cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Joseph Stalin
Food and agriculture
Collectivization did not work well. There was a famine 1932–33, in which millions died. Because farmers were not paid much money, and whatever they grew went to the state, the workers did not try their best. The best farming worked on very small bits of land given to the peasants to grow what they liked. On these pieces of land, farmers could keep what they grew. In 1938 these parts of land were 4% of Soviet farmland. However, they grew 20% of its produce.
Japanese Sign Language
History
In the late-20th century, Japanese sign language began to be recognized.
Kápolnásnyék
Kápolnásnyék is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.
History
The excavations in the surroundings revealed Bronze-Age artefacts, proving that the area was already populated in ancient times.
The name of the settlement originates from the name of the Nyék tribe (coming to Hungary during the settlement of Hungarian tribes). The first residents probably belonged to a subgroup of the tribe. When István I. defeated Koppány, Nyék became a land of the queen. The name of the settlement is mentioned first in 1193 as Neck. Later the names Kápolnás Nyék, Káposztás Nyék, and Fertőfő Nyék are used to mention this rather insignificant place located between Buda and Fehérvár, which is south of the commercial route. As a border village Kápolnásnyék suffered from double taxation during the Turkish occupation (both Hungary and the Turkish Empire collected taxes). Therefore the population of the village decreased considerably and it even became uninhabited during the Turkish campaign of 1543. The inhabitants returned to the village in 1772.
Japanese Sign Language
History
The Japanese Federation of the Deaf is for those Japanese whose primary language is JSL.
Kápolnásnyék
History
During the 19th century Upper and Lower Nyék were differentiated, even after 1861, when the Southem Railway was built. It is mentioned as an independent village first in 1871, to which Pettend was attached in 1898. Mihály Vörösmarty was born here.
Finless porpoise
The finless porpoise is a marine mammal. It is a species related to dolphins and whales. It lives in shallow water on the coast of Asia from the Persian Gulf to Japan. It also lives in Yangtze, Gan and Xiang rivers. Unlike other dolphins, it lacks a dorsal fin.
Japanese Sign Language
History
JSL has a friend in the Imperial family. Kiko, Princess Akishino has studied JSL and is a trained sign language interpreter. She also signs in informal Deaf gatherings.
Joseph Stalin
Mass executions
To eliminate "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the "Great Purge". Over a million people were imprisoned and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. Those executed included most of the generals in the Red Army, whom Stalin saw as a threat to his rule. This greatly weakened the army in the early months of the Wehrmacht's offensive against the Soviet Union in 1941.
Japanese Sign Language
History
In 2006, the Japanese government amended the "Supporting Independence of People with Disabilities Act." The new language in the law encourages local governments to increase the number and use of JSL interpreters.
Elements of Japanese Sign Language (JSL)
As in other sign languages, JSL (usually called simply 手話 shuwa, "hand talk") consists of words, or signs, and the grammar with which they are put together.
Cavour, Piedmont
Cavour is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Joseph Stalin
World War II
When World War II was over, the Soviet army occupied many countries in Europe, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and part of Germany. They imposed Marxism-Leninism on these countries. This was done against the wishes, and over the protests, of the American and British governments.
Stalin continued to rule over the Soviet Union until he died. He also militarized Russia by focusing the country's time and energy towards weapons, vehicles, and the armed forces.
Death
Led by Lavrentiy Beria, the leading group in the Kremlin were Vyacheslav Molotov and Georgy Malenkov and Nikita Krushchev. Much later, Krushchev began a process of "De-Stalinization", which meant taking apart much of the political system that Stalin made. Stalin was denounced as a tyrant. After outsmarting and defeating his rivals, Krushchev established a personal control over the government comparable to Stalin's own. Krushchev is himself a fascinating figure in Soviet history. His attempts to expand Soviet influence ended with the Cuban missile crisis.
Conspiracy theory
In 2003 a group of Russian and American historians claimed that Stalin had been poisoned with powerful rat poison warfarin, possibly by the men who took over the government after Stalin died. Bear in mind, however, that Stalin was in his mid-seventies when he died, and modern pharmacology was in the future (statins etc.). Those facts make it likely that his death was natural.
Legacy
Stalin is a controversial figure in history. Many historians see him as a ruthless dictator, though some praise him as the Father of the Soviet State. Stalin has been criticized for his role in the Holodomor. A recent poll in Russia (2008) listed him as the third most popular person in Russian history. In 2006, a poll stated that almost half the adults in Russia thought Joseph Stalin was a good person. At over 29 years, he was Russia's longest serving Ruler throughout the 20th Century and his record remains unbroken till date.
Kápolnásnyék
History
The present appearance of the village was formed in the 1930s, when it became a commercial and service background for the booming tourism of Lake Velencei. The phone system, the gendarme patrol, local medical care, the railway station and the mill were established in this period. The settlement suffered serious injuries in World War II, when the majority of the population also died. The village was also behind in development, compared to other settlements of the region and became a part of Velence by the 1970s. Kápolnásnyék declared its independence in 1990 and has gone though considerable development since then. It once again became the background for the tourism of Lake Velencei, where commercial service facilities are established and the infrastructure is developing rapidly.
Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020
An annular solar eclipse occurred on June 21, 2020. Annularity (the time that the sun looked like a ring) lasted thirty-eight seconds.
Background
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring).
This solar eclipse occurred one lunar year after the July 2, 2019 eclipse.
Black Orpheus
Black Orpheus (Portuguese: Orfeu Negro ) is a 1959 French Brazilian Italian romantic fantasy drama movie directed by Marcel Camus (who also stars) and based on the play by Vinicius de Moraes. It stars Breno Mello, Marpessa Dawn, Fausto Guerzoni, Adhemar de Silva and won an Academy Award in 1960.
Cercenasco
Cercenasco is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Wayne Panton
Wayne Panton is a Caymanian politician and lawyer. He became the Premier of the Cayman Islands in April 2021.
Radical
Radical, from Late Latin radicalis "of roots" and from Latin radix "root", may refer to:
Extremism, political standpoints that are perceived as revolutionary or extreme
Bezonvaux
Bezonvaux is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Meuse department in northeast France.
Bohuslav Martinů
Bohuslav Martinů (born Polička, Bohemia, 8 December 1890; died Liestal, Switzerland, 28 August 1959) was a Czech composer. He wrote an enormous amount of music, including six symphonies, 15 operas, 14 ballet scores and many orchestral, chamber, vocal and instrumental works. His music is often inspired by his native country.
Bezonvaux
History
Nobody has lived here since the end of the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The official population is zero. Nobody lives in these places either: Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Haumont-près-Samogneux, Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme and Fleury-devant-Douaumont.
Bohuslav Martinů
His life
Martinů was born in the tower of a town church and that is where he spent the first seven years of his life, away from the rest of the world. When he was old enough to go to school he had to climb the 193 steps down to the street every day. He started to have violin lessons from the local tailor. He was very shy because he was used to being all by himself with his family in the tower, but he made good progress and in 1905 gave his first violin recital.
Bezonvaux
History
During the war, the town was completely destroyed. The land was so badly damaged that it was hard to live there. So, the commune was not rebuilt. The site of the commune is kept as it was to show the violence of war. It is officially named a "village that died for France." A municipal council of three members manages the commune. The council members are appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department.
Georgian uprising on Texel
The Georgian Uprising of Texel (5 April 1945 – 20 May 1945) was an insurrection (a rebellion, or mutiny, when soldiers disobey their orders) by Soviet Georgian soldiers on the island of Texel. The uprising was against the Germans army who had taken over the Dutch island during the Second World War. The event is sometimes described as Europe's last battlefield.
The island was very important in the German Atlantic Wall – the line of defences along the Atlantic coast. It was strong and had many defences. The Georgians were soldiers from the Soviet Republic of Georgia who had been captured (taken prisoner) on the Eastern front. They were now fighting for the Germans so that they did not have to stay in camps for prisoners. Their job was to help the German troops.
On the night of 5–6 April 1945 they thought that the Allies would land soon. They took over the island and killed 400 German soldiers. Some parts of the island stayed under German control and the Georgian soldiers could not capture them. More Germans were able to come to the island to help defeat the Georgians. After a few weeks of very tough fighting the Germans took control of the island again.
Unfortunately the British and Canadians, who were warned of the events on Texel by escapees who fled by boat to England, did not believe them, and did not take any action in order to stop the fighting.
On Texel this is called the Russian war. Approximately 800 Germans, 500 Georgians, and 120 Tesselans (people from the island) were killed. Lots of farms were burned. Even after the Germans surrendered (gave up) in the Netherlands and Denmark on 5 May 1945, and after the full German surrender on 8 May, the fighting continued. Canadian soldiers stopped the fighting on 20 May.
Stonewall riots
The Stonewall riots were a series of riots in New York City from 28 June to 6 July in 1969. They happened after the police raided the Stonewall Inn, an LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) bar in Greenwich Village. After this, many LGBT+ people protested being persecuted by the police. They are seen as the start of the Gay Rights Movement.
Georgian uprising on Texel
The Georgian survivors did not have a happy ending. They were sent back to the Soviet Union. Stalin said that because the soldiers had been captured by the Germans, they had not fought until they died, so they were traitors. Some of the two million Soviet prisoners who were sent back to the Soviet Union by the Allied forces after the end of the war were executed (killed) when they got there.
A museum at the airport on the island tells the story of this event.
Nobusuke Kishi
Nobusuke Kishi was a Japanese politician. He was Prime Minister of Japan two times. Kishi was the grandfather of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the current Japanese Minister of Defense Nobuo Kishi, and the father-in-law of former Japanese Foreign Minister Shintaro Abe.
Bohuslav Martinů
His life
Martinů soon started to compose music and nothing else interested him very much. He went to the Prague Conservatory to study the violin but he preferred going to the theatre and reading. In 1909 he changed to the organ school but he did no work and was expelled from school.
He managed to avoid fighting in the World War I by composing. After the war he became a member of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, playing second violin.
In 1923 he moved to Paris where he stayed for 17 years. He was very poor. He had some lessons with Albert Roussel and soon became known as a composer. He married in 1931 and his wife worked hard to earn money so that he could spend his time composing. He liked to use Czech folk stories and literature as inspiration for his music.
In 1940 he had to leave Paris to escape from the Nazis. He spent several months living rough, often sleeping on stationplatforms. In March 1941 he and his wife managed to get to New York.
Life in the United States was hard for him. He spoke no English and people there did not know his music. He had left all his scores behind. However, he worked hard and the famous conductor Sergei Koussevitsky asked him to write a symphony. His music still sounded very Czech. After World War II he very much wanted to go back to his own country, but the communist government made that impossible. He had a bad fall and it took him years to recover properly. He taught at Princeton University, then he retired to Nice in France. He died of cancer in Basle.
His music
Bohuslav Martinů wrote a lot of music. He loved sitting down and writing music. Once he had finished a composition he was never very interested in hearing it performed or what happened to it. As a result, some of his music is very good but some of it is less interesting. One of his last works was called Řecké Pašije (The Greek Passion) which uses Greek folk melody and church chant. He was never influenced by American music, he preferred the modes, folktunes, bagpipe drones and mountain calls of his native country. His music can often be described as neoclassical in style.
Martyn Roper
Martyn Keith Roper (born 8 June 1965) is a British politician. He has been Governor of the Cayman Islands since 29 October 2018.
Cortandone
Cortandone is a comune in the Province of Asti in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Doctor Who companions
The Doctor is an alien. He is a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He travels in his spaceship called the TARDIS. It allows him to go anywhere in time and space. "TARDIS" stands for Time And Relative Dimension In Space. The Doctor usually takes other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". The Doctor and his companions travel through space and time, have a lot of adventures, and often save many people.
The character of the companion was there so that the people watching the series could identify and feel close to a character. The companions were often present-time humans. People could relate to them because they knew as much as the viewers. Because of this, the Doctor could explain things to his companions, and at the same time to the viewers.
Most of the Doctor's companions have been human. Many have been aliens or robots.
Companions are named under the Doctors they travelled with, and sorted by the order in which they appear.
Susan
Susan (Carole Ann Ford) was the Doctor's granddaughter. She escaped with him from the planet Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS. From her grandfather, she has an advanced knowledge of history and science. Her first appearance was in An Unearthly Child. Her last appearance was in The Dalek Invasion of Earth. In that episode, she meets David Campbell (Peter Fraser), a young freedom fighter in the 22nd century. The Doctor locks her out of the TARDIS and forces her to stay behind with David.
Barbara Wright
Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) is one of the first companions of the Doctor. Barbara is a history teacher at the Coal Hill School, working with science teacher Ian Chesterton.
Her first appearance was in An Unearthly Child. Suspicious of student Susan Foreman's strange knowledge of history and science, Barbara and Ian follow her home to the TARDIS. There they meet the Doctor. With him, they begin to travel through space and time.
In The Chase, after two years of travelling with the Doctor, Barbara and Ian use a Dalek time machine to return to London.
Pasquotank County, North Carolina
Pasquotank County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 40,661. Its county seat is Elizabeth City. The county was originally created as Pasquotank Precinct and gained county status in 1739.
Doctor Who companions
Ian Chesterton
Ian Chesterton (William Russell) is one of the first companions of the Doctor. Ian is a science teacher at the Coal Hill School, working with history teacher Barbara Wright.
Pasquotank County, North Carolina
Pasquotank County is part of the Elizabeth City, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area.
Doctor Who companions
Ian Chesterton
His first appearance was in An Unearthly Child. Suspicious of student Susan Foreman's strange knowledge of history and science, Ian and Barbara follow her home to the TARDIS. There they meet the Doctor. With him, they begin to travel through space and time.
Pasquotank County, North Carolina
Pasquotank is the birth county of Nikita Pavlunenko.
Doctor Who companions
Ian Chesterton
In The Chase, after two years of travelling with the Doctor, Barbara and Ian use a Dalek time machine to return to London.
Vicki
Vicki (Maureen O'Brien) first appeared in The Rescue. She was a survivor of a spaceship crash on the planet Dido in the 25th century. She is rescued by the Doctor. She travels with him, Ian, and Barbara. In The Myth Makers, Vicki meets an ancient warrior of Troy named Troilus. She decides to stay behind with him. She eventually passes into legend as Cressida. She also makes sure that the Trojan girl Katarina enters the TARDIS in her place.
Hollow Man
Hollow Man is a 2000 American German science fiction thriller movie directed by Paul Verhoeven and inspired by the 1897 novel The Invisible Man by H. G. Wells. It stars Kevin Bacon, Elisabeth Shue, Josh Brolin, Kim Dickens, William Devane, Joey Slotnick and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2001 and was followed up by Hollow Man 2 in 2005.
Doctor Who companions
Steven Taylor
Steven Taylor (Peter Purves) first appeared in The Chase. The Doctor and his companions, Ian, Barbara, and Vicki find Steven on the planet Mechanus, where he had crash-landed two years before. In The Savages, Steven stays behind to accept the responsibility of leading the combined society of Savages and Elders that are attempting a lasting peace.
Katarina
Katarina (Adrienne Hill) first appears in The Myth Makers. She is a handmaiden of the prophetess Cassandra, the princess of ancient Troy. After Vicki stays behind in Troy, Katarina takes her place. During The Daleks' Master Plan, Katarina is taken hostage by the escaped prisoner Kirksen. He demands that the Doctor take him to Kembel, a planet taken over by the Daleks. To prevent the Doctor giving in to Kirksen's demands, Katarina triggers the controls to the airlock she is being held in. That sends both her and her captor into the vacuum of space. She is the first companion in the series to die.
Sara Kingdom
Sara Kingdom (Jean Marsh) is a Space Security Agent in The Daleks' Master Plan. She joins the Doctor in his fight, briefly travelling in the TARDIS to several different locations in time and space. When the Doctor activates the Time Destructor, a device that accelerates time, Sara cannot be saved. She ages and dies, her remains turning to dust. Sara is sometimes counted as a companion of the First Doctor, but sometimes not.
Dodo Chaplet
Dorothea "Dodo" Chaplet (Jackie Lane) first appeared at the end of The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve. Dodo wanders into the TARDIS, thinking it was a real police box. In The War Machines, Dodo decides to stay in 1966 London.
Polly
Polly (Anneke Wills) was a companion of the First and Second Doctor. She and Ben Jackson appeared first in The War Machines. She was secretary to Professor Brett, creator of the artificial intelligence known as WOTAN. She travels with the Doctor after he regenerated into the Second Doctor. In The Faceless Ones, they return to 1966 London. Polly and Ben decide to remain behind to resume their lives without disruption
Ben Jackson
Ben Jackson (Michael Craze) was a companion of the First and Second Doctor. He appeared first in The War Machines as an Able Seaman serving in the Royal Navy. In The Faceless Ones, they return to 1966 London, and Polly and Ben decide to stay.
Jamie McCrimmon
James Robert "Jamie" McCrimmon (Frazer Hines) was from 18th century Scotland. He first appears in The Highlanders. He meets the Doctor, Ben and Polly after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. At the end of The War Games, the Time Lords take Jamie's and Zoe's memories away, and send each of them back to their original time and place.
Victoria Waterfield
Victoria Waterfield (Deborah Watling) is from Victorian England in 1866. She is the daughter of scientist Edward Waterfield (played by John Bailey). She first appears in The Evil of the Daleks. In Fury from the Deep, Victoria leaves the Doctor and Jamie and stays with a family named Harris in the 20th century.
Zoe Heriot
Zoe Heriot (Wendy Padbury) first appears in The Wheel in Space. She is on a space station in the 21st century. At the end of The War Games, the Time Lords take Zoe's and Jamie's memories away, and send each of them back to their original time and place.
Liz Shaw
Elizabeth "Liz" Shaw (Caroline John) was a scientist and civilian member of UNIT. She first appeared in Spearhead from Space. She became a member of UNIT and met the newly regenerated Doctor. In Inferno, Liz decided to leave the Doctor and UNIT, and go back to the University of Cambridge.
Jo Grant
Jo Grant (Katy Manning) first appears in Terror of the Autons as a replacement assistant for the Doctor. In The Green Death, Jo falls in love with the scientist Professor Clifford Jones. She decides to marry Jones, and goes with him to the Amazon Rainforest.
Sarah Jane Smith
Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) was a companion of the third and fourth Doctors (Jon Pertwee and Tom Baker). Sarah Jane was known for feminism and strong affection with the Doctor. He called her his best friend. She is the most popular of the companions from the old series. She has appeared in the new series twice. She also has her own spinoff series.
Harry Sullivan
Harry Sullivan (Ian Marter) was a companion of the Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker). Harry was known for being UNIT's Medical Doctor. He travelled with Sarah Jane Smith as well.
Ratatoskr
In Norse mythology, Ratatoskr is a squirrel that lives on the tree Yggdrasil. Ratatoskr carries messages between the eagle at the top of Yggdrasil, and the serpent Níðhöggr, at the bottom. Ratatoskr occurs both in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. The Poetic Edda is a collection of earlier stories. It was written in the 13th century. The Prose Edda was also written in the 13th century.
Doctor Who companions
Leela
Leela (Louise Jameson) first appeared in The Face of Evil. She was a warrior of the savage Sevateem tribe. The Sevateem tribe were the descendants of the crew of an Earth ship that crash landed on an unnamed planet in the far future. In The Invasion of Time, Leela falls in love with Andred, a Gallifreyan. Leela chooses to stay with Andred on the Doctor's home planet Gallifrey. K-9 Mark I stays with her.
Ratatoskr
Attestations
In the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál, the god Odin (disguised as Grímnir) says that Ratatoskr runs up and down Yggdrasil bringing messages between the eagle perched atop it and Níðhöggr below it:
Doctor Who companions
K9
K9 (voiced by John Leeson) was a robot dog. There have been several models, K9 Mark I through Mark IV. The original K9 Mark I was given to the Doctor, but later stayed with the Doctor's companion Leela on Gallifrey. K9 Mark II stayed with Romana in E-Space. K9 Mark III and Mark IV were presents of the Doctor to Sarah Jane Smith.
Ratatoskr
Attestations
Ratatoskr is described in the Prose Eddas Gylfaginning chapter 16, in which High states that
Doctor Who companions
Romana I & II
Romanadvoratrelundar is another Time Lady from Gallifrey, changing her appearance when she regenerates into Romana II.
Adric
Adric (Matthew Waterhouse) was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctor. He was from the planet Alzarius in the parallel universe E-Space. He came with the Doctor to our universe. Adric dies in Earthshock, when the spaceship he is on crashes into prehistoric Earth.
Ratatoskr
Attestations
"An eagle sits at the top of the ash, and it has knowledge of many things. Between its eyes sits the hawk called Vedrfolnir [...]. The squirrel called Ratatosk [...] runs up and down the ash. He tells slanderous gossip, provoking the eagle and Nidhogg."
Doctor Who companions
Vislor Turlough
Vislor Turlough (Mark Strickson) was an alien from the planet Trion. After a civil war he had been exiled to Earth, to the Brendon Public School. In Mawdryn Undead he met the Doctor and joined him. In Planet of Fire, Turlough left and returned to his home planet Trion.
Kamelion
Kamelion (voiced by Gerald Flood) was a shape-changing android and a companion of the Fifth Doctor. He first appears in The King's Demons, where he is controlled by the Master. The Doctor frees him and takes Kamelion with him. In Planet of Fire, Kamelion is destroyed.
Capitol
Capitol can mean:
Doctor Who companions
Perpugilliam "Peri" Brown
Perpugilliam "Peri" Brown (Nicola Bryant) was a companion of the Fifth and Sixth Doctor. She first appears in Planet of Fire. After that, she travels with the Doctor. After the Doctor regenerates, Peri stays and travels with the Sixth Doctor.
Melanie Bush
Melanie "Mel" Bush (Bonnie Langford) was a companion of the Sixth and Seventh Doctor. She was a computer programmer from 20th century England. Mel leaves the Doctor at the end of Dragonfire, to stay on Iceworld with Sabalom Glitz.
Ace
Dorothy "Ace" McShane, (Sophie Aldred) first appears in Dragonfire, on the planet Iceworld, although Ace was from 20th century Earth. At the end of this story, Melanie Bush leaves the Doctor. He invites Ace to come with him. Ace stays the Doctor's companion until the first end of the series in 1989.
Grace Holloway
Dr. Grace Holloway (Daphne Ashbrook) was the Doctor's companion in the 1996 television movie Doctor Who. Grace is a cardiologist from 1999 San Francisco. She accidentally kills the Seventh Doctor during an operation. Grace helps the Eighth Doctor fight the Master. In the end of the movie, the Eighth Doctor invites Grace to travel with him, but she says that she will stay on Earth.
Lucie Miller
Lucie Miller was the Doctor's companion in The Eighth Doctor Adventures range from Big Finish, and is among the named companions in The Night of the Doctor special episode featuring the Eighth's regeneration.
Charlotte Pollard
Charlotte Pollard was the Doctor's first companion in the audio series by Big Finish. She was a girl from 1900s Britain, she ran away to fly around the world, boarding the ship the R101. The Doctor saved her from the crash and she became his companion.
Adam Mitchell
Adam Mitchell (Bruno Langley) was the Doctor's companion for only two episodes. In 2012, he was a young English researcher. He worked for the American billionaire Henry van Statten. In the episode "Dalek" he was at van Statten's base, and at the end he went with the Doctor in the TARDIS. In "The Long Game" he is travelling with the Doctor and Rose, but Adam behaves badly. At the end of the episode, the Doctor takes Adam home.
Mickey Smith
Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) was Rose Tyler's boyfriend. He helped Rose and the Ninth Doctor several times. Later he travelled with the Tenth Doctor and Rose. At the end of "The Age of Steel", Mickey decided to stay in the parallel world to help fight the Cybermen. In "Journey's End", Mickey returned to this world, and at the end decided to stay here again.
Astrid Peth
Astrid Peth (Kylie Minogue) was the Doctor's companion during the 2007 Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned". She is from the planet Sto. Astrid is a waitress on the starship Titanic. Astrid helps the Doctor. She is killed while she saves him. After saving the Titanic, the Doctor realises that Astrid was still wearing a teleporter bracelet when she died. He tries to bring her back to life, but it does not work fully: Astrid now is a ghost-like energy being. In the end, the Doctor sends Astrid away to fly through the universe.
Wilfred Mott
Wilfred Mott (Bernard Cribbins) was the grandfather of Donna Noble. He first appeared in the 2007 Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned". He made his final appearance in the 2009 Christmas special "The End of Time".
River Song
played by Alex Kingston Daughter of Amy Pond & known as "The Child of the. T.A.R.D.I.S"
Craig Owens
Craig Owens (James Corden) was a man whose apartment the Doctor stayed in during The Lodger (2010). He returned in Closing Time (2011) to help the Doctor fight some cybermen hiding underneath a department store.
John Riddell
John Riddell was an English game hunter. The Doctor picked him up in Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (2012). He took him to a Silurian Ark ship to help stop it crashing into earth. He left after the episode and may not be considered a 'proper' companion.
Queen Nefertiti of Egypt
Queen Nefertiti (called 'Neffie' by the Doctor) helped the Doctor with a Silurian Ark ship that was going to crash into earth in Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (2012). After she left and went to Africa with big game hunter John Riddell.
Brian Williams
Brian Williams (Mark Williams) Rory Williams father. The Doctor accidentally brought him along during Dinosaurs on a Spaceship (2012). He helped fly the Silurian Ark to safety with his son Rory. He does not show up in later episodes.
Clara Oswald
Clara Oswald was a companion of the Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors. Clara was called "the impossible girl".
Paternoster Gang
The Paternoster Gang is a group that includes Silurian Madame Vastra (Neve McIntosh), her wife Jenny Flint (Catrin Stewart), and Sontaran commander Strax (Dan Starkey).
Graham O'Brien
Graham O'Brien (Bradley Walsh) is a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. He is a retired bus driver.
Yasmin Khan
Yasmin Khan (Mandip Gill) is a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. She is a junior police officer with the Hallamshire Police.
Dan Lewis
Dan Lewis (John Bishop) is a companion of the Thirteenth Doctor. He is a volunteer at Jenning Street Food Bank.
Ruby Sunday
Ruby Sunday (Millie Gibson) is the companion to Ncuti Gatwa's Fifteenth Doctor.
Defamation
Defamation is saying or writing something about another person that hurts their reputation. Usually, when people use the word defamation, it means that the statement is not true. In this case, it is against the law. A statement that is defamation is called defamatory.
If a defamatory statement is written, such as in a book or in a newspaper, it is called libel. If it is spoken out loud, it is called slander. Somebody who is the victim of defamation can sue the person who wrote or said it.
Defamation is a tool of bullying.
Defamation laws
Defamation laws are not the same in every country. In most countries it is a civil wrong or tort. In some it is a crime. In many countries the burden of proof is on the person claiming that somebody is defaming them. This means they have to prove that the thing that was said about them is false. However, in England, it is the other way around. If somebody claims that a statement is defamation, the person who made the statement has to prove the statement is true.
Play (theatre)
A play is a piece of writing (literature) which can be seen at a theatre or on television, or heard on the radio. Plays often show conversations between people. A play is usually watched, rather than being read.
The people who appear in a play are actors; in a theatre they stand on a stage so the people watching (the audience) can see them better. A director helps the actors to work better, or tells them how he wants the play to be.
Plays can be very interesting because they can be understood in many different ways. When the writer - the playwright - makes the play, he can not say how the actors or director will use it. Sometimes the playwright is also the director or an actor: Molière, for example, was often an actor in his plays. But the director can change the play in different ways: the actors' costume, the music, how people say things, how they move or what they hold. Modern directors can direct plays by Shakespeare, and these old plays seem modern now, too.
There are many sorts of plays, but there are six important sorts:
Symbolic can also be called expressionistic. Its all about how the writer or director presents ideas in a very different point of view.
Elizabeth Sellars
Elizabeth Sellars (6 May 1921 – 30 December 2019) was a British actress. She was known for her roles in The Barefoot Contessa (1954), The Day They Robbed the Bank of England (1960), and The Chalk Garden (1964). She retired in 1990.
Sellars was born in Glasgow, Scotland. She studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Sellars was married to Francis Austin Henley from 1960 until his death in 2009. Sellars died in Claviers (Var) on 30 December 2019 at the age of 98.
Phrasal verb
Phrasal verb is the name given to an English verb which is composed of two or three words. One verb is combined with a preposition (like on, in, under) or an adverb (like up, down, away). Sometimes a phrasal verb can have a meaning that is very different to the meaning of at least one of those two or three words separately. Some text books call these verbs multi-word verbs. Phrasal verbs are used more frequently in everyday speech than in formal, official writing or speaking.
La Tène culture
The La Tène culture existed from about 500 BC to about 100 AD. Named after a town in Switzerland near Neuchâtel, it was greatly influenced by the Roman and the Greek cultures. There are two sources for this:
Phrasal verb
Here are some examples:
La Tène culture
The Celts basically lived in clans, which were led by leaders, the druids and the bards. Women were much better off than under the Romans and were of a similar status to men. There were both polygyny (a man could have several women) and polyandry (a woman could have several men).
Phrasal verb
Maria didn't know the word, so she looked it up in the dictionary.
Oh no, we've run out of ''milk! I'll have to buy some more.''
Farmers have to get up early in the morning.
The rocket took off with a loud roar.
Often these phrasal verbs have a one-word equivalent in other languages. In Spanish, to get up can be translated as levantarse, in French as se lever etc.
Types of phrasal verbs
There are four different types of phrasal verbs. These are:
Instead of "separate" or "separable", some text books use the word "split" or "splittable".
A useful piece of advice to confused students of English is this:
If you do not know if a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable ALWAYS use a noun or noun phrase and do not try to separate the verb.
Rob McVicar
Robert McVicar (born January 15, 1982 in Hay River, Northwest Territories ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender with one game of NHL experience.
Playing career
McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. He was the 151st overall pick of the Canucks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season. In McVicar's only NHL appearance, on December 1, 2005 against the Edmonton Oilers, he played 3 minutes without facing a shot.
True Friends (movie)
True Friends (Russian: Верные друзья) is a 1954 Russian adventure comedy movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov and starring Vasili Merkuryev, Nikolay Smorchkov, Boris Chirkov, Aleksandr Borisov, Alexey Gribov, Lyudmila Shagalova. It was distributed by Mosfilm.
Rob McVicar
Playing career
On February 2, 2009 McVicar joined the Hamburg Freezers. His contract was confirmed after bankruptcy from Totempo.
Longuevillette
Longuevillette is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Plovdiv Province
Plovdiv Province is a province in Bulgaria. The capital city is Plovdiv.
Municipalities
Plovdiv Province has 18 municipalities. The following table shows the names of each municipality, the main town or village (towns are shown in bold), and the population of each as of December 2009.
The April Fools
The April Fools is a 1969 American romantic comedy movie directed by Stuart Rosenberg and starring Jack Lemmon, Catherine Deneuve, Jack Weston, Charles Boyer, Sally Kellerman, Myrna Loy, Peter Lawford, Melinda Dillon, Harvey Korman. It was distributed by National General Pictures.
Cave painting
It is not known why these paintings were made. They may have been used in rituals. Some were surely giving information. Many paintings in caves are difficult to get at.
Most often, animals or hunting scenes were painted. Sometimes hands are there too. Rarely, there are also more abstract patterns.
The paintings were drawn with red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was put into the rock first.
Theories
There are different theories about why people created cave paintings. These are the most common explanations:
Oldest known
In general, the date of these artefacts are not known with any accuracy. Our own dating system was invented long after the artefacts.
Orbit
An orbit is the path that an object takes in space when it goes around a star, a planet, or a moon. It can also be used as a verb. For instance: “The earth orbits around the Sun.” The word ‘revolves’ has the same meaning, but 'rotates' is the spin of the object.
When people first began to think about orbits, they thought that all orbits had to be perfect circles, and they thought that the circle was a "perfect" shape. Copernicus and Galileo, for example, thought so. But when people began to study the motions of planets carefully, they saw that the planets were not moving in perfect circles.
In a planetary system, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids and other minor planets, comets, and space debris orbit the system's barycenter in elliptical orbits.
Orbital period
An orbital period is the time that it takes for one object - that is, satellite - to orbit around another object. For instance, the Earth's orbital period is one year: 365.25 days. (The extra ".25" is why we have a leap day once every four years).
Elliptical and eccentric orbits
Johannes Kepler (lived 1571–1630) wrote mathematical "laws of planetary motion", which gave a good idea of the movements of the planets because he found that the orbits of the planets in our Solar System are not really circles, but are really ellipses (a shape like a "flattened circle"). That is why orbits are described as elliptical.
The more elliptical an orbit is, the more eccentric the orbit is. This is called orbital eccentricity. Other numbers that describe an elliptical orbit include semi-major axis and orbital inclination.
Isaac Newton (lived 1642–1727) used his own ideas about gravity to show why Kepler's laws worked the way they did. Joseph-Louis Lagrange further advanced the study of orbital mechanics, using Newton's theory to predict perturbations which change the shapes of orbits.
Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France
Family
Maria Josepha was born at Dresden Castle to Augustus III of Poland. She was named after her mother Maria Josepha of Austria. Her mother was a first cousin of Maria Theresa of Austria. Maria Josepha was the eighth of fifteen children and the fourth daughter. Her oldest sister Maria Amalia had married the future Charles III of Spain.
Marriage
She was married to the Dauphin of France on 9 February 1747, Maria Josepha of Saxony married Louis of France. The dauphin had been married to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain who had died in childbirth in 1746. In France the Saxon princess was known as Marie-Josèphe de Saxe. The dauphin mourned the death of his first wife but would eventually fall in love with Marie Josèphe. Like her husband, Marie Josèphe was very devout. She was the mother of some eight children, her favourite being Louis, Duke of Burgundy who died young. Politically reserved, she exerted herself only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolved by the King on the initiative of the duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour.
Issue
Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749. A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756. She also miscarried a son in 1762.
Ringfort
A ringfort, ring fort or ring fortress is a fortified settlement. Ring forts were made to protect villages, mostly in the Middle Ages. In Ireland where many such forts can be found, they are also known as ráth, caiseal, cathair and dún in the early Irish sources.
A ráth (anglicised rath), was made of earth, caiseal (northwestern Ireland, anglicised cashel) and cathair (southwestern Ireland) were built of stone. A dun is a more prestigious site, the seat of some kind of ruler, the term is applied to promontory forts as well.
Rayappu Joseph
Bishop Rayappu Joseph (இராயப்பு யோசப்; 16 April 1940 – 1 April 2021) was a Sri Lanka Tamil prelate. He was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Mannar.
Joseph was ordained as a priest in December 1967. He was a professor at the St Xavier's Seminary, Jaffna. In July 1992 he was appointed Bishop of Mannar and was ordained as a bishop in October 1992.
Katalin Szőke
Katalin Szőke (17 August 1935 – 27 October 2017) was a Hungarian swimmer. She competed at the 1952 Olympics and won two gold medals, in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m freestyle events. She was born in Budapest. During her career Szőke set four world records. In 1985 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
Szőke died on 27 October 2017 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 82.
IOS 14
iOS 14 is the fourteenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 13. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 22, 2020. It was released to the public on September 16, 2020.
Governor of the Cayman Islands
The Governor of the Cayman Islands is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of the Cayman Islands.
Louvencourt
Louvencourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Arthur C. Clarke Award
The Arthur C. Clarke Award is a prize for excellent science fiction writing. It is a British award for a science fiction novel from the year before. To win, a the novel must be published first in the United Kingdom. The winner gets money as a prize. The prize amount increases each year. It is a number of pounds sterling equal to the year of the prize (£1987 for the first prize in 1987, and £2011 for the most recent prize).
The science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke gave money to start the prize. The first prize was given in 1987. A group of judges choose the winning book. Judges come from the British Science Fiction Association, the Science Fiction Foundation and a third group. Now, that third group SF Crowsnest. The Serendip Foundation manages the prize. Recently, the award has been presented on the first night of the SCI-FI-LONDON film festival.
Northern United States
The Northern United States, commonly referred to as the American North or simply the North, can be a geographic or historical term and definition.
Geographically, the term includes the U.S. states and regions of the United States of America that are located across the northernmost part of the country. It includes, but is not limited to, states along the Canada–United States border.
Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau divides some of the northernmost United States into the Midwest Region and the Northeast Region. The Census Bureau also includes the northernmost states of the Northwestern United States, that are, within the West Region.
Historical term
Before 19th century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" was considered the present day New England region. By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day Northeastern United States
American Civil War
During the American Civil War, the Northern United States meant the ones that remained in the United States of America, called the Union states. In this context, "The North" is the Union and "The South" is the states that seceded from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America. However, some slave-holding states that remained in the Union may be counted on either side.
The Cranes Are Flying
The Cranes Are Flying (Летят журавли, translit. Letyat zhuravli) is a 1957 Russian World War II romantic drama movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov and starring Aleksey Batalov, Tatiana Samoilova, Nikolay Smorchkov, Vasili Merkuryev, Svetlana Kharitonova, Valentin Zubkov. It was distributed by Warner Bros..
Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating, also known as the C14 dating method, is a way of telling how old an object is. It is a type of radiometric dating.
The method uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14. Most organic matter contains carbon. Carbon has different isotopes, which are usually not radioactive. 14C is the radioactive one, its half-life (time it takes to reduce its radioactivity by half)  is about 5,730 years. This makes it possible to tell the age of substances that contain carbon. The method works to about 60,000 years old. Dates obtained are usually written as before present ('present' is 1950).
Plants take up atmospheric carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, and are eaten by animals, so every living thing is constantly exchanging carbon-14 with its environment as long as it lives. Once it dies, however, this exchange stops.