cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Niggers in the White House
Booker T. Washington incident
Booker T. Washington was an African American born into slavery. He was freed in 1865 and rose to become an educator and a national leader of African Americans. On October 16, 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt asked Washington to have dinner with his family at the White House. It was a working dinner, Roosevelt's intention was to appoint Washington to advise him on issues of race. A family friend from Colorado, Philip Stewart was also there. A reporter from the AP Wire asked the president about his appointments he was going to announce the next day. But the story that appeared in the AP wire read: "Booker T. Washington, of Tuskegee, Alabala, dined with the President last evening." This caused some shock among many white people. The President of the United States had sat down to dinner with a black man, a former slave at that. African Americans had visited the White House before but had never been asked to dine there. Washington had dined with President McKinley previously which also caused an uproar at that time. This time segregationalists in the U.S. Congress were outraged. Senator "Pitchfork" Bill Tillman of South Carolina said, "The action will necessitate our killing a thousand niggers in the South before they will learn their place again."
After this, somebody decided to write the poem, "Niggers in the White House". No one knows who the author was.
The DePriest incident
Politicians took sides. Senator Coleman Blease from South Carolina inserted the poem in a Senate resolution. The resolution with its poem were rejected and removed from the Congressional Record. The vote was based on protests from senators Walter Edge (from New Jersey) and Hiram Bingham (from Connecticut). Senator Bingham described the poem as "indecent, obscene doggerel verse" which gave "offense to hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens and an offense to the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution." Senator Baise then agreed to withdraw the resolution he said, as a favor to Senator Bingham and not to the negro race.
Excerpt
Below are the first three stanzas of the poem.
I see a way to settle it Just as clear as water, Let Mr. Booker Washington Marry Teddy's daughter.
Or, if this does not overflow Teddy's cup of joy, Then let Miss Dinah Washington Marry Teddy's boy.
But everything is settled, Roosevelt is dead; Niggers in the White House Cut off Teddy's head.
Valediction
A valediction is a phrase used to say goodbye at the end of a letter. It also refers to the act of saying goodbye to someone. It comes from the Latin vale dicere, which means "to say farewell". Valedictions are normally written before the signature in a written message. The words used usually express respect or regard for the person to whom the message is written.
English valedictions often contain the possessive pronoun "yours"; for example, Yours truly. In the United Kingdom, Yours sincerely or Yours faithfully are most common.
Old versions
In old letters, Yours truly was often replaced with a longer sentence, for example:
Modern versions
Yours sincerely is used when the person sending the letter knows the name of the person receiving the letter.
Yours faithfully is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").
Drama and poetry
Valedictions may be a prophecy, a warning or just a comment. In some types of literature, everyone is allowed a last word. In Njall's Saga, men tend to say things like "Oh, you have chopped off my arm", before dying.
Stock characters tend to say predictable things. But in Shakespeare they are the way he moves the action along. Macbeth meets the three witches, who foretell his downfall without him realising it. They hail him as "Thane of Glamis and Cawdor", and that "he shall be King". He will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane".
Pallor
Pallor (also known as paleness) is when the skin is a pale color. It can be caused by illness, stress or even shock.
Pallor is seen most easily on the face and palms. It can develop suddenly or slowly.
Sheltered workshop
Sheltered workshop means an organization or environment that employs people with disabilities separately from others. Sometimes these places do not have to follow the usual laws for businesses. For example, they can pay the workers less than minimum wage.
Australia
Sheltered workshops are often called Australian Disability Enterprises or ADEs. In Australia, employees with intellectual disabilities make up 75% of the ADE workforce.
Canada
In Canada, people are trying to close sheltered workshops. They want people to have supported employment instead. This is when people receive support and help to work a job in the community. They are paid at least minimum wage. For now, many people with intellectual disabilities still work in sheltered workshops. In Canada, most people with intellectual disabilities do not have a job.
Europe
Sheltered workshops are common across Europe.
Eutropius
Eutropius was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.
Paradox
A paradox is a sentence in logic that cannot be true but also cannot be false. It is self-contradictory. Many famous problems of this kind exist.
Eutropius
Writings
Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called Historiae romanae breviarium between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.
Dean of the United States House of Representatives
The Dean of the United States House of Representatives is the representative that has been in office the longest. The current Dean is Hal Rogers, a Republican from Kentucky. He has served in the House since March 6th, 1973. The Dean is a symbolic job whose only customary duty is to swear in a Speaker of the House when he or she is elected. The Dean comes forward on the House Floor to administer (give) the oath to the Speaker-elect. The new Speaker then administers the oath to the other members. The Dean does not preside over the election of the Speaker, unlike the Father of the House in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the Dean of the Canadian House of Commons.
Paradox
Liar's paradox
A famous paradox is called the liar's paradox. It is the simple sentence "This sentence is a lie", or equivalently, "This statement is false."
Dean of the United States House of Representatives
Because of other privileges associated with seniority, the Dean is usually given some of the most desirable office space. The Dean is generally either chair or ranking minority member of an influential committee. Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Dean of the House of Representatives is not an official position.
Paradox
Liar's paradox
If the sentence is true, then it is a lie as it says. But if it is a lie, it cannot be true. A lie cannot also be a truth. So the sentence being true makes it a lie.
Dean of the United States House of Representatives
List of Deans of the House
Years as Dean are followed by name, party, state, and start of service in Congress.
Paradox
Liar's paradox
On the other hand, if the sentence is a lie, then it is not as it says: it is true. But that is just what the sentence says, which makes the content of the sentence true. So the sentence being a lie makes it true.
Dean of the United States House of Representatives
List of Deans of the House
All the members of the First Congress had equal seniority (as defined for the purpose of this article). But Muhlenberg as the Speaker was the first member to be sworn in. Muhlenberg, Hartley and Thatcher were among the 13 members who attended the initial meeting of the House on March 4, 1789.
Paradox
Liar's paradox
This paradox is not just in English, but in any language. It is true of mathematics as well. Paradox can never be removed from any symbol system that makes claims about itself.
Other examples
Another example is the statement that "there is no cabal". Only a cabal can know if there is no cabal, so this is either a guess, or, it is a cabal trying to pretend it does not exist.
Not all paradoxes are true logical paradoxes, since they can also be common-sense-defying statements that appear true. Some famous examples of this kind of paradox include:
Informal uses of "paradox"
A paradox can also arise in ethics. Assuming power over others may sometimes be required to protect them while diminishing their right to autonomy. This is an ethical dilemma but not a logical paradox.
Saburo Sakai
Saburo Sakai (坂井三郎, Sakai Saburō, August 25, 1916 – September 22, 2000) was a Japanese naval pilot and fighter ace ("Gekitsui-O") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the 4th best Japanese pilot by number of enemy aircraft he shot down. He survived the war, and became a famous figure for his criticism of the War and the government of the Japanese Empire. He became a pacifist and a Buddhist and promised that he would never again kill another living thing, even a mosquito. Only months before his death, Sakai told reporters that he still prayed for the souls of the Chinese, American, Australian and Dutch pilots he had killed. He also helped Microsoft design the popular computer game Combat Flight Simulator 2.
Sakai claims he shot down 64 enemy airplanes. He shot down a B-32 Dominator on the last day of the war.
Kgalema Motlanthe
Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe (born 19 July 1949) is a South African politician who was President of South Africa between 25 September 2008 and 9 May 2009. This happened following the resignation of Thabo Mbeki. After the end of his presidency, Motlanthe was appointed as the Deputy President of South Africa by his successor, current South African president Jacob Zuma. In March 2014, he announced his resignation to become a dean at ANC.
Motlanthe was born on 19 July 1949 in Boksburg, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary is a Catholic diocese in the province of Alberta, Canada. It covers the Calgary Region, southern Alberta, and part of the Alberta's Rockies region. It is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton.
There are 82 parishes and missions in the diocese. The diocese's cathedral is St. Mary's Cathedral, in Calgary. The current bishop is Frederick Henry, who was appointed in 1998.
Phil May (singer)
Phil May (born Philip Arthur Dennis Kattner, 9 November 1944 – 15 May 2020) was an English singer-songwriter and musician. He became known in the 1960s as the lead singer of Pretty Things. He was one of the band's main lyricists. He was the primary lyricist for the album S.F. Sorrow.
May died on 15 May 2020, in a hospital in King's Lynn from hip surgery-related problems, aged 75.
Southern Cross Station
Southern Cross Station is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of five stations in the mostly underground City Loop and the main hub for V/Line's services outside Melbourne, via Bus and Train. The station was called Spencer Street Station until December 13, 2005
Calgary Region
The Calgary Region is a region of Canada that includes the area around the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It includes the city of Calgary, Rocky View County, and Municipal District of Foothills No. 31.
The region is a major transportation hub for southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, eastern British Columbia, and parts of the northern United States. The Calgary International Airport is in the Calgary region.
In 1999, fifteen municipalities in the region formed the Calgary Regional Partnership to coordinate regional growth and planning issues.
Vera Pless
Vera Pless (née Stepen, March 5, 1931 – March 2, 2020) was an American mathematician. She worked in combinatorics and coding theory. She was professor emerita at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She was born in West Side, Chicago, Illinois. She began working in physics at the University of Chicago, but soon won a fellowship to study at Northwestern University. Later she worked at military researching at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she worked as a research associate for Project MAC.
Pless died at her home in Oak Park, Illinois on March 2, 2020 at the age of 88.
Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman (29 August 191529 August 1982) was a Swedish actress. She won numerous accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, four Golden Globe Awards, BAFTA Award and a Volpi Cup.
Bennington, New Hampshire
Bennington is a town in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2010 census, 1,476 people lived there.
Bandy
Bandy is a sport like ice hockey but with a ball instead of a puck and on a larger field. It is played on ice. The rules are much like the rules for association football.
Rules
There are 11 players on each team. The game is 90 minutes long with 45 minutes in each half, like association football (soccer). The size of the bandy field is the same as in association football.
The rules are set by the Federation of International Bandy.
International
There are 32 countries in the Federation of International Bandy.
Bandy World Championship for men has been played recurringly since 1957.
Port Austin, Michigan
Port Austin is a village in Huron County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 664 at the 2010 census.
Flagstaff railway station
Flagstaff is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia
Thüringen, Austria
Thüringen is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
Sydney Airport
Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport (also known as Kingsford-Smith Airport and Sydney Airport) is in the suburb of Mascot in Sydney, Australia. It is Sydney's main airport, and is the main hub for Qantas, and a secondary hub for Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways. It is next to Botany Bay. The airport has three runways, the "east–west", "north–south" and "third" runways.
Sydney Airport is one of the oldest airports in the world still in use. It is the busiest airport in Australia, handling 36 million passengers in 2010 and 289,741 aircraft movements in 2009. It was the 28th busiest airport in the world in 2009. The airport is managed by Sydney Airport Corporation Limited (SACL). Flights from Sydney link with all parts of Australia. There are direct flights to 47 Australian cities and towns
1920–30: Early history
Before the airport was built, it was a field for bullocks. Nigel Love, a former World War I pilot, wanted to start building aircraft. He needed to set up a factory and an aerodrome close to the city. He found some land owned by the Kensington Race Club. It had been used by a local abattoir, which was closing down, to graze sheep and cattle. The surface was perfectly flat and was covered with a pasture of buffalo grass. This grass which had been grazed so evenly by the sheep and cattle running on it that it was easy to make it suitable to land aircraft. In addition, it was clear for aircraft on all four sides. On the sides of the field were a racecourse, gardens, a river and Botany Bay.
Love set up Mascot as a private business, leasing 200 acre from the Kensington Race club for three years. At first he had a small canvas structure but was later put up an imported Richards hangar. The first flight from Mascot was on 19 November 1919 when Love took movie cameraman Billy Marshall up in an Avro. The official opening flight took place on 9 January 1920, also performed by Love.
In 1921 the Australian government purchased 161 acre in Mascot to set up a public airfield. In 1923, at the end of Love's three-year lease, the government took the land from the racing club. The first regular flights began in 1924.
1930–60
In 1933, the first gravel runways were built. The course of Cooks River was moved away from the area in 1947–52 to provide more land for the airport and other small streams were filled. When Mascot was declared an aerodrome in 1920 it was known as Sydney Airport. In 1953 it was renamed Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport after Charles Kingsford Smith, a pioneering Australian aviator. The first paved runway was 07–25 and the next one built was 16R, sticking out into Botany Bay, starting in 1959, to land large jets. 07-25 is used mainly by lighter aircraft, although large four engine jet aircraft still land on the runway from the east, when south-westerly winds are blowing in Sydney. 16R is presently the longest operational runway in Australia, with 14300 ft paved length and 12850 ft between the zebra thresholds.
1960–2000
By the 1960s a new international terminal was needed, and work started in late 1966. The new building was officially opened on 3 May 1970, by Queen Elizabeth II.
Having only two runways that crossed each other became a problem and various governments tried to increase with Sydney airport's capacity for many years. A decision was finally made to build a third runway. This was not popular with people who lived near the airport. The third runway was built parallel to the existing main "north–south" runway entirely on reclaimed land from Botany Bay). A proposed new airport on the outskirts of Sydney was not developed.
The "third runway" remained a problem because of increased aircraft movements, especially over many inner suburbs. The 1990s saw the setting up of the No Aircraft Noise Party, although it did not win any seats in Parliament. Changes for Sydney Airport's operation were introduced by the Howard government in 1996. These included:
2000–10
The international terminal has been made bigger several times. The next rebuilding will take place in stages over twenty years (2005–25). This will include a high-rise office block, a multi-level car park, and bigger international and domestic terminals. This rebuilding and other plans of Macquarie Bank for the airport are seen as controversial. They do not need the legal oversight of local councils, which usually act as the local planning authority for such developments.
As of April 2006, some of the proposed development has been scaled back.
Sydney Airport's International terminal underwent a $500 million rebuild that was completed in mid 2010. It included a new baggage system, an extra 7300 m2 of space for shops and passenger waiting areas and other improvements.
In March 2010, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission said that prices at Sydney airport were too high. The report said Sydney Airport recorded the highest average prices at $13.63 per passenger, compared to the lowest of $7.96 at Melbourne Airport. The price of short-term parking had almost doubled in the 2008–09 financial year, from $28 to $50 for four hours. The report also said the airport abused its monopoly power.
2010–20
In December 2011, Sydney Airport said it would divide the airport into two airline based areas which would have international, domestic and regional services under the one roof by 2019. Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 would be used by Qantas, Jetstar and members of the oneworld airline alliance. Terminal 1 would be used by Virgin Australia and its international partners. Other international airlines would continue to operate from T1.
Terminals
The airport provides a bus service between the terminals at a cost of A$5.50.
Genocide Convention
The Genocide Convention (formally Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) is a treaty of the international human rights law on genocide created on 9 December 1948 by the United Nations. This is to prevent all form of genocide and its incitation and to show how the actors of those must be punished.
Sydney Airport
Terminal 1
Terminal 1 was opened on 3 May 1970, replacing the old Overseas Passenger Terminal. Terminal 1 has been greatly expanded since then. Today it is known as the International Terminal, in the airport's north western area. It has 30 gates (Concourse B with 8–37 and Concourse C with 50–63) served by aerobridges, as well as a number of remote bays. It has room for the Airbus A380, which fly routes to Singapore (Singapore Airlines), London via Singapore and Los Angeles (Qantas), Dubai and Auckland (Emirates). The terminal building has three levels, one each for arrivals, departures and airline offices. The departure level has 20 rows of check-in desks, each with 10 single desks making a total of 200 check-in desks. The terminal also has an observation deck on the roof. The terminal has six airline lounges: Two for Qantas, and one each for Air New Zealand, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines and Emirates. The terminal underwent a major $500 million redevelopment that was completed in 2010. The shopping area was made bigger, outbound customs operations were put into one place, and the floor space of the terminal increased to 254,000 square metres.
Genocide Convention
This Convention protects all ethnic groups and races of any kind of religions.
Sydney Airport
Terminal 2
Terminal 2, in the airport's north-eastern section, was the former home of Ansett Australia's domestic operations. It has 15 parking bays with aerobridges and a number of non-contact bays. Today it serves Virgin Australia, Jetstar, Tiger Airways, Regional Express Airlines, Aeropelican Air Services and Qantaslink services operated by Eastern Australia Airlines. There are lounges for Qantas, Virgin Australia and Regional Express Airlines.
Genocide Convention
Now actor of genocide written in this convention will be judged by the International Criminal Court but there are some countries which do not ratify this Convention and international law on International Criminal Court.
Sydney Airport
Terminal 3
Terminal 3 is a domestic terminal, for Qantas and Qantaslink flights to Canberra. It was home for Trans Australia Airlines (later renamed Australian Airlines). Like Terminal 2 it is in the north-eastern section. The current terminal building is largely the result of extensions made during the late 1990s. There are 14 parking bays with aerobridges, including two with dual aerobridges. Terminal 3 has a large Qantas Club lounge, and a Business Class and Chairmans lounge. Terminal 3 also has a 'Heritage Collection', includes items from Qantas's 90 years of service, It also has a view of the airport and is used by plane-spotters. It is next to Gate 13.
Other terminals
Sydney Airport once had a fourth passenger terminal, east of Terminal 2. This was formerly known as Domestic Express and was used by Regional Express Airlines, Virgin Blue (now known as Virgin Australia), and Impulse Airlines. However, it's now used by DHL Express and Tasman Cargo Airlines as an office building.
Curfew
In 1995 the Australian Government passed a law through parliament called "The Sydney Airport Curfew Act". This limits the operating hours of the airport. This was done in an effort to stop complaints about aircraft noise. The curfew disallows aircraft from taking off or landing between the hours of 23:00 and 06:00. However, some special flights are allowed between 23:00 to midnight and 05:00 to 06:00, by Section 12 of the Act.
Garland F. Pinholster
Garland Folsom Pinholster (February 19, 1928 – September 20, 2020) was an American athletic director as well as college basketball, baseball, and tennis coach. He was elected to the Oglethorpe Athletic Hall of Fame in its inaugural year of 1962. He coached Oglethorpe University's basketball team between 1956 to 1966. From 1948 to 1950, he played for North Georgia Nighthawks. Pinholster was born in Clyattville, Georgia.
Sydney Airport
Curfew
During bad weather, flights are often late and people on late flights are unable to travel on a given day. As of 2009, four airlines had been fined for landing during the closed times. The maximum fine is A$550 000.
Garland F. Pinholster
Pinholster was in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1990 to 2002 and was a Republican.
Sydney Airport
Rail
The airport can be reached from the city by the Airport Link underground rail line. The International railway station is under the International terminal, while the Domestic railway station is under the car park between the domestic terminals (Terminal 2 and Terminal 3). While the stations are part of the Cityrail network, they are privately owned and operated by Airport Link. Passengers have to pay a station fee or 'gate fee' of $11.80. This fee is added to the price of the train ticket.
Garland F. Pinholster
Pinholster died on September 20, 2020 in Ball Ground, Georgia at the age of 92.
ZeniMax Media
ZeniMax Media Inc. is an American video game holding company based in Rockville, Maryland, and founded in 1999.
Sydney Airport
Rail
The trains that go to the airport are regular suburban trains. Unlike special airport trains at other airports, they do not have special provisions for customers with luggage. They do not operate express to the airport and may have all seats occupied by commuters before the trains arrive at the airport.
Constantine VII
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" (Κωνσταντίνος Ζ΄ Πορφυρογέννητος, Kōnstantinos VII Porphyrogennētos), (September 2, 905 – November 9, 959) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander. He wrote two descriptive books, De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis.
Sydney Airport
Bus
Sydney Buses operates Route 400 from Burwood to Bondi Junction railway stations and stops at the International and Domestic terminals. It connects the eastern suburbs, Inner West and St George areas to the airport. Private shuttle buses also service the airport from the Sutherland Shire, Blue Mountains and Central Coast.
Road
Sydney Airport has road connections in all directions. Southern Cross Drive (M1), a motorway, is the fastest link with the city centre. The only other motorway, the M5 South Western Motorway (including the M5 East Freeway) links the airport with the south-western suburbs of Sydney.
Linear system
In mathematics and systems theory, a linear system is one that can be described with linear mappings alone. Most systems found in nature don't have this property, they are called non-linear.
Sydney Airport
Pedestrian and bicycle
The International Terminal is next to a wide pedestrian and bicycle path. It links Mascot and Sydney City in the north-east with Tempe (via a foot bridge over Alexandra Canal) and Botany Bay to the south-west. All terminals have bicycle racks and are also easily reached by foot from nearby areas.
Jumpei Takaki
Jumpei Takaki (born 1 January 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.
Club career statistics
104||3||12||1||27||1||4||0||147||5 104||3||12||1||27||1||4||0||147||5
Altadena, California
Altadena is an unincorporated census-designated place of Los Angeles County in the state of California, in the United States. 42,846 people were living in Altadena as of 2020. It is about fourteen miles from downtown Los Angeles. It was built as a suburb of Pasadena in 1887. However, although it was meant to be a suburb of Pasadena, it has so far refused to become part of Pasadena.
Khalid Boulahrouz
Khalid Boulahrouz (born 28 December 1981) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Brøndby IF since October 2013 and Netherlands national team.
Club career statistics
64||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||64||4 73||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||13||0||89||2 13||0||2||0||3||0||5||0||23||0 6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||8||0 156||5||6||1||3||0||19||0||184||6
International career statistics
!Total||35||0
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history that followed the Middle Ages and ended in the 17th century. “Renaissance” is a French word for “cultural rebirth.” During this period, there was a “rebirth” of classical learning. People started relearning the teachings of scholars from Ancient Greece, Rome, and other ancient societies. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the "modern age"
During the Renaissance, there were many advances in art, literature, the sciences, mathematics, and culture. Many famous artists, writers, philosophers, and scientists lived during this period. A person who is clever at a great number of things is sometimes called a "Renaissance man". The most famous Renaissance man is Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, a scientist, a musician and a philosopher.
The Renaissance started in Italy, but soon spread across the whole of Europe. In Italy, the period is divided into three parts:
Following the Mannerist period was the Baroque period, which also spread across Europe starting around 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell where the Renaissance period ends and the Baroque begins.
Reading and printing
In the Middle Ages, most artistic, legal, and historical production took place in and around books. Monasteries, churches, universities, and people who could afford them produced and owned books. Books were produced entirely by hand, which is why they were called manuscripts; illuminated manuscripts include hand-colored, drawn, and gilded pictures.
Most books at that time were written in Latin, Greek, and Roman, which was used in the Catholic Church. Only priests and well-educated people read Latin then. People were forbidden by law from translating the Bible into Italian, English, German, French, or other "local" languages.
Around 1440 the first printed books were made in Europe. The printing press made it possible to print copies of large books like the Bible and sell them cheaply. It took 300 calf skins or 100 pig skins to print the Bible. Printers soon began to print everything that they thought was interesting: Ancient Greek and Roman writings, poetry, and plays; stories about the lives of the saints; mathematics textbooks; medical textbooks; Christian stories; erotic stories; books about animals and monsters; maps of the world; and advice to princes about how to rule their people.
Before the invention of the printing press, knowledge had belonged to priests, monasteries and universities. Suddenly many thousands of people, even merchants, could learn far more than they ever could before.
Ancient Roman things
From about 400 B.C. to about 400 AD, Europe experienced a Golden Age. In Ancient Greece and Rome, there were many philosophers, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and mathematicians. Things were beautiful, well-organized and well-run.
However, by the year 1400, the city of Rome was in ruins. Inside the broken walls that had been smashed in 410 AD were the remains of huge temples, sports arenas, public baths, apartment blocks and palaces. Nearly all of them were half-buried and ruined, so they could not be used. Many were pulled down to use as building stone.
Among the ruins of this once-great city, the people of Rome lived in cottages. They still went to church in the huge churches (basilicas) built by the first Christian Emperor, Constantine the Great, in the 4th century. They still held market day in the Ancient Roman market place of Campo dei Fiori ("Field of Flowers").
In 1402, Filippo Brunelleschi and a teenage Donatello came to Rome. They were probably the world's first archaeologists. They were fascinated by everything that they saw. They measured ancient ruined buildings, drew things, and dug around for weeks looking for bits of broken statues and painted pottery that they could put back together. By the time they went back home to Florence, they knew more about Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture than anyone had known for about a thousand years. Brunelleschi became a very famous architect and Donatello became a very famous sculptor.
Cash and politics
The Renaissance really began in the city of Florence. In those days, Italy was not one single country. It was made of many little states, all governed in different ways. These states were constantly making alliances and fighting with each other.
Rome was politically powerful, because Rome had the Pope, the person in control of the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his very great importance as a spiritual leader, most people and most cities did not want to argue with any pope. After a pope died, a new pope was elected. Everyone who was rich and powerful hoped a member of their family would be chosen. It was always a good idea to have several young men in the family trained as priests, just in case. It also helped to be good friends with other rich families. One way to do this was to have lots of daughters and get them to marry rich powerful men from different cities. This was the way that politics worked.
There were other powerful cities in Italy too. Venice had a large and powerful navy. Milan controlled trade with Northern Europe and was very rich. Genoa was also very rich, because it controlled trade with France and Spain. Florence, where many people say the Renaissance started, was another important city.
Florence’s strength did not come from a strong army, a strong fortress, or control over trade. It came from banking. The Medicis were an important banking family. They helped to make Florence a powerful city and the centre of Renaissance learning.
Capture of Constantinople
In thinking
(See illustration above: Raphael's "School of Athens")
Mary Pruitt
Mary Pruitt (February 3, 1934 – September 20, 2020) was an American politician. She was born in Brentwood, Tennessee. Pruitt was a member of the Democratic Party. Between 1985 to 2013, she was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives.
Pruitt died on September 20, 2020 at a Nashville, Tennessee hospital from a blood clot caused by a fall, aged 86.
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is a brand of cars, trucks, buses and coaches from the Daimler AG company of Germany. The company was once known as Daimler-Benz and is still sometimes called just "Mercedes." Mercedes-Benz is the world's oldest car maker and the cars they make cost a lot of money. The symbol of Mercedes-Benz is very famous. It is a three-pointed star inside of a circle and was designed by one of the men who started the company, Gottlieb Daimler. The three points of the star stand for land, air and sea because Daimler's engines were used not only in cars and trucks but in airplanes and boats. The symbol was first used in 1909.
Mercedes-Benz cars are an important part of the history of the car with many "firsts”. They were the first to build a diesel-powered car in the 1930s, the first to build a car with fuel injection in the 1950s and the first to offer antilock brakes in the 1970s.  Mercedes-Benz cars have also been important in auto racing history.
Early days
The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was the company's first production car, built by Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik Benz & Cie (known today as Mercedes-Benz) it was built in 1885 or 1886. It is often considered the first real gasoline -powered car. By 1901, the cars had become very popular among the rich, mostly because of the efforts of Emil Jellineck.
Vans
Mercedes-Benz builds a range of vans such as the Citan, Vito, and Sprinter
Trucks
Mercedes-Benz Trucks and Daimler Trucks builds trucks together, They build buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van.
Shingo Nejime
Shingo Nejime (born 22 December 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.
Pollywood
Pashto films industry or Pollywood (پالیوڈ) is the popular acronym for the Pashto language movie industry based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Andrew R. Wheeler
Andrew R. Wheeler (born December 23, 1964) is an American lawyer, former lobbyist. He was the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from February 28, 2019 to January 20, 2021. He was the acting head of the agency from July 9, 2018 to February 28, 2019.
Wheeler was an aide to U.S. Senator Jim Inhofe. Wheeler is a critic of limits on greenhouse gas emissions, denies Global Warming and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
In October 2017, Wheeler was nominated by President Donald Trump, renominated in January 2018 and confirmed as Deputy Administrator of the EPA in April 2018.
On July 9, 2018, Wheeler became the Acting Administrator after the resignation of Scott Pruitt. On November 16, 2018, President Trump announced he would nominate Wheeler to serve as the EPA's permanent administrator. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on February 28, 2019.
In January 2022, Governor of Virginia Glenn Youngkin has announced his intention to nominate Wheeler to serve as the Virginia secretary of natural resources. He served as secretary from his nomination announcement until the resigned after not being able to get enough votes in the state senate for confirmation.
Moshe Sharoni
Moshe Sharoni (משה שרוני, 1929 – 20 September 2020) was a Romanian-born Israeli politician. He was a member of the Knesset for Gil between 2006 and 2009. He was head of the breakaway faction, Justice for the Elderly. Sharoni was born in Buhuși, Romania.
Sharoni died on 20 September 2020 at the age of 91.
Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.
The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956. A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.
Background
About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.
Ruling
On February 1, 1956, the case of Browder v. Gayle was filed in U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.
The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses. One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.
Mäder
Mäder is a municipality in the district of Feldkirch in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was held in United States from 19 June to 10 July.
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was fought between 1754 and 1763 in British North America and French North America. They fought over land which is now in the United States and Canada. The French had some Native American allies and the British had other allies.
Salvador Rueda
Salvador Rueda Santos (3 December 1857 in Benaque - 1 April 1933 in Malaga) was a Spanish journalist and poet.
He wrote for the Madrid Gazette and Gaspar Núñez de Arce. In 1910, he toured the Philippines, South America, and Central America. He was a modernist poet.
His house in Benaque is a museum.
French and Indian War
The conflict was a part of the Seven Years' War among the European great powers which took place in various parts of the world. France was already fighting Prussia and so did not send many troops to Canada.
Battles
The French built a new fort in the disputed territory, and the British decided to expel them. After failing in a small battle in 1754 they tried again with the Battle of Monongahela in 1755. The British commander, General Edward Braddock, died with many of his men in a failed attack against the French in what later became Pittsburgh. A militia officer, George Washington, led the defeated survivors home.
At the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the British conquered Canada.
Outcome
The fighting in North America stopped on September 8, 1760, with the French surrender of Montreal and the rest of Canada to the British.
With the Royal Proclamation of 1763, colonists in British North America became unhappy over their share of the winnings. That became a cause for the American Revolution.
Pentathlon
A pentathlon is a sports contest with five different events. The name comes from two Greek words. Pente means five and athlon means competition. The first pentathlon was in Ancient Greece and was part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The five events were long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw, followed by the stadion (a short foot race) and wrestling.
Schmallenberg
Schmallenberg is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. About 24,965 people live there.
Pentathlon
Modern pentathlon
The modern pentathlon is a sports contest that includes five events. They are pistol shooting, fencing, 200 m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a 3 km cross-country run. It was invented by Pierre de Coubertin.
The event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games. It was won by Swedish athlete Gösta Lilliehöök. Since 1949 there is a yearly World Championship unless there is an Olympic Game.
Schmallenberg
Geography
Schmallenberg is in the middle of the Sauerland (Rothaargebirge). It is about 25 km south of Meschede, and 120 km from Köln (Cologne).
Town twinning
Schmallenberg is twinned with
History
The Benedictine monastery began in 1072 near Schmallenberg on a site at the foot of the Wilzenberg mountain, by Saint Anno, Archbishop of Cologne.
During the Middle Ages, textile and ironmongery trades were the main industries in Schmallenberg. Around 1350 there were about 800 living in the town. After an economically quiet period during the 16th century, the new iron hammer technology put the city back on the map. At that time, Schmallenberg’s ironmongery trade was considered the most important one in Westphalia.
In parts of the town like in Oberkirchen there were many witchcraft trials. In 1630 there were 7 processes, from April to June. During these, 58 people were convicted to burn at the stake, for alleged witchcraft. One of the victims was Christine Teipel, a 9-year-old child.
Economy
Since the 19th century Schmallenberg was a "Sauerländer centre" of the textile industry (the largest company: FALKE-GROUP). This gave Schmallenberg the nickname "Strumpfstadt" ("socktown"). Since the development of the textile industry in Schmallenberg is declining dominated the economy many medium-sized enterprises and tourism. In 2002 there were 7924 on social insurance jobs.
Fraunhofer Society
The Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME conducts research in the field of applied life sciences from a molecular level to entire ecosystems. The IME-Institute has about 140 employees working at the locations Schmallenberg and Aachen.
Sport
Hiking trails adding up to about 2,500 kilometers, leading through forests, across mountains and through valleys make Schmallenberg. The town at the upper course of the river Lenne has developed into one of Westphalia’s winter sports centers. 250 kilometers of cross-country ski tracks and 30 ski-lifts turn any kind of skiing.
Air transport
Schmallenberg's airport is Flugplatz Schmallenberg-Rennefeld (ICAO-Code: EDKR).
Pike (weapon)
A pike is a kind of polearm. It is a very long heavy thrusting spear formerly used by infantry. A pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare starting in the early Middle Ages. Until around 1700 pikes were used by foot soldiers in close order formations. The pike was a long weapon that got longer over time. It could be as long as 20 feet (6 m). It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel spearhead. It had metal along the sides for three feet (1m) behind the tip so it would not be cut off by a sword or axe. When many pikes were used together they allowed for a great concentration of spearheads an enemy would have great difficulty getting through. The length also kept the soldier at a greater distance from the enemy. But the length also made pikes difficult to use in close combat. Pikemen were usually arranged in a very tight formation several lines deep. The earliest of these were called a phalanx formation. It was used by the Macedonians under Philip II of Macedon. It was used by the armies of the Pharoahs in ancient Egypt. It was later used by the Swiss pike columns but this formation was probably based on the Scottish Schildrons. The armies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce used it to great success against the heavy cavalry of kings Edward I of England and his son Edward II of England.
Hiroshi Masuoka (voice actor)
Hiroshi Masuoka (増岡 弘) was a Japanese actor and narrator. He voiced the roles of Masuo Fuguta in Sazae-san and Jam Ojisan in Soreike! Anpanman. He also voiced Kame-Sennin during the last episodes of Dragon Ball Z and all of Dragon Ball GT. He worked for the Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society. He retired in August 2019.
Misophonia
Misophonia (meaning "hatred of sound") is a rarely diagnosed mental disorder. It is a condition where certain sounds can cause someone to be angry or enraged. The sounds could be as simple as someone chewing food with their mouth open. Other examples include a ballpoint pen clicking (repeatedly), tapping, typing and other common sounds. The disorder has only been identified and named in the last 20 years. According to one sufferer, "It’s like a fight-or-flight response: Your muscles get tense, you’re on edge, your heart races, and you feel the urge to flee". Misophonia is often misdiagnosed as one of several psychological disorders. Sufferers often keep away from trigger sounds. There is no cure but it can be treated.
People with misophonia have different amounts of tolerance for triggering sounds. The presence of misophonia may be determined by specific diagnostic criteria. They all, however, result in anger and irritability. Many also have trouble focusing on normal activities while exposed to triggering sounds.
The cause of misophonia is not know. Some studies say that it affects more than 5% of the population.
Gerardo Vera
Gerardo Vera Perales (10 March 1947 – 20 September 2020) was a Spanish costume and set designer, opera director, actor, and movie and theatre director. He was born in Madrid. Vera was known for his works in La Celestina (1994) and in Second Skin (2000). He won a Goya Award in 1986.