cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Hans-Peter Lanig
Hans-Peter Lanig (7 December 1935 – 28 January 2022) was a German alpine skier. He competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1956 Winter Olympics and in the 1960 Winter Olympics, winning a silver medal in 1960. He was born in Bad Hindelang, Bavaria, Germany.
Lanig died on 28 January 2022, at the age of 86.
Harrington Park, New Jersey
Harrington Park is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 4,664.
Kawasaki
Kawasaki (川崎) may refer to:
Lalaye
Lalaye is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Jamstik
The Jamstik comes with an included instructional app called JamTutor. JamTutor helps teach new guitar players the basics of guitar.
Crotram
CROTRAM is a group of Croatian companies that make trams. They make a tram called TMK 2200.
Crotram is a consortium (a group of companies that cooperate) made of three companies: Elektroindustrija Koncar(cro. Končar) and Gredelj, both from city of Zagreb, and Duro Dakovic (cro.Đuro Đaković), from Slavonski Brod.
The TMK 2200 is 32 meters long, and it can go as fast as 70km/h. 202 people can ride at one time.
Mehdi Yaghoubi
Yaghoubi died on 25 September 2021 at the age of 91.
Aussevielle
Aussevielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Michelle De La Isla
Michelle De La Isla (born March 19, 1976) is an American politician. She is the Mayor of Topeka, Kansas since 2018. She was a member of the Topeka City Council from 2013 to 2018. De La Isla is the city's first Latina, first single mother, and second woman to serve as mayor.
Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour
Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour is the first of two theatrical productions by Cirque du Soleil. It uses music by Michael Jackson. The show was written and directed by Jamie King. The first show was in October 2011. By December 2011 the show had sold out over $100 million in tickets. On November 21, 2011 Immortal, the soundtrack album to the show, was released by Epic Records. There are 20 songs on the album. It sold 43,000 copies in its first week.
Oslofjord
The Oslofjord (Oslofjorden) is one of Norway’s most popular recreation area. It is 100 kilometres in length. It is a short distance from Oslo by ferry.
The fjord carries shipping to and from Oslo. The northern part of Oslofjord splits into several smaller fjords, including Sande Bay and Bunne Fjord.
Antichrist
In Christian beliefs, the Antichrist or Anti-christ (anti means opposite; christ means messiah) is used to speak about a person or image that implies evil, and more than one person. It is also said that antichrist is the devil himself.
The Biblical Book of Revelation refers to two "Beasts". One of them is often identified as the Antichrist, the counter-messiah of the devil.
Mimosoideae
Mimosoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Members of this family usually have flowers with small petals and many stamens.
Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising Mimosoideae to the rank of family as Mimosaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense.
Diessbach bei Büren
Diessbach bei Büren is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Tomelilla Municipality
Tomelilla Municipality (Tomelilla kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tomelilla.
Aymoré Moreira
Aymoré Moreira (born 16 October, 1912) is a former Brazilian football player.
Elm Grove, Louisiana
Elm Grove is an unincorporated community in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Tahiti national football team
Tahiti national football team is the national football team of Tahiti.
Botnang
Botnang (formerly Bothnang) is a district of the City of Stuttgart and is between Feuerbach, Stuttgart-West and Vaihingen.
List of governors of Nebraska
The Governor of Nebraska holds the "supreme executive power" of the U.S. state of Nebraska. The current office holder is Jim Pillen, a Republican, who was sworn in on January 5, 2022.
Difference of two squares
In mathematics, the difference of two squares is a squared (multiplied by itself) number subtracted from another squared number. Every difference of squares may be factored according to the identity in elementary algebra.
Proof
Starting from the left-hand side, use the distributive law to get By the commutative law, the middle two terms cancel: leaving
The result is one of the most commonly used identities in mathematics. Among other many uses, it gives simple proof of the AM–GM inequality in two variables.
The proof holds in any commutative ring.
Terry Glenn
Glenn died in a car crash in Irving, Texas on November 20, 2017 at the age of 43.
Asigliano Vercellese
Asigliano Vercellese is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont. It is about 60 km northeast of Turin and about 6 km south of Vercelli.
Lampertsloch
Lampertsloch is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Aussurucq
Aussurucq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Dementor
A dementor is a man-size creature in the Harry Potter books. They are black and hooded. They only lift up their hood for performing the kiss in which they suck out the soul. There is one way to make them go away. It's the Patronus Charm. It's very advanced magic. You perform it by saying ''Expecto Patronum! '' and remembering a very happy memory, a very powerful memory. Harry Potter first saw them in the third book The prisoner of Azkaban.
History of Freemasonry
The history of Freemasonry takes in the origins, evolution and showing clear events of the brother-like organization experienced as Freemasonry. It covers three phases. firstly, the emergence of "joined in a cause lodges of operative" during the Middle ages, then the admission of Lay members as "accepted" or "speculative" stone-workers, and finally the evolution of only speculative lodges, and the emergence of Grand lodges to govern them. The first Grand Lodge was created in London in 1717. The difficulties facing writers of history are the lack of written material, even down to the 19th century, and the way knowledge was produced by stone-workers and non-masons from the earliest years.
Air Force blue
Air Force blue is a grayish tone blue and a gray, darker, variation of cyan and azure. The blue color was chosen as a symbol of clear sky. They look like dark azure but the United States Air Force and US Air Force Academy used the color which looks like dark blue.
Nobel Foundation
The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution started on 29 June 1900. Its job is to manage the money and organize the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.
United States Naval Research Laboratory
The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. It conducts basic scientific research, applied research, technological development and prototyping.
Stuttgart-North
Stuttgart-Nord is an inner city district in the north of Stuttgart.
Saturn Nebula
The Staturn Nebula is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Aquarius. It is about 2,400 light-years away from Earth.
Auterrive
Auterrive is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Landersheim
Landersheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Substitute (The Righteous Brothers song)
"Substitute" is a 1975 song by The Righteous Brothers and the better known version is the 1978 song by South African all girl group Clout. It went to number 1 in Germany, Ireland, New Zealand and South Africa, number 2 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, number 10 in Austria and number 12 in Australia.
Enigma
Enigma may refer to:
Shane Lewis (swimmer)
Shane Lewis (18 March 1973 – 21 February 2021) was an Australian swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre breaststroke event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Windows XP
Windows XP is a version of the Microsoft Windows operating system for personal computers. The letters "XP" stand for eXPerience. Microsoft released Windows XP on October 25, 2001. Windows XP replaced Windows 2000 and Windows ME, which helped bring the NT and 9x versions of Windows together. It was replaced by Windows Vista in 2006. Windows XP was the second most used computer operating system in the world as late as April 2012. Following the release of Windows XP, many computer makers including (but not limited to) Dell, Hewlett Packard, Acer, IBM, Compaq, and Toshiba changed their computers (mostly laptops) to Windows XP from Windows 2000. You can tell a laptop from that time was initially sold with Windows 2000 if the Windows (WIN) key on the keyboard has the previous Windows logo.
Affix
An affix is a piece added to a word, or root, which signals or changes its role in a sentence. It is part of grammar. p18 Affixes may occur in various positions in a word:
Windows XP
Microsoft stopped supporting Windows XP on April 8, 2014 (except some security updates e.g. in 2019, to address ransomware threats, and to address major malware threats, such as BlueKeep) and Microsoft and authorities warn users against using Windows XP. However, Windows XP remained a popular operating system around the world for a long time. On July 31, 2019, Microsoft Internet Games Services on Windows XP and Windows ME stopped working, and on January 22, 2020 Microsoft Internet Games Services stopped working on Windows 7, for Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 – on April 5, 2021. By August 2019, Microsoft (and others) had ended support for games on Windows XP. As of June 2021, 0.6% of Windows PCs run Windows XP. Windows XP became the most popular operating system from 2001 to 2007, the operating system, individually and pre-installed, selling over 500 million copies.
Editions
Home Edition is an edition that was made for home users.
Professional was made for business users, as well as power users. It had advanced management features like backup recovery, Group Policy and could support two Central processing units.
Media Center Edition was for people who liked to use their computer as a television box. It has in basics the same features as Windows XP Professional but included Windows Media Center, a program which could manage TV shows and play music, and even Netflix.
Tablet PC Edition was for users with pen-based laptops and early tablet PCs.
64-bit Edition was for computers that ran on Intel's 64-bit Itanium platform. This should not be confused with Windows XP x64 Edition, as x64 and Itanium are completely different architectures. Unlike Windows XP x64 Edition, 64-bit Edition has fewer features than Windows XP Professional. Some of these features included NTVDM and Windows on Windows, which means that 16-bit MS-DOS applications will not be able to run. It also was missing Windows Media Player features, but Windows XP 64-bit Edition Version 2003, released in March 2003, added back these media features. Unlike other editions of Windows XP, Windows XP 64-bit edition was discontinued and unsupported on June 30, 2005.
Professional x64 Edition was for users with 64-bit x86-based computers. It has the same features as Windows XP Professional except for NTVDM, and introduced Windows on Windows 64, which lets 32-bit applications run on a 64-bit operating system and processor.
Starter Edition was sold mostly in developing countries. The price was low because Microsoft wanted to fight the high software piracy rate in those countries. It could only be bought with a new computer.
System requirements
The system requirements for Windows XP Home and Professional editions are:
Balmuccia
Balmuccia is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Ashley Greene
Ashley Michele Greene (born February 21, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Alice Cullen in the Twilight Saga movies.
Early life
Greene was born in Jacksonville, Florida. Her mother is Michele Greene (née Tatum), who works in insurance, and Joe Greene, a former U.S. Marine who now owns a concrete business. She grew up in Middleburg and Jacksonville. She moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 17 to pursue an acting career. Greene has an older brother named Joe.
Career
At first, she planned to become a model. Her manager told her that she was not tall enough to be a fashion model and that she should act in commercials instead. After taking commercial and acting classes, she realized that she liked acting more than modeling. Greene graduated from high school early and moved to L.A. to start her acting career.
Acting
Early in her career, she had guest roles on television programs, such as Punk'd and Crossing Jordan. In 2008, she had an important role in the movie Twilight, which was based on the novel of the same name by Stephenie Meyer. She played the character Alice Cullen. She was also in the sequels to Twilight: The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009), The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010), The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 (2012).
Greene played Michelle Burkham in the drama movie Skateland (2010).
She acted in the movie A Warrior's Heart with Kellan Lutz, who was also in Twilight.
Greene acted along with Miley Cyrus and Demi Moore in the drama movie LOL (2012).
Modeling
In 2010, Greene did modeling for an advertisement by the company SoBe. In this advertisement, she wore body paint. Later the same year, Greene became the main model for the Mark brand of cosmetics. This brand is made by the company Avon.
Randolph Turpin
Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.
Ashley Greene
Modeling
Greene received an award from the PETA foundation because of her work with Avon, which does not do animal testing. She also received "The Style Icon Award" from the magazine Hollywood Life at the Young Hollywood Awards.
Shivaji
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire. He was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra on 19 February 1630 to mother Raajmata Jijabai yadav and father Shri.Shahajiraje Bhosale. It is said that mother Jijabai prayed to Lord Shiva in Shivneri Fort for a brave son and kept her son name as Shivaji after the Hindu god Shiva.
Vantage Point
Vantage Point is a 2008 mystery thriller movie from Columbia Pictures, written by Barry Levy and directed by Pete Travis. It stars Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker with Sigourney Weaver, Édgar Ramírez and William Hurt. It was released on February 22, 2008.
Baker
A baker is somebody who makes mainly bread. Some bakers also make cakes and desserts, but a traditional baker only makes bread. The place where a baker works is called a bakehouse or a bakery.
The first bread was made by the Egyptians in 8000 BC and in the Middle Ages most landlords had a bakery. They had a public oven and housewives brought the dough to the baker to cook.
Alan Lancaster
Alan Charles Lancaster (7 February 1949 – 26 September 2021) was an English musician. He was best known as founding member and bassist of the rock band Status Quo. He played with the band from 1967 to 1985.
Shivaji
Chh.Shivaji Maharaj is one of the revered historical figures of Maharashtra. He created an independent and sovereign state in the Maharashtra region.
Alan Lancaster
On 26 September 2021, Lancaster died in Sydney, Australia, at the age of 72 from problems caused by multiple sclerosis.
Shivaji
Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was born at the Shivneri fort near Junnar in Pune district on 19th February 1630. His mother, Raajmaata Jijabai was the daughter of Shri.Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed. His father Shri.Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan. He worked under the local Deccan sultanates. Most of the territory in Maharashtra was then under the possession of the Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur who were known as the Deccan sultanates. In the coastal belt of Konkan, there were two sea powers fighting for control, the Christian Portuguese and the Muslim Siddi. The British and the Dutch also had their factories on the coast. The Mughals, since the period of Emperor Akbar wanted to expand their power in the South. The Mughals launched a campaign to conquer the Nizamshahi Kingdom. The Adilshah of Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this campaign. Shri. Shahajiraje Bhosale tried to rebel, but he could not withstand the combined might of the Mughals and the Adilshahi. The Nizamshahi kingdom came to an end in 1636. Thereafter Shri.Shahajiraje became a Sardar of the Adilshah of Bijapur and was posted in Karnataka. The region comprising Pune, Supe, Indapur, and Chakan Parganas located between the Bhima and Nira rivers which were vested in Shri. Shahajiraje as a jagir was continued by the Adilshah. Shri. Shahajiraje was also assigned a jagir of Bangalore. Raajmata Jijabai and Chh. Shivaji Maharaj, stayed for a few years with Shri.Shahajiraje at Bangalore until Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was twelve years old. Shri. Shahaji entrusted the administration of the Lakshmi jagir to Chh.Shivaji and Mata Jijabai. Chh. Shivaji grew up amidst the hills and valleys of the Pune region under the guidance of his mother Raajmata Jijabai. His mother taught him the stories of the Hindu epics and scriptures such as Mahabharata and also stories of old mighty Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara. He was also trained in guerrilla warfare. He defeated the Mughal forces of Rai Bagan.
Randolph Turpin
Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father. He became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.
Shivaji
Foundation of the Maratha kingdom
Several small spurs run eastward from the sahyadri in the Pune region. The extremely rugged valleys enclosed by these are usually known as the Mavals or Khores each named after the stream running through it, or after the principal village. Collectively they are known as the Mavals. The inhabitants of this region who are called the Mavalas were extremely hardy people. Shivaji Maharaj started the work of founding the Swaraj in this region which is full of hills and valleys and is not easily accessible. He skillfully utilized the geographical features of the Maval region for the foundation of the Swaraj. He created a feeling of trust and affection in minds of the people. Many associates, companions, and Mavalas joined him in his work of founding Swaraj. The objective of Shivaji Maharaj in founding the Swaraj is clearly expressed in his official seal or Mudra which is in Sanskrit. Through this Mudra, Shivaji Maharaj assured his people that the ‘ever-increasing like the crescent moon, the kingdom of Shivaji, son of Shahaji, will always seek the welfare of the people.
Randolph Turpin
Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout.
Shivaji
The Royal Seal of Shivaji Maharaj
In the medieval period, forts carried much significance. With a firm hold over a fort, one could defend as well as control the surrounding area and could rule the land. In case of an enemy’s invasion, it was possible to protect the people taking shelter in the fort. The forts situated within the jagir of Shivaji Maharaj were not under his control but were under the control of Adilshah. Therefore an attempt to capture the forts meant to challenge the Adilshahi power. Shivaji Maharaj decided to acquire the forts that were within his jagir. He captured the forts of Murumbdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana, Purandar and laid the foundation of the Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj was steadily but cautiously aiming at extending and consolidating his power. Those sardars who appreciated his aim were brought to his side, but some sardars in the Adilshahi opposed him. It was necessary to bring them under control to found the Swaraj.
Randolph Turpin
He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters. On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.
Shivaji
The Capture of Javali
The region of Javali in the Satara district was important from the strategic point of view. Many routes to the Konkan were through Javali. For the expansion of the Swaraj in the Konkan, it was essential to control that region. The region of Javali was ruled by Chandrarao More, a powerful Sardar in the Adilshahi. Shivaji Maharaj attacked Javali and captured it in A.D. 1656. Then he also captured Rairi. This strong fort, later under the name of Raigad, was to become the capital of Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj built the Pratapgad fort in the Javali valley to protect the newly conquered territory and to control the Paar pass. The victory at Javali led to the expansion of the Swaraj in Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj then crossed the Ghats and descended into Konkan. He captured Kalyan and Bhivandi on the Konkan coast which were under the control of Adilshahi. Shivaji Maharaj also captured forts like Mahuli, Lohagad, Tunga, Tikona, Visapur, Songad, Karnala, Tala and Ghosala, in the Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj was able to command the coast line because of his acquisition of this territory in the Konkan. He came in contact with the Portuguese, the British and the Siddi powers on the western coast. The Siddi controlled the fort of Janjira and the areas around, including Danda-Rajpuri. Wherever in future these powers created obstacles in the work of expanding the Swaraj, Shivaji Maharaj tried to curb their activities.
The Establishment of Maratha Navy
When Shivaji Maharaj became master of a long coastal strip, he deemed it necessary to undertake the construction of a Navy. Shivaji Maharaj realized that the one who had a navy, controlled the sea. To protect his own territory from the Siddi's depredations, to protect the merchant ships and ports in order to secure and enhance revenue incomes derived from maritime trade and customs duty, he concentrated on building the Navy. There were four hundred ships of various kinds in the Navy. They included battleships like Gurab, Galbat and Pal.
Baker
Bread is now much sweeter than it was in the Middle Ages because a lot of corn syrup or honey is used.
Svedala Municipality
Svedala Municipality (Svedala kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Svedala.
Shivaji
The defeat of Afzal Khan and the Battle of Javali
Shivaji Maharaj had openly challenged the Adilshahi by capturing forts in his jagir and the territory in north Konkan. At that time the Badi Sahiba was looking after the administration of Adilshahi. She sent Afzal Khan, a powerful and experienced Adilshahi General to curb Shivaji Maharaj. Afzal Khan set out from Bijapur sometime in May 1659. To isolate Shivaji Maharaj, Ali Adilshah issued Farmans to the Deshmukhs in the Mavals, ordering them to join Afzal Khan. Besides this, Afzal Khan made efforts to seek the support of the Deshmukh's. A meeting between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan took place on 10th November 1659 at the foot of Pratapgad. At the meeting, Afzal Khan attempted treachery when he went to greet Shivaji Maharaj by stabbing Shivaji in the back with his dagger however Shivaji Maharaj had come prepared and he was wearing body armour so the dagger failed to pierce his skin. In retaliation, Shivaji Maharaj ripped at Afzal Khan's stomach with his weapon which is known as tiger-claws (wagh-nakh) and killed Afzal Khan. The Marathas destroyed Afzal Khan’s army in the dense forests of Javali. Shivaji Maharaj secured a large booty from Afzal Khan's camp which enabled him to consolidate and strengthen his position.
The Expedition of Siddi Jauhar
Shivaji Maharaj intended to capture as much of Adilshahi province and forts as possible. Thereafter, he was captured from the Adilshah forts of Panhala, Vasantgad, and Khelna. He renamed Khelna as Vishalgad. In A.D. 1660, to check the rapid progress of Shivaji Maharaj, the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of Karnul region, with a large army against Shivaji Maharaj. The Adilshah gave Siddi the title of ‘Salabatkhan’. In these circumstances, Shivaji Maharaj took shelter in the Panhala fort. Siddi’s soldiers led siege to the fort for about five months. Shivaji Maharaj found himself trapped inside the fort. Netaji Palkar made attempts to raise the siege by 4 attacking Siddi’s army from outside. But Siddi showed no signs of relenting. Shivaji Maharaj opened overtures with him. This led to slackness in the siege around Panhalgad. Taking advantage of the situation Shivaji Maharaj escaped through siege around the Panhala fort and proceeded to Vishalgad. Siddi Jauhar’s army pursued Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj stationed Baji Prabhu Deshpande at the foot of Vishalgad and entrusted the responsibility of stopping the Siddi’s army. Baji Prabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at the Ghod pass near Gajapur. He fought with the greatest valor. Baji Prabhu died a hero’s death in this battle. While going to Vishalgad, Shivaji Maharaj also crushed the opposition of the Adilshahi sardars- Dalvi of Palawan and Surve of Shringarpur. Maharaj reached Vishalgad safely. While Shivaji Maharaj was trapped at Panhala, the Mughal army invaded the Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj realized that it would not be prudent to fight two enemies at the same time. Therefore Shivaji Maharaj entered into a treaty with the Adilshah. As per the treaty, he returned the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah.
Conflict with the Mughals: Shaista Khan’s Invasion
For the expansion of the Swaraj, conflict with the Mughals was inevitable. Emperor Aurangzeb appointed Shaista khan, to the viceroyalty of the Deccan, ordering him to invade and annex Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions. Shaista khan left Ahmednagar in February 1660 and arrived in Pune on 10th May 1660. He decided to capture the fort of Chakan to obtain supplies. Though the killedar of the fort of Chakan- Firangoji Narsala offered strong resistance to Shaista khan’s army, the Mughals captured the fort of Chakan. Shaista khan captured Swaraj's territories -Pune, Supe. He set up his camp at Lal Mahal in Pune. The Mughal army began to ravage the regions around Pune. Shaista khan adopted the strategy to occupy as much of Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions as possible. Forces were dispatched to invade the Konkan region below the Ghats. Kalyan and Bhiwandi were captured by the Mughal army. Shaista Khan appointed Kartalabkhan on an expedition to the North Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj humbled the Khan in Umbarkhind. Shivaji Maharaj left Netaji Palkar to defend the North Konkan and he marched southwards and captured Dabhol, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Rajapur, Palavani, and Shringarpur. Two years had passed but Shaista khan still would not think of leaving Pune. Naturally, this harmed the population. Intending to drive Shaista khan out of Pune, Shivaji Maharaj devised a bold plan. On 5th April 1663, Shivaji Maharaj raided Lal Mahal. In this raid, Shaista khan lost his fingers. He left Pune and shifted his camp to Aurangabad. The successful attack on Shaista khan resulted in an immense increase in Shivaji Maharaj's prestige and fame. It also had an impact on the people and their faith in the capabilities of Maharaj was strengthened even further.
The Surat Campaign
Soon after his return from Surat, Shivaji Maharaj embarked upon a vigorous naval program. Shivaji Maharaj had realized the importance of sea forts. Sea forts would protect the navy and keep in check the Siddi of Janjira and the Portuguese. He built Suvarnadurg. In 1664 he commenced the construction of Sindhudurg at Malvan. About the same time, he strengthened a fort named Vijaydurg. He also built a fort named Padmadurg on a small island in front of Rajpuri to counter the Siddi power.
Jaisingh’s campaign against Shivaji Maharaj
Intending to crush the growing power of Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb sent Jaisingh of Ambar, an experienced and powerful Mughal Sardar. He left Delhi on 30th September 1664 and reached Pune on 3rd March 1665. Jaisingh's strategy was to isolate Shivaji Maharaj from his neighboring powers so that he would get neither help nor support from them, to prevent him from breaking out into the Mughal territory, to devastate his homeland, and capture his forts. As per this strategy he was trying to provoke the Adilshahi against Shivaji Maharaj. Jaisingh was simultaneously instigating local rulers in the Karnataka against the Adilshah so that the latter would be unable to help Shivaji Maharaj. To the Portuguese of Goa and Vasai, the Dutch of Vengurla, the British of Surat, and the Siddis of Janjira, Jaisingh suggested that they should start a naval campaign against Shivaji Maharaj. He also drew up a plan of capturing the forts in possession of Maharaj. Jaisingh and Dilerkhan led siege to the fort of Purandar. Mughal forces were sent to various parts of Swaraj to devastate the territories of the Swaraj. Maharaj endeavored to resist the Mughals. When the Mughals put the fort of Purandar under siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with the greatest of courage. He died a hero’s death. Realizing that in this conflict with the Mughals, Shivaji Maharaj and his subjects had to face great losses, Maharaj began talks for a treaty with Jaisingh. A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj was signed in June 1665 which is known as the ‘Treaty of Purandar’. Under the terms of the treaty, Maharaj ceded twenty-three forts and adjacent areas yielding a revenue of four lakh hons to the Mughals. He also assured the Mughals of help against the Adilshahi.
Visit to Agra
Jaisingh’s campaign against the Adilshahi proved unsuccessful. Jaisingh and Aurangzeb felt that if the Adilshah, the Qutubshah, and Shivaji Maharaj joined forces against the Mughals, it would be a great setback to the Mughal policies in the Deccan. Both of them felt that Shivaji Maharaj ought to be kept away at least for some time from the Deccan politics. Jaisingh proposed to Shivaji Maharaj that he should visit Agra and meet the Emperor. After making thorough arrangements to ensure effective administration of his dominions during his absence, Shivaji Maharaj proceeded to Agra with his son Sambhaji and a few of his trusted people. Shivaji Maharaj set out for Agra on 5th March 1666 and reached on 11th May 1666. Aurangzeb did not treat Shivaji Maharaj with due honor at his court. Livid with rage, Maharaj walked out of the court instantly. Aurangzeb then put him under house arrest. Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of escaping from his house arrest. He adroitly escaped from Agra and safely reached Rajgad on 20th November 1666. While returning from Agra, he left Sambhaji at Mathura. Later, Sambhaji was brought safely to Rajgad.
An offensive against the Mughals
For about four years after his return from Agra, Shivaji Maharaj concentrated his attention on putting the affairs of Swaraj in order. He re-organized the army and carried repairs to forts. In 1670, Shivaji Maharaj followed an offensive policy against the Mughals. His first aim was to clear his homeland of the Mughals. He also aimed at recapturing the forts and territories ceded to the Mughals according to the treaty of Purandar. The strategy followed by Shivaji Maharaj was to capture the forts by sending a well-equipped army on one hand and on the other hand to keep the Mughals unstable by invading the Mughal territories of the Deccan. Maharaj thus attacked Ahmednagar and Junnar. Sinhgad was the first fort to be recaptured. Mavala infantry under the command of Tanaji Malusare entered the fort secretly. The fort was defended by Udai Bhan. Tanaji Malusare fought with the greatest valor. He died a hero’s death. The fort was captured on 4th February 1670. Shivaji Maharaj also recaptured several other forts such as Purandar, Lohgad, Mahuli, Karnala, Rohida one after another. Then Shivaji Maharaj attacked Surat for the second time. On the way back he fought a battle with the Mughals at Vani- Dindori in Nashik district. He defeated Daud Khan in the battle. The Marathas under the leadership of Moropant Pingle captured Trimbakgad. The Maratha army then invaded Baglan, a hilly district that was guarded by nine hill forts, the strongest among these were of Salher and Mulher, the others being smaller hill forts. The Maratha army not only captured smaller hill forts of Baglan but also captured Mulher fort and Salher which lay on the border of Khandesh and Gujarat. The capture of Salher was an event of great strategic importance. Then Salher became a base of operations against the rich provinces of Gujarat and Khandesh. The Mughals tried to recapture Salher but failed. In 1672, Shivaji Maharaj’s army conquered the principality of Jawhar and then Ramnagar.
The offensive against the Adilshahi Sultanate
Shivaji Maharaj decided to expand his dominions at the expense of the Adilshahi Sultanate. He captured the Panhala fort which was in the possession of Adilshah on 8th March 1673. Then he captured the fort of Parali near Satara, fort of Satara, and forts like Chandan-vandan, Pandavgad Nandagiri, Kelanja, and Tathavda.
Fort Raigad, Capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
The founding of the Maratha Swaraj involved a` relentless struggle for over thirty years. Maharaj realized that now the Swaraj needed to win general recognition as a sovereign, independent state. For legal recognition to the Swaraj, a formal coronation was necessary. On 6th June 1674, Shivaji Maharaj was coroneted at Raigad by Gagabhatt, a learned pandit of Benaras. Maharaj ascended the throne of the Swaraj. He now became the Chhatrapati of the Swaraj. As a symbol of sovereignty, Shivaji Maharaj instituted a new era commencing from the date of his coronation. It is known as Rajyabhisheka shaka. Shivaji Maharaj thus became the founder of a new era. On the occasion of the coronation, special coins were minted- a gold coin called hon and a copper coin called Shivraj with the legend Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati inscribed on them. Thereafter, all royal correspondence carried the words, 'Kshatriyakulaawatansa Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati'.
Hon
Shivrai
A dictionary called Rajya-vyavahara-kosha, showing Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words was prepared. Sabhasad, a contemporary chronicler, while pointing out the significance of the coronation, writes ‘It was no mean achievement for a Maratha king to become such a great Chhatrapati’. The coronation of Shivaji Maharaj was a revolutionary event in the history of medieval India. Shivaji Maharaj had his second coronation performed under the guidance of Nischalpuri Gosavi.
The Campaign of the South
After the coronation, Shivaji Maharaj marched to the conquest of Phonda near Goa and captured it in April 1675. Then the Marathas captured Ankola and Shiveshwar which was followed by the annexation of Kolhapur. After that Shivaji Maharaj accomplished 'Dakshin Digvijay'. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj planned to carry his army to the east coast in the South and conquer the province of Adilshahi Karnataka. He undertook the Karnataka expedition in 1677. Karnataka was long famous for its riches. At the same time, it was ill-defended by the Adilshah. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj went to Golkonda to meet the Qutubshah. He entered into a treaty of friendship with him. In April 1677 he set out for the Adilshahi Karnataka. He captured Jinjee and proceeded to Vellore. The city withstood a long siege. The eastern portion of the south was mostly held by nobles of the Adil shahi 37.141.13.234 (talk) 07:44, 4 April 2023 (UTC) kingdom. Vyankoji, Shivaji Maharaj’s stepbrother had carved out a principality for himself at Thanjavur. At Tirumalvadi, on the northern bank of the Coleroon, Vyankoji met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj tried to get Vyankoji to participate in the activities of the Swaraj. He did not get any response from Vyankoji. Later, Maharaj conquered Bangalore, Hoskote in Karnataka, certain other forts such as those at Vellore, and also some parts of the Adil shahi kingdom. Permanent annexation in the south increased Maharaj’s strength and most importantly he was successful in executing his plan of defense which would help him to resist the armies of Aurangzeb in the future. For the administration of the newly conquered province, Shivaji Maharaj made excellent arrangements. He appointed Raghunath Narayan Hanamante, the chief officer to look after these newly conquered territories. After accomplishing the mission of the south, Shivaji Maharaj returned to Swaraj.
Shivaji Maharaj decided to fortify the island of Khanderi, commanded a key position as it was located near Mumbai. The British then decided to lay a regular siege to the island. In this naval conflict, the English had to withdraw their fleet. This brought to an end the naval conflict between Shivaji Maharaj and the British.
Within few months Shivaji Maharaj fell ill. After a short illness, he passed away at the Raigad fort on 3rd April 1680.
The Samadhi of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj - Raigad
A Peoples’ King
The Swaraj established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj comprised of large areas of Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, and Thane districts of Maharashtra. It also included parts of the Belgaum, Karwar, and Dharwad districts of Karnataka and Jinjee, Vellore, and their neighboring areas in the state of Tamil Nadu. He set up an efficient and sound system for the administration of this Swaraj. The administration was divided into eight departments. A minister was appointed as the head of every department. His council of eight ministers was known as the Ashta-Pradhan Mandal. Shivaji Maharaj followed a policy of encouraging agriculture. He paid attention to the welfare of the peasantry. He was also equally concerned about the growth of trade and the protection of industries. Thus he turned the Swaraj into a surajya a state which sought the welfare of all. He was a great military commander, an outstanding general, and a statesman. He had a clear concept of military organization.
His military organization consisted of infantry, cavalry, and navy. Strict discipline, rapid movements, excellent intelligence service, and continuous attention to defense marked his military organization. He used to take utmost care to protect his subjects especially at the time of enemy invasions. Shivaji Maharaj was also keen to see to it that the soldiers did not in any way cause any harm to the subjects. He followed a tolerant religious policy. The greatest achievement of Shivaji Maharaj was to inculcate the spirit of independence in his people. By his great deeds and achievements, Shivaji Maharaj created an altogether new order of things. Shivaji Maharaj’s personality and message are as relevant today as they were in the past.
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Cost
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Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)
Storm history
A tropical disturbance formed over the southern portion of the South China Sea on December 28, 2018, absorbing the remnants of Tropical Depression 35W (Usman) on December 30. Under high vertical wind shear, the low-pressure area remained messy until December 31 when it was upgraded to a tropical depression by both the JMA and the JTWC.
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Impact
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Wójcik died on November 20, 2017 in Warsaw at the age of 64.
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