cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Commodore Nutt
Barnum's "Fairy Wedding"
Two thousand people were invited to the wedding. Mrs. John Jacob Aster, Mrs. William H. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Horace Greeley, and General Ambrose Burnside were there. Members of the church complained about the "marriage of mountebanks". They became angry when they were told they could not sit in their own pews. Much of the public curiosity about the marriage was based on an interest in the sexual mechanics of Thumb and Lavinia. Barnum did not encourage or discourage this interest.
The wedding reception was held in the Metropolitan Hotel on Broadway at 3 pm. The four little members of the wedding party stood on top of a grand piano so they could be seen by everyone. Nutt gave Lavinia a diamond ring as a wedding present. Americans loved the wedding. It was welcome relief from the horrors and sorrows of the war.
World tour and aftermath
People around the world took great interest in the wedding. Barnum thought this was a chance to make a lot of money. He sent the members of the wedding party on long, successful tours of America and Europe. The four little persons were sent off again — this time on a grand tour of the world as The Tom Thumb Company.
Last years
Newspapers reported at least four times that Nutt and Minnie were married. They were close friends, but never husband and wife. Minnie married a song and dance man who performed on roller skates named Edward Newell. She died while having his baby in 1878.
One day long after the wedding of the Thumbs, Barnum asked Nutt why he had not married. "Sir, my fruit is plucked", he said, "I have concluded not to marry until I'm thirty." His bride's height was of no concern, he said, but he did "prefer marrying a good, green country girl to anyone else."
In 1879, Nutt married Miss Lilian Elston of Redwood City, California. He had met her while he was touring the American West. She was a bit shorter than most women, but not a little person.
After his failures on the West Coast, Nutt went back to New York City. He bought a saloon. One day, he was caught selling liquor without a license. The New York City courts closed his saloon. Nutt was in charge of an amusement area called Rockaway Pier for a time. He returned to performing with an act called "Tally-Ho".
Death
Nutt had grown from his original 29 to 43 in, and weighed a little less than 70 lb at his death. In 1891, the editors of Appleton's Cyclopedia wrote, "Commodore Nutt was distinguished for large-hearted virtues that are often lacking in bigger men; his genial temper was allied to constancy and generosity that entitle his memory to the highest respect." The editors noted that Nutt was "for many years faithful to an early love."
Meron Benvenisti
Benvenisti was born in Jerusalem and also died in Jerusalem from renal failure at the age of 86.
Alberto Vaquina
Alberto Vaquina (born July 4, 1961) is a Mozambican politician. He was Prime Minister of Mozambique from 2012 to 2015. He was appointed by President Armando Guebuza on 8 October 2012, replacing Aires Ali.
Vaquina was Governor of Tete Province from 2010 to 2012.
Cromwell, Minnesota
Cromwell is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States.
Dodge Ram Van
The Dodge B-Series were a series of passenger or cargo vans which began around 1971 and ended in 2003. These vans were full sized. They had the names of Sportsman for the passenger van. The cargo vans were named Dodge Tradesman. This was before 1979, beginning in which year these vehicles were renamed Dodge Ram. The vehicles were marketed under Dodge. The B-Series vans were discontinued in June 2003 and replaced with the Dodge Sprinter, a rebadged Mercedes which was already on sale since 2002, the model line competes with the Chevrolet Van, Chevrolet Express, Ford Econoline, and GMC Savana.
Electoral district of Whitsunday
Whitsunday is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1950.
Earth's internal heat budget
Earth's internal heat budget is about heat that comes from the Earth itself, not heat from the Sun.
The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW). It comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts. There is the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust. Secondly, there is the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth.
As many people know, the deeper down you go, the hotter the Earth gets. Mine shafts are a good example of this.
Radiogenic heat
This is still being produced. but its amount reduces very slowly as time passes. Remember, these radioactive elements are produced in supernovae, and are quite different from the Sun, which is mostly hydrogen. The planets are completely different from the Sun, historically and in their make-up.
Primordial heat
Primordial heat is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation, in contrast to its still actively-produced radiogenic heat.
The Earth core's heat flow—heat leaving the core and flowing into the overlying mantle is thought to be due to primordial heat. It is estimated as 5–15 TW.
Les Monceaux
Les Monceaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Just Around the Hill
"Just Around The Hill" is a 2000 song by the German DJ group Sash! and it features English singer Tina Cousins. It is the second single from Sash's third studio album Trilenium which was released on 22 May 2000.
Palm Desert, California
Palm Desert, California is a city of California in the United States. It is in Coachella Valley. 48,445 people live here since 2010.
Desalination
The main purpose is to make water for people to use. The salt is usually carried away as brine but in some places the solid salt is extracted.
Desalination of brackish water is done in the United States in order to meet treaty obligations for river water entering Mexico. Several Middle Eastern countries have energy reserves so great that they use desalinated water for agriculture. Saudi Arabia's desalination plants account for about 24% of total world capacity. The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in UAE. It uses multi-stage flash distillation, dual-purpose and it is capable of producing 300 million cubic meters of water per year.
Methods
The traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation — essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure, and thus a much lower temperature than normal. Due to the reduced temperature, energy is saved.
Argenta, Illinois
Argenta is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Neuhausen-Nymphenburg
Neuhausen (Central Bavarian: Neihausn) and Nymphenburg are boroughs of Munich. The two boroughs merged into Neuhausen-Nymphenburg.
Louisiana State University and A&M College
The Louisiana State University and A&M College is a public university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; it belongs to the Louisiana State University System of higher education as a land-grant and sea-grant institution. Colloquially, most people call the university "Louisiana State University" or "LSU". In sports competitions, "LSU" is almost always associated with Louisiana State University and A&M College or the LSU Athletics Department.
Show Low, Arizona
Show Low is a city in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. In the 2010 census, 10,660 people lived here.
Montage (filmmaking)
Montage is an editing technique in film. In montage, shots are placed one after another in a sequence. The series of shots use less space and time. Montage can tell a story very fast. It can give much information in a short amount of time. In French, the word montage simply means editing. Montage is an important part of Soviet Montage Theory. Soviet theorists believed montage could create meaning and symbolism. There are several types of montage editing. Several were originally part of Soviet Montage Theory, but are common in films today.
Types
Metric montage is not connected to emotions or a deeper meaning. It is based on the number of frames (single image in a video). It is mathematically and symmetric. This type of montage can be jarring and unpleasant. It is not often used in movies.
Rhythmic montage cuts clips based on the actions of the images. The images are matched with what is happening. This creates continuity and makes things less abrupt. This is a common form of montage.
Tonal montage cuts images based on the emotions of a scene. Directors place two images together to create emotions.
Overtonal montage combines metric, rhythmic and tonal montage. The combination creates deeper emotions.
Intellectual montage combines images to add meaning and emotions. It can often create metaphors. This type of montage creates the Kuleshov effect.
Sports training montage is a type of montage to show sport athletes training. It often shows physical training with shortcut images appearing really fast. The time of multiple weeks or months happens in a couple of minutes on the screen. It is common in America and in East Asian martial arts films.
Plausible deniability
Plausible deniability are words first used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Kennedy administration. In that case it meant not to tell senior government officials about illegal CIA activities. These officials could then defend themselves if the activities were discovered. They would be able to say quite plausibly, and perhaps truthfully, that they did not know anything about it (deniability). It meant that actions of the CIA could not be blamed on the President of the USA.
The concept is tied up with the idea of a "paper trail", whereby journalists find evidence of orders or discussions between senior officials and agents doing the forbidden acts. Interceptions of phone messages or e-mail messages may also be evidence of wrongdoing by officials. If there is no definite evidence of wrongdoing by an official, then his/her denial can be taken as sincere. The denial is "plausible" (or, at least, might be true). That achieves one of the main goals of public relations: for officials at least not to be caught red-handed doing something illegal. The effect of officials being caught red-handed can be extremely serious: see Watergate scandal.
Plausible deniability refers to the denial of blame in (formal or informal) chains of command. Senior people may give indirect and vague orders. For example, Henry II "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" or even less direct "Someone should do something about that". The intended message is understood. Later, when the deed is done, the higher man can say "I never intended that to happen".
Plausible deniability is achieved when no records are kept of any instructions. It becomes impossible to find out who was responsible for the actions taken. If these activities become public, high-ranking officials may deny any knowledge of such act or any connection to the people used to carry out such acts. It usually means that it has been planned in advance, setting up the conditions to avoid responsibility for future actions or knowledge.
Albert Fert
Albert Fert (born 7 March 1938) is a French physicist. He discovered giant magnetoresistance which was used to make gigabyte hard disks much easier to build. He is a professor at Université Paris-Sud in Orsay and scientific director of a laboratory called Unité mixte de recherche. The laboratory is part of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre) and Thales Group. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with the German physicist Peter Grünberg.
Studies
Fert graduated in 1962 from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He received his master's degree in 1963 at the University of Paris, and earned his PhD in 1970 at the Université Paris-Sud.
In 1988 Fert discovered Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in iron and chromium which began spintronics; GMR was also discovered by Peter Grünberg from the Jülich Research Centre but Peter Grünberg did not work with Fert. Since 1988, Albert Fert has helped to improve spintronics.
COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Azerbaijan when its first case was confirmed in February 2020.
Timeline
On 28 February, the country confirmed its first positive case of COVID-19. The patient, a Russian national, had traveled from Iran. Two more cases were later confirmed in the country and they were all isolated. They were Azerbaijani nationals who returned from Iran. On the same day Azerbaijan closed borders with Iran for 2 weeks.
On 12 March, the woman died from multiple organ failure caused by COVID-19. This marked the first death of coronavirus in Azerbaijan.
Velvel Pasternak
Velvel Pasternak (October 1, 1933 – June 11, 2019) was a Canadian-born American musicologist, conductor, arranger, producer and publisher. He was born in Toronto, Ontario to immigrant parents from Poland. Pasternak studied at Juilliard School and Columbia University, and specialized in Jewish music. In 1981, The New York Times Times called him "largest publisher of Jewish music." He was the founder of Tara Publications. He was responsible for publishing 26 recordings and over 150 books of Jewish music starting in 1971.
COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan
Timeline
On 31 March, Azerbaijan declared nationwide quarantine. People were required to stay in private houses and apartments, permanent or temporary places of residence until 20 April.
A month later on 24 April, the country slowly began to reopen.
Velvel Pasternak
Pasternak died in New York City on June 11, 2019, at the age of 85.
Moose Lake, Minnesota
Moose Lake is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States.
Evergreen clematis
Clematis armandii (also called Armand Clematis or Evergreen Clematis) is a flowering vine of the genus Clematis.
C. armandii has good smelling 2.5-inch white flowers in spring. Its dark green leaves droop and it serves well as a screen. Its leaf tips may burn badly if grown in salty soil or water. It is native to China.
Les Moutiers-en-Auge
Les Moutiers-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Els Segadors
"El Segadors" (, ; "The Reapers") is the national anthem of Catalonia.
Lincoln Town Car
The Lincoln Town Car was an American-made full size sedan. It was launched in 1980 as a 1981 model. However, the Town Car name was first used on the Lincoln Continental starting in 1959 and ending in 1979. For 1980, the Town Car name was used on a downsized version of the Continental before it was used on its own model. The first official generation of the Town Car was made from 1981 to 1989. For 1990, the second generation got a complete redesign and was facelifted for the 1995 model year. For 1998, the Town Car entered its third generation and got a rounder, more sleek design. For 2003, the Panther platform got new rack and pinion steering along with a slight redesign which lasted till its end in 2011. The Lincoln Town Car was distributed by The Ford Motor Company, Ford's Lincoln (automobile) division. This automobile was the most used limousine in the United States and in Canada. The automobiles are sometimes used as taxis. They were used as hearses as well. The Town Car was discontinued in 2011.
With My Own Eyes
"With My Own Eyes" is a 2000 song by the German DJ group Sash! and it features Finnish singer Inka Auhagen. It is the third single from Sash's third studio album Trilenium which was released on 22 May 2000.
Giuliano Amato
Giuliano Amato (born 13 May 1938) is an Italian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Italy, first from 1992 to 1993 and again from 2000 to 2001.
Feather Falls, California
Feather Falls is an unincorporated community in Butte County, California. It is found in the countryside. It lies at an elevation of 2982 feet (909 m).
Crime in Armenia
Crime in Armenia includes human trafficking, domestic violence, murder, political murder, contract killing, tax evasion, corruption, extortion, money laundering, police brutality, organized crime, and clan or gang violence.
The quick change from a Communism system to a free market capitalist system destroyed the socioeconomic structure of Armenia.
Organized crime and "brotherhoods"
Organized crime is a part of the Armenian economy. In Yerevan there are organized, criminal clans known as "akhperutyuns" (or brotherhoods). The different groups sometimes battle for rights over their territory. Members are guided by the underworld laws brought from Russian prisons.
Most of the smaller cities, towns, and villages of Armenia are also controlled by a clan or family.
Sexual exploitation
In July 2004, Russia’s Interior Minister Rashid Nurgaliev said that growing cooperation between Russian and Armenian law enforcement bodies has prevented more than one hundred Armenian women from being trafficked abroad for sexual exploitation. According to Nurgaliev, "criminal groups" which have been neutralized planned to transport the mostly young women to third countries, mainly the United Arab Emirates, via Russia. On June 24, 2004, members of a criminal group who were intent on forcing 6 Armenian women into prostitution were arrested.
On April 20, 2009, Anoush Martirosyan, the infamous "Madame Pimp" of Dubai, was sentenced to thirteen years in prison by a Yerevan judge. Martirosyan ran a prostitution ring in Dubai to which she lured girls from Armenia.
Air ambulances
Air ambulances use fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters to provide various kinds of medical care, especially emergency care for people mostly in rescue operations.
This started in World War I. In Australia the Flying Doctor Service started in 1928. That was not only for emergencies, but also to take doctors to see people who lived in remote places. More recently helicopters have been used in cities for major trauma cases where time matters most, and people need very specialised care, but they are more common in rural areas where there are few people and they are a long way away from hospitals.
Some of these services are run by governments. They are quite expensive. Some are run for profit and in some places they are run as charities. Some businesses pay for them as as a goodwill or public relations gesture.
Large, generally fixed-wing, air ambulances are used by military forces to support overseas combat operations.
Neurosis
Neurosis is a class of mental disorders involving distress but not delusions or hallucinations. The person's behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. It is also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, and those suffering from it are said to be neurotic. The term neurosis was coined by Scottish doctor William Cullen in 1769.
The American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has eliminated the category of "neurosis". The editors decided to provide descriptions of behavior instead. According to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, it is "no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis". Instead, the disorders once classified as neuroses are now considered anxiety disorders. These changes are controversial.
Neurosis may involve:
Kälarne IK
Kälarne IK is a sports club in Kälarne in Sweden. It was established on 14 February 1920.
Neurosis
Neurosis has also been defined simply as a "poor ability to adapt to one's environment, an inability to change one's life patterns, and the inability to develop a richer, more complex, more satisfying personality."
Kälarne IK
The women's soccer team played in the Swedish top division in 1978.
Other famous people are track and field athletes Henry Kälarne and Gunder Hägg as well as cross-country skier Alfred Dahlqvist. At different occasions they all have competed for the club.
Francisco Pavón
Francisco Pavón (born 9 January 1980) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Zaragoza.
Philomena Lynott
Philomena Lynott (22 October 1930 – 12 June 2019) was an Irish author and businesswoman. She was the mother of Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott. She was known for her autobiography My Boy. It documented the relationship between her and her son. She was the proprietor of the Clifton Grange Hotel, Manchester.
Francisco Pavón
Club career statistics
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Philomena Lynott
Lynott criticised the US Republican Party for using Thin Lizzy's "The Boys Are Back in Town" as a promotional song.
Lynott died on 12 June 2019, after suffering from lung cancer, aged 88.
COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Latvia on 2 March 2020.
On 13 March, the government closed all educational buildings and banned mass gatherings until 14 April, which was later extended to 12 May. Many concerts and events were cancelled and moved to other dates.
As of 20 March at least 1,600 culture and entertainment events had been disrupted.
Brian Stelter
Brian Stelter (born 3 September 1985) is the host of the Cable News Network's Reliable Sources. He was a former media reporter for New York Times.
Teddy Kollek
Theodor "Teddy" Kollek (27 May 1911 – 2 January 2007) was a Hungarian-born Israeli Labor politician. He was the mayor of Jerusalem from 1965 to 1993. He was the founder of the Jerusalem Foundation. Kollek was re-elected five times, in 1969, 1973, 1978, 1983 and 1989. He lost his re-election in 1993 to Likud candidate and future Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert.
During his time as mayor, Jerusalem became a modern city, especially after its reunification in 1967. He was once called "the greatest builder of Jerusalem since Herod." Teddy Stadium is named after him.
Kollek was born in Nagyvázsony, Hungary. In 1935, shortly before Nazis took power of Austria, his family moved to Jerusalem. Kollek died on 2 January 2007 in Jerusalem at the age of 95.
Collatz conjecture
The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture (an idea which many people think is likely) in mathematics. It is named after Lothar Collatz. He first proposed it in 1937. It is about what happens when something is done repeatedly (over and over) starting at some positive integer n: The conjecture states that if n is positive, n will always reach one. The problem is verified for all numbers below 2^{68} by computer. Here is an example sequence:
Debate
Many mathematicians argue over if it is really true. Numbers in the quadrillions have been tested but it has still remained true. However, this is still very less compared to another conjecture that had been proved false in 1978. There are two outcomes where it is false: a number keeps growing towards infinity, or an extremely large number forms its own loop.
(A033479)
Chris Minns
Christopher John Minns (born 17 September 1979) is an Australian politician. He has been the Premier of New South Wales since 2023. He has been the leader of the Labor Party since 2021 and has been the member for Kogarah since 2015.
I Love It
"I Love It" is a song by Swedish DJ duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX. It was released in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden, where it peaked at number two on the singles chart. The song was added to their debut studio album, Icona Pop, as well as their EP Iconic and their debut international album, This Is... Icona Pop.
The song received positive reviews from music critics, and publications Rolling Stone and Pitchfork included it on their year-end lists for 2012. The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX's first US hit, peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States. In June 2013, over a year after it was released elsewhere, the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads.
Mario Doyon
Mario Doyon (born August 27, 1968 in Quebec City, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 28 games in the NHL.
Before he played in the NHL, Doyon played 3 seasons in the QMJHL with the Drummondville Voltigeurs. He was drafted #119 overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. Doyon played 7 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and 22 games with the Quebec Nordiques. He last played for the Corpus Christi Rayz of the Central Hockey League. He has also played roller hockey with the Montreal Roadrunners of the Roller Hockey International.
He currently plays coaches the Indiana Jr Ice U-16 hockey team which his son Drew Doyon plays on.
Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her"
The Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her" (From Heaven above to Earth I come), BWV 769 is a well-known piece of music for organ by Johann Sebastian Bach. An organ with two manuals (keyboards) and pedals is needed to play this work. There are five “variations”. All the music is based on a Christmas hymn called “Von Himmel hoch” which was very well known to the people who went to the Lutheran church where Bach was organist.
Bach composed the piece when he became a member of Mizler's Music Society in Leipzig in 1747. It was printed in 1747. Another version was published later. This was an autograph manuscript which also included other organ music: the six trio sonatas and the Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes. The most important difference Bach made in this version is that the fifth variation was moved to the middle.
History of the composition
In June 1747, Bach was allowed to become a member of the "Correspondierde Societät der Muscialischen Wissenschaften" (Corresponding Society for the Musical Sciences). There were 14 members when Bach joined. The society studied and encouraged people in Leipzig to compose music. To celebrate becoming a member, Bach gave to the society a version of the Canonic Variations and also a portrait of himself that had been painted by Elias Gottlob Haussmann. In the portrait Bach is seen holding up a copy of another composition which uses a lot of canon.
The five variations on “Von Himmel Hoch” are not variations in the usual musical sense. They are not five statements of the theme with ornamentation. They are five movements which all use canon to build up the music. During the last years of his life Bach composed several works which were based on canons. Several of his works from that period are canonic, including organ pieces from Parts III and IV of the Clavier-Übung, the Goldberg Variations for harpsichord, the Musical Offering and the Art of the Fugue.
The Canonic Variations are based on the Christmas Hymn "Von Himmel hoch, da komm ich her". The words and melody were composed in 1539 by Martin Luther. Bach had used the chorale (hymn tune) before. It comes in his Christmas Oratorio, in his Magnificat, and in several organ preludes including the short one from the Orgelbüchlein (Little Organ Book) which can be heard in Britain and other countries on radio and television each Christmas Eve at the end of the world-famous carol service from King’s College, Cambridge.
The music
There are five variations:
Variation I
This is a two part canon between the right and left hand. It is a “canon at the octave” because the second part starts an octave lower than the first part. The hands play on different manuals so that they can produce a different sort of sound, like a duet between two instruments. The chorale tune (cantus firmus) is heard in the pedals. It is played in long notes with gaps of a bar and a half between each phrase. The music of the canon, played by the hands, sounds in parts like the shape of the chorale. It starts with six notes going down. Bach may have done this deliberately to suggest Christ coming down to earth. This sort of “symbolism” or “word-painting”, in which the actual notes of the music show the meaning of the words (or what were the words in the original hymn), is very common in Bach’s music and in a lot of other music of that time.
Variation II
Again there is a canon between the hands and the chorale tune in the pedals. It is strict three-part writing (each hand only plays one note at a time, as if for a melodic instrument). This time it is a “canon at the fifth” (the right hand begins on C, the left hand imitates half a bar later starting on the F below). The canon is based on the first and second lines of the chorale. When the start of the canon comes back near the end, it is syncopated. At the very end the hands play a scale going up. Bach may have meant this to sound like angels going up to heaven, or the soul going up.
Howard Kurtz
Howard "Howie" Alan Kurtz (born August 1, 1953) is a media reporter. He was formerly the host of Cable News Network's media analysis show Reliable Sources. He currently hosts Media Buzz on Fox News Channel. He also is a former media reporter for the Washington Post.
Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her"
Variation III
The canon this time is between the left hand and the pedals. The canon moves mostly in quavers and is based on the chorale tune. The right hand plays a free melody, and also the chorale tune in long notes at the top.
Variation IV
This variation has a new tune in the right hand (but some of its general shape comes from the chorale tune). It is very lively (there are often demisemiquavers, especially near the end), and is very syncopated. The bottom of the left hand plays the same tune in canon, but it only moves at half the speed of the upper part. This is called “augmentation”. The top of the left hand meanwhile has a freer part. The pedal has the chorale tune in long notes. Three bars before the end we hear the BACH motif in the left hand. These are the four notes that Bach often uses to represent his name.
Variation V
The last variation becomes more and more grand and finishes in a big climax. It works well when it is played as the last variation (instead of the middle variation as in the autograph copy).
At the beginning of this variation, the canon is simply the melody of the chorale. It is played by the right and left hand, but this time the left hand plays it upside down (inversion). It is a “canon at the sixth” (the right hand starts on C, then the left hand starts on the E below). Later it becomes a canon at the third. The pedal simply plays a bass part (like a continuo instrument).
In the next section the right hand (marked “forte” (loud)) moves in fast notes while the pedal plays the chorale tune and the bottom part of the left hand plays it in canon upside down at the second (pedal starts on C, left hand canon imitates starting on B). Then the right and left hands swap round and there is a canon at the ninth.
In the last section, marked forte, the pedal part plays the chorale tune upside down. At the very end, as the music rises to a climax, it repeats the last line of the chorale tune, finishing on the lowest pedal note: the bottom C. The hands meanwhile play on the same manual. There is a “stretto”: all the voices start the tune (or a version of the tune) quickly one after another. At the very end we hear the BACH motif again.
Conclusion
Bach is often said to be a “mathematical” composer. This set of variations are a good example of a piece of music in which Bach is trying to show different techniques of composing. A lot of skill is needed in order to compose complicated canons like this, making the music sound good at the same time. The description of the music may sound very complicated, but one can enjoy the music without understanding all the techniques used to compose it. However, it is always fascinating to see how Bach has put all these ideas together.
Scanlon, Minnesota
Scanlon is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States.
Apollo program
The Apollo program (or Project Apollo) was a project by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The program was named after the Greek god Apollo. The goal was to send a human to explore the Moon and bring him home to earth safely. It was started by US President John F. Kennedy in 1961. He said: "Now it is time to take longer strides - time for a great new American enterprise - time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth. ...I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. Full text"
One reason the program started was that the Soviet Union was the first country to send a person into outer space. Since this was during the Cold War, many in the US thought that the US needed to stay ahead of the USSR in space exploration.
The Apollo spacecraft was made up of a Command and Service Module, and a Lunar Module. The Command Module was a space capsule. The Lunar Module was a lander. These spacecraft docked on the way to the Moon. Mercury and Gemini spaceships were very small and cramped, but the Apollo capsule was much bigger. Astronauts could move around and not have to stay in their seats. The Lunar Lander was also big on the inside. The only part of the Apollo spacecraft to come back to Earth was the capsule, the Lunar Module would crash on the moon.
The Apollo program ended in 1975. After that, NASA began to work on the Space Shuttle program, the International Space Station, and many unmanned space exploration projects.
There was a movie made about the problems that happened on the Apollo 13 mission.
Missions
In September 1967, Owen Maynard of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas proposed a series of Apollo missions that would lead to landing a person on the Moon. There were seven types of mission, each testing a specific set of parts and tasks. Each step would need to be completed successfully before the next mission type could begin. These were:
The first manned Lunar Module, LM-3, was not ready for the December 1968 launch date of Apollo 8. The mission flew as a lunar orbital mission, using just the CSM. The E mission was canceled.
The first landing would be followed by more advanced lunar missions:
Apollo flights
The Apollo flights were carried into space by the Saturn I and V rockets.
Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez
Lawrence N. "Larry" Seilhamer Rodríguez (born December 13, 1954) is a Puerto Rican politician. He is a member of the New Progressive Party (PNP). He was a member of the Senate of Puerto Rico from January 7, 2009 until January 15, 2020. In 2021, he became the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico.
Santos Abril y Castelló
Santos Abril y Castelló (born 21 September 1936) is a Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. From 2011 to 2016, he was Archpriest of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. He was born in Alfambra, Spain. On 29 April 1985, Pope John Paul II named him Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and Titular Archbishop of Tamada. On 21 November 2011 he was named Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major.
On 28 December 2016, Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archpriest.
Witchcraft
Witchcraft is the use of magical powers. This might be for healing, seeing into the future, causing harm, or for religion. A person practicing witchcraft is called a witch, although a man practicing witchcraft is often mistakenly called a wizard (a word from Northern Europe), a warlock (in general witchcraft warlock means traitor) (a word from 14th century England ), a sorcerer, or shaman (a term for people who practice magic in parts of Asia). Such people are said to have a knowledge of the chemical (or pharmaceutical) effects of certain herbs or shrubs. Witches can use this knowledge to help people who are sick or to hurt them.
Definition
Witchcraft is different throughout the world and can be seen as good or bad depending on where you are. Today, many people practice a peaceful kind of witchcraft, called Wicca. However, there are still many other people who are scared of witchcraft and think that it is bad. Throughout history, there have been stories about good and bad witches. In European history, witches were accused of physically making and performing spells to harm people. They could also harm people by using their mind. However, this belief was not real and was often used to explain why bad things happened sometimes. In Africa, witches don't use physical tools or actions to curse. They can cause harm by just thinking about it. In fact, one may be unaware of being a witch, or may have been convinced of their witch nature by the suggestion of others. This understanding was described by anthropologist E.E. Evans-Pritchard, who studied African magical beliefs.
Accusations of Witchcraft
Éva Pócs (a scholar and folklorist) states that there are four reasons a person is accused of witchcraft:
She identifies three kinds of witches in popular belief:
"Neighbourhood witches" are the product of neighbourhood arguments, and are found only in rural village communities where the inhabitants largely rely on each other. Such accusations follow the breaking of some social norm, such as the failure to return a borrowed item, and any person part of the normal exchange could potentially be accused. Claims of "sorcerer" witches and "supernatural" witches could arise out of social tensions, but not exclusively; the supernatural witch in particular often had nothing to do with community conflict, but expressed tensions between the human and supernatural worlds; and in Eastern and Southeastern Europe such supernatural witches became an ideology explaining calamities that befell entire communities.
Practices
It is believed that witches can perform magic by using plants, casting spells, or using their mind. The use of plants is often called herbalism and this involves collecting or growing herbs to use in potions or medicines to help or hurt people, animals, or things.
In popular artwork, witches can be seen using big metal cooking bowls called cauldrons to mix their spell ingredients. Witches also use wands, brooms, sticks, candles, swords, and fire to perform spells.
In some cultures, witches can harm people just by using their mind and thinking bad thoughts about a person. In these cultures, witches do not need any items and can potentially be anyone in the community.
Africa
In Southern African traditions, there are three classifications of somebody who uses magic.
Wrenshall, Minnesota
Wrenshall is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States.
Bob McKenzie
Robert Malcomson "Bob" McKenzie (born August 16, 1956) is a Canadian hockey commentator who has covered ice hockey since joining TSN in 1986.
Growing up, McKenzie was a fan of the hometown Toronto Maple Leafs, and his favourite doughnut shop was Tim Hortons.
McKenzie provides analysis for NHL on TSN telecasts, as well as for international hockey events, notably the annual IIHF World U-20 Hockey Championship. He also covered the NHL Entry Draft. Prior to joining TSN, McKenzie was editor-in-chief of The Hockey News for nine years and a hockey columnist for The Toronto Star for six years.
Witchcraft
America
When the first Europeans came to the New World, they brought with them the Christian religion and their fear of supernatural witches. Native Americans had their own religion and beliefs. Since the Christian European settlers were living with these Native Americans and also African slaves (who had their own non-Christian religions and beliefs), this scared them. The Europeans were already scared, far away from their home in the New World with different plants and animals. This fear lead to violent crimes such as accusing and murdering people who they thought were witches and were hurting them with supernatural powers.
Wright, Minnesota
Wright is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States.
Garbage (band)
Early years
At first Vig was the singer, but the band wanted a female singer. Manson was asked to join Garbage after Marker saw the video for Angelfish's "Suffocate Me" and the band's manager found that Manson was the singer. The band signed with Mushroom UK.
Their first album Garbage was released in 1995. It entered the UK Album Chart at number twelve, and spent over a year in it. Six singles were released from the album. The first, "Vow", was the band's first single. "Queer" was their first top 20 UK single. The fourth single, "Stupid Girl", reached number four in the UK Singles Chart and was nominated for two Grammy Awards, Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group.
1997-2000
In March 1998 the first single from their upcoming album Version 2.0, "Push It" was released. It was their third UK Top Ten hit in a row, reaching number 9. The video was nominated for eight MTV Music Video Awards.
In May 1998 the band released their second album, Version 2.0. That month they started touring to promote the album until the end of 1999. It was nominated for the 1999 Grammy Award for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album. It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1.
2003-2008
In October 2003 the band broke up. In February 2004 they reformed.
Witchcraft
America
The most famous witch accusations were the 1692-1693 Salem Witch trials. During these trials, 150 people were accused of being witches, and 19 people were killed by hanging. Every Halloween season, Salem, Massachusetts hosts a Halloween festival in which they highlight their towns notorious history with the 1692 Salem Witch trials. This festival often involves live music, parties, and vendors selling witch-themed items.
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
Jules Joseph Lefebvre (Tournan-en-Brie, March 14, 1836 – Paris, February 24, 1911) was a French figure painter.
Witchcraft
America
Throughout the world there are many people who claim to have supernatural powers such as; psychics, mediums, palm readers and New Age healers. These people are sometimes members of witchcraft religions like Wicca. These people perform tricks to entertain and heal people such as tarot card reading, astrology, crystal healing, Reiki healing, talking to dead family members, or seeing the future.
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
Lefebvre went to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852. He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet. He won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1861. Between 1855 and 1898, he exhibited 72 portraits in the Paris Salon. In 1891, he became a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.
Witchcraft
Middle east
The belief in witchcraft and its practice seem to have been widespread in the Ancient Near East and Nile Valley. It played a clear role in the cultures of ancient Egypt and in Babylonia. Later tradition included an Akkadian anti-witchcraft ritual, the Maqlû. A section from the Code of Hammurabi (about 2000 B.C.) prescribes:"If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcome him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him."
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris. One of his famous students was the Scottish born landscape painter William Hart. Georges Rochegrosse, Félix Vallotton, the Americans Childe Hassam, John Henry Twachtman, John Noble Barlow, Augustus Kenderdine, and Charles A. Platt were also his pupils. He was a professor at the & for a long time.
Bob McKenzie
McKenzie is heard weekly on the TSN 1040 in Vancouver on the "Canucks Lunch with Rick Ball", as well on TSN Radio 690 (CKGM) in Montreal, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday on the Morning Show at 8:05 a.m. He is also a frequent contributor to the Ottawa Senators pre-game show on TSN 1200 radio in Ottawa.
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women.
Bob McKenzie
On May 7, 2015, McKenzie surpassed 1,000,000 followers on Twitter. He goes by the Twitter handle @TSNBobMcKenzie and his account has been verified by Twitter.
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
Among his best portraits were those of M. L. Reynaud and the Prince Imperial (1874). Among his many decorations were a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 and the medal of honor in 1886. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institut de France.
Bob McKenzie
In October 2014, McKenzie began appearing as a full-time contributor on NBCSN.
Witchcraft
Ancient Greece
There are many examples of witches in Greek mythology, such as Circe, who was a sorcerer in Homers’ Odyssey. Circe used potions to put spells on visitors to her house, and she could turn people into pigs.
Bob McKenzie
He currently resides in Whitby, Ontario.
Witchcraft
Ancient Ireland
Druids were members of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures. They were religious leaders, legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals, and political advisors
The earliest record of the druids comes from two Greek texts from circa 300 BCE: one, a history of philosophy written by Sotion of Alexandria, and the other a study of magic widely attributed to Aristotle. Both texts are now lost, but were quoted in the 2nd century CE work Vitae by Diogenes Laërtius. Some say that the study of philosophy originated with the barbarians. In that among the Persians there existed the Magi, and among the Babylonians or Assyrians the Chaldaei, among the Indians the Gymnosophistae, and among the Celts and Gauls men who were called druids and semnothei, as Aristotle relates in his book on magic, and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his Succession of Philosophers.
- Diogenes Laërtius,  Vitae, Introduction, Section 1 Later Greek and Roman texts from the third century BCE refer to "barbarian philosophers", possibly in reference to the Gaulish druids.
Middle Ages
In Medieval times, witchcraft gradually became an enemy of Christianity. Christians thought that witchcraft was the work of the devil, and the Bible was used as evidence against witchcraft. Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11–12 and Exodus 22:18 ("Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live") were very influential.