cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Komárno
The river Vah flows into the Danube at Komárno. The Danube at this point forms the border between the countries Slovakia and Hungary. The Hungarian name for the town is Komárom.
History
At first there was just one town, with the Danube flowing through the middle of the town. Since the end of World War I, when Czechoslovakia became a separate country from Hungary, the town has been split into two: Komárno is on the left (north) bank of the river, now in Slovakia, and Komárom is on the right (south) bank of the river, in Hungary. Komárno has a population of 37.000 and Komárom has a population of 19.600. The two towns are joined by a bridge.
People have lived in the area of Komárno for thousands of years. The first castle was built in the 10th century. In 1244 a law was made which said that every merchant who sailed a boat down the Danube past Komárno had to stop for several days in Komárno and unload all the cargo so that people could buy it if they wanted. If the merchant did not want to do this he had to pay a large duty (amount of money) to continue his journey. This law was stopped in 1751.
In the 15th century Komárno had become very important. The rulers and the court of the kingdom of Hungary often stayed there. The fortress was very powerful and they managed to fight off Turkish invaders after the Turks had already captured Esztergom and Buda. The fort was badly damaged in 1783 in an earthquake, but it was built up again because of the Napoleonic wars.
Today Komárno is a nice town to visit. There are many tourist attractions, especially the fort which is on the Hungarian side of the town (Komárom). There are also spa health centres where people can swim or bathe gently in the waters which help to make people who are ill healthy again.
Notable people
Famous people who were born in Komárno are:
Dilation and curettage
Dilation and Curettage (D&C) is a type of surgery used to diagnose and treat problems with woman's uterus.
During a D&C, a doctor will do these things:
The VeggieTales Show
The VeggieTales Show (also known simply as VeggieTales) is an American Christian live action and computer animated children's television series based on the series VeggieTales. The series is produced by TBN, NBCUniversal, Big Idea Productions and Trilogy Animation, and the series started on October 22, 2019.
Characters
Most of the characters are the same from the other VeggieTales shows. The show brings back many characters that have not been seen in a long time, such as Mr. Nezzer (owner of the show's theater), Petunia Rhubarb (as president of the VeggieTales fan club), Khalil (half worm, half caterpillar from Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie), Bruce Onion (from Celery Night Fever), and Goliath (from Dave and the Giant Pickle).
Park Kyung-hwan
Park Kyung-Hwan (박경환 born 29 December 1976) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.
Valle di Muggio
The Valle di Muggio is located in Ticino in Switzerland and is the southernmost valley of the country.
The name comes from the village of Muggio, which is the largest population centre in the valley. Roncapiano is the highest village in the valley, where the roads end. The river Breggia runs through it, before flowing into Italy and Lake Como.
The valley comprises the municipalities of Breggia, Vacallo and Castel San Pietro.
In the village of Cabbio there is the Museo Etnografico della Valle di Muggio, which describes village life in the region.
The Valle di Muggio is known as the Valle Breggia in Italy.
Saint Afram Syriac Orthodox Cathedral
The Saint Afram Syriac Orthodox Cathedral is a Syriac Orthodox cathedral in Södertälje in Sweden. It was opened in 1983, and is governed by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate's Representation in Sweden.
Nyngan, New South Wales
Nyngan is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is built on the banks of the Bogan River. It is 160 km north west of Dubbo, and 190 km south east of Bourke in the Central West Plains of New South Wales. It is a town of 2500 people. It exists because of the people who work on the farms and in a copper mine, 50 kilometres to the west.
However, the route they took is not the route that is used today. The new route runs beside the railway. The railway is a direct line from Dubbo to Nyngan. There is not a single bend for almost 160 kilometres. In the other direction, the track goes 190 kilometres dead straight the whole way to Bourke.
Commercial Act of South Korea
The Commercial Act of South Korea (대한민국 상법) is the law that controls commerce in South Korea. It was originally enacted on 1 January 1963. It currently consists of 5 main chapters: General Provisions, Commercial Transactions, Company, Insurance, and Maritime Commerce.
Amendments (changes) were made in 1963, 1984, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2008 and 2009. The biggest changes were made to comply with rules made by the International Monetary Fund. These changes were made during South Korea's foreign currency crisis in 1998. They were commentated to support corporate restructuring and improving accountability and transparency of management through efficient monitoring.
An American in Paris (movie)
An American in Paris is a 1951 American musical comedy movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and was based on the musical of the same name by George Gershwin. It stars Gene Kelly, Leslie Caron, Oscar Levant, Georges Guétary, Nina Foch, Eugene Borden and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 8 Oscars and won 6 Academy Awards in 1952.
Saint Jacob of Nsibin Syriac Orthodox Cathedral
The Saint Jacob of Nsibin Syriac Orthodox Cathedral is a Syriac Orthodox cathedral in Södertälje, Sweden, located at Hovsjö Industrial Park and governed by the Syriac-Orthodox Archdiocese of Scandinavia. Construction begun in October 2007, and the church was opened on 17 May 2009.
Sunscreen
Sunscreen (also known as sunblock, or sun cream) is a photo-protective topical product that helps prevent skin damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. It reduces sunburn and other skin damage, with the goal lowering your risk of skin cancer.
989
989 was a common year.
Sunscreen
The most effective sunscreens protect against both UVB (ultraviolet radiation with wavelength between 290 and 320 nanometres), which can cause sunburn, and UVA (between 320 and 400 nanometres), which damages the skin with more long-term effects, such as premature skin aging. Most sunscreens work by containing either a petrochemical compound that absorbs ultraviolet light (such as oxybenzone) or minerals that reflects light (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), or a combination of both.
Theropod
Today, they are represented by 10,000 living species of birds, which evolved in the Upper Jurassic from small feathered coelurosaurian theropods.
Sunscreen
Sunscreen is regulated as an OTC product by the FDA. Most sunscreens are not considered reef safe as they use petrochemicals. As such the use of petrochemical based sunscreen has been banned in ecological and progressive area's, such as, Mexico's Marine Reserves, the State of Hawaii, Aruba, Thailand's National Park areas, the Marshal Islands.
Theropod
Among the features linking theropods to birds are bipedalism, the three-toed foot, a furcula (wishbone), air-filled bones, feathers and brooding of the eggs.
Early theropods
Theropods first appear in the earliest part of the Upper Triassic about 230 million years ago. They were the sole large terrestrial carnivores from the Lower Jurassic until the close of the Cretaceous, about 66 million years ago.
Some of the earliest and most primitive of the theropod dinosaurs were:
Forensic anthropology
Forensic anthropology is the analysis of human remains for the purpose of solving criminal cases and identifying the cause of death. In order to understand the death of a person, forensic anthropologists collect information from their bones. Forensic anthropologists use bone analysis to learn more about the person who died.
Oscypek
Oscypek (in Polish, Oštiepok in Slovak language) is a smoked cheese from Poland and Slovakia.
Forensic anthropology
Age
How old was the person when they died?
Scientists can discover the stages of growth and development that the bones were in when a person died to guess their age. Bones such as the femur can be measured in order to determine what stage of life a person was in. A child’s bones would typically be shorter than an adult’s bones, and a child's bones would not have the epiphyses, the growing part of a bone, attached completely. Another way to determine age is to look for cartilage, a tissue that is replaced by hard bone as a person gets older. Younger children will have more cartilage in their bones while adults will have more hard bone. Using these methods can help guess the age of a person when they died.
Oscypek
Oscypek was originally made from sheep's milk, but it can also be made from cow's milk.
Forensic anthropology
Cause of death
How did they die?
Sex
What is the sex of the person who died?
Sexual dimorphism is most obvious in the pelvis of the skeleton and in the skull. Forensic anthropologists can determine a persons' sex by studying these bones. Since females give birth, their pelvic bones are usually wider and fan out more to allow room for the baby. In terms of the skull, males generally have larger skulls than females due to the larger amount of muscle that male skulls have to support.
Time of death
When did they die?
In order to find out when a person died, anthropologists use taphonomy, or the study of the natural processes that affect the condition of human remains. Wind, water, soil erosion, and sand can all affect the state of bones. Anthropologists can create a timeline of when these factors to guess when a person died.
Ancestry
What is the individual’s ancestry?
Anthropologists can study ancestry by studying which features of the skeleton are more common in particular populations compared to others. Forensic anthropologists collect data by measuring different features of the cranium, such as width, length, shape and thickness. Once these measurements of the cranium are collected, the next step is to find an appropriate reference sample in the Forensic Anthropology Databank. This databank can group the data from the individual into an existing reference group, giving an indication of the individual's ancestry.
Ancestry studying in forensic anthropology has been argued against. The studying of ancestry is based on works by Franz Joseph Gall who used ancestry as an excuse for racism. Many forensic anthropologists argue against using ancestry studies due to its racist history and suggest using better methods that are not racist
Bone Markings
When looking at bones, anthropologists look for markings left on bones caused by stress. These markings are called stress markers or occupation markers. Occupational markers can be found in cases where muscles or tendons insert into the cortical tissue of bone via the periosteum, or where there is hypertrophy of muscular attachments on the bones. The cause of the markers left are from repetitive activities over a long period of time. But some studies do not think occupational markers are very helpful for forensic identification and may be a source of bias.
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), also known as Amdavad Municipal Corporation, is a government organization which manages the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Ahmedabad. AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act (1949).
Administration
AMC is divided into 48 electoral division headed by a mayor which is largely ceremonial. However, the administrative head is a Municipal Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service's officer appointed by the Government of Gujarat.
For administrative purposes, the city was earlier divided into 5 zones — Central, East, West, North, and South. But, in 2013, an area spread across 466 sq km demarcated as New West Zone which was formerly governed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA). In 2018, the New West Zone was further divided into North West Zone and South West Zone.
City Water Distribution System
AMC uses the Sabarmati river and Narmada canal as the two main sources of water supply for catering to the domestic and commercial demand. It also utilizes groundwater as a source for water supply.
Currently, it operates 4 major Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) namely Kotarpur, Raska, Dudheswar, and Jaspur. Also, there are 7 operational french wells on Sabarmati River that augment water supply to the city. After the treatment, AMC supplies water through its pipeline network to its strategically located Water Distribution Stations (WDSs) in 6 zones across the city.
Solid Waste Management System
AMC collect more than 1000 TPD (tonnes per day) waste from various spots existing in 6 zones by deploying 130 tractors, trucks, JCB, etc. equipments & machineries. In total, 1173 vehicles are monitored through global positioning system. In 2017, the corporation started door-to-door e-waste collection under public-private partnership. Total 6 collection centers were open across the city to segregate e-waste.
988
988 is a year in the 10th century.
987
987 is a year in the 10th century.
Wang Fengjiao
Wang Fengjiao (born 25 July 1994) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2011 FIVB Volleyball Girls' Youth World Championship, 2012 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship, 2013 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, and 2013 Montreux Volley Masters.
She played for Shandong women's volleyball team.
Barcelonne-du-Gers
Barcelonne-du-Gers is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
Wallon-Cappel
Wallon-Cappel is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 806 people lived there.
Smedestraat 33
Smedestraat 33 is a door in the city of Haarlem in the country of the Netherlands. It is a historic place in The Netherlands. It was built in late 17th century. In the past, the door was the entrance to two homes. Now it just opens to one.
Aeroméxico
Aerovías de México, S.A. de C.V. (Airways of Mexico, SA de CV), operating as AeroMéxico, is the flag carrier airline of Mexico. It is based in Colonia Cuauhtémoc, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City. It operates scheduled services to over 56 destinations. Its main base is Mexico City International Airport in Mexico City. The secondary hubs include Guadalajara, Monterrey and Hermosillo. Aeromexico currently has 63 airplanes and goes to 58 cities.
Bajonnette
Bajonnette is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
Prince Alfred of Great Britain
Prince Alfred (22 September 1780 - August 20 1783) was the ninth and last son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He was the first son of George III to die, dying at age two years in 1783.
Lunar south pole
The lunar south pole is a place on the Moon. It has a special interest because ice seems to be inside the craters.
As the moon orbits, it keeps one face always opposite the Earth. So when the Sun shines on it, it shines obliquely on the poles. Thus it never reaches the ice inside the craters, and the water stays frozen. The same pattern might apply to the Moon's northern pole, but that has fewer craters.
Kaliber 44
Kaliber 44 is a hip hop band from Poland. It was created in 1994 by Piotr Łuszcz ("Magik"), Marcin Marten ("AbraDab") and Michał Marten ("Joka"). The first part of the title should indicate the caliber of the issues the group is talking about. The second part is taken from 'Dziady' of Adam Mickiewicz (Vision of the priest Peter).
National Intelligence and Security Service
The National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) (Amharic: ብሔራዊ መረጃና ደህንነት አገልግሎት) is part of the government of Ethiopia. It is an intelligence agency. It finds information and gives it to other parts of the government. It looks for information that affects the whole country. It is a federal agency, part of the main government. That means it must works with state-level agencies, the Ethiopian National Defense Forces, and the Federal Police Commision. It began in 2013. It is part of the Ministry of Peace.
Jurisdiction
The National Intelligence and Security Service has nine departments. It runs checkpoints at airports, like the Transportation Security Administration does in the United States. It is similar to the United States Department of Homeland Security and the Central Intelligence Agency. It also catches terrorists.
Barran
Barran is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
Bars, Gers
Bars is a commune in the Gers department. It is in southwestern France.
New England Patriots
The New England Patriots is an American football team in the National Football League or the NFL. They are in the American Football Conference or the AFC. Their starting quarterback is Mac Jones. Cody Kessler plays the second string quarterback. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium on Foxborough, midway between Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.
In the 2007 season, the Patriots have won all 16 games and became the first team with 16 wins and no losses. They would win 2 more playoff games and enter the Super Bowl at 18-0. However, they did not complete a historic 19-0 season, because they lost to the Giants. The Giants scored 17 points when David Tyree made a helmet catch and the Patriots scored 14 points.
The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018. They play in Foxboro, Massachusetts. They lost to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012 in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII which their perfect season got spoiled. This time, the Giants scored 21 points and the Patriots scored 17 points.
The Patriots also won Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks when Russell Wilson threw an interception on the final play. The Patriots scored 28 points and the Seahawks scored 24 points.
The Patriots were originally called the "Boston Patriots", and played in Fenway Park. Their name comes from the city of Boston's importance in the American Revolution.
2000s
On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:
Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
2010s
On April 29, 2020, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2010s:
Patriots Anniversary teams
The Patriots Hall of Fame group will select an anniversary team to celebrate the greatest members of the team at every position up to the year of the selection.
35th Anniversary team (1994)
In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:
Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
50th Anniversary team (2009)
In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected a 50th anniversary team:
Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl isocyanate is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NCO. It has been used in the production of rubbers and adhesives.
It is highly toxic and irritating. It was the main toxic material involved in the Bhopal disaster.
Hazards
Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic by inhalation, ingestion and contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm.
Exposure symptoms include coughing, chest pain, asthma, shortness of breath and skin damage.
Li Weiwei
Li Weiwei (born 17 November 1994) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2010 FIVB World League, 2013 FIVB Volleyball Women's U20 World Championship, and 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship.
She played for Beijing BAIC Motor women's volleyball team.
Bouchain
Bouchain (Boesem) is a Nord in north France. In 2018, 3,940 people lived there.
Smoke grenade
A smoke bomb or smoke grenade is a bomb that produces a cloud of smoke. It can be used as a toy to make large clouds of colored smoke. It is normally used in the military though. Smoke bombs are used to hide positions and objects from sight behind a thick cloud of smoke. Armies also use smoke grenades to hide soldiers from the enemy. Smoke grenades can be used to mark a spot on the ground (for example, a spot where you want a helicopter to land). Smoke bombs can be thrown or shot. They normally contain a powdered chemical that is ignited. It produces a large cloud of smoke quickly. Then something else starts burning, keeping the smoke cloud thick.
Ring (mathematics)
In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set R together with two operations: addition (+) and multiplication (•). These two operations must follow special rules to work together in a ring.
Mathematicians use the word "ring" this way because a mathematician named David Hilbert used the German word Zahlring to describe something he was writing about. The integers, the rational numbers, the real numbers and the complex numbers are all famous examples of rings. There are other, more unusual examples of rings, however they all obey the special rules below.
Rules
The operations are used to combine two elements to form a third element. There are a few rules the set and the operations must obey to qualify as a ring. These are called ring axioms:
Special Kinds of Rings
Some rings have additional properties from those mentioned above, these rings get special names:
Ring with Unity: If there is a multiplicative identity element, that is an element e such that for all elements a in R, the equation e • a = a • e = a holds, then the ring is called a ring with unity. This element is usually written as 1.
Division Ring: If every element of the ring except 0 has a multiplicative inverse, that is for each a in R\{0}, there exists an element a-1 in R such that a • a-1 = 1, where 1 is the multiplicative identity element, then the ring is called a division ring.
Correlation
In statistics and probability theory, correlation is a way to indicate how closely related two sets of data are.
Ring (mathematics)
Special Kinds of Rings
Integral Domain: In a ring, it may be possible to multiply two things which are not zero and get zero as a result. If this is impossible in a certain ring, then the ring is called an integral domain.
Correlation
Correlation does not always mean that one causes the other. In fact, it is very possible that there is a third factor involved.
Grande-Synthe
Grande-Synthe is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 22,777 people lived there.
Correlation
Correlation usually has one of two directions. These are positive or negative. If it is positive, then the two sets go up together. If it is negative, then one goes up while the other goes down.
Lots of different measurements of correlation are used for different situations. For example, on a scatter graph, people draw a line of best fit to show the direction of the correlation.
Explaining correlation
Strong and weak are words used to describe the strength of correlation. If there is strong correlation, then the points are all close together. If there is weak correlation, then the points are all spread apart. There are ways of making numbers show how strong the correlation is. These measurements are called correlation coefficients. The best known is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, sometimes denoted by r or its Greek equivalent \rho. You put in data into a formula, and it gives you a number between -1 and 1. If the number is 1 or −1, then there is strong correlation. If the answer is 0, then there is no correlation. Another kind of correlation coefficient is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
Correlation vs causation
Correlation does not always mean that one thing causes the other (causation), because there might be something else that is at play.
Because correlation does not imply causation, scientists, economists, etc. will test their theories by creating isolated environments where only one factor is changed (where this is possible). However, politicians, salesmen, news outlets and others often suggest that a particular correlation implies causation. This may be due to ignorance or a wish to persuade. Thus, a news report may attract attention by saying that people who consume a particular product more often have a particular health problem, implying a causation that could be actually due to something else.
Ring (mathematics)
Special Kinds of Rings
Field: A ring with all of the above properties is called a field.
Lakewood, California
Lakewood is a city in Los Angeles County, California. Lakewood was created in 1954.
Lohr am Main
Lohr am Main (officially: Lohr a. Main) is a town in Main-Spessart in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and the seat (but not a member) of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (municipal association) of Lohr am Main. It has a population of about 15,000.
Etymology
The town takes its name from the famous river that flows into the Main in the municipality. The addition "am Main" distinguishes it from other towns also named Lohr.
Compass
A compass is a navigational tool that uses magnetism. It has an arrow which points in the direction of the North Magnetic Pole. or other places where there are few landmarks.
Mark Robins
Mark Gordon Robins (born 22 December 1969) is an English football manager and former player, who is the manager of Coventry City. As a player, he was a striker.
Lohr am Main
Etymology
Past ways of spelling the name include:
1. Salzburger Sportklub 1919
1. SSK 1919 is a football club from Salzburg. It was founded 1919 and is the second oldest football club in Salzburg.
Lohr am Main
Location
The municipal territory extends on both sides of the Main about halfway between Würzburg and Aschaffenburg in Lower Franconia. The town of Lohr is on the eastern slope of the Spessart at a bend in the river Main, which twirls towards the south here, forming the beginning of the Mainviereck ("Main Square" – the southern part of the Spessart). In Lohr, the river Lohr releases into the Main. Perhaps for its geographical location or the fact that two major valleys lead into the inside of the range, the town is known as the "Gateway to the Spessart" (Tor zum Spessart).
Compass
The first compass was invented by ancient Chinese in the Han Dynasty. It was a large spoon-like magnetic object made of magnetite ore set upon a square bronze plate.
Lohr am Main
Location
The Main river valley is steep with an elevation change from 160 m above sea level at Gemünden dropping to 100 m above sea level at Hanau. The river Main in its natural state is a fast-moving stream unsuitable for shipping.
Fitchburg, Massachusetts
Fitchburg is a city in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 census, 41,916 people lived there.
Brad Cotter
Thomas Bradley Cotter (born September 29, 1970) is an American country music singer. He won the 2004 season of Nashville Star, a talent competition on the USA Network. On the same year, he released his debut album Patient Man. It produced three singles on the Billboard country charts, including the no. 35 "I Meant To".
Lohr am Main
Subdivisions
Lohr am Main's Stadtteile are, Lindig, , , , , , and.
Brad Cotter
Early life and career
Cotter was born in Opelika, Alabama.
Lohr am Main
Subdivisions
Also, the town of Lohr am Main also owns plots of land within other municipalities, namely Partenstein, Gemünden am Main and Rechtenbach.
Neighbouring communities
Clockwise from the north, these are Partenstein, Frammersbach, Flörsbachtal, Fellen, Burgsinn, Rieneck, Neuendorf, Gemünden am Main, Karlstadt, Steinfeld, Neustadt am Main and Rechtenbach.
Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon, nuclear bomb or a nuke, is a weapon that suddenly releases the energy in the nucleus of certain types of atoms. When triggered, the device releases a huge amount of energy in the form of a nuclear explosion.
Nuclear explosions can destroy a city and kill most of its people. They also make nuclear fallout. This radioactive material can make people ill. Nuclear weapons are the most damaging weapons mankind has created.
The first nuclear weapons were built by the United States during World War II. Two nuclear weapons were used to attack cities in Japan. They were the only times nuclear weapons were used in war.
Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have been detonated over 2,000 times for testing and demonstration. Only a few nations possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons and to say they have them are (in order from the first time the country had tested them) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is believed to have nuclear weapons, but in a policy of deliberate ambiguity, does not say so. Germany, Italy, Turkey, Belgium and the Netherlands share nuclear weapons with other countries. South Africa is the only country that has independently developed and later renounced and dismantled its nuclear weapons.
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons aims to reduce the spread of nuclear weapons. Its effectiveness has been questioned.
History
In the years after 1895, physicists began to understand how atoms are made.
In 1939, physicists began to understand the theory of nuclear fission weapons, but no country knew how to build one. When World War II started, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States wanted to build nuclear weapons. The United Kingdom started working in 1939 but found it so expensive that it gave up in 1942. Later that year, the United States started a very large program to build nuclear weapons. Building upon the work done in the United Kingdom, the program was called the "Manhattan Project".
Lewis County
Lewis County can be any of the following counties in the United States:
Valya Balkanska
Valya Mladenova Balkanska (born January 8, 1942) is a Bulgarian folk music singer. She is most famous for performing the song Izlel je Delyo hajdutin, which was sent to space on board the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes in 1977.
Valya Balkanska was born in a hamlet consisting of seven houses near the village of Arda in the Rhodope Mountains. Since her childhood years she has been singing Rhodopean folk songs, which she learned from her mother and grandmother, as well as at work-bee parties. In 1960 she became the main soloist of the Rhodopa State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances. She was only 18 years old at that time. Up to this day Balkanska has performed more than 300 folk songs, having been accompanied by the bagpipe player Petar Yanev for the last 14 years.
The most important moment in Balkanska's career came with the folk song Izlel je Delyo hajdutin, which she recorded together with the bagpiper Dimitar Petkovski. In 1972 it became part of the Voyager Golden Record, a collection of songs, sounds and images from our planet, which also contains works of famous composers such as Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Stravinsky. NASA put copies of the record in the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes and launched them on August 20, 1977. According to Carl Sagan, one of the creators of the Voyager Golden Record, only advanced alien civilizations would be able to play it.
In 2004 Balkanska released an album called Glas ot vechnostta (Voice from the Eternity), comprising some of her most popular songs such as A bre yunache ludo i mlado, Goro le goro zelena, and Maychinko stara maychinko.
Recognition
Balkanska received numerous awards throughout her career as a folk music singer. One of her favourite recognitions is a golden statuette from the Art Olympiad in Los Angeles in 1997. In 2002 the Bulgarian president honoured her with a Stara Planina medal, considered the highest national award. In the same year she also received the Golden Lyre award by the Union of Bulgarian Musicians and Dancers. Balkanska became an awardee of the Golden Phenomenon prize for helping the popularization of Bulgarian folk music and culture and for the same reason she was the first Bulgarian to be honoured by UNESCO as a "citizen of the planet". According to Time Magazine she is one of the people symbolizing the future of Europe, stating that apart from being "a legend in her own country, Valya Balkanska is very much a legend in space, too". Since December 2005 she has her own star plate on the Bulgarian Walk of Fame. In 2005 Balkanska was also one of the nominees for the St. Paisiy Hilendarski national award for notable artists and performers. In May 2009 the Bulgarian Association of Regional Media chose her as The Most Exceptional Bulgarian Woman.
In 2008 Standard, a Bulgarian daily newspaper, conducted a survey on what Bulgarians consider as their most important symbol of national pride. Nearly 22 thousand readers of Standard's online edition from more than 10 countries around the world took part in the poll. Among the 23 possible choices, Valya Balkanska came in first with 9.46% of the votes. She ranked higher than the inventor of the computer John Atanasoff, the world record holder in the women's high jump Stefka Kostadinova, and even the declaration of independence of Bulgaria in 1908.
Nuclear weapon
History
By August 1945, the Manhattan Project had built three nuclear fission weapons. Two of the bombs were used by the United States to attack the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. People from the Manhattan Project believe that around 105,000 people were killed and 94,000 were hurt when the bombs were used. Medical professionals later came to believe that more than 225,000 people died when everyone who was affected after long periods of time has been counted. Japan announced its surrender after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
After World War II, the Soviet Union also began working to create nuclear weapons.
How they work
One way that nuclear weapons release energy is by breaking atoms apart. Called nuclear fission, that the basis for atomic bombs. Specific isotopes of uranium or plutonium are typically used in the weapons. Those elements can be made to undergo nuclear fission and have a nuclear chain reaction.
Another process can be used to create nuclear weapons with even bigger explosions and then releasing much more energy by fusing atoms together. That process is called nuclear fusion, and weapons based on the process are called hydrogen bombs or thermonuclear weapons. Specialized isotopes of hydrogen are typically used in the weapons.
Nuclear weapons produce a very large amount of energy and radiation, which can kill people or animals within several kilometers. Most of the radiation is X-rays, which heats the air to produce a huge nuclear fireball. The rapid expansion of the fireball creates a dangerous shock wave that can destroy houses or buildings several kilometers away. The radiation can cause radiation poisoning and also has the potential to cause mutations in the DNA, which can cause cancer.
Nuclear bombs also release fallout, which is nuclear material and dust that has been irradiated and become radioactive. Over time, the radioactive fallout can potentially kill people farther away, depending on how much was released. Fallout from a nuclear explosion can be blown by the wind over large distances from the explosion and can remain dangerous for long periods of time.
A hydrogen bomb, also known as a fusion bomb, uses hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) in addition to uranium or plutonium. Hydrogen bombs have the potential to be much more powerful than fission bombs. Despite the name, a typical hydrogen bomb has only enough hydrogen to produce additional neutrons to detonate a casing made of natural uranium. The fuel in hydrogen bombs is thus mostly unrefined uranium.
Building nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapons are difficult to build because they need special isotopes of uranium or plutonium, as well as specialized technology. This is why so few countries have them. When countries without nuclear weapons create their own, that is commonly referred to as nuclear proliferation.
Getting nuclear weapons to target
Getting a nuclear weapon to its target can be as hard as making one. The explosive material can be placed in a bomb or artillery shell or into a missile. When a nuclear device is placed on a missile it is commonly called a nuclear missile and can be carried by airplanes, submarines, or trucks or placed into underground missile silos. Some kinds of airplanes like the B-29 Superfortress, B-36 Peacemaker, B-52 Stratofortress, and B-2 Spirit have carried nuclear weapons.
They are also carried by missiles, such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) or submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). Some missiles travel to the border of space and then launch a number of separate nuclear weapons back toward the ground, with each weapon travelling to a different target. That is called a MIRV Warhead, or Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicles. Very large nuclear bombs have been produced, but in practice a weapon with multiple warheads can produce much more damage by attacking more targets.
Nuclear weapons take many resources to make because the materials they are made of are rare, and it takes many scientists to make them. However, several countries have managed to create nuclear weapons and many have them today. The countries that have nuclear weapons are listed here in the order that they were invented: United States (1945), Russia (1949), United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), and Pakistan (1998). Other countries are believed to secretly have nuclear weapons or develop them. Some countries used to have nuclear weapons but have since then said that they have gotten rid of them.
Some countries have lost nuclear weapons while transporting them. There are 92 known instances of atom bombs being lost at sea by all of the countries known to posses them. Bombs have been lost in 15 different cases. However, there could be more lost bombs.
Nuclear explosions to date
This is a list is of the main nuclear explosions which have happened. As well as the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first nuclear test of a given weapon type for a country is included, and tests which were otherwise notable (such as the largest test ever). All yields (explosive power) are given in their estimated energy equivalents in kilotons of TNT.
Compensation for victims
Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were done at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980. As public awareness and concern grew over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to nuclear fallout, various studies were done. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study says that nuclear fallout might have led to 11,000 excess deaths, most caused by thyroid cancer linked to exposure to iodine-131.
People associated with nuclear weapons
Notable individuals who have been associated with nuclear weapons and related issues include:
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He opened a navigation school in Portugal, so the technology of tools and ships could be made better. One of these developments was the caravel. His explorers discovered the first shipping routes directly from Europe to Asia for the Portuguese monarchy.
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Photographic film
Photographic film is a sheet of plastic for recording visual scenes. The plastic has been specially treated to be sensitive to light. The image is recorded on the plastic when the plastic is exposed to light. Film is kept in small canisters (boxes) which protect it from the light. A normal photographic film may hold up to 40 pictures.
Graph
A graph is a picture designed to express words, particularly the connection between two or more quantities. You can see a graph on the right.
Photographic film
Once all pictures have been recorded, the film has to undergo a special chemical treatment. This is called developing a film or film processing. That treatment makes the pictures visible (you can see them), and the exposed film is no longer sensitive to light.
Different kinds of films exist. Some require more light to be exposed than others. Some are black and white only; they record no colors. There are also special films which can record infrared light. Photographic film was invented in the 1880s and replaced the earlier dry plate system.
Films also come in different sizes. 35 millimeter film, the most used size, comes in metal cans or canisters, but there are other camera films that come in paper wrappings or in single sheets.
Graph
A simple graph usually shows the relationship between two numbers or measurements in the form of a grid. If this is a rectangular graph using Cartesian coordinate system, the two measurements will be arranged into two different lines at right angle to one another. One of these lines will be going up (the vertical axis). The other one will be going right (the horizontal axis). These lines (or axes, the plural of axis) meet at their ends in the lower left corner of the graph.
Photographic film
Uses
Film can only be used once. After that, it cannot be used again (if it is accidentally used again, this results in an artifact called a multiple exposure). When not in use, film needs to be covered from light, otherwise it will record any lights that shine on it. This will make it useless to record a picture. Film comes in a can called a canister to cover it from light rays.
Graph
Both of these axes have tick marks along their lengths. You can think of each axis as a ruler drawn on paper. So each measurement is indicated by the length of the associated tick mark along the particular axis.
A graph is a kind of chart or diagram. However, a chart or a diagram may not relate one quantity to other quantities. Flowcharts and tree diagrams are charts or diagrams that are not graphs.
Photographic film
Uses
Films that need less time to record the picture are known as "faster" films. Different speeds of films are marked with an ISO number. The higher the number, the faster the films. Films can only make a picture from focused lights. If there is no lens to focus light, the film will only turn white from receiving just the light. If a film with an ISO level of 200 instead of 100 is used, it will only need half as much time to record a picture of the same scene.
Examples of ISO numbers are ISO 50, ISO 100, IS0 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, and ISO 1600. The ISO number is sometimes called the ASA number or the film speed. When the ISO number is low, for example ISO 50, the film takes a long time to record the picture. This is called a slow film. This means the shutter has to stay open for a long time. When the ISO number is high, for example ISO 800, the picture is made in a very short time. This is a fast film. This means the shutter has to open and close quickly.
Before photographic film was invented, photography used glass dry plates. In the 21st century, most cameras don't use film anymore.
Graph
How to draw a simple graph
Let's say you wanted to make a graph showing your height as you were growing up. You might show your height in centimeters on the vertical axis and your age in years on the horizontal axis.
You would then plot 85 centimeters for year 2 and 95 centimeters for year 3. If you had more heights for more years, you would plot years 4, 5 and so forth. When you had enough points on your graph, you could draw a line through each of the plotted points, making your graph a line graph. For example, the line graph at the upper right shows the unemployment rate (as a percent) on the vertical axis and the year (from 1950 to 2005) on the horizontal axis.
Let's say you wanted a single graph showing both your height and your brother's height. This could be expressed as two sets of plotted points: one for you and one for your brother. You could use different colors to tell your plot from your brother's. Or you might plot the Gross Domestic Product (in billions of dollars) as a second line against the same years on the unemployment graph above. This would show you the relationship between GDP and unemployment.
Uses of graphs
Graphs make information easier to see. This is especially true when two or more sets of numbers are related in some way.
For example, the unemployment rates graph at the beginning of this article could be expressed in the form of a table. Like this:
But a long string of numbers makes it difficult to see the underlying meaning. It is much simpler to understand when the table is expressed in the form of a graph. In particular, it is easier to see the relationships between the two sets of data. For example, by looking at the graph you can see at a glance that unemployment was relatively low in the late sixties but relatively high in the early eighties.