Army general Spiro Moisiu.
Libation
A libation is a ritual sacrifice of a liquid. Usually, this was done by pouring the liquid over a sacred object.
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) is the third album by Slipknot. Slipknot is an American heavy metal band. Roadrunner Records (a record label) released the album on May 25, 2004. It is the band's only album produced by Rick Rubin. The album had many singles, such as "Before I Forget" and "Duality".
The band released their second album, Iowa, in 2001. After this album, the band did many different things. Members of Slipknot started other bands, such as Stone Sour, Murderdolls, and To My Surprise. They started recording the album in 2003. They recorded the album in The Mansion (a music studio). At first, the band did not make much music. The band's singer, Corey Taylor, was drinking alcohol. Still, the band made enough music for a new album. Vol. 3 is different from Slipknot's first albums. It has different types of music, such as guitar solos and acoustic guitar music.
Many music critics liked the album. The RIAA gave the album a platinum certification. It went onto many national music charts. Vol. 3 was number 2 on the US Billboard 200. It was also number 5 on the UK Albums Chart. The band won a Grammy Award for "Before I Forget".
Track listing
All tracks written by Corey Taylor, Mick Thomson, Shawn Crahan, Craig Jones, Jim Root, Chris Fehn, Paul Gray, Joey Jordison and Sid Wilson.
East Side, Chicago
East Side is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois. It is located on the far south side of the city, between the Calumet River and the Illinois-Indiana state line, about 13 mi south of Downtown Chicago.
The neighborhood has its own park on Lake Michigan, Calumet Park, and its own forest preserve, Eggers Grove Forest Preserve, which neighborhood residents usually call Eggers Woods
There are about 1,560 jobs in the East Side community area. The East Side has a "hardship index" of 53.9 based on its levels of unemployment, education, per capita income level, poverty, crowded housing and dependency. This ranks in the middle of Chicago community areas.
Tellurium(II) bromide
Tellurium(II) bromide, also known as tellurium dibromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr2. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state.
Properties
Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air.
Preparation
It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide.
Eugenio Bersellini
Bersellini died on 17 September 2017 in Prato, Italy of pneumonia at the age of 81.
Valencia
Valencia is a city in Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. It is the capital of the Community of Valencia. It has 807.396 people, making it the third-largest city in Spain and the fifteenth in the European Union.
Valencia has a borderline hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).
Other websites
Valencia Tourism Official Site
Miyako Islands
The Miyako Islands (宮古列島) are a group of islands that are in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, east of the Yaeyama Islands. They are between the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan.
Miyako Island has 55,914 people. A bridge connects Miyako Island to Ikema Island. Ikema Island has 801 people. Tarama village has 1,214 people. It is between the islands of Minna and Tarama.
The native people of the Miyako Islands are the Miyako people, who are a subgroup of a larger Ryukyuan ethnicity.
The languages spoken on the islands include the native Miyako language and Japanese. Because Japan suppressed the Miyako language in the past, the younger generation mostly speaks Japanese instead.
Yuzo Kobayashi
Yuzo Kobayashi (born 15 November 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.
Club career statistics
154||3||10||0||21||0||185||3 154||3||10||0||21||0||185||3
Bob Holland
Robert George Holland (19 October 1946 – 17 September 2017) was an Australian cricketer. He was, because of his surname, nicknamed "Dutchy". He was born in Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
Holland, who spent the majority of his cricketing life in Newcastle, was a late bloomer, and his Test debut aged 38 made him the oldest Australian debutant in more than half a century. Holland was part of the team that won the Sheffield Shield in 1982–83, 1984–85 and 1985–86. Holland finished his first class career with a season with Wellington in New Zealand’s domestic league.
In April 2017, Hollan was diagnosed with brain cancer. He later died from the disease on 17 September 2017 in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia at the age of 70.
Chinglish
Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese. It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English. For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".
The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words Chinese and English.
Example
One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.
Adaptive optics
Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion (or deformation). It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing.
Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical.
Vector field
A vector field is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength.
Adaptive optics
Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes.
Vector field
Physical examples
In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes objects fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects towards each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.
Adaptive optics
A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing.
Vector field
Physical examples
The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as \vec{E} and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as \vec{B}.
Adaptive optics
Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors having only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.
Other websites
Teleskop
Damascus, Virginia
Damascus is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Ouest (department)
Ouest (English: West) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Port-au-Prince which is also the capital of the country and its largest city.
The department is divided into five arrondissements:
Old English literature
Old English literature is poetry and prose written in Old English in early England, from the 7th century to the years after the Norman Conquest of 1066. This time is known as Anglo-Saxon England.
Cædmon's Hymn is often considered the oldest known poem in English. It was written in the 7th century.
By the 13th century the words of Old English had almost completely changed. This gave way to the Middle English literature.
Thomas Kean
Thomas Howard "Tom" Kean, Sr. (born April 21, 1935) is an American Republican Party politician. He served as the 48th Governor of New Jersey from 1982 to 1990.
Murcia
Murcia is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 420,000 in the city and more than 740,000 in the metropolitan area. The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain.
The city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la Huerta de Murcia, which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification). The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.
North Side, Chicago
The North Side is one of the neighborhoods of Chicago. It extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and the Chicago River to the city's northern and northwestern borders.
It is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a large middle and upper-class demographic. It has many public parklands (such as the huge Lincoln Park) and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the city's northern limits.
Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side. The district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field.
Multivariable calculus
In calculus, multivariable calculus is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result.
Corium (nuclear reactor)
Corium (also called fuel containing material (FCM) or lava-like fuel containing material (LFCM)) is a lava-like fuel containing nuclear fuel, fission products, control rods, structural materials from the affected parts of the reactor, products of their chemical reaction with air, water and steam, and, in the event that the reactor vessel is breached, molten concrete from the floor of the reactor room. It is created in a nuclear reactor's core while a nuclear meltdown occurs.
Nuclear fuel, fission products, and control rods are what consists of Corium.
Fawad Khan
Personal life
Khan married Sadaf Khan in 2005 after a seven-year courtship. They have three children. Khan and his wife founded Silk by Fawad Khan, a clothing line, whose debut collection was launched in August 2012 in Lahore.
He was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at age 17, after an accident which damaged his pancreas. The accident occurred behind a swimming pool, where Khan was scratched and jumped into untreated water. He later realized he had the disease when he lost 10 kg.
Khan performed Hajj, the annual pilgrimage of Muslims to Makkah, along with his family in 2018 and was therein invited to the Annual Hajj Lunch by King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia.
Dayton, Virginia
Dayton is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Selim Hoss
Selim Ahmed Hoss (spelled "Salim Al-Hoss" on his website, Arabic: سليم أحمد الحص) (born 20 December 1929) is a veteran Lebanese politician. He was a Prime Minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut.
2022 United States Senate elections
The 2022 United States Senate elections were held on November 8, 2022. Thirty-five of one hundred seats in the United States Senate were contested in regular elections. The winners of these elections will do six-year terms from January 3, 2023 to January 3, 2029. Senators are divided into three groups, or classes. Class 3 Senators were last elected in 2016. Another set of Class 3 Senators were elected in 2022. 5 Republicans and 1 Democrat decided to retire before the elections.
After the elections, 51 members of the Senate will vote with the Democratic Party. 49 members of the Senate will vote with the Republican Party. This makes the Democrats the majority party. The Democratic Party gained one Senate seat, in Pennsylvania.
Jurchen people
The Jurchens were a Tungusic people who lived in Manchuria in present-day Northeast China. They were known as Jurchens until the 17th century when they became known as the Manchu.
The Jurchens established the Jin Dynasty. The Jurchen Wanyan Yingge's paternal nephew Wanyan Wuyashu however fought against the Koreans, forcing them to submit and recognize Jurchens as overlords after "pacifying" the border between the Koreans and Jurchens.
The Joseon Dynasty of Korea placed great value on a policy of "neighborly relations" (gyorin or kyorin) with the Jurchen people.
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and largest city in the European country of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is famous for its canals and dikes. Unlike in capitals of most other countries, the national government, parliament, government ministries, supreme court, royal family and embassies are not in Amsterdam, but in The Hague. The only diplomatic offices present in Amsterdam are consulates.
The city hosts two universities (the University of Amsterdam and the Free University Amsterdam) and an international airport "Schiphol Airport". About 2.2 million people live in the metropolitan area. The city of Amsterdam is the world's most multi-cultural city. It has people living there from 175 different countries. Like other big cities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in the world, Amsterdam is unfortunately subjected to many criminal activities.
The former city of Weesp has been part of Amsterdam since 24 March 2022. Because of this Amsterdam has about 905,000 people.
Wario Land II
Wario Land II (also known as Wario Land 2) is a video game. It was released in 1998 for the Game Boy and Game Boy Color. In 2012, it was also released for the Virtual Console of the Nintendo 3DS.
Amsterdam
History
The city was one of the first cities in Western Europe to be fairly democratic: Wealthy citizens chose the leaders of the city. Amsterdam declared war on the Spanish in 1578, during the Eighty Years' War. When the city of Antwerp fell to the Spanish in 1585, many people of Antwerp fled to Amsterdam. Antwerp was also a major trading city, and when its people moved to Amsterdam, they took their trading-networks with them. That's why Amsterdam became an even more important trading city after that. This launched the Dutch Golden Age. The number of people living in Amsterdam during the War rose from less than 30,000 in 1570 to over 100,000 in 1622. That number would even rise to 200,000 near the end of the 17th century, making the city a very large city for its time (only London and Paris also had that many people). In the 18th century, the number of people living in Amsterdam fell back to 140,000, ending the Golden Age.
The 19th century was the time for the first trains and trams in Amsterdam. The first train ran from Amsterdam to Haarlem in 1839. The number of people was rising, with about 250,000 living in Amsterdam in 1850, and more than 500,000 in 1900. Amsterdam was a heavy industrialised city by then. Before the Second World War, there were about 140,000 Jews living in Amsterdam. Most of those people did not survive the war. After the war, Amsterdam became a centre of tolerance and culture; to be different is not abnormal in Amsterdam. It is expected that Amsterdam will grow 12.6% until 2025. It will then hold almost 900,000 people, and the metropolitan area will hold almost 2.5 million people by then.
Districts
Amsterdam consists of eight districts:
Social Democratic Party (Romania)
The Social Democratic Party is a big political party in Romania. It started in January of 2001.It has been in a political association called "Uniunea Socială Liberală" along with the National Liberal Party that in 2014 has ended. Now it is in association with PC and UNPR (commonly known as USD).
Tellurium(IV) bromide
Properties
Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when molten. It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly.
Dillwyn, Virginia
Dillwyn is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Tellurium(IV) bromide
Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine.
Uses
Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make complexes with organic molecules.
Agalychnis danieli
The Antioquia leaf frog (Agalychnis danieli) is a frog that lives in Colombia's Department of Antioquia. Scientists have seen it at 1640 meters above sea level.
Masayuki Ochiai
Club career statistics
120||3||9||0||3||0||4||0||136||3 120||3||9||0||3||0||4||0||136||3
Jafar Sharif-Emami
Jafar Sharif-Imami (9 September 1910 – 16 June 1998) was an Iranian politician.
He was the prime minister from 1960 to 1961 and again in 1978. He was a cabinet minister, president of the Iranian Senate, president of the Pahlavi Foundation. He was also the president of the Iran chamber of industries and mines during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Dendron, Virginia
Dendron is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Geography
Dendron has a total area of 3.6 square miles.
Lee Hyun-jae
Lee Hyun Jae (born December 20, 1929) is a former South Korean politician.
Oak Street Beach
Oak Street Beach is located on North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michigan.
Lee Hyun-jae
He served from March to December 1988 as the twentieth prime minister of South Korea.
Lee is the chairman of the Ho-Am Prize Committee and an advisor of the Korean Association for Cultural Economics as of 2017.
The Group (movie)
The Group is a 1966 American drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and was based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Mary McCarthy. It stars Candice Bergen, Joan Hackett, Elizabeth Hartman, Shirley Knight, Joanna Pettet, Jessica Walter, James Broderick, Hal Holbrook, Richard Mulligan, Peter Boyle, Larry Hagman and was distributed by United Artists.
Oak Street Beach
One of the many Chicago beaches, the Chicago Park District says Oak Street Beach as the area from approximately 1550 North Lake Shore Drive to 500 North Lake Shore Drive, including Ohio Street Beach, the South Ledge, a concrete path running from Ohio Street beach to the Oak Street Curve, Oak Street Beachstro Restaurant, Oak Street Beach proper, the North Ledge, and a concrete path running from Oak Street Beach to North Avenue Beach.
Oak Street Beach was formed by sand washing up against the northern side of Streeterville.
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.
Petr Šabach
Petr Šabach (August 23, 1951 – September 16, 2017) was a Czech novelist. He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied at Charles University.
Attractor state
An attractor state is something that systems do. An attractor state is a way of being or moving that will stay the way it is unless something else comes in and changes it. Systems form attractor states on their own.
Petr Šabach
Šabach was known for his novels Jak potopit Austrálii (1986), Hovno hoří (1994), Zvláštní problém Františka S. (1996), Putování mořského koně (1998), Babičky (1998), Opilé banány (2001), Čtyři muži na vodě (2003), Ramon (2004), Občanský průkaz (2006), Tři vánoční povídky (2007) and Škoda lásky (2009).
Drakes Branch, Virginia
Drakes Branch is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Attractor state
For example, if a pendulum is swinging in a large clock, and someone taps the pendulum a little, it might stop swinging for a moment, but once the person pulls their finger away, it will go back to swinging.
Petr Šabach
Šabach died on September 16, 2017 in Prague at the age of 66.
Chicago Park District
As of 2016, there are over 580 parks included in the Chicago Park District as well as 31 beaches, several boat harbors, two botanic conservatories, a zoo, and 11 museums.
The parks also have multiple field houses, public pools, and sports and recreational facilities, and host programs throughout the year. The district's headquarters are located in the Time-Life Building in the Streeterville neighborhood.
Lisa Haydon
Personal life
Haydon married Dino Lalvani in October 2016 and together the couple have three children: sons born in 2017 and 2020, and a daughter born in 2021.
She is a trained Bharatnatyam dancer and has trained with Shiamak Davar for five years.
Sodium telluride
Sodium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Te. It contains sodium and telluride ions.
Properties
It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe.
Preparation
Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia.
Uses
Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent.
Burns, Kansas
Burns is a city in Marion County, Kansas, United States. The city was named after a nearby train station, which was named before the city was incorporated. In 2010, 228 people lived there.
History
In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a branch line from Florence to El Dorado, and a station called Burns was built north of the present city location. In 1881, the rail line was extended to Douglass, then later to Arkansas City. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence through Burns to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942. The original branch line connected Florence through El Dorado to Arkansas City.
At the current place, a city named St. Francis was platted in August 1880. When the town incorporated, they found the official city name of St. Francis was already used, so they changed the name to be the same as the nearby Burns train station. The station was moved into Burns. The original station was named after a railroad company official.
A post office in burns was created on November 30, 1880.
21st century
In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built 6.5 miles west of Burns, north to south through Marion County. There was a lot of controversy over road damage, tax exemption, and environmental concerns (if a leak ever occurs). A pumping station named Burns was built 2 miles north of Potwin.
Geography
Burns is at 38.09056°N, -96.88722°W (38.090692, -96.887103), in the Flint Hills. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 0.35 sqmi. All of it is land. The south city border of Burns is the county line of Marion County and Butler County.
Weather
Burns has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Burns has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 228 people, 93 households, and 59 families living in Burns.
Education
Burns is a part of Peabody-Burns USD 398 public school district.
Grefrath, Neuss
Grefrath is a district of Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Secretariat (horse)
Secretariat (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. He was born in Caroline County, Virginia.
His record-breaking win in the Belmont Stakes, where he left the field 31 lengths behind him, is widely known as one of the greatest races of all time. He was bred and owned by Penny Chenery.
During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974.
In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o' War (racing career 1919–1920), who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname "Big Red".
Virtual learning environment
A virtual learning environment (VLE) is a kind of e-learning system placed on a website. It gives learners online access to tools and information to help them with learning something.
Secretariat (horse)
Secretariat was euthanized after suffering from laminitis, a hoof disease, at a farm in Paris, Kentucky on October 4, 1989 at the age of 19.
Virtual learning environment
Common tools offered on a VLE are: online quizzes, email, discussion forums and student blogs. Common information shared with learners via a VLE is: worksheets, lesson plans, homework, grades, assignments and deadlines.
Combining the use of a VLE and normal classes is often called blended learning.
Some well-known VLEs are Moodle, WebCT and BlackBoard, but many others exist.
Cadmium telluride
Properties
Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water.
Uses
Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.
Bottnaryd Church
Bottnaryd Church (Bottnaryds kyrka) is a wooden church building in Bottnaryd in Sweden. It belongs to the Norra Mo Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was built in the late 17th century. It replaced a Medieval church demolished on 16 May 1666.
Dire wolf
The dire wolf (Canis dirus, "fearsome dog") is an extinct species of wolf in the genus Canis. It is one of the most famous prehistoric carnivores in North America. The dire wolf lived in the Americas during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs (125,000–9,440 years ago). The species was named in 1858, four years after the first specimen had been found.
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized. These subspecies are Canis dirus guildayi and Canis dirus dirus. The dire wolf probably evolved from Armbruster's wolf (Canis armbrusteri) in North America.
The dire wolf was about the same size as the largest gray wolves alive now.
Sud (department)
Sud (English: South) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Les Cayes.
Dire wolf
Diet
The dire wolf probably ate horses, ground sloths, mastodons, bison, and camels. The dire wolf was probably a pack hunter. This means that many dire wolves would hunt for prey together. Modern wolves are also pack hunters.
Sud (department)
Geography
The Départment du Sud has an area of 2,794 km². It is bordered to the north by the Grand'Anse and Nippes departments, to the east by the Sud-Est Department and by the Caribbean Sea to the west and south.
Dire wolf
Extinction
The dire wolf became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event.
Sud (department)
Geography
The Massiff de la Hotte, an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the centre of the department. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Acul du Sud, Torbeck, Ravine du Sud, de l'Ilet, Cavaillon, des Anglais, Port à Piment, Saut Mathurine, de Tiburon.
Wario Land 3
Wario Land 3 is a video game. It was released in 2000 for the Game Boy Color. In 2012, it was also released for the Virtual Console of the Nintendo 3DS.
Sud (department)
Population
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 621,651 persons: 312,729 men and 308.922 women, with only 109,623 (17.63%) living in cities and towns.
Administrative division
The department is divided into five arrondissements (like districts) and 18 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
Dublin, Virginia
Dublin is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.
Joan Ganz Cooney
Joan Ganz Cooney (born Joan Ganz; November 30, 1929) is an American television producer. She is one of the founders of Sesame Workshop (originally Children's Television Workshop or CTW), the organization famous for the creation of the children's television show Sesame Street, which was also co-created by her.
Time-Life Building (Chicago)
The Time-Life Building is a 404 ft, 30-story skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois designed by Harry Weese and completed in 1969.
Mohs scale of mineral hardness
Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.
Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.
Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral. There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond. Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than the diamond. The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.
Relative hardness of some items
2.5 Fingernail
2.5–3 Gold, Silver
3 Copper penny
4-4.5 Platinum
4-5 Iron
5.5 Knife blade
6.5 Iron pyrite
5.5 Glass
2 Fast 2 Furious
2 Fast 2 Furious (alternatively known as The Fast and the Furious 2 or Fast & Furious 2) is a 2003 American action thriller movie. It was directed by John Singleton and it was produced by Neal H. Moritz. It was written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas. It is the second movie in The Fast and the Furious franchise. Paul Walker, Tyrese Gibson, Eva Mendes, Ludacris, and Cole Hauser are in the movie. The movie follows former cop Brian O'Conner, who teams up with Roman Pearce and U.S. Customs Service agent Monica Fuentes to bring down drug lord Carter Verone.
Patricia Holmes
Patricia Ann Holmes is an Australian diplomat and is a senior career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
On 13 September 2011, Acting Foreign Minister Craig Emerson said that he had appointed Holmes as Australia's new Ambassador to Argentina; with concurrent non-resident accreditation to Paraguay and Uruguay. She gave her credentials to President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner on 10 April 2012.
Before this, Holmes was Assistant Secretary of the department's Legal Counsel Branch. She had held this job since April 2010. Holmes has served previously in Geneva WTO (Counsellor 2006-2009), Papua New Guinea (First Secretary 1998-2000) and Vanuatu (Third, later Second, Secretary 1994-1996).