cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown is a town in the United States. It was founded on May 13, 1607, by about 100 men and boys and women who came to Virginia from London, England. They named the town Jamestown after King James. These men hoped to find gold and silver in order to become rich. There was no gold or silver in the land because of it's geography, which they did not understand at the time. However, they did find out that they could make lots of money from growing and selling tobacco crops, due to the marshy soil. Soon, they were making their fortune from tobacco instead of gold. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. The town was built on Jamestown Island along the James River. This location was selected because the local Native American tribes did not live on the island. Built on a peninsula, it was a good place to defend themselves from other European colonists.
Płyniesz Olzo po dolinie
"Płyniesz Olzo po dolinie" ("You Flow, Olza, Down the Valley") is a Polish poem by Jan Kubisz. It is the unofficial anthem of Cieszyn Silesia.
Jamestown, Virginia
Background
In 1562, Jean Ribaut established a colony of French Huguenots called Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. He left about 27 men there while he returned to France. Meanwhile, the men of the colony revolted against their commander. They built a boat and attempted to return to France.
The English attempted to establish Roanoke Colony in 1587. But this was a failure. James I of England issued a charter in 1606 to set up a settlement in North America. At the time the English called the entire coast (above Florida) Virginia after Elizabeth I of England, the "virgin queen". One of the purposes of the new colony were to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean to establish trade with the Orient.
Three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed and the Discovery set sail from London on December 20, 1606 bound for Virginia. Onboard there were 106 settlers (4 were boys) and 39 crew members. However, it is not known how many may have died during the Voyage. They arrived on April 26, 1607.
The Settlement
Two thirds died before another ship arrived from England in 1608 with more food and more settlers. During the harsh winter of 1609, most of the settlers starved to death and the survivors resorted to cannibalism.
Juan Pablo Ángel
Juan Pablo Ángel (born 24 October 1975) is a Colombian football player. He has played for Colombia national team.
Club career statistics
57||9||||||||||||||57||9 95||45||||||||||||||95||45 173||44||9||1||17||13||4||4||203||62 72||45||2||1||6||2||1||0||81||48 397||143||11||2||23||15||5||4||436||164
International career statistics
!Total||33||9
Gavrus
Gavrus is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
History
The name of the commune was first mentioned in 1222. Gavrus was a Roman cognomen.
Population
The population has grown because Gavrus is close to Caen, a big city.
Molly Gray
Molly Gray (born March 18, 1984) is an American attorney and politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was the 83rd lieutenant governor of Vermont from 2021 to 2023. She is the fourth woman to serve as Vermont's lieutenant governor.
In December 2021, Gray announced that she would be a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2022. She lost the Democratic nomination in August 2022 to Becca Balint.
Genneville
Genneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Zvi Arad
Zvi Arad (16 April 1942 – 4 February 2018) was an Israeli mathematician. He was born in Tel Aviv. He served as President of Netanya Academic College from 1994 until his death in 2018. In 2000 his book was published in the series American Mathematical Society Memoirs and in January 2002 another book on table algebras was published in the international publication.
Arad died in Petah Tikva, Israel on 4 February 2018 at the age of 75.
Elyas M'Barek
Elyas M'Barek (إلياس مبارك, born 29 May 1982) is a German-born Austrian actor. He is of Austrian and Tunisian descent. His first movie role was in the 2001 sex comedy Mädchen, Mädchen. He starred in the 2008 movie Die Welle. He played a vampire in The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones (2013).
Clionidae
Clionoidae is a family of molluscs known as "sea angels". They are in the subclass Heterobranchia, class Gastropoda. They are small pelagic gastropods.
Habitat
Sea angels are pelagic, meaning that they live in the open ocean. They can be found all over the world, but are most common in cold waters, especially around the poles.
Description
Sea angels are usually around 1-2 centimeters in length, with average sizes varying between species. The largest species, Clione limacina, can reach lengths of up to 8.5 centimeters.
Diet
Sea angels are carnivores. Their main food source is Thecosomata, or "sea butterflies", a clade of sea snails that are related to sea angels. When sea butterflies are not available, they can survive by feeding on small crustaceans. Clione limacina can survive for a year without food.
Threats
Carbon dioxide released by human activity reacts with ocean water in such a way that the ocean becomes more acidic. This process is known as ocean acidification. More acidic oceans make it harder for some shell-producing animals to survive. This includes sea butterflies, which are sea snails with very thin shells. Since sea angels are dependent on sea butterflies as a major food source, ocean acidification may impact sea angels as well.
Arthur Penn
Penn was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in New York City at age 88 from congestive heart failure.
László Z. Bitó
László Z. Bitó (7 September 1934 – 15 November 2021) was a Hungarian physiologist and writer. He developed a medicine for glaucoma. He wrote novels and essays. Bitó was born in Budapest, Hungary. He worked at Columbia University.
Incarnation
Incarnation is a religious belief. It explains how a spiritual being may become a body (incarnates). Examples of incarnations in various religions include:
Milo Đukanović
Milo Đukanović (Мило Ђукановић; born 15 February 1962) is a Montenegrin politician. He has been the country's President from 2018 to 2023. Đukanović has previously served as Prime Minister four times, from 1991 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, from 2008 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2016. He also served as President from 1998 to 2002. Đukanović is the leader of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro. In 2023, he lost his re-election to Jakov Milatović.
Spotsylvania County, Virginia
History
Spotsylvania County was founded in 1721 from parts of Essex, King and Queen, and King William counties.
Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit
The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (abbreviated OSPPE), commonly called the Pauline Fathers, is a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was founded in Hungary during the 13th century.
This name comes from the hermit Saint Paul of Thebes. After his death, the Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite was founded.
Jackson, Nebraska
Jackson is a village in Dakota County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 207 at the 2020 census.
History
Before Jackson was formed, the town Old St. John's was started about 1.5 miles north of where Jackson is on June 2nd, 1856 by a Catholic colony of sixty Irish immigrants led by Father Trecy. The colony was one of the first towns started in Dakota County, and the first group of Catholic people to start a town together in Nebraska. When the rising Missouri River started to make it dangerous to live there around 1860, all of the residents of Old St. John's moved south to what is now called Jackson.
Jackson was originally called Franklin, and was started with that name around 1860. The people who lived in there later found out that there was already a place in Nebraska that was called Franklin. To make things less confusing, they renamed the town after Andrew Jackson so nobody would get confused. St. Patrick's Catholic Church, which is in Jackson, is where the Nebraska State Historical Society put historical marker 34. The historical St. Patrick's Catholic church was built on land that was given to the church by the McCormick family around the time Jackson was started.
Location
Jackson can be found at 42.44889°N, -96.56611°W (42.448789, -96.566207).
The United States Census Bureau says that the village takes up about 0.45 sqmi, of land.
Falling into You
Falling into You is the fourth English album by Canadian singer Celine Dion.
A.J. Cook (actress)
Andrea Joy Cook (born July 22, 1978) is a Canadian actress, best known for her role as Supervisory Special Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau on Criminal Minds.
Brown hyaena
The brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea), also called strandwolf, is a species of hyaena. It is found in Namibia, Botswana, western and southern Zimbabwe, southern Mozambique and South Africa.
It is the rarest species of hyaena. The largest remaining brown hyaena population is in the southern Kalahari Desert and coastal areas in Southwest Africa.
The total population of brown hayaena is between 4,000 and 10,000 (IUCN). Its conservation status is 'near threatened' in the IUCN Red List.
Giovanni Carnovali
Giovanni Carnovali (29 September 1804 – 5 July 1873) was an Italian painter. He was also known as Piccio, a nickname which means "little one". Most of his paintings were portraits but he also painted scenes from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology.
Life
Carnovali was born in Montegrino Valtravaglia, a small town near Varese. His father was a bricklayer. Carnovali showed a very early talent in drawing. In 1815, when he was 11 years old, he was admitted to the Carrara Academy in Bergamo. His first major public work was The Education of the Virgin. He painted it in 1826. The painting was ordered by the parish church in Almenno San Bartolomeo, a small town near Bergamo. In 1836 Carnovali settled in Milan. His pupils included Tranquillo Cremona.
Carnovali was an eccentric person. He spent hours silently looking at landscapes. He took long trips on foot. In 1831 he walked all the way from the north of Italy to Rome and back. He also walked to Paris in 1845. He liked to be alone. He often did not answer when people knocked on the door of his studio. Carnovali died in 1873 while he was swimming in the Po River near Cremona.
Sophoreae
Sophoreae (from Sophora) is a tribe of Fabaceae. This tribe, that have relatively simple flowers and unspecialized pinnate leaves and quinolizilidine alkaloids, appears as polyphyletic
Lualaba Province
Lualaba is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Kolwezi.
In 2015 the province was made from parts of the former Katanga Province.
It has the territories of:
TV5Monde
The network is available across Europe on satellite via Astra 19.2°E and Eutelsat Hot Bird (13°E) (both free-to-air), online and via TVPlayer.
Chris Gueffroy
Chris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 in Pasewalk – 6 February 1989 in Berlin) was the last person to be killed by border troops while trying to escape across the Berlin Wall.
Gueffroy and his friend Christian Gaudian tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin on the night of 5 to 6 February 1989. They tried to cross near the Britz district canal.
Gueffroy and Gaudian thought that the Schießbefehl, the order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been stopped. Climbing the last metal fence, the two were seen and shot at by the National People's Army (NVA) border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by ten shots and died in the border strip.
Gaudian was badly injured, and was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May 1989 to imprisonment for three years by the Pankow district court for trying illegally to cross the border ("versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenzübertritts im schweren Fall").
In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government and on 17 October 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.
The four border guards at first got an award (Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen) from the chief of the local border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. After the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by Berlin regional court. Two of them were released in January 1992. Ingo Heinrich, who fired the shot that killed Gueffroey was sentenced to three and a half years in jail. The Bundesgerichtshof reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years in 1994.
In 2000, two SED officials, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.
On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was built on the banks of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann.
Matthew Gray Gubler
Matthew Gray Gubler (born March 9, 1980) is an American actor, filmmaker, fashion model, painter, illustrator, director, and author, best known for his role as criminal profiler Dr. Spencer Reid in the television show Criminal Minds.
Lana Del Rey
Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985), known by her stage name Lana Del Rey, is an American singer and songwriter from New York. She has sold about 19.1 million albums and 13 million singles around the world. She has released six albums and four EPs since 2008.
Care
She released her first EP "Kill Kill" as Lizzy Grant in 2008. Two years later, she released her first studio album, titled Lana Del Ray, by 5 Points Records. However, the album was pulled three months after its release. She released her first single as Lana Del Rey, "Video Games", in August 2011. It reached number one in the singles charts in Finland, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Slovakia, Scotland, and Luxembourg. Her second album Born to Die reached number 1 in the UK Albums Chart when it was released on January 27, 2012. Born to Die was reissued on November 9, 2012 as Born to Die: The Paradise Edition, which featured eight new songs. The new songs were featured in the separate EP, Paradise. In 2013 "Young and Beautiful" was on the soundtrack to The Great Gatsby. Her third studio album, Ultraviolence, was released in 2014. A short film, Tropico, was released on the website VEVO on December 5. It has songs from her Paradise EP in it. She has also modelled for H&M.
Del Rey's song "Young and Beautiful" was nominated for the award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2014 Grammy Awards. Paradise was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album.
On April 14, 2014, the first single from Ultraviolence, "West Coast", was released.
Her fourth studio album, Honeymoon, was released on September 18, 2015.
The fifth studio album of Del Rey, Lust for Life, was released on July 21, 2017. Four singles were previously released, being "Love", title track "Lust for Life" with The Weeknd, "Summer Bummer" with ASAP Rocky and Playboi Carti, and "Groupie Love", also with ASAP Rocky.
Islamophobia
Koeln-gegen-rechts-pro-nrw-2.jpg against Islamophobia and right-wing nationalism in Germany.
Lana Del Rey
Care
Del Rey's sixth studio album, Norman Fucking Rockwell!, was released on August 30, 2019. The album was well-received by critics.
Islamophobia
]] Islamophobia is the dislike, fear, pre-judgment, hostility or hate against Muslims (people following the religion Islam) or the religion itself.
Lana Del Rey
Personal life
Del Rey was born in New York City. Lana began singing in her Church choir at a young age, where she was the cantor. She was raised Catholic. When she was fifteen she was sent to Kent School, a boarding school in Connecticut, to deal with her alcoholism. When she was 18 she moved to Bronx to study metaphysics at Fordham University.
Islamophobia
Sometimes people use it to attack the ideological positions taken by Muslims, but more often than not they state the religion itself as the actual problem.
Lana Del Rey
Discography
EP's: Albums:
Islamophobia
Examples of islamophobia in the world
During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of islamophobia.
In France, since 2013, it is illegal for Muslim women to wear veils (burqas and niqabs) that cover their faces publicly.
Pavel Panov
Panov started his career with Septemvri Sofia in 1963 and stayed there until 1968. He played in forty-four games and scored thirteen goals for the Bulgarian National team.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a group of scientists chosen by governments and other large groups from around the world who study the way that humans are making the Earth heat up unnaturally. The group was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), two organizations of the United Nations.
The IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President of the United States Al Gore who won for working on the same problems.
IPCC Reports
The first IPCC report was published in 1990. More was added to that report in 1992. The second report was published in 1995, the third was published in 2001, and a fourth in 2007. Each report is in three books called Working Groups 1, 2 and 3. Most times "the IPCC report" means the Working Group I report, which is about basic climate change.
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was completed in early 2007. Like earlier IPCC reports, it contains four reports, three of them from its working groups.
Working Group 1 was about the "Physical Science Basis of Climate Change." The Working Group 1 report was published on February 2 2007 and revised on February 2007. There was also a February 2 2007 press release. The full Working Group 1 report was published in March. The main report says:
The Summary for Policymakers for the Working Group 2 (IPCC wg2 ) report was published on April 6, 2007. The Summary for Policymakers for the Working Group 3 report was published on May 4, 2007.
Extended family
A family with more than two adults is called a complex family. This includes extended families or families where there are more than just one mother and one father.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001
The Third Assessment Report (TAR) contains four reports, three of them from its working groups:
The "headlines" from the Summary for Policymakers in The Scientific Basis were:
Monism
Monism is the thinking that there is only one thing. All things are not separate but work together as one. The opposite thinking is dualism.
White émigré
White émigré (Белоэмигрант) is a political term used to describe Russian people who left Russia because of the Russian Revolution or Civil War. The term is used in France, the United States and the United Kingdom. Sometimes the term is used to describe everyone who left the country because of changes in the government.
History
The words White émigré had a very negative meaning in the Soviet Union between 1920 and 1980. After 1980, those people who left during that time are called first wave émigrés.
Many White émigrés thought the White movement was something good. Some of them, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, did not like the Bolsheviks but did not like the White movement either. Others were just not interested in politics. Many of those who left are still part of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Most White émigrés left Russia between 1917 and 1920. Between 900,000 and two million people left. Many different classes of people left. These classes included military soldiers and officers, Cossacks, intellectuals, businessmen and landowners. Officials of the Russian Imperial Government and anti-Bolshevik governments of the Russian Civil War also left.
Bayernhymne
"Bayernhymne" ("Hymn of Bavaria") is the anthem of Bavaria.
White émigré
Distribution
Most émigrés left Southern Russia and Ukraine and went to Turkey. They then moved to eastern European Slavic countries, for example the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. A large number also went to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Germany and France. Berlin and Paris had large émigré communities.
Many civilians and military officers in Siberia and the Far East moved to Shanghai and other surrounding areas of China, Central Asia, and Eastern Turkestan. Some moved to Japan.
During and after World War II, many Russian émigrés moved to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia.
What the people believed
White émigrés often did not like Communism. They did not believe the Soviet Union was properly Russian. They believed the period of time from 1917 until 1991 was a time of occupation by the Soviet government which was internationalist and anti-Christian.
Many White émigrés believed that Russia should be governed by a monarch. Others thought that the government should be chosen by popular plebiscite.
Many White émigrés believed that their mission was to keep the culture and way of life from the time before the revolution while living in other countries. They believe that by doing this, they could return Russia to this culture when the Soviet Union was no longer in control of the country.
A religious mission to the outside world was another idea used by the émigrés. Bishop John of Shanghai and San Francisco (canonized as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad) said at the 1938 All-Diaspora Council:
Many White émigrés also believed that they should still fight against the Soviet dictatorship. They hoped this would help free Russia. This idea was largely inspired by General Pyotr Wrangel. When the White army was defeated, he said, "The battle for Russia has not ceased, it has merely taken on new forms". ("We are not done trying to free Russia. We just have to use different ways to do so.")
Organizations and activities
The émigrés formed different organisations which had the purpose of fighting against the Soviet regime. Examples of such organisations are the Russian All-Military Union, the Brotherhood of Russian Truth, and the NTS. This made the White émigrés a target for infiltration by the Soviet secret police (i.e. operation TREST and the Inner Line). Seventy-five White army veterans served as volunteers supporting Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.
Some White émigrés adopted pro-Soviet sympathies, for which they were labelled "Soviet patriots". These people formed organizations such as the Mladorossi, the Evraziitsi, and the Smenovekhovtsi.
During World War II, many White émigrés took part in the Russian Liberation Movement. On the other hand, a significant number participated in anti-Nazi movements such as the French Resistance. During the war, the White émigrés came into contact with former Soviet citizens from German-occupied territories who used the German retreat as an opportunity to flee from the Soviet Union or were in Germany and Austria as POWs and forced labourers and preferred to stay in the West, often referred to as the second wave of émigrés (often also called DPs – displaced persons, see Displaced persons camp). This smaller second wave fairly quickly began to assimilate into the White émigré community.
After the war, active anti-Soviet combat was almost exclusively continued by NTS: other organizations either dissolved, or began concentrating exclusively on self-preservation and/or educating the youth. Various youth organizations, such as the Russian scouts in exile became functional in raising children with a background in pre-Soviet Russian culture and heritage.
The White émigrés, acting to preserve their church from Soviet influence, formed the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1924. The church continues its existence to this day, acting as both the spiritual and cultural center of the Russian Orthodox community abroad. On May 17, 2007, the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate reestablished canonical ties between the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, after more than eighty years of separation.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001
The estimate for the climate sensitivity was 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average temperature was predicted to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees between 1990 and 2100, and the sea level was predicted to rise between 0.1 and 0.9 meters. The range of predictions is based on different levels of human carbon dioxide production. Each perdiction has different possible outcomes.
Changing scientists reports
MIT professor Richard Lindzen, who works for the IPCC Working Group 1, claims some of the IPCC reports are wrong. He told the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation that he was unhappy about the Executive Summary based on his work in May 2001. He said that he told the IPCC they were making mistakes and the Working Group 1 report said that meant they were "making improvements".
Professor Lindzen said:
The summary does not reflect the full document... For example, I worked on Chapter 7, Physical Processes. This chapter dealt with the nature of the basic processes which determine the response of climate, and found numerous problems with model treatments – including those of clouds and water vapor. The chapter was summarized with the following sentence: 'Understanding of climate processes and their incorporation in climate models have improved, including water vapor, sea-ice dynamics, and ocean heat transport.'
The Working Group 1 report said:
IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995
Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996. It was made in four parts:
Each of the working groups was made by its own working group, and each has a Summary for Policymakers (SPM) that is a list of agreements by governments. The Summary for Policy Makers of the Working Group 1 report says:
Changing what the scientists say
Three scientists involved in climate research believe that the IPCC reports do not accurately summarize the state of knowledge.
On December 20, 1995, Reuters news agency claimed a British scientist Keith Shine, one of IPCC's most important authors, talking about the Policymakers' Summary, said: "We produce a draft, and then the policymakers go through it line by line and change the way it is presented.... It's peculiar that they have the final say in what goes into a scientists' report". Keith Shine did not say what differences the changes make.
Frederick Seitz, a physicist of Rockefeller University, said the IPCC report was not good, writing "I have never witnessed a more disturbing corruption of the peer-review process than the events that led to this IPCC report". He opposed it in the Leipzig Declaration of S. Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project.
Professor Seitzs comments were opposed by the presidents of the American Meteorological Society and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, who wrote about an effort by some people make it seem that humans had not changed the climate. Special insert.
S. Fred Singer said that :
Benjamin D. Santer, Lead Author of Chapter 8 of 1995 IPCC Working Group 1 report, said :
Economic report
The Second Assessment Report was the only one with a chapter on the economic effect of climate change. This part of the report was thought to be unfair because the value of life in poorer countries was less.
IPCC Supplementary Report: 1992
The 1992 supplementary report was an update of the 1990 report, requested for the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
It did not make any important changes to the 1990 report. It claimed the prediction methods in the First Assessment Report, were now improved, but did not include aerosol or ozone changes.
IPCC First Assessment Report: 1990
The Working Group 1 report says:
IPCC structure
The Chairperson of the IPCC is Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; before that Robert Watson headed the IPCC. The chairperson is helped by an elected Bureau including vice-chairpersons, Working Group co-chairpersons and a Secretariat (see below).
The IPCC Panel is made of people from governments and other groups. Scientific experts are preferred. Meetings of the IPCC and IPCC Working Groups are held by members of governments. Non-Governmental and Intergovernmenta Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Meetings of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, experts and lead authors are by invitation only. 350 government officials and climate change experts visited the 2003 meeting. The meeting report says there were 322 persons in attendance at meetings with about seven-eighths of visitors being from governments.
Major groups
There are several major groups:
The IPCC receives funding from UNEP, WMO, and its own Trust Fund which gets money from governments.
Contributors
People from over 130 countries contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report over 6 years. These people included more than 2500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors.
The Working Group 1 report of 2007 (including the summary for policy makers) included contributions by 600 authors from 40 countries, over 620 expert reviewers, a large number of government reviewers, and representatives from 113 governments.
Activities
In April 2006, the IPCC released the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report or AR4. Reports of the workshops held so far are available at the IPCC website.
The AR4 Synthesis Report (SYR) was finalized in November 2007. Documentation on the meetings for the AR4 are available, the outlines for the Working Group 1 report  and a provisional author list.
The IPCC also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre Welcome to the IPCC Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. This involves estimating greenhouse gas based on the levels of fuel used, industrial production and so on.
The IPCC also answers questions from the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
Preparation of the reports
The IPCC reports are a collection of peer reviewed and published science. Each IPCC report explains improvements to the previous report and also explains where more research is needed.
There are usually three stages in the review : Review comments are open to the public for at least five years.
There are several ways to agree what goes into the reports:
The Panel controls what the IPCC agrees on to meet standards. The Panel's approval process has been criticized for changing what the experts put in the Reports.
Authors
Each chapter has a lot of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter usually has two "Coordinating" Lead Authors who control what words go in their chapter, ten to fifteen Lead Authors, and a larger number of Contributing Authors. The Lead Authors put together the work of the other authors and report to the Working Group chairs. Lead Authors write sections of chapters. Contributing Authors prepare text, graphs and data.
Authors are chosen from a list of researchers prepared by governments, other important groups, the Working Group/Task Force Bureaux, and other experts (, 4.2.1,2). The group of Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors for a section or chapter of a Report is expected to have many different views and to have people from different parts of the world.
Nobel Peace Prize 2007
In December 2007, the IPCC was awarded The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change." The award is shared with Former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore for his work on climate change and the documentary An Inconvenient Truth.
Christopher Landsea resignation
In January 2005 Christopher Landsea resigned from work on the IPCC AR4, saying that it was "both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound" because of Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's idea that global warming was contributing to recent hurricane activity. Roger A. Pielke who published Landsea's letter writes: "How anyone can deny that political factors were everpresent in the negotiations isn't paying attention", but says that "Despite the pressures, on tropical cyclones they figured out a way to maintain consistency with the actual balance of opinion(s) in the community of relevant experts." He continues "So there might be a human contribution (and presumably this is just to the observed upwards trends observed in some basins, and not to downward trends observed in others, but this is unclear) but the human contribution itself has not been quantitatively assessed, yet the experts, using their judgment, expect it to be there. In plain English this is what is called a 'hypothesis' and not a 'conclusion.' And it is a fair representation of the issue."
"Hockey stick" graph
The IPCC Third Assessment Report showed a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" from a paper by Mann, Bradley and Hughes (MBH98 ) often called the "Hockey Stick Graph". This graph was different to the IPCC First assessment report which showed global temperature for the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period. The graph was thought to show that temperatures between 1000 and 1900 were very different. This was criticized in an article by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick. In a 2006 letter to Nature, Bradley, Hughes and Mann claimed the original article had said that they could not be exact.
Risks
Some critics say the IPCC reports underestimate dangers, understate risks, and report only the lowest risks.
On February 1, 2007, the night before publication of IPCCs report on climate, a study was published saying that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the speed the IPCC reported in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 predictions of temperature and sea level change with what actually happened. Over the six years, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 prediction and the actual rise was more than the top of the range the IPCC predicted.
Sam Mele
Sabath Anthony "Sam" Mele (January 21, 1922 – May 1, 2017) was a former right fielder, manager, coach and scout in Major League Baseball. As a manager, he led the Minnesota Twins to their first American League championship in 1965.
Mele played for the Boston Red Sox (1947-1949; 1954-1955), Washington Senators (1949-1952), Chicago White Sox (1952-1953), Baltimore Orioles (1954), Cincinnati Redlegs (1955), and for the Cleveland Indians (1956).
Mele was born on January 21, 1922 in Astoria, New York. He studied at William Cullen Bryant High School and at New York University. Mele died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts on the night of May 1, 2017 from natural causes, aged 95.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPCC process
In 2005, the UK House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs produced a report on the economics of climate change. It commented on the IPCC process:
"We have some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political considerations. There are significant doubts about some aspects of the IPCCs emissions scenario exercise, in particular, the high emissions scenarios.  The Government should press the IPCC to change their approach. There are some positive aspects to global warming and these appear to have been played down in the IPCC reports; the Government should press the IPCC to reflect in a more balanced way the costs and benefits of climate change.  The Government should press the IPCC for better estimates of the monetary costs of global warming damage and for explicit monetary comparisons between the costs of measures to control warming and their benefits. Since warming will continue, regardless of action now, due to the lengthy time lags.
The Girl with a Hatbox
The Girl with a Hatbox (Девушка с коробкой) is a 1928 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Anna Sten, Vladimir Mikhailov, and Vladimir Fogel.
COVID-19 pandemic in Angola
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Angola in late March 2020, with its first two cases confirmed on 21 March.
Response
Beginning in 20 March, all Angolan borders were closed for 15 days. President João Lourenço banned all arrivals at airports and stopped passenger vessels docking at Angolan ports for 15 days. All these bans lasted until 4 April.
Cases
On 21 March, the Ministry of Health confirmed the first two positive COVID-19 cases. The two cases had returned from Portugal.
On 29 March, the first two coronavirus-related deaths were recorded, while the total number of confirmed cases rose to seven.
Lavinia Warren
Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump (October 31, 1841 - November 25, 1919) was an American entertainer. She was the wife of Charles S. Stratton (aka General Tom Thumb), the star attraction of P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City.
Early years
Warren was born in Middleborough, Massachusetts to James Bump and his wife. She stopped growing at age 10. In adulthood, Warren stood 32 inches tall, weighed 30 pounds, and was perfectly formed in every way.
Giberville
Giberville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Lavinia Warren
Early years
In her middle teens, Warren briefly taught school in Middleborough, then began appearing as an exhibit in a relative's "floating palace of curiosities" on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
P. T. Barnum and the American Museum
American showman P. T. Barnum heard of Warren in 1862. He invited her and her parents to visit him in his Bridgeport, Connecticut home. They did so, and Barnum found Warren, "a most refined and intelligent young lady, well educated, and an accomplished, beautiful and perfectly developed woman in miniature."
Barnum gave Warren a ring, which did not fit properly, so he told her that she might give the ring to Nutt while he provided her with another. She gave the ring to Nutt, and he regarded it as a love token. Warren was in great distress. She did not want to offend Nutt by repelling his attentions, but she did not want to encourage him either.
General Tom Thumb
Barnum offered her $1,000 a week to exhibit herself at his Museum. She accepted and was an instant hit. The press adored her. She rivaled Stratton in popularity, and earned $3,000 a day for the Museum.
Marriage
Warren met Stratton in 1861. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City, on February 10, 1863. Two thousand people attended their wedding, including the most celebrated persons of the day.
Their "round the world" honeymoon included meetings with the Lincolns in Washington, D.C., and Queen Victoria in London. Barnum manufactured a hoax of the couple becoming parents (fueled with photographs), but Warren was, in fact, unable to bear children.
Later years and death
The couple travelled widely. They returned to Barnum's employ in 1881. Thumb died in 1884, leaving his wife penniless and depressed. On April 6, 1885, Lavinia married Count Primo Magri, an Italian miniature person who had come to America seeking his fortune.
The couple toured, then exhibited themselves at Lilliputia (aka Midget City) on Coney Island. She met United States President William Howard Taft in 1911. She once boasted that she had met Lincoln and every president after him. Lavinia died in Middleborough in 1919.
Japan
Japan (日本; romanised as nihon or nippon) is a country in East Asia. It is a group of many islands close to the east coast of Korea, China and Russia. The Pacific Ocean is to the east of Japan and the Sea of Japan is to the west. Most people in Japan live on one of the four islands. The biggest of these islands, Honshu, has the most people. Honshu is the 7th largest island in the world. Tokyo is the capital of Japan and its biggest city.
The Japanese people call their country "Nihon" or "Nippon", which means "the origin of the Sun" in Japanese. Japan is a monarchy whose head of state is called the Emperor. Japan is the oldest monarchy in the world, lasting more than 2,000 years.
History
The first people in Japan were the Ainu people and other Jōmon people. They were closer related to Europeans or Mongols. They were later conquered and replaced by the Yayoi people (early Japanese and Ryukyuans). The Yayoi were an ancient ethnic group that migrated to the Japanese archipelago mainly from southeastern China during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE). Modern Japanese people have primarily Yayoi ancestry at an average of 97%. The indigenous Ryukyuan and Ainu peoples have more Jōmon ancestry on the other hand.
The earliest records on Japan are from Chinese documents. One of those records said there were many small countries (in Japan) which had wars between them and later a country, ruled by a queen, became the strongest, unified others, and brought peace.
The Japanese began to write their own history after the 5th and 6th centuries, when people from Korea and China taught Japan about the Chinese writing system. Japan's neighbours also taught them Buddhism. The Japanese changed Buddhism in many ways. For example, Japanese Buddhists used ideas such as Zen more than other Buddhists.
Extreme Rules (2010)
Extreme Rules (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment. It was held on April 25, 2010 at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the second Extreme Rules event held by the WWE.
Japan
History
Japan had some contact with the Europeans in the 16th century. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit Japan. Later, the Spanish and Dutch came to Japan to trade. Also, they brought Christianity. Japan's leaders welcomed them at first, but because Europeans had conquered many places in the world, the Japanese were scared they would conquer Japan too. So the Japanese did not let the Europeans come into Japan anymore, except in a small area in Nagasaki city. Many Christians were killed. Only the Chinese, Korean, and Dutch people were allowed to visit Japan, in the end, and they were under careful control of the Japanese government. Japan was opened for visitors again in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry, when the Americans wanted to use Japanese ports for American whale boats. Perry brought steamships with guns, which scared the Japanese into making an agreement with him. This new contact with Europeans and Americans changed the Japanese culture. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 stopped some old ways and added many new ones. The Empire of Japan was created, and it became a very powerful nation and tried to invade the countries next to it. It invaded and annexed Ryukyu Kingdom, Taiwan, and Korea. It had wars with China and Russia: the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, World War I.