cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Srbosjek
History
It is said that in the Jasenovac concentration camp competitions in speedy slaughter were organized by the Ustashas. The winner of one such competition, Petar Brzica slit the throats of 1,300 (or 1360 ) prisoners.
Description
Such a type of wheat sheaf knife was manufactured prior to and during World War II by German factory Gebrüder Gräfrath from Solingen under the trademark "Gräwiso". Gebrüder Gräfrath was taken over in 1961 by Hubertus Solingen.
Ösmo
Ösmo is a locality in Nynäshamn Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 3,911 people lived there. It has a station of the Nynäshamn line of the Stockholm commuter rail.
Brackettville, Texas
Brackettville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Free fall
Free fall is what happens when an object is let to fall on its own without propulsion or resistance. Someone who is standing is not in free fall, but someone jumping from an aeroplane is, until air resistance builds up, ending in terminal velocity. An artillery shell is in free fall from the time it is fired until it hits something. Even the time when it is going up is free fall. Space stations and spacecraft are in free fall when their engine is not on and they are not sitting somewhere, which means all or most of the time. For Earth the acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.81 Newton (unit) per kilogram.
Cabin fever
Cabin fever occurs when a person or a group of people are immured and isolated in an enclosed space for a long time. It results in symptoms such as sleepiness, insomnia, paranoia, and the urge to go outside. It is not a disease but can lead to other issues.
Cabin fever is generally a temporary feeling of negativity, irritability, or listlessness due to being confined to a place for long periods. Not everyone ends up getting cabin fever when immured indoors for long periods. The feelings arise because you are stuck at home, you cannot go out, and you cannot do your regular stuff. People with more introverted personalities, for example, might be better able to stay busy and entertained when they are cooped up at home. Those who are more extroverted, on the other hand, may struggle with feelings of isolation and loneliness to a greater degree.
Symptoms
Cabin fever is a state of mind that can encompass feelings of:
Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and poet. He is best known for writing a poem which later became the words of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States of America.
His mother was Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and his father was Captain John Ross Key. He graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland in 1796.
Key was an owner of slaves, and in the later administration of Andrew Jackson he was the United States Attorney in Washington, D.C.
Wavelength
A wavelength is the length of the shortest repeating part of a "sine wave". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a total of sine waves, which may be identified by Fourier analysis.
Examples of waves
Waves are everywhere. Examples of waves include:
"Length" of a sine wave
The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too. As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength decreases Thus, the frequency and wavelength are in inverse proportionality.
There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.
A symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter lambda (λ).
Graham Webb
Graham Paul Webb (13 January 1944 – 28 May 2017) was an English racing cyclist. He became the world amateur road race champion in 1967. In response to a journalist's shouted comment that the last British amateur world road champion had been Dave Marsh 45 years earlier, Webb retorted: "And they'll have to wait another 45 years before another British rider wins."
Webb died on 28 May 2017 in London at the age of 73.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea (DIE-uh-REE-uh), also spelled diarrhoea, happens when the body makes more watery feces than normal. Diarrhea can occur in humans as well as most other mammals.
Child death
In developing nations, diarrheal diseases are the second most common cause of death in children under age 5. Every year in the world, diarrhea kills around 760,000 children under age 5.
In developing countries, diarrhea is also one of the most common causes of malnutrition in children under age 5.
Brownfield, Texas
Brownfield is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Terry County.
Diarrhea
Causes
In developing countries, diarrhea is usually caused by an infection in the intestines. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. These infections spread easily in some developing countries because of the following reasons:
Preventing child deaths
Child deaths from diarrhea can be prevented in different ways.
Re-hydration
When a child is sick with diarrhea, the best way to keep them from dying is to rehydrate them (give them the water and electrolytes (salts) they are losing by having diarrhea). If the child can go to a clinic or hospital, this can be done by giving water and salts intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein).
Some oral rehydration solutions come in packets and just need to be mixed with clean water. Oral rehydration solution can also be made at home. If the water in the area is not safe, it can be boiled to make it safe. (Boiling the water will kill any bacteria, viruses, or parasites in the water.) Salt and sugar are then mixed into the water. Drinking this mixture, after the water cools, will re-hydrate the child, if he drinks enough. Adding a banana or orange juice can add potassium to the mixture.
Breast milk will also re-hydrate a child with diarrhea.
Preventing diarrhea
There are some ways to prevent diarrhea, or the spread of diseases that cause diarrhea. However, some of these ways are expensive and difficult to do. These include:
Goldendale, Washington
Goldendale is a city and county seat of Klickitat County, Washington, United States. It is near the Columbia River Gorge. The population was 3,407 at the 2010 census.
Arguel, Somme
Arguel is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
The commune is 25 mi west of Amiens.
Norbert Balatsch
Norbert Balatsch (10 March 1928 – 6 May 2020) was an Austrian conductor. He was known as a choral conductor, who began as a baritone choir singer. He was the long-term choir director of both the Vienna State Opera and the Bayreuth Festival. He won two Grammy Awards. Balatsch was born in Vienna.
Balatsch died on 6 May 2020 in Vienna, aged 92.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (movie)
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is a movie based on the book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey into the heart of the American Dream. The black comedy movie was filmed in 1998 and the main characters are Raoul Duke and Dr Gonzo played by Johnny Depp and Benicio del Toro respectively. Raoul Duke wears a fisherman's hat and yellow tinted aviator glasses. The movie details the duo's journey to Las Vegas with purely journalistic intentions that then quickly devolve into a psychedelic exploration of the city.
Ranoidea macki
Ranoidea macki is a frog from Indonesia. It lives in Papua Province. Scientists have only seen it in the headwaters of the Wapoga River.
Latex
Latex, also known as rubber, is a natural polymer. It is taken from the milky sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), native to the tropical forests of Central and South America.
Today, much of the natural latex comes from Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. Polymers made from artificial latex are called "synthetic rubber."
Properties
Vulcanization makes rubber useful in many products:
Vince Wilfork
Vince Wilfork is a football player
Stora Vika
Stora Vika is a locality in Nynäshamn Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 651 people lived there.
Elvira Yankovskaya
Celebrity stylist, influencer. Mrs. Russia International-2013
Biography
After some time, a stepfather entered their family, who adopted Elvira and gave her his last name when she turned 14.
Aleksis Kivi
Aleksis Kivi, born Alexis Stenvall, (10 October 1834 – 31 December 1872) was a Finnish writer. He wrote plays and poems and the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä). He is considered one of the greatest authors in Finland.
Elvira Yankovskaya
Biography
She was originally a creative child, engaging in dance and enjoying dressing up.
Another child, Elvira's brother, was born into the family, and she adored him, dedicating a lot of time to his upbringing and assisting her parents.
Education
Elvira graduated from the Faculty of Philology of KSU, then received a second higher education – in finance and management management. She worked for almost a year in the City Tax Service of the Republic of Tatarstan as an assistant manager.
She was educated at the Higher School of Stylistics and the Marangoni Institute in Milan.
Career
While studying at the Faculty of Philology at Kazan State University, Elvira continued to work. She taught English at her hometown school and hosted a program on Kazan TV. She obtained a second higher education degree in the field of finance and worked at a bank for some time.
Wietzenbruch
Wietzenbruch is a suburb in the southwest of the Lower Saxon town of Celle.
Salton Sea
The Salton Sea is a large inland lake in the United States state of California. There are no rivers which flow out of it (making it an endorheic lake), so it is very salty. It is approximately 35 mi long from north to south, and 15 mi wide from east to west. It is well below sea level, with its surface elevation at -226 ft, and its deepest part is 52 ft deep. The New River and Alamo River flow in from the south, while the Whitewater River flows in from the north. It was created in 1905, when heavy rain flooded the Colorado River and caused it to flow into the basin that now holds the Salton Sea.
Aleksis Kivi
Kivi lived in time when all educated people in Finland spoke Swedish. He was the first professional writer who published his works in Finnish. Kivi, Mikael Agricola and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.
Aki Kaurismäki
Aki Kaurismäki (born 4 April 1957 Orimattila, Finland) is a movie director and a screenwriter from Finland. In his movies he shows understanding of people who are not very successful in life. He writes in the style of black comedy.
Kaurismäki made his first movie in 1983. It was based on Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
The Man Without a Past won the Grand Prix award in the Cannes Film Festival in 2002. It was also an Academy Award nominee for best foreign language movie. The plot is about a man who lost his memory, but gets help from many people whom he meets.
Other Kaurismäki movies include Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989), about a rock and roll band, and Drifting Clouds (1996) about how an unemployed couple manages in life.
Elvira Yankovskaya
Career
In November 2013, while still an entrepreneur, Elvira won the contest "Mrs. Russia International-2013", where she represented the Republic of Tatarstan. She received several titles at once "Mrs. Photo", "Mrs. Internet recognition", "Mrs. Audience Sympathy", the author of "The Best national dish" and, of course, the main crown of the competition.
Sirius XM
Sirius XM Holdings Inc. is an American broadcasting company. It uses satellite radio and online radio to broadcast in the United States. The company was made in 2008. It was made because Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio merged into one company. Sirius XM is the largest music company in North America.
Arrondissement
An arrondissement is a district of a French city, especially Paris. It forms part of a French department.
Sirius XM
In 2018, Sirius Xm bought Pandora. Pandora is a music streaming company.
Elvira Yankovskaya
Career
In 2016-2018, she worked on television as a brand manager and head of a fashion studio.
In 2018, Elvira became the head of the clothing brand for the singer Nyusha. Organizer of the brand's participation in Moscow Fashion Week.
In 2019, she changed her job profile to a stylist/image maker of a wide range.
In 2020, she became the head of the Miralin eco-cosmetics project, led the development and positioning of the brand in the market.
Since 2021, she has been working as a personal stylist and brand stylist.
Among her celebrity clients as a stylist, we can highlight:
At the end of 2022, Elvira deservedly receives the "Best Stylist of the Year" award according to Fashion TV.
Becomes an ambassador and stylist of the glossy magazine Cosmopolitan Russia.
In 2022, she attended Milan Fashion Week and got into the international gloss list. Her street style images shocked fashion influencers, and her image from Roberto Cavalli was discussed by the designer's fashion house a week after Elvira's appearance at the show.
Personal life
The couple is raising their daughter Kristina and son Mark in their marriage.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, often pronounced ) was the main channel of student activity to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
They were a group of students who wanted to show segregation was wrong. They would sit in white only shops and cafes and refuse to move even if they were attacked.
It was created in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins to protest segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina and Nashville, Tennessee. The group was mainly founded and headed by Ella Baker.
Brownwood, Texas
Brownwood is a city in and the county seat of Brown County, Texas, United States. The population was 19,288 at the 2010 census.
Dance
Dance is a performing art. It is described in many ways. It is when people move to a musical rhythm, like a drum beat. They may be alone, or in a group. The dance may be an informal play, a part of a ritual, or a part of a professional performance. There are many kinds of dances, and every human society has its own dances.
As with other performing arts, some people dance to express their feelings and emotions, or to feel better. Dance can be used to tell a story. In some societies, dance goes with song as well as music. Dancing is sometimes done as sport, and has similar athletic aspects. People who want to learn to dance can go to dance schools. It may take years of practice to become an experienced and capable dancer.
To plan a dance is called choreography, done by a choreographer. Often this goes with music, and fits into a certain style. Dances may be planned in detail, or they may be whatever dancers feel like doing. However, most dancing does follow some general style or pattern. One style is the couple dance, where (usually) a man and a woman dance together. Other dances need an ensemble, a group of people together to make it work.
Ballina, New South Wales
Ballina is a town in New South Wales in Australia.
Dance
History
People have always danced. Many cultures have their own dances. There are pictures, on pottery and stone, which show dances from several thousand years ago, in Egypt and Greece.
Sachs divides early dances into 'Imageless dances' and 'Image dances'. By 'imageless dances' he meant dances which have no set form, but aim at getting the dancers into a state of ecstasy. In this state the dancer(s) seem changed, in a trance, and are often thought of (by their society) as being 'possessed by spirits'. These dances are done on certain occasions: marriage, war, famine, illness or death, and so on. They are found in all early ('primitive') societies. p49; 62
The 'image dances', according to Sachs, are to do with the world outside the dancer. By imitating an animal or object, the dancer believes he can capture a power and make it useful. To dance in imitation of the animal which is going to be hunted is to become one with them. To imitate the act of sex is to achieve fertility. This is the kind of thinking behind an image dance. Sachs points out that societies of this kind do not really understand the connection between cause and effect. They really believe the image dances work. The dance type which is used in image dances is mime. p49; 77
Seth Green
Seth Benjamin Green (born Seth Benjamin Gesshel-Green; February 8, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, and voice actor. He became famous in the late 1990s after appearing in many teen movies. His most notable roles include Scott Evil in the Austin Powers series of movies, Chris Griffin on the television series Family Guy, Patrick Wisely in Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Dan Mott in Without a Paddle and Daniel "Oz" Osborne on the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, in which he is cast as Willow Rosenberg's werewolf boyfriend. Green is also the creator of Adult Swim's Robot Chicken.
Dance
History
The two styles of dance may be joined. Fertility dances may involve both ecstatic states and mime. The great dancer Nijinsky used some of these ideas in his choreography for the ballet Le Sacre du Printemps (The Rite of Spring), a ballet about the sacrifice of a girl during a primitive celebration of Spring.
Distance
Distance is how far one thing is from another thing. It is also a measure of the space between two things. It can be measured along any path. Thus, someone who goes around in a circle has traveled a distance, even though his position has not changed.
Dance
History
In more recent times, the first dance school we know about was opened in 1661 in Paris. Only men were accepted until 1681. After 1681, women were accepted too. Ballroom dances are forms of modern dance. Ballroom dances such as the waltz are done by couples.
Until the 20th century, most ballroom dances were sequence dances. The way people moved was planned in set formation. These formations were usually lines or squares. Everyone moved at the same time, and finished at the same time. The music played for a set time, and then stopped. After the invention of the waltz, around 1800, another style of dancing developed. In the waltz, and later dances, people danced in couples, but they did so separately. They did not dance in formation, but moved round the room as they pleased (but anti-clockwise). Often, new dance styles arrive. Some dance as individuals, separately, as they please. Street dance is like that. All these types of dance have music.
At the same time, round the world there are many traditional dances. Some of them have been going for hundreds of years. We call them folkloric dances.
The coming of popular music videos and DVDs led to a kind of dancer previously seen in some stage shows. A backup dancer (or background dancer) is a performer who dances with or behind the lead performers in a live musical act or in a music video.
Styles
There are many different styles of dance, which fall into these general types:
Bert I. Gordon
Bert Ira Gordon (September 24, 1922 – March 8, 2023) was an American movie maker. He made many movies that are science fiction. He made his first movie when he was 32 in 1955, called King Dinosaur. In the movie, a group of astronauts go to another planet and find lots of strange creatures.
In an interview with Shout! Factory, he explained he always wanted to make movies ever since one of his relatives gave him a video camera.
Gordon had a daughter, Susan. She was a child actor. She even starred in Bert's movie, Tormented.
Antlia Dwarf
The Antlia Dwarf (also known as PGC 29194) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) or irregular galaxy. It is located 4.3 million light years away in the Antlia-Sextans Group in the constellation Antlia. It is the 4th and the faintest galaxy of the Antlia-Sextans Group. It contains stars of all ages, it contains large amounts of gas and has experienced recent star formation. The Antila Dwarf is believed to be tidally interacting with the small barred galaxy called NGC 3109.
Claude Nelson Warren
Claude Nelson Warren (March 18, 1932 – November 4, 2021) was an American anthropologist. His works focused on early humans in the Far West such as in the California Desert. He helped define San Dieguito and La Jolla complexes. Warren worked at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He was born in Goldendale, Washington.
Warren died on November 4, 2021 in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 89.
Adams Oshiomhole
Adams Aliyu Oshiomhole (born on the 4th of April 1952), is a Nigerian politician and the former National Chairman of the All Progressive Congress. He was previously the President of Nigeria Labour Congress from and the executive governor of Edo State, Nigeria.
Hotter Than Hell
Hotter Than Hell is the second album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 22, 1974.
Emélie
Emelie or Emélie is a feminine given name:
María José Corral
María José Corral Bouza (born 1991) is a Spanish volleyball player.
She played at the 2017 Women's European Volleyball League, winning a bronze medal.
She played for Dauphines Charleroi, Terville-Florange OC, CEP Poitiers Saint-Benoît, Quimper Volley 29, AJM/FC Porto, CSU Belor Galați, Paris Saint-Cloud.
Galician
Galician might mean:
Ibrahim Gaidam
Ibrahim Gaidam is a Nigerian politician and the current Senator of Yobe East Senatorial District, Nigeria. He was the governor of Yobe State.
Pain & Gain
Pain & Gain is a melodramatic 2013 criminal-comedy movie. It is about events which take place between late 1994 until mid 1995. These events involve several gangsters called The Sun Gym Gang. They kidnap several people, kill others, use steroids, rob armored vehicles and do certain drugs. The events within the movie, however, are fictionalized or made up versions for events that actually happened. The events did happen, although the real-life events are far different from those in Pain & Gain. The movie got mixed reviews, only half of which were good or positive. It performed well, though, in the overall box office. It was released April 26, 2013. Mark Wahlberg and Dwayne Johnson are in this movie.
Depth
Depth in Mathematics
In math, the distance between the nearest end and farthest end of an object is its depth.
For example, Jane measures a box. When she measures the distance between the end of the box closest to her and the end of the box farthest away, Jane measures the box's depth.
See
Depth in Liquids
For liquids, the distance between the top or surface of the liquid and the bottom of the liquid is the liquid's depth.
For example, water is a liquid. If you fill a container with water, the distance between the top of the water and the bottom of the container is the water's depth. If the depth is big we say the water is deep.
Alive!
Alive! is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. It was released on September 10, 1975.
Charles Swenson
Charles Swenson is a producer and director. He worked with animated film for many years. In 1978 he joined Fred Wolf Films, who worked with the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series.
Queue (abstract data type)
In Computer science, a queue is a data structure, used for storing items, before they are processed. Generally, the following operations exist: Items that are between the first and the last element of the queue are not directly accessible.
There is a specialization, called priority queue: In a priority queue, each item also has a weight, which determine the position of the item in a queue.
Devil
In some religions, the Devil is a bad spirit or supernatural being that tries to create problems for people and distance them from God. Some people also use the words "the Devil" or "Satan" for the most powerful devil. The word "devil" comes from the Greek word "diabolos" which means "someone who tells lies to hurt you". ("Diabolos" is translated to the English word "slanderer.") The New Testament uses "diabolos" as a title for Satan, so "the Devil" became another name for Satan in English.
In the Old Testament, there is the Serpent and the Shaitan, who may be two different characters. "Shaitan" in Hebrew means "adversary", which is a word for an enemy or opponent. It is also a word used for the Devil in the Koran, who often appears as an animal and tries to get people to do the wrong thing.
In Christianity the Devil was originally an angel in heaven called Lucifer. But he refused to love the humans as much as his father, God, as he was instructed, and so he revolted against Heaven. After a hard fight he was defeated and thrown out of heaven. Some other angels who helped him were also thrown out.
Dorothy Kilgallen
Dorothy Mae Kilgallen (July 3, 1913 – November 8, 1965) was an American journalist and television game show panelist. She started as a reporter for Hearst Corporation's New York Evening Journal. In 1938, she began her newspaper column. It was later syndicated for more than 146 papers. Kilgallen was also a regular panelist on the television game show What's My Line in 1950.
Devil
Christianity
The other angels who were thrown out of heaven became evil spirits called demons. They obey the Devil and help him do evil things.
Dorothy Kilgallen
Kilgallen's columns had mostly gossip and news about show business. There was also news about organized crime and politics.
Devil
Christianity
The Book of Revelation says that God will punish the Devil and his demons by throwing them into a Lake of Fire that burns in Hell. This will happen in the future.
Some Christians understand the Devil as the embodiment of chaos and death. They think that the Devil is the farest someone can get away from God. God, as the opposite of the Devil, stands for life and the Devil for death. The closer someone gets to the Devil the closer people come to death and will not be resurrected.
Dorothy Kilgallen
Kilgallen was born in Chicago, Illinois. She died at age fifty-two in Manhattan, New York from a mix of alcohol and barbiturates.
Devil
In Islam
In Islam, there is not only one devil, but there are several devils, who support Satan. The devils are invisible and tempt humans and djinns into sin. Humans and djinns, who follow the will of the devils, are called devils too.
Mandalay
Mandalay ( or ; ) is a city in Myanmar. There is only one city in Myanmar that has more people than Mandalay. It is 445 mi north of Yangon. Mandalay is on the east side of the Irrawaddy River. In 2014, there were 1,225,553 people living there.
Devil
Arts
Artists draw pictures of the Devil that show him as ugly and evil. But nobody knows what he may look like in fact. Usually he is a spirit that nobody can see, but he can make himself look like a real person in order to trick people. Many modern depictions of the Devil portray him as a red human-like being with horns and a pointed tail, carrying a red pitchfork or trident.
Devil and other religions
Not all religions believe in the Devil. For example, some forms of Buddhism do not believe in the Devil. Judaism, has Satan, but does not believe that Satan is the Devil, but only an angel. In Wicca, the concept of the Devil and demons is also rejected, simply because, in Wiccan tradition, the creative energy is neither positive nor negative. According to Wiccans: "We are the ones who use this energy for good or evil. Therefore, the consequence of this action is our entire responsibility, not of an evil supernatural being." The corniferous god Cernunnos of Wicca was confused with the Christian Devil, for having horns (in antiquity, given the horns were phallic, they were associated with virility (fertility)), and were soon symbols of ancient European religions. He was already worshipped by pagan religions before Christianity arrived in Europe and the British Isles. Many satanists believe in the Devil or Satan only as a metaphor, not an actual being or person. In the Bahá'í Faith, the Devil as a malevolent, supernatural entity is not believed to exist. These terms do, however, appear in the Bahá'í writings, where they are instead used as metaphors for the lower nature of man.
Mandalay
Name
The name "Mandalay" comes from the nearby hill called Mandalay Hill. "Mandalay" may come from the Pali language. Some people think that the name "Mandalay" comes from the Pali word mandala. Other people think that the name comes from Mount Mindara. Mindara is a mountain in Hindu mythology.
The original name of the city was Yadanabon (MY ရတနာပုံ, ). This name came from the Pali word Ratanapūra (MY ရတနပူရ). "Ratanapūra" means "City of Gems." The city also had another name: Lay Kyun Aung Myei (MY လေးကျွန်းအောင်မြေ, ). This means "Victorious Land over the Four Islands."
Early history
Mandalay was started by King Mindon. He started the city on 13 February 1857. He built Mandalay as the new capital city of the Kingdom of Burma.
Mindon's city was 25.5 sqmi in size. There were rivers on each side. It had 144 square blocks in a grid. In the middle was a palace that was 16 square blocks in size. The palace had four walls that were each 666 ft long. Around the walls was a moat that was 210 ft wide and 15 ft deep. Each wall had turrets (towers) for watchmen. These turrets were placed every 555 ft. Each turret had a spire made of gold. Each side had three gates and five bridges across the moat.
The king also built some other buildings in the city. These buildings were the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein upasampada hall, the Thudamma "Good Dharma" zayats, and a library for the Pāli Canon. A zayat is a building where Buddhism is taught.
Dressed to Kill
Dressed to Kill is the third studio album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 19, 1975.
Mandalay
Early history
In June 1857, the king moved the royal palace to Mandalay. The palace had been in Amarapura. The building was taken apart. Each piece was moved by elephants to Mandalay. The palace was put back together and finished on 23 May 1859. The palace is now at the bottom of Mandalay Hill.
Heidi Cruz
Heidi Suzanne Cruz (née Nelson; born on August 7, 1972) is an American investment manager at Goldman Sachs. She is the spouse of Republican Texas senator and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Ted Cruz.
Mandalay
Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)
Mandalay was still an important city in British Burma. The city of Rangoon became the capital of Burma.
Heidi Cruz
Personal life
Heidi Suzanne Cruz was born on August 7, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, California, and grew up in a Seventh-day Adventist family. Cruz's interest in politics began when she traveled to Washington, D.C. with her parents when she was 8.
Mandalay
Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)
The British wanted to make Mandalay an important commercial city. They did not want it to be important for politics, education, or other reasons. Mandalay was connected to Yangon by railroad in 1889. The first college in Mandalay wasn't built until 1925.
Heidi Cruz
Personal life
She graduated with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations from Claremont McKenna College in 1994. She was active in Claremont McKenna's Republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on Bill Clinton's campaign for reelection. In 1995, she received a Masters of European Business from Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management in Brussels, Belgium and in 2000, she graduated with a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
Heidi married Ted Cruz on May 27, 2001. Heidi met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign. In April 2008, Cruz gave birth to her first child, Caroline Camille Cruz. Her second daughter, Catherine Christiane Cruz, was born in 2011.
Mandalay
Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)
The royal palace was looted by the British. All of the treasures were stolen. Some treasures can be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The British changed the name of the palace to Fort Dufferin. British soldiers used the palace as a barracks (a place to camp.)
Heidi Cruz
Career
In 2003, she worked for the Bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council under National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in 2003. She left Washington DC in 2004 to support Ted Cruz's run for elective office in Texas.
Cruz has worked for three investment banks, JP Morgan Chase, Merrill Lynch, and Goldman Sachs.
Mandalay
Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)
Mandalay was the most important city for Burmese culture during the time the British were in charge. It was also the most important place for Buddhist learning. The Burmese people saw Mandalay as a symbol. Between World War I and World War II, there were many protests in Mandalay against the British.
Nicholas of Cusa
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Mandalay
Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)
During the time the British were in charge, many people moved to Mandalay from India. (India was also a British colony.) From 1904 to 1905, a plague happened. About one third of the people of Mandalay left to get away from the disease.
During World War II, Mandalay was bombed by the Japanese. The British moved all of their airplanes to India. Mandalay had no defenses against the Japanese air raids. On 3 April 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed the city. Three-fifths (3/5) of the houses were destroyed. More than 2,000 civilians (people who are not military) were killed.
The Japanese soon invaded Burma. The Imperial Japanese Army took over the city of Mandalay. They were in charge from May 1942 until March 1945. The palace citadel was made into a supply depot. (A supply depot is a building that stores supplies like food and machines.)
The Allied forces bombed the city after the Japanese took it over. Much of the palace was destroyed. Only the royal mint and watch tower were not destroyed. The palace was rebuild in the 1990s.
Mandalay today (1948 - now)
In 1948, the British left Burma. Mandalay was still the most important city for culture, education, and commerce in Upper Burma.
Until the 1990s, most students went to university in Mandalay. Until 1991, there were only three universities in Upper Burma: Mandalay University, The University of Medicine, Mandalay, and the Defense Services Academy. All of these universities are in Mandalay. Only some other cities had schools called "Degree Colleges." These were small schools that were part of Mandalay University. These colleges had classes in a small number of subjects.
From 1962 to 1988, Ne Win was in charge of the government. He was very isolationist. This means that he did not want Myanmar to be part of global trade or tourism. In the 1980s, Mandalay was the second biggest city in Myanmar. It looked like a town with low buildings, dusty streets, and more bicycles than cars.
During the 1980s, there were two big fires. In May 1981, a fire destroyed more than 6,000 buildings. 36,000 people were left homeless. On 24 March 1984, there was another fire. This fire destroyed 2,700 buildings. 23,000 more people were made homeless. Fires are still a big problem. In February 2008, there was another big fire in Mandalay. It destroyed the Yadanabon Market. This was the second-biggest market in the city. In February 2009, a fire destroyed 320 houses. More than 1,600 people were made homeless.
The fires during the 1980s destroyed a lot of buildings. This made a lot of land empty. Many Chinese people in Burma bought this land. A lot of these people had come from Yunnan in China. Many Chinese people came to Upper Burma and Mandalay from Yunnan and Sichuan in the 1990s. 250,000 to 350,000 people from Yunnan came to Mandalay in the 1990s. Today, about 30% to 40% of the people of Mandalay are Chinese. The native Burmese people complain that Mandalay is now like a part of China.
The Chinese have rebuilt the parts of the city that burned down. They built apartment buildings, hotels, and shopping centers. They helped make Mandalay again an important city for trade and commerce. It now connects trade for Upper Burma, Lower Burma, China, and India.
Mandalay has grown much bigger over time. It now includes what used to be Amarapura. (Amarapura was where King Mindon's capital city used to be before he moved it to Mandalay.) Mandalay celebrated its 150th birthday on 15 May 2009 at 4:31:36 am.
Important places
There are many important places and buildings in Mandalay.
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Mandalay
Mandalay Palace
The royal palace in Mandalay is a very important building. A lot of it was burned down during World War II. The royal mint and watch tower did not burn down. The rest of the buildings were rebuilt.
The Mandalay Palace's name in Burmese is Mya Nan San Kyaw (MY မြနန်းစံကျော် ; "The Famed Royal Emerald Palace"). It is also called MY ရွှေနန်းတော်ကြီး, or the "Great Golden Royal Palace".
Today the palace is an important symbol of Mandalay. Many tourists and visitors come to see it.
Atumashi Monastery
The Atumashi Monastery is a Buddhist monastery. A monastery is a building where monks (holy men) live, work, and pray. This place is a kyaung, a special kind of monastery. The name means "inimitable vihara."
The monastery burned down in 1890. Only the plinth (bottom platform) did not burn. The government decided to rebuild the monastery. They started building on 2 May 1995. It was finished being built in June of 1996.
Mandalay Hill
Mandalay Hill is a big hill in Mandalay. It is a holy hill. There is a legend about the hill. The Buddha visited the hill and made a prophecy. He said that some day a great city would be built at the bottom of the hill.
The hill is 230 m tall. There is a road to the top. There are many temples, monasteries, and pagodas built on the hill.
Kuthowdaw Pagoda
The Kuthodaw Pagoda is a very large pagoda. It was built by King Mindon in 1857. It was designed to look like the Shwezigon Pagoda in Nyaung U.
There are 729 rocks around the pagoda. Each rock is smooth and has writing on it. The writing are the words of the Tipiṭaka. (The Tipiṭaka are the Buhhdist holy books.) These stone rocks are the "world's largest book."
Mahamuni Buddha Temple
The Mahamuni Buddha Temple is one of the most important Buddhist temples. It has an important Buddha statue. The statue was made during the life of the Gautama Buddha. The Gauthama Buddha hugged the statue seven times. This caused the statue to come to life.
Buddhists believe that the statue is alive because of this. They call it the Mahamuni Sacred Living Image. This makes the Mahamuni Temple the most holy pagoda in Mandalay.
The temple was built by King Bodawpaya in 1784. The Buddha is sitting. It is 12 ft tall.
Other places
The Yadanabon Zoological Garden is a small zoo in Mandalay. It is in between the palace and Mandalay Hill. It is the only zoo in the world that has Burmese roofed turtles.
People
In 2007, the United Nations (UN) guessed that there were about 1 million people living in Mandalay. In 2014, the Myanmar government counted all of the people in the country for a census. They found that there were 1,225,133 people living in Mandalay then. The UN thinks that there will be 1.5 million people in Mandalay in 2025.
Mandalay has always been an important city for the Bamar people. Most of the people who have lived in Mandalay are Burman people. Lots of Chinese people have been moving to Mandalay. The Chinese have been coming for the past 20 years. Now there are more Chinese people than Burman people in Mandalay.
People in Mandalay speak the Burmese language. A lot of people also speak the Standard Chinese language. The Chinese language is used a lot in markets like Zegyo Market. People who have a lot of money and education also speak the English language.
Place
Mandalay is in the country of Myanmar. It is by the side of the Irrawaddy river. Its coordinates are 21.98° North, 96.08° East.
The city is 260 ft above sea level. It is in the same time zone as the rest of Mandalay: Myanmar Standard Time (MST), UTC+6:30.
Mandalay is on a tectonic fault. This means that there are two tectonic plates that come together underneath the city. (A tectonic plate is a big piece of earth.) The tectonic fault underneath Mandalay is called the Sagaing Fault. It is where the India Plate and the Sunda Plate meet.
Weather
Mandalay has a tropical savanna climate. This means that the city has a wet season and a dry season. There is a lot of rain during the wet season. There is very little rain during the dry season. The wet season is from May to October. The dry season is from November to April.
The coldest month is January. The average temperature is 21 C. The hottest month is April. Then, the average temperature is 31 C.
It is very hot in April and May. Most days it is hotter than 35 C. Some days it is hotter than 40 C.
The hottest temperature ever in Mandalay was 45.6 C. The coldest temperature ever was 5.6 C.
Mandalay in writing
There are some important books and poems that talk about Mandalay. Some of these are famous.
George Orwell wrote a novel called Burmese Days. He wrote it in 1934. Orwell was part of the Indian Imperial Police. He was stationed in Mandalay. The novel is about his experiences (what he did and saw.) He also wrote some non-fiction essays and short stories. Some of these are "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936).
Twin towns
Mandalay has three twin towns:
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