cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Soap made from human corpses
Evidence of soap-making at Stutthof
During the Nuremberg Trials, Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory worker at the Danzig Anatomical Institute, said that soap had been made from the bodies of dead people at Stutthof concentration camp. He said that 70 to 80 kg of fat collected from 40 bodies could make more than 25 kg of soap. He also said that the finished soap was kept by Professor Rudolf Spanner.
At the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi witnesses and British prisoners of war supported Mazur's story. (The British prisoners of war had been used as forced labor to build the Stutthof camp.) These witnesses talked about seeing: After doing research, Holocaust survivor Thomas Blatt found little evidence of mass production of soap from human fat. However, he found evidence that soap had been made from human fat in experiments. Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector agrees that the Nazis "did indeed use human fat for the making of soap at Stutthof," but in small amounts.
In his book Russia at War 1941 to 1945, Alexander Werth said that while visiting Danzig in 1945 just after it was freed by the Red Army, he saw an experimental factory outside the city for making soap from human bodies. Werth said that it had been run by "a German professor called Spanner" and "was a nightmarish sight, with its vats full of human heads and torsoes pickled in some liquid, and its pails full of a flakey substance - human soap".
Postwar
After the war, in 1955, Alain Resnais included the idea that the Nazis made large amounts of "human soap" in his Holocaust documentary movie Nuit et brouillard. After the war, some Israelis also spoke about Jewish victims of Nazism with the Hebrew word סבון (sabon, "soap").
Mainstream Holocaust scholars think the idea that Nazis made large amounts of "human soap" is part of WWII folklore. Examples of scholars who believe this include the well-known Jewish historians Walter Laqueur, Gitta Sereny, and Deborah Lipstadt. Other people who believe this include Professor Yehuda Bauer of Israel's Hebrew University, and Shmuel Krakowski, archives director of Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust center. Historian Yisrael Gutman agrees that "it was never done on a mass scale." And Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector says that the Nazis "did indeed use human fat for the making of soap at Stutthof," but in small amounts.
Today Holocaust deniers use this story to make people doubt the Nazi genocide.
Play
The Soap Myth is a 2009 play about Nazis making soap from the bodies of the people they murdered.
Other websites
Rudolf Spanner
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This is a list of municipalities in Germany which have current links to local communities in other countries, or in other parts of Germany (mostly across the previous inner German border), known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).
F
Fellbach
Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories
History and background
In colonial times, the five British colonies on mainland Australia, along with the Van Diemen Land colony of Tasmania and the colony of New Zealand, had their own Governor, a title that eventually was changed to "Premier". Back then, the two territories did not exist, so the colonies represented what we today know as the six states and New Zealand (which is not part of Australia and now has a Prime Minister). Today, the Governor serves as the head of state of a state and the King is the head of state of Australia (but is represented by the Governor-General when he is absent).
Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal is the biggest island in the Solomon Islands. During World War II, there was a battle there between the Americans and the Japanese.
Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories
History and background
Until the creation of the Australian Labor Party (a centre-left, social democratic party), there were no political parties in Australia, so the Premiers were all independents.
Yoshiko Kuga
Yoshiko Kuga (久我 美子) (born January 21, 1931) is a Japanese actress. In 1947, she made her debut as one of the lead actresses in an omnibus movie Four Love Stories (四つの恋の物語).
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
F
Filderstadt
Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories
History and background
On a federal level, Australia's head of government is called the Prime Minister, but because Australia formed as a federation of six British colonies, each state and territory has their own level of government, which is the second-highest level in Australia (the lowest being local government, which is made up of different councils).
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F
Flensburg
Forchheim
Frankenthal
Kenneth Halverson
Kenneth S. Halverson (July 24, 1933 – January 21, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1967 to 1968 and again from 1969 to 1980. Halverson was born in Somerset, Pennsylvania.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
F
Frankfurt am Main
Kenneth Halverson
Halverson died on January 21, 2021 in Somerset, aged 87.
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Frechen
Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories
History and background
Like the Prime Minister, Premiers and Chief Ministers are the state/territory leader of the party that forms government. Currently, the Labor Party forms a majority government in four states (Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia) and in the Northern Territory, as well as federally. In Tasmania, the Liberal Party (a centre-right, liberal conservative party) currently governs with a majority. In New South Wales, the Labor Party governs in a minority government (with the support of three independents on confidence and supply, meaning they can vote differently to the Government but still allow them to govern), while in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Labor Party forms a coalition government (meaning more than one party is in the Cabinet) with the Greens (a left-wing, progressive green party, meaning they mostly focus on issues like climate change). When a party is unable to win a majority of seats in the Lower House, the party with the most seats must seek support from the crossbench (a crossbencher is someone who is not from either the Government or the Opposition). Then they can form either a coalition government with the crossbenchers or they crossbenchers can give them confidence and supply. For example, it is very common federally and in New South Wales and Victoria for the Liberal Party and the National Party to form a coalition, regardless of if they are in Government or Opposition. This is commonly called the Coalition. In Queensland and the Northern Territory, these two parties merged to become the Liberal National Party (LNP) and the Country Liberal Party (CLP), respectively. In Western Australia, it is also common for the Liberals and the Nationals to form the Coalition, but the agreement is different there in that the parties are still independent of each other. In South Australia and Tasmania, the Coalition has existed before but currently does not exist, as the Nationals have not very much activity there and they have no seats in those states, while in the ACT the Coalition does not exist because the Nationals do not have a branch their, only the Liberals do (this is because the Nationals represent regional, rural and remote interests (this is called agrarianism), but almost all of the ACT is the city of Canberra).
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Freiberg
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Fulda
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Fürth
Yoshiko Kuga
Kuga is known for her roles in Drunken Angel (1948), The Idiot (1951), Older Brother, Younger Sister (1953), The Woman in the Rumor (1954), Equinox Flower (1958), Good Morning (1959), Cruel Story of Youth (1960), Zero Focus (1961), The Story of Osaka Castle (1961) as Kobue and Toki o Kakeru Shōjo (1997).
In 1961, Kuga married Akihiko Hirata.
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Gelsenkirchen
Gera
Geretsried
Germering
Gevelsberg
Gi–Gu
Giessen
Gladbeck
Glauchau
Goch
Göppingen
Görlitz
Goslar
Gotha
Göttingen
Greifswald
Grevenbroich
Glacier County, Montana
Glacier County is a county found in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 13,399 people. The county seat is Cut Bank. It is across from the Canadian border of Alberta.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
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Grimma
Gronau
Groß-Gerau
Gummersbach
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Gütersloh
Ha
Haan
Hagen
Halberstadt
Halle
Haltern am See
Hamburg
Hamelin
Hamm
Hanau
Hann. Münden
Hanover
Hattersheim am Main
He
Hechingen
Heidelberg
Heidenheim an der Brenz
Heilbronn
Heiligenhaus
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Helmstedt
Lund
Lund is a city in Scania, in the south of Sweden. About 80,000 people live there, which makes it the eleventh biggest city in Sweden. It is close to Malmö. The municipality has about 105,000 people.
Quincy Owusu-Abeyie
Quincy Owusu-Abeyie (born 15 April 1986) is a Ghanaian football player. He plays for Portsmouth.
Lund
Lund is known for its university, Lund University (founded in 1666). It is the largest university in Scandinavia. The city is also known for its cathedral, Lund Cathedral (Lunds domkyrka).
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He
Hemmingen
Hennef (Sieg)
Quincy Owusu-Abeyie
Club career statistics
29||2 29||3 21||4 79||9
Lund
Lund is an old city. It was probably founded around the year 990, when Scania belonged to Denmark.
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He
Hennigsdorf
Henstedt-Ulzburg
Heppenheim
Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville
Peter Leonard Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville, (3 March 1934 – 13 May 2023) was a British politician. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He was in the Cabinet under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major.
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He
Herborn
Herford
Herne
Herrenberg
Herten
Herzogenrath
Hi–Hu
Hilden
Hildesheim
Hof
Hofheim am Taunus
Hohen Neuendorf
Homburg
Höxter
Hoyerswerda
Hückelhoven
Hürth
I
Ibbenbüren
Idar-Oberstein
Idstein
Ilmenau
Ingelheim am Rhein
Ingolstadt
Iserlohn
K. Natwar Singh
Kunwar Natwar Singh (born 16 May 1931) is an Indian politician. He was born in Bharatpur, Bharatpur State. Singh was Minister of External Affairs from May 2004 through December 2005. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.
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Isernhagen
Itzehoe
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Jülich
Ka–Ke
Kaarst
Kaiserslautern
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Kamen
Kamp-Lintfort
Karben
Karlsruhe
Kassel
Gideon v. Wainwright
Background
Between midnight and 8:00 a.m. on June 3, 1961, someone broke into the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, Florida. The person broke a door, smashed a cigarette machine and a record player, and stole coins from a cash register. Later that day, a witness said he had seen Clarence Earl Gideon in the pool room at around 5:30 that morning. The witness said Gideon left with a wine bottle and money in his pockets. Based only on this information, the police arrested Gideon and charged him with breaking and entering with intent to commit petty larceny. This charge means a person broke into a place, meaning to steal someone else's property. (In Florida, at the time, "petty" larceny meant that the person stole something that was worth less than $50. ) Under Florida law, if Gideon was found guilty, he could be put in prison for up to five years.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
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Kaufbeuren
Kehl
Kelkheim (Taunus)
Gideon v. Wainwright
In state courts
In 1961, state courts had to follow the Supreme Court's decision in Betts v. Brady. In this case, the Court ruled that if a defendant was charged with a capital crime, he had to be assigned a lawyer if he could not pay for one. However, as long as the defendant was not charged with a capital crime, the states did not have to assign free lawyers to every defendant who could not afford them. The Court ruled that having a lawyer was not a basic right, and was not necessary for a fair trial.
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Kempen
Kempten
Kerpen
Gideon v. Wainwright
In state courts
In their decision, the Court did rule that there were special cases where a court should assign a lawyer. In these special cases, not having a lawyer would make it difficult for a defendant to get a fair trial. These "specialized circumstances" included things like a defendant not having education or not knowing the rules of the court.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
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Kevelaer
Gideon v. Wainwright
Importance
What this meant was that in 1961, throughout the state of Florida, most defendants did not have lawyers. They had two choices: to plead guilty, or to defend themselves at trial. A Florida lawyer remembers that "[before] 1963, lawyers were likely to appear in Florida courtrooms only for the wealthy."
Serena Liu
Serena Liu (born Liu Chen; ; 9 June 1975 – 22 March 2020) also known as Serina Liu, was a Taiwanese dancer and actress. Her best known roles were as Yao Niang in How Much Sorrow Do You Have (2005) and as Pipa Lady in The Rise of the Tang Empire (2006).
Gideon v. Wainwright
Importance
In a letter he wrote from prison, Gideon once wrote:
Serena Liu
Liu died on 22 March 2020 from heart valve repair surgery-related problems in Taipei, aged 44.
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Kirchheim unter Teck
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Kleve
Gideon v. Wainwright
Importance
One day when I was [in court], I seen two trials of two different men tried without attorneys. In one hour from the time they started they had two juries out and 15 minutes later they were found guilty and sentenced. Is this a fair trial? This is a common practice thru most of the state.
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Ki–Ku
Koblenz
Königs Wusterhausen
Königsbrunn
Königswinter
Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication is a field of study that seeks to understand how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate - in similar and different ways among themselves - and how they achieve communication across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of study. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication.
Gideon v. Wainwright
Appeal
First, Gideon filed a writ of habeas corpus with the Florida State Supreme Court. This is a request to be set free from unfair imprisonment. The Florida Supreme Court summarily denied his request – meaning they refused to even hold a court hearing or hear Gideon's arguments.
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Konstanz
Korbach
Gideon v. Wainwright
Appeal
From his prison cell, using the prison library and writing in pencil on prison paper, Gideon then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. He asked the Supreme Court to review his case "because the 'due process clause' of the fourteenth admendment of the constitution and the fifth and sixth articales of the Bill of rights has been violated" sic.
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Ki–Ku
Kornwestheim
Gideon v. Wainwright
Appeal
Gideon argued that he had been denied a lawyer, which violated his Sixth Amendment rights. In Betts v. Brady, the Supreme Court had ruled that the Sixth Amendment did not apply to the states. However, Gideon argued that it did, because of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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Ki–Ku
Korschenbroich
Gideon v. Wainwright
Appeal
The Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws." Gideon argued that without assigning lawyers to poor defendants, the state of Florida was not giving those defendants due process or equal protection under the laws.
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Ki–Ku
Köthen (Anhalt)
Krefeld
Kreuztal
FC Eintracht Bamberg
1. FC Eintracht Bamberg is a football team in Bamberg, Upper Franconia Germany. In 1946 they were called 1. FC Bamberg and were in the "first Division". Now they play in the "Fourth Division", Regionalliga Bayern, with the new name, F.C. Eintracht Bamberg.
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Ki–Ku
Kronach
Kulmbach
La
Laatzen
Caroline County
Caroline County is the name of two counties in the United States:
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La
Lage
Lahr
Landau in der Pfalz
Landsberg am Lech
Landshut
Langen (Hessen)
Langenfeld
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Lauf an der Pegnitz
Le
Lehrte
Leichlingen (Rheinland)
Leimen
Leinfelden-Echterdingen
Leipzig
Lemgo
Lennestadt
Leonberg
Leverkusen
Gideon v. Wainwright
Appeal
The Supreme Court agreed to hear Gideon's appeal. They had decided to think about whether Betts v. Brady should be "reconsidered" (re-thought).
The legal issue
The basic question the Supreme Court had to answer had to do with the Sixth Amendment. They had already decided that under the Sixth Amendment, everyone accused of a crime in federal court had the right to have a lawyer, even if they could not pay for one. Now they needed to decide whether the Sixth Amendment applied to the states like it did to the federal government. In other words, did every person accused of a crime in state court have the right to a lawyer?
For Gideon
The Supreme Court had assigned Gideon a well-known lawyer from Washington, D.C. named Abe Fortas. (In 1965, Fortas would become a United States Supreme Court Justice.)
Fortas argued that it was impossible for a person to get a fair trial without a lawyer. He argued that under the Fourteenth Amendment's "due process" requirement, the states had to give a person a fair trial before taking away their freedom. By denying Gideon a lawyer, the state of Florida denied him a fair trial and violated his right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Against Gideon
A lawyer named Bruce Jacob argued the case against Gideon in front of the Supreme Court. He made a few different arguments.
Jacob argued that the Constitution allows states to make their own rules about the criminal procedure (how to run criminal trials). He talked about federalism – the separation of powers between federal and state governments that is written into the Constitution. By making a rule saying the states always had to give poor defendants free lawyers, the federal government would be over-stepping its powers. The states would be unable to make their own rules, and this would take away a right the Constitution gave to the states.
Jacob also argued that a person does not need a lawyer to get a fair trial. He said that judges, and even prosecutors, help protect the rights of people who defend themselves in court.
In addition, Jacob said that if the Court ruled in favor of Gideon, the effects would be harmful. If the Court ruled that a lawyer was needed for a fair trial, then the state would also have to give poor defendants free lawyers for other types of trials, like appeals and civil trials. The state would never have enough lawyers for this or enough money to pay them, he said. Also, out of Florida's 8,000 prisoners, 65% – 5,200 prisoners – had not had lawyers. Jacob argued that many of these prisoners could go free if the Court ruled in favor of Gideon.
Decision
On March 18, 1963, the Supreme Court voted 9-0 that Gideon was right. His rights had been violated.
The Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment's right to a lawyer does apply to the states. It reasoned that without a lawyer, a person cannot get a fair trial. If a person does not get a fair trial, they are not getting the "due process of law" that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees. In other words, because people have the right to due process, they have the right to a fair trial; and because they cannot get a fair trial without a lawyer, they also have the right to a lawyer.
The Court also said that its earlier decision in Betts v. Brady had been wrong. This ruling overturned the Supreme Court's earlier decision in Betts v. Brady (meaning the Betts decision was no longer valid). Justice Black (who had disagreed with the Betts decision when the Court made it) wrote: [In] our ... system of criminal justice, any person ... who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
Li–Lu
Lichtenfels
Brian Dubie
Brian E. Dubie (born 9 March 1959) is an American politician. He was the 80th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont from 2003 to 2011. He lost the 2010 election for Governor of Vermont by fewer than 5,000 votes.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
Li–Lu
Limburg an der Lahn
Lingen (Ems)
Jason Roy
Jason Jonathan Roy (born 21 July 1990) is a cricketer from England. He plays for England cricket team in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket. He was born on July 21, 1990.
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Li–Lu
Lohmar
Lohne
Löhne
Lörrach
Vincent van Gogh
When he was a young man, Van Gogh worked for a company of art dealers. He traveled between The Hague, London and Paris. After that, he taught in England. He then wanted to become a pastor and spread the Gospel, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining place in Belgium. He began drawing the people there, and in 1885, he painted his first important work, The Potato Eaters. He usually painted in dark colors at this time. In March 1886, he moved to Paris and found out about the French impressionists. Later, he moved to the south of France, and the colors in his art became brighter. His special style of art was developed and later fully grown during the time he stayed in Arles in 1888.
Early life
He was born Vincent Willem van Gogh on 30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, Netherlands. His father, Theodorus van Gogh, was a pastor. His mother, Anna Cornelia Carbentus, was an artist. Van Gogh was brought up in a religious and cultured family. He was very emotional and he did not have a great deal of self-confidence. He was also a replacement child. He was born a year after the death of his brother, also named Vincent. He even had the same birthday. Living at the church rectory Vincent walked past the grave of his dead brother every day. There has been speculation that van Gogh suffered later psychological trauma as a result, but this cannot be proved.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
Li–Lu
Lübbenau
Lübeck
Gideon v. Wainwright
Decision
... From the very beginning, our state and national constitutions have laid great [importance] on [protections] designed to assure fair trials before impartial [courts] in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.
Vincent van Gogh
Career
Between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist, van Gogh had two sad romances. He also had worked unsuccessfully in a bookstore, as an art salesman, and a preacher. He remained in Belgium, where he had preached, to study art. The works of his early Dutch period are sad, sharp, and one of the most famous pictures from here is The Potato Eaters, painted in 1885. In that year, van Gogh went to Antwerp where he found the works of famous artists and bought a lot of Japanese prints.
Oberhaid
Oberhaid is a community in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg.
Vincent van Gogh
Career
In 1886 he went to Paris to join his brother Theo, who was the manager of Goupil's gallery. In Paris, van Gogh studied with Cormon. He also met Pissarro, Monet, and Gauguin. This helped the colors of his paintings lighten and be painted in short strokes from the paintbrush. His nervous temper made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day made him very unhealthy. He decided to go south to Arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art. Gauguin did join him, but it did not help. Near the end of 1888, Gauguin left Arles. Van Gogh followed him with an open razor, but was stopped by Gauguin. Instead, he cut his own ear lobe off. After that, van Gogh began to get fits of madness and was sent to the asylum in Saint-Remy for medical treatment. He painted over 1,000 portraits. As for me, I am rather often uneasy in my mind, because I think that my life has not been calm enough; all those bitter disappointments, adversities, changes keep me from developing fully and naturally in my artistic career. (Vincent van Gogh, Letter, 16 June 1889)
Death
In May 1890, he regained his health and went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise. However, two months later on 27 July, he shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died two days later, with Theo at his side. Theo reported his last words as "La tristesse durera toujours", which meant, "The sadness will last forever" in French.
Legacy
During his brief career he had only sold one painting. After his death, Van Gogh's finest works were all sold in less than three years. His mother threw away a lot of his paintings during his life and even after his death. But she lived long enough to see him become a world famous painter. He was not well known when he was alive, and most people did not appreciate his art. But he became very famous after his death. Today, many people consider him to be one of the greatest painters in history and an important influence on modern art. Van Gogh did not begin painting until he was almost 30. Most of his famous works were done in his last two years. He made more than 2,000 artworks, with 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. Today, many of his pieces – portraits, landscapes and sunflowers – are some of the most famous and costly works of art in the world.
Gideon v. Wainwright
Gideon
The Supreme Court's ruling did not mean that Gideon could automatically go free. It meant he got a new trial – this time, with a free lawyer assigned to him.
Gideon asked for a lawyer named Fred Turner, who had a very good reputation, and the judge agreed. With Turner arguing the case, it took jurors less than an hour to find Gideon not guilty. Gideon was set free that day.
Chatham County
Chatham County is the name of two counties in the United States:
Gideon v. Wainwright
Gideon
Gideon died on January 18, 1972, from cancer and tuberculosis. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Missouri.
Results
Based on the Supreme Court decision, each of Florida's 5,200 prisoners who had been convicted without counsel had the right to a new trial – this time with a lawyer. However, about 1,200 of these prisoners were set free without a new trial. This happened because witnesses in their cases had died or moved away, and the state of Florida did not have enough evidence to try them again.
The same year Gideon was decided, the Florida state legislature set up their public defender system. Throughout the 1960s, states that did not already have public defender systems created them.
Importance
When Gideon was decided, there were still 13 states that did not always give lawyers to poor criminal defendants. Like in Florida, many of these poor defendants did not get fair trials because they did not have a lawyer's help. After the Gideon decision, every person who is charged with a crime, in any court in the United States, has the right to a lawyer – even if they cannot pay for one. Defendants can decide they do not want a lawyer, but when they do that, they are giving up their right to a lawyer because they want to.
Four years after Gideon, in a case called Burget v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled that the Gideon decision applied "retroactively." This means it applies even to defendants who were convicted before Gideon was decided in 1963. In other words, the Court was admitting that defendants should have had the right to counsel all along, even before Gideon. The Court decided in Gideon that people could not get a fair trial without lawyers; that was just as true for people who were convicted before 1963. These people, too, now deserved new trials, with free lawyers to help them.
Gideon today
The Gideon decision still guarantees free counsel to every poor individual charged with a crime in the United States. However, many legal scholars agree that there are many problems with the public defender system in the 21st century. Because of these problems, they argue, many poor defendants are not getting the rights the Gideon decision gave them.
According to these scholars, one of the biggest problems with today's public defender programs is that they do not get enough money from the government to deal with the number of poor defendants they have to represent. This means:
When public defenders cannot do their jobs well because they have too many cases, have too little experience, or are too overwhelmed, defendants get more severe punishments when they are convicted.
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
Li–Lu
Lüdenscheid
Gideon v. Wainwright
Gideon today
=
List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany (F-L)
Li–Lu
Lüdinghausen
Ludwigsburg
Ludwigshafen am Rhein
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Lünen
Lothar Metz
Lothar Metz (16 January 1939 – 23 January 2021) was a German wrestler. He won an Olympic silver medal in Greco-Roman wrestling in 1960, and a bronze medal in 1964. He won an Olympic gold medal in 1968, competing for East Germany. He was born in Meerane, Germany.
Metz died on 23 January 2021 in Rostock, Germany at the age of 81.
Open University of Israel
Open University of Israel (האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, HaUniversita HaPtukha) is a distance-education university in Israel. The main campus is located in the city of Ra'anana. , the Open University had taught around 39,000 students. Course examinations can be held at Israeli consulates and Jewish Agency offices around the world.
These Are Special Times
These Are Special Times is a holiday album by Canadian singer Celine Dion.
AMD Ryzen 9 3900X
The AMD Ryzen 9 3900X is a 12-core CPU by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) that runs at 3.8 GHz, which can be boosted to 4.6 GHz. It has 64 MB L3 cache.
Jurques
Jurques is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Dialan sur Chaîne.
Anus language
As of 2005, there are almost 70 speakers of the language all of whom are members of a tribal group living on an island in the Sarmi-Jayapura Bay in West Papua.
Chris Birchall
Chris Birchall (born 5 May 1984) is a Trinidad and Tobago football player. He plays for Los Angeles Galaxy and Trinidad and Tobago national team.
International career statistics
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Test case (law)
In case law, a test case is a legal action whose purpose is to set a precedent. An example of a test case might be a person who files a lawsuit in order to see if the court considers a certain law or a certain legal precedent applies in certain circumstances. This is useful, for example, in order to later file similar lawsuits in similar circumstances. Sometimes, lawyers delay filing a lawsuit to wait and see how a test case is decided. Test cases are sometimes used to challenge a law to have it possibly overturned. Government agencies sometimes bring test cases in order to confirm or expand their powers. The decision in a test case may be a landmark decision.
Examples
Examples of influential test cases include:
FSV Frankfurt
FSV Frankfurt is the second best football team in Frankfurt, Germany after Eintracht Frankfurt. In the season 2007/08 it became champion of the Regionalliga Süd. Since 2008 FSV Frankfurt plays in the 2. Bundesliga.
Iešjávri
Iešjávri  (or Iesjavri ) is a large lake on the border of three municipalities in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is on the Finnmarksvidda plateau. It is about 50 km northwest of Karasjok, 30 km northeast of Masi, and 45 km southeast of Alta. The lake is the biggest in the county and covers an area of 68.16 km2. It is over 13 km long from north to south. It has a maximum depth of 41 m and an average depth of 4 m. The lake is a Baltic Shield lake and flows out into the river Iešjohka, which is a tributary of the Karasjohka river.
.357 Magnum
The .357 Magnum cartridge is a pistol cartridge. It has a high stopping power and enough penetration power to shoot through many kinds of body armor. It was based on the .38 Special. Revolvers that shoot the .357 Magnum can also shoot the .38 Special.
It was first made to stop criminals wearing body armor and hiding in cars. It was the fastest handgun cartridge made until the .44 Magnum.
It is popular for hunting and self-defense. Most guns that shoot the .357 Magnum are revolvers or lever-action rifles, but there are also some semi-automatic pistols that can shoot .357 Magnums, such as the Desert Eagle.
The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean
The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean is a 1972 American western movie directed by John Huston (who also stars) and starring Paul Newman, Anthony Perkins, Ned Beatty, Roddy McDowall, Jacqueline Bisset, Victoria Principal, Ava Gardner, Stacy Keach, Dick Farnsworth, Bill McKinney, Anthony Zerbe. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1973.
Carmen de Mairena
Miguel Brau i Gou, better known as Carmen de Mairena (15 March 1933 – 22 March 2020) was a Spanish cuplé singer and popular television personality. She was born in Barcelona. Beginning in the 1990s, she gained national popularity for her comedic television appearances alongside presenter Javier Cárdenas. She was a transgender woman and worked as a prostitute for a time.
She also made a brief career in politics in 2010 as a candidate for the Parliament of Catalonia for the mock political party Coordinadora Reusenca Independent (CORI) which did not obtain any seats.
De Mairena died on 22 March 2020 of natural causes at a hospital in Barcelona. She was 86.
Prince of Wales (ship)
The Prince of Wales was a convict transport ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The Prince of Wales was a ship of 350 tons under the command of John Mason. She was built on the Thames in 1786. She was 103 ft long and 29 ft wide. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship got back to Deptford. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and safe. This was the last ship to be chosen for the voyage after the Navy realized that they did not have enough space for the extra people, equipment, and supplies on the ten ships. There was one male convict and forty-nine female convicts which meant that there were only fifty convicts on the ship.
The Prince of Wales was still sailing around England up until 1797. In 1797 she was moved to Fort Royal, Martinique. There is no information after this.
Dani Alves
Daniel Alves (born 6 May 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Brazil national team. He can play as a Right-Back or an Attacking Midfielder for club F.C. Barcelona of La Liga. He is considered one of the best Right-Backs of all time.
Club
Bahia (1)
Sevilla (5)
Barcelona (23)
Juventus (2)
Paris Saint-Germain (6)
International (5)
Brazil (4)
Brazil Youth (1)
Val Terbi
Val Terbi is a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
History
The municipality was created on January 1, 2013 by merger of the former municipalities of Montsevelier, Vermes and Vicques. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.
Buddhism in Pakistan
There are no significant Buddhist communities left in Pakistan.
A few Buddhists may still exist in Pakistani Kashmir  and a significant community exists in Jammu and Kashmir to the east of the Line of Control. Mostly Ladakhi and ethnically related to Tibetans (plus a few Indo-Aryan Dards), a rough dividing line between Islamic culture and Buddhist culture can be drawn through Mulbekh and Shergol in the Indus valley (to the east of Kargil) and well to the west of Leh, the Nun Kun massif and Rangdum Buddhist monastery at the head of the Suru river valley (a tributary of the Indus) on the Indian Kashmiri side of the line of control.
Historical significance
The region that is today known as Pakistan once had a large Buddhist population, with the majority of people in Gandhara (present day North Western Pakistan and Eastern Afghanistan) being Buddhist. Gandhara was largely Mahayana Buddhist, and was also a stronghold of Vajrayana Buddhism. The Swat Valley, known in antiquity as Uddiyana, was a kingdom tributary to Gandhara. There are many archaeological sites from the Buddhist era in Swat.
The Buddhist sage Padmasambhava is said to have been born in a village near the present day town of Chakdara in Lower Dir District, which was then a part of Uddiyana. Padmasambhava is known as Guru Rinpoche in Tibetan and it is he who introduced Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet.
Buddhism was also practiced in the Punjab and Sindh regions.
Most Buddhists in Punjab converted to Hinduism from 600 AD onwards. Buddhism was the faith practiced by the majority of the population of Sindh up to the Arab conquest by the Umayyad Caliphate in 710 AD. After the partition of Pakistan and India, the Buddhists fled to India, similar to other faiths like Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians in the Pakistan region.
Gazpacho
Gazpacho is a cold soup made of raw vegetables. The popular dish is in Spain and Portugal, especially in hot summer.
Roye, Somme
Roye is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy of the United States that was proclaimed in 1823 during the presidency of US President James Monroe but had been the idea of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. It stated that no European power could colonize any more of the Americas or of the Western Hemisphere in general.
In particular, most of the Spanish Empire in South America had recently become independent because ofthe Napoleonic Wars against France. Having won the Peninsular War, Spain wanted its empire back, which the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would resist. The United Kingdom agreed because it wanted to trade with the newly-independent countries and so it helped enforce the Monroe Doctrine by its powerful Royal Navy.
Yisrael Kessar
Kessar was born in Sanaʽa, Yemen. He died on 8 September 2019 in Haifa from pneumonia at the age of 88.
Adil Rashid
Adil Usman Rashid is a cricketer from England. He plays for England cricket team in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket. He was born on February 17, 1988.
Arros (river)
The valleys of the Arros and of the Adour rivers were part of the Comté de Bigorre ("County of Bigorre"). The valley of the Arros was called the Rivière-Haute ("Upper River") and the valley of the Adour was called the Rivière-Basse ("Lower River").
Geography
The Arros river has a length of 130.2 km, and a drainage basin with an area of approximately 1283 km2.
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 6.92 m3/s at Juillac in the Gers department.