cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Emperor Heizei
After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Heizei is in Nara. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location. The site can be visited by the public.
Era of reign
The years of Heizei's reign are identified by only one era name (nengō).
Extreme Pita
Extreme Pita is a Canadian-based fast food chain. It was started by brothers Alex Rechichi and Mark Rechichi in 1997. The headquarters are in Mississauga, Ontario. The company has more than 225 units in Canada and the United States.
Extreme Pita serves pita sandwiches, salads, and pizza-style "flat-baked" pitas. The chain says these types of products are more healthy than the usual fast-food choices. Available ingredients include fresh vegetables, cheeses, meats and vegetarian options such as falafel and hummus.
Magnitude (astronomy)
The magnitude of a star or other celestial object is a number that measures its brightness. Apparent magnitude (m) of a celestial object is a number that measures its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth, and absolute magnitude is its actual brightness adjusted for distance. The brighter an object appears, the lower its magnitude value (i.e. inverse relation). The Sun, at apparent magnitude of −27, is the brightest object in the sky.
Magnitude is a logarithmic measure. It is measured in a specific wavelength or passband, usually in optical or near-infrared wavelengths. A full moon is −13 magnitude and the brightest planet Venus measures −5. The brightest man-made objects, Iridium flares, are ranked at −9 and the International Space Station measures −6.
History
The Greek astronomer Hipparchus first invented our system of apparent magnitude. He gave the brightest stars a magnitude of 1 and increased the numbers for dimmer stars. About 300 years later Ptolemy of Alexandria created an encyclopedia of stars based on Hipparchus' work. The Persian astronomer Al-Sufi took Ptolemy's work and gave Arabic names to the stars some 800 years later. Medieval European astronomers simply translated Al-Sufi's work into Latin which is why many stars today have Arabic names.
In recent centuries astronomers have been able to measure the distance of stars, and calculate their absolute magnitude.
2018 South Australian state election
The 2018 South Australian state election was held on 17 March 2018 to elect the 54th Parliament of South Australia, including all 47 seats in the House of Assembly and 11 of the 22 seats in the Legislative Council. It was conducted by the Electoral Commission of South Australia (ECSA).
The incumbent Labor government, led by Premier Jay Weatherill, was trying to win a fifth term in government. However, they were defeated by the Liberal Party, led by Opposition Leader Steven Marshall. This ended a record 16 years of Labor government in South Australia.
Edsger W. Dijkstra
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (May 11, 1930 – August 6, 2002; ) was a Dutch computer scientist. He received the 1972 Turing Award  for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000.
Shortly before his death in 2002, he received the ACM PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize the following year, in his honor.
Rio Mavuba
Club career statistics
180||2 5||0 185||2
Austin serial bombings
The Austin serial bombings were a series of five parcel bomb explosions which occurred from March 2 - 20, 2018 in Austin, Texas, United States. They killed two civilians and the bomber, as well as injuring another six people.
The suspected bomber was Mark Anthony Conditt, age 23, who lived in Pflugerville, Texas, outside Austin.
Background
The Austin Police Department (APD) believe the explosions were connected and considered the possibility that they are racially motivated. They have also warned civilians to not open suspicious packages, and to call the police.
Austin police officially connected the March 2 bombing following the bombings on March 12. None of the packages were mailed, instead they were placed near the individuals' homes. Two of the bombs were triggered upon being picked up, another was triggered upon being opened, and the fourth bombing was suspected to be activated by tripwire.
On March 2, 2018, 39-year-old Anthony Stephan House was killed by picking up an apparent package bomb at his home. Then, on March 13, 2018, the bombings killed 17-year-old cellist Draylen Mason.
Authorities first offered a reward of $65,000 for information leading to an arrest and conviction of the bomber or bombers. They later raised the reward to $115,000.
Reaction
On March 20, 2018, President Donald Trump said at the White House: "This is obviously a very, very sick individual, or maybe individuals...These are sick people, and we have to find them as soon as possible".
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious, painful, and chronic (long-lasting) disease. It is an autoimmune disease - a disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells. When a person has RA, their immune system attacks the joints and the tissues around the joints in the body. This causes different problems, like:
Eventually, RA can destroy a person's articular cartilage. Normally, articular (having to do with the joints) cartilage covers the end of bones where they come together to form joints. This keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. If the articular cartilage has been destroyed by RA, the bones will rub against each other, which is very painful.
No one knows what causes RA, but some theories are that it has to do with hormones, environment, infection and genes. There is no cure, but doctors have determined ways to help slow down and reduce the impact of the disease. Women are two to three times as likely as men to get rheumatoid arthritis. Most cases of RA occur in people between the ages of 25 and 55.
RA was first recognized around 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais.
Symptoms
Symptoms may include:
Often, people with RA also develop anemia, a different disease that causes a person to have not enough blood cells in the blood.
Less often, a person with RA could have:
1965 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season was the first hurricane season to have the bounds from June 1, 1965 to November 30, 1965. The 1965 Atlantic hurricane season did not have very many storms. A famous hurricane from this season would be Hurricane Betsy. Hurricane Betsy was the first hurricane to cause a billion dollors or more in damage, without being changed to the value of the dollar today.
Retirement
After the season Betsy and Carol were retired. Carol was retired not because of the 1965 storm but because of the 1954 storm. Blanche and Camille were used instead of Betsy and Carol in 1969.
Bourg-Saint-Andéol
Bourg-Saint-Andéol is a small commune of the Ardèche département in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France. It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999.
Fred Brathwaite
Fredrick Brathwaite (born November 24, 1972) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 9 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Edmonton Oilers, Calgary Flames, St. Louis Blues and Columbus Blue Jackets. He also played for the Ak Bars Kazan of the Russian Superleague (RSL), as well as Avangard Omsk and Adler Mannheim of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).
Brathwaite was named Deutsche Eishockey Liga MVP in 2009.
Point Roberts, Washington
Point Roberts is an census-designated place (CDP) of Whatcom County in the state of Washington in the United States. It is an American exclave located on the southern border with Canada.
Karpenisi
Karpenisi is a mountainous Greek city. It is a small city in Eyritania district. Karpenisi is the capital of Eyritania prefecture. Eyritania prefecture has the most mountains of any other prefecture of Greece. There are mountains everywhere in the Eyritania prefecture. The highest point of Karpenisi is at the top of the Tymphristos Mountain, which is 2,315 meters high. Around 7,300 people live in Karpenisi, says the census taken in 2001. Karpenisi is built at an altitude of 960 meters. It sits on the slopes of the Tymphristos mountain. Lamia is east of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is smaller town than Lamia. Lamia also serves the district of Karpenisi.
Winter resort
Today, Karpenisi is one of the most important winter resorts in Greece. In winter, many Greeks go there in order to do winter sports. The people visiting go skiing and hiking in the forests of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is surrounded by a fir forest.
Grasslands National Park
Grasslands National Park (Parc national des Prairies) is a national park in Canada. It is near the village of Val Marie, Saskatchewan. It is the second national park of Canada that was created in Saskatchewan. The park is next to the border between Canada and the United States. It is next to the state of Montana. More than 18 000 people visit the park every year.
Bentonite
The different types of bentonite have different proportions of sodium, calcium or potassium. They can absorb quite a lot of water, and are used as fillers and/or lubricators in various industries. The clay is used for many practical purposes.
Grasslands National Park
Grasslands National Park also has a lot of fossils. It has many fossils that can't be found in other parts of Canada. Some of the fossils come from the Miocene Era.
History
Many people wanted to protect the grasslands in the area. They also wanted to protect the plants and animals that lived in the area. In the 1950s and 1960s, many people wanted a large area of grasslands protected. A study in 1965 showed that this area of Saskatchewan would be the best place to start a park. Both the governments of Alberta and Saskatchewan created a group to listen to the public's opinion in 1975. The group said that the public wanted the park to be created.
In 1981, the governments of Saskatchewan and Canada signed an agreement. This would make sure that a park would be created. After the agreement was signed, Parks Canada bought two ranches. These ranches were near the Frenchman River and were 140 km2. In 1988, many organisations came together to add to the 1981 agreement. This would make it so that Grasslands National Park would be created. The plan for the park would be that it would be around 900 km2. Parks Canada continued to buy more land for the park from ranchers.
The park officially became a national park on 19 February 2001. This was because of the Canada National Parks Act. In 2006, some of the plains bison that lived in Elk Island National Park in Alberta were moved to Grasslands National Park. This was important because many of the bison in Canada were killed in the 1800s. It was the first time that plains bison were on the shortgrass prairies of Canada since the 1890s. 71 bison were first moved to the park. Nine years later, in 2015, there were 310 bison. There are now plains bison at other national parks in Canada.
The park became a dark-sky preserve in 2009. This was during the International Year of Astronomy. The park was chosen by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. It became Saskatchewan's second dark-sky preserve. In 2009, Parks Canada also added black-footed ferrets back to the park. They added 34 ferrets. People thought that the black-footed ferret was extinct. This is because the last time they were seen was in 1937 in Saskatchewan. Scientists from the United States began working on bringing them back to the wild. When Parks Canada added black-footed ferrets back to Grasslands National Park, there were already ferrets that were being added to places in the United States and Mexico. The scientists were working to bring back the black-footed ferret for many years. The people working at Parks Canada were working on bringing them back for many years.
Geography
The park is divided into two parts. The west park of the park (called the West Block) is in Division No. 4, Saskatchewan. The West Block has the Frenchman River valley. They also have a herd of 300 plains bison and many prairie dog colonies. The Frenchman Valley Campground lets visitors use camping sites and teepees. Backcountry camping is also allowed in the West Block. The east part of the park (called the East Block) is in Division No. 3, Saskatchewan. Visitors to the East Block can see views of the badlands and see the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in the rock.
Bozas
Bozas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Sunrisers Hyderbad
Sunrisers Hyderabad (stylised as SunRisers Hyderabad, abbr. SRH) are a franchise cricket team based in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). The franchise is owned by Kalanithi Maran of the SUN Group. The team was founded in 2012 after the Hyderabad-based Deccan Chargers were terminated by the IPL. The team is currently captained by Kane Williamson and coached by Trevor Bayliss. Their primary home ground is the Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, which has capacity of 55,000.
Records
The team made their first IPL appearance in 2013. It is when they reached the playoffs, and finished in fourth place. The Sunrisers won their maiden IPL title in the 2016 season. They defeated the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 8 runs in the final. The team has qualified for the play-off stage of the tournament in every season since 2016. In 2018, the team reached the finals of the Indian Premier League, but lost to Chennai Super Kings. The team is considered one of the best bowling sides, often admired for its ability to defend low totals. David Warner is the leading run scorer for the side, having won the Orange Cap three times, in 2015, 2017, and 2019. Bhuvneshwar Kumar is the leading wicket-taker having won the Purple Cap twice, in 2016 and 2017.
COVID-19 impact
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the brand value of the Sunrisers Hyderabad which saw a decline of 4 percent to US$57.4 million in 2020 as the overall brand value of the IPL decreased to US$4.4 billion, according to Brand Finance.
World Heritage Committee
According to the World Heritage Convention, committee members are elected for six years, however many of the representatives choose to be on the committee for only four years. This gives more countries a chance to take part. At the 15th General Assembly (2005) all the committee members agreed to serve for only four years.
Session
The World Heritage Committee meets many times a year to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and to look at possible new sites. A special meeting, known as the World Heritage Committee Session, takes place each year where sites are added (inscribed) to the World Heritage List.
COBOL
COBOL is a programming language that was developed in the year 1959. It was one of the first computer programming languages. The name COBOL stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language.
World Heritage Committee
Session
The annual session takes place in cities all over the world. With the exception of meetings held in Paris, where the UNESCO headquarter office is located, only countries who are members of the World Heritage Committee have the right to hold a Session. The cities are decided by the Committee.
COBOL
Background
COBOL was created because people wanted a language they could use to describe the problems in a way that is independent of the hardware used. Like SQL COBOL uses a syntax that is close to that of natural languages. As an example, ADD YEARS TO AGE is a valid expression.
History
There are several different versions of COBOL. The newest is from 2002. In general, versions of the language before 1985 are not compatible with the newer versions, from 1985 and later.
Brossainc
Brossainc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
COBOL
History
In recent years, COBOL has been extended to allow object-oriented programming, user-defined functions, and user-defined data types.
Reputation
The computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins disagreed, and defended structured COBOL: "COBOL programs with convoluted control flow indeed tend to 'cripple the mind'", but this was because "there are too many such business application programs written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well...".
Pierre Imhasly
Imhasly died from cancer on 17 June 2017 at the age of 77.
Billy Redmayne
Billy Redmayne (6 February 1991 – 19 April 2016) was a Manx soldier and motorcycle racer. was a Manx soldier and motorcycle racer. He was born Laxey. He served in the Parachute Regiment in the War in Afghanistan. By 2013 he was able to devote all of his time to racing. He won the Newcomers Manx Grand Prix in 2014 and the Junior Manx Grand Prix a year later.
On 17 April 2016 he was hit from behind by another competitor in a crash at the Oliver's Mount Spring Cup in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. He was airlifted to James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough. His brain injuries were too severe for him to recover, and his partner and family made a decision for his life support to be switched off and his organs donated. He died two days after the accident on 19 April at the age of 25.
Roll film
Roll film is the name for a number of formats for photographic film. Roll film is wound on a spool, as opposed to sheet film which comes in cartridges. The most common formats of roll film are the format 120, and the format 220, which are both used in medium format cameras. Even though the common 35 mm film is also wound on a spool, it is not called roll film.
Iran at the Youth Olympics
Iran has participated at the Summer and Winter Youth Olympic Games in every edition since the inaugural 2010 Games and 2012 Games.
Winter
No medals won.
Sheet film
Sheet film is a format of photographic film which is supplied in sheets, rather than rolls. It is commonly used in medium and large format photography.
Lee Nak-yeon
Lee Nak-yeon (이낙연, born 20 December 1951),  also known as Lee Nak-yon, is a South Korea politician. He was the 45th Prime Minister of South Korea.
2014 South Australian state election
The incumbent Labor government, led by Premier Jay Weatherill, won a fourth term in government. They were opposed by the Liberal Party, led by Steven Marshall. Labor formed a minority government with the support of independent Geoff Brock.
Tulu Nadu
Tulu Nadu, also called as Tulunaad, is a region on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva' (plural 'Tuluver'), speakers of Tulu, a Dravidian language, are the preponderant ethnic group of this region. South Canara, an erstwhile district and a historical area, encompassing the undivided territory of the contemporary Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, and Kasaragod districts, forms the cultural area of the Tuluver.
Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the Gangavali River (Uttara Kannada district) in the north and the Chandragiri River (Kasaragod taluka) in the south. Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the Chandragiri River.
This region is not an official administrative entity. However, the Tulu Nadu state movement has been gaining momentum since the Indian States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
Mangalore, the second largest and a major city of Karnataka, is the chief and largest city of Tulu Nadu. Udupi, Kasaragod and Puttur are the other major cities of this region.
References
Burzet
Burzet is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.
Cyril and Methodius
Saints Cyril and Methodius were brothers and 9th century Christian missionaries. They Christianized the Slavic peoples of the Danube. They influenced the culture and religion of all Slavic peoples. They received the title "Apostles to the Slavs".
Secular lives
The brothers were both born in Thessalonica. Methodios was born c. 815 or 826 and died in 885. Cyril was born c. 826 and died (under his adopted name Constantine) in 869. Cyril was educated at the university at Constantinople under Photios I of Constantinople. He later taught there when he replaced Photios. Methodios became governor of the province of Opsikion at about the same time.
Missionaries
In 861 the Byzantine Emperor Michael III sent the two brothers to convert the Khazars to Christianity. They continued their religious conversion of the Tatars along the Black Sea for two years. Afterwards the Emperor Michael sent them to Moravia as missionaries. They taught in the Slavic languages and translated the Scriptures into Slavonic. Cyril invented an alphabet called the Glagolitic alphabet. This became the basis for the Cyrillic alphabet. Old Church Slavonic was written in Cyrillic and Glagolitic.
Malachi Throne
Malachi Throne (December 1, 1928 – March 13, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his role as False-Face in Batman and as Noah Bain in It Takes a Thief. He had a small role in Steven Spielberg's 2002 movie Catch Me If You Can.
Throne was born on December 1, 1928 in New York City, New York. He studied at Brooklyn College. His acting career began when he was ten years old.
Throne was married to Judith Merians from 1965 until they divorced in 1992. They had two children. Then he was married to Marjorie Throne from 1992 until his death in 2013.
Throne died on March 13, 2013 in his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California from lung cancer, aged 84. His remains were cremated.
Good Night, and Good Luck
Good Night, and Good Luck. is an Academy Award-nominated American 2005 movie directed by George Clooney. It was written by Clooney and Grant Heslov and is set in 1953. It portrays the conflict between veteran radio and television journalist Edward R. Murrow and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, especially relating to the anti-Communist Senator's actions with the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
The movie, although released in black and white, was filmed on color film stock but on a grayscale set. It was later color corrected to black and white during post-production. It is about media responsibility. It also addresses what occurs when the media offer a voice of dissent against the government. The movie takes its title from the line with which Murrow routinely closed his broadcasts.
Taglines: They took on the government with nothing but the truth; We will not walk in fear of one another.
SpaceX Starship
In 2023, Starship became the tallest and the most powerful rocket ever flown.
In April 2023, a booster rocket and a spacecraft launched. 1 minute 25 seconds into the launch, the booster and the spacecraft could not be steered. The flight continued up to altitude of 39 kilometres (24 mi), then began to tumble.
Test flights and other testing
In September 2019, Starship Mk1 (Mark 1) was the first built Starship. The next vehicle, named Mk2, was built in Florida five months later. Mk1 failed [testing at cold temperature, or] the cryogenic proof test. It did not fly.
Mk2 was recycled. It did not fly.
Mk3's name changed to SN1 (serial number 1). On 28 February 2020, SN1 crushed itself during a cryogenic proof test. It is because of a leak in the bottom tank. On 8 March 2020, SN2's tank completed its only cryogenic proof test. On 3 April 2020, during the SN3 cryogenic proof test, a valve leaked liquid nitrogen inside its bottom tank. This causes the vehicle to lose pressure and crush itself. On 29 May 2020, SN4 had its fifth successful static fire test. But, after the test, the connected propellant pipe made SN4 explode.
On 4 August 2020, SN5 completed a flight with one Raptor. The rocket went to 150 m before coming down. It is the first Starship spacecraft to complete a flight intact. On 24 August 2020, SN6 repeated SN5's flight and did not explode.
High-altitude testing
SN8 was the first complete Starship. In October and November 2020, SN8 survived four static fire tests. The first, second, and fourth tests were successful, but the third test failed. In the third test, SN8's Raptors destroyed the mount. The concrete layer melted, splashed, and hit a Raptor.
On 9 December 2020, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) warned SN8 could explode if it was flown as planned. SpaceX ignored its warnings. SN8 then flew up, making it the first Starship to fly. It goes as high as 12.5 km, then comes back down. While landing, SN8's methane header tank did not pump enough methane to the Raptors. This causes one engine to burn itself. So, SN8 hit the ground fast and exploded.
On 2 February 2021, SN9 flew 10 km high. During the landing, a Raptor does not work. So, SN9 lands at an angle and exploded as well. On 3 March 2021, SN10 repeated SN9's flight. It then landed with all Raptors working. But, because SN10 was damaged, it blew up eight minutes later. On 8 March 2021, the first Super Heavy booster named BN1 (booster number 1) was finished.
On 30 March 2021, SN11 exploded in dense fog. No one knows why it exploded. A possible explanation is that a Raptor burned SN11's computer. This could let too much propellant flow into the engine's turbopump. When the engine is lit, the pressure inside the chamber is too much, making SN11 explode.
SpaceX did not finish SN12, SN13, SN14. Their improvements were added to SN15 instead. On 5 May 2021, SN15 flew the same flight and landed. It did not explode after launch. On 20 July 2021, BN3 static fired for the only time.
Around July 2021, SpaceX started using the word Ship instead of "SN" for Starship spacecrafts. Booster instead of "BN" is another name for the Super Heavy boosters.
Super Heavy and Starship must pass many tests before launch. Firstly, they are filled with nitrogen gas to check for leaks. Then, cold liquid nitrogen fills and drains from Starship and Super Heavy to check the tanks' strength. Finally, propellant fills their tanks, and the Raptor engines are fired.
Since 2005, SpaceX has been working on ideas similar to Starship. The company then checks the design with a series of tests: from flying 150 m high in July 2019, to flying 10 km high in May 2021.
Attempt at orbital flight (April 2023)
SpaceX tried to do an Orbital test flight in April 2023. The flight did not reach orbit.
Viglen
Viglen is an IT company based in the United Kingdom. Viglen is operated by UK businessman Lord Sugar and most schools in the UK own Viglen computers. Some of the products that Viglen have made are the Incepta II and the Genrie Pro.
Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (short for the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana) was a treaty between France and Spain. In it, Spain gave the territory of Louisiana to France.
SpaceX Starship
Attempt at orbital flight (April 2023)
"Three of the 33 engines on the" booster rocket "were shut down before the rocket even left the launchpad", according to media's paraphrasing of Elon Musk; Furthermore, “The system didn’t think" that those 3 engines "were healthy enough to bring them to full thrust,” “so they were shut down”, according to Musk.
At about 27 seconds into the flight, SpaceX lost communications with another engine.
The flight passed max q.
1 minute 25 seconds into the launch, SpaceX lost thrust vector control and therefore the ability to steer the rocket.
Olivier de Weck, professor at MIT, said that the launch was "more a success than a failure".
Things that should happen before and during an orbital flight
Before launch, liquid oxygen and liquid methane fill the tanks of the booster rocket and the spaceship.
Engine chill begins on the booster, at 16 minutes 40 seconds before liftoff. This is to protect the engine's turbopumps from thermal shock.
The thirty-three engines startup-sequence begins, at eight seconds before liftoff.
33 Raptor engines fire and lift the rocket up. Super Heavy and Starship will then separate. After that, the Starship spacecraft boosts itself into orbit. The booster then descends and lands on the launch tower's arms. When Starship lands, the spacecraft will glide using its flaps. At the last few seconds, the spacecraft flips up and lands.
Parts of the Starship system (booster rocket and Starship spacecraft)
Starship has two parts: the Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft. Both Super Heavy and Starship should be able to land and launch many times quickly. That is the reason why the Starship rocket is often called a fully-reusable rocket. As of November 2021, no other rockets except Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy's booster can do this. Most of the rocket is made from SAE 304 stainless steel, the most common type of all.
A Starship spacecraft lifts off (from Earth) on top of a booster. The spacecraft is supposed to carry 100 metric ton of cargo to low Earth orbit. The Space Shuttle could only carry 27.5 metric ton to the International Space Station, however.
In this example, the International Space Station has an even lower orbit than Starship.
{{Efn|The International Space Station orbits {{cvt|407|km|mi}} high at 51.64° inclination. Starship in this case orbits {{cvt|500|km|mi}} high at 98.9° inclination.
Booster rocket ("Super Heavy")
Below the spacecraft is a 70 m tall Super Heavy booster rocket. This booster can hold about 3600 metric ton of propellant. Super Heavy and Starship's propellants are liquid methane and liquid oxygen. The booster is made from stainless steel rings. These rings are 3.97 mm thick, 1.8 m tall, and 9 m diameter.
At the bottom of the booster are 33 Raptor rocket engines. They can make 72000000 N of thrust, twice more than the Saturn V. The thrust speeds up the rocket to 8-9 Mach.
On top of the booster are four boxes containing fins in a grid pattern. These boxes are usually called grid fins, like those of the Falcon 9. Grid fins rotate to control and guide the booster while falling from the sky. When the booster comes back closer to Earth - just a few kilometers or miles above ground - the booster fires its engines and lands on the tower arms, which will 'catch' it.
SpaceX has two Super Heavy booster rockets, that have not been retired or scrapped (as of 2023's second quarter). They have not gone thru the static fire test.
Spacecraft
On top of the booster sits a 50 m tall Starship spacecraft. The spacecraft can hold about 1200 metric ton of propellant. Its propellant is the same as Super Heavy's, which are liquid methane and liquid oxygen. The Starship spacecraft is made from stainless steel rings, similar to Super Heavy.
At the bottom of the spacecraft are six rocket engines. Three of them are regular Raptor engines; three others are Raptor Vacuum engines. These regular Raptor engines work inside the air, while Raptor Vacuum engines work inside the vacuum.
There are two kinds of propellant tanks inside Starship: these are main tanks and header tanks. The main tanks store propellant for almost all functions of the spacecraft. The only exception here is when Starship lands when it uses its header tanks instead.
There are four flaps that connect to Starship's body. Two large flaps are at the bottom of the spacecraft, and two small flaps are at the top of the spacecraft. They are made from stainless steel sheets and bend to a trapezoid shape. The flaps can control Starship's falling speed and direction.
A black heat shield covers one side of the spacecraft. The heat shield is made from ceramic hexagon tiles and sheets of ceramic wool. They help to protect Starship from hot plasma, made when the spacecraft enters Earth's atmosphere. Starship's heat shield could be durable and used many times.
Types of Starship spacecraft
Starship HLS (Starship Human Landing System) is supposed to land astronauts on the Moon during the Artemis program. It can take propellant from other Starships to have more range. The spacecraft would not have a heat shield or body flaps. However, it will have solar panels and landing engines. Starship HLS can be fueled and connected to the Orion spacecraft.
Rocket engines
Both Super Heavy and Starship have SpaceX's Raptor rocket engines at the bottom. Each engine can make about 2300000 N of thrust. It has a full-flow staged combustion cycle design and burns liquid methane with liquid oxygen.
Also at the bottom of the Starship spacecraft are the Raptor Vacuum engines. They are Raptor engines with larger nozzles. The Raptor Vacuum only works in space and is more efficient than the normal Raptor engine. The Raptor 2 engine is the next generation of the Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines. They will be used in Super Heavy and Starship sometime in the future.
This is how a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine works. First, liquid methane and oxygen flow into the engine's turbopumps. The turbopumps increase the liquids' pressure. Then, the methane and oxygen evaporate into hot gases in two preburners. One preburner gets more methane, and another gets more oxygen. The gas then turns the turbines and turbopumps by a shaft. These spinning turbines and turbopumps pump more propellant to the engine. This hot and mixed gas is then burned in a combustion chamber. Finally, the engine nozzle directs the ignited gas to make thrust.
Planned missions
The dearMoon project has no date for launch (as of 2022). In 2018, Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa announced that private space mission. Its crew are Maezawa himself and eight other people. The plan is to use Starship as the main spacecraft. The spacecraft is supposed to take them toward the Moon, circle around it, and then return back to Earth.
Moving cargo or people between points on Earth
In January 2022, SpaceX got a $102 million five-year contract to develop the Rocket Cargo program for the United States Space Force.
Point-to-point flights (called "Earth to Earth" flights by SpaceX), is the idea of traveling anywhere on Earth in under an hour. John Logsdon, an academic on space policy and history, said point-to-point travel is unrealistic, as [the people on board and] the craft would switch between weightlessness to 5 g of acceleration.
Spaceships going to other planets
SpaceX wants to start Mars colonization and terraforming. It would do so by sending humans to Mars. Musk's life goal is to ensure that humans are still around after a mass extinction on Earth. He also talked about Starships going to Enceladus, Europa, Pluto, and the Oort cloud. The Starship rocket on those missions could launch from Mars.
SpaceX thinks sending humans to Mars needs many steps. First, some Starships might carry many important things to Mars' surface. Inside them are fertilizer factories, propellant factories, and building materials. The propellant factory takes in carbon dioxide from Mars's air and hydrogen from the ice below. Then, the factory uses the Sabatier reaction. Hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide with hydrogen to create methane and oxygen. Methane and oxygen are Starship's propellants. Filled up with the factory's methane and oxygen, Starship can return from Mars back to Earth. Building materials are used to make domes. They protect farmland from Mars's weather and atmosphere.
Other possibilities
Most Starships would carry satellites, cargo, and humans to Earth orbit. They would have a large door that rotates along a hinge. These Starships could catch space debris as well.
Some Starships would carry propellant instead of cargo. These spacecraft can fuel another spacecraft in orbit. Via fueling, these spacecraft would have more range and can go further.
Starships going to Mars also need fueling as well. That spacecraft might have forty rooms, a storage room, and a shelter. The shelter protects astronauts from the Sun's ionizing radiation.
SpaceX wants Starship to replace the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon 2. Musk guessed a Starship launch should cost $2 million (United States dollars) and the mission's propellant cost should be about $900,000. Starship could carry 400 Starlink satellites into orbit. A Falcon 9 can carry only 60 Starlink satellites.
In the past, the Starship spacecraft was planned to only bring cargo and astronauts to Mars. However, as of 2021, SpaceX is planning many kinds of Starships that do different tasks. They are different from each other by having parts added, removed, or changed.
The Starship spacecraft is supposed to carry cargo to higher Earth orbits, the Moon, and Mars.
Launch and landing places
Starbase is being used (as of 2023) for launches of prototypes. Rockets might also launch from boats, or LC-39A. Starbase at Texas is where SpaceX makes and tests most Super Heavy and Starship. The launch boats are named Phobos and Deimos after the moons of Mars. They were oil platforms owned by Valaris.
All Starship launch and landing places will have a tower. It has a large crane placed on top that can lift Super Heavy and Starship. That tower also has a pair of steel arms that rotate at a hinge similar to claws. The claws can catch Super Heavy as well.
Some people living near Starbase blamed SpaceX for harming wildlife, building and testing things without permission, and making too much noise. However, many people come to visit and stay there. When asked, they said that watching and imagining Starships sending humans to Mars made them love the place.
Early ideas
In 2005, Elon Musk talked about a launch vehicle named BFR, later known as the Falcon XX. The Falcon XX was never built. Unlike Starship, it could only fly up once. Falcon XX was going to use Merlin 2 engine, a larger version of the Merlin engine. The engines burns kerosene and liquid oxygen.
In September 2016, at the 67th IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Elon Musk talked about the ITS (Interplanetary Transport System). It was going to be 122 m tall and 12 m wide. The booster was going to have 42 Raptors, and the spacecraft was going to have 9 Raptors. Both the booster and spacecraft are made from carbon composites, and could launch many times. The ITS can carry humans to Mars and other places inside the Solar System. When the spacecraft enters Mars's atmosphere, it cools by transpiration. Transpiration here means the spacecraft flows propellant to the front side and evaporates the heat.
At the next IAC in September 2017, Musk announced the Big Falcon Rocket. It is sometimes called Big Fucking Rocket. In that IAC, he talked about moving people around Earth quickly with a Big Falcon Rocket. He called it Earth to Earth.
In November 2018, Musk tweeted about a new spacecraft design. It had three bottom flaps and two top flaps. Around that time, the present names of Starship parts were first used:
In January 2019, Musk tweeted that Starship will be made from stainless steel instead of carbon composite. He explained that a stainless steel Starship is stronger than a carbon composite Starship. In March 2019, Musk tweeted again that Starships will have a heat shield made of tiles. The heat shield replaces transpiration cooling.
On 27 August 2019, Starhopper, the first vehicle to use the Raptor, flew 150 m high. In October 2019, Starship's design had three Raptors and three Raptor Vacuum engines. There are only two bottom flaps in the new design. They are close to the heat shield’s edges.
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who studies mathematics, either as a hobby or as a job. Many mathematicians are math professors at universities, or work at cryptography. Euclid, Ramanujan, Sir Isaac Newton are some of the most famous early mathematicians.
Takenori Hayashi
Takenori Hayashi (born 14 October 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.
Club career statistics
235||28||19||8||44||13||296||49 235||28||19||8||44||13||296||49
Paspels
Paspels (Pasqual) was a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015, the municipalities of Paspels, Almens, Pratval, Rodels and Tomils joined together and became a new municipality called Domleschg.
Chalencon
Chalencon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.
Kane Williamson
Kane Stuart Williamson (born 8 August 1990) is a New Zealand international cricketer. He is currently the captain of the New Zealand national team in all formats. He is a right-handed batsman and an occasional off spin bowler.
Louis Gladstone
Louis I. Gladstone (May 22, 1927 – April 10, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Kane Williamson
International centuries
, Williamson has scored 24 Test and 13 ODI centuries. His highest score in Test is 251 and 148 in ODIs. He is yet to score a century in T20Is.
Louis Gladstone
Gladstone served on the City Council of Bridgeport, first elected in 1955, serving as minority leader. He was elected to the state senate in 1958 while still serving on the Common Council, as president. In the state senate, he served on the Public Utilities Commission and Cities, Boroughs, Roads and Bridges Committee. During his time in the state senate he also served a term as majority leader. Gladstone also served as Comptroller of Connecticut from 1967 to 1970.
Gladstone died in Bridgeport, Connecticut on April 10, 2016 at the age of 88.
Kane Williamson
Achievements
In the annual ICC Awards in January 2022, Williamson was included in ICC Men's Test Team of the Year for the year 2021.
3 Doors Down
3 Doors Down is an American Alternative rock band. They formed in 1994 in Escatawpa, Mississippi. The members of the group are Brad Arnold, the singer, Matt Roberts, who plays the lead guitar and backing vocals, Chris Henderson, who plays the rhythm guitar, Todd Harrell who plays the bass guitar and Greg Upchurch, who plays the drums.
Kane Williamson
Donations
During the New Zealand vs Pakistan 2014 ODI series, Williamson donated his entire match fee for all five ODIs to the victims of the 2014 Peshawar school massacre. He bowls and bats right handed but writes left handed.
Family
Williamson and his wife Sarah became parents when their daughter was born in 2020. He stood down from the second Test against the West Indies so he could attend the birth.
2013 in video games
This article lists video games that were released in the year 2013. These includes, Batman: Arkham, Army of Two, Assassin's Creed, BioShock, Call of Duty, Company of Heroes, Crysis, Dead Space, Devil May Cry, Final Fantasy, Fire Emblem, God of War, Dead Island, Grand Theft Auto, Killzone, Lost Planet, Pokémon, Sly Cooper, StarCraft, Tomb Raider and Total War. Also in 2013, PlayStation 4 from Sony Computer Entertainment and the Xbox One from Microsoft were released.
Console releases
The list of game consoles to be released in 2013 in North America.
Game releases
The list of games released, or due for release, in 2013 in North America.
Unscheduled releases
Below is a list of games which have been announced to be released in 2013 in North America, but have no exact release date or month yet.
Edward R. Murrow
Edward R. "Ed" Murrow (April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was a American journalist and television and radio figure. He first became known for a series of radio news broadcasts during World War II. These broadcasts were followed by millions of listeners in the United States and Canada. Many historians think he was one of journalism's greatest figures. Murrow hired the best war correspondents. He was known for his honesty and integrity in delivering the news. He was a pioneer of television news broadcasting.
Murrow produced a series of TV news reports that helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. He was portrayed by David Strathairn in the 2005 movie Good Night, and Good Luck.
Willandra Lakes Region
The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site that covers 2,400 square kilometres in south-western New South Wales, Australia. It includes important natural and cultural features. The lakes were formed about two million years ago, but are now dry. The Australian Aborigines camped around the lakes, especially in the sand dunes on the lake shores for at least 50,000 years. These dunes are crescent shaped, and are called lunettes. The world's oldest cremation, of an woman more than 40,000 years ago, was found in a lunette at Lake Mungo. A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park. As well as Lake Mungo, there is also Lake Mulurulu which was the last lake to hold water, the Prungle lakes which have been dry for more than 20,000 years, and Lake Chibnalwood which has a 30 metre high lunette, one of the biggest in the world.
The Willandra Lakes Region was added to the Australian National Heritage List in May 2007.
Milt Pappas
Milton Steven "Milt" Pappas (May 11, 1939 – April 19, 2016) was an American professional baseball pitcher. Pappas, nicknamed "Gimpy", pitched for the Baltimore Orioles (1957–1965), Cincinnati Reds (1966–1968), Atlanta Braves (1968–1970) and Chicago Cubs (1970–1973). Pappas was born to Greek parents in Detroit, Michigan, and his birth name was Miltiades Stergios Papastergios.
Pappas pitched in 520 games, starting 465, with 209 wins, 164 losses, 43 shutouts, 1,728 strikeouts and a 3.40 ERA in 3,186 innings pitched.
Pappas died of natural causes on April 19, 2016 in Beecher, Illinois, aged 76.