cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Joint Intelligence Committee
Structure
The Committee is chaired by a permanent chairman, a member of the senior Civil Service, who is supported by the Intelligence and Security Secretariat and an assessment staff. The assessment staff is made up of experienced senior analysts drawn from across government and the military and conducts all-source analysis on subjects of interest to the committee. JIC papers written by the staff draw input from across the intelligence and security agencies and other related bodies.
Membership is the heads of the three collection agencies—the Secret Intelligence Service, Security Service and GCHQ—the Chief of Defence Intelligence, Deputy Chief of Defence Intelligence Staff, the Chief of the Assessment Staff, representatives of the Ministry of Defence, Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other departments, and the Prime Minister's adviser on foreign affairs.
Function
The JIC has three functions:
Requirements and priorities
The JIC drafts the annual Requirements and Priorities for collection and analysis, for approval by Ministers. These support the strategic national security objectives of the UK:
History
The JIC was founded in 1936 as a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence. This was the advisory defence planning agencyat the time. During World War II, it became the senior intelligence assessment body in the UK. In 1957 the JIC moved to the Cabinet Office. Its assessments staff prepare draft intelligence assessments for the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
The JIC is monitored by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament and supported by the Joint Intelligence Organisation.
Foreign involvement
Ever since World War II, the chief of the London station of the United States Central Intelligence Agency has attended the JIC's weekly meetings. One former US intelligence officer has described this as the "highlight of the job" for the London CIA chief. Resident intelligence chiefs from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand may attend when certain issues are discussed.
Cajibio, Cauca
Cajibio is a municipality in the Cauca Department, Colombia.
All Hail to Massachusetts
"All Hail to Massachusetts" is the anthem of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It was created by Arthur J. Marsh in 1824, and became the official anthem of Massachusetts in 1966.
U.S. Route 69
U.S. Route 69 (US 69) is a major north–south United States highway. When it was first created, it was only 150 mi long. It has been expanded into a Minnesota to Texas cross-country route. The highway's southern endpoint (as well as those of US 287 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern endpoint is in Albert Lea, Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13.
Les Hauts-Geneveys
Les Hauts-Geneveys was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.
Hindman, Kentucky
Hindman is a city in Kentucky in the United States. It is the county seat of Knott County. There were 701 people as of 2020.
Samayapuram
Samayapuram is a suburb of the city of Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu, India. Formerly a separate village of its own, Samayapuram was included in the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation limits in 1994. Samayapuram is located 12 kilometres north from the heart of the city on the Trichy-Chennai road. The Samayapuram Mariamman Temple, a most important place of Hindu worship is located here.
Rape Me
"Rape Me" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was the second single from their last album, In Utero. But there was much controversy about the song, so the single was a double-A-side single. The other song was "All Apologies."
Controversy
There was much controversy about the title of the song. Although many people were shocked about it, Kurt Cobain, the writer of the song, said that the song is about a man who rapes a woman. He is sent to prison for it, and he is raped there. There was a music video that was planned to be made. It was going to be set in a women's prison. However, Nirvana needed a break from the controversy and did not make it.
Sin-le-Noble
Sin-le-Noble (Sin-le-Nope) is a commune in the Nord in northern France. In 2019, 15,428 people lived there.
Richard Driehaus
Richard Herman Driehaus (July, 28 1942 – March 9, 2021) was an American fund manager, businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder, chief investment officer, and chairman of Driehaus Capital Management LLC, based in Chicago. He was born in Chicago. He donated money to DePaul University and they named their business school after him.
Driehaus died on March 9, 2021 in Chicago at the age of 78.
Maccagno
Maccagno was a comune in the Province of Varese in the Lombardy region in Italy.
Since 2014, the former municipalities of Maccagno, Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore and Veddasca merged into the new municipality of Maccagno con Pino e Veddasca.
Port-Sainte-Foy-et-Ponchapt
Port-Sainte-Foy-et-Ponchapt is a commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Dordogne department in southwest France.
Havel
The Havel is a river in Germany. It flows through Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin and Saxony-Anhalt.
Tiruvallur district
Tiruvallur is well known, one of the reason being the Veeraragava Temple. The new moon day is very auspicious day for the lord and so for the people of the town.ccording to 2011 census of India, Thiruvallur district had a population of 3,728,104 with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.
Fabrizio Poletti
Fabrizio Poletti (born 13 July 1943) is a former Italian football player. He played for the Italian national football team.
Club career statistics
318||21 318||21
International career statistics
!Total||6||0
Joe Kinnear
Joe Kinnear is a former football player. He has played for the Republic of Ireland national team. He also coaches football.
Club career statistics
211||2 211||2
International career statistics
!Total||26||0
Preuschdorf
Preuschdorf is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Tokelau
Tokelau is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is made of three atolls. These atolls have a surface area of about 12 km2. About 1500 people lived there in 2016. The territory belongs to New Zealand. The atolls are Alatufu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. Together with Swains Island (which is now part of American Samoa) they are known as the Union Islands. Swains Island is about 180 km to the south of Fakaofo. Less than 50 people live on Swains Island. Tokelau is about halfway between New Zealand and Hawaii.
Tokelau does not have an official capital. The most important languages spoken in Tokelau are English and Tokelauan.
The people who live in Tokelau mostly live in four villages: Two of them are on Fakaofo. The islands Atafu and Nukunonu each have one village. The most common language is Tokelauan, about half the people speak English.
According to the UN, many people on Tokelau are overweight: Many of the 15 to 64 age group also suffer from diabetes. Tokelau is among the most remote areas in the Pacific: There are no airports; the islands can only be reached by ship: there are no sea ports, which makes travelling difficult, even between the atolls. New Zealand pays for a ship, which connects Tokelau with the next bigger seaport (Apia, on Samoa). The trip from Apia to Fakaofo takes about a day, reaching the northernmost atoll Atafu will take another three to four hours. There is no large pier on any of the islands, which means that smaller boats (called barges) are needed to reach the shore. The ship reaches Tokelau about once every two weeks.
Veddasca
Since 2014, the former municipalities of Maccagno, Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore and Veddasca merged into the new municipality of Maccagno con Pino e Veddasca.
Pierre Lacotte
Pierre Lacotte (4 April 1932 – 10 April 2023) was a French ballet dancer, choreographer (dance designer), teacher, and company director. He specialised in the reconstruction of lost choreographies of romantic ballets. He died on 10 April 2023, six days after his 91st birthday.
Solitaire
Solitaire is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards.
Tabarnia
Its nomenclature is a neologism created from the provinces' names: Tarragona and Barcelona, and it would span these areas:
Chichewa
official Languages: Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique, In Nyanja Language Latin Alphabet
Solitaire
There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Golf and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games.
In Klondike, the player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.
In many countries (for example, UK), solitaire is called Patience.
Joel Crawford (movie director)
Joel Crawford is an American storyboard artist and director. He is best known for his work on several DreamWorks Animation films, including The Croods: A New Age (2020).
Career
In 2006, Joel Crawford joined DreamWorks Animation, where he served as a story artist on Shrek Forever After, Rise of the Guardians, the Kung Fu Panda trilogy, The Lego Movie, and Bee Movie. In October 2017, Crawford signed on to direct The Croods: A New Age, replacing both Kirk DeMicco and Chris Sanders as director. In November 2017, Crawford directed Trolls Holiday, a half-hour Christmas-themed spinoff of the 2016 film Trolls. In March 2021, Crawford replaced Bob Persichetti as director of the 2022 film Puss in Boots: The Last Wish.
Kanyakumari district
Kanyakumari district is the southernmost district in Tamil Nadu state and mainland India. It is the second largest district in the state in terms of population density and the second most urbanized, next only to Chennai district. The district stands first in terms of literacy rate in the state. The district headquarters is Nagercoil.
Tony Waiters
Anthony Keith Waiters (1 February 1937 – 10 November 2020) was an English footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for, , and the England national team. He was the manager of Canada when they played at the 1986 World Cup
Tabarnia
Proponents believes the area somewhat corresponds to the historic County of Barcelona, although its extension is considerably different.
Background
On 24th September, 2012; "Barcelona is not Catalonia"'s members approved in a constituent assembly their statutes and a political program in order to get their own autonomy as an Autonomous Community within Spain.
The expression "Tabarnia" was used by the first time in 2015 as a territorial entity that would comprise part of the Catalonian seaside and Barcelona Metropolitan Area as a disagreement towards Catalan Government (Generalitat Catalana):
"Catalonia comprises two areas completely different since these perspectives: economics, idiomatics, identitary and social. Both, one segregationist, and the other one (Tabarnia) constitutionalist."
Process of Independence of Catalonia
Proponents of Tabarnia demands to segregate themselves from the Catalan separatist movement and reclaims the right of a number of territories near the area of Barcelona and Tarragona to constitute themselves as an Autonomous Community within Spain. In the 2015 and 2017 Catalan regional elections, parties opposed to secession (mainly C's, PSC and PP) received a majority of votes and seats in some of these comarques (Tarragonès, Baix Penedès, Garraf and Baix Llobregat) including the city of Tarragona, but excluding the most populated Catalan city: Barcelona.
They allude to a series of fiscal arguments similar to those of Catalan separatism in regards to Spain, although in last Catalan election, Tarragona province showed more support for separatism than unionism.
Trending Topic
In December, 2017 the satirical movement became trending topic in the social networks. Since then, they had been appear in Spanish and international media. According them, "Tabarnia is a historical region that comprised the ancient County of Barcelona, currently part of Tarragona and Barcelona provinces".
Reactions
The fact that Tabarnians are asking to be separated from the Catalonia that wants to be separated from Spain, has been interpreted by some newspapers as a reductio ad absurdum of the nationalistic logic in a XXI century Europe. Many Tabarnians believe that a sustained international media attention to this movement would defeat the catalan independence project by simply following their own arguments instead of opposing them.
An ongoing petition is taking place at Change.org in order to be sent to the Spanish Congress of Deputies to consider the creation of this new autonomous region.
Fionn Loch (Suilven)
Fionn Loch is a loch in Sutherland in the Highland Council Area in northern Scotland.
Maccagno con Pino e Veddasca
Maccagno con Pino e Veddasca is a comune in the Province of Varese in the Lombardy region in Italy. It was created in 2014 from the former municipalities of Maccagno, Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore and Veddasca.
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Eastern Europe and Asia but originated somewhere in eastern Siberia near Lake Baikal.
There are two modern main kinds: the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages.
Eurostar
Eurostar is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris (Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy) and seasonal destinations in France. All Eurostar trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.
The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, reducing journey times. The two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.
Marching band
A marching band is a band of instrumental musicians who march while playing instruments.
They combine movement – usually some type of marching and other movements – with their musical performance. Its instruments typically are brass instruments, woodwinds, and percussion instruments. The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching. Marching bands use a uniform, often bearing the name and emblem of their organization. Many bands have a color guard, who perform with flags and other props.
In addition to traditional parade performances, many bands also perform field shows at special events (such as football games) or at competitions.
Hergiswil
Hergiswil is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
It was founded in 1378.
The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel Maria zum guten Rat, old mansion Thumigerhaus, and a glazier's workshop with museum. The workshop was established in 1817. It burned down on one occasion.
Oakland Alameda Coliseum
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (commonly called Oakland Coliseum) is a stadium in Oakland, California. The stadium is a multi purpose stadium.This means it can be used to play different sports. The stadium was used as the home field for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League before they moved to Las Vegas. The stadium is still being used by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball.
The stadium first opened in 1966. It can seat more than 55,000 people for football games. It seats 45,000 when it is used for baseball.
Xavier Atencio
Francis Xavier Atencio, also known as X Atencio (September 4, 1919 – September 10, 2017),   was an American animator and Imagineer for The Walt Disney Company. Atencio served as a photo interpreter in the U.S. Army Air Forces from 1941 to 1945 during World War II, reaching the rank of captain in the 2nd Photo Tech Squadron. Stationed in England, he was part of team that would analyze aerial surveillance for military intelligence.
Atencio retired from The Walt Disney Company in 1984 and was named a Disney Legend in 1996.
Chavornay, Switzerland
Chavornay is a municipality of the district of Jura-Nord Vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Essert-Pittet and Corcelles-sur-Chavornay merged into the municipality of Chavornay.
Henryk Rozmiarek
In 1972 he was a member of the Polish team which finished tenth. Four years later he won the bronze medal with the Polish team.
Cyberpunk 2077
Cyberpunk 2077 is a 2020 action role-playing video game created by CD Projekt. The story is an open world set in the Cyberpunk universe.
The game is first-person.
Cyberpunk creator Mike Pondsmith was a consultant, and actor Keanu Reeves has a starring role.
CD Projekt released Cyberpunk 2077 for PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, and Xbox One on 10 December 2020, with PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions planned to come out in 2021.
Gameplay
In Cyberpunk 2077, you play as the character V. You can customize V's gender, voice, body, and clothing. Your goal is to complete missions. Sometimes, it may involve killing people, but the main goals in the missions are mostly about survival.
Joe Tait
Joseph Tait (May 15, 1937 – March 10, 2021) was an American sports broadcaster. He was the play-by-play announcer on radio for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and both TV and radio for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball. He was the Cavaliers' radio announcer from the team's inception in 1970 through the 2010-11 season.
He won the Basketball Hall of Fame 2010 Curt Gowdy Media Award.
Boudevilliers
Boudevilliers was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.
Miroslav Boyadzhiev
Miroslav Boyadzhiev is a short track speed skater from Bulgaria. Miroslav competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics. He was born on July 18, 1979.
Iranian language
Iranian language may refer to:
Printzheim
Printzheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Václav Klaus
Václav Klaus (born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician. He was the 2nd President of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. He also served as the second and last Prime Minister of the Czech Republic.
His presidency was very controversial because he did not believe in global warming and because of an amnesty he declared on the 20th anniversary of the creation of the Czech Republic. In the amnesty, Klaus forgave many punishments for investigated crimes and stopped the investigation of others.
Early life
Klaus was born in Prague during the Nazi occupation and grew up in the Vinohrady neighborhood. Klaus studied "economics of foreign trade" and graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1963. He also spent some time at universities in Italy (1966) and at Cornell University. He also studied in the United States in 1969.
He soon obtained a position in the Czechoslovak State Bank. In 1987, Klaus joined the Institute for Prognostics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1995, as Prime Minister, Klaus was awarded the title of Professor of Finance, so he is sometimes addressed as "Mr. Professor". Since that time Klaus occasionally teaches seminars in economics at the University of Economics.
Political career
At a congress 1997, Klaus was confirmed as chairman of the ODS. Klaus was elected President of the Czech Republic on 28 February 2003. He won with a majority of 142 votes out of 281.
Matt Busby
Sir Alexander Matthew Busby was a Scottish footballer and football manager. He played for Scotland national team. Busby managed Manchester United and led them to great success. Many people believe that Busby is one of the greatest football managers of all time.
As a player, Busby played for Manchester City and Liverpool. After his playing career, he went to manage Manchester United and built a great team called the Busby Babes. Eight of those players died in an airplane accident in Munich. This accident was called the Munich air disaster. But Busby again built a winning team after the disaster. He spent 25 years with Manchester United and won 13 trophies.
Club career statistics
322||14||31||3||353||17 322||14||31||3||353||17
International career statistics
!Total||1||0
Curiglia con Monteviasco
Curiglia con Monteviasco is a comune in the Province of Varese in the Lombardy region in Italy, on the border with Switzerland. The municipal seat is in Curiglia.
Puberg
Puberg is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Qualcomm
Qualcomm is a wireless communications and SoC research and development company located in San Diego, California, USA. The company produces semiconductors, software, etc. It is best known for working in 5G, 4G, CDMA2000, and WCDMA standards.
History
The company was founded in 1985 by Irwin Jacobs, Franklin Antonio and four other co-founders.
Leon Lederman
Leon Max Lederman (July 15, 1922 – October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist. He received, along with Martin Lewis Perl, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1982. He won the prize for their research on quarks and leptons, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988. He received the prize along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for their research on neutrinos.
Lederman was of Jewish descent. He was an atheist.
Qualcomm
History
In 2000, the company acquired SnapTrack, a developer of A-GPS systems for mobile phones under the gpsOne brand.
Leon Lederman
Lederman died on October 3, 2018 at a care-facility in Rexburg, Idaho from complications of dementia at the age of 96.
Qualcomm
History
In 2000, the production of cell phones was sold to the Japanese company Kyocera. The company focused on the development and licensing of wireless technologies, as well as the production of ASICs that implement these technologies.
Palm, Inc.
Palm, Inc. is an American computer company. It makes small handheld computers. Most of their computers have a handwriting recognition function called Graffiti. This is a part of the screen that can understand what is written on it. Palm computers can store contacts, addresses, notes, and many other things. Another feature, called Hotsync, allows the user to have their personnal computer and Palm connect to each other and be updated. On April 28, 2010, Hewlett-Packard announced that it had agreed to buy Palm for $1.4 billion.
Name changes
Palm, Inc. has had its name changed several times. When they started out, they were called Palm Computing Inc. Later, in 2000, they changed their name to Palm, Inc. In 2004, Palm changed their name to PalmOne, but later in 2005 they switched back to Palm, Inc.
Hollow Creek, Kentucky
Hollow Creek is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
United Party for National Development
United Party For National Development (UPND) is a political party in Zambia. It was the country's main opposition party until 2021, when the party president, businessman Hakainde Hichilema, was elected president.
Cam Loch, Sutherland
Cam Loch is a loch in Sutherland in the Highland Council Area in northern Scotland.
Pierluigi Cera
Pierluigi Cera (born 25 February, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.
International career statistics
!Total||18||0
Siegfried Köhler
Siegfried Köhler (July 30, 1923 in Freiburg im Breisgau – September 12, 2017 in Wiesbaden) was a German conductor and composer of classical music. He worked as general music director of opera houses such as Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden and the Royal Swedish Opera. He conducted premieres of works by Hans Werner Henze and Volker David Kirchner, among others, and revived rarely performed operas. He also composed music for the stage and taught at universities of music in Cologne and Saarbrücken.
Oberentzen
Oberentzen is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
SS Great Eastern
The SS Great Eastern (Nicknamed: Leviathan, or Great Babe) was a British ship built during the Victorian Era, which held the title of the largest passenger ship in the world for 4 decades (1859-99).
It was designed by the engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, famous for having designed bridges such as the Clifton Suspension Bridge or the Maidenhead Railway Bridge, it was 211 meters long, had a capacity of 4,000 passengers, 17,915 gross tons and was propelled by sail masts, lateral blades and a screw propeller.
Hiseville, Kentucky
Hiseville is an unincorporated community of Kentucky in the United States. It is in Barren County.
Quatzenheim
Quatzenheim is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Johan de Jong
Johan de Jong (26 March 1941 – 7 December 2022) was a Dutch biologist, barn owl expert and writer.
Hollyvilla, Kentucky
Hollyvilla is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
People
Hollyvilla has a population of 518 people.
Johan de Jong
De Jong dedicated his life to the barn owl. Without his efforts, the barn owl would almost certainly be extinct in the Netherlands. De Jong had a nature section at the Omrop Fryslân radio for over 36 years. He received several awards including the Friese Anjer and was inducted into the international "World Owl Hall of Fame".
Biography
During the 1970s the barn owl was threatened with extinction. There were only about a hundred breeding pairs the Netherlands, and eight in the province of Friesland. De Jong started a rescue plan and founded in 1973 the "Tsjerkûlen Fryslân" working group. Nest boxes were placed in hundreds of barns. The number of volunteers increased and also the number of barn owl increased. In 1985 De Jong became for many years national coordinator. Without the efforts of Johan de Jong, the barn owl would almost certainly be extinct in the Netherlands.
De Jong kept a few barn owls. First in the attic of the Drachtster Lyceum and later at home. The owls had laid eggs in captivity and that had never happened anywhere before. He first talked about it on the radio in 1984. It was the start of a weekly nature section. In addition to radio work and his work for the barn owls, he was also actively involved in the bird shelter "De Fûgelhelling" in Ureterp. His last nature section was in 2021. On his retirement Omrop Fryslân founded a prize the "Johan de Jong tree". The prize is an annual prize for the best nature initiative in Friesland. The winner places the three on a location he can chose.
De Jong wrote four books. His last book was published in the summer of 2017, a reference work about the barn owl.
Upper class district
A upper class district is the area of a city or town where the most affluent people live. Real estate in this type of urban area are typically high-cost or highly valued.
Johan de Jong
Biography
De Jong received several award. He became knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau, he received the "Gouden Lepelaar" (translated: Golden Spoonbill) and the 1999 Friese Anjer. In 2008, he was inducted into the "World Owl Hall of Fame", an international award for his commitment to the barn owl.
Upper class district
In countries with unequal income distribution or developing ones, these can often contrast with the poorest parts of the region where they are located.
Classical architecture
Classical architecture is any architecture that has features from the ancient Greek and Roman style of building. It is also known as the architecture of classical antiquity. Many features of classical architecture come from the writing of the Roman architect Vitruvius.
Aquaducts were used to transport water to different places in the roman empire it was a roman style of architecture.
Classical architecture buildings can be very different, but all classical architecture uses the same common design features. These features are structural and visual.
In much of Europe and America, from the Renaissance until World War Two, classical architecture was very popular and important to architecture. It is still important today, but less than it has been in history.
The term classical architecture is also used to talk about any type of architecture that has become a very specific style. For example, classical Chinese architecture, or classical Mayan architecture. The words "traditional" and "vernacular" can mean something different to "classical", or something similar.
The phrases New Classical and Neoclassical describe classical architecture that was built in modern times.
Where and when?
Classical architecture comes from the architecture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. After the west part of the Roman empire stopped existing, no Roman architecture was built in most of western Europe.
In the Carolingian Renaissance, which happened in the 8th and 9th centuries, people started bringing back classical architecture. For example, the gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey (c.800 AD) in Germany looks like the Colosseum in Rome. The Colosseum is a very important piece of classical architecture.
How it changed
By the time the Italian Renaissance started, Gothic architecture was not used much anymore. Architects such as Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastiano Serlio, and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola started trying to bring back the style of architecture used in ancient Rome.
They did this by reading a paper called De architectura, which was written by Vitruvius. Vitruvius was an architect in ancient Rome, and his paper has a lot of information about classical architecture and its features. The architects also looked at the old buildings in Rome and Italy.
The classical architecture from the Renaissance shows that classical ideas were used in a very specific way. Some of the ideas they used had no clear origin in ancient architecture. For example, the Ospedale degli Innocenti building in Florence was built by Filippo Bruncelleschi, and is one of the earliest Renaissance buildings. It was finished in 1445. But the columns on the building do not look exactly like the columns in Roman architecture.
During the Renaissance, people learned about how ancient buildings were designed (the theory of classical architecture). They did not look at how every building was designed. This means classical architecture is not exactly the same as the old buildings it was based off. It is simplified, and buildings made after the Renaissance follow these simplified rules.
Most of the architecture styles in Europe that were used after the Renaissance are classical architecture. This is a general use of the phrase "classical architecture". This general use is used by Sir John Summerson in The Classical Language of Architecture. The features of classical architecture have been used in different ways in different styles. For example, Baroque (or Rococo) architecture is different to classical architecture. Baroque or Rococo is based on classical architecture, but these styles have their own features, that are different to classical architecture.
When Baroque architecture was used, people who learned about architecture still learned classical ideas. But they were not as important as during the Renaissance.
Palladian architecture is a style based on classical architecture. It is based on the style of Andrea Palladio (1508-1580). He was an architect from Venice. His style was important even after he died. In Britain, it was used for many good buildings in the 18th and 19th century. The style was mixed with the Georgian architecture that Britain made at the time.
At around 1750, architects began copying classical architecture again. They did this because Baroque architecture only copied some of classical architecture. These architects wanted to make buildings that used all the features of classical architecture. The style they made was called Neoclassicism.
New findings in archaeology meant architects knew more about classical architecture than before. The architects wanted clear rules for making buildings. Some of the first Neoclassical thinkers were Claude Perrault, Marc-Antoine Laugier, and Carlo Lodoli. Some of the most important Neoclassical architects were Étienne-Louis Boullée, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Friedrich Gilly and John Soane.
Neoclassical architecture was very important from 1750 to 1850. Neo-Gothic architecture was becoming more important at the same time. Neo-Gothic architecture was much less classical than Neoclassical. In the late 19th century, many styles of architecture were important. Many of the styles were not like classical architecture. For example, Art Nouveau and Eclecticism.
Classical architecture was still important. Sometimes it would become very popular in one area. For example, Nordic Classicism was popular in the 1920s. But true classical architecture was never as popular as it was during the Renaissance.
When Modernism became popular in the early 20hth century, classical architecture mostly stopped being used.
Range of use
Classical styles were important in America and Europe for a long time. From the Renaissance until Modernism began, classical architecture was very important. This means the architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome was used and changed into most new architecture styles.
Architectural styles can come from classical architecture in different ways. For example, Neo-Palladian architecture is based on the buildings designed by Andrea Palladio, an architect from the Italian Renaissance. But Palladio based his architecture on Ancient Roman architecture. So Neo-Palladian architecture is based on classical architecture, even though it is mostly based on the works of Palladio.
Some styles are not classical, like Gothic, but they have classical features. This means it is hard to judge classical architecture's range of use.
The most important part of classical architecture is features borrowed from ancient Greek and Roman architecture, and the rules architects made by learning about it.
"Petrification"
Petrification is a word used to show how ancient Greek builders changed from using wood to using stone. It also shows the effect this had on the classical architecture style.
During the Archaic and early Classical times (6th and 5th centuries BC), early temples used a style of classical architecture called Doric.
Most historians think that the oldest temples were made with wood. Then the most important features of the buildings were used to make new buildings. This meant the style was the same, and all the buildings followed the same rules.
After that, in Greece, stone was used instead of wood. But they used the same style. Because the style was "petrified" and kept the same, the word "petrification" is used to show this.
The Greeks wanted the buildings to look the same as they did when they were made of wood. Historians think this had a religious reason. Nobody knows why exactly, because it was so long ago.
Many places still used wood. For example, the Etruscans in Italy. Even though the Etruscans used some Greek culture and religion, they mostly kept using wood. The Etruscans knew how to use stone, but they didn't. They only started using stone when they became Roman.
Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Hopkinsville is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Oberhergheim
Oberhergheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Bari Weiss
Bari Weiss is an American journalist and political commentator who considers herself centre-left. Weiss is a Zionist. When she was a student at Columbia University she made a documentary called Columbia Unbecoming which accused several professors of anti-Semitism because of their comments about Israel. For several years Weiss worked as a journalist at the New York Times. Weiss caused a lot of controversy when she interviewed Bret Weinstein, said that Aziz Ansari wasn’t actually guilty of sexual assault defended Brett Kavanaugh when he was accused of rape complained that people who supported left-wing politics were too quick to accuse other people of fascism and promoted the Intellectual dark web. Weiss later said she had gone through a lot of bullying, harassment and anti-Semitism when at the New York Times since she didn’t agree with everything that they said so she quit. Since then Weiss started her own substack.
Weiss wrote a book on how to resist anti-Semitism. Weiss is in a lesbian marriage.
Images (movie)
Images is a 1972 British American psychological horror movie directed by Robert Altman and starring Susannah York, René Auberjonois, Marcel Bozzuffi, Cathryn Harrison. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1973.
UTC+13:00
UTC+13 is a time zone. It is 13 hours ahead of Greenwich mean time (GMT). The meridian 165 W serves as a reference. It has the same time as UTC-11, but the date is one day ahead. There's no land in the northern hemisphere which uses UTC+13.
António Francisco dos Santos
António Francisco dos Santos (21 February 1948 – 11 September 2017) was a Roman Catholic bishop.
UTC+13:00
The following territories use UTC+13
António Francisco dos Santos
He was ordain to the priesthood in 1972, dos served as auxiliary bishop of the Archbishop of Braga, Portugal, from 2004 to 2006. He then served as bishop of the Diocese of Aviero from 2006 to 2014 and as bishop of the Diocese of Porto from 2014 until his death.
dos Santos died of a heart attack in Porto, Portugal on 11 September 2017 at the age of 69.
Ranrupt
Ranrupt is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Melvin Schwartz
Melvin Schwartz (November 2, 1932 – August 28, 2006) was an American physicist of Jewish descent.
He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger for their development of the neutrino beam method and their demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
Schwartz died on August 28, 2006 in Twin Falls, Idaho from Parkinson's disease and hepatitis C, aged 73.
U.S. Route 270
Kansas
US 270 starts in the southeast part of Liberal, Kansas. It is at an intersection with US 83 (running north–south through the intersection) and US 54. US 270 follows the south partg of this intersection, following US 83 south. US 270 only goes 3 mi in Kansas before it goes into Oklahoma. Seward County is the only Kansas county that US-270 is in.
National Liberal Party (Romania)
The Partidul Național Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a conservative liberal political party in Romania. It is a "historical" renewed liberal party in Romania. The party was founded in 1875 and re-founded in early 1990. In 2022, it was the second biggest party in the Romanian Parliament.
Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of Indo-Iranian languages. They are mostly spoken in Southern Asia, including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancient ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (including modern Hindi and Urdu), Romani, Domari, Lomavren, Rohingya language Prakrit and Sanskrit, which is the sacred language of Hindus.And Gujarati is also a official language of India.
Frans Molenaar
Frans Molenaar (11 May 1940 – 9 January 2015) was a Dutch fashion designer.
He studied to become a tailor in Amsterdam from 1955–1958. After his studies he did an internship with Charles Montaigne in Paris from 1959–1960 and worked for Gerard Pipart at Nina Ricci also in Paris from 1961–1964.
In 1967 he started his own business "Frans Molenaar Couture" and he worked as an haute couture designer since. He created the fashion award Frans Molenaar prijs in 1995.
Molenaar died from complications following from a fall at the age of 74 in Amsterdam.
Coffrane
Coffrane was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.
Sphaenorhynchus canga
Sphaenorhynchus canga is a frog. It lives in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
The adult male frog is 26.2–30.2 mm long from nose to rear end. It has a white line from each eye all the way to its rear end. It has a dark line from its nose to past the eye. The skin on the frog's back is light green in color. It has dark brown spots on its body. It has lighter brown spots on all four legs. There are shining lines on its face and the sides of its body. The belly is light green. Its skin is partially see-through: A person can look through its skin and see the muscles and green bones underneath. The iris of the eye is gold in color with brown marks.
Scientists have seen this frog in permanent bodies of water and semi-permanent bodies of water. Sometimes, people see it in temporary bodies of water. The male frog sings for the female frog while sitting on plants that float on the water.
Scientists have seen this frog on ironstone rocks that stick out. These places are called "canga."
Mickey Rooney
Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule; September 23, 1920 – April 6, 2014) was an American actor and producer.
In his career, he won many awards, such as an Oscar, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character, Rooney had one of the longest movie careers of any actor.
Rooney married eight times and had nine children. He separated from his eighth wife in 2012.
Rooney died after a long illness on April 6, 2014 at his home in Los Angeles, California. He was 93 years old.
Jonas Deichmann
Jonas Deichmann, born 15 April 1987 in Stuttgart, is a German athlete.
Records
He holds several world records in cycling and endurance. Jonas has done a triathlon around the world covering a distance of 120 long-distance triathlons (about 456 km of swimming, 21600 km of cycling and 5064 km running).
Before his triathlon around the world, he set several cycling records from Norway to South Africa, Alaska to Argentina, and across Eurasia.
Books
During his journey, he became famous as the "German Forrest Gump". The book about his journey "Das Limit bin nur ich" is a bestseller.
Brett Emerton
Brett Emerton (born 22 February 1979) is an Australian football player. He plays for Blackburn Rovers and Australia national team.
International career statistics
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Serengeti
The Serengeti (also Seremgeti) is a region of savannah (woodlands and grasslands) in East Africa. The south of it (80%) belongs to Tanzania. The north of it is in Kenya. It is about 30,000 square kilometers, and one of the greatest areas for wildlife.
It has more than 1.6 million herbivores and thousands of predators. Wildebeests, gazelles, zebras and buffalos are the most common animals in the region.
This area is most famous for the migration that takes place every year. Every year around October nearly 1.5 million herbivores travel towards the southern plains, crossing the Mara River, from the northern hills for the rains. And then back to the north through the west, once again crossing the Mara river, after the rains in around April. This phenomenon is sometimes also called the Circular Migration.
Also in this area is the archeologically significant Olduvai Gorge where some of the oldest hominid fossils are found.
The Serengeti region contains the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Maswa Game Reserve in Tanzania and the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya.
Geography
The park covers 14,763 km² (5,700 square miles) of grassland plains and savanna as well as riverine forest and woodlands. The park is in the north of the country, bordered to the north by the national Tanzania and Kenyan border, where it is continuous with the Masai Mara National Reserve. To the southeast of the park is Ngorongoro Conservation Area, to the southwest is Maswa Game Reserve, and to the western borders are Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves, to the northeast is Loliondo Game Control Area.
Few people are allowed to live in the National Park. Exceptions the staff of the Park, researchers and staff of Frankfurt Zoological Society, and staff of the various lodges and hotels. The main settlement is at Seronera.
The park has three regions:
Wildlife
As well as the migration of ungulates, the park has a healthy stock of other resident wildlife, especially the "Big Five":
Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Ngorongoro is the caldera of a huge extinct volcano, which is part of the Serengeti area.
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site 180 km (112 miles) west of Arusha in the Crater Highlands area of Tanzania.
Ngorongoro Crater
The main feature of the NCA is the Ngorongoro Crater, a large volcanic caldera. The crater, which formed when a giant volcano exploded and collapsed on itself some two to three million years ago, is 610 m deep and its floor covers 260 km2.
Estimates of the height of the original volcano range from fifteen to nineteen thousand feet (4500 to 5800 metres) high.