cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn
Welsh rebellion
Glyndŵr tried to take legal action in 1400, but the court told him to give the land to Grey. Grey also did not tell Glyndŵr that his men were needed service in Scotland until the last moment. This made it impossible for Glyndŵr to send the men or even send an explanation for not sending them. Refusing or failing to follow an order of the King was treason. Glyndŵr's lands were would be taken until he could prove he was loyal to the king or receive punishment. On 16 September Glyndŵr and his brothers burned Grey's property. For three days his Welsh forces attacked the countryside of Flintshire and Denbighshire. On 24 September, Glyndwr's forces were defeated at Welshpool.
De Grey asked Glyndŵr to a meeting, but arrived with a large force, and attempted to capture Glyndŵr. Glyndŵr escaped and went into hiding, becoming a traitor in English eyes. King Henry took the land of Glyndŵr's friends, and gave them to John Beaufort, his half-brother. The rebellion spread across Wales by 1402. Lord Grey was taken prisoner by Glyndŵr's forces in an ambush near Ruthin in January.
A ransom of 10,000 marks was asked for him. Lord Grey was made to promise not to fight against Glyndŵr again. King Henry IV sent 11 knights to meet with Glyndŵr. They paid the money to release Grey. Lord Grey and his family would have been expected to repay the money.
The Grey family sold the Ruthin Lordship to King Henry VII in 1508 when the family needed money.
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik (ଜାନକୀ ବଲ୍ଲଭ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ; 3 January 1927 – 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Assam from 27 November 2009 to 11 December 2014. He was Chief Minister of Odisha from 9 June 1980 to 7 December 1989 and again from 15 March 1995 to 17 February 1999. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress
FC Bergheim
History
The women's soccer club started as USK Hof in 1999. The club played in the Salzburger Frauenliga (3rd level). From 2001 till 2005 the team was member of the 2. Division Mitte (2nd level). 2006-07 the won the league but lost the relegation matches to the Bundesliga versus FC St. Veit. The next season they became also champions and won versus SV Groß-Schweinbarth and were promoted to the ÖFB-Frauenliga.
Book
Printing
Scrolls and codices were written and copied by hand. The Chinese invented woodblock printing, where shapes are carved out of a block of wood, then ink is applied to the carved side, and the block is pressed onto paper. This woodcut method was slow because the symbols and pictures were made by cutting away the surrounding wood.
FC Bergheim
History
For the 2020-11 season they made a syndicate with FC Bergheim. In the 2012-13 season they were relegated to the 2. Liga Mitte/West. They won the league in the following two seasons but lost the relegation matches versus ASK Erlaa and Carinthians Soccer Women. In the season 2015-16 they played for the first time as FC Bergheim. After the championship they won the relegation versus ASK Erlaa and were promoted to the Frauen-Bundesliga.
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
Patnaik was born in Rameshwar, Puri district, Odisha to a Hindu family. He married to Jayanti Patnaik from 1953 until his death. They had a son and two daughters.
Book
Printing
Johannes Gutenberg was the first person to invent a machine for printing, called the printing press. He made it in the 15th century. This involved more than just a press because it involved the production of a movable metal type that was suitable for the machine process.
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
Patnaik died from a heart attack on 21 April 2015 in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. He was 88.
Taruga eques
The spurred tree frog, saddled tree frog, Gunther's whipping frog, or the montane hourglass tree frog (Taruga eques) is a frog. It lives in Sri Lanka. People have seen it between 1202 and 2135 m above sea level.
Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn
Hundred Years' War
Grey was a member of the Council which governed England during the absence of Henry V in France in 1415. He later fought against the French in the Hundred Years' War in 1420 and 1421. He also served as Governor of Ireland.
Azerbaijan national futsal team
The Azerbaijan national futsal team is the national futsal team of Azerbaijan. It is controlled by Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan. It represents Azerbaijan in international futsal competitions and is ranked 15 in the world. This makes it the highest ranking team from Caucasus in the World Rankings.
Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory, also known as CGT is a branch of applied mathematics and theoretical computer science that studies combinatorial games, and is distinct from "traditional" or "economic" game theory. CGT arose in relation to the theory of impartial games, the two-player game of Nim in particular, with an emphasis on "solving" certain types of combinatorial games.
A game must meet several conditions to be a combinatorial game. These are:
Book
Printing
Initially, the machines were slow, and needed a muscle power to work. The Industrial Revolution brought steam power, and later electrification.
Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial Game Theory is largely confined to the study of a subset of combinatorial games which are two player, finite, and have a winner and loser (i.e. do not end in draws.)
Book
Paper and ink
Paper had been invented in China in the 8th century, but it was kept secret for a long time. In Europe hand-made paper was available from about 1450. It was cheaper than parchment but still expensive, and the early printing was a slow process. Therefore, books remained rare. In 1800 the first machines for making paper from wood pulp were invented. New kinds of inks were also invented for various purposes, and machines were driven by steam engines and later by electricity.
The common cheap supply of paper fed the faster printing machines, and books became cheaper. At the same time, in America, Britain and continental Europe, more people learnt to read. So, in the 19th century, many ordinary people could afford to buy books and could actually read them. Also in the 19th century came public libraries, so poorer people could get access to the best books.
Combinatorial game theory
These combinatorial games can be represented by trees, each vertex of which is the game resulting from a particular move from the game directly below it on the tree. These games can be assigned game values. Finding these game values is of great interests to CG theorists, as is the theoretical concept of game addition. The sum of two games is the game in which each player on her/his turn must move in only one of the two games, leaving the other as it was.
Book
Binding
Printing was done on large sheets of paper, which were then folded, guillotined (cut) and sewn into the covers. Bookbinding and all the other processes have been done by machines since the 19th century.
Combinatorial game theory
Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway and Richard Guy are the founders of the theory. They worked together in the 1960s. Their published work was called Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays.
Book
Now
Today, some of the technologies have been changed, especially those involving illustration and typography. However, books look much the same as they did, with more illustration in color, but basically the same. That is because experience has shown that readers need certain things for pleasurable reading. Graphic design and typography are the practical arts used to make books attractive and useful to readers.
Kim Jung-nam
''This is about the sportsman. For the North Korean politician, see Kim Jong-nam.'' Kim Jung-Nam (김정남, Hanja: 金正男, born January 28, 1943) is a South Korean association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team, including the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Combinatorial game theory
Definitions
Games have the notation {L|R}. L are the games the left player can move to. R are the games the right player can move to. If you know chess notation, then the usual chess setup is the game
Kim Jung-nam
He was a K-League manager; and he served as K-League Vice President.
Combinatorial game theory
Definitions
The dots "..." mean there are many moves, so not all are shown.
Chess is very complex. It is better to think of easier games. Nim, for example, is much simpler to think about. Nim is played like this:
The easiest game of Nim starts with no counters at all! In such a case, neither player can move. That is shown as {|}. Both sides are empty, because neither player can move. The first player to go cannot move, and so will lose. In CGT, people often write {|} as the symbol 0 (zero).
The next-easiest game has only one pile, with just one counter. If the left player goes first, that player must take the counter, leaving right with no moves ({|}, or 0). If instead right moves first, there will be no more moves for left. So both left and right can make a move to 0. That is shown as {{|}|{|}}, or {0|0}. The first player to move will win. Games equal to {0|0} are very important. They are written with the symbol, * (star).
<!-- More from en. Not sure how useful this will be.
Define the binary relation, R (for reachable) between \mathcal{C} and itself by
\mathcal{C} is called loopy if where \bar{R} is the transitive closure of R. Otherwise, it's called nonloopy.
If there exists an element 0 of \mathcal{C}, with, then we call it the zero element. The zero element, if it exists, is unique.
Finite nonloopy games
If \mathcal{C} is finite and nonloopy, then it contains a zero element.
Let be the smallest collection of games containing 0 and such that
Then all finite nonloopy games are isomorphic to a subcollection of. We can work solely with.
Define a binary operator
recursively by
This definition of addition of games is well-defined and unique; and it is commutative.
Thoiry, Ain
Thoiry is a commune. It is in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Combinatorial game theory
Finite nonloopy games
The set of second-player-win games, P is defined recursively. The negative of a game is defined recursively as follows:
List of Chinese scientists
This a list of noted scientists from  China.
Combinatorial game theory
Finite nonloopy games
This definition is well-defined and unique.
Nimbers
An impartial game is one where.
The set of nimbers is defined as the smallest subcollection containing 0 and containing for every G in the subcollection.
Nimbers are the combinatorial game theoretic analogue of the ordinal numbers. A function from the ordinals to nimbers is defined. The Sprague-Grundy theorem states that every impartial game is \simeq-equivalent to a nimber.
Surreal numbers
See Surreal numbers. -->
Absorption spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy is a technique used to find out what makes up a sample of a substance – in other words, a chemical analysis.
Chad at the Olympics
Chad at the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 20+ athletes. Since 1964, athletes of Chad have been part of the "Olympic Movement".
History
The Chad National Olympic Committee was formed in 1963. The Comité Olympique et Sportif Tchadien. was recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1964.
A team from Chad has been at every Summer Olympic Games held between 1964 and 1972 and from 1984 to 2008.
Chad has not sent a team to any Winter Olympic Games.
Absorption spectroscopy
When a full spectrum of light (light with all the colours, like light from the sun) passes through the sample (which is often a gas) some specific colours do not show up on the other side. These colours of light are being absorbed by the sample. An image is created of the spectrum of light with black breaks where the light has been absorbed. These breaks are called absorption lines, and every element has its characteristic pattern of absorption lines.
On an atomic scale, this happens because of the electrons in the atoms of the sample - an electron can absorb light to gain energy. From experiments, electrons only ever absorb certain amounts of energy, suggesting an electron's energy must fit onto set, quantised, discrete energy levels. The process of an electron going to a higher energy level is called excitation. For any atom of a particular element, the energy needed to excite an electron from one specific energy level to another will be the same. This is important because it allows us to compare the absorption lines of say, the atmosphere of a far away planet, to the absorption lines of elements we know to exist in a lab. We can then reach a conclusion about what the distant planet's atmosphere may be made of.
The missing colours give us information about the energy of the photons that cause excitation. Note that the energy gained by the excited electron is equal to the energy of the incident photon (a particle of light), so only photons with fitting energies will cause an excitation. The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency:
E=hf
Where E is the energy of a photon, h is Planck's constant (a constant is a set number that doesn't change) and f is the frequency of the photon. Since a colour can be described as a specific frequency of light, this is why the black breaks can be used to identify element(s) which the light is passing through. The intensity of the absorption varies as a function of frequency, and this variation is the absorption spectrum.
Faverolles, Somme
Faverolles is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Christer Hult
Christer Hult is a Swedish former association football defender. He played for IFK Norrköping. He played 13 games for the Swedish national team.
Jun Suzuki (footballer, born 1961)
Jun Suzuki (born 17 August 1961) is a former Japanese football player.
Thoissey
Thoissey is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.
Wendell Berry
Wendell E. Berry (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, environmental activist, critic of culture, and farmer. He has written many novels, short stories, poems, and essays.
Brian Murphy
Brian Trevor John Murphy (born 25 September 1932 ) is an English actor. He is best known as the husband George Roper in the sitcom Man About the House and spin-off George and Mildred.
Wendell Berry
He is an elected member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers and was given The National Humanities Medal. He was named to be the Jefferson Lecturer for 2012. He is also a 2013 Fellow of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2013 he was given the Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award.
On January 28, 2015, he became the first living writer to be added to the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Wendell Berry is the oldest of four children. His father was a lawyer and tobacco farmer in Henry County, Kentucky. The families of his parents had farmed in Henry County for more than 100 years.
He went to grade school in New Castle, Kentucky in the 1940s. He read stories of King Arthur's knights and Robin Hood. He also read books such as The Swiss Family Robinson, Treasure Island, The Yearling, and My Friend Flicka.
Berry went to high school at Millersburg Military Institute from 1948 to 1952. After that, he studied at the University of Kentucky. By 1957 he got his Master of Arts degree. He married his wife Tanya Amyx. And his first poem was printed in Poetry magazine.
In 1958, he was in a writing class at Stanford University. He studied in a group that included other famous writers, such as Larry McMurtry, Robert Stone, Ernest Gaines, and Ken Kesey. In this class Berry worked on his first novel, Nathan Coulter, which was printed in April 1960.
In 1961 he got some money that let him take his family to Italy and France for a year. When he came back to the United States, he taught English from 1962 to 1964 at New York University. By 1965 he moved back to Kentucky with his family and taught writing at the University of Kentucky until 1977. During this time he published two novels, five books of poetry, and four books of essays.
Since 1977 he has lived with his family on Lanes Landing Farm outside of Port Royal, Kentucky. He has grown corn and small grain crops. He has a flock of sheep. He has written many books about living in a small community. He also writes about how farmers and all people should care for the land.
Some Books by Wendell Berry
Most of Wendell Berry's writing is now printed by Counterpoint/Catapult in Berkeley, California.
Baluchistan Agency
The Baluchistan Agency was one of the agencies of British India. Agency Territories, with an area of 44,345 square miles (208.262 km2), composed of tracts which had, from time to time, been acquired by lease or otherwise brought under control and been placed directly under British officers.
This agency consisted of three princely states, Kalat and its two feudatory states Las Bela and Kharan. The British government maintained the administrative control through their political agent in Kalat.
Blue
Blue is one of the colors of the rainbow that people can see. It is one of the primary colors (colors that can be mixed with other colors) of light, along with red and green. Apart from indigo and violet, it has the shortest wavelength of colors in the rainbow (about 470 nanometers).
Blue paint can be made by mixing magenta and cyan paint.
Meaning of blue
The color blue is sometimes associated with sadness, which may be where the name of the music style The Blues comes from. Blue is a color of the Jewish religion. In Western cultures since the 1940s, blue is associated with men/boys, while pink is associated with women/girls. Before the 1940s, it was the other way around, so blue was for women/girls and pink was for men/boys. Nobody knows exactly why it changed.
Space Invasion
Space Invasion is a text-based online browser game. Space Invasion is a Space-strategy themed game. It currently has over 500,000 Players. Space Invasion was created by the company Bigpoint.
Resources
There are 4 types of resources. They are:
Pig Iron is for upgrading buildings and also to help create Metal Slabs.
Metal is harder, more resistant and more mouldable than pig iron, and is used mostly for ship construction and better structures. This is the most used substance in the game
Kryptonite is used for almost all types of ships and buildings. It's also used for research.
Spice is a mostly a rare raw material. As a result, it is that much more valuable. Spice provides a good performance in ship drives, in research and also in alloys. Spice even plays a vital role in food production. It is essential for an up-and-coming empire.
In this game you can trade the various resources with the rule of thumb being 6:3:4:1 in the order Pig Iron, Metal, Kryptonite, Spice.
e.g. 6k Pig Iron would be traded for 3k Metal, or 4k Kyrptonite, or 1k Spice.
Mining
Every upgrade uses another field. On your first planet there is 240 fields.
Building
This is the second possibility after mining. You can build and upgrade the Development Center which decreases your building times for factories and such. The research lab unlocks different types of research, and decreases research times. The weapons factory is needed for all ships and defenses. With every level the weapons factory decreases production time.
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt was a revolt of various Arab tribes who came together and fought against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Up until before the First World War the Arabs had been subjects to the Ottomans. The revolt was launched by the Shairf of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, after he had made a deal with the British Empire, who wanted to defeat the Ottomans. In this deal the British Empire promised Sharif Hussein and the leader of the Arabs an independent Arab state in exchange for their attack against the Ottoman empire. This agreement is known as the Hussein-McMahon correspondance. On June 10th, 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Mecca and was led by Sharif Hussein's son Emir Faysal and T.E. Lawrence, also known as "Lawrence of Arabia". On 1st October 1918, Faysal and the Arabs reached Damascus, installing an Arab government under British supervision. However, although the Ottomans were defeated, the British did not keep their promise, and the Arab world would be instead come under indirect and direct influence of the British and the French powers.
Beginnings of Arab Nationalism
In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Ottomans began a series of reforms to re-stabilise and modernise their regime, however, these were only implemented with effect in the middle of the nineteenth century. The impact of the Arab reforms differed throughout the Empire. For example, the reform movement was heavily applied in places such as Syria, Beirut and Aleppo whereas the reforms in Baghdad and Basra were more discrete, ultimately in Yemen and al-Hijāz there were little administrative changes. In the regions where the reforms were more heavily applied, a stronger sense of the origins of the Arab national movement against the Ottomans emerged in response to these changes.
Alongside the period of reforms the Ottomans began to centralise their government, inspired by the French system of government. In doing so, the Ottomans adhered to a rigid regime which was very detrimental to the Arab territories. This disagreement over the Ottoman regime did factor into the Arab Revolt and the consequential break from the Ottoman Empire in 1916.
After the 1908 Turkish revolution, the tension between the Ottomans and the Arabs became politicised during the first election under the new constitution. . The constituencies had been established to favour the Turks over the other nationalities in the Empire, noting that the actual population ratio of Turks to Arabs in the Empire was 2:3. . Once the Committee of Union and Progress had been elected, with a Turkish majority, it became clear that they were not interested in dismissing the previous centralisation policies of which the Arabs suffered from. .
British Interest in Arab Territories
During World War One, the British fought off the Ottoman fourth army at the Suez Canal for the second time, in 1916, they planned a series of offensives to take place in the Arab provinces to weaken the Ottoman’s resource supply. . As an alternative to these offences, the British stationed in the Middle East understood that a revolt from within the Ottoman Empire would also be beneficial to their war effort. If they were to foment an Arab revolt, the Ottoman troops would be diverted away from the British front lines and it would restrict access between the Ottomans in the Middle East and the Germans in North Africa.
Historical Events of the Arab Revolt
Preface
The British are trying to beat the Ottomans but struggle strategically because the Ottoman empire is spread through various areas of Arab Lands. They are planning to organise an Arab revolt to try to get Arab countries involved in the battlefield as well. To start the revolt they are searching for an Arab leader who can take the lead. They end up focusing on Sharif Hussein and his family. His family have been loyal and part of the Ottoman government for years. They are descendents of Muhammed and part of the Hashemites. Hussein has been named the protect of Mecca and Medina. However, since the centralisation initiatives of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamit II's Hussein feels his power has been threatened. He sees the WOI as a great opportunity to start rebelling against the Ottoman empire to gain more power again. Because he is the protector of Mecca and Medina he is a good candidate for claiming to be the leader of Arab muslims.
In the end of 1915 negotiations started between Hussein and Sir Henry Mcmahon, a high commissioner in Cairo, about starting an Arab Revolt. This was called the Hussein-Mcmohan correspondence. Hussein claimed to act in the best interest of the Arab people. He want Britain to acknowledge that he will become the independent leader of the new formed Arab state after the Arab revolt. The new formed Arab state consists of the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant and Iraq. In this way he could get more power again. In return he would help the British to defeat the Ottoman Empire. McMahon claimed he fought for what was best for Britain, he wanted certain regions in Iraq and Syria to remain under British and French power. In return they gave Hussein resources such as weaponry, food, gold which were provided by Britain were essential in launching the attack.
1916 Start of the Arab Revolt
On the 10th of June the Arab Revolt began, the leaders involved here were Emir Faysal, the son of Hussein and T.E. Lawrence, a British official. The army conquered many towns of the Ottomans and also attacked the Hijazi Railway. They also succeeded in stopping Ottoman troops becoming closer to the German troops in Africa. In total they stopped about 30.000 troops. They defeated the forces of Djemal Pasha.
T.E. Lawrence his nickname was 'Lawrence of Arabia', he was seen as a succesful military player in the conquerings of Ottoman areas, especially in the eyes of Europeans. He started working on mapping the whole area of Arab land and also helped plan the Arab Revolt. He had a huge advantage due to his maps because of this he knew the area well. He helped map out the military strategy of Britain.
1917 Conquering of seaport of Aqaba
Jiroft civilization
The Jiroft Civilization is a proposed Early Bronze Age civilization of Sistan, Iran (fl. ca. 26th century BC). It was proposed by Yousef Madjidzadeh in 2003 because of archaeological artifacts confiscated by Iranian authorities. White Muscarella (2005) expresses serious doubt in the accuracy of the "Jiroft Civilization" as an archaeological entity. The Jiroft site itself is of undisputed notability as a mid-3rd millennium city situated between the Elamite civilization to the west and the Indus Valley civilization to the east.
Arab Revolt
Historical Events of the Arab Revolt
The seaport of Aqaba was the best place for German troops to land.In June 1917 the Arab Revolt conquered this and afterwards they moved up North. Faysal struggled with explaining the various tribes here why it was a good idea to rebel against the Ottoman empire. He did this in the name of his father, who called it a Jihad (holy war). He succeeded in some tribes joining the force and others just let him pass.
1918 Victory of Damascus
On the first of October the Arab revolt conquered Damascus. A big help with this was Faysal changing his strategy to persuade to rebel against the Ottoman Empire. He stated that he did this because of Arab nationalism. In this way he won over Arabian activists that were in Damascus. In 1918 the Arab revolt established an Arab government in Damascus with Faysal as their leader. This was under supervision of the British. It was an Arab government financed by the British government. They ruled over what is nowadays Syria and Jordan.
Arab revolt and Arab nationalism
It turns out that the Arab revolt was an important event to solidify Arab nationalism. Even though Husseins ideology did not meet with the emergence of Arabism he used it as a strategy to win various Arabic tribes on his side. Arab nationalism was thus a helpful source for many parties in WOI. Such as the Arab tribes and the British who used the revolt to their advantages and a key motivator for the conflict that happened in the Hijaz area.
Takefumi Toma
Takefumi Toma (born 21 March 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.
Club career statistics
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Argemone
An argemone or prickly poppy is a plant used for decoration. It is related to the poppy. The plant is common in the Americas.
Beryslav urban hromada
Beryslav urban hromada is a hromada in Kherson oblast's Beryslav raion (or district) in Ukraine.
Its capital is Beryslav city.
Other websites: Map on Wikimedia Commons
MTR
The Mass Transit Railway or MTR (in Chinese, 香港鐵路有限公司, literally "Hong Kong Railway Company"; or 港鐵 for short) is the main rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong. Since the MTR service first opened in 1979, the network has grown to more than 150 stations. Built and run by MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR system is a very popular mode of public transport in Hong Kong, with around 2.46 million passengers riding each day.
Construction
Hong Kong's growing economy and the quick increase in population created a lot of traffic problems. The Hong Kong government made a study of these problems. The first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was quickly popular with the people of Hong Kong, so later they built more lines to cover more ground. People are still deciding how and where to expand the MTR network next.
Initial proposal
During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong thought they need to accommodate increasing road traffic that growing Hong Kong's economy would bring. British transport consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transport system of Hong Kong. The consultants released the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study in September 1967, which proposed the construction of a mass transport underground railway system in Hong Kong.
In 1970, an underground network with four lines was laid out and planned as part of the British consultants' new report, Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies. The four lines were to be the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, and East Kowloon Line. However, the lines that were eventually constructed were somewhat different compared with the lines that were originally proposed by the "Hong Kong Mass Transport Study".
In 1972, the Hong Kong government authorised construction of the Initial System, a 20-km system that roughly translates to the Kwun Tong Line today (except the line now extends to Tiu Keng Leng). Negotiations with four major construction consortia started in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on the British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from Japan signed an agreement to construct the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year it pulled out from the agreement, stemming from fears of the Arab oil crisis.
Modified Initial System (Kwun Tong Line / Tsuen Wan Line)
Several weeks later, in early 1975, a government agency known as the Mass Transport Provisional Authority was established to take charge of the project. It announced that the Initial System would be slightly reduced to 15.6 kilometres, and renamed it the Modified Initial System. Plans for a single contract were also abandoned in favour of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts.
In addition, the government-owned Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was established to replace the Mass Transport Provisional Authority. (This was the company succeeded by the MTR Corporation Limited on 30 June 2000)
Construction of the Modified Initial System (now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line) commenced in November 1975. After almost four years, the northern section was completed on 30 September 1979. On 1 October 1979, the northern section was opened, with trains running from Shek Kip Mei to Kwun Tong. The route from Tsim Sha Tsui to Shek Kip Mei was opened in December of the same year.
In 1980, the first harbour crossing was made by an MTR train as the  Kwun Tong Line  was extended even farther to Chater station, now known as Central station. To deal with increasing patronage, trains were also extended to six cars.
Tsuen Wan Line
The government approved construction of the Tsuen Wan Line in 1977, then known as Tsuen Wan Extension, and works commenced in November 1978. The project added a 10.5-kilometre section to the MTR system, from Prince Edward to Tsuen Wan. The line started service on 10 May 1982 with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) at HK$4.1 billion.
When service of this line started, the section of the Kwun Tong Line from Chater to Argyle, present-day Mong Kok station, was transferred to the Tsuen Wan Line. Thus, Waterloo became the terminus of the Kwun Tong Line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change was made because system planners expected traffic of the Tsuen Wan Line would exceed that of the Kwun Tong Line. This forecast proved quite accurate, necessitating a bypass from the northwestern New Territories to Hong Kong Island. Launched in 1998, the Tung Chung Line serves exactly that purpose.
Hoxie, Kansas
Hoxie is a city in Sheridan County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Sheridan County. In 2010, 1,201 people lived there.
MTR
Tsuen Wan Line
Although land acquisitions were made for a station at Tsuen Wan West, the station was never built. This is not to be confused with Tsuen Wan West Station on KCR West Rail, which lies on the newly reclaimed area near the former ferry pier.
It is interesting to note that since the line's opening in 1982, this is the only line whose alignment has virtually remained the same for the past 23 years. For example, the Kwun Tong Line's alignment has changed for 2 times since its opening - the taking over of Tsuen Wan Line from Mong Kok to Central, and the taking over of Eastern Harbour Crossing section by the Tseung Kwan O Line.
Hoxie, Kansas
History
Hoxie was planned in early 1886. The town creators convinced the residents of Kenneth, a community three miles to the north and the current county seat, to move south (including their buildings) at their expense to the new site of Hoxie. The people of Kenneth knew a railroad would go through Hoxie and not Kenneth, so the offer sounded good. The towns agreed to consolidate and carry out that plan, making Hoxie the new county seat. It was named for H. M. Hoxie, a railroad official. The railroad (which became part of the Union Pacific Railroad) came in 1888.
MTR
Island Line
Government approvals were granted for construction of the Island Line in December, 1980. Construction commenced in October, 1981. On 31 May 1985 the Island Line was opened with service between Admiralty and Chai Wan stations. Both Admiralty and Central stations became interchange stations with the Tsuen Wan Line. Furthermore, each train was extended to eight cars.
On 23 May 1986, service reached Sheung Wan station. Construction for this station was delayed for one year as government offices which sat on top of the station had to be removed to a new location before construction could start.
Eastern Harbour Crossing extension
In 1984, the government approved the construction of the Eastern Harbour Crossing, a tunnel to be used by cars and MTR trains. The Kwun Tong Line was extended across the harbour to Quarry Bay, which became an interchange station for the Kwun Tong Line and the Island Line. The extension was launched on 5 August 1989. An intermediate station, Lam Tin, started operations on 1 October 1989.
Airport Express and Tung Chung Line
The decision was made in October 1989 to construct a new international airport at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island to replace the overcrowded Kai Tak International Airport. The government invited the MTR to build a train line, then known as the Lantau Airport Railway, to the airport. But construction did not begin until the Chinese and British governments settled their financial and land disagreements in November 1994.
In the end, the new line was included in the financing plans of the new Hong Kong International Airport as the airport was not considered viable without direct public transport links. Construction costs were also shared by the MTR which was granted many large-scale developments in the construction plans for the new stations.
Hoxie, Kansas
History
The 99-mile Plainville-Colby line of the Union Pacific railroad was abandoned in 1998. It went through Hoxie.
Geography
Hoxie is at 39.35444°N, -100.44°W (39.354329, -100.439952). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 0.84 sqmi. All of it is land.
Weather
Hoxie has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Hoxie has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,201 people, 546 households, and 341 families living in Hoxie.
Media
The Sheridan Sentinel is the local newspaper. It was published once per week. The name changed from The Hoxie Sentinel in 2016. The Hoxie Sentinel was created in 1884. It was called the Weekly Sentinel. It was called The Hoxie Sentinel from 1886 to 2016.
Commonwealth Chair-in-Office
The Commonwealth Chair-in-Office (CIO) is the chief executive and presiding officer of the Commonwealth of Nations, and is one of the main leadership positions in the Commonwealth. It is held by the host chairperson of the previous Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), and is maintained until the next CHOGM.
MTR
Airport Express and Tung Chung Line
The Airport Express line is the second most popular means of transport to the Hong Kong International Airport. In 2005, 22% of the commuters took the Airport Express to and from the airport.
Tseung Kwan O Line
The Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works involved extending the Hong Kong Island end of the Kwun Tong Line from Quarry Bay to North Point via a 4.2–kilometre tunnel. The project was initiated due to overcrowding at Quarry Bay and persistent passenger complaints about the five-minute walk from the Island Line platforms to the Kwun Tong Line platform. Construction began in September 1997 and was completed in September 2001 at a cost of HK$3.0 billion (US$385 million). The tried-and-true cross-platform interchange arrangement is repeated here.
Construction of the Tseung Kwan O Line was approved on 18 August 1998 to serve new housing developments. Construction began on 24 April 1999 and the line officially opened in 2002, taking over the train tracks running through the Eastern Harbour Tunnel from the Kwun Tong Line, running from Po Lam to North Point. When the line was opened, the Kwun Tong Line was diverted to Tiu Keng Leng on the new line. Construction costs were partly covered by the Hong Kong Government and private developers which linked construction of the Tseung Kwan O Line to new real estate and commercial developments. Previously less developed areas were opened up for development with more transport options.
West Rail Line
The works were completed in stages. The Tung Chung Line trains have been diverted to the new track since mid May 2003, whereas the Mei Foo station interchange subway and the Nam Cheong station were opened at the same time the West Rail Line opened for public use in December 2003. The Kowloon Southern Link extension from Nam Cheong Station to East Tsim Sha Tsui Station was opened on 16 August 2009, with West Rail Line trains now terminating at Hung Hom Station, interchange station for East Rail Line.
Interchange stations
The interchange between the Tsuen Wan Line and the Kwun Tong Line, the Island Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, as well as that between the Kwun Tong Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, are two stations long, allowing cross-platform interchange wherein a passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. For example, when passengers are travelling on the Kwun Tong Line towards Tiu Keng Leng, getting off at Yau Tong would allow them to switch trains across the platform for the Tseung Kwan O Line towards North Point. Whereas, staying on the train and reaching Tiu Keng Leng would allow them to board the Tseung Kwan O Line trains towards Po Lam/LOHAS Park. This design makes interchanging more convenient and passengers do not have the need to change to different levels. However this interchange arrangement is not available for all transferring passengers at Kowloon Tong, Central, Hong Kong, Nam Cheong (Except transfer between Tuen Mun and Hong Kong bound trains), Mei Foo, Tai Wai Station (Except alighting from Ma On Shan Line to change southbound trains for East Rail Line) and Sunny Bay (Except alighting from Tung Chung bound trains to Disneyland Resort Line) stations, mainly because this service is available only when there are two continuous stations shared as interchange stations by two lines.
Two major works were undertaken to facilitate interchange between Kwun Tong Line and East Rail Line. The modification of Kowloon Tong Station started in June 2001. A new pedestrian link to Kowloon Tong Station southern concourse and a new entrance (Exit D) were opened on 15 April 2004 to cope with the increase in interchange passenger flow. Modification to Tsim Sha Tsui Station involved upgrading station facilities and concourse layout to facilitate access from the East Tsim Sha Tsui Station via its pedestrian links. New entrances to the subway links were opened on 19 September 2004 (Exit G) and 30 March 2005 (Exit F), with the whole scheme completed in May 2005.
Ma On Shan Line
The Ma On Shan Line was constructed by the KCR to serve Ma On Shan and City One residential areas and operation of the line was outsourced to the MTR. The system mostly runs on a viaduct between the middle of roads with stations, stopping right next to major buildings. The only time the trains don't run on viaducts is when the railway meets the route 2 highway, where it runs in the middle and then raises back to a viaduct. The railway is slightly different from all other Hong Kong railways because the trains run on the right, not the left; this is so that passengers can easily interchange from the Ma On Shan line to the East Rail Line towards Hong Hum. The majority of passengers using the line get off the train at Tai Wai to interchange to the East Rail Line, using the line as a feeder route.
Yahya Jammeh
Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (يحيى عبدالعزيز جيمس جنكنج جامع; born 25 May 1965) is a Gambian politician. He became the president of The Gambia in 1994.
MTR
Disneyland extension
The Disneyland Resort Line, previously known as Penny's Bay Rail Link, provides service to the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort which was opened on 12 September 2005. Service to Sunny Bay station on the Tung Chung Line started in 2005. The new line and the Disneyland Resort station opened on 1 August 2005. It is a 3.5–kilometre single-track railway that runs between Sunny Bay station and Disneyland Resort station. The Disneyland Resort station itself was designed to blend in with the ambience of the resort. The line currently operates fully automated, trains running every four to ten minutes without a driver, and the carriages were changed from the existing M-Train rolling stock to match the recreational and adventurous nature of the 3.5-minute journey.
Further expansion of the Airport Express
The new AsiaWorld-Expo Station is an extension of the Airport Express serving the new international exhibition centre, known as the AsiaWorld-Expo at Hong Kong International Airport. The station opened on 20 December 2005 along with the exhibition centre. To cope with the projected increase in patronage, Airport Express trains have been expanded to utilise eight carriages from the previous seven. Additional trains will also be deployed on the Tung Chung line during major exhibitions and events.
Privatisation and merger
On 5 October 2000, the operator of the MTR network, MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL), became Hong Kong's first rail company to be privatised, marking the beginning of the Hong Kong government's initiative to dissolve its interests in public utilities. Prior to its listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was wholly owned by the Hong Kong government. The offering involved the sale of about one billion shares, and the company now has the largest shareholder base of any company listed in Hong Kong. In June 2001, MTRCL was transferred to the Hang Seng Index.
MTRCL has often developed properties next to stations to complement its already profitable railway business. Many recently built stations were incorporated into large housing estates or shopping complexes. For example, Tsing Yi station is built next to the Maritime Square shopping centre and directly underneath the Tierra Verde housing estate.
On 11 April 2006, MTRCL signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding with the Hong Kong government, the owner of Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation, to merge the operation of the two railway networks in Hong Kong in spite of the strong opposition by the KCRC staff. The minority shareholders of the corporation approved the proposal at an extraordinary general meeting on 9 October 2007, allowing MTRCL to take over the operation of the KCR network and combine the fare system of the two networks on 2 December 2007.
On 2 December 2007 the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) granted a 50-year service concession (which may be extended) of the KCR network to MTRCL, in return for making annual payments to KCRC, thereby merging the railway operations of the two corporations under MTRCL's management. At the same time MTRCL changed its Chinese name from "地鐵有限公司" (Subway Limited Company) to "香港鐵路有限公司" (Hong Kong Railway Limited Company), but left its English name unchanged. After the merger, the MTR network included three more lines, East Rail Line, West Rail Line and Ma On Shan Line, as well as the Light Rail network and Guangdong Through Train to Guangzhou.
On 28 September 2008, fare zones of all commuter lines which is ex-KCR were merged. A passenger could travel on these networks with only one ticket, except where a transfer is made between Tsim Sha Tsui and East Tsim Sha Tsui stations, where two tickets are required. Student discounts on Octopus Card were also issued.
Safety on the MTR
Bylaws have been recently introduced to deter potentially dangerous actions on the MTR, such as the ban of flammable goods on the MTR and rushing into trains when the doors are closing. Penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment have been imposed for such offenses. Metallic balloons are also banned due to previous incidents on KCR and on MTR's Island Line where a metallic balloon interfered with the operation of the overhead power lines.