cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sergei Eisenstein
Early years
Eisenstein was born in Riga, Latvia but his family moved a lot in his early years. Eisenstein continued to move often during his life. Eisenstein's father Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein was of German-Jewish and Swedish descent and his mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, was from a Russian Orthodox family. He was born into a middle-class family. His father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Julia left Riga the year of the 1905 Revolution. She brought Sergei with her to St. Petersburg. Sergei would return at times to see his father. His father would later move to join them around 1910. His mother soon divorced his father and moved to France away from the family.
At the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineering, Sergei studied architecture and engineering, the job of his father. At school with his fellow students however, Sergei would join the military to serve the revolution. His father did not support his joining the army. In 1918 Sergei joined the Red Army with his father, Mikhail, supporting the opposite side. This brought his father to Germany after defeat, and Sergei to Petrograd, Vologda, and Dvinsk. In 1920, Sergei was transferred to a command position in Minsk, after success providing propaganda for the October Revolution. At this time, Sergei studied Japanese. He learned some three hundred kanji characters which he cited as an influence on his pictorial development. This also allowed him to see Kabuki theatre. Because of his studies, he traveled to Japan.
From theatre to cinema
In 1920 Eisenstein moved to Moscow, and began his career in theatre working for Proletkult. His productions there were named Gas Masks, Listen Moscow, and Wiseman. Eisenstein would then work as a designer for Vsevolod Meyerhold. In 1923 Eisenstein began his career as a theorist, by writing The Montage of Attractions for LEF. Eisenstein's first movie, Glumov's Diary, was also made in that same year. Dziga Vertov hired at first as an "instructor" for the film The movie formed part of his theatre production Wiseman.
"Strike" (1925) was Eisenstein's first full-length movie. The Battleship Potemkin (1925) was well liked by critics throughout the world. Because he was known throughout the world, Eisenstein was able to direct October (also known as Ten Days That Shook The World). The movie was part of the tenth anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1917. He then directed The General Line (also known as Old and New). People in the outside world praised the movies. However, in the Soviet Union, Eisenstein's focus on structural issues such as camera angles, crowd movements and montage, was not liked by the much of the Soviet movie community.
Biocentrism
Biocentrism is a theory given by the American biologist Robert Lanza which states that nothing is absolute in the universe. It says that the universe exists relative to us and can't exist without living beings. It says that space and time are just our perceptions. There is no real existence of anything outside us. This theory can be considered a theory of everything. Young's double-slit experiment supports this theory.
Sergei Eisenstein
American projects
In late April 1930, Jesse L. Lasky, working for Paramount Pictures, offered Eisenstein the chance to make a movie in the United States. He accepted a short-term contract for $100,000 and arrived in Hollywood in May 1930. However, this agreement failed. Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking did not work with the style and way movies were made in American movie studios.
Eisenstein proposed a biography of munitions invester Sir Basil Zaharoff and a movie version of Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw. He also made plans for a movie of Sutter's Gold by Jack London. But the studio's producers did not like the plan. Paramount then proposed a movie version of Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy. This excited Eisenstein, who had read and liked the work, and had met Dreiser at one time in Moscow. Eisenstein completed a script by the start of October 1930. Paramount disliked it completely. They also found themselves intimidated by Major Frank Pease, president of the Hollywood Technical Director's Institute. Pease, an anti-communist, started a public campaign against Eisenstein. On October 23, 1930, Paramount and Eisenstein declared their contract canceled. Eisenstein and his movie partners were given return tickets to Moscow, at Paramount's expense.
Eisenstein spent a large amount of time with Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin recommended that Eisenstein meet American socialist author Upton Sinclair who Chaplin thought might help Eisenstein. Sinclair's works had been accepted by and were widely read in the Soviet Union, and were known to Eisenstein. The two liked each other's work. Between the end of October 1930, and Thanksgiving of that year, Sinclair had gotten an extension of Eisenstein's leave from the Soviet Union. He also received permission for Eisenstein to travel to Mexico to make a movie to be produced by Sinclair and his wife, Mary Craig Kimbrough Sinclair. They joined with three other investors to make the Mexican Film Trust.
Trip to Mexico
On November 24, Eisenstein signed a contract with the Trust. The deal was "upon the basis of Eisenstein's desire to be free to direct the making of a picture according to his own ideas of what a Mexican picture should be, and in full faith in Eisenstein's artistic integrity." The contract also said that the movie would be "non-political." The money first came from Mrs. Sinclair and would be "not less than Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars." The schedule for making the movie would be "a period of from three to four months,". The contract also said that "Eisenstein...agrees that all pictures made or directed by him in Mexico, all negative film and positive prints, and all story and ideas embodied in said Mexican picture, will be the property of Mrs. Sinclair..." An addition to the contract, dated December 1, allowed that the "Soviet Government may have the [finished] movie free for showing inside the U.S.S.R." Reportedly, it was verbally decided that the movie was expected to be an hour long.
By December 4, 1930, Eisenstein was on his way to Mexico by train. He was joined by Alexandrov and Tisse. Later he came up with a short summary of the six-part movie which would come. This would be the final plan Eisenstein would settle on for his project. The title for the project, ¡Que viva México!, was decided on some time later. While in Mexico, Eisenstein mixed socially with Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Eisenstein liked these artists and Mexican culture in general. They inspired Eisenstein to call his movies, "moving frescoes."
After a long time away from the Soviet Union, Stalin sent a telegram saying he was worried that Eisenstein had become a deserter. Eisenstein blamed Mary Sinclair's younger brother, Hunter Kimbrough, for the film's problems. Kimbrough had been sent along to act as a line producer on the movie. Eisenstein hoped to pressure the Sinclairs to stop Stalin, so Eisenstein could finish the movie in his own way.
The upset Sinclair shut down production. He ordered Kimbrough to return to the United States with the remaining movie footage. The three Soviets came as well to see what they could do with the movie already shot. For the unfinished filming of the "novel" of Soldadera, Eisenstein had gotten 500 soldiers, 10,000 guns, and 50 cannons from the Mexican Army. This was lost due to Sinclair's canceling of production.
When Eisenstein arrived at the American border, a customs search of his trunk revealed sketches and drawings of Jesus along with other material of a pornographic nature. Eisenstein's re-entry visa had expired, and Sinclair's contacts in Washington were unable to secure him an additional extension. Eisenstein, Alexandrov and Tisse were, after a month's stay at the U.S.-Mexico border outside Laredo, Texas, allowed a 30-day "pass" to get from Texas to New York. From there, they would be allowed to leave for Moscow. Kimbrough returned to Los Angeles with the remaining movie.
Eisenstein toured the American South, on his way to New York. In mid-1932, the Sinclairs were able to get the services of Sol Lesser. Lesser had just opened his own distribution office in New York, Principal Distributing Corp.. Lesser agreed to supervise post-production work on the miles of negative — at the Sinclairs' expense — and distribute any finished product. Two short movies and a short subject — Thunder Over Mexico based on the "Maguey" footage, Eisenstein in Mexico, and Death Day respectively — were completed and released in the United States between the autumn of 1933 and early 1934.
Return to Soviet Union
Eisenstein's trip to the west made the Soviet movie business look at him with a suspicion that would never completely go away. He apparently spent some time in a mental hospital in Kislovodsk in July 1933. This was possibly a result of depression because he realized that he would never be allowed to edit the Mexican footage which was turned over by Sinclair to Hollywood editors.
He was then given a teaching job with the movie school GIK (now Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography) where he had taught before. In 1933 and 1934 he was in charge of writing the education plan. Eisenstein married filmmaker and writer Pera Atasheva (1900–65) in 1934. They remained married until his death in 1948. There is some question about his sexuality.
Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope.
Sergei Eisenstein
Return to Soviet Union
In 1935, he began another project, Bezhin Meadow. It appears the movie had many of the same problems as Que Viva Mexico. Eisenstein decided to movie two versions of the plot. One was for adult viewers and one was for children. He failed to set a clear shooting schedule. He also used a lot of film which meant a lot of costs and missed deadlines. The movie ran into problems because it was not fully supported by its American financers.
The thing that may have saved Eisenstein's career at this point was that Stalin ended up saying that the Bezhin Meadow problems, along with several other problems facing the business, had less to do with Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking as with the executives who were supposed to have been watching him. In the end, this made Boris Shumyatsky, "executive producer" of Soviet movies since 1932 to blame. In early 1938, he was denounced, arrested, tried and convicted as a traitor, and shot. (The production executive at movie studio Mosfilm, where Meadow was being made, was also replaced, but without more executions).
Return to success
The result was a movie critically received by both the Soviets and in the West. He won the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize. It was an obvious allegory and hard warning against the growing forces of Nazi Germany. This was started, completed, and put in theatres all within 1938. It was Eisenstein's first movie in nearly a decade. It also his first movie with sound.
But, within months of its release, Stalin entered into his agreement with Hitler. Nevsky was quickly pulled from distribution. Eisenstein returned to teaching. He was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's Die Walküre at the Bolshoi Theatre. Eisenstein had to wait until Hitler's sent German troops across the Soviet border in a fatal first strike, to see Nevsky receive wide distribution and real international success.
With the war coming to Moscow, Eisenstein was one of many filmmakers evacuated to Alma-Ata. There is where he first considered the idea of making a movie about Czar Ivan IV. Eisenstein wrote letters to Prokofiev from Alma-Ata. Prokofiev joined him there in 1942. Prokofiev composed the score for Eisenstein's movie. Eisenstein designed sets for an opera version of War and Peace that Prokofiev was creating.
Ivan trilogy
Eisenstein's movie, Ivan The Terrible, Part I, showing Ivan IV of Russia as a national hero, was liked by Joseph Stalin (and it won a Stalin Prize). The sequel, Ivan The Terrible, Part II, was not approved of by the government. All the film from the not-finished Ivan The Terrible: Part III was taken away, and most of it was destroyed (though several filmed scenes still exist today).
Eisenstein's health was also failing. He had a heart attack during the making of this movie. He died soon after of another heart attack at the age of 50. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
movie theorist
Eisenstein was one of the first to use montage, a specific form of movie editing. He and Lev Kuleshov, two of the first movie theorists, said that montage was the basis of movies. His articles and books — especially Film Form and The Film Sense — explain the need for montage in detail.
His writings and movies have continued to have a major impact on later filmmakers. Eisenstein believed that editing could be used for more than just explaining a scene or moment through a "linkage" of related images. Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots could be used to control the feelings of the audience and create movie metaphors. He believed that an idea should be concluded from comparing two different shots. This is what made a collage or montage within movie. He developed what he called "methods of montage":
Eisenstein taught movie making during his career at GIK. He also wrote the lessons for the directors' course there. His classroom illustrations are reproduced in Vladimir Nizhniĭ's Lessons with Eisenstein. Exercises and examples for students were based on literature such as Honoré de Balzac's Le Père Goriot. Another situation students had to produce was the staging of the Haitian struggle for independence as depicted in Anatolii Vinogradov's The Black Consul,. Eisenstein also taught the specifics of directing, photography, and editing. He encouraged his students' development of individuality, expressiveness, and creativity. Eisenstein's teaching, like his movies, were politically charged and contained quotes from Vladimir Lenin.
In his first movies, Eisenstein did not use professional actors. His narratives did not focus on individual characters. Instead, they addressed broad social issues, especially class conflict. He used basic characters, and the roles were filled with untrained people from the matching classes. He avoided using stars. Eisenstein's vision of communism brought him into conflict with officials in the ruling system of Joseph Stalin. Like many Bolshevik artists, Eisenstein pictured a new society which would pay for artists totally. This would free them from bosses and budgets. It would leave them free to create. But budgets and producers were as important to the Soviet movie business as the rest of the world. The isolated, post-revolution, new nation did not have the resources to nationalize its movie business at first. When it did, limited resources — both monetary and equipment — required production controls as big as in the capitalist world.
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75th Infantry Division (United States)
The 75th Infantry Division was a division of the United States Army in World War II. It was also active from 1952 to 1957 as a combat division of the United States Army Organized Reserves. The 75th was activated 15 April 1943, at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.
In 1993, the division was activated again as the 75th Division (Training Support) in the Army Reserve, and remains active. In January 2003, numerous units of the 75th Division (Training Support) were mobilized to train other Army Reserve and National Guard units deploying overseas in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF). Several of the division's units remain mobilized even to the present day.
120th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 120th Infantry Regiment ("Third North Carolina" ) is an infantry regiment of the United States Army National Guard. The unit is a part of the 30th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the North Carolina Army National Guard. Currently, 1st Battalion is the only active battalion in the regiment. The 1st Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment (1/120th IN) is headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina. The 2nd Battalion, 120th Infantry Regiment was most famous for its actions in the Battle of Mortain. There they stopped a German advance. This allowed an American breakout from 7-13 August 1944. The 2/120th's actions kept the American forces moving as Allied forces pushed through Northern France after the Normandy invasion.
He Li
He Li (Chinese: 何鲤) was a Chinese young poet and the chairman of the China Nationwide High School Students Literature Association (全国中学生文学社联合会). He is also a partner of Davis Polk & Wardwell company.
Early life and career
He Li was born in Beijing. His father is He Jiuying who was a professor at Peking University. He was educated at the Affiliated High School of Peking University from 1984 to 1990. He was elected as the first Chairman of the China Nationwide High School Students Literature Association in 1989. He Li received his A.B. degree from Peking University in 1995 and M.A degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1999. He completed his J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 2003. After graduation, he worked at Davis Polk & Wardwell. He was made partner at Davis Polk in 2011. His practice is mainly focused on capital markets.
Permineralization
Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.
Minerals in water fill the spaces inside organic tissue. The process gives a record of soft tissue as well as hard tissues. Fossils with permineralization are useful in studying internal structures, especially of plants.
Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until the central cavity of the cell, the lumen, is completely filled. The cell walls themselves remain intact surrounding the crystals. Permineralization is different from petrification in that the organic material is only filled with minerals and not completely replaced. Permineralization can occur in several ways:
Silicification
Silicification is the most common type of permineralization.
Carbonate mineralization
Carbonate mineralization occurs as coal balls. Coal balls are fossilizations of plants and their tissues, usually made when there is seawater or acidic peat. This type of fossilization gives information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous (325 to 280 million years ago).
Pyritization
Organisms are pyritized when they are in marine sediments saturated with iron sulfides.
Valley of the Queens
The main wadi contains 91 tombs and nearby valleys add another 19 tombs.
Karolina Kosek
Karolina Kosek Różycka (born 28 June 1985) is an Polish volleyball player.
She played at the 2009 Summer Universiade, 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, 2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship, and 2013 Women's European Volleyball Championship.
She played for Organika Budowlani, Azerrail Baku, and Budowlani Łódź.
Maxi Rolón
Maximiliano 'Maxi' Brian Rolón (19 January 1995 – 14 May 2022) was an Argentine professional footballer. He played as a left winger. Rolón was born in Rosario, Argentina. He played for the Argentina U20 team from 2014 until 2015 and made seven appearances. He played for FC Barcelona B twenty-four times from 2014 until 2016.
Rolón was killed in a car crash on 14 May 2022 in Casilda, Argentina at the age of 27.
Subwoofer
Subwoofer is a type of loudspeaker that is designed to produce low frequencies, example 20 - 200 Hz. Usually subwoofers are quite big and heavy. we can not typically hear frequencies below 20 Hz. In some cases, with enough sound pressure, the listener will not hear the sound but will be able to feel it.
Clipboard (computing)
The clipboard is the part of a computer's memory that can be used to temporarily store something when users copy. Users can paste the copied data to another place. It is used in copy and paste operations in computing.
Jersey Royal Hospital
Jersey Royal Hospital in Saint Helier is the main hospital on the island of Jersey. It was started in 1765. There is also a psychiatric hospital - St Saviour's Hospital which opened in 1868.
It works with with the University of Southampton School of Medicine. There are 219 beds. It does not provide all specialist services. Some people have to go to England to see specialist doctors.
It started an Electronic Patient Record system in July 2023.
Lakki Marwat District
Lakki Marwat District is a district in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The city of Lakki Marwat is the capital.
Josephine Langford
Josephine Langford (born 18 August 1997 ) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her starring role as Tessa Young in the movies After and After We Collided.
Postage stamp block
In philately, a postage stamp block is a group of postage stamps attached to each other. Collectors may prefer gathering a complete block rather than separate postage stamps.
Martyrs (movie)
Martyrs is a 2008 French psychological horror movie. It was first shown at 2008 Cannes Film Festival at the Marché du Film. It was released theatrically in France on 3 September 2008.
The movie was controversial upon its release. It was associated with the New French Extremity movement.
Plot
Fifteen years later, in 1986, Lucie bursts into a home of a "normal" family, the Belfonds. The Belfonds are Gabrielle, her husband and children Antoine and Marie. Lucie kills them all with a shotgun. Anna waits for Lucie elsewhere. Anna knows Lucie believes the Belfonds were the people responsible for her childhood abuse. But at the same time, Anna is horrified when Lucie tells her she's killed them.
When they get to the house, Anna discovers Gabrielle is still alive. Anna tries to help her escape. However, Lucie beats Gabrielle to death. Lucie realizes that her insanity will not leave her. She commits suicide.
Daviess County
Daviess County is the name of three counties in the United States (all named for Joseph Hamilton Daveiss):
Martyrs (movie)
Plot
The next day, Anna is still at the family's house. She calls her mother by telephone. She has been estranged from her mother. In their conversation, it becomes evident that Anna was abused by her parents as a child. Suddenly, Anna hears some noises. She finds a secret underground chamber in the living room. In the chamber is a horribly tortured young woman named Sarah. Sarah proves that Lucie was right about the family. Anna helps Sarah escape. A group of strangers, however, kill Sarah with guns. Anna is captured. She meets the strangers' leader, an elderly lady named Mademoiselle.
Anna becomes the group's latest subject. She goes through a period of being beaten and degraded. She hallucinates a conversation with Lucie. Anna is later told she has progressed further than any other test subject. She has reached the "final stage." She is skinned alive. She survives the procedure.
Reception
Martyrs was categorized as a new example of new era French horror movies in terms of violence that it shows. The movie-ranking website Rotten Tomatoes said %53 of critics had given the movie positive reviews.
French Commission de Classification des Oeuvres Cinématographiques rated the movie 18+ (not suitable for children under 18). The movie's producers appealed. Martyrs' rating was later changed to 16+.
Joe P. Tolson
Joe Pat Tolson (April 15, 1941 – February 3, 2019) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1997 to 2014. Tolson was born in Pinetops, North Carolina.
Tolson died on February 3, 2019 from respiratory failure at a hospital in Tarboro, North Carolina, aged 77.
Brazilianite
Brazilianite is a typically yellow-green phosphate mineral, most commonly found in phosphate-rich pegmatites. It was originally found in Brazil, and was named after the country in which it was first found.
It occurs in the form of perfect crystals grouped in druses, in pegmatites, and is often of precious-stone quality. One noted deposit of brazilianite is in the surroundings of Conselheiro Pena, in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Some of these are found on leaves of muscovite with their strong silvery glitter, ingrown in their parent rock. The crystals, dark greenish-yellow to olive-green, sometimes measure up to 12 cm (4.7 in) in length and 8 cm (3.1 in) in width. Crystals of similar shape and dimensions have been discovered in another deposit in Minas Gerais, near Mantena, but they lack the perfection of the crystal form. Many brazilianites found in mineral collections originated from the Palermo and the Charles Davis mines in Grafton County, New Hampshire.
PNW Journey
PNW Journey is a United States-based apparel and accessories retailer, wholesaler, and lifestyle brand best known for it's Pacific Northwest themed and Sasquatch/Bigfoot themed apparel. The use of the phrases "Love Your Journey", "Life is best at 315°", and "315°" on its own are prevalent throughout their designs.
History
Originally founded in 2017 under the name Cloud 9 Expressions. The company did business as PNW Journey under Cloud 9 Expressions, LLC from 2018 until 2020 when the name was officially registered as PNW Journey, LLC. Founding members included siblings Joe Buchmann, Garrett Busch, and Carissa Busch, along with spouses Brianna Buchmann and Kurshell Busch and family friends Chad Misterek and Steve Lindberg.
In 2018, Steve left the company to focus on his career in the cannabis industry. In 2019, it was decided to remove spouses Brianna and Kurshell, as well as sister Carissa from the LLC to avoid convolution of the company ownership structure, leaving just Joe, Garrett, and Chad as the company's only owners. At this time, the partnership was also structured to include Joe as CEO with majority ownership, Garrett as CMO and Chad as CFO with equal ownership.
Philanthropy
In March 2020, PNW Journey began a campaign to support No Kid Hungry during the COVID-19 crisis. Over a period of two months, they produced four designs which were printed on t-shirts and hoodies where some of the proceeds were donated to No Kid Hungry. With a total goal of $5,000, they donated $5 from each shirt and $8 from each hoodie. As of May 12th, 2020 they were at $4,176 in total donation money.
Kristoff St. John
St. John was found dead in his Los Angeles, California home on February 3, 2019, aged 52. On March 19, 2019, it was announced that his death had been ruled accidental, with the cause listed as heart failure.
The Accidental Husband
The Accidental Husband is a 2008 American romance-comedy starring Uma Thurman and Isabella Rossellini. It was originally released in 2008 in the United Kingdom, and in 2009 in the United States. This romantic-comedy is about romance, deception and infidelity.
Plot
Joe Maloney (Brad Pitt) is a straight A student vying for an athletic scholarship to Stanford. He lives with his mother (Carrie Snodgress) in a trailer park in Gardena, CA. His well laid plans for the future are thrown into turmoil when his troubled younger brother Billy (Rick Schroder) is released from Juvenile Detention following his arrest for stealing a car and comes to live with them back home.
Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are simple and aquatic, and most of them live in the sea. Some are colonial, composed of zooids which may be clones. Cnidarian zooids may take the form of polyps or medusae at different phases of their life.
Cnidaria take their name from special cells which have organelles that sting: the nematocysts. This device is largely responsible for their success: it is their main specialised and distinctive cell type.
Pronunciation
The word Cnidaria is spoken without the initial "C", and with a long "i". So it sounds like "Naidaria". In a similar way, the term Ctenophore is pronounced as "Teenophore". Originally, a Greek kappa was in front of the words, and it was pronounced. The name comes from Greek language knidi, "nettle", thus mening "nettle-like animals" as all cnidarians have stinging cells like nettles.
Subdivisions
There are five classes in the group. Jellyfish occur in four of the classes.
Unranked, but now known to be cnidarians, is the parasitic group Myxozoa.
Basic body forms
Adult cnidarians are usually either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps. Many alternate between the two forms. Both forms are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively.
Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges. Medusae usually have an inner ring of tentacles around their mouth. Some hydroids may be colonies of zooids which serve different purposes: defence, reproduction and catching prey. The mesoglea of medusae is a thick and springy jelly, so it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted. This makes a sort of jet propulsion.
Skeletons
In medusae the only supporting structure is the jelly inside their cell layers. Hydra and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding, and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a kind of skeleton, rather like a water-filled balloon. Other polyps such as Tubularia use columns of water-filled cells for support. Sea pens stiffen the mesogleal jelly with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins, rather like sponges.
In some colonial polyps, a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps. Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons. A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments, which they attach to their outsides. Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles.
Fossil record
There is a long fossil record for the corals, and soft-bodied forms appear in some exceptional strata. Some are believed to be among the Ediacaran biota.
Doddabetta
Doddabetta is the highest peak in the Nilgiri Hills and the state of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the highest peak in South India. This peak is located in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. This summit is 9km away from Ooty, the district headquarters. The height of the summit is 2,637m.
Blanca Paloma
Blanca Paloma Ramos Baeza (born 9 June 1989), also known simply by her given name Blanca Paloma, is a Spanish singer, songwriter, set and costumer designer.
In 2022, she participated in the first edition of the Benidorm Fest and finished in fifth place. She returned to the Benidorm Fest the next year and won, earning the right to represent Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with the song "Eaea".
In Eurovision, Paloma received 95 points from the jury and 5 points from the public, finishing 17th overall.
Trellech
Trellech (sometimes spelt Trelech, Treleck or Trelleck; Tryleg) is a village and parish in Monmouthshire, south-east Wales. It is 5 mi south of Monmouth and 4 mi north-north-west of Tintern.
Blanca Paloma
Her given name translates to "white dove".
Trellech
In the 13th century, it was one of the largest towns in Wales. It is a site of archaeological interest. The village is a conservation area.
Jon Rahm
Jon Rahm Rodríguez  (born 10 November 1994) is a Spanish professional golfer. He was the number one golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking for a record 60 weeks. He became a pro in 2016. He later became world number 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking by winning the Memorial Tournament in July 2020.
Rahm was born in Barrika, Basque Country. He has some Swiss ancestry. He lives in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. He married Kelley Cahill, an American, in 2019. The couple have a son.
Ford Motor Company
The Ford Motor Company (often known as Ford) is an American company that makes vehicles. This company is named after its founder, Henry Ford.
These brands are also made by Ford:
History
In 1896, Henry Ford had an idea to make a Quadricycle, the first "horseless carriage" he built. This four-wheeled vehicle was very different from cars we drive now. It was very different even from vehicles Ford produced just a few years later. Even so, this was the start of Ford's career as a businessman. Until the Quadricycle, Ford's work had been experimental and theoretical. For example, in the 1890s, Ford built a gas engine on his kitchen table — just an engine with nothing to power. Enough people liked the Quadricycle, and much could be done with the it, so it led to the beginning of Ford's business.
Ford Motor Company started on June 16, 1903, when Henry Ford and 11 business helpers signed papers to form the company. Their first Ford production car, the Model A, was sold in Detroit, Michigan a few months later. (This Model A should not be confused with their more famous Model A, which came out in 1927). With $280,000 (around 165 000 pounds), the early businessmen made what was to become one of the world's largest companies. Few companies changed the history and development of industry and society in the 20th century as much as Ford Motor Company.
Mass production on the line
Ford Motor Company's most important contribution to automotive manufacturing was the (moving) assembly line. First implemented at the Highland Park plant (in Michigan, US) in 1913, this new method let each workers to stay in one place, to do the same job repeatedly as the vehicles went by on the assembly line. The line proved to be very efficient; it helped the company make more cars, and make them cheaper than other car companies could do at the time. Before using the assembly line, Ford made 12,000 Model T's in a year. With the assembly line, Ford could make 12,000 Model T's in just two days. Ford had discovered how to make more cars that more people could afford to buy. He even paid his workers higher salaries than other car companies and still made money.
Early growth
Henry Ford insisted that the company's future lay in the production of affordable cars for a mass market. In 1903, the company began using the first 19 letters of the alphabet to name new cars. In 1908, the Model T was born, and it was sold for 19 years. By selling 15 million Model T's, Ford Motor Company became a giant company which spanned the globe. They built plants in the Soviet Union, Japan and other places. Ford started making farm tractors, trucks and school buses. In 1925, Ford Motor Company bought the Lincoln Motor Company. It uses that name to build luxury cars. In the 1930s, the name "Mercury" was given to its mid-priced cars. Ford Motor Company was growing.
Older Models
The 1930s
Model A Convertible
1932 Ford Model B Coup
The 1950s
The 1960s
The 1970s
The 1980s
The 1990s
The 2000s
Gynecology
Gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) is the part of medicine that deals with the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and breasts. Outside medicine, it means "the science of women."
Women have started to outnumber men in the study and practice of gynecology.
Olessya Arslanova
Olessya Arslanova (born 13 December 1981) is a Kazakhstani volleyball player.
She played at the 2010 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup and 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for VC Zhetysu.
Catherine Tizard
Dame Catherine Anne Tizard (née Maclean; 4 April 1931 – 31 October 2021) was a New Zealand politician. She served as the Mayor of Auckland City and the 16th Governor-General of New Zealand. She the first woman to hold either office.
Tizard died on 31 October 2021 in Auckland from a long-illness at the age of 90.
Marina Storozhenko
She played at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, 2012 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup, 2013 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2014 Asian Games, 2014 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, and 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship.
She played for VC Zhetysu.
First Lady of the United States
The first lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title and role held by hostess of the White House and usually the wife of the president of the United States, during the president's term in office.
Neil Conn
Neil Raymond Conn (born 17 August 1936) is an Australian economist and politician. He served as Administrator of the Northern Territory (1997-2000).
First Lady of the United States
Jill Biden is the current first lady of the United States, in role since January 2021 as the wife of President Joe Biden.
Neil Conn
Conn was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II as Lord Prior of the Order of Saint John in 2014. He was succeeded by Sir Malcolm Ross in 2016.
First Lady of the United States
Origins and role
The first lady is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the first lady, but she is often involved in political campaigns, managements of the White House, participating in social causes and representing the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompanying the president on foreign summits and events.
Office of the First Lady
The Office of the First Lady of the United States helps the first lady carry out her duties as the official hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House.
Causes and Initiatives
Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, to promote public initiatives. A staff supports her agenda.
Fashion influence
Some first ladies have had an inspirational fashion style such as Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, Elizabeth Monroe, Mary Todd Lincoln, Grace Coolidge, Eleanor Roosevelt, Mamie Eisenhower, Jacqueline Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, Betty Ford, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, Michelle Obama, Melania Trump, and Jill Biden.
List of living former first ladies of the United States
As of 2023, there are five living former first ladies.
Kohistan District, Pakistan
Kohistan District is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The town of Dassu is the district headquarters. The area is also called Abasin Kohistan or Indus Kohistan, after the Indus River that runs through the middle of the district.
Kohistan District is divided into 4 Tehsils (subdivisions):
Farming and growing livestock are the main focus of the economy there. Growing timber has also become more important in recent years. The district has one of the lowest literacy rates in Pakistan, about 10% of the people can read and write. Education is spreading though.
Synchronization
Synchronization is the co-ordination of a set of events into a system that works according to time. For example, a conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time, or synchronized. Systems that operate with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync.
Nilgiris district
Nilgiris district is a district in Tamil Nadu, India. The district mainly lies in the Nilgiri Hills which gives the district its name. The capital of the district is the town of Ootacamund(Ooty). The highest point of Tamil Nadu, the Doddabetta peak is located in this district.
Synchronization
In synchronization, time and order are important. It is used in many everyday systems, including those in transport, computer science, music, multimedia and telecommunication.
Today, synchronization can be done across the world due to digital signals and GPS-enabled time-keeping systems.
Nilgiris district
Population
According to the 2011 census of India, the Nilgiris district had a population of 735,394 with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929 females.
Tourism
Nilgiris is a home to several hill stations that attracts tourists towards it. These include Ooty, Coonoor, Gudalur and Kotagiri. The Nilgiri Mountain Train, popularly known as the Toy Train, attracts tourists as the journey offers spectacular views of the hills and forests.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a special type of cell division. Unlike mitosis, the way normal body cells divide, meiosis results in cells that only have half the usual number of chromosomes, one from each pair. For that reason, meiosis is often called reduction division. In the long run, meiosis increases genetic variation, in a way which will be explained later.
Sexual reproduction takes place when a sperm fertilizes an egg. The eggs and sperm are special cells called gametes, or sex cells. Gametes are haploid; they have only half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell (called a somatic cell). Fertilization restores the chromosomes in sex cells to the diploid number.
Pinetops, North Carolina
Pinetops is a town in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,374 at the 2010 census. Pinetops is located at 35.79083°N, -77.63889°W (35.790821, -77.638807).
Meiosis
The basic number of chromosomes in the body cells of a species is called the somatic number and is labelled 2n. In humans 2n = 46: we have 46 chromosomes. In the sex cells the chromosome number is n (humans: n = 23). So, in normal diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies, one from each parent (23x2=46). The only exception are the sex chromosomes. In mammals, the female has two X chromosomes, and the male one X and one Y chromosome.
All eukaryotes that reproduce sexually use meiosis. This also includes many single-celled organisms. Meiosis does not occur in archaea or bacteria, which reproduce by simple cell division.
The significance of meiosis
This is two-fold:
1. First, to reduce the chromosomes in each egg or sperm to one set only. 2. To allow crossing-over to take place between each pair of parental chromosomes. Crossing-over changes which alleles sit on a particular chromosome.
As with shuffling a deck of cards, many different combinations of genes can be produced without a change (mutation) in any individual gene. However, mutations do occur, and they may add alleles which were not in the population before. At any rate, the shuffling increases the variety of the offspring, and the variety gives at least some of the offspring a better chance of surviving in difficult times. The shuffling of alleles which takes place in meiosis may be the reason why sexual reproduction exists at all.
Cyclical parthenogenesis
Several quite large taxa (groups of organisms) use cyclical parthenogenesis. This is when several generations are born by virgin birth, and then a generation occurs with normal sexual reproduction. Examples include aphids, and cladocerans (small crustacea called water fleas). Aphids usually operate as follows: when the weather is good, and their plant hosts are at their best, they use parthenogenesis. At the end of the season, when the weather gets worse, they use sexual reproduction. This system of reproduction is called apogamy.
In parthenogenesis, the eggs contain only the mother's genetic material, and they are not fertilized. The egg cells may be produced either by meiosis or mitosis. When meiosis occurs, crossing-over produces a genetic fingerprint which differs somewhat from the mother's. So, the parthenogenetic greenfly offspring are not identical, and do show some genetic variation: some chromosome segments differ because of meiosis. Mitosis would produce identical offspring.
Amongst these parthenogenetic taxa are a number of species which have entirely abandoned sex.
Loss of sexuality
A few eukaryote organisms have completely lost the ability for sexual reproduction, and so do not have meiosis. These include the Bdelloid rotifers, which only reproduce by parthenogenesis.
Emergency department
The emergency department (ED) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment. These people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.
Meiosis
Details of meiosis
Meiosis can be divided into meiosis I and meiosis II.
Emergency department
Patients come to an emergency department with little warning. Many come in an ambulance. Emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week. This is because patients can arrive at any time. To work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.
Meiosis
Meiosis I
The function of the first division is to permit crossing over. Just like mitosis, meiosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
L'Wren Scott
Luann Bambrough (also L'Wren Scott; April 28, 1964 – March 17, 2014) was an American model and fashion designer. She was the girlfriend of singer Mick Jagger for the last 13 years of her life.
Meiosis
Meiosis II
The two cells prepare to divide again in a stage known as interkinesis or interphase II. Both of these cells will go through meiosis II.
Emergency department
There are many different names for an emergency department. They are often called an emergency room (ER), even if they are bigger than one room. They may also be called an emergency ward (EW) or emergency unit. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (A&E) and less often as a casualty department.
L'Wren Scott
Scott made costumes for many movies, such as Eyes Wide Shut.
Meiosis
Meiosis II
In males, all four cells become sperm. In females, only one becomes a mature egg, while the remaining three become re-absorbed into the body.
Emergency department
USA
A 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in Iowa to more than 5 hours in Arizona. The Midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people). The West had the lowest number.
L'Wren Scott
Scott was born in New York City. She was adopted and was raised in Utah.
Death
On March 17, 2014, she was found dead in her Manhattan apartment. She committed suicide by hanging.
Meiosis
Problems
In humans, there are certain conditions that are caused by meiosis gone wrong. Examples are:
Cargo aircraft
A cargo aircraft is an aircraft that can carry cargo. In some cases, it may also carry passengers.
Civilian aircraft
Civilian cargo aircraft carry cargo or mail. This is generally a kind of airliner, designed for passengers but modified for cargo. Some civilians cargo aircraft are specially equipped for carrying oversized cargo such as aircraft wings, tank-trucks, rocket pieces, or sometimes military heavy trucks and tanks.