cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Lithosphere
The lithosphere provides a conductive lid on top of the convecting mantle: it reduces heat transport through the Earth. A lithosphere (Ancient Greek: λίθος [lithos] for "rocky", and σφαίρα [sphaira] for "sphere") is the rigid,[1] outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and that portion of the upper mantle which behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
Types of lithosphere :-
There are two types of lithosphere:-
The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates, which move gradually relative to one another.
Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age. Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly dense than asthenosphere.
When a continental plate comes together with an oceanic plate, at a subduction zones, the oceanic lithosphere always sinks beneath the continental.
Eek, Alaska
Eek is a town in Alaska. It is about 400 miles west of Anchorage.
Lithosphere
Types of lithosphere :-
Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive tectonic motion, the lithosphere is like a rigid shell. It changes mainly by breaking ("brittle failure"). The asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and adjusts by plastic changes ("deformation").
Eek, Alaska
The name comes from an Eskimo word that means "two eyes".
Lithosphere
Types of lithosphere :-
Oceanic lithosphere is made up of mostly basalt and gabbro. Continental lithosphere is made up of granite and gneiss.
Thieffrain
Thieffrain is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Edgars Rinkēvičs
Edgars Rinkēvičs (born 21 September 1973) is a Latvian public official and politician who is the President of Latvia since 8 July 2023. He has been the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia from 2011 to 2023. He is the first openly gay head of state in a European Union country.
Tatsuyuki Tomiyama
Tatsuyuki Tomiyama (born 27 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.
Club career statistics
95||3||3||1||98||4 95||3||3||1||98||4
Brandstorp
Brandstorp is a settlement in Habo Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. In 2010, 116 people lived there.
Nav (rapper)
Navraj Singh Goraya(born November 3, 1989), known professionally as Nav (stylized in all caps), is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer born in Toronto, Ontario. He began his career as a record producer, and co-produced Drake's single "Back to Back" in 2015. He is signed to fellow singer The Weeknd's record label XO.
Nav gained popularity in 2016 when his song "Myself" went viral.
In 2017, Nav released his self-titled first mixtape and his collaborative mixtape, Perfect Timing (with record producer Metro Boomin).
Nav released his first studio album, Reckless, in 2018.
His second studio album, Bad Habits (2019), debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200.
In 2020, Nav released his highest-charting song "Turks" (with Gunna, featuring Travis Scott) which debuted and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. His third studio album Good Intentions (2020) became his second number-one album on the US Billboard 200. Good Intentions contained the lead single "Turks".
His fourth studio album Demons Protected by Angels was released in 2022.
Seo Sung-Kyo
Seo Sung-Kyo (born 13 May 1970) is a South Korean taekwondo athlete. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
He won a gold medal at the 1992 Asian Taekwondo Championships, and 1994	World Cup, in the –54 kg category. ​
The Criminal Code
The Criminal Code is a 1931 romantic crime drama movie directed by Howard Hawks and is the first adaption from the 1929 play of the same name by Martin Flavin. It stars Walter Huston, Phillips Holmes, Constance Cummings, Boris Karloff, DeWitt Jennings, Ethel Wales and Arthur Hoyt. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Duvin
Duvin (Duin) was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Duvin, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.
Morgan v. Virginia
Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946), is a major United States Supreme Court case.
Takatoshi Matsumoto
Takatoshi Matsumoto (born 5 September 1983) is a Japanese football player.
Torcy-le-Grand, Aube
Torcy-le-Grand is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), also known as congophilic angiopathy, is a form of angiopathy in which amyloid comes out of the walls of the blood vessels of the central nervous system.
The term congophilic is used because the amyloid appears red when looked under a microscope when Congo red dye is used. The amyloid material is only found in the brain and as such the disease is not related to other forms of amyloidosis.
Thil, Aube
Thil is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Zomergem
Zomergem is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, Lovendegem, Waarschoot and Zomergem were merged into the new municipality of Lievegem.
Yes (band)
Yes are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "I've Seen All Good People".
Zomergem
In 2007, 8,003 people lived there.
Egegik, Alaska
Egegik is a city in Alaska, United States. It is on the shore of Bristol Bay.
Christ Apostolic Church
Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) is the first Aladura Pentecostal church in Nigeria. One of its founders, Joseph Ayo Babalola, led to the growth of the church.
Zomergem
It is at 51° 07 North, 03° 33 East.
Vasugi Maruthamuthu
Vasugi Maruthamuthu (born 13 June 1968) is a Malaysian taekwondo athlete. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics demonstration.
She competed at the 1990 Asian Taekwondo Championships and 1992  Asian Taekwondo Championships,​  winning two bronze medals
Coshocton County, Ohio
Coshocton County is a county of Ohio in the United States. In 2010, 36,901 people lived there. The county seat is Coshocton.
Smile (Katy Perry album)
Smile is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Katy Perry. It will be released on August 28, 2020. It was originally planned for released on August 14, but Perry announced that production delays pushed the album back two weeks.
The previously-released singles "Never Really Over" and "Harleys in Hawaii" are included on the album.
Santi Carzola
Santiago Cazorla González (born 13 December 1984) is a Spanish professional footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Qatar Stars League club Al Sadd and the Spain national team.
Club
Villarreal
Arsenal
International
Spain
Matsukusa Station
Matsukusa Station (松草駅) is a train station in Miyako, Iwate Prefecture, Japan.
Lew Wasserman
Lewis Robert "Lew" Wasserman (March 22, 1913 – June 3, 2002) was an American talent agent and executive. He was manager of MCA, Inc.. He was a mentor to Ronald Reagan and worked closely with Jack Valenti.
Villiam Vecchi
Villiam Vecchi (28 December 1948 – 3 August 2022) was an Italian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was born in Scandiano, Italy. He mainly played for Como 1907 from 1976 until 1981, making 147 appearances.
Lew Wasserman
Wasserman died in Beverly Hills, California from a stroke, aged 89.
Villiam Vecchi
Vecchi died on 3 August 2022 in Reggio Emilia, Italy at the age of 73.
Rita Hart
Rita Hart (born May 5, 1956) is an American politician from Iowa. She became the Iowa State Senator from the 49th District in 2013. Hart is a member of the United States' Democratic Party.
Hart is a lifelong farmer and 20-year educator.
In June 2018, Fred Hubbell said Hart would join the Democratic ticket as the candidate for lieutenant governor in the 2018 governor election.
Hart was born in Charles City, Iowa.
ECW Hardcore Revolution
ECW Hardcore Revolution is a professional wrestling video game published and released by Acclaim Entertainment. The game is based on Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It was the first video game based on their promotion.
Reception
IGN rated the game a 5 out of 10, saying "after secretly sobbing for months at the loss of its lucrative WWF license, Acclaim has jumped back into the wrestling ring once more with ECW: Hardcore Revolution, a game based around the up-and-coming ... federation" and "Revolution is basically the company's WWF game of last year with a few additions". GameSpot gave the game a 4.2 out of 10 and stated "ECW and its fans deserve better than this" Digital Press rated the game 2.5 out of 10 saying "No matter how much you enjoy ECW, pro wrestling, or video games, this game sucks."
Sandhem
Sandhem is a locality in Mullsjö Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden.
Al Jackson Jr.
Alan "Al" Jackson, Jr. (November 27, 1935 - December 1, 1975) was an American jazz musician and drummer. He formed the funk and jazz group, Booker T. & the M.G.'s.
Zonhoven
Zonhoven is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
Al Jackson Jr.
Jackson was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1935. He played drums in recording sessions for many other musicians, including Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett. Booker T. & the MG's had several successful records including Green Onions, Hip Hug-Her, Hang 'Em High and Time Is Tight.
Death
A few months before his death, he was attacked and wounded by his girlfriend and manager, Denise LaSalle.
Jackson was shot dead in his home at 3 am. His wife, who before this had shot him in the chest, said that a burglar came into their house, tied her up, and shot him when he came home. Police said that nothing had been taken from the house, and Jackson's wallet was still on his body. Official investigations ruled out robbery.
Torcy-le-Petit, Aube
Torcy-le-Petit is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
Jack Valenti
Valenti died in Beverly Hills, California from a stroke, aged 85.
Zamora Cathedral
Zamora Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zamora, Spain. It was built in the middle of the 12th century. King Alfonso VII of León and Castile sponsored the construction. The cathedral was built mostly in the Romanesque architectural style. It also has Byzantine influences. It is built on the Latin cross floor plan. Its last bell was built in 1805.
Etsuko Ichihara
Etsuko Ichihara (市原 悦子) was a Japanese actress. She began acting in 1957 when she joined the Haiyuza theatre troupe. She was Shigeko Shizuma in Black Rain and Hihoha Miyamizu in Your Name. She appeared in more than one hundred movies since 1957.
Ichihara was born in Chiba, Chiba Prefecture in Japan. The first movie she was in was Rikō na oyomesan. After she won an award at the 1959 Geijutsusai because of acting in Chidori, she became the star of Haiyuza. She left the group in 1971. In 1990, she won the Japan Academy Prize for being the "best supporting actress". This is because of her acting in Black Rain. Her husband was Satoshi Shiomi, who was a movie director. Shiomi died in 2014.
Ichihara was hospitalised in early December 2018. This was because she had issues with her cecum. She got better and appeared on a Japanese talk show on 21 December 2018. She left the hospital on 30 December 2018. She was hospitalised again on 5 January 2019. She died on 12 January 2019 from heart failure at the age of 82. This was in a Tokyo hospital.
Donetsk Raion
Donetsk Raion is a prospective raion (district) in Donetsk oblast in eastern Ukraine.
Zonnebeke
Zonnebeke is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007, 11908 people lived there. It is at 50° 52 North, 02° 59 East.
Mason Mount
Mason Tony Mount (born 10 January 1999) is an English football player. He plays as an attacking midfielder for Manchester United and the England national team.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is a theory of geology. It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere. The lithosphere is the Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into plates, some of which are very large and can be entire continents.
Earth's crust
The outermost part of the structure of the Earth is made up of two layers. The lithosphere, above, is solid. It includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is like a solid or a hot viscous liquid. It can flow like a liquid on long time scales. Large convection currents in the asthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is caused by extremely high pressure.
Continental and oceanic plates
There are two types of tectonic plates: oceanic and continental.
Continental plate is the thick part of the earth's crust which forms the large land masses. Continental rock has lower density than oceanic rock. They are mostly made of felsic rocks. These have granite, with its abundant silica, aluminum, sodium and potassium. Continental plates are rarely destroyed. Their oldest rocks seem to be 4 billion years old. Oceanic plates cover about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, while continental plates cover 29 percent.
Thickness of plates
Ocean lithosphere varies in thickness. Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward, it gets thicker as it moves further away from the mid-ocean ridge. Typically, the thickness varies from about 6 km thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than 100 km at subduction zones.
Movement of plates
The lithosphere consists of tectonic plates. There are seven major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere (aesthenosphere). The plate boundary is where two plates meet. When movement occurs, the plates may create mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, mid-oceanic ridges and oceanic trenches, depending on which way the plates are moving.
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates varies from:
Major plates
Depending on how they are defined, seven or eight major plates are usually listed:
Salman Khan (educator)
Salman Amin "Sal" Khan (born October 11, 1976) is a Bengali-American educator, entrepreneur, and former hedge fund analyst. He started the Khan Academy, a free online education platform and nonprofit organization. He is a Bengali-American and a Muslim.
Elevator
Design
Some argue that lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day lift consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" lift, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each other's counterweight
Ken Shellito
Kenneth John Shellito (18 April 1940 – 31 October 2018) was an English footballer and manager. He worked in a coaching role for the Asian Football Confederation in Kuala Lumpur. He was known as a player for Chelsea and the national team.
Shellito died at his home from kidney failure and a lung infection on 31 October 2018 in Inanam, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, aged 78.
Ray Charles (musician, born 1918)
Charles Raymond Offenberg (September 13, 1918 – April 6, 2015), better known as Ray Charles, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, conductor, and vocal arranger. He was best known as the organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers (who were featured on Perry Como's television series, radio shows, and records for 35 years ).
On April 6, 2015, Charles died in Beverly Hills, California of natural causes at the age of 96.
Elevator
Design
Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.
The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be employed instead. Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.
Lifts are a candidate for mass customization. There are economies to be made from mass production of the components, but each building comes with its own requirements like different number of floors, dimensions of the well and usage patterns.
Elevator doors
Elevator doors protect riders from being crushed in between the cab and the floor. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors run on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally.
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
General
Paulo Henrique Amorim
Paulo Henrique dos Santos Amorim (22 February 1942 – 10 July 2019) was a Brazilian blogger and journalist. He was born in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
Elevator
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
All elevators, whether traction or hydraulic, require a machine room to store large electric motors (or hydraulic pumps) and a controller cabinet. This room is located above or below the hoistway (or only below, for hydraulic elevators) and may contain machinery for a single or a group of elevators. Modern day traction motors boasting gearless and permanent magnet drive can be more compact and efficient; electronic microprocessors have replaced the mechanical relays. As a result, traction elevators can be built without a dedicated room above the shaft, saving valuable space in building planning.
Paulo Henrique Amorim
Amorim worked as a sociologist and political scientist. He worked for Manchete Network, Grupo Abril, Jornal do Brasil, Globo Network, Bandeirantes Network and TV Cultura.
Elevator
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
The new lift design presents a departure from the traditional, looped over-the-top traction rope routing of traction elevators. The ends of the cables are fixed to the supporting structure, and the length of the cable are connected to the car and counterweight by means of a force-multiplying, energy saving compound pulley system. Machine room-less elevators have become a welcome alternative to the older hydraulic elevator for low to medium rise buildings.
Paulo Henrique Amorim
From 2003 on, he worked for Record Network. Online-wise, he worked for Zaz, Terra, UOL and Internet Group (iG). He also owned an independent web portal named Conversa Afiada, "located somewhere in the Web 2.0".
Amritlal Vegad
Amritlal Vegad (3 October 1928 – 6 July 2018) was an Indian writer and poet. He was born in Madhapar, India. He wrote in Gujarati and Hindi from Jabalpur. Amritlal Vegad was awarded in 2004 with Sahitya Akademi Award for his travelogue – Saundaryani Nadi Narmada and also Madhya Pradesh Rajya Sahitya Award & Rashtrapati Award for his various works. He was best known for his novel Narmada-ki-pari-krama written in Hindi language and Saundaryani Nadi Narmada (travelogue) & Parikramā Narmadā maiyānī in Gujarati language.
Pooh Shiesty
Lontrell Dennell Williams Jr. (born November 8, 1999), better known by his stage name Pooh Shiesty, is an American rapper. He has collaborated with Big30, Gucci Mane and Lil Durk. He is best known for his 2020 single, "Back in Blood" (featuring Lil Durk). Pooh Shiesty released his first sales mixtape, Shiesty Season, on February 5, 2021. It went to number 3 on the US Billboard 200.
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Dunkirk is a 2017 British-American war drama movie written, co-produced and directed by Christopher Nolan. The movie stars Fionn Whitehead, Tom Glynn-Carney, Jack Lowden, Harry Styles, Aneurin Barnard, James D'Arcy, Barry Keoghan, Kenneth Branagh, Cillian Murphy, Mark Rylance and Tom Hardy.
Pooh Shiesty
His stage name was given by his late brother. It comes from his childhood nickname "Mr. Pooh". "Shiesty" refers to his lifestyle.
Elevator
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
Kone, a Finnish elevator company, first developed the machine room-less elevator in 1996.
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Plot
In 1940, during the Battle of France, Allied soldiers have retreated to Dunkirk. Tommy, a young British private, is the sole survivor of a German ambush. At the beach, he finds thousands of troops awaiting evacuation and meets Gibson, who is burying a body. After a Luftwaffe dive-bomber attack, they find a wounded man. They rush his stretcher onto a hospital ship, hoping to get aboard, but are ordered off. The ship is sunk by dive bombers; Tommy meets Alex. They leave at night on a destroyer, but it is torpedoed by a U-boat. Gibson saves Tommy and Alex from the sinking ship, and they get back to the beach.
Elevator
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
Benefits from a Green Perspective ---this takes away the environmental concern that was created by the hydraulic cylinder being stored underground
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Plot
With only a single, vulnerable mole available for embarking on deep-draft ships, the Royal Navy requisitions civilian vessels in Great Britain that can get to the beach. In Weymouth, a civilian sailor Dawson, with his son Peter, sets out on his boat Moonstone, rather than let the Navy commandeer her. Impulsively, their teenage hand George joins them, hoping to do something noteworthy. At sea, they rescue a shivering shell-shocked soldier from a wrecked ship. When he realises that Dawson is sailing for Dunkirk, the soldier demands that they turn back and tries to wrest control of the boat; in the scuffle, George suffers a head injury that renders him blind. Elsewhere, three RAF Spitfires cross the English Channel, heading towards Dunkirk, tasked with defending the evacuation. After their leader is shot down in a dogfight, one of the pilots, Farrier, assumes command, but the other Spitfire is hit and ditches. Its pilot, Collins, is rescued by Moonstone.
Elevator
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
Other Benefits
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Plot
Tommy, Alex and Gibson join some soldiers of a Highlanders regiment and hide inside a beached trawler in the intertidal zone outside the Allied perimeter, waiting for the rising tide to refloat it. German troops shoot at the boat, and water enters through the bullet holes. Alex, hoping to lighten the boat, accuses Gibson, who has stayed silent, of being a German spy. Gibson reveals he is French; he stole the identity of the dead British soldier he buried, hoping to be evacuated with the British. The group abandons the boat when it begins to sink, but Gibson is entangled in a chain and drowns. When a nearby minesweeper is sunk by a bomber, Moonstone manoeuvres to take on those in the water, including Tommy and Alex. Peter discovers that George is dead. Asked by the shell-shocked soldier, he lies and says that George is fine. Farrier reaches Dunkirk, before his fuel runs out. Gliding over the beach, he shoots down a dive-bomber, saving ships and troops, and then lands beyond the perimeter. He sets fire to his plane before being taken prisoner by the Germans. In all, 300,000 men are evacuated. Royal Navy Commander Bolton stays to oversee the evacuation of the French. Arriving back in Weymouth, Dawson is congratulated for having saved so many men. The shell-shocked soldier sees George's body being carried away. Peter goes to the local newspaper; a front-page article commends George as a hero. Tommy and Alex board a train, and receive a hero's welcome when the train arrives in Woking.
Elevator
Machine Room-Less (MRL)
Facts ---national and local building codes did not address elevators without machine rooms
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Background
Set during the Second World War, it portrays the Dunkirk evacuation. It is distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, the movie is an international co-production between the United Kingdom, the United States, France and the Netherlands. Winston Churchill
Elevator
History
The first reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first elevator, probably in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical periods, elevators were mentioned as cabs on a hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals. It is supposed that elevators of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France.
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Background
Nolan wrote the script, told from three perspectives—the land, sea, and air—to contain little dialogue. Filming began in May 2016 in Dunkirk, France, and ended in Los Angeles, United States, where it also began post-production. Will Attenborough played Second Lieutenant. His grandfather, actor-director Richard Attenborough, appeared in Dunkirk (1958).
Elevator
History
In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator move at an excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in 1854.
Dunkirk (2017 movie)
Background
Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema shot the film on IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large format movie stock. The movie made extensive use of practical effects, such as employing thousands of extras, gathering boats that had participated in the real Dunkirk evacuation, and using genuine era-appropriate planes for aerial sequences.
Elevator
History
In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely.
The first electric elevator was constructed by the German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1880.
In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. It constructed a network of high pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately, extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly lifts (elevators) and cranes.
In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift.http://inclinator.com/about-inclinator.asp
Holtzheim
Holtzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Elevator
Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators
Pneumatic or "Vacuum" elevators operate without cables and can be installed more easily and quickly than their alternatives since their housing comprises prefabricated sections which are considerably narrower than conventional lift shafts. These sections are often transparent and afford the passenger a near 360° view.
Cable-borne elevators
Statistically speaking, elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight 100-millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides resulted in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open. For all practical purposes, there are no cases of elevators simply free-falling and killing the passengers inside; of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related - for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts, and most of the rest are attributed to easily avoidable accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors. In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant - the female elevator operator. While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by six or eight hoist cables, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five per cent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is moving faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes bronze brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. In addition, a hydraulic buffer is installed at the bottom of the shaft to cushion any impact somewhat.
Most recently, there was an incident in a modern cable-borne elevator that took place in a children's hospital in Seattle, Washington on October 9, 2007. The elevator involved was a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine room-less elevator; The ISIS used Kevlar fiberglass ropes instead of conventional braided-steel ropes all other traction elevators use. One of the ISIS elevators broke free from its cables, slipping between the 6th and 4th floors; the Kevlar ropes were the cause of this incident. After the incident, ThyssenKrupp discontinued production of the ISIS and, the following year, replaced it with the Synergy machine room-less elevator, which uses conventional braided-steel ropes, making it much safer.
Hydraulic elevators
Past problems with early hydraulic elevators meant those built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder; therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a "life jacket." This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. This device is also known as a Rupture Valve in some parts of the world.
In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity.
Seal of Tennessee
The Great Seal of the State of Tennessee is the official state seal of the U.S. State of Tennessee.
Elevator
Hydraulic elevators
In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety.
Seal of Tennessee
An official seal was provided for in the Constitution of the State of Tennessee of February 6, 1796. The design wasn't started until September 25, 1801.
Elevator
Types of hoist mechanisms
There are at least four means of moving an elevator:
Seal of Tennessee
The outer ring has the words "The Great Seal of the State of Tennessee" and the date "Feb. 6th, 1796". The month and day were left out of later designs so only "1796" is shown.
Elevator
Traction elevators
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s).
In each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be "underslung" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab. The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate rail system; as the car goes up, the counterweight goes down, and vice versa. This action is powered by the traction machine which is directed by the controller, typically a relay logic or computerized device that directs starting, acceleration, deceleration and stopping of the elevator cab. The weight of the counterweight is typically equal to the weight of the elevator cab plus 40-50% of the capacity of the elevator. The grooves in the drive sheave are specially designed to prevent the cables from slipping. "Traction" is provided to the ropes by the grip of the grooves in the sheave, thereby the name. As the ropes age and the traction grooves wear, some traction is lost and the ropes must be replaced and the sheave repaired or replaced.
Elevators with more than 100' (30 m) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab. If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight rails.
Climbing elevator
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be the Moonlight Towers in Austin, Texas, where the elevator holds only one person and equipment for maintenance.
Emergency power operation (EPR)
Many elevator installations now feature emergency power systems which allow elevator use in blackout situations and prevent people from becoming trapped in elevators.
Traction elevators
When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.
Hydraulic elevators
In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current limiting motor starters, commonly known as "Soft-Start" contactors, avoid much of this problem and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.
Elevator convenience features
Elevators may feature talking devices as an accessibility aid for the blind. In addition to floor arrival notifications, the computer announces the direction of travel, and notifies the passengers before the doors are to close.
In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle, but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator.
Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means "down" and green means "up". Since the color convention is often undermined or overrided by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for "up" and red for "down." Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.
In addition to lanterns, most elevators have a chime to indicate if the elevator is going up or down either before or after the doors open, usually in conjunction with the lanterns lighting up. Universally, one chime is for up, two is for down, and none indicates an elevator that is 'free'.
Observatory service elevators often convey other facts of interest, including elevator speed, stopwatch, and current position (altitude), as with the case for Taipei 101's service elevators.
Standards
The mechanical and electrical design of elevators is dictated according to various standards (aka elevator codes), which may be international, national, state, regional or city based. Whereas once many standards were prescriptive, specifying exact criteria which must be complied with, there has recently been a shift towards more performance-based standards where the onus falls on the designer to ensure that the elevator meets or exceeds the standard..
Some of the national elevator standards include:
Because an elevator is part of a building, it must also comply with standards relating to earthquake resilience, fire standards, electrical wiring rules and so forth.
The American National Elevator Standards Group (ANESG) sets an elevator weight standard to be 2200 lbs.
Additional requirements relating to access by disabled persons, may be mandated by laws or regulations such as the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Basil II
Basil II (958 – December 15, 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height since Justinian the Great. Under his reign, the First Bulgarian Empire was completely taken by him, a land that would be part of his empire for 150 years. Because of this, the northern part of the Roman Empire touched the Danube river for the first time in several hundred years. He also took land towards the east.
Mason Williams
Mason Williams (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is Classical Gas.
Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s. He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, The Mason Williams Phonograph Record. The print is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.
Snowy Mountains Scheme
The Snowy Mountains scheme is a hydroelectricity and irrigation system in south-east Australia. It has sixteen major dams; seven power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts. It was built between 1949 and 1974. The Chief engineer was Sir William Hudson. It is the largest engineering project in Australia.
Carlo Giuffrè
Carlo Giuffrè (3 December 1928 – 1 November 2018) was an Italian actor and a stage director. He appeared in more than 90 movies between 1942 and 2002. He was born in Naples. He was known for his roles in The Railroad Man, The Girl with the Pistol, and Poker in Bed.
In 1984 Giuffrè won a David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy movie Son contento, directed by Maurizio Ponzi.
Giuffrè died on 1 November 2018 from cancer in Rome at the age of 89.
Undergraduate education
Undergraduate education is a level of education wherein a student completes their first degree. The first degree of an undergraduate degree is normally named a bachelor's degree. Therefore, for many subjects in many systems of education, undergraduate education is between secondary education and a bachelor's degree. This education usually takes place in a university. In the United States, a person starting at a university is known as undergraduate while students who have higher degrees are known as graduate students. In some other educational systems and subjects, undergraduate education is between secondary education and a master's degree, for example in some science and engineering courses in Britain and some medicine courses in Europe.
Brazil
In Brazil, it normally takes four or five years to complete an "undergraduate" degree. Students need to choose their main subjects before they join the university by taking a test named a "vestibular".
Europe
Undergraduate degrees are not like in the United States where students have general studies during the first years and only specialize in a "major" during the last years of college. European students enroll in a specific course of studies they want to do from the start. They are expected to have received a good general education already in the secondary level in a school (like a gymnasium or lycée). In many countries they go to university at 18 or 17. The degree normally takes four or five years. After completing the first degree students can move on to doctoral studies. In many countries, the English distinction between a bachelor's and master's degree is only now being introduced by the Bologna process. This means that the old first degree would be approximately equal to a master's degree in the US or the UK.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, undergraduate normally means students studying to get a Bachelor's degree. It is also called an award. Getting a bachelor's degree normally takes three years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. In Scotland, it takes four years to obtain a Bachelor's degree "with honours", and five years to obtain a Scottish master's degree. Alternatively, what is known as an "ordinary degree" can be obtained in three years. Some undergraduates in England do a master's degree as their first degree in a similar manner to Scotland. The first three years are spent attaining a bachelor's degree and the last year includes research and more difficult subjects. In England, this is more common for degrees in science and engineering.
The only universities where it is possible to receive a master's degree without even attending the university beyond the award of the bachelor's degree are Oxford and Cambridge. Master's are generally awarded to Oxford and Cambridge graduates a year after they have graduated with bachelor's degrees.
Ireland
In Ireland, undergraduate study is like in the United Kingdom. It is like this because undergraduate education was first taught the same in both countries. In Ireland, the undergraduate degree is closest to the Scottish type in the United Kingdom. They are four year undergraduate programmes.
India
In India, it takes 3 years to complete the undergraduate course (other than engineering, law and medicine). There are two types of undergraduate courses. Arts and Science is the first one which takes 3 years to complete the courses. Another one is Engineering, this will take 4 years to complete the courses (B.E/B.TECH).
United States
In the United States most undergraduate education is done at colleges or universities. Undergraduate education gives a bachelor's degree. This usually takes four years of study, although some courses take five years.
In the United States students in different years are often given different names:
Some students choose to attend a community college or junior college for two years beforehand to further study at another college or university.
Most universities also offer graduate study. Some institutions (e.g. liberal-arts colleges) only give undergraduate education or only give a small number another level of education. Getting an undergraduate degrees normally needs many courses to be completed. The courses have different subjects and different levels of difficulty. The academic discipline of the most number of subjects taken is called a "major" or concentration.