cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kde domov můj?
English version
This version was translated into English by Czech poet Václav Sládek (1845–1912).
German version
Between 1918 and 1938 there was an official version in German by Karl Wenzel Ernst.
Electrocyclic reaction
In organic chemistry, an electrocyclic reaction is a type of pericyclic rearrangement reaction. The reaction is electrocyclic if the result is one pi bond becoming one sigma bond or one sigma bond becoming a pi bond. Electrocyclic reactions share the following properties:
The torquoselectivity in an electrocyclic reaction refers to the direction that the substituents rotate. For example, the substituents in a reaction that is conrotatory can still rotate in two directions. It produces a mixture of two products that are the mirror image of each other (enantiomeric products). A reaction that is torquoselective restricts one of these directions of rotation (partially or completely) to produce a product in enantiomeric excess (where one stereoisomer is produced much more than the other).
Shift key
The shift key is a key on a computer keyboard. It is used to type capital letters (like this: "ABC") instead of lowercase ("abc").
Electrocyclic reaction
Chemists are interested in electrocyclic reactions because the geometry of the molecules confirm a number of predictions made by theoretical chemists. They confirm the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry. The Nazarov cyclization reaction is an electrocyclic reaction that closes a ring. It converts divinylketones to cyclopentenones. (It was discovered by Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov (1906–1957).)
Shift key
The shift key is also used to type with keys that have more than one symbol on them, such as the number keys and those for punctuation marks. In this case it is used to type the "upper" characters, that is, the symbol that appear above the other. The symbol below does not need the shift key to be pressed. On an English keyboard, these are some of the characters that need the shift key to be pressed down in order to type them:
Electrocyclic reaction
An example is the thermal ring-opening reaction of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene. The cis isomer only yields cis,trans-2,4-hexadiene. But the trans isomer gives the trans,trans diene:
The frontier-orbital method explains how this reaction works. The sigma bond in the reactant will open in a way that the resulting p-orbitals will have the same symmetry as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the product (a butadiene). This can only happen with a conrotatory ring-opening that results in opposite signs for the two lobes at the broken ends of the ring. (A disrotatory ring-opening would form an anti-bond.) The following diagram shows this:
Shift key
The way the shift key works is that it needs to be held down while the other key is pressed. Because of this, there are usually two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the keyboard, and they are held down using one of the little fingers while the other finger presses the other key.
Instead of using the shift key, one can also use the caps lock or shift lock keys. This lets one type many uppercase letters at once without having to hold down the shift key all the time.
Electrocyclic reaction
Woodward-Hoffman rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules address the conservation of orbital symmetry in electrocylic reactions.
Correlation diagrams connect the molecular orbitals of the reactant to those of the product having the same symmetry. Correlation diagrams can be drawn for the two processes.
These correlation diagrams indicate that only a conrotatory ring opening of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene is "symmetry allowed" whereas only a disrotatory ring opening of 5,6-dimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene is "symmetry allowed". This is because only in these cases would maximum orbital overlap occur in the transition state. Also, the formed product would be in a ground state rather than an excited state.
Frontier molecular orbital theory
The Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory predicts that the sigma bond in the ring will open in a way that the resulting p-orbitals will have the same symmetry as the HOMO of the product.
The above diagram shows two examples. For the 5,6-dimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene (top row of diagram), only a disrotatory mode would result in p-orbitals having the same symmetry as the HOMO of hexatriene. The two p-orbitals rotate in opposite directions. For the 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene (bottom row of diagram), only a conrotatory mode would result in p-orbitals having the same symmetry as the HOMO of butadiene. The p-oribtals rotate in the same direction.
Excited state electrocyclizations
Light can move an electron up to an excited state that occupies a higher orbital. The excited electron will occupy the LUMO, which has a higher energy level than the electron's old orbital. If light opens the ring of 3,4-dimethylcyclobutene, the resulting electrocyclization would be occur by a disrotatory mode instead of a conrotatory mode. The correlation diagram for the allowed excited state ring opening reaction shows why:
Only a disrotatory mode, in which symmetry about a reflection plane is maintained throughout the reaction, would result in maximum orbital overlap in the transition state. Also, once again, this would result in the formation of a product that is in an excited state of comparable stability to the excited state of the reactant compound.
Electrocyclic reactions in biological systems
Electrocyclic reactions occur frequently in nature. One of the most common such reactions in nature is the biosynthesis of vitamin D3.
The first step involves light opening the ring of 7-dehydrocholesterol to form pre vitamin D3. This is a photochemically induced conrotatory electrocyclic reaction. The second step is a [1,7]-hydride shift to make vitamin D3.
Another example is in the proposed biosynthesis of aranotin, an oxepine found in nature, and its related compounds.
Phenylalanine is used to make diketopiperazine (not shown). Then enzymes epoxidate diketopiperazine to make the arene oxide. This undergoes a 6π disrotatory ring opening electrocyclization reaction to produce the uncyclized oxepine. After a second epoxidation of the ring, the nearby nucleophilic nitrogen attacks the electrophilic carbon, forming a five membered ring. The resulting ring system is a common ring system found in aranotin and its related compounds.
The benzonorcaradiene diterpenoid (A) was rearranged into the benzocycloheptatriene diterpenoid isosalvipuberlin (B) by boiling a methylene chloride solution. This transformation can be thought of as a disrotatory electrocyclic reaction, followed by two suprafacial 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shifts, as shown below:
Scope
An example of an electrocyclic reaction is the conrotatory thermal ring-opening of benzocyclobutane. The reaction product is a very unstable ortho-quinodimethane. This molecule can be trapped in an endo addition with a strong dienophile such as maleic anhydride to the Diels-Alder adduct. The chemical yield for the ring opening of the benzocyclobutane depicted in scheme 2 is found to depend on the nature of the substituent R. With a reaction solvent such as toluene and a reaction temperature of 110 °C, the yield increases going from methyl to isobutylmethyl to trimethylsilylmethyl. The increased reaction rate for the trimethylsilyl compound can be explained by silicon hyperconjugation as the βC-Si bond weakens the cyclobutane C-C bond by donating electrons.
An biomimetic electrocyclic cascade reaction was discovered in relation to the isolation and synthesis of certain endiandric acids:
Michael Forest
Gerald Michael Charlebois (born April 17, 1929), better known as Michael Forest, is an American actor and pilot. He played the voice of Prince Olympius in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue.
In his earlier years, Michael was a movie and television actor, notably playing the part of Apollo in the 1967 Star Trek episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?" and most recently reprised this role in the Star Trek Continues episode "Pilgrim of Eternity" 47 years later.
Personal life
Forest was born in Harvey, North Dakota. He moved with his family at a very early age to Seattle, Washington. He graduated with a B.A. in English and drama from San Jose State University. He is married to Diana Hale.
Răscoala
Răscoala is a 1965 Romanian drama movie directed by Mircea Mureșan and starring Matei Alexandru, Ion Besoiu, Adriana Bogdan, Emil Botta, Ilarion Ciobanu.
Islamic theology
Islamic theology deals with the beliefs of the Islamic faith.
Types of theology
Islamic theology comes from the Qur'an, Hadith, and the story of Muhammad's life (Sirah Rasul Allah).
Kalam
Kalam is the Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word means "speech". A scholar of kalam is called a mutakallim (Muslim theologian; plural mutakallimiin).
Eschatology
Eschatology is understood as the last things or ultimate things, and in Muslim theology, eschatology is about the end of this world and what will happen in the next world. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgments of human deeds by Allah after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers. The places for the believers are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.
Differences between various Muslim groups
In the history of Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims with both similarities and differences with each other about their beliefs.
Sunni view
Sunni Muslims hold that there are six articles of belief: belief in Allah, in angels, in divinely revealed scripture] like Qur'an, in prophets, in the "Last Day" or end times, and in predestination.
Shia view
Shi`ite Muslims hold that there are five articles of belief: the Divine Oneness and Justice, the Prophethood, the Imamate, and eschatology.
Mu`tazilite view
In the relationship between humans and their creator, Mu`tazilites emphasize human free will over predestination and God's justice over God's omnipotence. Mu'tazilites also believe in the use of logic to decide the true meanings of the Qur'an. This and the principal of Ijtihad, led to their belief in dynamic Fiqh.
Roberto Tricella
Club career statistics
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International career statistics
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Santa Catarina (island)
Santa Catarina is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Brazil. It is about 54 km north to south, and up to 18 km wide (east-west). The whole island is part of the city of Florianópolis. The city covers part of the island.
Edmund March Blunt
Edmund March Blunt (born on June 20, 1770) was a ship navigator and he also was a publisher. He created a magazine called American Coastal Pilot. He was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He also lived in Ossining, New York. He had three sons.
Tony Hendra
Tony Hendra (10 July 1941 – 4 March 2021) was an English satirist, actor, and writer.
Hendra was probably best known for being the head writer and co-producer in 1984 of the first six shows of the long-running British satirical television series Spitting Image, and for starring in the movie This Is Spinal Tap as the band's manager Ian Faith.
Hendra died on 4 March 2021 from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Yonkers, New York at the age of 79.
Monique van Vooren
Monique van Vooren (March 25, 1927 – January 25, 2020) was a Belgian-born American actress and dancer. She acted on stage and in movies and television shows. Her acting credits include Tarzan and the She-Devil, Happy Anniversary and Fearless Frank. Her final acting credit was the horror movie Greystone Park (2012).
Van Vooren was born in Brussels. She was married at least twice. Her son was Eric Purcell. She died on January 25, 2020 at the age of 92.
Erick, Oklahoma
Erick is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.
Eufaula, Oklahoma
Eufaula is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. It is the county seat of McIntosh County.
Us Girls
Us Girls is a BBC sitcom series that aired for 2 seasons and 12 episodes from 27 February, 1992 and 14 April, 1993. It stars Joanne Campbell, Mona Hammond and Marlaine Gordon.
Annie Jelles
Johanna Maria "Annie" Jelles (born 1941) is a Dutch road cyclist from Amsterdam.
She competed at the 1959 UCI Road World Championships, in the women's road race event. That was the first time that the Dutch governing body KNWU sent female athletes to the World Championships*.
As of 2020 she is still cycling and lives in Scharwoude
Ahmad Akbari
Ahmad Akbari Javid (10 February 1947 – 17 October 2022) was an Iranian fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team sabre events at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Akbari died on 17 October 2022 at the age of 75.
496 (number)
In mathematics
496 is the third perfect number. 496 is also a harmonic divisor number. This is because the number of proper divisors of 496 divided by the sum of the reciprocals of its divisors, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, 248 and 496 (the harmonic mean) is an integer.
496 is also a triangular number, hexagonal number and a centered nonagonal number. It is also the largest happy number less than 500.
There is no solution to the equation φ(x) = 496. This means that 496 is a nontotient.
Tom Hatten
Tom Hatten (November 14, 1926 – March 16, 2019) was an American radio and television personality and actor. He was known as the long-time host of The Popeye Show (originally The Pier Point 5 Club) and Family Film Festival on KTLA Channel 5. He appeared as Captain Murdock in several episodes of the television show Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., and had a minor role as an officer in three episodes of Hogan's Heroes.
Hatten died on March 16, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 92.
Herbert Harris
Harris died on December 24, 2014 at his house on Fairfax County, Virginia, aged 88.
Great White Throne Judgment
Below, Revelation 20:11-15 is written to show the section of the Bible this judgment appears in.
11 Then I saw a Great White Throne and the one sitting on it. The earth and the heavens fled away from His presence, and there was no place found for them. 12 And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before the throne, and the books were opened. Another book was opened, which is the Book of Life, and the dead were judged according to their works, which are the things recorded inside the books. 13 The sea gave up the dead which were in it, and Death and Hell gave up the dead which were in them: and they were each judged according to their works. 14 Then Death and Hell were cast into the Lake of Fire, which is the second death. 15 Anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the Lake of Fire.
Deaths in 2018
The following is a list of notable deaths in 2018. For notable deaths for each month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.
Great White Throne Judgment
According to the Bible, the only way to avoid the Great White Throne Judgment is to believe on the Lord Jesus Christ. As it is written in John 3:17-18 17 For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved. 18 He that believeth on him is not condemned: but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God.
Alcee Hastings
Alcee Lamar Hastings (September 5, 1936 – April 6, 2021) was an American politician and judge. He was the U.S. Representative for Florida's 20th congressional district from January 3, 1993 until April 6, 2021. The district included most of the majority-black precincts in and around Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach. He was a Democrat.
Affoltern im Emmental
Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
California wine
People have made wine in the American state of California for a long time. California has become recognized as making some of the world's best wine. California makes most of the wine that is made in America.
History
People first made wine in California in 1769. Missionaries from Mexico brought their wine plants to produce wine for the mass. Later, people coming from Europe improved the making of wine. They had brought their own kinds of wine plants.
Before 1920, there was more wine made every year. Then Prohibition began. During Prohibition, it was not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks in the United States. It almost ended the making of wine in California. Californian wine-making took a long time to recover.
Wines
Wine comes in different colors. Most wines are called "red" or "white". White wine is not really white, it just has a very light color. 54 percent of the Californian wines are white wines. Some examples of white wines are Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. Some examples of red wines are Zinfandel, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pinot Noir.
Cool climate viticulture
Grapes for wine used to need warm weather. People wanted to grow more grapes, so they learned how to grow them where the weather was not as warm. That way of growing grapes is called "cool climate viticulture". Vines are now planted in colder places, up to 700 m above sea level. Monterey County was the first place where that was done.
Wine regions
In California, there are more than 800 wine cellars. Wine cellars are big rooms were wine is stored. They are part of a winery, the place where wine is produced.
Two of the most famous growing areas for wine in California are Napa County and Sonoma County. The wines from those places are some of the best in the world. Some examples of the wines made there are Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon.
Other known wineries are in Mendocino, in the Lake Counties, Santa Maria and Santa Barbara.
Marple Hall School
Marple Hall School is a specialist language college in Marple, Greater Manchester, England. The headteacher is Mr. Joseph Barker. The school is on the outskirts of Greater Manchester, near the River Goyt.
Frank Hargrove
Frank DuVal Hargrove, Sr. (January 26, 1927 – October 16, 2021) was an American Republican politician. From 1982 to 2010, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. Hargrove was born in Hanover County, Virginia.
Hargrove died on October 16, 2021 in Ashland, Virginia at the age of 94.
Piet Wijnberg
Wijnberg was born in Hilversum. He died in October 2021, aged 63.
Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
The writer of the lyrics was Sarmen (Armenak Sarkisyan), a poet. The composer of this song was Aram Khachaturian. He was known for his ballets.
Like many national anthems of republics of the Soviet Union, this song praised Vladimir Lenin, the October Revolution and Communism. It also praised the friendship of republics of the Soviet Union. "Hayastan" in the lyrics was the name that the Armenian ethnic called themselves. "Severe" in the lyrics means the Armenian history, such as earthquakes.
After Armenia became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, the national anthem was changed to Our Fatherland.
Yann-Fañch Kemener
Yann-Fañch Kemener (April 7, 1957 – March 16, 2019) was a French traditional singer-songwriter. He was born in Sainte-Tréphine (Côtes-d'Armor), France. He took part in reviving Kan ha diskan (chant et contre-chant) in the 1970s and 1980s, especially with Erik Marchand. He wrote songs from the oral tradition in the Breton language.
Kemener died in Tréméven on March 16, 2019 at age 61.
Lucy Miszewski
Lucy Miszewski (born 16 February 2000) is a South African water-polo player. She competed for the South Africa women's national water polo team in the 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
Miklós Róza
Miklós Róza (April 18, 1907 - July 27, 1995) was a Hungarian-American composer.
Ethnic conflict
An ethnic conflict (or ethnic war) is a conflict where different ethnic groups fight each other. It is different from a civil war, where a single nation or ethnic group is fighting among itself.
Examples of ethnic wars since the 1990s were typically caused by secessionist movements leading to the breakup of multi-ethnic states along ethnic lines: the Yugoslav Wars, the First Chechen War, the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Rwandan Civil War and the War in Darfur, among others
Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Intellectual debate has also focused around the issue of whether ethnic conflict has become more common since the end of the Cold War, and on finding ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.
Pompey
Coming from an Italian provincial background, he secured a place for himself in the ranks of Roman nobility, and was given the nickname Magnus ("the Great") by Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
Pompey was a rival of Marcus Licinius Crassus and an ally to Gaius Julius Caesar. Together, the three politicians would dominate the Late Roman republic through a political alliance called the First Triumvirate. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus (54 BC), disputes between Pompey and Caesar over the leadership of the Roman Republic lead to civil war. Pompey was decisively beaten by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, whereupon he fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated.
Civil war and murder
In the beginning, Pompey said he could defeat Caesar and raise armies merely by stamping his foot on the soil of Italy, but in the spring of 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon and his legions swept down the peninsula. Pompey abandoned Rome, and took his legions south towards Brundisium. Pompey intended build up his army, and wage war against Caesar in the east. Neither Pompey nor the Senate thought of taking the vast treasury with them, probably thinking Caesar would not dare take it for himself. It was left in the Temple of Saturn when Caesar and his forces entered Rome.
Barely escaping Caesar in Brundisium, Pompey crossed over into Epirus. There, during Caesar's Spanish campaign, Pompey had gathered a large force in Macedonia, with nine legions plus contingents from the Roman allies in the east. His fleet controlled the Adriatic. Nevertheless, Caesar managed to cross over into Epirus in November 49 BC, and captured Apollonia.
Pompey fought Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC), in which Caesar lost 1000 men and Pompey lost 2000. Because he failed to pursue at the moment of Caesar's defeat, Pompey threw away the chance to destroy Caesar's much smaller army. As Caesar himself said, "Today the enemy would have won, if they had a commander who was a winner" (Plutarch, 65).
According to Suetonius, it was at this point that Caesar said that "That man (Pompey) does not know how to win a war". With Caesar on their backs, the conservatives led by Pompey fled to Greece. Caesar and Pompey had their final showdown at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. The fighting was bitter for both sides, and although Pompey was expected to win, due to advantage in numbers, the brilliant tactics and the superior fighting abilities of Caesar's veterans led to a victory for Caesar. Pompey met his wife Cornelia and his son Sextus Pompeius on the island of Mytilene. He then wondered where to go next. He ran to Egypt.
After he got to Egypt, Pompey's fate was decided by the advisors of the young king Ptolemy XIII. While Pompey waited offshore, they argued the cost of offering him refuge with Caesar already en route to Egypt; the king's eunuch Pothinus won out. According to Plutarch, Cornelia watched anxiously from the trireme as Pompey left in a small boat with a few comrades, and headed for a welcoming party on the Egyptian shore. As Pompey got off the boat, he was stabbed to death by men following the orders of Pothinus.
Cassius Dio describes Caesar's reactions with scepticism. He thinks Pompey's own political misjudgements, rather than treachery, was the cause of his downfall. In Appian's account of the civil war, Caesar has Pompey's severed head buried in Alexandria, in ground reserved for a new temple to the goddess Nemesis. The divine functions of Nemesis (~fate) included the punishment of hubris (pride). For Pliny, the humiliation of Pompey's end is contrasted to his oversized portrait-head, studded with pearls, and carried in procession during his greatest Triumph.
Salam Fayyad
Salam Fayyad (سلام فياض, Salām Fayāḍ; born 2 April 1951) is a Jordanian-Palestinian politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority and Finance Minister.
He was Finance Minister from June 2002 to November 2005 and from March 2007 to May 2012. Fayyad was Prime Minister between June 2007 and June 2013.
Fayyad resigned from the cabinet in November 2005 to run as founder and leader of the new Third Way party for the legislative elections of 2006.
List of countries by French-speaking population
There are countries where people speaks French, in every continent. The French language came from France, it is one of the languages of Latino-Faliscan language. And one of the largest language in the World.
2000 United States Census
The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 was a count of the population of the United States. It was done by the Census Bureau. It found that the population of the United States on April 1, 2000 was 281,421,906. This was an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people counted during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census. It was the largest single administrative effort in the history of the United States that was not done during wartime.
About 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 2000 census. It had over 100 questions.
Duhok
Duhok is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan. The city is the capital of Dahuk Province and has a population of 500,000. There is a university in Duhok. The soccer club is Duhok SC.
Cherylee Houston
Cherylee Houston  (born 20 August 1974) is an English actress. She grew up in Morecambe, Lancashire, in the United Kingdom. She has played the role of Izzy Armstrong in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street since 2010. She played Maz in the ongoing BBC Radio 4 series Tinsel Girl.
At the age of 23 Houston was diagnosed with the rare connective tissue disorder, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Type III hypermobility type. She has used a wheelchair ever since.
Ymir (moon)
Ymir, or Saturn XIX is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 1. It was named in August 2003, from Norse mythology, where Ymir is the ancestor of all the Jotuns or frost giants.
Ymir is about 16 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 23,175,000 km in 1317.137 days, at an inclination of 172° to the ecliptic (146° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.358.
Hossain Toufique Imam
Hossain Toufique Imam (হোসেন তৌফিক ইমাম; 15 January 1939 – 4 March 2021) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician. He was a political advisor to the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.
Buffalo, Wyoming
Buffalo is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Johnson County. The city had 4,415 people at the 2020 census. Buffalo is known for methane production from the coal bed methane extraction method that is used in the Powder River Basin.
Albligen
Albligen (Albenon) was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg.
List of cities in Montenegro
This is the list of cities and towns in Montenegro.
SMS
An SMS, or short messaging service is a type of communication used in mobile phones. They are more commonly called 'text messages'. With SMS, someone can send text to another person.
SMS can be slow, as a network gives priority to phone calls, and only carries text messages after calls are handled. There is also a limit of 160 characters that a text message can send. Longer messages than this will be sent as multiple messages, where the sender has to pay for each individual message.
Text messages are often sent between phone users when an actual phone call is not wanted or needed. For example, they may be used in a situation where silence is needed, or to send something private that one person does not want people near them to hear. Message price depends on the phone network of the user. Some mobile phone plans allow for unlimited texting.
Abdulmejid I
Abdulmejid I or Abdul Majid I (عبد المجيد اول, I. Abdülmecid; 25 April 1823 – 25 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed in this regard.
He tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. During the Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations.
Abdulmejid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. For this achievement, one of the imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him.
Georgia Moir
Georgia Moir (born 5 December 1997) is a South African water polo player. She competed for the South Africa women's national water polo team in the 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
Max van Rooy
Max van Rooy (25 March 1942 – 8 December 2022) was a Dutch writer and journalist.
Van Nuys
Van Nuys is a neighborhood in the central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. As of 2000, the population is 136,443.
Max van Rooy
Biography
Van Rooy grew up in the region of The Hague where he attended primary school Passchalischool (1948-1954) and secondary school Aloysius College (1954-1961). He started studying cultural anthropology at the University of Amsterdam with professor André Köbben, but stopped after three months because he wanted to start writing and drawing. After school he had to do military service, and did that Royal Netherlands Air Force. After the end of his military service after two years Van Rooy chose to become an artist in Greece. Once back in the Netherlands, he settled in Amsterdam and became friends with writers K. Schippers, J. Bernlef and Gerard Brands..
David H. Burr
David H. Burr (born 1803-died 1875 ) was an American map maker and worked for the Surveyor General of the United States. He was also Surveyor General of Utah. He stopped being a lawyer and became a surveyor. He worked for the state of New York. He made an atlas in 1829. He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He lived in New York in 1822. He became a lawyer. He then joined the militia for New York. He would make many more, including atlases of America. He became the official geographer of the House of Representatives in the United States. He moved to Utah and became their surveyor general. He stopped doing surveying and became a full-time map maker in 1857.
Max van Rooy
Biography
Van Rooy was from 1966 to 1970 editor of newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad. Afterwards he was editor of the Saturday edition of NRC Handelsblad. In 1976 he became editor-in-chief of the cultural magazine Hollands Diep. In 1979 he returned to the NRC Handelsblad and became deputy editor-in-chief and architecture critic. In 1995 those positions changed to cultural commentator and architecture critic. He retired in 2010.
Fairview, Oklahoma
Fairview is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. It is the county seat of Major County.
Van Nuys
The town was founded in 1911 and named for Isaac Newton Van Nuys, one of its developers. It was annexed by Los Angeles on May 22, 1915.
Max van Rooy
Biography
van Rooy died in on 8 December 2022, at the age of 80.
Niederhausbergen
Niederhausbergen is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Amidon, North Dakota
Amidon is a city in, and the county seat of Slope County, North Dakota, United States.
Amidon was the smallest incorporated county seat in the 2000 census. When the 2010 census reported its population as 20.
Petrichor
Petrichor is the name of the scent of rain on dry dirt. The term was created by two Australian researchers for an article in the journal ''Nature. ''
MacBook
A MacBook is a type of laptop computer made by Apple Inc. It runs macOS and comes with a built in webcam and microphone and a power adapter that is attached by magnets or USB-C. MacBooks are currently available housed in Silver, Space Gray, Gold and Rose Gold aluminium.
Many college students purchase MacBooks to help with their studies and to stay connected with their family and friends.
The first models were released in 2006. It now has the same "unibody" construction as the MacBook Pro's.
History
The Macbook was introduced by Apple in May 2006. It replaced the iBook and 12 inch PowerBook series of notebooks because Apple was switching all of their CPUs to Intel from Power PC's.
Apple upgrades, or makes the MacBook better, about every six months to two years. This makes them faster and more reliable.
In October 2008, Apple decided to make a MacBook housed in aluminum. It was pretty much the same as the one housed in plastic except that it was a little better and that it was housed in metal. In June 2009, during WWDC (Apple's big yearly gathering), this laptop was renamed the MacBook Pro 13 inch.
In 2011, Apple stopped the production of MacBooks. However, in 2015 Apple released 12-inch MacBook, with a smaller 12 in Retina display.
Massy, Essonne
The commune is in the southern suburbs of Paris, 14.7 km from the center.
Bryce Canyon National Park
Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park in southwestern Utah. Its major feature is Bryce Canyon.
Despite its name, this is not a canyon but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is known for its hoodoos. The hoodoos are badlands formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks.
Emancipation reform of 1861
The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia, also known as the Emancipation Edict of Russia, (Крестьянская реформа 1861 года – "peasants' reform of 1861") was the first and most important of the liberal reforms passed during the reign (1855–1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire.
Bryce Canyon National Park
The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce is much higher than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8000 to 9000 ft.
Emancipation reform of 1861
The 1861 Emancipation Manifesto proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty. Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business. The Manifesto prescribed that peasants would be able to buy the land from the landlords. Household serfs were the least affected: they gained only their freedom and no land.
In Georgia the emancipation took place later, in 1864, and on much better terms for the nobles than in Russia. The serfs were emancipated in 1861, after a speech given by Tsar Alexander II on 30 March 1856. State owned serfs, i.e., those living on Imperial lands, were emancipated later, in 1866.
Merrill Womach
Merrill Womach (February 7, 1927 – December 28, 2014) was an American undertaker, organist and gospel singer. He was known for founding National Music Service (now Global Distribution Network, Inc. ), which provided recorded music to funeral homes across America, and for surviving a plane crash in Beaver Marsh, Oregon. It left him disfigured with third degree burns on his hands and his entire head.
Womach died in his sleep on December 28, 2014 in his birthplace Spokane, Washington.
Police procedural
A police procedural is a type of crime story. In a police procedural, the main characters are police officers. The story usually shows how they solve crimes with teamwork, using their specialised knowledge of criminals and the city or other area where they are.
Police procedurals have always been popular on television. Some of the best-known TV shows of this type are Dragnet, Law & Order, Hill Street Blues, NYPD Blue and The Shield.
Garber, Oklahoma
Garber is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.
Salvatore Bagni
Club career statistics
381||73 381||73
Marian Jurczyk
Marian Jurczyk (16 October 1935 - 30 December 2014) was a Polish politician and Solidarity trade union activist. He served as Mayor of Szczecin from 1998 through 2000 and from 2002 through 2006. He was born in Karczewice, Second Polish Republic.
Frederick, Oklahoma
Frederick is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. It is the county seat of Tillman County.
1480s
The 1480s was a decade that began on 1 January 1480 and ended on 31 December 1489.
Marian Jurczyk
Jurczyk died in Szczecin, Poland, aged 79.
Salvatore Bagni
International career statistics
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Shyne
Moses Michael Levi Barrow (born Jamal Michael Barrow; November 8, 1978), better known by his stage name Shyne, is a Belizean rapper and politician. He is perhaps best known for his 2000 singles "Bad Boyz" and "Bonnie & Shyne". In 2020, he was elected a member of the House of Representatives. In 2022, he became a member of the Leader of the Opposition.
Patrick Delsemme
Patrick Delsemme (13 September 1974 – 8 December 2022) was a Belgian snooker player from Liège. He has been named one of the greatest Belgian snooker talents ever.
Biography
When he was 17 years old he finished second at the under-21 world championships in Bangalore, losing the final from Ronnie O'Sullivan. A year later he finished again second in Brunei, losing this time from Robin Hull. Delsemme became Belgian junior champion in 1991 and 1992 and became senior champion in 1995 andd 1997. He was for seven years a professional player. In 2001 he had his best season where he was ranked 107th worldwide, he was suspended for two years after testing positive for the use of cannabis twice. He also lost his ranking points and also had to pay back the prize money he won at those tournaments (£11,000).
In 2022 Delsemme had taken part by invitation in a major snooker tournament in Casablanca, Morocco, where he died on 8 December 2022, at the age of 48.
Geary, Oklahoma
Geary is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.
Loge (moon)
Loge or Saturn XLVI (provisional designation S/2006 S 5) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.
Loge is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 23,142,000 km in 1314.364 days, at an inclination of 166.5° to the ecliptic (165.3° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1390.
Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly
Lt. Col. Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly (محمد محمود ولد أحمد لولي‎; 1 January 1943 – 16 March 2019) was the President of Mauritania and Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation (CSMN) from 3 June 1979 to 4 January 1980.
Cassina de' Pecchi
Cassina de' Pecchi is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.
University of Rhode Island
The University of Rhode Island (URI) is the main public research university in the U.S. State of Rhode Island. It was established in 1892 as Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The name was changed to Rhode Island State College around 1909, and officially to University of Rhode Island during 1951. URI is in Kingston, Rhode Island.
History
In 1888 the university was chartered as Rhode Island's agricultural school and became the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1892. The first class of 17 students was graduated two years later.
Glenpool, Oklahoma
Glenpool is a city in Oklahoma in the United States. It currently has 10,808 people living in it (number of people measured in 2010).
2009 US Open – Boys' Singles
Bernard Tomic won in the final 6-1, 6-3 against Chase Buchanan.
Seeds
<li> 🇯🇵 Shuichi Sekiguchi (First Round) <li> 🇦🇷 Facundo Argüello (First Round) <li> 🇩🇪 Kevin Krawietz (First Round) <li> 🇫🇷 Julien Obry (Second Round) <li> Julen Urigüen (First Round) <li> 🇻🇪 David Souto (First Round) <li> 🇩🇪 Dominik Schulz (Second Round) <li> 🇺🇸 Denis Kudla(Quarterfinals) </ol>
Emma Joubert
Emma Joubert (born 18 June 1998) is a South African water polo player. She competed for the South Africa women's national water polo team in the 2019 FINA Women's Water Polo World League and 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
Die, Drôme
Die (Diá) is a small city and commune in southeastern France in the Drôme department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Geography
Die is in the eastern part of the Drôme department. The Drôme river, a tributary of the Rhône river, flows through the commune.
International waters
International waters is a body of water that does not belong to any single country. "International waters" is not a defined term in international law. It is an informal term.
Alchenstorf
Alchenstorf is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
International waters
The Convention on the High Seas 1958 defined "high seas" to mean "all parts of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State" and "no State may validly... subject any part of them to its sovereignty".
Die, Drôme
Geography
It has an area of 57.3 km2. Its average altitude is 1104 m; at the city hall, the altitude is 402 m.
International waters
Therefore "high seas" and "international waters" share a basic idea: that no country can own them.
Die, Drôme
Geography
The distances from Die to other cities are:
The commune of Die is surrounded by 8 communes: Chamaloc, Romeyer, Laval-d'Aix, Molières-Glandaz, Aix-en-Diois, Barsac, Ponet-et-Saint-Auban, Marignac-en-Diois.
Climate
The climate of Die, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
Fornjot (moon)
Fornjot or Saturn XLII (provisional designation S/2004 S 8) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 11, 2005.
Die, Drôme
Population
The inhabitants of Die are known, in French, as Diois (women: Dioises).
Fornjot (moon)
It is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 24,505,000 km in 1432 days at an inclination of 168° to the ecliptic (152° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.186. It is the farthest moon from Saturn.
Die, Drôme
Population
With a population of 4,516, Die has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Estrun
Estrun is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 712 people lived there.
Die, Drôme
Population
Evolution of the population in Die
Fornjot (moon)
It was named in April 2007, after Fornjót, a storm giant from Norse mythology, father of Ægir, Kári, and Loge.
Die, Drôme
Administration
Die is a sub-prefecture in the Drôme department since 1800. It is the capital of the Die arrondissement and is also the administrative centre (chef-lieu) of the canton of Le Diois formed by 63 communes, with 13,617 inhabitants (2014).
Twin towns
Die is twinned with:
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is the name of a theory of psychology: Erik Erikson and his wife Joan Erikson coined the term. They found that during their lives, most people pass through eight stages of development.
Madame Nguyen Van Thieu
Madame Nguyễn Văn Thiệu (birth name Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh, 20 June 1930 – 15 October 2021) was a Vietnamese socialite. She was the First Lady of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975. She was the wife of Nguyễn Văn Thiệu who was President of the Republic of Vietnam from 1967 until his resignation in 1975.
Madame Thiệu died on 15 October 2021 at her home in San Diego County, California at the age of 90.
Stuart Christie
Stuart Christie (10 July 1946 – 15 August 2020) was a Scottish anarchist writer and publisher.
When aged 18, Christie was arrested while carrying explosives to assassinate the Spanish caudillo, General  Francisco Franco. He was later alleged to be a member of the Angry Brigade, but was acquitted of related charges.
He went on to found the Cienfuegos Press publishing house and in 2008 the online Anarchist Film Channel, which hosts movies and documentaries with anarchist and libertarian socialist themes. He was born in Glasgow.
Gould, Oklahoma
Gould is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.
Rivet
The key idea is that the slug of metal is red-hot when hammered into place. This results in the slug of metal having a dumbell shape which holds the two metal sheets together. An automatic jackhammer is used to force the metal into position, so giving a bulb on the inside face away from the pounding. The process (for example, of ship building) was very noisy. As the metal cooled, the two end of the rivet were pulled together, making a tight joint.
To be a riveter was skilled work. The men worked in teams of four: two to heat the rivet and pass it to the two fasteners. It was therefore an expensive process even when it was shortened by mechanising the heating process as in the example shown.
Rivets could be tested simply by tapping. A rivet tightly set in its hole gives a clear ring, while a loose rivet produces a different sound.
Riveting developed in many ways, and there are many different kinds of rivets. Today riveting has been largely replaced by welding, or by high-strength bolts. However, riveting is still used where light weight and high strength are critical, such as in aircraft.
Doorbell
A doorbell is a device which is typically installed to or near a door. When a visitor presses a button, the bell rings inside the building, alerting the presence of the visitor.
In modern technology, a button is pressed completing a circuit which in response makes a sound.