cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Louis Majou
Biography
Colonel Majou was born as Louis Jacques Luc Majou des Grois on November, 11 1764 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds, although his parents had resided in the nearby market town of La Couture. He was baptized as a Protestant the next day. His father was a landowner (lord of Pacaudières and Cars) and died early, leaving him an orphan at 17 years old.
We know only a few elements of his life before the Revolution. Inheriting some business in La Rochelle, he probably studied law in this city, where he certainly resided during his youth.
In 1792, Louis Majou was recognized enough in La Rochelle to be elected lieutenant of the free company. He took part as an infantryman in the siege of Toulon.
Career
Enlisted in the active army, Majou follows Bonaparte to Italy. In his Memoirs, Antoine Sérieys reports that the latter, then commander of the place of Legnague, was close to being summarily executed by peasants. The scene takes place on 25 germinal year V : Sent as an emissary by General Monleau, Majou negotiates with the authorities of a village located near Florence. An Italian aimed his gun at the officer, who was saved only by the intervention of the priest.
On November 30, 1799, Louis Majou was appointed battalion commander and assigned to the 11 light demi-brigade. During the Egyptian campaign, he befriended General Belliard, also from Vendée. Reformed in 1803, he was reinstated in the army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and became aide-de-camp to Belliard in Spain. During the Russian campaign, he belonged to the cavalry staff. As such, he was made a legionary knight on the decision of Major-General Berthier de Wagram, in 1812.
Placed on half pay during the first Restoration, Majou was elected deputy of Charente-Maritime on March 11, 1815 for the period of the Hundred Days. He returns to his business in La Rochelle at the end of his mandate.
In April 1816, Colonel Majou took part in a subscription of officers in favor of King Louis XVIIl. He died on February 25, 1832 at La Barre in Sainte-Hermine.
Caselle Landi
Caselle Landi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy. It is about 35 km southeast of Lodi. As of 2004 about 1,751 people lived there. It has an area of 25.9 km2.
Caselle Landi borders the following municipalities: Cornovecchio, Meleti, Corno Giovine, Santo Stefano Lodigiano, Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda, Piacenza and Caorso.
AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup
The AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup is an association football tournament for women's national teams under the age of 20, organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It is organised by the Asian Football Confederation every two years, and serves as a qualifying competition for the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. It was first played in 2002 as the AFC U-19 Women's Championship with an upper age limit of 19. Starting from the 2022 edition, the age limit was raised to 20.
Boonville, Missouri
Boonville is a city in Cooper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,319 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Cooper County.
Antoine Dominique Bordes
Antoine-Dominique Bordes (1815-1883) was a French shipowner and business manager, founder of the shipping company that bears his name, long the largest in the world.
Career
Born on July 22, 1815 in the Gers ( France ) where his father was a doctor (from the faculty of Paris), he joined his older brother Antoine-Dominique at the age of 16, who ran a grain and flour trade in Bordeaux. Baptized Antoine Apollinaire, he takes the name of his brother in Chile for his business.
Antoine-Dominique Bordes left at the age of 18 on the Scythian to Latin America and arrived in Valparaíso ( Chile ). He then began to work as a shipping agent and to create a commercial entourage. In 1837 he founded a consignment house. In 1840, at the age of 25, he joined forces with Captain Ange-Casimir le Quellec to create a port trading company between Bordeaux and Valparaiso, which was transformed in 1847 into a maritime shipping company with headquarters in Bordeaux. After the death of Le Quellec, the Bordes navigation company was created in 1868. Until the death of the founder, the company established itself on Boulevard Malesherbes in Paris and organized its traffic from the ports of Bordeaux, Nantes, Dunkirk, Le Havre. From the 1870s his ships also carried Chilean nitrate to Liverpool and Glasgow.
From February 1857 to July 1859, the Pereire brothers hired him to straighten out the helm of the Compagnie Générale Maritime. During this period, he was the extraordinary administrator-general. He then befriended Wulfran Puget, also a shipowner : his sons will baptize one of their boats in his name.
Emajuddin Ahamed
Emajuddin Ahamed (15 December 1933 – 17 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi political scientist, author and educator. He was the 21st vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka during 1992 to 1996. He was awarded the Ekushey Padak in 1992. He was born in Malda district, Bengal Presidency.
Meitei wedding
Meitei marriage (Manipuri marriage) (Luhongba) or Meitei wedding (Manipuri wedding) (Yum-Paanba) are the traditions and practices that relate to wedding ceremonies and marriage rituals prevailing within the Meitei culture. The ceremonies and customs have changed greatly in the past 350 years. Original traditional Meitei weddings are supposed to be very similar to modern matrimonial practices of the Sanamahists and rural weddings (in Loi villages of Manipur). Notably, modern day Sanamahist matrimonial practices are in fact, the original true traditional Meitei wedding without the influence of foreign culture. No matter what religion one follows, the Meiteis are not allowed to marry between the persons of the same salai (clan). Else, severe punishment or banishment from the society (colony) is the usual result in Meitei culture. Generally, in urban areas, monogamy is common while in rural areas, polygamy is not rare.
Emajuddin Ahamed
Ahamed died from a cerebral hemorrhage in Dhaka on 17 July 2020, aged 86.
Great Famine (Ireland)
The Great Famine, Great Hunger, or Potato Famine is the name given to the famine in Ireland in the years 1845-1852. Outside Ireland, it is usually called the Irish Potato Famine. The famine was caused by "the potato blight", a fungus-like organism which quickly destroyed the potatoes in Ireland, and throughout Europe. The effect was particularly bad in Ireland because potatoes were the staple food for most Irish people at the time.
Super Mario Bros. 35
Super Mario Bros. 35 was an online battle-royale style video game developed by Arika and published by Nintendo, in October 1, 2020. Its release was made for the Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary. It was made no longer playable after March 31, 2021; yet it still could be played into April 1, 2021. Then it was no longer played, but you could still run the software, and it would work until the software was closed.
Gameplay
The game is based off of Super Mario Bros., with every of its 32 levels. The player controls Mario (or Luigi, found in an easter egg) to fight 34 other players. Defeating an enemy would cause it to go on someone else's screen. Most of them are defeated by stepping on them. If a player is the last Mario alive, then they win.
Great Famine (Ireland)
It is believed that between 1 million to 1.5 million people died in the three years from 1846 to 1849 because of hunger or disease. Another million became refugees because of the famine. Many people who left Ireland moved to Great Britain, (mostly to the nearby town of Liverpool), the United States, Canada and Australia.
In Ireland this time is referred to as "the starvation". The potato was the only crop affected, yet Ireland continued to produce corn, wheat, barley, and beef. However, the mostly English landlords made a bigger profit by selling these food products elsewhere.
By the late 17th century, potatoes had become common as a supplementary rather than a major food. The diet was mainly around butter, milk, and grain products. Potato became a base food of the poor, especially in winter. The lack of genetic variability among the potato plants in Ireland caused the emergence of Phytophthora infestans which had devastating effects in Ireland. Another factor is that holdings were so small that no crop other than potatoes would be able to feed a family.
Starting in 1801, Ireland had been directly governed, under the Act of Union as part of the United Kingdom. In the 40 years after the union, British governments grappled with the problems of governing the country. One historian calculated that, between 1801 and 1845, there had been 114 commissions and 61 special committees enquiring into the state of Ireland. "Without exception their findings prophesied disaster. Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low". It was caused by monoculture because they only planted one main crop and let its disease infest all other potatoes in the Irish territory.
Meitei wedding
The marriage process usually starts with the meeting between the couple's families and the consultation on the two's horoscopes. If everything is fine, the marriage day will be fixed and finally, the partners will be wedded.
Regarding the cultural diversity of the Meitei ethnicity, there are the adherents of Sanamahism and Hinduism. During early times, there were strong religious barriers between the castes inside the Meitei ethnicity. For instance, a general Meitei (either Hindu or Sanamahist) cannot marry a person who belongs to Meitei Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) or other communities.
Traditional Meitei practices
In the traditional Meitei marriage ceremony, brides do not wear potloi. Instead, they wear phanek (traditional Meitei sarong) and Kajenglei (traditional Meitei headdress). Besides, the sacred chantings will all be done in Classical Meitei language.
Hindu Meitei practices
In the Meitei Hindu marriage, brides wear potloi instead of phanek. Besides, many of the sacred chantings are performed in Sanskrit in addition to Classical Manipuri language. Since Hinduism among the Meitei ethnicity is actually brought from the Vaishnavism of Bengal, the Meitei Hindus somehow imitate and follow the traditional matrimonial styles of the Bengalis.
Poem of the Sea
Poem of the Sea (Поэма о море) is a 1958 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuliya Solntseva. It stars Boris Livanov, Boris Andreyev, and Mikhail Tsaryov.
Yantai
Yantai is a city in Shandong, China. It is on the coast facing the Huang Hai. The average annual temperature is 12°C. The annual rainfall is 20 mm.
The city used to be called "Chefoo" because an island close to the city was named "Chefoo". The name of the city means "Smokey Tower" (yan - smoke, tai - tower). The city is named "Yantai" because in 1398 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, built watch towers nearby to tell everyone if Japanese pirates were coming.
the city of Yantai and the area around it had 6,516,900 people living in it. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 343.4 billionRMB while the GDP divided by the population was 49,012RMB.
Delta, Utah
Delta is a city in Millard County, Utah, United States. The population was 3,622 at the 2020 census.
Thise
Thise is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.
Bill Nankivell
William Field Nankivell (born 7 September 1923) is a former Australian politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He represented the South Australian House of Assembly seats of Albert (1959–1970) and Mallee (1970–1979). He was a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Land Settlement (1963–1968), Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works (1968–1973) and Public Accounts Committee (1973–1977)
Nankivell was born in Mount Gambier, South Australia. He served in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II from 1944 to 1945.
Two Fyodors
Two Fyodors (Два Фёдора) is a 1958 Soviet drama movie directed by Marlen Khutsiev. It stars Vasily Shukshin, Nikolai Chursin, and Tamara Syomina.
LazyTown
The show has been very successful and has aired in many countries around the world.
Basis of the program
The show features live-action characters and puppet characters in a colorful town called LazyTown. At the start of the series, the town's citizens are very lazy. The mayor's niece, Stephanie, comes to change that. An athletic superhero named Sportacus helps her. He teaches the children of the town to eat healthy food and exercise each day. However, their fun is often stopped by the town's laziest man, Robbie Rotten. He tries to make the children lazy again and tries to remove Sportacus and Stephanie from the town. Robbie's plans often fail. The show' has an educational message for viewers, and songs or dance numbers performed by the characters. Usually Stephanie is the lead singer or dancer.
Nathan Shaham
Nathan Shaham (Hebrew: נתן שחם; born 1925 – June 18, 2018) was an Israeli writer. In 2012, he was awarded the Israeli Prize. Shaham was editor-in-chief of Sifriat Poalim Publishing House. He was Israel's cultural attaché in the United States from 1977–80, and a former vice-chairman of the Israel Broadcasting Authority.
His best known novel was Tabula Rasa (2010).
Shaham died in his home in Beit Alfa on June 18, 2018 from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.
Zhao Zhongxiang
Zhao Zhongxiang (赵忠祥; January 16, 1942 – January 16, 2020) was a Chinese news anchor on the national news program Xinwen Lianbo and television host. He joined China Central Television in 1959. He was born in Hebei, China. Zhao hosted CCTV New Year's Gala.
Zhao was diagnosed with liver cancer around December 2019. He died in Beijing on January 16, 2020 of the disease at the age of 78.
European Union
The European Union (abbreviation: EU) is a union of 27 member countries in Europe established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992-1993. It is a sui generis political entity that uses the characteristics of a federation and confederation.
The EU grew out of the European Economic Community (EEC) which was established by the Treaties of Rome in 1957. It has created a common economic area with Europe-wide laws allowing the citizens of EU countries to move and trade in other EU countries almost the same as they do on their own. Nineteen of these countries also share the same type of money: the euro.
The name of Europe comes from the Latin Europa, which in turn derives from the Greek Εὐρώπη, from εὐρύς eurys "wide" and ὤψ ops "face".
The objective of the EU is to bring its member states closer together with respect of human rights and democracy. It does this with common rules about fair trading with each other, common agreements about law enforcement, a common style of passport, and other agreements. Most members share a common currency (the euro) and most allow people to travel from one country to another without having to show a passport. It does this with common rules about fair trading with each other, common agreements about law enforcement, and other agreements. It has a common style for (its) passports.
History
After World War II, the countries in Europe wanted to live peacefully together and help one another's economies. Instead of fighting each other for coal and steel, the first member countries (West) Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg created one European Coal and Steel Community in 1952.
In 1957 in the Italian city of Rome, the member countries signed another treaty and made the European Economic Community. Now it was a community for coal, steel and for trade. Later it changed the name to the European Community.
In 1993, with the Treaty of Maastricht it changed its name to the European Union. Now the member countries work together not only in politics and economy (coal, steel and trade), but also in money, justice (laws), and foreign affairs. With the Schengen Agreement, 22 member countries of the EU opened their borders to each other, so people can now travel from one country to the other without a passport or identity card. Many of the countries of the EU also share a currency, which is called the euro. 10 new countries became members of the EU in 2004, 2 more became members in 2007, and 1 more in 2013. In 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU. Today there are 27 member countries altogether.
Free movement
A person who is a citizen of the European Union can live and work in any of the 27 member states without needing a work permit or visa. For example, a French person can move to Greece to work there, or just to live there, and he or she does not need permission from an authority in Greece.
In the same way, products made in one member country can be sold in any other member country without any special permissions or extra taxes. For this reason, the members agree rules on product safety - they want to know that a product made in another country will be as safe as it would be if it had been made in their own.
Main institutions
Institutions of the European Union
Council of the European Union
The Council of the European Union is the main decision-making group. The cabinet ministers of the member countries meet (Ministers for Foreign affairs, for Agriculture, for Justice, etc...) and discuss issues that are important to them.
Before the Treaty of Lisbon (written in 2007, implemented in 2008) each member state takes a turn at being President of the council for six months. For example, from January 2007 until July 2007, Germany held the presidency. The six months before that, Finland held the presidency. Now the President of the European Union chairs the council summits. The President of the council is the organiser and manager and is voted into office for a duration of two and a half years. He or she does not have the power to make decisions about the European Union like the President of the United States does for that country.
Qiemo
Qiemo, also called Cherchen, is an inland city in Xinjiang, China. About 60,000 people live in the city. It is a river town on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert. The area has been settled for a long time. A cemetery at least 3,500 years old is near the town, as well as Bronze Age rock carvings. The town was along the trade route to Tibet. Marco Polo is supposed to have passed through the town in 1273.
European Union
Council of the European Union
Twice a year, the heads of government (Prime Ministers) and/or the heads of state (Presidents) meet to talk about the main issues and make decisions on different issues. This meeting is different and not as formal. It is known as a European Council.
European Commission
The European Commission runs the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.
The commission has one President and 27 Commissioners, selected by the European Council. The Commission President is appointed by the European Council with the approval of the European Parliament.
The commission operates like a cabinet government. There is one Commissioner per member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.
European Parliament
The Parliament has a total of 705 members (called Members of the European Parliament, or MEP). They are elected in their countries every five years by the citizens of the European Union member countries. The Parliament can approve, reject or change proposed laws. It can also sack the European Commission. In that case, the entire commission would have to give up their jobs.
Len Frig
Leonard Elroy Frig (born October 23, 1950 in Lethbridge, Alberta) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a total of 311 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Oakland Seals, Cleveland Barons, and St. Louis Blues.
Cupid's Chokehold
"Cupid's Chokehold" is a song by the rap group Gym Class Heroes. It was released twice. The first time was in 2005. The second time was in 2007. The single became a hit song around 2007. It contains samples of the song "Breakfast in America" by the group Supertramp. Patrick Stump sings on it. The song reached #4 on US record charts. It reached #3 in the United Kingdom and Canada.
European Union
Politics
The main reasons why European countries came together are political and economic:
Member States
In 1951, six countries made the European Coal and Steel Community, a basic version of what the EU is now. These six then went further and in 1957 they made the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community. The UK and others decided not to join, and then when the UK changed its mind it was stopped from joining by French President Charles de Gaulle. When he was no longer President, the UK and others started to join. Today there are 27 members but the idea that more should join is not seen as a good one by everyone.
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Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Turkey and Iceland are "candidate countries"; they are being considered for membership. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are expected to follow.
However, since there have been many political problems happening in Turkey recently, especially with President Edrogan's arresting of tens of thousands of political rivals since the failed coup attempt on July 15, 2016, it is unlikely that it would be allowed to part of the EU anytime soon because EU members believe that the current Turkish government is not respecting human rights, rule of law, or democracy.
Motto
United in diversity (or together with many types of people in Simple English), is the motto of the European Union.
The motto in other languages:
Brexit
On June 23, 2016, the UK held a referendum on whether it should stay in the EU or leave it. The majority [52% to 48%] favored leaving. Britain leaving the EU is commonly known as Brexit.
The government of the UK invoked "Article 50" of the Treaty of European Union (the Treaty of Lisbon) on 29 March 2017. This began negotiations with fellow members of the EU on the terms of exit. The timetable for these negotiations is two years, which meant that the UK would remain a member of the EU until at least March 2019. However this deadline was later extended to October 31st 2019 at the request of the British Government. The United Kingdom left the European Union on the 31 of January 2020 at 23:00 (Greenwich Mean Time). Following the UK left from the European Union on January 31, the transition period expired on December 31, 2020 and ended on January 1, 2021.
Ruud Gullit
Ruud Gullit (born 1 September 1962) is a Dutch former football player. He has played for the Netherlands national team.
Club career statistics
244||109||17||16||8||1||269||126 178||63||31||13||22||7||231||83 32||4||8||3||colspan="2"|-||40||7 454||176||56||32||30||8||540||216
La Paz County, Arizona
La Paz County is a county in the western part of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census, 16,557 people lived there. The county seat is Parker.
Melting point
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this substance goes from the solid state to the liquid one, at a normal pressure. For water, this is 0° Celsius (32 Fahrenheit, 273,15 Kelvin). The chemical element with the highest melting point is tungsten. Some chemical compound s have a higher melting point.
When looking at when a liquid substance becomes solid, most people call this the freezing point. For most substances, like water, this is the same as the melting point. There are substances, where this is not the case (they melt at one temperature, and freeze at another). Agar seems to melt at 85° Celsius, but freeze at between 35°C and 40°C. This phenomenon is a kind of hysteresis.
Adding certain substances or impurities will change the melting point of the resulting mixture. For example, sugar or salt will lower the melting point, and alcohol will raise it.
Greenlee County, Arizona
Greenlee County is a county found in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census its population was 9,563, making it the least populous county in Arizona. The county seat is Clifton.
History
The county was founded in 1909. The land was taken from nearby Graham County. It was named for Mason Greenlee. He was an early settler in the area. It was Arizona's 14th conty.
Other websites
www.co.greenlee.az.us - County website (only available for US residents)
Zizi Jeanmaire
Renée Marcelle Jeanmaire (29 April 1924 – 17 July 2020), known as Zizi Jeanmaire, was a French ballet dancer. She was the wife of dancer and choreographer Roland Petit. She became famous in the 1950s after playing the title role in the ballet Carmen in 1949. She was born in Paris.
Jeanmaire died on 17 July 2020 in Tolochenaz, Switzerland, aged 96.
Hutchinson, Kansas
Hutchinson is the biggest city and county seat in Reno County, Kansas, United States. It is on the Arkansas River. In 2010, 42,080 people lived there.
History
In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington through Hutchinson to Pratt.
Also in 1887, local salt deposits were found. Salt mining would become a big industry in Hutchinson. The city eventually got the nickname "Salt City".
Geography
Hutchinson is on the northeast bank of the Arkansas River in the Great Bend Sand Prairie region of the Great Plains. Cow Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas River, goes southeast through the city.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 22.75 sqmi. Of that, 22.69 sqmi is land and 0.06 sqmi is water.
Weather
Hutchinson has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa). It is almost a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). It has hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.
2010 Census
In 2010, there were 42,080 people, 16,981 households, and 10,352 families living in Hutchinson.
Government
Hutchinson is a city of the first class with a council-manager form of government.
Hutchinson is the county seat of Reno County, so it is the administrative center of Reno County. The county courthouse is downtown, and all departments of the county government have their operations in the city.
Hutchinson is in Kansas's 1st U.S. Congressional District. In the Kansas Legislature, Hutchinson is in the 34th district of the Kansas Senate. It is in the 102nd, 104th, and 114th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.
Transportation
Reno County Area Transit (RCAT) provides local public transport bus service. It has three bus routes. The routes are colored Red, Blue, and Yellow. Greyhound Lines offers long-distance bus service on its route through Hutchinson from Wichita to Pueblo. Bus service is provided daily towards Wichita and Salina by BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines).
Health care
There are two hospitals in Hutchinson. Hutchinson Regional Medical Center is a not-for-profit general medical and surgical facility. It offers many different services including emergency care. The other hospital is Summit Surgical. It is a specialized corporate surgical facility.
Media
The Hutchinson News is the city's main newspaper. It is published every day. Hutchinson Community College publishes a weekly student newspaper, the Collegian.
Parks
The Sand Hills State Park is on the northern part of Hutchison.
Sleeping Beauty (1959 movie)
Sleeping Beauty (1959) is an American-French animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions and released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Distribution. It is based on the 1697 fairy tale "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood" by Charles Perrault. The movie was directed by Les Clark, Eric Larson, and Wolfgang Reitherman, under the supervision of Clyde Geronimi. Additional story work was provided by Joe Rinaldi, Winston Hibler, Bill Peet, Ted Sears, Ralph Wright, and Milt Banta.
The movie generated mixed reviews from critics. They thought the movie was slow-paced and lacked character development. Sleeping Beauty earned approximately $7.7 million in box office rentals. Its production costs totaled $6 million, making it the most expensive Disney movie to that date. The high production costs of the movie resulted in the company posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960, and many animators were laid off.
Theresa Russell
Theresa Russell (born March 20, 1957 in San Diego) is an American actress. She has done many movies. Some of the better-known ones are The Last Tycoon (1976), Black Widow (1987) and Spider-Man 3 (2007).
Relational database
A relational database is a way of storing information (data). Relational databases help users join information to other information.
In a relational database, each record of data is stored in a row. The rows are grouped together in tables. In the relational model, a database table is called a relation. This is why the term relational is used for this kind of database.
Mike Kellogg
Michael "Mike" Kellogg (born September 27, 1941) is a senior announcer with Moody Radio and host for Music Through the Night.
Relational database
Relational databases are currently the main way in which companies store information like financial records, medical records, personal information, and manufacturing and logistical data.
The term relational database was originally defined by and is attributed to Edgar Codd at IBM Almaden Research Center in 1970.
Freya Kemp
Freya Grace Kemp is a cricketer from England. She plays for the England women's cricket team. She was born on April 21, 2005.
Mike Kellogg
Early life
Kellogg was born in Cedarville, Ohio. He was later educated at Cedarville College in Cedarville, Ohio. Kellogg moved to Chicago, Illinois.
Chamalières
Chamalières (Auvergnat: Chamalèira) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
Mike Kellogg
Career
Kellogg first wanted to be a writer who later got a job for a newspaper company at a young age, and was later writing for the broadcasting company in Chicago. Kellogg began his career in the late 1980s when Music Through the Night was also created. In late 1982 Kellogg was hired to be host of Music Through the Night. Kellogg now speaks to the late-night listener, presenting a relaxed yet relaxed direct message of the fullness of a life of religion. Besides Music Through the Night, Kellogg can also be heard in a two minute radio program Today in the World.
Chamalières
Chamalières is the third-largest town in the department and lies about 150 mi from Lyon.
Mike Kellogg
Awards
In 1980, Kellogg was given the Religion in Media Award for his dramatic role in the radio for Treasures in the Snow.
Personal life
He is married to Nancy Kellogg whom he has six children, and ten grandchildren. Kellogg currently lives in Valparaiso, Indiana. Kellogg is an educator of religion.
Middle Eastern and North African cinema
Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Cinema is a term that includes all the movie productions that have taken place in any of the Middle East and North African countries. The countries that are included under MENA often change, but for this article, the countries included Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Moving images as a form of entertainment existed since ancient times, for example in China through shadow play. The first movie in which movement was constant and mechanic was "The Moving Horse" or "Horse in Motion" produced in 1878 by Eadweard Muybridge but it was not complete or long. The Lumière Brothers who built photographic equipment wanted to make film-making a job that could produce income, so they created the first movie. It was actually ten short films about factory workers "La Sortie de l’usine Lumière à Lyon" and it was presented in front of an audience in Paris in 1895. Their most well-known work is the "L’Arrivée d’un train en gare de La Ciotat" and it was aired in 1986.
In 1902, the first-ever narrative movie was produced, which is the most similar to what we know today as a movie. It was produced by Georges Méliès and it is called "Le Voyage dans la Lune." This movie was the first to have a storyline throughout, not just a sequence of images that play for a few seconds.
An Introduction to Middle Eastern and North African Cinema
In the 19th Century, the MENA region was separated between France and the United Kingdom. France and the United Kingdom had claimed protection over the countries through agreements and deals made between them (ie. Sykes-Picot Agreement). Because these countries did not have control over their economies and their political structures it was very hard to build national film industries. Due to the lack of national film industries only European products were available. Culture was also repressed, especially in the French-protected countries, which made it even harder to produce films.
1896 - The First Screening of a Movie in the MENA Region
The Lumière Brothers were the first film producers to present a movie to audiences in the MENA region. They screened a movie for a selected audience in Egypt in Cairo and Alexandria. In 1986 the first movie exhibition took place within the Ottoman Empire, in Istanbul. After the success of the first screenings, in 1987 screenings took place in cities at Algeria (Algiers, Oran), at Tunisia (Tunis), at the Moroccan royal palace Fez, and by 1900 screenings were taking place at Jerusalem in the Europa Hotel. All the movies that were shown were only addressing the tastes of the European colonizers and watching movies as a form of entertainment was directed towards Europeans. There was no representation of the local cultures and there were no moves to make movies more approachable to locals.
1896-1908 - The Creation of the First Cinematographers
Cinematographers, also known as movie theaters, were soon built. The first movie theater was built in 1896 in Algiers and, shortly after, the Lumière Brothers built the Cinematographé Lumière in Alexandria. Between 1906 and 1908 the French cinematographer company Pathé built cinematographers in Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt, and in Tunis, Tunisia. The first cinematographers, similarly to the first screenings of movies, were not addressed towards the native people. However, Egypt was the first country in which movies had voice-overs in Arabic allowing native audiences to watch as well. While cinema, as a form of entertainment, was widely accepted in North Africa, in much of the Arabian Peninsula was not mainly because of religious reasons.
1900s-1920s - First Productions within MENA
The situation in Egypt was also a bit different as it was the first colonized country to develop a national film industry. Already in 1909, the funeral of Mustafa Kamil was filmed by an Egyptian person, and by 1920 Egyptian actors and actresses were already given main parts in movies, as well as directorial roles.
1920s - Growth of Film Industries
The 1920s are a very important decade for the development of film industries in Middle East, and especially North Africa. Egypt became the center of the MENA in terms of its film industry. Many popular short and long films were filmed in Egypt, and production companies collaborated with Egyptian actors, cameramen, and directors. The American Aunt (الخالة الأمريكانية) is a short movie produced by Bonvelli in 1920, and it is one of the first to have an Egyptian actor play an important role. Later, in 1921, the film The Country of Tutankhamun (في بلاد توت عنخ أمون) was produced and was fully recorded by an Egyptian cameraman, Muhammad Bayyumi. In 1927 the first full-length silent film, Layla, was made in Egypt and it was fully produced by a native woman, Aziza Amir, who also played the female leading role. In Egypt, by 1928, there were two full length films produced annually, a number which is higher than other MENA countries at the time.
Layla (or Laila) is a very controversial movie since the opinions regarding who directed it differ a lot. What is known for sure is that Aziza Amir, the leading female actress, was the producer and the owner of her own production company Isis Films. In the beginning, it seems like the movie was to be directed by Wedad Orfi, who was the leading male actor; however, the movie was at the end directed by another man, Stephane Rosti. It is not known why this change happened, and it could explain why the filming process began in 1925 but was completed in 1927.
In 1922 the first short film was produced in Tunisia, named Zohra, and shortly after the first long film was produced. In 1928 the first movie was produced in Syria with a native director and leading actor, and in 1929 Jordano Pidutti an Italian director, directed a film about a Lebanese immigrant in the United States. Badr and Ibrahim Lama are the first Palestinian filmmakers. They were born in Chile but moved to Egypt to produce their first film in 1927. They are also very significant figures of Arab and MENA cinema.
1930s - Growth of National Cinema
The 1930s begin with Egypt leading another successful production of a full length silent movie, Zeinab, and with the first Iranian movie being produced, Abi and Rabi. 1932 was a groundbreaking year for Egyptian and MENA cinema, with the first two movies with sound being produced. For technical reasons, they had to be recorded in Paris, France. 1932 was also the year that the first movie with clear Zionist ideas emerged, Oded The Wanderer. For context, despite Isreal being officially established in 1948, there were big waves of immigration of Zionist Jews in the area of Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s because of the Balfour Declaration.
In 1933 Herta Gargour, a Lebanese woman, finances the opening of a Lebanese production company called The Lumnar Film Company. This production company produced the first film that was fully financed by Lebanese producers, In the Ruins of Baalbek. It was also the first movie in which the Lebanese dialect of Arabic was spoken.
The 1930s were an important decade for Palestinian cinema as well. The official start of Palestinian cinema is in 1935, when Ibrahim Hassan Sarhan filmed and produced Saudi Crown Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz‘s visit to Palestine. In 1934-35 the Studio Misr was established in Egypt. The film studio was founded under the Banque Misr, which is still a functioning bank, and under Talaat Harb a very well-known economist and co-founder of Banque Misr. Banque Misr was founded in 1920 and it had the goal of nationalizing Egypt's economy. The initiative to open their own film studio was part of Egypt's nationalization process. Harb managed to send young men abroad to learn the newest European techniques in film production and then with funding from Banque Misr acquired sophisticated equipment. The Studio Misr was a very successful project. It produced many successful movies, such as Wedad, Munyet Shababi, al-‘Azeema, Salama fi Kheir, and many more. The success of many of these movies was due to the movie touching on important social issues of the time such as poverty. Many big stars also grew through this company, such as Umm Kulthum who was already a successful singer, but debuted an equally successful acting career through the Studio Misr.
Unfortunately, not all MENA countries could experience the same growth of national industries, especially those occupied by France, where native culture was repressed and only French culture was promoted. However, this does not mean that these countries do not a rich history in film productions. From the 1920s, especially in the 1930s many French movies were produced in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. These countries were used as backgrounds due to their "exotic" look and the perceptions that Europeans had about the "Orient." The use of these countries for their "exotic" features caused the reproduction of many negative stereotypes against the natives.
1940s-1950s - Fight for Independence in the MENA Region
In 1943, the first post-independence movie was produced in Lebanon called The Rose Seller. The same year in Turkey the first fully dubbed movie is produced, Troubled Spring. In 1944 the Centre Cinématographique Marocain is founded with the ultimate goal of producing Moroccan films and just a few years later, in 1946, France established Studios Africa in the Maghreb (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) to produce documentaries with material from the colonies. Both of these studios had the purpose of creating and sharing propaganda regarding the revolts that were taking place in French colonies. By 1946, the studios were producing films in Arabic, not only French, and they became much more approachable to the audience by producing content that discussed Islam. Nevertheless, the movies' purpose was to spread propaganda especially against resistance fighters that were requesting independence from the French colonialism.
In 1948, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq saw growth in their film industries. In Iran, Esmail Kushan founded the Mitra film company which could domestically produce sound movies. This was important because until then sound movies would have to be filmed in Europe. In iraq, Alia and Issam the first Iraqi movie is produced. In Turkey, the government decreased the tax on cinema tickets which increased the demand for films and the production of films. On the same year, the State of Israel was established and war broke out in the Levant region. Post Israel's establishment, in 1949, the Israeli Motion Picture Studios open. In the 1950s many of the struggles that began in the 1940s peaked. Egypt managed to gain independence from the British in 1952 with the Free Officers overthrowing the monarch and establishing the Ministry of National Culture and Language. Just two years later, in 1954, war breaks out in Algeria and Algeria demands independence from the French colonial forces. In 1956, Egypt gets attacked by Israel during the Suez Crisis. Morocco and Tunisia are granted independence by France in 1959 as well, but not Algeria, and Spain also gives up its territories in Morocco. By 1958 the first Lebanese Civil War begins.
Despite all the setbacks, film industries still managed to somewhat grow. Youssef Chahine is an important Egyptian director who always included some kind of political commentary in his movies. He lived through very turbulant decades in Egypt and he is well-known for not accepting censorship over his art. He discussed topics such as the British occupation, Nasser's rule, Islamism, and the changing relationships between the Arab world and the Western world. One of his most important films is Jamila the Algerian (جميلة الجزائرية), produced in 1958, which came out after the Algerian fight independence. This is his first film in which the message was clearly political. Another important work of his is the documentary Cairo, As Told By Chahine (القاهرة منورة بأهلها), released in 1991, which showed the two sides of Cairo: an opulent center of the Arab world and city ridden by poverty and religious intolerance. In 1953 the first Turkish color film was produced by Muhsin Ertuğrul, called Carpet-weaving Girl. In Lebanon the Baalbek (Baalbeck) Studios get founded, which will be especially important in the 1960s. In 195 p7 the first Jordanian film gets produced, Struggle in Jarash. It was the first movie which was fully produced in Jordan by locals, and it was produced in Arabic. In the same year Where to? (إلى أين؟) by George Nasser was the first fully Lebanese movie that was presented at the Cannes Festival.
1960s - Independence and Resistance in National Film Industries
Morocco gained its independence from France in 1956. Afterwards the Moroccan state took no control over the cinemas. The first feature films were produced in 1968 by the national film organisation Centre Cinématographique Marocain (CCM), which was founded by colonial authorities in 1944. The CCM is still the heart of Moroccan national cinema today. During the 60s Tunisia still struggled for independence so the movies produced in Tunisia where either French productions or films that demonstrated the struggle for independence.
In the 1960s, Egyptian cinema continued flourishing. The Night of Counting the Years or The Mummy (المومية) was produced in 1969 by Shadi Abdel Salam and it is based on a true story. The Egyptian star Nadia Lufti was featured in this film who was an important figure in Egyptian cinema. It is considered to be one of the best Egyptian movies to have ever been produced as it marks the start for the age of realism in Egyptian cinema. Moreover, it was shot in Classical Arabic which is very uncommon for Egyptian films and gives it constant meaning through the years and the many MENA countries.
Emily Deschanel
Emily Erin Deschanel (born October 11, 1976 ) is an American actress, movie producer and television producer. She is best known for her role as the main character in the television series Bones.
Middle Eastern and North African cinema
1970s - Decade of Turmoil
The 1970s were a decade of instability in many of the MENA countries. In 1970-71 the situation between Israel and Palestine evolved rapidly with thousands of Palestinians losing their life due to the Black September events. While this was a tragic escalation of the conflict, it allowed for Palestinian Resistance Cinema to grow. Palestinian Resistance Cinema is different compared to other resistance cinemas because it did not change public opinion on the conflict, but it did work as a mobilization force for many Europeans as well as a unitary force between Arabs and Palestinians. These resistance movies were documentary-style films that had the ultimate goal of educating and informing people. One example of such a film is With Soul, With Blood (بالروح، بالدم) which was produced by the Palestinian Film Unit in 1971. It discusses the conflict between the army of the Jordanian king, King Hussein, and the PLO, and the attacks that followed (Black September). It was directed by Mustafa Abu Ali and it was a cornerstone for Palestinian and MENA Resistance Cinema as it made commentary on Western Imperialism in the Middle East in general. In 1976 in Lebanon, which so far was experiencing its "golden-age" in cinema, the second Lebanese Civil War broke out which put an abrupt end to the success of Lebanese cinema for some time.