cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Genghis Khan
Birth
Temüjin was born in 1162 into an influential family who were part of a Mongol tribe near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen Rivers in modern-day Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesükhei, a minor tribal chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain whom his father had just captured. The name also suggests that they may have been descended from a family of blacksmiths.
Yesükhei's clan was called Borjigin (Боржигин), and Hoelun was from the Olkhunut, the sub-lineage of the Onggirat tribe. Like other tribes, they were nomads. Because his father was a chieftain, Temüjin was of a noble background. After his death his third son Ogodei succeeded him. He had four queens, and Ogodei was born from his first wife.
Reputation
As a ruler, Genghis lowered taxes and got rid of taxes for doctors, teachers and priests. He created the first international postal system. His empire was not known to be greedy with their loot; instead he would spread the wealth among the conquering Mongolians. Temujin eradicated torture, and held no prisoners; instead he merely killed his enemies. In doing so, he became respected. He completely re-made the feudal system to disregard people’s ethnicity and instead based it on loyalty and accomplishments. He gave his people religious freedom, unlike empires that limited their people to one religion.
These benefits were enjoyed by those who surrendered immediately to the Mongol invaders. Those populations that resisted would be massacred as a warning to other towns and cities. These massacres were a method of psychological warfare to terrify those not yet conquered. The terror endured, and helped color the historical portrayal of the Mongols.
Physical appearance
No accurate portraits of Genghis Khan exist, and any surviving depictions of him are considered to be artistic interpretations. Persian historian Rashid-al-Din recorded in his "Chronicles" that the legendary "glittering" ancestor of Genghis was tall, long-bearded, red-haired, and green-eyed. Rashid al-Din also described the first meeting of Genghis and Kublai Khan, when Genghis was shocked to find that Kublai had not inherited his red hair. Also according to al-Din, Genghis's Borjigid clan had a legend involving their origins: it began as the result of an affair between Alan-ko and a stranger to her land, a glittering man who happened to have red hair and bluish-green eyes. Modern historian Paul Ratchnevsky has suggested in his Genghis biography that the "glittering man" may have been from the Kyrgyz people, who historically displayed these same characteristics. Controversies aside, the closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan (see picture above).
Durance
The Durance (Durença) is a river in southeastern France, a left tributary of the Rhône river. It is the longest river in Metropolitan France without a department named after it.
Geography
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 175 m3/s at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance in the Bouches-du-Rhône department at an altitude of 247 m, for a period of 95 years.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance
Course
The Durance starts in the pré de Gondran ("meadow of Gondran"), on the east side of the Sommet des Anges mountain, in the commune of Montgenèvre (a ski resort near Briançon), Hautes-Alpes department, at an elevation of about 2325 m. It then flows to the southwest through the departments of Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône.
Julianna O'Connor-Connolly
Juliana O'Connor-Connolly is a Caymanian politician. She was Premier of the Cayman Islands between 2012 until 2013. She is the first woman to hold this position.
Durance
Course
The Durance only flows through two departments: Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence; it forms the border between two other departments but it does not flow through them: Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône. It flows through the Var department only for a short distance.
It flows through the following communes, among others:
Gord Lane
Gordon Thomas Lawrence Lane (born March 31, 1953 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.
Durance
Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Durance river are:
The Cramps
The Cramps were an American punk rock band, formed in 1976 and active until 2009. The band split after the death of lead singer Lux Interior. They were part of the early CBGB punk rock movement that had emerged in New York. The Cramps are widely recognized as one of the prime innovators of psychobilly, and they inspired many of the early gothic rock bands.
Durance
Main tributaries
Right tributaries:
Omar Torrijos
Torrijos was the Commander of the Military of Panama. Even though Panama had a President, Torrijos was the leader. He is best known for making a treaty to give Panama full control of the Panama Canal.
His son Martín Torrijos was elected president and served from 2004 to 2009.
Longpré-les-Corps-Saints
Longpré-les-Corps-Saints is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Agender
Agender describes a person with no gender identity. It means that someone does not feel like they fall under any gender. "A-" is a prefix that means 'no' or 'none.' An agender person feels like as if they are neither a male nor a female.
Agender is also referred to as "genderless", "genderqueer", or "ungendered". Some people who identify themselves as agender may also identify themselves as transgender. However, some don't, as some feel this implies that they identify as a gender other than their assigned gender at birth, and prefers to stick with "agender." Agender may be seen as a non-binary gender, or as a statement of not having a gender identity at all.
Some Agender people more also (but not necessarily) experience gender dysphoria if they are unable to express their identity as something they're comfortable with.
A majority of agender people prefer "they/them" as their pronouns, however, some agender people prefer unique pronouns such as "xe/xer" or "ze/zem", known as neopronouns, others can use conventional pronouns, such as he/him or she/her, or uncommon pronouns, such as one/one's or it/its. Some agender people wish to change their bodies to feel more comfortable, while other don't and prefer to stick with the body they already have.
Despite identifying as not having a gender, Agender individuals can still identify under any sexuality, and should not be confused with asexuality.
Anatoly Dobrynin
Anatoly Fyodorovich Dobrynin was a Russian statesman and a Soviet diplomat. He was the Soviet Ambassador to the United States. He served during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Dobrynin worked with 6 American presidents. He was well liked in the United States.
Longueau
Longueau is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Bathymetry
Bathymetry is the study of the underwater terrain of lakes or ocean floors. It is the same as topography, except that it looks at the underwater topography. It is a field of oceanography. The name comes from Greek βαθύς (bathus), meaning "deep", and μέτρον (metron), meaning "measure". Bathymetric (or hydrographic) charts are often made to support the safety of underwater navigation and exploration. Most of these underwater topographic maps use contour lines (called depth contours or isobaths) to show the terrain of the sea floor, and how deep it is. They usually also give surface navigational information.
Originally, bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth through sounding. Early techniques used heavy rope or cable lowered over a ship's side. This method measures the depth of the water at a single location each time. It was not a very accurate method. The data used to make bathymetric maps today usually comes from an echosounder (sonar). This device is attached to the bottom or the side of a boat.
Centennial Olympic Park bombing
The Centennial Olympic Park bombing was a terrorist bomb attack on the Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia on July 27 during the 1996 Summer Olympics. The blast claimed 1 life and injured 111 people, while another person died of a heart attack.
It was the first of four bombings committed by Eric Robert Rudolph. Security guard Richard Jewell discovered the bomb before detonation and cleared most of the spectators out of the park.
Rudolph, a carpenter and handyman, had detonated three pipe bombs inside an ALICE Pack. He was against abortion, and he wanted to force the cancellation of the Olympics.
After the bombings, Jewell was implicated as a suspect by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The news media focused aggressively on him as the presumed culprit. However, in October 1996, Jewell was cleared of all charges. Following three more bombings in 1997, Rudolph was identified by the FBI as the suspect.
In 2003, Rudolph was arrested and tried before being convicted two years later. Rudolph was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for his crimes.
Sue
Sue may mean:
Harry Penk
Henry Penk (19 July 1934 – 22 June 2020) was an English footballer. He played as a winger. He was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester.
He began his career in non-league football with Wigan Athletic, making 55 appearances in the Lancashire Combination before joining Portsmouth in September 1955. He joined Plymouth Argyle in 1957. He was allowed to join Southampton in 1960, and spent four years there. He later moved to Salisbury and Cowes.
Macaw
A macaw is a New World parrot. Some of the species are large birds, the largest of the parrots. Macaws are native to Mexico, Central America, South America, and formerly the Caribbean.
Macaws, like all parrots, are unusually intelligent birds. The usual thing for parrots is to pair for life. They stay together even out of the mating season. They often fly in formation, one above the other.
Diet and clay licks
Macaws eat a variety of foods including seeds, nuts, fruits, palm fruits, leaves, flowers, and stems. Wild species may forage widely, over 100 km for some of the larger species such as Ara araurana (blue & yellow macaw) and Ara ambigua (great green macaw), in search of seasonally available foods.
In the western Amazon, hundreds of macaws and other parrots descend to exposed river banks to lick clay almost daily, – except on rainy days.
It was suggested that parrots and macaws in the Amazon basin eat clay from exposed river banks to neutralize toxins.
The clay eating behavior of parrots was studied at clay licks in Peru. Apparently, macaws and other birds and animals prefer clays with higher levels of salt. Sodium is a vital element which is scarce in environments over 100 kilometers from the ocean.
Other websites
Aara Ara (vogel)
Tirol, South Tyrol
Tirol (Tirolo) is a comune in the province of South Tyrol in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy.
Cyprus (island)
Cyprus is a Mediterranean island off the coasts of Syria and Turkey. It is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; Sicily and Sardinia are larger. It is slightly larger than Puerto Rico. Geographically, it is part of Asia and in the Middle East, but for political reasons, it is sometimes counted as being part of Europe. Cyprus was part of the Byzantine Empire for hundreds of years. The Greek god Aphrodite was from Cyprus. There are two states on the island:
These states are separated by a buffer zone, which is controlled by the United Nations. In addition to the two countries, there are Akrotiri and Dhekelia, two territories on the south zone which are under British control, and which are used as military bases.
The island has been Greek for thousands of years of recorded history, many empires have ruled Cyprus. They include Assyria, ancient Egypt Persia, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the Byzantines, Arab caliphates for a short period, France, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Cyprus is often described as an 'unsinkable aircraft carrier' due to its strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Pazardzhik Province
Pazardzhik Province is a province in southern Bulgaria. The capital city is also named Pazardzhik.
The north has Sredna Gora mountain and the south has the Rhodope Mountains. Its main waterway is the river Maritsa.
Municipalities
The Pazardzhik province has 12 municipalities. The following table shows the names of each municipality, the main town or village, and the population of each as of December 2009.
Pernik Province
Pernik Province is a province in western Bulgaria. Its main city is Pernik. Other municipalities are Breznik, Kovachevtsi, Radomir, Tran, and Zemen.
Longueval
Longueval is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Janelle M. Burke
Janelle M. Burke is a botanist in the US. She has been affiliated with Cornell University and Howard University.
Gressoney-La-Trinité
Gressoney-La-Trinité is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Janelle M. Burke
She specializes in plant systematics and plant evolutionary biology of Polygonaceae. This author is usually abbreviated «Jan.M.Burke» when citing a botanical name.
Works
-& Adriana Sanchez 2011 Revised subfamily classification for Polygonaceae with a tribal classification for Eriogonoideae Brittonia 63(4): 510–520.
Max Gail
Maxwell Trowbridge "Max" Gail, Jr. (born April 5, 1943) is an American actor. He has starred in stage, television, and movie roles. He most known for his role as Detective Stan "Wojo" Wojciehowicz on the television sitcom Barney Miller.
Gail was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Grosse Ile, Michigan. Gail studied at Williams College and at University Liggett School.
Gail's first wife, Willie Bier, died of cancer in 1986. They have a daughter, India. He married his second wife, Nan in 1989. They have two children, Maxwell and Grace. Gail has a twin sister, actress Mary Gail.
Gail recently starred in the 2013 biopic movie 42.
Truman Bodden
Truman Murray Bodden, OBE (born 22 April 1945) is a former Caymanian politician and lawyer. He was Leader of Government Business from April 1995 to November 2000.
Young Bond
Young Bond is a series of young adult spy books. It is written by English author Charlie Higson. There are five books in the series. The series is about the fictional spy James Bond (who was originally invented by Ian Fleming) as a teenager. The series is set in the 1930s and Bond's school is Eton College. The books are published by Puffin Books in the United Kingdom.
The first novel in the series is SilverFin. It was published in 2005 and, since then, the series has become very successful.
The official website for the books is www.youngbond.com.
La Grange Park, Illinois
La Grange Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village, which is a suburb of Chicago, had a population of 13,579.
Young Bond
The series has received many positive reviews, with many people liking the tension and the action. The Guardian newspaper said that SilverFin is "a well-crafted page-turner with substance".
Aubréville
Aubréville is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Meuse department in northeast France.
Oosterscheldekering
Oosterscheldekering is a dam and storm surge barrier between the islands Schouwen-Duiveland and Noord-Beveland. It is the largest of the 13 ambitious Delta Works made to protect the Netherlands from flooding from the North Sea.
Shimmer and Shine
Shimmer and Shine is an animated television series created by Farnaz Esnaashari-Charmatz. It airs on Nickelodeon in the United States and on Treehouse in Canada. The series premiered on August 24, 2015. The show was based on an unreleased pilot from September 2013.
On February 11, 2016, it was announced that Shimmer and Shine was renewed for a second season that uses CGI animation. On June 21, 2016, Shimmer and Shine was renewed for a third season. Shimmer and Shine are 2 genies who grant wishes and try to solve problems and the evil Zeta with the help of their human friends Leah and Zac.
Chicago Ridge, Illinois
Chicago Ridge is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 14,305 at the 2010 census.
Piossasco
Piossasco is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
San Colombano Belmonte
San Colombano Belmonte is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Seikima-II
Seikima-II (read as "seikimatsu", which means "The End of the Century") is a Japanese heavy metal band formed by Damian Hamada in 1982.
Their music could be described as similar to the music of other heavy metal bands like Iron Maiden and Judas Priest.
Cedric Benson
Cedric Myron Benson (December 28, 1982 – August 17, 2019) was an American football running back. He played college football for the University of Texas. He was recognized as All-American for his good college performance. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) fourth overall in the 2005 NFL Draft, and also played for the Cincinnati Bengals and Green Bay Packers.
On August 17, 2019, Benson and a female passenger were killed in an overnight motorcycle crash with a minivan on RM 2222 in Austin, Texas. Benson and the passenger were found dead at the scene, and two passengers in the minivan were injured.
Cuorgnè
Cuorgnè is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
San Francesco al Campo
San Francesco al Campo is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Anton Drexler
Anton Drexler (13 June 1884 – 24 February 1942) was a German nationalist and socialist political leader of the 1920s.
He was instrumental in the formation of the pan-German and anti-Semitic German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei - DAP), the antecedent of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei - NSDAP).
Drexler served as mentor to Adolf Hitler during his early days in politics and helped in making and developing the NSDAP 25 points manifesto when when the Nazi Party was founded in 1920. He is long forgotten since he died in 1942.
San Marino
San Marino is one of the smallest countries in the world. It is found in southern Europe and is fully surrounded by Italy (this is called an enclave, and only the Vatican City, Lesotho and San Marino are like this). Fewer than 30,000 people live there. Its total area is 61 km2. Its capital is the City of San Marino.
San Marino is the world's oldest republic that still exists. It was started on 3 September in A.D. 301 by a skilled builder called Saint Marinus. Its written constitution was adopted on October 8, 1600. The very small nation was recognized by Napoleon's France in 1797, and by the other European nations at the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
Even though it is an independent country, it depends very much on Italy. Since the 19th century, when Italy was unified, San Marino has been fully surrounded by Italy.
The biggest industry in San Marino is tourism. Selling postage stamps is an important source of income, too. San Marino is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is used in San Marino.
People in San Marino speak the Italian language. Most people in San Marino believe in Roman Catholicism.
History
Saint Marinus left the island of Rab (today Croatia) with his lifelong friend Leo, and went to the city of Rimini to work as a stonemason. After the Persecution of Diocletianus following his Christian sermons, he escaped to the nearby Monte Titano. There he built a small church and founded what is now the city and state of San Marino.
The official founding date is 3 September 301 AD. In 1320 the community of Chiesanuova chose to join the country. In 1463 San Marino extended with the communities of Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle. Since then there have been no changes in the country's borders.
In 1503, Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI occupied the Republic for six months. It remained like that until Pope Julius II intervened and restored the country's independence.
Geography
San Marino is covered by the Apennine mountain range, and it has a rugged terrain. The highest point in the country is Monte Titano. There are no bodies of water of any significant size. San Marino has no natural level ground. It is hilly terrain.
San Marino is the third smallest country in Europe, Only Vatican City and Monaco are smaller.
Two rivers flow through San Marino. There is no major water transport, and no major port or harbour.
Municipalities
These are the 9 castelli (municipalities) of San Marino:
Cuisine
The cuisine of San Marino is very similar to Italian, especially the cuisine of the Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions. It has a lots of its own unique foods. It's best known food is the Torta Tre Monti ("Cake of the Three Mountains" or "Cake of the Three Towers"), a wafer cake covered in chocolate. The country also has a small wine industry.
Enrico Berlinguer
Enrico Berlinguer (1922 - 1984) was an Italian politician. He was national secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) from 1972 until his death.
Berlinguer was considered the most popular leader of the PCI. He is known for lessening the influence of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Italy.
Berlinguer was an atheist.
Inglourious Basterds
Inglourious Basterds is a 2009 German-American war film directed by Quentin Tarantino. It takes place in Nazi-occupied France during World War II. The movie was rated 4 out of 4 stars by movie reporter Roger Ebert. The film is rated R for Profanity and brutal Violence.
Areopagitica
The tract is named after a speech by Isocrates, a Greek orator of the 5th century. The Areopagus is a hill in Athens, where many councils and tribunals were held. Isocrates wanted to restore one of these tribunals when he wrote the speech. In the speech,Milton argued that the Licensing Order of 1643 should be abolished; censorship had not been part of Greek or Roman societies. Milton uses many passages from the Bible to strengthen his argument. Milton had been censored himself when he tried to publish tracts which were in favor of allowing people to get divorced.
In Areopagitica, Milton argues that the status that was there before had worked best: By this law, all publications needed an authors name or that of a publisher. According to Milton, it is easy to find the authors or the publishers with this system. So if anything libelous is published, the books can still be destroyed after the fact.
Thomas Jefferson (Caymanian politician)
Thomas Carrol Jefferson, OBE (April 13, 1941 – October 29, 2006) was a Caymanian politician. He was the first Leader of Government Business, in office from 1992 to 1995.
Castiglione Torinese
Castiglione Torinese is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Pleven Province
Pleven Province is a province in Bulgaria. The capital city is also named Pleven.
It is crossed from south to north by the rivers Iskar, Vit and Osam.
Golf, Illinois
Golf is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It was created in 1928. As of the 2010 census, the village had a population of 500. The community is mainly residential. It has a Metra train stop.
Mark Tymchyshyn
Mark Tymchyshyn (born July 30, 1958) is an American actor. He is best known for his role in George Lopez as Mel Powers, a factory owner. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Browning Auto-5
The Browning Auto-5 or Remington Model 11 was the first successful semi-automatic shotgun ever made. It was made by John Moses Browning, who also made the Model 1887 and Model 1897 shotguns. While it was reliable, it had a very hard kickback. Even though the Model 1897 was slower because it was a pump-action shotgun, most people liked it better than the Auto-5 because it did not kick back as hard.
Cavagnolo
Cavagnolo is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Foreigner (band)
Foreigner is a British-American rock band, originally formed in 1976 by veteran English musicians Mick Jones, ex-King Crimson member Ian McDonald along with American vocalist Lou Gramm. Foreigner have sold more than 70 million albums worldwide, (including over 37.5 million in the United States alone).
Shem And Eber Cave
Shem And Eber Cave (in Hebrew: Shem and Ever) is one of the sacred Jewish sites of Safed. the cave was sacred to the three monotheistic religions throughout history and located in the Old City of Safed. according to Jewish tradition in this cave - "Shem" the son of Noah and Eber was established a Beth midrash that Jacob was learning the Torah.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis was an event that happened in the 1960s. It was a serious confrontation between the Soviet Union, the United States, and Cuba during the Cold War. In Russia, it is known as the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, Karibskiy krizis). Cuba calls it the October Crisis. The crisis started because the Soviet Union was building sites for ballistic missiles in Cuba, so that they could target the United States. This caused the United States and the Soviet Union to create a proxy conflict directed at Cuba, causing them to indirectly attack each other because of Cuba.
It began when the Soviet Union (USSR) began building missile sites in Cuba in 1962. Together with the earlier Berlin Blockade, this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the Cold War. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.
There was a coup in Cuba in 1959. A small group led by Fidel Castro took power in this Cuban Revolution. The new government took over American businesses. The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that. The U.S. embargo against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any city in America. Cuba was seen by the U.S. as a communist country, similar to the Soviet Union.
In October 1962, American ships did not let Soviet ships carrying missiles go into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America did not attack Cuba. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States secretly agreed to remove their Jupiter missiles from Turkey if all Russian nuclear weapons were taken out of Cuba.
Background
Americans feared that the Soviet Union would expand communism or socialism. The US and the USSR were the main parties in the Cold War that began in 1945. The US did not want a country in the Caribbean to be openly allied with the USSR. That would also make the Monroe Doctrine useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in the Americas.
The US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do".
The Bay of Pigs invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive. One Soviet adviser wrote that he was "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak".
In late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of covert operations against Castro's government. Named Operation Mongoose, they were unsuccessful. In February 1962, the US started an economic embargo against Cuba.
San Secondo di Pinerolo
San Secondo di Pinerolo is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Background
In September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the US Congress to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened. The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month.
Crisis
Castro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded. Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon. If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in Latin America. He said that he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words.... the logical answer was missiles".
Tensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962. On October 14, United States reconnaissance saw the missile bases being built in Cuba. The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed to avoid invading Cuba. Khrushchev wanted the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey to be removed. The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.
Fidel Castro
In Cuba, Fidel Castro took power from General Batista on January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military dictator in Cuba. He was very right-wing, and had Mafia connections and the support of the Eisenhower administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The countries were also military friends. This was shown by the US base at Guantánamo Bay.
When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba. The United States decided to break off economic relations with Cuba (which means that they would stop buying things from them). They stopped American foreign aid going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban sugar (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices.
Nikita Khrushchev
The reasons that Khrushchev wanted to help Cuba were:
The Bay of Pigs
Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missiles could hit any major city in the United States
When Kennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16, by sending a United States Navy U-2 Spy Plane to take pictures of Cuba, he saw the missile sites and thought the worst: that Cuba was preparing to attack the United States.
Kennedy's options
The US was angry when they found out about the missile sites. Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called 13 Days).
Kennedy had to act fast. At first, he did not know what he could do. Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options:
On October 20, Kennedy chose to blockade Cuba to stop all ships going there, rather than listen to his advisers, who wanted to attack.
Khrushchev's options
The USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were prevented by the US Navy from reaching Cuba.
Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26. Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it. They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress. In a paper called "Forty Years After 13 Days," Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev:
''Everyone needs peace; both capitalists, if they have not lost their reason, and still more, communists. War is our enemy and a calamity for all people. If indeed war should break out, then it would not be in our power to stop it, for such is the logic of war. I have participated in two wars and I know that war ends only when it has rolled through cities and villages, everywhere sowing death and destruction. I should like you to agree that one cannot give way to pressures; it is necessary to control them. If people do not show wisdom, then in the final analysis they will come to a clash, like blind moles, and then reciprocal extermination will begin. If you have not lost your self-control, then Mr. President we and you ought not now to pull on the end of a rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter the knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it. And then it will be necessary to cut that knot. And what that will mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly what terrible forces our countries possess. Let us not only relax the forces pulling on the end of the rope; let us take means to untie the knot. We are ready for this.''
Khrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a nuclear war. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted.
The very next day, a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy. This one looked more official than the first. It also said that the US must take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba. This would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities. The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and would not be happy.
Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so much different than the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second.
Khrushchev agreed to the secret message.
On November 1, the missile sites were removed, and the problems were over.
Khrushchev's goals in the crisis had various results:
The United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won.
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Przemysł II
Przemysł II (also given in English and Latin as Premyslas or Premislaus, Przemysł or less properly Przemysław) (14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296) was the Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland, Kraków and Pomerania, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death.
Funeral
A funeral is a ceremony that is held because someone has died. A funeral is a gathering of friends and family of the dead person. They will mourn the dead person, meaning that they will feel and show sadness that the person has died, and also say thanks for the life the person had. A funeral is usually held with the dead body present but hidden in a coffin, but there are also open casket funerals. During the funeral, or soon after it, the dead body will be buried, cremated (burned) or made to disappear in some other way. A memorial service or celebration of life is a funeral in which the dead body is not present.
Purpose
Funerals are held in all human cultures. Religion is an important part of funeral customs in most countries. At many funerals, they say a prayer for the dead so that his or her soul may rest in peace and have a good time in the afterlife.
There are other reasons why funerals are held. Many of them are to do with helping the dead person's friends and family (the mourners):
Modern funerals have greatly changed over time. Present day funeral or memorial services may often be more like a thanksgiving for the life of the dead person, rather than just thinking about the sadness of death.
Funeral traditions
A funeral ceremony can be held at a church, a temple, a public building for holding funerals or in many other places.
In Madagascar, people have a ritual called famadihana or “the turning of the bones” in English. Once every five or seven years, family members exhume the remains of their ancestors. They clean the bones and spray them with perfume or wine. They take the skeleton back home to dance with it and introduce it to the younger generation.
According to Bali nese Hindu tradition, the soul of the deceased restarts the rebirth cycle once it is free through cremation. Balinese cremation, or Ngaben, uses an open pyre to incinerate the corpse. The whole memorial often has a festive atmosphere, focusing on celebrating the life of the departed loved one.
Carlos Santana
Carlos Santana (born July 20, 1947) is a Mexican-American musician. He first became famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his band, Santana. They played a fusion of rock and Latin American music.
Santana continued to work in these forms over the following decades. He had many critical acclaim in the late 1990s. In 2003 Rolling Stone magazine listed Santana at number 20 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.
Passage tomb
A passage tomb or passage grave is a tomb which can be reached through a (usually low) passage. Most of these tombs were constructed during prehistoric times. Most often, large stones, called Megaliths were used to construct them. These kinds of tombs can be found in large numbers in Ireland and Scotland.
Carlos Santana
He has won 10 Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards.
Santana married Deborah King in 1973, with whom he had three children. Santana founded a not-for-profit organization, the Milagro ("Miracle") Foundation, which provides financial aid for educational, medical, and other needs.
Deconstructing Harry
Deconstruction Harry is a 1997 American comedy movie directed by Woody Allen (who also stars) and starring Judy Davis, Richard Benjamin, Billy Crystal, Kirstie Alley, Elisabeth Shue, Jennifer Garner, Stanley Tucci, Tobey Maguire, Robin Williams, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Demi Moore, Amy Irving. It was distributed by Fine Line Features and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1998.
Henry IV Probus
Henry IV Probus (Latin for the Righteous) (Henryk IV Probus or Prawy; Heinrich IV der Gerechte) (c. 1258 – 23 June 1290) was a Duke of the Silesian territory of Wrocław (Lower Silesia) starting in 1266, and starting in 1288 High Duke of the Seniorate Province of Kraków until his death in 1290.
He was the only son of Henry III the White, Duke of Wrocław, by his first wife Judith, daughter of Duke Konrad I of Masovia.
Hunsrück
The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.
Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach. Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.
The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.
The German TV drama trilogy Heimat, directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.
Alden McLaughlin
Sir Alden McNee McLaughlin Jr. (born 6 September 1961) is a Caymanian politician. He was the Premier of the Cayman Islands from 2013 until 2021. McLaughlin was leader of the People's Progressive Movement party from February 2011 to March 2021.
McLaughlin was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 Queen Elizabeth II Birthday Honours.
Glycerol
Glycerol (or glycerin, glycerine) is a simple organic molecule. It is a colorless, odorless, thick liquid that is widely used during the last step of preparing prescription drugs. Glycerol has three hydrophilic (water-loving) hydroxyl (oxygen-hydrogen) groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature (which means it attracts water from the air). The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides. It is used is in making nitroglycerin.
Samoa Time Zone
The Samoa Time Zone or Samoa Standard Time (SST) uses standard time by subtracting eleven hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC-11:00).
The zone includes the U.S. territory of American Samoa, as well as the Midway Islands and the uninhabited islands of Jarvis, Palmyra, and Kingman Reef. It also includes the country of Niue.
The zone is one hour behind Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone and one hour ahead of the Howland and Baker islands, and 23 hours behind Wake Island Time Zone.
The nation of Samoa also used the same time as the Samoa Time Zone until it moved across the International Date Line at the end of 29 December 2011; it is now 24 hours (25 hours in southern hemisphere summer) in front of American Samoa.
Ichirō Hatoyama
Ichirō Hatoyama was a Japanese politician. He was Prime Minister of Japan three times.
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born as Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili) (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) (Name in Georgian იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი; Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин) was a Georgian-born Russian revolutionary and politician who was the 2nd Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953 from a cerebral hemorrhage. He replaced Vladimir Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union. His ideas and policies turned the Soviet Union into a powerful, relatively modern country, as the largest on Earth. His way of thinking was called Marxism-Leninism, and his form of government was later called Stalinism.
Japanese Sign Language
Japanese Sign Language (日本手話), also known as JSL or NS, is the main sign language in Japan.
Joseph Stalin
Stalin invaded Poland on 18 September 1939. In the subsequent World War II, Stalin stayed neutral but signed a peace deal with Germany's leader Adolf Hitler. He then led a bloody war after Germany invaded the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa, and after the end of the war Stalin gained control of all Eastern Europe including part of Germany. There, a series of loyal Marxist-Leninist single-party states were set up, extending his power and making the Soviet Union a superpower.
Stalin's name
Stalin was born as Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili or Iosif Dzhugashvili. He began calling himself "Stalin" in 1912.
Early life
Ioseb Vissarionovich Jugashvili was born in a small one room house in Gori, Georgia, on 18 December 1878. His father made and repaired shoes. His father was often drunk and used to hit his wife and his son until his death in a fight in 1890. Joseph had smallpox when he was young. This left his face scarred. Later, photographs were often changed to hide the scars. His left arm was also shorter because of an accident. He was educated at the Gori church school. Stalin studied to be a priest at a seminary (school for priests) in Tbilisi. He was an active student reading many books, especially books that were not allowed by the seminary. This included books by Karl Marx. He joined a Marxist group in 1898, the Mesame Dasi, or Group Three.
Japanese Sign Language
History
In 1900, the Tokyo School for the Deaf (東京都立ろう学校) was founded.
Joseph Stalin
Revolutionary
Stalin left school in 1899 and got a job at the Tbilisi Physical Institute. He joined groups that were trying to start a revolution to remove the Tsar. They wanted a different type of government. The police raided his house in 1901 while hunting for people who opposed the government. Stalin escaped but went into hiding so the police could not find him. He organized anti-government activities such as May Day marches and protests. He became a Bolshevik. He supported a violent revolution, and did not support the Mensheviks. The secret police caught him in April 1902 and exiled him without trial to Siberia. He lived in the village of Novaya Uda.
He soon escaped from Siberia. This led to many later claims that he was a police spy. The arrest of another Bolshevik, Stephan Shaumyan, a rival of Stalin, increased these beliefs. At the end of 1905, he went to a meeting in Finland and met Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Lenin was not what Stalin had expected. The government arrested and exiled Stalin several times in the next ten years. This increased his power in the Bolshevik party and he was elected to the Central Committee of the party in 1912. He was promoted to a position at St.Petersburg.
Japanese Sign Language
History
In 1948, Deaf children were required to attend school.
Joseph Stalin
Secretary
Stalin was a member of the Bolshevik Party, but did not do much in the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was writing and editing Pravda, the party newspaper. He had a number of organizational jobs in the Communist Party. In 1922 he became General Secretary. He was able to give jobs to people he liked in the Communist Party. These supporters helped him become the leader after Vladimir Lenin died in 1924.
Food and agriculture
Stalin tried to collectivize farms. Collectivization meant taking the land from owners of all farms and joining it into large farms run by the government. Communist officials then let farmers work the new farms and told them to turn the harvest over to the government.