cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bladesmith
Bladesmiths are people who create anything that has a blade whether it be a chef's knife to a crusader sword. Bladesmiths use various metalworking techniques to forge blades, woodworking skills for knife and sword handles, and leatherworking knowledge to make sheaths.
Knife forging dates back millions of years. The oldest known knives were made by humans 2.5 million years ago and consisted of rock, bone, and flint. These materials were brittle, and blades often fractured. So over 6,000 years ago, humans turned to more robust materials, including copper and later iron.
Judy Gair
Judy Gair is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships.
Eiji
Eiji (えいじ, エイジ) is a common masculine Japanese given name.
Autoclave
An autoclave is a device that uses pressure to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point. It is done to kill microbiological organisms, called sterilization. The autoclave was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.
Eiji
Eiji can be written using different kanji characters which can mean:
Museo Nazionale di San Marco
Museo Nazionale di San Marco is a church and Dominican convent. in Florence, Italy. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.
History
The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici. The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.
In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.
Treasures
The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.
The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is The Descent from the Cross, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.
Another famous fresco is The Last Supper painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
Priyanka Rani Joshi
Priyanka Rani Joshi (born 19 March 1998) is a Nepalese model and Miss Nepal World 2022.
Shoma Doi
Shoma Doi (土居 聖真) is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Doi was born in Yamagata on May 21, 1992. He joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers from their youth team in 2011. He became a regular player as offensive midfielder from 2014. In 2016, Kashima won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions. At the Club World Cup, he played all 4 matches and won the 2nd place. In 2018, Kashima won the champions in AFC Champions League first Asian title in the club history.
In November 2017, Doi was selected the Japan national team for 2017 E-1 Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against China on December 12. He played 2 games at this tournament.
Statistics
238||43||23||6||28||5||34||8||323||62 238||43||23||6||28||5||34||8||323||62
!Total||2||0
Siam University
Siam University  is a university in Bangkok, Thailand. It is in the Phasi Charoen District.
History
In 1965 Narong Mongkhonvanit established Siam University as a three-year private engineering college. Siam University, previously known as Siam Technical College, was legally founded as an institution of higher education with degree-granting authority in 1973. Siam Technical College was later renamed Siam Technical Institution, a full-fledged private, non-profit university, in 1986. Three years later, the name was changed once more to Siam University to symbolize the breadth of academic options available.
Spanish Golden Age
"El Siglo de Oro," literally "the century of gold," was the Golden Age of Spain. It was a period of flowering in Spanish art and literature. It happened at about the same time that the Spanish Habsburg dynasty ruled the country. El Siglo de Oro does not have precise dates and is generally considered to have lasted more than a century. It began no earlier than 1492, with the end of Reconquista (Reconquest), Christopher Columbus's first sea voyage to the New World, and the publication of Gramática de la lengua castellana by Antonio de Navarre. Politically, it ended no later than 1659, with the Pyrenees Treaty, which was ratified between France and Hapsburg Spain. The last great writer of the period, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, died in 1681, and his death is generally considered the end of El Siglo de Oro in art and literature.
Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. He served from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Mao Zedong and was an important leader in the Communist Party of China.
A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. He believed in getting along with Western countries after the Korean War. He participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and helped organize Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. He helped make policies regarding the disagreements with the U.S., Taiwan, the Soviet Union (after 1960), India and Vietnam. Zhou is best known as the long-time top aide to Mao Zedong. His specialty was foreign policy. Mao and Zhou's different personalities made them an effective team, according to Henry Kissinger, the American diplomat who dealt with both men.
National Rally
The National Rally (French: Rassemblement national or RN) is a far right political party in France. It used to be called the National Front until 2018.
The party was founded on 5 October 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen. The party was first called the National Front for French Unity (Front national pour l'unité française). Their most successful performance in the legislative elections was in 1997, where they received 14.9% of the vote in the 1st round and 5.7% in the 2nd round. Recently, they won the 2014 European Parliament election with 24.85% of the vote.
Only on three occasions has an FN / RN candidate advanced to the second round of the french presidential elections, Jean-Marie Le Pen in 2002 and his daughter Marine Le Pen in 2017, (again in 2022). Jean-Marie Le Pen heavily lost the second round, as he only received 17.8% of the vote; Marine Le Pen also lost the second round, only receiving 33.9% of the vote.
Jean-Marie Le Pen was leader of the party from 1972 until 2011. In 2011, the party voted to make Marine Le Pen leader. She wanted to soften the party's image. Marine Le Pen expelled her father from the party in 2015 after he made some controversial statements. On 24 April 2017, a day after the first round of the 2017 French presidential election, Marine Le Pen stepped down from her position. Steeve Briois is now the temporary leader.
The party is patriotic. The party is very Eurosceptic (meaning they are against the European Union) and wants to limit immigration. Marine Le Pen supports letting the government control health, education, transportation, banking and energy.
Big Horn, Wyoming
Big Horn is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Sheridan County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 198 at the 2000 census and 490 at the 2010 census.
Computational chemistry
Computational chemistry can predict structure (that is, the expected positions of the molecule's atoms), absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.
Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems. In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows. That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid. Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate. Highly accurate methods are typically feasible only for small systems.
Daisuke Matsui
Daisuke Matsui (松井 大輔) is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Matsui was born in Kyoto on May 11, 1981. After graduating from Kagoshima Jitsugyo High School, he joined J1 League club Kyoto Purple Sanga in 2000. He played many matches from first season. The club won the champions in the 2002 Emperor's Cup. In summer 2004, he moved to French Ligue 2 club Le Mans. The club won the 2nd place in the 2004/05 season and was promoted to Ligue 1. In 2008, he moved to Saint-Étienne. After that, he played Grenoble, Tom Tomsk, Dijon, Slavia Sofia and Lechia Gdańsk. In January 2014, he returned to Japan and joined Júbilo Iwata and played in 4 seasons. From summer 2017, he played Odra Opole, Yokohama FC and Saigon FC.
In June 2003, Matsui was selected the Japan national team for 2003 Confederations Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against Colombia on June 22. He was also selected Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. From 2008, he played many matches under manager Takeshi Okada. In 2010, he was selected Japan for 2010 World Cup. He played all 4 matches and Japan qualified to the knockout stage. He also played at 2011 Asian Cup and Japan won the champions. This Asian Cup was his last game for Japan. He played 31 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 2011.
Statistics
248||27||21||5||19||2||288||34 189||20||6||1||10||2||218||23 7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0 11||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0 19||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||4 474||51||31||6||29||4||534||61
!Total||31||1
Filaret (Denysenko)
Patriarch Filaret (secular name Mykhailo Antonovych Denysenko, born 23 January 1929) is the primate and Patriarch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate. He has been the patriarch since 2019. Before, he was the patriarch between 1995 to 2018.
He was the honorary Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine from 2018 to 2019, and the former Metropolitan of Kyiv of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1966 to 1992. He was defrocked and in 1997 excommunicated by the ROC.
In March 2020, during a television interview, Filaret called the coronavirus pandemic a "divine punishment" for same-sex marriage.
On 8 September 2020, Filaret tested positive for COVID-19 and pneumonia.
Anatoliy Turusin
Anatoliy Afanasyevich Turusin (Анатолий Афанасьевич Турусин; 8 May 1939 – 21 February 2022) was a Russian politician. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and later the Agrarian Party of Russia. He was in the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia from 1990 to 1993 and the State Duma from 1994 to 1999.
Turusin died in Irkutsk, Russia on 21 February 2022 at the age of 82.
Allan Simonsen
Allan Simonsen (born 15 December 1952) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team.
Club career statistics
166||70 178||76 98||31 16||9 458||186
International career statistics
!Total||56||21
Sadhu
In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga (yogi). Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty). The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.
Martin O'Neill
Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill, OBE (b. 1 March 1952 ) is an Northern Irish football manager. He is currently the manager of Sunderland F.C., and has previously managed Celtic F.C.. and Aston Villa F.C. O'Neill was born in Kilrea, Northern Ireland.
2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
The 2016 Labour Party leadership election was called when a challenge to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party arose following criticism of his approach to the Remain campaign in the referendum on membership of the European Union and questions about his leadership of the party.
The result was announced on 24 September 2016. Jeremy Corbyn won the election with 313,209 votes, increasing his share of the vote from 59.5% to 61.8% compared with the result of the 2015 leadership election, and receiving some 62,000 more votes than in 2015.
Phuspa Ram KC
Phuspa Ram KC was the 11th Armed Police Force Inspector General (Nepal).
Ralph Gants
Ralph D. Gants (1954 – September 14, 2020) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. He was nominated by Governor Deval Patrick and sworn in on July 28, 2014. He became a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 2009. He was born in New Rochelle, New York.
On September 4, 2020 Gants was hospitalized after having a heart attack. He died on September 14 at the age of 66.
Michael Peña
Michael Anthony Peña (born January 13, 1976) is an American movie, television actor and musician. He is best known for his roles in movies such as Crash, World Trade Center, Shooter, Observe and Report, 30 Minutes or Less, Tower Heist, End of Watch and A Wrinkle in Time.
Peña was born on January 13, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois. He grew up in the Chicago areas of North Lawndale and in Chicago Lawn. He is married to Brie Shaffer. They have a son, Roman.
José Saramago
José de Sousa Saramago, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; born November 16, 1922; died June 18, 2010) was a Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist.
Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998. He lived on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain.
Biography
Saramago was born into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in the province of Ribatejo some hundred kilometers north-east of Lisbon.
Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. Since 1988, Saramago has been married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.
José Saramago was in his mid-fifties before he had international success; his novel Baltasar and Blimunda brought him an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.
Saramago was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party from 1969, until his death as well as an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.
Themes
Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, The Stone Raft, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, Blindness, an entire country is stricken with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.
Shu
Shu may refer to:
Jesús Tirso Blanco
Jesús Tirso Blanco (3 June 1957 – 22 February 2022) was an Argentine-born Angolan Roman Catholic prelate. He became a priest in 1985. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lwena, Angola from 2007 until his death in 2022.
Blanco died on 22 February 2022, at the age of 64.
Shu
Acronyms
SHU may be an acronym for:
Hanau shootings
On 19 February 2020, two mass shootings occurred, targeting two shisha bars in Hanau, Hesse, Germany. Nine people were murdered and many others seriously wounded. After the attacks, the alleged perpetrator killed his mother and committed suicide. Police believe these attacks to have had a xenophobic, right-wing extremist motive.
Jim Duffy
James Duffy (born 27 April 1959) is a former Scottish football player and manager.
Fury (1936 movie)
Fury is a 1936 American crime drama movie directed by Fritz Lang and was based on the story Mob Rule by Norman Krasna. It stars Spencer Tracy, Sylvia Sidney, Walter Abel, Bruce Cabot, Walter Brennan, Frank Albertson, Edward Ellis, Gwen Lee, George Chandler, Edwin Maxwell and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1937.
Digambar
Vows of a monk
Every Digambara monk is required to follow 28 vows (vrats) compulsory.
Jean-Marc Ayrault
Jean-Marc Ayrault (born 25 January 1950) is a French politician. He was the Prime Minister of France from 15 May 2012 to 31 March 2014. He has also been the Mayor of Nantes since 1989. He was appointed prime minister by François Hollande following the defeat of the UMP president and the resignation of that government.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is caused when a pregnant woman's body does not produce enough insulin, leading to higher than normal blood sugar levels. Some women with GDM are treated with drugs. However, healthy eating and regular exercise can help to lower the chances of getting GDM.
It is still unclear what causes gestational diabetes. It may be due to the action of pregnancy hormones, blocking the action of insulin to its receptors. This prevents cells to take in glucose properly. This causes sugar to remain in blood, where it continues to rise.
Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes can have many problems, such as, being too large (which may make childbirth difficult), lower than normal blood glucose, or being born too early. More serious problems include brain problems or dead before birth. In addition, women with gestational diabetes have higher risk of getting Type 2 diabetes (or, in fewer cases, Type 1 diabetes) after pregnancy.
== Risk factors == Common risk factors for developing gestational diabetes are:
Standard Medical Test
A basic test is carried out during the first visit to the doctor during pregnancy. The doctor or nurse will ask certain questions to check if the mother is at high risk of getting gestational diabetes.
Woman found with higher chance of getting GDM will be offered a blood glucose test. This allows the doctor to check the correct sugar levels in the mother's blood.
Killer Mike
Michael Santiago Render (born April 20, 1975), better known by his stage name Killer Mike, is an American rapper, activist, and occasional actor. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He is the founder of Grind Time Official Records.
Career
Mike was first heard on "Snappin' and Trappin, a song from the hip hop duo OutKast's album Stankonia (2000). He later appeared on the Grammy-winning song "The Whole World", a single from OutKast's greatest hits album Big Boi and Dre Present...OutKast.
In December 2008, Mike signed to T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records. In 2012, he released R.A.P. Music, produced by rapper and producer El-P. In 2013, the two formed a duo called Run the Jewels. The two signed to Fool's Gold Records and released Run the Jewels in June of that year.
Politics
Killer Mike is a member of the Democratic Party. He supports Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. After introducing Sanders at a rally held in Atlanta November 23, 2015, Mike spent time recording an interview with the presidential candidate. Mike released his interview with Bernie Sanders as a six-part video series the following month.
List of maritime science fiction works
The following is a list of maritime science fiction media. Maritime science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that is considered to have first appeared with Jules Verne's classic 1870 French language novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
Literature
Verne's 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea has been retold many ways in various media. Other major works of this subgenre in literature may include:
The Girl from Moon Bridge
The Girl from Moon Bridge (Tyttö kuunsillalta) is a 1953 Finnish drama movie directed by Matti Kassila and starring Tyyne Haarla, Ansa Ikonen, Paavo Jännes, Kullervo Kalske, Arvo Lehesmaa, Kaisu Leppänen, Joel Rinne, Eero Roine.
Maxwell Lord
Maxwell Lord IV is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in Justice League #1 (May 1987) and was created by Keith Giffen, J. M. DeMatteis, and Kevin Maguire. He is a powerful businessman. Maxwell Lord was important in the formation of the Justice League International in the DC Universe. He is mainly seen as a villain to Wonder Woman.
Maxwell Lord appeared in an episode of Smallville played by Gil Bellows. He was also in the first season of the television series Supergirl played by Peter Facinelli. The character made his movie debut in Wonder Woman 1984, played by Pedro Pascal.
Hound Dog (song)
Hound Dog is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was first sung by Willie May Thornton in March 1953, but is best known by Elvis Presley in 1956. The genre is twelve-bar blues.
Melissa Duck
Melissa Duck is an animated cartoon character in Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoon series. She is the main character Daffy Duck's blonde girlfriend. Only in one cartoon is she called Melissa.
The 1945 cartoon Nasty Quacks was when Melissa was first introduced. She also plays Baby Melissa in Baby Looney Tunes.
In Nasty Quacks, Daffy's owner, a girl, also becomes the owner of a small, yellow duckling. A jealous Daffy feeds the duckling growth pills. To his surprise, she ages into a white and female duck with blonde hair. By the end of the cartoon, the two have fallen in love. Melissa gives birth to ten black, white and yellow ducklings of her own.
Later in Muscle Tuscle (1953), the girlfriend of Daffy Duck appears with him on the beach. The girlfriend's design is a lot more stylized than Melissa's appearance in The Scarlet Pumpernickel. However, the comtemporary comics adaptation Muscle Tuscle also carried Melissa to this new design.
Another blonde female duck was shown in the 1987 cartoon movie The Duxorcist. This was after the original ''Looney Tunes ended in 1969.
Melissa Duck was the possible inspiration for Shirley the Loon ("McLoon is her family name). Shirley was on Tiny Toon Adventures.
Eiji (era)
Eiji (永治) was a Japanese era name (年号,) after Hōen and before Kōji. This period started in July 1141 and ended in April 1142. During this time, the emperors were Sutoku-tennō (崇徳天皇) and Konoe-tennō (近衛天皇).
Willie Smith (sprinter)
Willie Smith (February 28, 1956 – November 7, 2020) was an American athlete. He was the national champion 400 metres runner in 1979-80, and a gold medal winner at the 1984 Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay. He was born Rochester, Pennsylvania.
Smith died on November 7, 2020 at the age of 64.
Sweet Hearts Dance
It was filmed in Hyde Park, Vermont. The mayor of Burlington and future United States senator Bernie Sanders had a cameo appearance in the movie. It was released on September 23, 1988 to mixed reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie two out of four stars.
Slade in Flame
Slade in Flame is a 1975 movie directed by Richard Loncraine. The story follows a band's rise to fame and their decline, showing the dark side of the music business.
The band released a soundtrack in late 1974 under the same name.
Thomas L. Steffen
Thomas L. Steffen (9 July 1930 – 1 September 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the Chief Supreme Court Justice in the state of Nevada from 1982 to 1997. He was nominated by Governor Robert List.
He studied at George Washington University where he graduated from in 1964. He began working in Bureau of Naval Weapons.
Steffen died on 1 September 2020 at the age of 90.
Petershausen
Petershausen (Bavarian: Bedashausn) is a municipality in Dachau, a district (Landkreis) in Upper Bavaria.
Kristine Miller
Kristine Miller (June 13, 1925 – late 2015) was an American movie actress. She was known for her appearances in film noir and Western movies. She appeared in I Walk Alone (1948) with Lizabeth Scott and Burt Lancaster, Jungle Patrol (1948), Too Late for Tears (1949), Shadow on the Wall (1950), and the television series Stories of the Century (1954–55).
Miller was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to a Danish father and an American mother. She was raised in the United States (in New Orleans, Fresno, Long Island, New York and San Francisco) and in Copenhagen in Denmark. Miller studied at San Francisco State College. She was married to William Schuyler from 1953 until his death in 2013. They had two daughters.
Miller died in late 2015 in a hospital from congestive heart failure in Monterey, California. She was aged 90. Her death was announced on February 4, 2016.
Miss Piggy
Miss Piggy is a female pig puppet made by Jim Henson that appeared on The Muppet Show on television.
Parenthesome
Parenthesomes or septal pore caps  are special parts of the cells of fungi. In many cases they look like parentheses. Their function has not yet been studied fully. They do not always look the same, and their appearance is useful for differentiating between different species of fungi
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (بطرس بطرس غالى Buṭrus Buṭrus Ghālī; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat. He was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996.
Education
Boutros-Ghali graduated from Cairo University in 1946. He received a PhD in public international law from the University of Paris. Then he received a diploma in international relations from the Sciences Po in 1949.
Political career
Boutros-Ghali's political career took off during the days of former president Anwar El-Sadat. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union (1974-77). He had been Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, he played a part in the peace agreements between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
Secretary General tenure
Elected to the top post of the UN in 1991, Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. He was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, which officially left about 937,000 people dead, and he appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War. One of the hardest periods for his office during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav wars after the disintegration of former Yugoslavia. His reputation thus became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN. For his detractors, he came to symbolise the UN's alleged inaction in the face of humanitarian crises.
Second term
In 1996, ten Security Council members, led by African members Egypt, Guinea-Bissau and Botswana, sponsored a resolution backing Boutros-Ghali for a second five-year term, until 2001. However, the United States vetoed a second term for Boutros-Ghali. In addition to the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, South Korea, and Italy did not sponsor this resolution, although all four of those nations voted in support of Boutros-Ghali after the US had firmly declared its intention to veto. Although not the first vetoed (China vetoed the third term of Kurt Waldheim in 1981), Boutros-Ghali was the first and only UN secretary-general not to be elected to a second term in office. He was succeeded at the UN by Kofi Annan.
US counter-terrorism czar Richard Clarke, Michael Sheehan, and Jamie Rubin participated in what they called "Operation Orient Express." From page 201 of Clarke's book Against All Enemies: "Albright and I and a handful of others (Michael Sheehan, Jamie Rubin) had entered into a pact together in 1996 to oust Boutros-Ghali as Secretary General of the United Nations, a secret plan we had called Operation Orient Express, reflecting our hope that many nations would join us in doing in the UN head. In the end, the US had to do it alone (with its UN veto) and Sheehan and I had to prevent the President from giving in to pressure from world leaders and extending Boutros-Ghali's tenure, often by our racing to the Oval Office when we were alerted that a head of state was telephoning the President. In the end Clinton was impressed that we had managed not only to oust Boutros-Ghali but to have Kofi Annan selected to replace him. (Clinton told Sheehan and me, 'Get me a crow, I should eat a crow, because I said you would never pull it off.')"
Later life
From 1997 to 2002 Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of La Francophonie, an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the Chairman of the Board of the South Centre, intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. He was currently President of the Curatorium Administrative Council at the Hague Academy of International Law. In 2003 Boutros-Ghali was appointed as The Director of the Egyptian National Council of Human Rights.
From April 2007 Boutros-Ghali had supported the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. He was one of the initial signers of the campaign's appeal. In a message to the campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation at the global level.
Works
Boutros-Ghali published two memoirs:
Robert Shapiro (lawyer)
Robert Leslie Shapiro (born September 2, 1942) is an American civil lawyer of Jewish descent. He is a senior partner in the law firm Glaser Weil Fink Jacobs Howard Avchen & Shapiro, LLP, which is based in Los Angeles.
Shapiro was born in Plainfield, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and Loyola Law School.
Shapiro is known for being part of the team which successfully defended O. J. Simpson in 1995 from the charges that he murdered his ex-wife Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman in 1994. Shortly after the O. J. Simpson trial, Shapiro moved his practice away from criminal defense toward the civil litigation arena.
Paul Schoeffler
Paul Schoeffler (born November 21, 1967) is an Irish stage, film, television and voice actor.
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games (Jeux olympiques ) is an important international event featuring summer and winter sports. Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games are held every four years. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Ancient Greece at Olympia. The first games were in 776 BC. They were held every four years until the 6th century AC. The first "modern" Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens, Greece. Athletes participate in the Olympics Games to represent their countries.
The celebration of the Games includes many rituals and symbols, such as Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive, respectively, gold, silver, and bronze medals.
Ancient Olympics
The Olympics of Ancient Greece featured mainly athletic but also combat and chariot racing events. During the Olympic Games all struggles among the participating city-states were postponed until the games were finished. The origin of these Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years. The most widely accepted date for the beginning of the Ancient Olympics is 776BC; based on inscriptions of the winners of a footrace held every four years starting then. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, and equestrian events.
There is no agreement on when the Games officially ended, but many historians think it is 393AD, when the emperor Theodosius I declared that all Pagan religious practices should end. Another date might be 426AD, when the next emperor Theodosius II ordered the destruction of all Greek temples. After the Olympics stopped, they were not held again until the late 19th century.
The Growth of the Olympics
An attempt to copy the ancient Olympic Games was the ''L'Olympiade de la République annually from 1796 to 1798 in Revolutionary France. The competition had several sports from the ancient Greek Olympics.
Greek interest in bringing back the Olympic Games began with the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821. It was first proposed by poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem "Dialogue of the Dead", published in 1833. Evangelis Zappas, a wealthy Greek-Romanian philanthropist, first wrote to King Otto of Greece, in 1856, offering to fund a permanent revival of the Olympic Games. Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859, which was held in Athens. Athletes from Greece and the Ottoman Empire participated. Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient Panathenaic stadium so that it could host all future Olympic Games.
Between 1862 and 1867, Liverpool held an annual Grand Olympic Festival. It was created by John Hulley and Charles Melly, with support from Dr. Brookes. These games were unfair in nature since only Men could compete. In 1865 Hulley, Dr. Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool, a forerunner of the British Olympic Association. Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the International Olympic Charter.
The Panathinaiko Stadium hosted Olympics in 1870 and 1875. Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1870, although no official attendance records are available for the 1875 Games. In 1890, after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock Olympian Society, Baron Pierre de Coubertin created the International Olympic Committee. Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of creating an Olympic Games that would occur every four years in a different country. He presented these ideas during the first meeting of the newly created International Olympic Committee (IOC). This meeting was held from June 16 to June 23, 1894, at the Sorbonne University in Paris. On the last day of the meeting, it was decided that the first Olympic Games, to be controlled by the IOC, would take place two years later in Athens. The IOC elected the Greek writer Demetrius Vikelas as its first president.
1896 Games
The Greek officials and public were excited about hosting these Games. This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the host of the Olympic Games on a permanent basis. The IOC did not approve this request. The IOC stated that each games would be held in a different country.
Changes and adaptations
Following the success of the 1896 Games, the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival. The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the World's Fair at St. Louis in 1904 were side-shows. The Games at Paris did not have a stadium, however this was the first time women took part in the games. The St. Louis Games hosted 650 athletes, but 580 were from the United States. The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement. The Games rebounded when the Intercalated Games (so-called because they were the second Games held within an Olympiad, a period of time lasting four years) were held in Athens. These Games are not officially recognized by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since. These Games were hosted at the Panathenaic stadium in Athens. The games attracted an international field of participants and generated great public interest.
Between 1912 and 1948 art competitions were a part of the Olympics. Medals were awarded for works of art inspired by sport, divided into five categories: architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture. The juried art competitions were abandoned in 1954 because artists were considered to be professionals, while Olympic athletes were required to be amateurs. The competitions were part of the original intention of the Olympic Movement.
Winter Games
The Winter Olympics were created for snow and ice sports that were not part of the Summer Games. Figure skating (in 1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were Olympic events at the Summer Olympics. At the 1921 Olympic Congress, in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports week (actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. The IOC ruled that the Winter Olympic Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as the summer games. This pattern continued until the 1992 Games in Albertville, France. After this, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter Olympics were held on the third year of each Olympiad.
Youth Games
Starting in 2010, Youth Games help to develop young athletes for the Olympic Games. Athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 compete. The Youth Olympic Games were created by IOC president Jacques Rogge in 2001 and approved during the 119th meeting of the IOC. The first Summer Youth Games were held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010. The first Winter Games was hosted in Innsbruck, Austria, in 2012. These Games are shorter than the Olympic Games. The summer version will last twelve days and the winter version will last nine days. The IOC will allow 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to take part at the Summer Youth Games. 970 athletes and 580 officials will take part at the Winter Youth Games. The sports to be played will be the same as at the Olympic Games.
Olympic Movement
The Olympic Movement includes a large number of national and international sporting organizations and federations. As the group in charge of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for selecting the host city. Overseeing the planning of the Olympic Games. Changing the sports involved. Agreeing sponsorship and broadcasting rights.
The Olympic Movement is made of three major elements:
Controversy
In 1998, it was uncovered that several IOC members had taken bribes from members of the Salt Lake City bid committee for the hosting of the 2002 Winter Olympics. This was done to make sure that Salt Lake City won. The IOC investigated and four members resigned and six people were sacked.
A BBC documentary entitled Panorama: Buying the Games, aired in August 2004, investigated the taking of bribes in the bidding process for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The documentary claimed it was possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. After being narrowly defeated in their bid for the 2012 Summer Games, Parisian Mayor Bertrand Delanoë accused the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the London Bid Committee of breaking the bid rules.
The Turin bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics was also shrouded in controversy. A prominent IOC member, Marc Hodler, strongly connected with the rival bid of Sion, Switzerland, alleged bribery of IOC officials by members of the Turin Organizing Committee. These accusations led to a wide-ranging investigation. The allegations also served to sour many IOC members against Sion's bid and potentially helped Turin to capture the host city nomination.
Symbols
The Olympic logo also known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (America, Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe). The colored version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. The flag has since been flown during every Games. The Olympic motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning "Faster, Higher, Stronger".
Before each Games, the Olympic flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess, lights a torch with the use of the sun. The woman then lights the torch of the first relay bearer. Starting the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city's Olympic stadium. The flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928 and the torch relay was introduced at the 1936 Summer Games.
The Olympic mascot was introduced in 1968. The mascot is either an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country.
Opening
As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture.
Closing
The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium. They are followed by the athletes who enter together without any national distinction. Three national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played. The flag of Greece to honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games. The flag of the current host country. The flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games is also flown. The president of the organizing committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches. The Games are officially closed and the Olympic flame is put out. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony (as this tradition was started in Antwerp), the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC. The president then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture.
Medal presentation
A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. After the medals are given out by an IOC member, the national flags of the three medalists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays.
Sports
Olympic sports are governed by international sports federations (IFs) recognized by the IOC as the global supervisors of those sports. There are 35 federations represented at the IOC. Changes can happen to the list of sports in the Olympics. Sports can be added or removed from the list on the basis of a two-thirds majority vote of the members of the IOC.
The 114th IOC meeting, in 2002, limited the Summer Games program to a maximum of 28 sports, 301 events, and 10,500 athletes. Three years later, at the 117th IOC Session, the first major change to the list was performed. This resulted in the removal of baseball and softball from the list of sports for the 2012 London Games. Since there was no agreement in the promotion of two other sports, the 2012 program will feature just 26 sports. The 2016 and 2020 Games will return to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition of rugby and golf.
Amateurism and professionalism
The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics. The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics. His medals were restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds. As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.
Beginning in the 1970s, amateurism requirements were gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter. After the 1988 Games, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics, subject to the approval of the IFs. As of 2004, the only sport in which no professionals compete is boxing, although even this requires a definition of amateurism based on fight rules rather than on payment, as some boxers receive cash prizes from their National Olympic Committees. In men's football (soccer), only three professional players over the age of 23 are eligible to participate per team in the Olympic tournament.
Boycotts
There have been many countries deliberately missing the Olympics in order to make political statements. The most famous examples of countries missing the Olympics happened in 1980 and 1984. The Cold War opponents missed each other's Games. 65 nations refused to compete at the Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Soviet Union and 14 of its Eastern Bloc partners (except Romania) countered by missing the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984. The countries stated that they could not guarantee the safety of their athletes. Soviet officials defended their decision to withdraw from the Games by saying that "chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in the United States".
Politics
Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City, two American track and field athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who finished first and third in the 200meter sprint race, performed the Black Power salute on the podium. The runner up Peter Norman wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge in support of Smith and Carlos. IOC President Avery Brundage then told the United States, to either send the two athletes home or withdraw the track and field team. The United States chose to send the pair home.