cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Rifling
History
Gaspard Kollner, a 15th century gunmaker in Vienna, is thought by many to have invented rifling. Others think it was Augustus Kotter of Nuremberg who invented rifling in about 1520. At about that same time some crossbows fired a bolt (short heavy arrow) through a tube with spiral grooving. This gave the bolt more stability in flight. Whether these were used before rifling in gun barrels is not certain.
The "hand cannon" was first used in China in 1288. From this early beginning and a number of different guns, the smoothbore Musket was in use in Europe by the 15th century. While it could not fire and reload as fast as an archer and could not be reloaded on horseback, it could penetrate armor. Its greatest advantage over the bow was that anyone could learn to fire a musket in a very short period of time. It took much longer to properly train an archer. The British army used the musket along with pikemen until about 1705 when the pikes were abandoned. In 1722 the army adopted a standard musket called the Brown Bess and continued to use it until about the 1830s. Muskets used a round cast ball that was smaller in diameter than the gun barrel. As a consequence, when the musket was fired, the ball bounced along the inside the barrel. When it exited the barrel it could take a variety of paths making the musket inaccurate. So soldiers were massed together very closely and fired in volly (all at the same time). This sent bullets flying generally in the direction of the enemy on the theory that at least some of the bullets would hit some of the soldiers. The smoke from repeated vollies prevented soldiers from seeing what they were shooting at. In the heat of battle, soldiers who wanted reload and fire faster sometimes omitted ramming the bullet and powder into the barrel with the ramrod. Instead, they would try to seat the ball by sharply hitting the butt of the musket on the ground. This reduced the effectiveness even more. Sometimes the bullet would do little more than dribble out of the barrel and travel only a short distance.
Sonic Boom (TV series)
Sonic Boom is a CGI-animated television series. It is produced by Sega of America, Inc. and OuiDo! Productions.
Rifling
History
The use of rifled muskets called rifles, changed this. During the American Revolutionary War Americans used muskets. But they also had marksmen who used their Kentucky rifles. The longer barrel was rifled for accuracy at a long range. American riflemen began targeting British officers in battle instead of just individual soldiers. Without their officers giving them every command, the British soldiers could not function as a unit. The British command despised the tactic calling it “unsportsmanlike”. But the Americans continued the practice up to the end of the war.
In 1849, a French army officer, Claude-Étienne Minié, invented a bullet with a hollow base named for him called the Minié ball. When fired, the bullet expanded to fit the rifling inside the gun barrel. This gave it even greater accuracy over a longer distance. The British used it in the Crimean War against Russian forces with tremendous success. At the time of the American Civil War, both the Union and the Confederate armies were using smoothbore muskets out of necessity. But soon rifled muskets using the Minié ball replaced the smoothbore muskets. The effects were to devastate the opposing army at much longer distances.
Rifling process
Most firearms produced today use a rifled barrel. There are basically three machining processes used to produce rifled barrels.
Austrian School
The Austrian School is a way of thinking about economics. It is based on the actions of the individual person. It started in late 19th and early 20th century Vienna, Austria. It is referred to as Austrian economics, because the primary economists were Austrian although its followers are from all over the world today.
Followers of the Austrian school criticize central planning, government price controls and other state regulations. They say that it is impossible for government institutions to make comparatively better decisions about production or the prices of goods and services because they do not have the knowledge or flexibility that millions of individual consumers have. Followers of the Austrian school also criticize government inflation of the money supply.
Yield (disambiguation)
Yield can be:
Martinair
Martinair is currently a cargo airline from The Netherlands. It started in 1958. In 1991, Martinair started flying cargo. KLM became the only shareholder of Martinair in December 2008. Originally, Martinair flew passengers. On October 30, 2011, Martinair stopped flying passengers and now only flies cargo.
Centwine of Wessex
Centwine († 685) was King of Wessex from c. 676 to 685. He appears to have been one of several underkings of Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But at some point he united the kingdom of Wessex under his rule.
King of Wessex
Centwine was the probable son of Cynegils and grandson of Ceolwulf, King of Wessex. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Centwine became king c. 676. Also that he succeeded Aescwine. Bede wrote that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's view of Aescwine and Centwine as underkings may represent the views of King Ine. His family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. If the kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it was reunited during Centwine's reign. An entry under 682 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". Aldhelm wrote Centwine won three major victories but does not say who he defeated. Centwine is reported to have abdicated and became a monk. The date of his death is unknown.
Family
Centwine married Eangyth, niece of Eorcenbert of Kent. Her sister, Eormenburh was married to King Egfrith of Northumbria. Together they had:
Deshret
Deshret was the name for the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. When joined with the Hedjet, the White Crown of Upper Egypt, it forms the Pschent. This double crown was called the sekhemti in ancient Egyptian. Deshret was also the name for the desert Red Land on either side of the Nile river.
The Red Crown in Egyptian language hieroglyphs became the vertical letter "n". The old "n" hieroglyph from the Predynastic Period, and the Old Kingdom was a sign showing ripples in water.
Significance
In mythology, the earth god Geb, the first ruler of Egypt, gave Horus the power to rule over Lower Egypt. The Egyptian pharaohs, who saw themselves as successors of Horus, wore the deshret to show their authority over Lower Egypt. Other gods wore the deshret too, such as the protective serpent goddess Wadjet and the creator-goddess of Sais, Neith, who often is shown wearing the Red Crown.
The Red Crown would later be joined with the White Crown of Upper Egypt to form the Double Crown. This was a symbol to show their rule over the whole country, which they called "The Two Lands".
The Red Land, the deserts and foreign lands around Egypt, was ruled by Seth. The Egyptians saw it as a dangerous confusing place, without laws or any order.
Records of the Red Crown
None of the red crowns have survived. It is not known how the crown was made or what materials were used. It could have been made from copper, reeds, cloth, or even leather.
The Red Crown is often shown in texts, wall carvings and statues. An early example shows a victorious pharaoh wearing the deshret on the Narmer Palette. A text from the reign of Djer records a royal visit to the shrine of the Deshret which may have been at Buto in the Nile delta.
No crown has ever been found buried with any of the pharaohs, even in tombs that have not been robbed. This suggests that the deshret was passed from one king to the next, much as in present-day monarchies.
Gravitational field
In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body has. The influence extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. Thus, a gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena (effects). It is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg).
In the original Newtonian concept, gravity was a force between point masses. Following Newton, Laplace attempted to model gravity as some kind of radiation field or fluid. Since the 19th century explanations for gravity have in terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. This revolution was brought about by Einstein's general theory of relativity. Most scientists believe that the gravitational field and its gravitational waves are the physical interpretations of Einstein's equations of general relativity.
In a field model, rather than two particles attracting each other, the mass of objects distort spacetime. This distortion is what is perceived and measured as a "force". In such a model matter moves in certain ways in response to the curvature of spacetime. One can say either there is no gravitational force, or that gravity is a fictitious force.
The Death Disc: A Story of the Cromwellian Period
The Death Disc: A Story of the Cromwellian Period is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars George Nichols, Marion Leonard, and Edith Haldeman.
Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus) is a department in the southwest of France. It is part of the Occitanie region and its main city is Tarbes.
History
Hautes-Pyrénées is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created with parts of the former province of Gascony; these parts were the old province of Bigorre and the Pays des Quatre-Vallées.
Geography
Hautes-Pyrénées has an area of 4464 km2, or 0.81% of the country. It is part of the Occitanie region and has two small territorial exclaves—a remnant from the Middle Ages—located within the neighboring département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
The department is surrounded by 2 regions and 3 departments:
Three natural regions can be distinguished in the department.
The Pyrénées, along the border with Spain, cover the southern half of the department, with 66% of the department. They form a natural barrier between France and Spain. More than 30 mountains here are over 3000 m high.
The Pic Vignemale (42.77389°N, 0.1475°W), at 3299 m, is the highest point of the department; it is on the border with Spain. The Vignemale is in the Pyrénées National Park.
The second region of the Hautes-Pyrénées, with 17% of the territory, consists of chains low hills.
The third region, in the northern part of the department, is the plain of the Adour river and consists of largely flat agricultural land.
The main river of the department is the Adour river that flows through the cities of Tarbes and Bagnères-de-Bigorre. Other rivers are the Gave de Pau and the Neste.
Climate
The climate of the department is an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.
The average temperature for the year in Lourdes is 11.8 °C. The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 18.9 °C. The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 5 °C.
Administration
The département is managed by the Departamental Council of the Haute-Garonne in Tarbes. The Hautes-Pyrénées is part of the region of Occitanie.
Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 470 communes (municipalities) in the Hautes-Pyrénées.
The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the Hautes-Pyrénées department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Population
The inhabitants of Hautes-Pyrénées are known, in French, as Haut-Pyrénéens (women: Haut-Pyrénéennes). They are also known as the Bigourdans.
Hautes-Pyrénées has a population, in 2014, of 228,950, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Tarbes, with 143,753 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other two, Argelès-Gazost and Bagnères-de-Bigorre, have respectively 38,813 and 46,384 inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in Hautes-Pyrénées
The cities with more than 4,000 inhabitants in the department are:
Giba
Giba (Gìba) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,057 people lived there. Its area is 30.44 km². It is 59 meters above sea level.
Tosh Chamberlain
Trevor "Tosh" Chamberlain (11 July 1934 – 10 January 2021) was an English professional footballer. He played at outside left. He was born in London.
In 1952, he joined Fulham for whom he made 204 first-team appearances, scoring 64 goals. He played for Dover Athletic in 1965. He finished his professional career at Gravesend and Northfleet.
Chamberlain died on 10 January 2021, aged 86.
Pope Gelasius I
Pope Gelasius I (died 19 November 496) was Pope of the Catholic Church. He reigned from 492 to 496. He was preceded by Felix III and succeeded by Anastasius II.
Place of birth
There is confusion about where he was born.
Meridian
A meridian is an imaginary line of longitude drawn along the surface of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole.
Geographers today measure these lines from what they call the Prime Meridian. It is the line of longitude that goes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England. They decided this at the 1884 International Meridian Conference.
Meridians, as lines of longitude, are measured in degrees. The Prime Meridian, as the starting point, is 0 (zero) degrees. Lines west of the Prime Meridian are either called west, as in "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is 118 degrees west", or as a negative number: "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is -118 degrees". Going the other direction, east of the Prime Meridian is always said as a positive number: "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees east," or just "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees."
Rik Boel
Henri "Rik" Joseph Boel (5 September 1931 – 13 November 2020) was a Belgian politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Belgian Socialist Party. He was born in Tienen, Belgium. Boel was Minister of the Interior from 1977 to 1979. He was also a judge on the Constitutional Court from 1986 to 2001.
Boel died on 13 November 2020 in Tienen at the age of 89.
Giovanni Colmo
Biography
Self-taught his style of painting comes from the frequentation of the masters of the time: Lorenzo Delleani and Andrea Tavernier.
His painting is related to the "Piemontese Landscaping" of the nineteenth century .
The artist has produced over 5,000 works.
My First Story
My First Story (Written as MY FIRST STORY) is a Japanese rock band that formed in 2011.
Voiced velar plosive
The voiced velar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is <tt>⟨g⟩</tt>. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by the "g" in gear and grow.
Infante
Infante is a title given to children of the reigning King of Spain. It has also historically been used by Portuguese monarchs before the country became a republic. As it is a title usually used by the children of monarchs, the style of Royal Highness is also used. The female version of the word is Infanta. Fully the style is usually:
Cocoa
Cocoa is the seed of the cacao tree. The seed contains a lot of fat and is used to produce cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is then used to produce chocolate. The cocoa which is used to make chocolate is a fine powder.
Lansing, Iowa
Lansing is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Cocoa
History
Chocolate and cocoa are made from the beans of the cacao tree. The tree might have first come from the foothills of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon River and the Orinoco River in South America. The tree was brought to Central America by the ancient Mayas, and was grown in Mexico by the Toltecs and later by the Aztecs.
Cocoa was an important product in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. People who told the story of the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés said that when Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, ate dinner he took no other drink than chocolate, served in a golden goblet and eaten with a golden spoon. Flavored with vanilla and spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. No less than 50 pitchers of the drink were prepared for the emperor each day, and 2000 more for nobles of his court.
Chocolate was brought to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular drink by 1700. They also brought the cacao tree to the West Indies and the Philippines. It was used in alchemical processes, where it was known as Black Bean.
The cacao plant was first given its name by Swedish natural scientist Carl von Linné (1707-1778), who called it "theobroma cacao" or "food of the gods".
Harvesting
A pod has a rough leathery rind about 3 cm (1¼ inch) thick. It is filled with slimy pinkish pulp, sweet but inedible, enclosing from 30 to 50 large almond-like seeds or "beans" that are fairly soft and pinkish or purplish in color. As soon as they ripen, the pods are removed with a curved knife on a long pole, opened with a machete, and left to dry until taken to fermentation.
Then the beans are removed and piled in heaps, bins, or on grates where, during several days of "sweating", the thick pulp ferments until it thins and trickles off. The quality of the beans, which originally have a strong bitter taste, depends upon this sweating. If it is overdone they may be ruined; if underdone they have a flavor like raw potatoes and are susceptible to mildew.
Then the beans are spread out, constantly raked over, and dried. On large plantations this is done on huge trays, either outdoors by sunshine or in sheds by artificial heat. However, thousands of tons from smaller producers are dried on small trays or on cowhides. Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process red clay mixed with water is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and other countries. About 3,000,000 tonnes of cocoa are grown each year. The Netherlands is the leading cocoa processing country, followed by the U.S.
Use of cocoa
Uses of cocoa are numerous. It may be used in cakes, creams, drinks, toppings and cookies.
Besides its use as a food, by use of the scientific process it has been determined that cocoa is beneficial for health. Cocoa has nearly twice the anti-cancer antioxidants of red wine, and up to three times those found in green tea.
The Hunting of the Snark
The Hunting of the Snark (An Agony in 8 Fits) is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll, the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.
Shigeru Ishiba
Shigeru Ishiba (石破 茂) is a Japanese politician. Ishiba is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and of Heisei-Kenkyukai (part of the party faction led by Fukushiro Nukaga) until 2011.
The Hunting of the Snark
The poem was written from 1874 to 1876. The setting, some creatures, and eight portmanteau words are taken from Carroll's earlier poem Jabberwocky in his children's novel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). The eight words are: bandersnatch, beamish, frumious, galumphing, jubjub, mimsiest (which previously appeared as mimsy in "Jabberwocky"), outgrabe and uffish.
Shigeru Ishiba
Ishiba was Director General of the Japan Defense Agency under Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi from 2002 to 2004.
He was Minister of Defense under Yasuo Fukuda from 2007 to 2008 and Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries under Tarō Asō from 2008 to 2009. The LDP lost government in 2009, entering Opposition.
In August 2020, he announced his candidacy for the Liberal Democratic leadership election to replace Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. He lost the election on 14 September to Yoshihide Suga, coming in third place.
Alyson Michalka
Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.
The Hunting of the Snark
The first two stanzas contain one of the most famous quotations in nonsense poetry:
Alyson Michalka
Early life
Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.
Later life
She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on Phil of the Future, then began her singing career. She says on Disney 411 that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.
The Hunting of the Snark
The Bellman refers the mediaeval use of a town crier or bellman. He would ring his bell, and shout Oyez, Oyez, Oyez! at set places in a town, and read out proclamations of legal decisions made by courts or the town council. This was necessary because most people were illiterate.
Another curiosity of the poem is that the crew of ten all have occupations beginning with the letter "B".
Alyson Michalka
Musical career
Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie Now You See It... her sister and she started a band and created a music video called Do You Believe In Magic?. The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.
Acting career
Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show Phil of the Future, which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing Keely Teslow in Phil of the Future on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like Now You See It... and Cow Belles. She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.
Nidau District
The district of Nidau in the Swiss canton of Bern has 25 municipalities in an area of 88 km².
Unikont
Unikonts are one of the five superkingdoms in the classification of eukaryotes. They are part of the taxonomy system of Thomas Cavalier-Smith.
The term is no longer used. It is replaced by the term Amorphea.
Characteristics
The unikonts have a triple-gene fusion that is lacking in the bikonts. The three genes code for enzymes which make pyrimidine nucleotides. This must have involved a double gene fusion, a rare pair of events, which supports the shared ancestry of Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa.
Bouquinistes
The Bouquinistes of Paris are small bookstores on each side of the River Seine. They are green boxes made of wood. They were classified as a World Heritage Site in 1991.
The Hunting of the Snark
What I tell you three times is true: The idea of repetition as a grounds for truth is sometimes called the Bellman's theory. That, of course, is humour. All the same, repetition is a recurring trope in many kinds of discussion and argument.
Bouquinistes
The word bouquinistes is used only in Paris. The word comes from bouquin, book in French slang.
The Deception (movie)
The Deception is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Herbert Yost, Florence Lawrence, and Linda Arvidson.
Adam Dyczkowski
Adam Feliks Dyczkowski (17 November 1932 – 10 January 2021) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Kęty, Poland. He became a priest in 1957.
Dyczkowski was titular bishop of Altava and was auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław from 1978 to 1992. He was auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Legnica in 1992 and 1993. He later was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów from 1993 to 2007.
Susan Dougan
Susan Dilys Dougan, OBE ( Ryan, born 3 March 1955 in Colonarie, Saint Vincent ), is the Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 1 August 2019. She is the first female Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Irish English
Irish English is the dialect of the English language spoken in Ireland.
The Hunting of the Snark
The Hunting of the Snark has been many times adapted for the theatre, and many times referred to in fiction.
Honkajoki
Honkajoki is a former municipality in Satakunta, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 1,800 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Isojoki, Kankaanpää, Karvia, Kauhajoki and Siikainen. The most notable water system is Karvianjoki. There are no lakes in the municipality. There are many untouched swamps.
Honkajoki was established in 1867. It was merged with the town of Kankaanpää on 1 January 2021.
Economy
Compared to population, Honkajoki has many companies.
Villages
Antila, Katko, Lauhala, Paasto, Vataja, Pappila, Mämminmaa, Pukara, Perämaa and Jyllinkoski
Enex Jean-Charles
Enex Jean-Charles (, born 18 July 1960) is a Haitian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Haiti from March 2016 until March 2017.
Calcaneus
The calcaneus is a bone of the foot and part of the heel. Its name came from the Latin word, calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel.
Larchwood, Iowa
Larchwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.
District
A district is an area or locality. In some places, it is a kind of local government.
Some of the countries districts are used in are Austria, Belgium, China, England, Germany, Hong Kong, Serbia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Portugal, Switzerland, the United States, and many more.
In the South Asian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, the common term for an official or government administration district is Zillah.
Milagrosa Tan
Milagrosa Tan (1957/1958 – 30 November 2019) was a Filipina politician. She was the Governor of Samar from 2001 through 2010 and again from June 2019 through her death. She was the first female governor of the province. She was a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.
Tan died at a hospital in Taguig from cardiac arrest on 30 November 2019, aged 61.
Tobacco mosaic virus
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered. That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.
It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.
History
In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections.
In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent. He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters.
In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature.
In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy). The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded. This conjecture was proved correct after her death.
The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.
List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns
Martin Gardner wrote 288 consecutive "Mathematical Games" columns for the magazine Scientific American. The first one was in January 1957. The last one was in December 1980. After 1980 other people wrote some of the columns. Gardner created 9 more columns during that time. The last Mathematical Games column appeared in June 1986. The list below shows all the 297 columns that Gardner wrote.
Gardner wrote 5 other articles for Scientific American. He wrote an article about flexagons in December 1956. It was really the first article about mathematical games; but it was not called that. The series of Mathematical Games columns began the following month. These five articles are listed below.
Goni
Goni (Gòni) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 483 people lived there. Its area is 18.6 km². It is 383 meters above sea level.
Puss in Boots: The Last Wish
The movie is a sequel to Puss in Boots (2011). It is directed by Joel Crawford.
It stars Antonio Banderas, Salma Hayek, Olivia Colman, Harvey Guillén, Samson Kayo, Wagner Moura, Anthony Mendez, John Mulaney, Florence Pugh, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, and Ray Winstone.
Puss in Boots: The Last Wish was theatrically released in the United States on December 21, 2022, by Universal Pictures and received critical acclaim, with praise for the animation, voice acting, story, writing, villains, humor and themes.
Phil of the Future
Season 2
<li>Versa Day <li>Virtu-Day <li>The Giggle <li>Dinner Time <li>Tia, Via, or Me... Uhh <li>Ge Ready to Go-Go <li>Phil Without a Future <li>Time Release Capsule <li>Mummy's Boy <li>Maybe-Sitting <li>Good Phil Hunting <li>Pim-Cipal <li>Phil of the Garage <li>It's a Wonder-Phil Life <li>Christmas Break <li>Stuck in the Meddle with You <li>Broadcast Blues <li>Happy Nirday <li>Ill of the Future <li>Where's the Wizard? <li>Not-So-Great Great Great Grandpa <li>Back to the Future (Not the Movie) </ol>
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (also known as The Hunchback of Notre Dame II: The Secret of the Bell) is a 2002 musical comedy movie. It is a direct-to-video sequel to the 1996 Disney animated movie The Hunchback of Notre Dame. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It was released on March 19, 2002.
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (/ˈhwɔːrtən/ WHAWR-tən; also known as Wharton Business School, the Wharton School, and Wharton) is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania, United States. Wharton School is believe to be the world's oldest collegiate business school.
Margareta Niculescu
Margareta Niculescu (4 January 1926 – 19 August 2018) was a Romanian artist, puppeteer, director, teacher and theater director. She was director of Tandarica Theatre of Bucharest. She was born in Iaşi, Romania.
From 2000 until 2004 she was president of the International Puppetry Association in Charleville-Mezieres, in Ardennes, and co-founded with Jacques Felix, the National School of Puppetry Arts in that city.
Larrabee, Iowa
Larrabee is a city in Cherokee County, Iowa in the United States. The population was 132 at the 2010 U.S. Census.
Margareta Niculescu
In 1978 she won the Erasmus Prize together with other noted puppeteers Yves Joly, Peter Schumann and the Napoli brothers.
Larrabee, Iowa
Zip Code: 51029
Latimer, Iowa
Latimer is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Margareta Niculescu
Niculescu died on 19 August 2018 in Charleville-Mézières, France at the age of 92.
Everton de Viña del Mar
Everton de Viña del Mar, is a Chilean football club based in Viña del Mar. The club was founded in 1909, and now plays in first chilean football league. Their home matches are played at Sausalito stadium, which has a capacity of approximately 25,000 seats.
Laurel, Iowa
Laurel is a city in Iowa in the United States.
The Diabolic Tenant
The Diabolic Tenant (Le Locataire diabolique) is a 1909 French silent movie directed by Georges Méliès and stars Georges Méliès, André Méliès, and François Lallement.
Laurens, Iowa
Laurens is a city in Iowa in the United States.
József Halzl
József Halzl (19 December 1933 – 13 November 2020) was a Hungarian businessman and mechanical engineer. He was born in Győr, Hungary. He was the co-founder of the Hungarian Democratic Forum. He was an Honorary Life Chairman of the Rákóczi Association. He chaired the association from 1990 to 2018.
Halzl died in Budapest on 13 November 2020, aged 86.
Nancy Walker Bush Ellis
Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (February 4, 1926 – January 10, 2021) was an American environmentalist and political campaigner. Bush Ellis was born in Milton, Massachusetts.
She was the only sister of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and aunt of both former President George W. Bush and the former governor of Florida John Ellis "Jeb" Bush.
Although she had been a liberal Democrat and an environmentalist. She joined the Republican Party in 1988 when her brother ran for president.
Ellis was hospitalized on December 30, 2020 from COVID-19 in Concord, Massachusetts. She died on January 10, 2021 at an assisted living facility from the infection, aged 94.
Hollow structural section
A hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section. The term is used predominantly in USA, or other countries which follow US construction or engineering terminology. In the UK, or other countries which follow British construction or engineering terminology, the term HSS is not used. Rather, the three basic shapes are referenced as CHS, SHS, and RHS, being circular, square, and rectangular hollow sections. Typically, these designations will also relate to metric sizes, thus the dimensions and tolerances differ slightly from HSS.
Luke McCormick
Luke McCormick (b. 15 August 1983 ) is an English football player. He was born August 15, 1983 in Coventry, England. He is a goalkeeper. He plays for the English football team Swindon Town.
In the 2003/04 season, McCormick played when Romain Larrieu could not. Larrieu injured his knee. McCormick played instead. Plymouth Argyle beat Stockport County on 24 January 2004. The score was 2-0. In this match McCormick set a new club record of seven clean sheets in a row. A clean sheet is a game where the other side gets no goals.
McCormick was voted the most promising player of the 2003/04 season by Plymouth Argyle fans.
Club career statistics
140||0||8||0||7||0||155||0 140||0||8||0||7||0||155||0
Rashidun Empire
Rashidun Empire or the Islamic Empire (الامبراطورية الاسلامية) or Rashidun Caliphate (الخلافة الراشدية) are the terms used to describe the empire that was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad (the "Rightly Guided" caliphs). The empire was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 and lasted until 'Ali's death in 661. At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.
Origin
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar were debating who -among them- should succeed prophet Muhammad in running the affairs of the Muslims. They chose Abu Bakr. So he became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and started a campaigns to for the Muslim Religion. At first he the Arabian tribes which had left the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title. His three successors also never claimed a title as monarch.
Katsuhisa Hattori
Katsuhisa Hattori (服部 克久) was a Japanese classical composer. He also wrote music for anime movies, television shows and OVAs. He was born in Tokyo.
His style was classical, although he also had works which were New Age, Jazz, etc. He was the son of Ryoichi Hattori and father of Takayuki Hattori.
He was a producer and music supervisor for many years, and had his own publishing company, Hattori Music Publishing. He was also pianist, judge and a chairman for the Tokyo music festivals.
Rashidun Empire
Origin
The first general of the empire was Khalid ibn Walid. During his campaign against the Persian Empire(Iraq 633 - 634) and Byzantine Empire (Syria 634 - 638) Khalid developed brilliant tactics. The Caliph Abu Bakr's way was to give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that, could be made available for that purpose. He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose, on the other hand Caliph Umar in later part of his Caliphate used to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who will be commanding the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle, this made the phase of conquest comparatively slower but provided well organized campaigns. Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr, he would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them how they accomplish it. Caliph Ali also followed the same method.
Religion
The state religion was Islam. The non-Muslim people were allowed to practice any religion they want to follow. But the Sharia Law was practiced in the state. Islam was the guiding force of the Caliphate. Any act of state was first to be approved by the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammed. If there were no such guide lines available then wisdom or Hikmat was used, after which if the act would go against the established principals, norms,system etc. it was not carried on with.
References
Notes <references group="lower-alpha"/>
Pitbull (rapper)
Armando Christian Pérez (born January 15, 1981), better known by his stage name Pitbull, is an American rapper, singer and businessman. He was born in Miami, Florida, to parents who are Cuban.
His fourth album, Rebelution (2009), included the hit single "I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)". It was his first internationally popular song. "I Know You Want Me" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.
Lawler, Iowa
Lawler is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Manuela Nicolosi
Manuela Nicolosi (born 18 January 1980) is a famous Italian-French football match official.
Personal life
Nicolosi grew up in Rome, Italy and moved in around 2004 to France where she lives in Lyon with her daughter.
Asparagus officinalis
Asparagus officinalis is a perennial from the genus Asparagus of the Asparagaceae family. It is commonly grown as a vegetable, eaten in spring. When people talk about Asparagus as a vegetable, they usually mean this plant. It was once classified in the lily family, like its Allium cousins, onions and garlic, but the Liliaceae have been split and the onion-like plants are now in the family Amaryllidaceae and asparagus in the Asparagaceae. Asparagus officinalis is native to most of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia,<ref name=fe> <ref name=empp> <ref name=grin> A. officinalis is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop.
Taronga Zoo
Taronga Zoo is a zoo in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the suburb of Mosman. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916. The zoo covers about 21 ha. It holds over 2,600 animals of 340 species. There is a larger, sister zoo in Dubbo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo.
Pavel Morozenko
Pavel Semenovich Morozenko (Павел Семёнович Морозенко; Павло Семенович Морозенко; born July 5, 1939 – died July 14, 1991) was a Soviet movie and theatre actor.
In 1960, Morozenko graduated from the National University of theatre, cinema and television of Karpenko-Kary, and in the same year, he made his movie debut in Roman and Francesca, a movie directed by Vladimir Denisenko. In 1973, he was awarded the title of Honored artist of the Ukrainian SSR.
Ángel Sergio Guerrero Mier
Ángel Sergio Guerrero Mier (August 18, 1935 – January 10, 2021) was a Mexican politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was Governor of Durango between 1998 and 2004.
Pavel Morozenko
Morozenko died on July 14, 1991. He was aged 52.
Ángel Sergio Guerrero Mier
Guerrero Mier died on January 10, 2021 in Durango, aged 85.
Taronga Zoo
The Taronga Zoo also helps endangered animals. In 2009, scientists brought some yellow-spotted tree frogs to the Taronga Zoo to breed. Then the last wild yellow-spotted tree frogs died. In 2018, the scientists took some of the frogs from the Taronga Zoo and put them in the wild.
Taronga is an Aboriginal word which means "beautiful view".
Gonnesa
Gonnesa (Gonnèsa) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,033 people lived there. Its area is 48.06 km². It is 40 meters above sea level.
Lawton, Iowa
Lawton is a city in Iowa in the United States.
Terry Duerod
Terry Duerod (July 29, 1956 – November 13, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Royal Oak, Michigan. In 1981, he was a NBA champion.
From 1979 to 1980, he played for the Detroit Pistons. In 1980, he played for the Dallas Mavericks. From 1980 to 1982, he played for the Boston Celtics. In 1982, Duerod played for the Golden State Warriors.
Duerod died on November 13, 2020 in Detroit, Michigan from leukemia at the age of 84.
Harold Rahm
Harold Joseph Rahm (February 22, 1919 – November 30, 2019) was a Catholic priest and Jesuit. He was well known for his work with gangs and inner-city youth in El Paso, Texas. From there he went to Campinas, Brazil, where he worked at prevention and treatment of drug addiction.
Rahm died on November 30, 2019 in Campinas, Brazil at the age of 100.
Structural pipe fitting
Structural pipe fitting is a pipe used for various structures.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
Close Encounters of the Third Kind is an 1977 American science fiction movie written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Teri Garr, Melinda Dillon, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey, and François Truffaut. The movie tells the story about Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an undentified flying object (UFO).
Paul Hornung
Paul Vernon Hornung (December 23, 1935 – November 13, 2020), nicknamed The Golden Boy, was a professional American football player and a Hall of Fame running back for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 to 1966. He was an offseason player with the New Orleans Saints in 1967.
He won the Heisman Trophy in 1956 and the Super Bowl in 1966. In 1986, he was honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.
Hornung died on November 13, 2020 in Louisville from dementia-related problems, aged 84.
Psychedelic music
Psychedelic music is a term referring to different music styles and genres, such as psychedelic rock, psychedelic folk, psychedelic pop, psychedelic soul, psychedelic ambient, psychedelic trance, psychedelic techno, and others. Often people use the words acid rock to refer to the more intense and loud forms of psychedelic rock, particularly many of the jam bands and heavy rock groups of the late 1960s. Psychedelic music can apply to almost any kind of music, even classical.
Saleh Mamman
Mamman Kwagyang Saleh (born 2 January 1958), is the Nigerian politician and current minister of power.
Water tower
A water tower is a building that is used to hold and give out water. It is almost always built on a high place. It works because a pump gives water to the tower, and gravity makes the saved water go out to the places that need water. Those places are connected to the tower by pipes. A water tower is good when there is no power because it uses gravity to send out the water.
Saleh Mamman
Education
Saleh holds a higher national diploma in electrical electronics from Kaduna Polytechnic. He also hold an Masters Business Administration from Bayero University Kano.
Jack D. Shanstrom
Jack D. Shanstrom (November 30, 1932 – January 13, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana from 1990 to 2001. He was born in Hewitt, Minnesota. He was nominated by President George H. W. Bush.
Shanstrom died of Parkinson's disease-related problems in Palm Desert, California on January 13, 2020 at the age of 87.
One Ok Rock
One Ok Rock (written as ONE OK ROCK) is a Japanese rock band formed in 2005. The band is composed of Taka, Toru, Ryota, and Tomoya. Originally there were five members in the band, but a guitarist Alex left the group in 2009, and it is a four-piece band now.
The band had various singles that entered the Oricon charts and their songs are getting more and more popular.
History
2005 In April, Toru, Ryota, Alex, and Tomo started activities of One Ok Rock. In May, Toru invited Taka, and he started singing in the band.
2006 Tomo gave up his membership in One Ok Rock. On July 26th, they released the first album "ONE OK ROCK" and it became an indie rock band.
Paraná
Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to:
One Ok Rock
History
2007 In March, for the substitution of Tomo, Tomoya became a new member. In March 25th, they released the 1st single "naihishinsho", and that allowed this band to made a major debut.
2009 In April, Alex was accused of sexual assault(groping) on a train. Because of that, One Ok Rock made a statement that it would stop its activity for a while. In the next month, Alex dropped out of the band. However, the rest of the members decided not to quit working and they restarted the activity of One Ok Rock.
2010 In February, One Ok Rock released the fourth single "完全感覚Dreamer". On November twenty eighth, they did a live in Budoukan for the first time of their career.
Discography
Albums
2007.11.21 release 1st album "ゼイタクビョウ"
2008.5.28 release 2nd album "BEAM OF LIGHT"
2011.10.5 release 5th album "残響リファレンス"
2013.3.6 release 6th album "人生×僕="
Singles
2007.4.25 release 1st single 内秘心書
2007.10.24 release 3rd single エトセトラ
2011.2.16 release 5th single アンサイズニア
2011.7.20 release 6th single Re:make / NO SCARED
2012.8.22 release 7th single The Beginning
The Comey Rule
The Comey Rule is an upcoming American miniseries based on the book A Higher Loyalty by former FBI director James Comey.
The show is about FBI director James Comey as he serves under the new president of the United States Donald Trump.
In June 2020, the series was revealed to be named The Comey Rule and will consist of two episodes totalling four hours.
It will premiere over two nights on September 27 and 28, 2020.