cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Leicester
History and Society
Leicester has a wide variety of people from other countries, including many from Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. Leicester also has communities of people from the Caribbean, Somalia, Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Iran, Poland and many other countries. Many of these communities have their own community organisations. As well as English about 70 other languages are spoken in the city.
Leicester is well known for having residents from many different cultural backgrounds. People who believe that they are having problems because of racism can get help from The Race Equality Centre.
Government and politics
Leicester has three MPs: Jon Ashworth (Leicester South), Liz Kendall (Leicester West) and Claudia Webbe (Leicester East). All three are members of the Labour Party.
On 5 May 2011, Sir Peter Soulsby became the first directly elected Mayor of Leicester. He is called the City Mayor. Leicester also has a Lord Mayor for ceremonies.
Leicester City Council has 54 councillors. At the moment there are 52 from the Labour party and one Independent and one Liberal Democrat. Leicester is divided into 22 wards for local government which include the city centre and many suburban areas.
Services and facilities
Leicester has a race course, which is also in Oadby.
There are two hospitals in the city (Leicester General Hospital and Leicester Royal Infirmary) and one just outside the city (Glenfield Hospital).
The city is the home of Leicester City F.C. the Leicester Football Club who are also known as the Foxes. Leicester is also home to a rugby club called the Leicester Tigers. It also has a cricket team for adults and juniors called Leicestershire CCC (county cricket club).
Leicester has two universities: the University of Leicester and De Montfort University. It also has several further education colleges, the largest one is Leicester College.
There are two bus stations: Haymarket and St. Margaret's (which is also a coach station). The train station is on London Road. Leicester is about 75 minutes from London by train.
Many trade union branches in the city and county are members of Leicester and District Trades Union Council.
The local newspaper is called The Leicester Mercury.
Weer
Weer is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana (Sindhi: هار گوبند خرانه) (also known as Hargobind Khorana; 9 January 1922 – 9 November 2011) was a biochemist. He shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley.
He is part of a poor family in India. He worked in Madison, Columbia, and Boston.
Their work was on the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for a particular amino acid. Therefore the nucleic acid sequence controls how proteins are built. Khorana was the first to build a synthetic gene, in 1970. This helped a lot, with decoding the genetic code, which is based on amino acids.
Alexander Vraciu
Alexander Vraciu (November 2, 1918 – January 29, 2015) was a United States Navy fighter ace. He was a Medal of Honor nominee. He served during World War II. He once shot down six Japanese dive bombers in eight minutes. Vraciu was born in East Chicago, Indiana.
Vraciu died on January 29, 2015 in his sleep at the age of 96 at his home in Danville, Illinois.
Ms. G.O.A.T.
Ms. G.O.A.T., is the first mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim. It was released June 3, 2008 independently by Kim's own record label Queen Bee Entertainment. Lil Kim had never made a mix tape before, and in an MTV interview, she stated "I always wanted to do a mixtape... I used to see how 50 (Cent) used to do it so hard... Damn, it’s not a lot of girls doing it.". Ms. G.O.A.T. was her first own published release. The album features some new songs as well as remixes of several songs like Britney Spears' "Gimme More" and Alicia Keys' "No One".
Jack Markell
Jack Alan Markell (born November 26, 1960) is an American politician and businessman. Markell is the United States Ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since 2022. He was the Governor of Delaware from 2009 until 2017. Markell was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the State Treasurer of Delaware from 1999 to 2009.
On May 12, 2023, President Joe Biden nominated Markell to serve as the United States ambassador to Italy and San Marino. He was confirmed by the full Senate to this position on July 27, 2023.
Captain Underpants
Captain Underpants is a popular series of children's books by Dav Pilkey. Most of the books take place in Piqua, Ohio.
Jeff Zients
Jeffrey Dunston Zients (born November 12, 1966) is an American businessman and politician who is the 31st White House Chief of Staff since 2023. From February 2014 to January 2017, he was the director of the National Economic Council. Zients was also acting director of the Office of Management and Budget in 2010 and 2013.
Captain Underpants
Plot
The plots of Captain Underpants books 6 - 12 add up into one big plot.
Jeff Zients
Zients was a member of Facebook's board of directors from 2018 to 2020.
Captain Underpants
Books
There are 12 Books, The First one is known as The Adventurers Of Captain Underpants, The next one being called Captain Underpants And The Attack Of The Talking Toilets.
Jeff Zients
In December 2020, Joe Biden named Zients as coordinator of the COVID-19 response and counselor to the president in his administration.
In January 2023, it was announced that Zients would replace Ron Klain as White House Chief of Staff in February.
Captain Underpants
Spin-offs
Captain Underpants Has 2 spin-offs:
Film
All of the Captain Underpants Films are made by DreamWorks Animation.
Movie
(See Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie)
TV Show
There is a 2018 TV show named The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants. It ran all the way into 2020.
It had 3 seasons and 3 specials.
Cloaking device
A cloaking device or invisibility cloak has long been featured in science fiction. Attempts have been made to devise a way to do it with objects, but results were disappointing until now. A paper in Nature Communications for September 2013 announces a new approach.
Weerberg
Weerberg is a municipality of the district of Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Cloaking device
Overview
A recent review said these methods were possible:
Earl Ray Tomblin
Earl Ray Tomblin (born March 15, 1952) is an American politician. In 2010, he became Acting Governor of West Virginia after Joe Manchin was elected to the U.S. Senate. He was Acting governor from November 15, 2010 until 2011. From 2011 to 2017 he was the Governor of West Virginia. On October 2011, he won a special election to fill the term expiring in January 2013. On November 2012, he won election to his first full term. Before becoming governor, he was President of the West Virginia senate.
Mehit
Mehit is a goddess of lions and war in Egyptian mythology. She is the wife of the god Anhur, also a god of war. She represented the full moon. Also called The Completed one (Eye of Horus).
Be Dear to Me
Be Dear to Me is a 1957 Danish family drama movie directed by Annelise Hovmand and starring Eva Cohn, Lily Weiding, Hans Kurt, Jørgen Reenberg, Annelise Jacobsen, Johannes Marott, Gerda Madsen, Mimi Heinrich.
Happy Birthday, Mr. President
Monroe sang the traditional "Happy Birthday to You" lyrics with an intimate voice, with "Mr. President" instead of Kennedy's name.
The performance was one of her last major public appearances before her death less than three months later on August 4, 1962.
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, who did not go to many Democratic Party events, spent the day at the Loudon Hunt Horse Show with her children, John and Caroline.
Alistair Horne
Sir Alistair Allan Horne CBE FRSL (9 November 1925 – 25 May 2017 ) was a British journalist, biographer and historian of Europe, especially of 19th and 20th century France. He wrote more than 20 books on travel, history, and biography.
Horne worked as a foreign correspondent for The Daily Telegraph from 1952 to 1955. He was the official biographer of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan
Horne died on 25 May 2017 at his Oxfordshire, England home at the age of 91.
Upanishad
The Upanishads are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of Vedanta (veda: of vedas, anta: at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion. Many scholars believe that originally Upanishads are rebellion against Vedas and it has added to Vedas by its unique spiritual quest. Upanishad means "sit down with" master to learn about the Atman(soul). The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period. More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have 108 Upanishad in written. Geeta which is the most religious book of Hindu's is also a Greatest Upanishad.
Antonio Calpe
Antonio Calpe Hernández (4 February 1940 – 7 April 2021) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a defender.
In the summer of 1965 he joined Real Madrid, being part of the squads during their Yé-yé era and winning five major trophies.
Calpe died on 7 April 2021 at the age of 81, after a long illness.
Honours
Real Madrid
Levante
Reema Abdo
Reema Abdo (born May 19, 1963) is a Canadian retired swimmer. She was a backstroke swimmer.
Abdo competed for Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She was able to win a bronze medal for Canada. She won the bronze medal in the 4×100 m medley relay with Anne Ottenbrite, Michelle MacPherson, and Pamela Rai.
She was born in Aden in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. In 1976, Abdo and her family moved to Trenton, Ontario. She would then join the Trenton Dolphin Swim Club. She debuted with the Canadian national swimming team at the 1982 Commonwealth Games. There she was able to reach the final of the 200 metre backstroke event, but she did not win a medal. After she retired, she became a constable for the Ontario Provincial Police.
She was inducted into the Ontario Aquatic Hall of Fame in 1997.
Wiesing
Wiesing is a municipality of the district Schwaz in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Club Puebla
Club Puebla (formerly "Puebla F.C.") is a Mexican football club from Puebla, Mexico, competing in the Liga MX. The team's white home jersey features its iconic blue sash, which crosses the chest diagonally from the right shoulder to the waist (see uniform diagrams, at right).
Honors
International
Friendly
Mandela and de Klerk
Mandela and de Klerk is a 1997 British television movie about the relationship between President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and former State-Governor F. W. de Klerk. Sidney Poitier played Mandela and Michael Caine played de Klerk. It was released on February 16, 1997.
Nichols and May
Many comedians have seen them as key influential comedians in modern comedy. "You can't get any better than they were," TV host Dick Cavett remembered, "They were one of the comic meteors in the sky." Woody Allen said, “the two of them came along and elevated comedy to a brand-new level".
Their 1960 album An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May was a recording of their Broadway debut and won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance. Their next album Mike Nichols & Elaine May Examine Doctors was also nominated for a Grammy.
Nichols and May become more famous in 1962, for John F. Kennedy's birthday, they performed, alongside Marilyn Monroe.
Anniston, Alabama
Anniston is a city in, and county seat of, Calhoun County in the state of Alabama, United States. In 2020, the city had a population of 21,564.
Chemical cleanup
In 2002, an investigation by 60 minutes showed Anniston was among the most toxic cities in the country. The main source of local contamination was a Monsanto chemical factory, which was closed.
Jules Feiffer
Jules Ralph Feiffer (born January 26, 1929) is an American cartoonist and author. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 as America's leading editorial cartoonist. He wrote the animated short Munro, which won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1961. He was born in New York City.
Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
Sunday Morning Futures is an American opinion news and business television program appearing on Fox Business Network launched on March 30, 2014.
About the program
Hosted by Maria Bartiromo, the show runs from 6-9am Eastern Time. It is a fusion of traditional business news, political news and entertainment news.
The show launched as a long anticipated successor to Imus in the Morning, the television simulcast of Don Imus's popular radio show.
Andrés García
Andrés García (May 24, 1941 – April 4, 2023) was a Dominican-Mexican actor. He was one of the more popular and well known actors in Mexico and Latin America. He was known for appearing in many telenovelas. He appeared as Pedro Jose Donoso in El cuerpo del deseo and Javier in Mujeres engañadas. His career began in 1967. He also played Davis in King of Texas.
García died of cirrhosis on April 4, 2023 in Acapulco, Mexico at the age of 81.
Java (programming language)
Java is the name of a programming language created by Sun Microsystems. This company was bought out by Oracle Corporation, which continues to keep it up to date. It is designed to be platform-independent, which means that code written in Java can run on any device or operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This makes Java a popular choice for developing cross-platform applications and games. Additionally, Java has a large and active community, and a wide range of libraries and frameworks available for use. , Java 20 is the latest version (will be supported until September 2023), while Java 17, 11 and 8 are the current long-term support (LTS) versions. Being an LTS version means that it will continue getting updates for multiple years. The next planned LTS version is Java 21 (LTS), planned for September 2023.
Being an open-source platform, Java isn't just supported by Oracle, e.g. Eclipse Adoptium also supports Java (JVM), to at least May 2026 for Java 8, and at least September 2027 for Java 17.
Java, which was called Oak when it was still being developed, is object oriented, meaning it is based on objects that work together to make programs do their jobs. Java code looks similar to C, C++, or C#, but code written in those languages will not work in Java in most cases without being changed.
Java runs on many different operating systems, including Android, the world's most popular mobile operating system (while Java continues to be used on Android, even by its maker Google, they no longer prefer Java; now Kotlin is their preferred language, though it can also be used with all Java code). This makes Java platform independent. It does this by making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code. This means that when the program is executed, a Java Virtual Machine interprets (or just-in-time compiles) the bytecode.
Java is both a language, but its also a platform, and a number of languages compile to the same bytecode meant for that JVM platform, and can then work alone (without Java, the language, or with it). Google, that previously recommended Java, now recommends Kotlin language over Java for its Android platform, and it, like any JVM language, can also work with or without Java in all other contexts where Java alone would have been used.
Java concepts
Java was developed to achieve five main goals. These are:
South Region, Brazil
The South Region of Brazil (Região Sul do Brasil) is one of the five geographical regions of Brazil defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in 1969. It includes the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.
Java (programming language)
Java platform
This capability of being able to develop software on one platform and running it on other platforms is called "cross-platform capability".
Montrose, Georgia
Montrose is a town in Laurens County, Georgia, United States. The population was 215 at the 2010 census.
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: افغانستان), is a country in Central Asia. It borders with Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast. Kabul is the country's capital city.
Dennis Haysbert
Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born 2 June 1954 in San Mateo, California) is an American movie and television actor. He is known for appearing in the Allstate commercials. He also starred in many movies such as Major League. He also starred in the television show 24.
Java (programming language)
Java platform
There are many resources available for learning Java programming, including books, tutorials, and online courses.
Programming example
An example of a "Hello World" Java program:
Types of Java programs
There are many types of Java programs which run differently:
Benefits
Java is commonly used to teach students how to program as a first language, but is still also used by professionals.
Criticism
Java has also been criticized. Some of the criticisms are:
Afghanistan
Afghanistan is currently governed by the Taliban, after the collapse of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 15 August 2021. In early times people passed through it with animals and other goods as it connected China and India with Central Asia and the Middle East. More recently, Afghanistan has been damaged by many years of war. There are not enough jobs.
The country is around 251,826 mi2 in size. There are 40.976 million people in Afghanistan. There are about 3 million Afghan refugees (people who had to leave the country) who are in Pakistan and Iran for some time. In 2011, its capital, Kabul, had about 3,691,400 people living in it.
United Nations Human Rights Council decided in October to appoint (an independent expert, or) United Nations special rapporteur on "Afghanistan to [find out about, or] probe violations carried out by the Taliban and" others who are now part of a [big] conflict, media said.
Geography
Afghanistan has many mountains. The mountains are called the Hindu Kush and Himalayas. The tallest mountain in Afghanistan is Mount Nowshak. There are plains (which have soil that is good for growing plants) and foothills. Parts of the country are also dry, especially the Registan Desert.
Afghanistan has snow and glaciers in the mountains. Amu Darya is the big water stream, or river.
Climate
Afghanistan has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Having no water sometimes causes problems for farmers. Sandstorms happen a lot in the desert.
Plants and animals
Southern Afghanistan has not many plants because it is dry. There are more plants where there is more water. Mountains have forests of pine and fir, cedar, oak, walnut, alder, and ash trees.
Afghanistan's wild animals live in the mountains. There are wolves, foxes, jackals, bears, and wild goats, gazelles, wild dogs, camels, and wild cats such as the snow leopard in the country. The birds are falcons, eagles and vultures. The Rhesus Macaque and the red flying squirrel are also in Afghanistan.
Walter Olkewicz
Walter Olkewicz (November 14, 1948 – April 6, 2021) was an American character actor. He played Marko in the TV series Wizards and Warriors. He also played Coach Wordman in the 1984 movie Making the Grade.
Afghanistan
People and culture
Many people have moved through or invaded the land of Afghanistan. Today's people of Afghanistan are known as Afghans. They have many traits passed down from these previous peoples.
Walter Olkewicz
Olkewicz died after a long illness on April 6, 2021.
Afghanistan
People and culture
The largest group of people are the Pashtuns. These make up about half the population. See:
South Region, Brazil
Geography
The South Region has an area of 576774.31 km2, the smallest region of the country.
Afghanistan
People and culture
Dari-Persian and Pashto are the official languages of Afghanistan. Many people speak both languages. Both are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. They are usually written with the Arabic alphabet. Uzbek and Turkmen are widely spoken in the north and Nuristani and Pashai are spoken in the east. Around 99% of all Afghans follow the religion of Islam.
History
Afghanistan is in the path of important trade routes that connect southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East. Because of this, many empire builders have decided to rule over the area. Signs that these emperors were near Afghanistan still exist in many parts of the country. Afghanistan is near what used to be the Silk Road, so it has many cultures. From up to 8,000 years ago, the peoples of Afghanistan helped develop (create) major world religions, traded and exchanged many products, and sometimes controlled politics and culture in Asia.
Prehistory
Archaeologists digging a cave in what is now northeastern Afghanistan (in Badakhshan), discovered that people lived in the country as early as 100,000 years ago. They found the skull of a Neanderthal, or early human, as well as tools from about 30,000 years ago. In other parts of Afghanistan, archaeologists uncovered pottery and tools that are 4,000 to 11,000 years old—evidence that Afghans were among the first people in the world to grow crops and raise animals.
Farmers and herders settled in the plains surrounding the Hindu Kush as early as 7000 B.C. These people may have grown rich off the lapis lazuli they found along riverbeds, which they traded to early city sites to the west, across the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia. As farms and villages grew and thrived in Afghanistan, these ancient people eventually invented irrigation (digging ditches for water so it flows to crops) that allowed them to grow crops on the northern Afghanistan desert plains. This civilization (advanced state of organization) is today called BMAC (Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex), or the "Oxus civilization".
The Oxus civilization expanded as far east as western edge of the Indus Valley during the period between 2200 and 1800 B.C. These people, who were the ancestors of the Indo-Aryans, used the term "Aryan" to identify their ethnicity, culture, and religion. Scholars know this when they read the ancient texts of these people; the Avesta of Iranic peoples and the Vedas of Indo-Aryans.
Zoroaster, the founder of the Zoroastrian religion, the world's earliest monotheistic religion, (meaning a religion believing in one god) lived in the area (somewhere north of today's Afghanistan), around 1000 B.C.
Ancient history
Before the middle of the sixth century BCE, Afghanistan was held by the Medes. Then the Achaemenids took over control of the land and made it part of the Persian empire. Alexander the great defeated and conquered the Persian Empire in 330 BCE. He founded some cities in the area. The people used Macedonian culture and language. After Alexander, Greco-Bactrians, Scythians, Kushans, Parthians and Sassanians ruled the area.
Kushans spread Buddhism from India in the 1st century BCE, and Buddhism remained an important religion in the area until the Islamic conquest in the 7th century CE.
Saturday Night Live
Saturday Night Live was created and executive-produced by Lorne Michaels and started in 1975 as NBC's Saturday Night. Many famous comic actors got their starts being cast members on the program. The show has led to several movies, books, DVDs, and has been the inspiration for a couple of other TV shows. It has been nominated for 183 Emmy Awards and won 42.
South Region, Brazil
Geography
It is the only region of Brazil located outside the tropical zone, with clear variations about the seasons. In winter there are frosts and rarely snow. The relief is just a bit hilly, with a predominance of a large plateau, in general low.
Saturday Night Live
"Live from New York, it's Saturday night!" is said near the beginning of every episode.
Afghanistan
Ancient history
The Buddhas of Bamiyan were giant statues, a reminder of Buddhism in Afghanistan. They were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. There were international protests. The Taliban believe that the ancient statues were un-Islamic and that they had a right to destroy them.
Saturday Night Live
Actors on SNL
Many cast members have come and gone in the history of Saturday Night Live. Here is a list of some of those cast members and how long they lasted on the show.
Israel Yinon
Israel Yinon (11 January 1956 – 29 January 2015) was an Israeli conductor. He was known for reviving works of forgotten German composers who were forbidden under Adolf Hitler.
Afghanistan
Medieval history
Arabs introduced Islam in the 7th century and slowly began spreading the new religion. In the 9th and 10th centuries, many local Islamic dynasties rose to power inside Afghanistan. One of the earliest was the Tahirids, whose kingdom included Balkh and Herat; they established independence from the Abbasids in 820. The Tahirids were succeeded in about 867 by the Saffarids of Zaranj in western Afghanistan. Local princes in the north soon became feudatories of the powerful Samanids, who ruled from Bukhara. From 872 to 999, north of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan enjoyed a golden age under Samanid rule.
In the 10th century, the local Ghaznavids turned Ghazni into their capital and firmly established Islam throughout all areas of Afghanistan, except the Kafiristan region in the northeast. Mahmud of Ghazni, a great Ghaznavid sultan, conquered the Multan and Punjab region, and carried raids into the heart of India. Mohammed bin Abdul Jabbar Utbi (Al-Utbi), a historian from the 10th century, wrote that thousands of "Afghans" were in the Ghaznavid army. The Ghaznavid dynasty was replaced by the Ghorids of Ghor in the late 12th century, who reconquered Ghaznavid territory in the name of Islam and ruled it until 1206. The Ghorid army also included ethnic Afghans.
Afghanistan was recognized as Khorasan, meaning "land of the rising sun," which was a prosperous and independent geographic region reaching as far as the Indus River.
All the major cities of modern Afghanistan were centers of science and culture in the past. The New Persian literature arose and flourished in the area. The early Persian poets such as Rudaki were from what is now Afghanistan. Moreover, Ferdowsi, the author of Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, and Rumi, the famous Sufi poet, were also from modern-day Afghanistan. It has produced scientists such as Avicenna, Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni, Omar Khayyám, Al-Khwarizmi, and many others who are widely known for their important contributions in areas such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, physics, geography, and geology. It remained the cultural capital of Persia until the devastating Mongol invasion in the 13th century.
Timur, the Turkic conqueror, took over in the end of the 14th century and began to rebuild cities in this region. Timur's successors, the Timurids (1405–1507), were great patrons of learning and the arts who enriched their capital city of Herat with fine buildings. Under their rule Afghanistan enjoyed peace and prosperity.
Between south of the Hindu Kush and the Indus River (today's Pakistan) was the native land of the Afghan tribes. They called this land "Afghanistan" (meaning "land of the Afghans"). The Afghans ruled the rich northern Indian subcontinent with their capital at Delhi. From the 16th to the early 18th century, Afghanistan was disputed between the Safavids of Isfahan and the Mughals of Agra who had replaced the Lodi and Suri Afghan rulers in India. The Safavids and Mughals occasionally oppressed the native Afghans but at the same time the Afghans used each empire to punish the other. In 1709, the Hotaki Afghans rose to power and completely defeated the Persian Empire. Then they marched towards the Mughals of India and nominally defeated them with the help of the Afsharid forces under Nader Shah Afshar.
In 1747, after Nader Shah of Persia was killed, a great leader named Ahmad Shah Durrani united all the different Muslim tribes and established the Afghan Empire (Durrani Empire). He is considered the founding father of the modern state of Afghanistan while Mirwais Hotak is the grandfather of the nation.
Since the 1800s
During the 1800s, Afghanistan became a buffer zone between two powerful empires, the British Indian Empire and the Russian Empire. As British India advanced into Afghanistan, Russia felt threatened and expanded southward across Central Asia. To stop the Russian advance, Britain tried to make Afghanistan part of its empire but the Afghans fought wars with British-led Indians from 1839 to 1842 and from 1878 to 1880. After the third war in 1919, Afghanistan under King Amanullah gained respect and recognition as a completely independent state.
The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a constitutional monarchy established in 1926. It was the successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of Zahir Shah, the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the League of Nations. During World War II, Afghanistan remained neutral. It pursued a diplomatic policy of non-alignment.
The creation of Pakistan in 1947 as its eastern neighbor created problems. In 1973, political crises led to the overthrow of the king. The country's new leader ended the monarchy and made Afghanistan a republic. In 1978, a Communist political party supported by the Soviet Union seized control of Afghanistan's government. This move sparked rebellions throughout the country. The government asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and invaded Afghanistan in December 1979.
Most people in Afghanistan opposed the sudden Soviet presence in their country. For nearly a decade, anti-Communist Islamic forces known as Mujahideen were trained inside neighboring Pakistan to fight the Soviets and the Afghan government. The United States and other anti-Soviet countries supported the Mujahideen. In the long war, over one million Afghan civilians were killed. The Soviet Army also lost more than 15,000 soldiers in that war. Millions of Afghans left their country to stay safe in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. In 1989 the Soviet Army withdrew the last of its troops.
After the Soviets left in 1989, the Afghan Civil War started; different Afghan warlords began fighting for control of the country. The warlords received support from other countries, including neighboring Pakistan and Iran. A very conservative Islamic group known as the Taliban emerged in an attempt to end the civil war. By the late 1990s the Taliban had gained control over 95% of Afghanistan. A group known as the Northern Alliance, based in northern Afghanistan near the border with Tajikistan, continued to fight against the Taliban.
The Taliban ruled Afghanistan according to their strict version of Islamic law. People whom the Taliban believed violated these laws were given cruel punishments. In addition, the Taliban completely restricted the rights of women. Because of such policies, most countries refused to recognize the Taliban government. Only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) accepted them as the official government.
Israel Yinon
Yinon died after collapsing onstage at a youth concert at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts in Switzerland. He was 59 years old. His cause of death is currently unknown.
Afghanistan
Since the 1800s
The Taliban also angered other countries by allowing suspected terrorists to live freely in Afghanistan. Among them were Osama bin Laden and members of the al-Qaeda terrorist network. In September 2001, the United States blamed bin Laden for the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C. The Taliban refused to hand him over to the United States. In response, the United States and its allies launched a bombing campaign against al-Qaeda in October 2001. Within months the Taliban abandoned Kabul, and a new government led by Hamid Karzai came to power, but fighting between the Taliban and US-led armies continued. Taliban fighters have gone into Afghanistan from neighboring Pakistan. Afghans accuse Pakistan's military of being behind the Taliban militants but Pakistan has rejected this and stated that a stable Afghanistan is in Pakistan's own interest.
Volga
The Volga is the longest river in Europe. In Russian it is called Волга, in the Tatar language its name is İdel.
Afghanistan
Since the 1800s
In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan. NATO began rebuilding Afghanistan, including its military and government institutions. Many schools and colleges were built. Freedom for women has improved. Women can study, work, drive, and run for office. Many Afghan women work as politicians, some are ministers while at least one is a mayor. Others have opened businesses, or joined the military or police. Afghanistan's economy has also improved dramatically, and NATO agreed in 2012 to help the country for at least another 10 years after 2014. In the meantime, Afghanistan improved diplomatic ties with many countries in the world and continues.
South Region, Brazil
Hydrography
The hydrography of Southern Brazil can be classified in three great regions of Watersheds: the Paraná River, the Uruguay River and the Southeast Brazil Rivers.
Volga
Many people see it as the national river of Russia. It flows through the western part of the country. It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,530 kilometres, and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe.
Saturday Night Live
Memorable Impressions
Many cast members have impressions of celebrities on Saturday Night Live. Here is a list of some of those actors having impressions of celebrities.
South Region, Brazil
Hydrography
The rivers of the southern region are availed for navigation, irrigation agriculture, urban water supply and power generation. The most important rivers are voluminous and have great hydroelectric potential. The Itaipu Dam, on the Parana River, is exploring the potential for power generation in the region. This operation allows the South and the Southeast an increasing use of electricity for domestic and industrial use.
Relief
The relief of the region is characterized by many plateaus that rises at altitudes up to more than 1,000 meters above sea level, decreasing to the west. Covering about 3/4 parts of the regional relief, this set is called Southern Plateau of Brazil and breaks down into plateaus that go from east to west.
The highest point of the different states of the South Region are:
Climate
Only Brazilian region located almost entirely in a subtropical climate, the South is the coldest area of Brazil, with frost and even, in some places, the snowfall. The seasons are well defined and the rains are evenly distributed over the year.
Southern Brazil has subtropical or temperate climate. The annual average temperatures vary between 12 °C (53.6 °F) and 22 °C (71.6 °F). Frost is very common and can snow in some mountain ranges.
States
This region is formed by three states: Paraná, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul.
Nelson Mandela Bridge
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South Region, Brazil
Panorama
What most characterizes the South is the way it was colonized and kind of colonizers received. Received short black slaves, but many Caucasian immigrants. The Europeans gave the population the predominance of white skin color, gave to the landscape marks of their original countries and introduced the system of medium and small farms.
The region is highly urbanized (82%) and many cities are famous for their urban planning, like Curitiba and Maringá. It has a relatively high standard of living in many aspects, with the highest Human Development Index of Brazil, 0.859 (2007), and the second highest per capita income of the country, $13.396. The region is also the most literate, 94% literacy rate.
Some places in the region must be emphasized, such as the Iguaçu Falls, (Natural Heritage and one of the New7Wonders of Nature) and the Ruins of St. Michael of the Missions (Cultural Heritage); the Itaipu Dam, elected the as one of the seven modern Wonders of the World ); the winter cities on mountains of the SC and RS; and the Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Southern Brazil greatest icon.
History
The first inhabitants of southern Brazil are the indigenous people. Then came the Spanish Jesuit priests to evangelize the Indians and dominate the land. The pioneers of São Paulo attacked the missions to arrest the Indians. So, the Jesuits and the Indians abandoned the place and the cattle got loose in the fields. The São Paulo pioneers became interested in the trade of cattle. On the way through which the troops passed villages have emerged. For many years, the Portuguese and Spaniards fought over land in the region.
Demographics
, the South Region had a population of 29,439,773, for a population density of inhabitants/km2.
The capital of Paraná state, Curitiba, has the largest population and also the largest economy, and the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, has the largest metropolitan area.
The 10 municipalities of the South Region with more inhabitants are:
Racial groups
The region received large numbers of European immigrants during the 19th century, who have had a large influence on its demography and culture. The main ethnic origins of Southern Brazil are Portuguese, Italian, and German.
Portuguese, the official language of Brazil, is spoken by the entire population. But in some places dialects of German or Italian origins are also spoken; some villages even use the language of immigrants. In Porto Alegre and Curitiba there are some Yiddish speakers.
Tourism
The region has as main tourist attractions their natural beauty, beaches, historical cities and their European colonies, and the well-defined seasons, characterized by the severe winter.
In Paraná, the Iguassu Falls receive thousands of tourists every year, being the main destination for foreigners in the region. The state also has a geological site of approximately 340 million years, with huge rock formations. The capital, Curitiba, was considered the best southern city for tourism .
In Santa Catarina the beaches receive many visitors, and the winter colonies in the state.
The Rio Grande do Sul state - like Santa Catarina - attracts tourists in winter to the cities in mountain, where the cold is intense.
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Club career statistics
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International career statistics
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Afghanistan
Since the 1800s
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Government
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The species is common and ecologically important. It decays wood. It can live as a saprophyte, or as an opportunistic parasite. In weakened trees it causes root rot.
It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms the above-ground fruiting bodies "(mushrooms") in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been accidentally introduced to South Africa.
Armillaria gallica is a largely underground fungus. The fungus develops underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs. These help it to decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Its ability to bioluminesce and to form large and long-lived colonies are especially interesting.
Humongous fungus
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Government
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Early life
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