cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Report of 1800
Background
"That the principles already advanced by Virginia & Kentucky are not to be yielded in silence, I presume we all agree. I should propose a declaration of Resolution by their legislatures on this plan. 1st. Answer the reasonings of such of the states as have ventured in the field of reason, & that of the Committee of Congress. ... 2. Make a firm protestation against the principle & the precedent; and a reservation of the rights resulting to us from these palpable violations of the constitutional compact by the Federal government, ... 3. Express in affectionate and conciliatory language our warm attachment to union with our sister-states, and to the instrument & principles by which we are united; … fully confident that the good sense of the American people and their attachment to rally with us round the true principle of our federal compact. But determined, were we to be disappointed in this, to sever ourselves from that union we so much value, rather than give up the rights of self government which we have reserved, & in which alone we see liberty, safety & happiness." In response to this letter, Madison visited Jefferson at Monticello during the first week of September. Their discussion was important in that it persuaded Jefferson to depart from his radical stance on dissociation from the Union, which is expressed at the end of the excerpt above. At the very least, Virginia or Kentucky taking such a stance publicly would have justified the Federalist attacks against the secessionist tendencies of the Republicans. Madison won over Jefferson, who shortly thereafter wrote to Wilson Cary Nicholas that: "From [this position] I retreat readily, not only in deference to [Madison's] judgment but because as we should never think of separation but for repeated and enormous violations, so these, when they occur, will be cause enough of themselves." Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, examining Jefferson's later writing, conclude that Madison had a significant role "in softening Jefferson's more extreme views."
Jefferson hoped for further involvement with the production of the Report and planned to visit Madison at Montpelier on his way to Philadelphia, the national capital, for the winter session of the United States Congress. However, James Monroe, who would become Governor of Virginia before the end of the year, visited Jefferson at Monticello and cautioned him against meeting with Madison, since another meeting between two of the most important Republican leaders would provoke significant public comment. The task of writing the Virginia Report was left solely to Madison. Jefferson underlined the importance of this work in a November 26 letter to Madison in which he identified "protestations against violations of the true principles of our constitution" as one of the four primary elements of the Republican Party plan.
Production and passage
Though certain to pass due to the Republican majority, which had recently been solidified by the election of a Republican clerk and speaker of the House, the Report was debated for five days. The main point of contention was the meaning of the third of the Virginia Resolutions: "…this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties; … and that in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers not granted by said compact, the states who are parties thereto have the right … to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil…the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining to them." This resolution had been the principal target of the Federalist attack on the Resolutions. Particularly at issue was the sense in which the states were parties to the federal compact. The Report was ultimately amended to provide greater clarity on this issue by emphasizing that it was the people themselves, acting through the states in their sovereign capacity, who were parties to the Constitution. The amended Report passed the House of Delegates on January 7 by a margin of 60 to 40. At some point in the next two weeks, it passed the Senate by a margin of 15 to 6.
Virginia Republicans were happy with the Report. The General Assembly arranged for five thousand copies to be printed and distributed in the state, but there was not much public response to the Report, and it appears to have had relatively little impact on the presidential election of 1800 (which was, nevertheless, a major victory for the Republicans and a repudiation of Federalist policies). Parties outside Virginia seemed uninterested in the rehashing of the 1798 Resolutions, and in other states there was very little public comment. Jefferson eagerly sought copies for distribution to Republican members of Congress departing for their home states, and when they failed to arrive he entreated Monroe for at least one copy that he could reproduce. Despite Jefferson's approval of and attempt to distribute Madison's work, the national reaction was tepid. Though it had little impact on the immediate election, Madison's Report clarified the legal argument against the Acts and for states' rights in general, particularly in its advancement of the Tenth Amendment rather than the Ninth as the main bulwark against federal encroachment on state autonomy.
Argument
The general purpose of the Report was the affirmation and expansion of the principles in the Virginia Resolutions. The first major goal of the Resolutions was to bring about the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts by generating public opposition that would be expressed through the state legislatures. Madison sought to accomplish this by demonstrating conclusively that the Acts violated the constitution. Laying into the Acts in his Report, Madison described many breaches of constitutional limits. The Alien Act granted the President the unenumerated power of deporting friendly aliens. Contrary to the Sedition Act, the federal government had no power to protect officials from dissent or libelous attack, beyond the protection it accorded to every citizen; indeed, such special intervention against the press was "expressly forbidden by a declaratory amendment to the constitution." As well, Madison attacked Federalist carriage laws and bank laws as unconstitutional.
To remedy the defects revealed by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison called for citizens to have an absolute right to free speech. Madison writes that the ability to prosecute speech amounts to "a protection of those who administer the government, if they should at any time deserve the contempt or hatred of the people, against being exposed to it." Freedom of the press was necessary, because "chequered as it is with abuses, the world is indebted to the press for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression." The Report supported a strict interpretation of the First Amendment. While the Federalists interpreted the amendment as limiting the power of Congress over the press, but implying that such power existed, Madison argued that the First Amendment wholly prohibited Congress from any interference with the press.
More generally, the Report made the argument in favor of the sovereignty of the individual states, for which it is best known. The basic message was that the states were the ultimate parties constituting the federal compact, and that therefore the individual states were ultimate arbiters of whether the compact had been broken by the usurpation of power. This doctrine is known as the compact theory. It was the presence of this argument in the Resolutions that had allowed the Federalists to paint the Republicans as leaning toward secession; in the amended Report the line is moderated, with an emphasis that it is the states as political societies of the people (and therefore, one reads in, not the state legislatures alone) which possess this power. Either formulation would help the Republican cause by refuting the finality of any constitutional interpretation advanced by the Congress and federal judiciary, both of which were dominated by Federalists.
In defense of Virginia Republicans and the Resolutions, Madison emphasized that even if one disagreed with the compact theory, the Virginia Resolutions and the Report of 1800 themselves were simply protests, which states were surely entitled to produce. They were "expressions of opinion, unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion by exciting reflection." By eschewing direct action in favor of influencing popular opinion, Madison tried to make clear that the Republicans were not moving toward disunion.
Analysis
The Report was regarded in the early 19th century as among the more important expressions of Republican principles. Spencer Roane described it as "the Magna Charta on which the republicans settled down, after the great struggle in the year 1799." Henry Clay said on the floor of the House of Representatives that it was from the Report of 1800, above other documents, that he had developed his own theories on constitutional interpretation. H. Jefferson Powell, a modern jurist, identifies three persistent themes of Republican constitutionalism which emerged from the Resolutions and the Report: (1) a textual approach to the Constitution, (2) the compact theory, and (3) that caution, not trust, should characterize our approach to those who hold political power.
In more recent years, the main practical interest in the Report has been its absolutist understanding of the First Amendment. Multiple Supreme Court decisions have cited the case as evidence of the Framers' ideas on free speech. In the 1957 Roth v. United States opinion by William Brennan, Madison's Report is cited as evidence that "the fundamental freedoms of speech and press have contributed greatly to the development and well-being of our free society and are indispensable to its continued growth." Other cases to cite the Report for a similar purpose include Thornhill v. Alabama (1940) and Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000).
In modern scholarship outside the legal arena the Report is mostly studied for its discussion of states' rights with regard to federalism and republicanism. According to Kevin Gutzman, the Report, together with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, forms a foundation for the "radical southern states' rights tradition." However, Madison rebuffed charges that his writings supported the constitutional interpretation advanced by pro-nullification Southerners. The Report of 1800, Madison argued, did not say the government was a compact of the individual states, as the pro-nullification elements suggested. Rather the Report of 1800 described a compact of "the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign capacity." The state governments themselves, no less than the federal judiciary, possess only delegated power and therefore cannot decide questions of fundamental importance. Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.
Gutzman rejects Madison's gloss of the Report as a "specious distinction," saying it is reasonable to read into the Resolutions and the Report an "ominous challenge to federal supremacy." Drew McCoy, however, has argued that Madison indeed developed a moderate stance which stood between the nationalists and the pro-nullification camp. Koch and Ammon agree, stating that "Nowhere in American political literature does there exist a more careful, precise and mature reiteration of the principles of republican self-government; and nowhere is it clearer that the intermediate existence of state governments between the people and the 'General Government' should function to prevent a totalitarian imbalance in any one center of authority."
Mass (disambiguation)
The term Mass is used for different concepts, in different fields of study:
Peeps
Peeps are marshmallows sold in the United States and Canada. They are shaped like ducks, bunnies, and other animals. There are also different shapes used for many holidays.
Mass (disambiguation)
People
In the plural form, the masses, can mean:
Peeps
Peeps are used to fill Easter baskets. In recent years, they have been advertised as "Peeps - Always in Season". They are now used to celebrate Halloween, Christmas and Valentine's Day.
They are made from sugar, corn syrup, gelatin, various food dyes (never blue dye), and a pinch of salt.
Mass (disambiguation)
People
An adjective describing a large amount of something, as in:
Caitlin Gerard
Caitlin Beverly Gerard (born July 26, 1988) is an American actress. She had a leading role in the first season of the drama series American Crime (2015). She starred as Ashleigh in the 2010 drama The Social Network and as Ashley in 2012 horror movie Smiley.
Gerard was born in Los Angeles, California.
Aileu Municipality
Aileu is a municipality of East Timor. The municipality's capital is also named Aileu.
Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Dango
Dango (団子) is a Japanese dumpling made from mochiko (rice flour). It is sticky and filling. It is often served with green tea.
Francesco La Rosa
Francesco La Rosa (9 December 1926 – 8 April 2020) was an Italian footballer. He played as a forward. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He played for the national team in 1952.
Dango
Dango are eaten throughout the year, but the different types are traditionally eaten in certain seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer. One variety of dango from Hokkaidō is made from potato flour and baked with shoyu (soy sauce).
Francesco La Rosa
Rosa was born in Messina, Italy. died on 8 April 2020 in Milan of COVID-19 at the age of 93.
Blacksmith tree frog
The blacksmith tree frog or smith frog (Boana faber) is a frog that lives in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Scientists have seen it between 64 and 1035 meters above sea level.
Dango
A common Japanese proverb "Hana yori dango" (花より団子) is related to the custom of cherry blossom viewing (hanami).
Types of dango
There are many different varieties of dango which are usually named after the various seasonings served on or with it.
Piet Rentmeester
Petrus Laurentius "Piet" Rentmeester (27 August 1938 in Yerseke - 11 February 2017 in Goes) was a cyclist from the Netherlands.
Rentmeester was a professional racing cyclist between 1959 and 1966 and won several races.
One of his first victories was the Tour of Limburg in 1958 and his last one the Flèche enghiennoise in 1966.
In between he won, among others things, Paris–Camembert and Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne, both in 1962.
Cumulative voting
Cumulative voting is a system for doing an election. There are a certain number of choices. Each voter has a certain number of points he or she can spread over the choices. That way it is possible to choose more than one option, and to weigh the choices. Usually, this applies when there is more than one position being elected at the same time. For example, it can be used to elect more than one member of a governing board. In cumulative voting, if five positions are to be elected, a voter could cast one vote for each of five different candidates, or the voter could give all five of his votes to one candidate, or two votes to one candidate and three votes to a different candidate. Bullet voting is giving all of the votes to one candidate.
Cumulative voting is used to elect representatives in many companies. It is also used to elect some governments. Switzerland and Germany use it for some elections.
Hiromitsu Isogai
Hiromitsu Isogai (礒貝 洋光) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Isogai was born in Uki on April 19, 1969. After graduating from Tokai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992. He played as regular player from first season. He moved to Urawa Reds in 1997. He retired in July 1998.
National team career
In January 1995, Isogai was selected the Japan national team for 1995 King Fahd Cup. At this competition, on January 6, he debuted against Nigeria. On January 8, he also played against Argentina. He played 2 games for Japan in 1995.
Statistics
135||29||18||6||24||2||177||37 135||29||18||6||24||2||177||37
!Total||2||0
Woburn Place
Woburn Place is a street in central London, England, named after Woburn Abbey. It is located in the Bloomsbury area of Camden.
Located to the north of the street is Tavistock Square and to the south-east of it is Russell Square. Past Tavistock Square the road becomes Upper Woburn Place until it reaches Euston Road. The British Medical Association building is located near Upper Woburn Place.
Buildings cost a lot in this area. For example, in 2005 a freehold office building at 19–29 Woburn Place (9,400 m2, 101,000 sq ft) was sold for £22.6 million.
The nearest underground station is Russell Square to the south-east.
Cova Lima Municipality
Cova Lima borders the Timor Sea to the south.
The administrative posts of Cova Lima are:
Liu Dehai
Liu Dehai (13 August 1937 – 11 April 2020) was a Chinese pipa player. He was born in Shanghai.
Liu studied and began played at the Central Conservatory of Music. He became a professor there in 1957. In 1964 he was transferred to the China Conservatory of Music. He also performed for the Boston Symphony Orchestra. His works include Little Sisters on the Grassland (, pipa concerto), Music at Sunset Time (, symphonic poem for a pipa player and a symphony orchestra) and other pieces.
Liu died on 11 April 2020 in Beijing at the age of 82.
Bobonaro Municipality
Bobonaro Municipality is a municipality in East Timor. The capital city is Maliana.
The Savu Sea is to the north of Bobonaro.
Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Jorge Dely Valdés
Jorge Dely Valdés (born 12 March, 1967) is a former Panamanian football player. He has played for Panama national team.
Club career statistics
241||194||8||1||14||9||263||204 52||17||||||||||52||17 293||211||8||1||14||9||315||221
International career statistics
!Total||||
1755 Lisbon earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake was a major earthquake that hit Portugal and the rest of the Iberian Peninsula on 1 November 1755. The earthquake caused serious damage to Lisbon. It killed an estimated 60,000 people in Lisbon alone. Violent shaking destroyed about 12,000 homes. Because November 1, when the quake struck, was All Saints' Day, many people were attending mass at the time of the quake. Churches collapsed and many people died.
The earthquake caused a tsunami that produced waves about 20 feet (6 metres) high in Lisbon. Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe. The disaster became an important event in European history.
Hank Williams
Hank Williams, Sr. (September 17, 1923 – January 1, 1953), born Hiram King Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musicians. Williams is known as "the Father of Country and Western Music", because his songs were some of the first to come from that genre. As with many musical pioneers, Williams did not set out to create a new kind of music. He simply wanted to make music that his listeners would enjoy, that he would also enjoy making for them.
Early life
Williams's parents, Elonzo Huble "Lon" Williams and Jessie Lillybelle "Lillie" Skipper married on November 12, 1916. Hank Williams was of English-American ancestry. Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W.T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919. He was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and sustaining a severe hit to the head. After his return, the family's first child, Irene, was born on August 8, 1922. Another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17, 1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre (one of the three founders of the Masons, according to Masonic legend), but his name was misspelled as "Hiriam" on his birth certificate. As a child, he was nicknamed "Harm" by his family and "Herky" or "Poots" by his friends.
Personal life
Williams was one of the first superstars to have problems with alcohol and drugs. Well-meaning fans and friends would buy Williams drinks, or invite him to parties, and he would lose control. He began to miss shows, and to give bad performances because of the effects of drugs and alcohol. He lost many of his best engagements, and his reputation suffered.
Death
Williams died at age 29 on January 1, 1953, after a binge of alcohol drinking. He left behind a wife and son, Hank Williams Jr., who also grew up to become a country musician. Williams' songs are still popular, and sung by many musicians. Hank Jr. performed his father's music for many years, but later found success with songs of his own.
Oriental Orthodoxy
Oriental Orthodoxy means the group of Eastern Christian Churches that accept only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and do not accept the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. These Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches. Oriental Orthodox churches are different from the churches that call themselves Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the spiritual leader of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. This is because the Pope of Alexandria is also Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy See of St. Mark the Apostle.
The spiritual leadership is not understood in the same sense as among the Eastern Orthodox Churches to the Church of Constantinople. It is in the spirit of respect and honour for the Apostolic Throne of Alexandria. It does not give any special rights to the Church of Alexandria.
History
The schism (division) between Great Church Orthodox and Catholic and the Oriental Orthodox Churches happened in the 5th century after the Council of Chalcedon.
Jim Bolger (baseball)
James Cyril Bolger (February 23, 1932 - April 9, 2020) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He appeared in 312 games over all or parts of seven Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons. He played for the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Phillies.
Bolger died on April 9, 2020 at the age of 88.
Ainaro Municipality
Ainaro is a municipality of East Timor. Its capital is the city of Ainaro.
Ainaro has the highest point in East Timor, Mount Ramelau (2,960 m).
Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Mudcat Grant
James Timothy "Mudcat" Grant (August 13, 1935 – June 12, 2021) was an American baseball player. He was born in Lacoochee, Florida. He was a pitcher. Between 1958 and 1971, he played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Cleveland Indians, Minnesota Twins, Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, St. Louis Cardinals, Oakland Athletics and Pittsburgh Pirates. He was a two-time All-Star.
Grant died on June 12, 2021, in Los Angeles, California. He was 85.
Ermera Municipality
Ermera is one of the municipalities of East Timor. Its capital is Gleno.
Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
The administrative posts are divided into 52 sucos ("villages") in total.
Local extinction
There have been many cases when species have been added back, or reintroduced, to that area after going locally extinct. If a species is reintroduced after a long amount of time, this might mean there will be larger effects on the ecology of that area. An example of a species being reintroduced are grey wolves in Yellowstone National Park.
Bento
Bentō (弁当 or べんとう) is a meal that is common in Japanese cuisine, made to take away to be eaten somewhere else. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Various kinds of containers are used, from disposable mass produced to handcrafted lacquerware. They usually have compartments for different kinds of food. While bento meals can be bought at many stores and bento shops (弁当屋) in all of Japan, it is still considered a very important skill for a Japanese housewife to be able to prepare a good boxed lunch.
Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared. People often take bento for a picnic.
Bento are often sold in train stations. These are called ekiben (駅弁). Those sold in airports are called Soraben (空弁). Kyaraben (キャラ弁), is a shortened form of the two words character and bento and is becoming more popular.
Ingredients
Here are some foods that are often contained in a bento:
Vietnamese Australians
Vietnamese Australians (Người Úc gốc Việt) are Australians who have ancestors who were originally Vietnamese, or people who went to Australia from Vietnam. Communities of overseas Vietnamese are referred to as Việt Kiều or người Việt hải ngoại.
History in Australia
Up until 1975 there were fewer than 700 Vietnam-born people in Australia. After the takeover of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese communist government in April 1975, Australia, being a signatory to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, agreed to resettle its share of Vietnam-born refugees under a plan to resettle refugees between 1975 and 1985. After the early intake of refugees in the late 1970s, there was a second immigration wave in 1983–84, most likely a result of the 1982 agreement between the Australian and Vietnamese governments (the Orderly Departure Program) which allowed relatives of Vietnamese Australians to leave Vietnam and move to Australia. A third immigration wave in the late 1980s seems to have been mainly due to Australia's family reunion scheme.
Neufmoulin
Neufmoulin is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Smokey Robinson
William "Smokey" Robinson (born February 19, 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. Most of his hit records were on Motown Records or one of its labels, and many of them were performed with The Miracles, his longtime band.
Robinson is an African American. His mother died when he was young; his sister raised him afterwards. Robinson met Berry Gordy when Motown first became famous. He showed Gordy the lyrics to a song he had written. When Gordy asked if Smokey had any other songs, the young man pulled out a notebook with nearly a hundred of them. Few of the songs had potential, but Gordy liked what he saw in Robinson, and signed him and his band to Motown. Gordy helped Robinson become a better songwriter, and sometimes they wrote together. Some of Robinson's songs, like "My Girl" and "My Guy", were hits for other Motown artists.
Choi Tae-uk
Choi Tae-Uk (최태욱; born 13 March 1981) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team. He was part of the Korean football team in the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens.
Smokey Robinson
Robinson left the Miracles during the 1970s, and began a solo career. The Miracles still had hits (like "Love Machine"), and so did Robinson, with songs like "Cruisin'" and "Being With You".
In the 2000s, Robinson went into the frozen food business, with a line of gumbos and similar cuisine.
Choi Tae-uk
Club career statistics
197||25||9||2||31||2||237||29 25||5||4||1||8||3||37||9 222||30||13||3||39||5||274||38
Cho Jae-jin
Cho Jae-Jin (born 9 July 1981) is a South Korean football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.
Club career statistics
73||12||4||2||5||2||colspan="2"|-||82||16 126||55||10||3||15||5||6||1||157||64 199||67||14||5||20||7||6||1||239||80
International career statistics
!Total||38||9
Neuilly-le-Dien
Neuilly-le-Dien is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Ecumenical council
An Ecumenical Council (also sometimes Oecumenical Council) or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the church of the whole world who have come together to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice.
The word is from the Greek language "", which means "inhabited", and was originally an other name for the territory of the Roman Empire, because the earliest councils were all called in by Roman Emperors. In later times it was used in the sense of "world-wide" or "general."
Ukiyo-e
Ukiyo-e (浮世絵), "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.
Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district. Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.
A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his Ukiyo monogatari (浮世物語), gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:
Cleanskin
Law enforcement uses the word cleanskin to refer to an undercover person whose identity is unknown to the police forces he or she is tasked to find information about. This is usually because they have not conducted any undercover activity before.
The phrase got more use with a slightly different meaning in the United Kingdom following the London bombings of 7 July 2005. The four bombers involved in those bombings were reported in the press to be "cleanskins", according to police sources, meaning that their profiles did not fit what bombers are usually like.
Ko Jong-soo
Ko Jong-Soo (born 30 October 1978) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics
131||23||1||0||40||14||172||37 13||1||0||0||3||1||16||2 162||24||1||0||43||15||188||39
Liquiçá Municipality
Liquiçá is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of East Timor. Its capital is also named Liquiçá.
Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Kim Yong-dae
Kim Yong-Dae (born 11 October 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Kim Do-hoon
Kim Do-Hoon (born 21 July 1970) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Waka (poetry)
Waka (和歌) or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry. Waka literally means "Japanese poem" in Japanese. The word waka was originally created by poets during the Heian Period to make clear the difference between native Japanese poetry and the kanshi (漢詩, "Chinese poems"). This meant that they put together several different styles, one of them being tanka (短歌 lit. "short poem") and the other chōka (長歌 lit. "long poem"). There are others: bussokusekika (仏足石歌 lit. "rock of the Buddha's footprint poem"), sedōka (旋頭歌 lit. "whirling head poem") and katauta (片歌 lit. "poem fragment").
Kim Do-hoon
He received the title of top scorer in the Asian Club Championship the old version with 28 Goal.
Waka (poetry)
These last three forms were no longer used at the beginning of the Heian Period, and chōka also disappeared a short time after. So, the term waka came in time to mean the same as tanka. Tanka is a much older form of Japanese poetry than haiku.
Waka did not follow any rules of rhyme, nor line; it was a free style kind of poetry. This can be seen in this example of tanka written by poet Yamanoue no Okura (660 - 733)
Kim Do-hoon
Club career statistics
257||114||||||||||257||114 58||27||2||2||2||0||62||29 315||141||2||2||2||0||319||143
International career statistics
!Total||72||27
Lautém Municipality
Lautém is one of the municipalities of East Timor. Its capital is Lospalos.
To the north lies the Banda Sea, and to the south the Timor Sea. Lautém includes the small island of Jaco.
Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Kobayashi Issa
Kobayashi Issa (小林 一茶) was a Japanese poet. He is known for his haiku poems and his journals. He is thought of as one of the four haiku masters in Japan. The others are Bashō, Buson and Shiki.
Cold Tracks
Cold Tracks (Kalde spor) is a 1962 Norwegian drama movie directed by Arne Skouen and starring Toralv Maurstad, Henny Moan, Alf Malland, Ragnhild Hald, Sverre Holm, Egil Lorck, Lasse Næss, Siv Skjønberg.
Haiku
Haiku (俳句) is a type of Japanese poetry. Previously called hokku, haiku was given its current name by the Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki at the end of the 19th century.
The traditional hokku usually was written in six verses or more or less 5, 7, 5 syllables and they had to follow (on-ji). The Japanese word cow, meaning "sound", corresponds to a mora, a phonetic unit similar but not identical to the syllable of a language such as English. A haiku has a special season word (the kigo) to represent the season in which the poem is set, or a reference to the natural world.
Haiku usually breaks in three parts, called kireji, normally placed at the end of the first five or second seven morae. In Japanese, there are actual kireji words. In English, kireji is often replaced with commas, hyphens, elipses, or breaks in the haiku. Japanese haiku are normally written in one line, while English language haiku are traditionally separated into three lines.
In Japanese, nouns do not have different singular and plural forms, so "haiku" is used as both a singular and plural noun in English as well.
Examples
Japanese hokku and haiku are traditionally printed in one vertical line.
Non-Japanese poets
All of the poets below have some haiku. However, only Hackett and Virgilio are known for writing haiku. Richard Wright wrote some 4000 haiku in the last eighteen months of his life. Amiri Baraka recently wrote a collection of what he calls "low coup." This is his own version of haiku. Poet Sonia Sanchez is also known for putting together haiku and the blues musical genre.
Billy Collins
William J. "Billy" Collins (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.
Saharanpur
Saharanpur is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Saharanpur district.
Amroha
Amroha is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Amroha is located north-west of Moradabad city. As per Census 2011 India, the population of the city is 198,471 out of 103,097 are males and 95,374 are females.
Amroha is known for the production of different types of mangoes. Some of the industries in Amroha includes sugar milling, cotton & textiles, hand-loom weaving and pottery making.
Saharanpur
Saharanpur is declared as one of the 100 Smart Cities in India by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs as a part of Smart Cities Mission.
List of underwater museums
References
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Proportional representation
Another way to do this is to take the first-past-the-post system in which constituencies vote in one member. The United Kingdom works this way.
In most western countries, there is more than one political party. Each elected representative will be a member of one or another party. If one party has an overall majority, then it forms the government. Otherwise the government must have members of more than one party.
Countries which use proportional representation include: Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.
Countries which have systems that are similar or use semi-proportional representation include: Australia, Germany, Hungary, India, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Thailand.
Similar principles apply to sub-regions, who may have their own parliament or assembly.
Chynna Rogers
Chynna Marie Rogers (August 19, 1994 – April 8, 2020), known mononymously as Chynna, was an American rapper, disc jockey, and model. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rogers was signed by Ford Modeling Agency at the age of 14 and worked with the ASAP Mob.
Rogers released the singles "Selfie" (2013) and "Glen Coco" (2014). These were followed by her first EP 'I'm not Here. This isn't happening' (2015), Music 2 die 2 (2016). Her final EP 'In case I die first' was released in 2019.
RWBY
RWBY (pronounced "Ruby") is an American anime web series created by Monty Oum for Rooster Teeth. It follows four girls who live in the supernatural world of Remnant and fight monsters called Grimm. Eight seasons have been uploaded on Rooster Teeth's website. A Japanese dub of RWBY is distributed in Japan by Warner Bros. and airs on Japanese TV, making it the first American-made anime be shown on in Japan.
Chynna Rogers
Rogers was found dead on April 8, 2020, of an accidental drug overdose in Philadelphia, aged 25.
RWBY
References
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Masaoka Shiki
Masaoka Shiki (正岡子規) was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, literary critic, and journalist in Meiji period of Japan. His real name was Masaoka Tsunenori. As a child he was called Noboru.
National Assembly (South Korea)
The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly, is the 300-member unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years.
The latest legislative elections were held on 15 April 2020. It is made up of 253 of the assembly's seats, while the remaining 47 are picked by proportional representation. Members serve four-year terms.
Chung Sye-kyun
Chung Sye-kyun is a South Korean politician. He was the 42nd Prime Minister of South Korea from January 2020 until April 2021. From 2016 to 2018, he was Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea.
Alpay Özalan
Alpay Özalan (born 29 May 1973) is a former Turkish football player. He has played for the Turkish national team.
Club career statistics
200||13||||||||||200||13 65||1||||||||||65||1 8||0||||||||||8||0 13||0||3||0||14||0||30||0 48||1||||||||||48||1 334||15||3||0||14||0||351||15
International career statistics
!Total||90||4
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (月岡芳年), also called Taiso Yoshitoshi (大蘇芳年) or Yoshitoshi,  was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.
His adopted son was Tsukoka Kōgyō (1869-1927), who was also an artist.
Keisuke Tsuboi
Keisuke Tsuboi (坪井 慶介) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Tsuboi was born in Tama on September 16, 1979. After graduating from Fukuoka University, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 2002. He became a regular player as center back from first season. He won the "Rookie of the Year award" in 2002 and was selected as one of the "J.League Best Eleven" in 2003. In 2006, Urawa won the champions in J1 League which is first J1 champions in the club history. In 2007, Urawa won first Asian title AFC Champions League. Although he played many matches as regular center back until 2010, he could not play many matches from 2011. In 2015, he moved to Shonan Bellmare. However he could not play many matches and Shonan was relegated to J2 League end of 2016 season. In 2018, he moved to J2 club Renofa Yamaguchi FC. He retired end of 2019 season.
On June 11, 2003, Tsuboi debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay. He also played at 2003 Confederations Cup. In 2006, he was selected Japan for 2006 World Cup and played 2 matches. He played 40 games for Japan until 2007.
Statistics
348||1||31||0||53||1||18||0||450||2 348||1||31||0||53||1||18||0||450||2
!Total||40||0
Utagawa Kunisada
Utagawa Kunisada (歌川 国貞; 1786 – 12 January 1865), also known as Utagawa Toyokuni III (三代 歌川 豊国, Sandai Utagawa Toyokuni), was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.
Boudewijn Zenden
Boudewijn Zenden (born 15 August 1976) is a Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.
Club career statistics
109||32||||||colspan="2"|-||5||2||114||34 64||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1||86||3 133||15||11||1||14||2||35||3||193||21 54||6||3||0||2||0||12||0||71||6 360||55||17||1||16||2||71||6||464||64
International career statistics
!Total||54||7
Vizier
A vizier is an Arabic word for a kind of government official in some Muslim countries. A vizier would usually work for a Muslim monarch like a Caliph, Sultan or an Emir.
Song Chong-gug
Song Chong-Gug (born 20 February 1979) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.
Club career statistics
122||6||8||0||41||1||7||0||178||7 53||2||||||||||13||0||66||2 175||8||8||0||41||1||20||0||244||9
International career statistics
!Total||60||2
Music stand
A music stand is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.
There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.
The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about. Some music stands are made of wood. These are sometimes very and therefore quite expensive.
There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table. These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.
There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself. These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.
There are also digital music stands. When the violinist Tasmin Little played the Ligeti Violin Concerto at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her. There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score. Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot. There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.
Fustat
Fustat was the first Arab capital in Egypt. It was founded in 641 AD, after the Arabs conquered Alexandria. The Arabs did not want their capital to be so far away as Alexandria, which is why they made Fustat, which was far from the sea and closer to Arabia, and was on their side of the Nile river.
Fustat became a beautiful and powerful city for over 500 years, but then it was destroyed in 1168, when its vizier Shawar told his army to burn the city. Shawar did not want the crusaders to capture the city, so he burned it instead.
Today there is not much left of Fustat, but some buildings can be seen in Old Cairo.
Fábio Nunes (Brazilian footballer)
Fábio Nunes Fernandes (born 15 January 1980) is a Brazilian football player.
Club career statistics
10||4||0||0||10||4 10||4||0||0||10||4
Mass (music)
In music the word mass is used for a piece of music, to be sung by a choir. The Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches use this. There are two very broad kinds of masses: Those using the Ordinary are not linked to the Church calendar, they use the same pieces (and words) throughout the year. The Proper covers the parts of the mass that vary through the year. At the start, masses were sung in Latin or Greek. Examples of masses not in English include the Deutsche Messe by Franz Schubert or A German Requiem by Johannes Brahms.
The usual words that are set to music are known as the Ordinary. These are the words of the service which are the same every day. The Ordinary consists of five parts: Kyrie (Lord have mercy upon us….), Gloria (Glory be to thee….), Credo (I believe in God the Father….), Sanctus (Holy, Holy, Holy….) and Agnus Dei (O Lamb of God…).
The words of the mass that are not from the Ordinary are called the Proper. These are words that may change in the service from day to day. The Proper consists of the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Tract, Offertory and Communion. There are also some words which are special for particular feast days.
In the Renaissance period church composers set the words of the Ordinary mass to music. This music was normally polyphonic: the different sections of the choir (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) all had musical lines which shared the melody and were of equal importance. The words of the Proper were not composed to special music. They were sung to plainchant.
During the last two centuries many composers have written masses which were not meant to be sung in a church service: they are written as concert pieces. Some of them are quite long and fill a whole concert program. Some of the most famous masses are those by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Dvořák, Verdi, Bruckner, Fauré and Vaughan Williams.
Isra' and Mi'raj
The Isra and Mi'raj are two parts of a story that Muslims tell about Muhammad. They say that in the year 621, while he was resting in the Kaaba in Mecca, an angel came to him, with an animal called a Buraq. The Buraq carried Muhammad to a mosque that was far away, and then the Buraq took Muhammad up into heaven. While in Heaven, Muhammad met Adam and Moses and Allah (God), and then came back down to Earth.
Every year, Muslims hold a festival for the Isra and Mi'raj. They bring their children to the mosques, where the children can hear the story, and then pray with the grownups. Afterwards there is a feast and everyone can eat.
Daisuke Ichikawa
Daisuke Ichikawa (市川 大祐) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Ichikawa represented Japan national team at several underage levels. He made his first full international debut on April 1, 1998 against South Korea when he was 17 year and 322 days old, which made him the youngest player who represented Japan. Ichikawa was short-listed for the 1998 World Cup, but national coach Takeshi Okada dropped him together with Kazuyoshi Miura and Tsuyoshi Kitazawa at the final training camp in Nyon, Switzerland.