cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Background
Before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods. These include tariffs on goods imported into the country. They also included excise taxes on items like whiskey. Income taxes were not new in 1913. Congress had passed the Revenue Act of 1861 during the Civil War to help pay for the war. Ten years later it was allowed to lapse. The Confederate States of America also had an income tax. Starting in 1863, the tax exempted the first $1,000 and charged a 1% tax on the first $1,500 over the exemption. A 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount.
In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act which included a flat rate federal income tax of 2 percent. A year later, the Supreme Court handed down their decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.. They ruled the tax unconstitutional because it was a direct tax and not apportioned to the population of each state.
A constitutional income tax
On June 16, 1909, President Taft sent a message to the Senate which read: ""I therefore recommend to the Congress that both houses by a two-thirds vote shall propose an amendment to the Constitution conferring the power to levy an income tax upon the National Government without apportionment among the States in proportion to population."" After a debate on the floor of the House lasting five hours, the bill was passed 314-14 (1 vote as "present" and 55 not voting). It was then sent to the state legislatures for ratification. The amendment gave Congress the power to apply a direct tax, based on people's incomes, and not subject to the apportionment rule.
Effects of the Sixteenth Amendment
The largest and most direct effect of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment was it shifted power from the states to the national government. States had income taxes before the national government did. This kept the national government weaker due to having less revenue than the states. Without the Sixteenth Amendment, the national government would find it far more difficult to extend its military power to other parts of the world.
Toccopola, Mississippi
Toccopola is a town in Pontotoc County, Mississippi, United States.
Brady, Texas
Brady is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Molly Peters
Molly Peters (15 March 1942 – 30 May 2017) was an English actress and model. She was born in Walsham-le-Willows, Suffolk, England. She was best known for her role in the James Bond movie Thunderball as Patricia Fearing. Her career lasted from 1964 through 1967.
Peters appeared in Playboy, in the November 1965 issue. Her appearance was as part of a photo essay entitled "James Bond's Girls", by Richard Maibaum.
On 30 May 2017, Peters died at the age of 75 from complications of a stroke in London, England.
Rafael Amaya
Rafael Amaya (born on February 28, 1977, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico), is an Mexican actor and model. He is best known for his character Aurelio Casillas in the series ''El Señor de los Cielos'. ''
Pastoralism
Pastoralism is a form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals known as Livestock  are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing, historically by nomadic people who moved around with their herds. The species involved include cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeer, horse and sheep.
Jumpertown, Mississippi
Jumpertown is a town in Prentiss County, Mississippi, United States.
Boston, Texas
Boston is an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Texas.
Human musculoskeletal system
The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. also The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage.
Don Imus
John Donald Imus Jr. (July 23, 1940 – December 27, 2019) was an American radio personality, television show host, recording artist, and author. He was known for his radio show Imus in the Morning which aired on many stations until 2018.
In 1979, Imus returned to WNBC and stayed at the station until 1988 when the show moved to WFAN. He became popular when the show entered national syndication in 1993. He was called a "shock jock" radio host throughout his later career. He retired from broadcasting in March 2018.
In March 2009, Imus was diagnosed with stage 2 prostate cancer. He refused to have chemotherapy.
Imus was hospitalized in College Station, Texas, on December 24, 2019 for problems caused by lung disease. He died three days later, on December 27, at the age of 79.
Iron Junction, Minnesota
Iron Junction is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Dublin
Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath) is the capital of the Republic of Ireland, and the biggest city on the island of Ireland. In 2011, there were over 1.1 million people living in the Greater Dublin Area.
Dublin was built by the Vikings upon the river Liffey. The river divides the city into two parts, North Dublin and South Dublin.
Many famous writers lived in Dublin. Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw were born in Dublin. James Joyce is probably Dublin's best known and most international writer.
Dublin is home to Ireland's largest stadium for all sports, Croke Park. It can hold up to 85,000 people. Croke Park is the usual venue for all Ireland hurling and football finals. The Aviva Stadium hosts rugby and soccer.
Marietta, Mississippi
Marietta is a town in Prentiss County, Mississippi, United States.
Zhangixalus hui
The white-striped tree frog (Zhangixalus hui) is a frog. It lives in China and Vietnam. People have seen it between 600 and 2100 meters above sea level.
Scientists used to think this was the same species as Rhacophorus dugritei, but they changed their minds in 2008.
Kinney, Minnesota
Kinney is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Elmar Fischer
Elmar Fischer (6 October 1936 – 19 January 2022) was an Austrian Roman Catholic prelate. Fischer was born in Innsbruck, Austria. He became a priest in 1961. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Feldkirch from 2005 until his retirement in 2011.
Maria Schneider (actress)
Maria Schneider (born Marie Christine Gélin, Paris, 27 March 1952 - 3 February 2011) was a French actress. She was in many movies. She played Jeanne in the 1972 erotic movie Last Tango in Paris opposite Marlon Brando. Schneider died in Paris from cancer at age fifty-eight.
Falcon, Mississippi
Falcon is a town in Quitman County, Mississippi, United States.
Diamonds (song)
"Diamonds" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her seventh album, Unapologetic. It was the first song off of the album. It was Rihanna's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Several rappers have rapped or made a remix to the song. They include Kanye West, Flo Rida and Eve.
Certifications
† Since May 9, 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.
Leonidas, Minnesota
Leonidas is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Liu Bei
Liu Bei (劉備; 161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.
Early life
He went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion rebellion in 184, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian.
After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers—until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all  of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.
Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.
Death
From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.
When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title Emperor of Wu for himself.
Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's (a Wu general) great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.
Computer model
Well known areas which use computer models:
Computer modelling often uses numerical analysis to approximate the real solution of the problem. Simulation techniques are then used to get values. Numerical weather predictions are too inaccurate to give a good local prediction of the weather, so other methods are used to adjust them.
Clinton, Utah
Clinton is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 23,386 at the 2020 census.
Croatia Airlines
Croatia Airlines is a government owned airline of Croatia. It flies to domestic and international destinations. Its main airport is Zagreb Airport. It's usual destinations are Dubrovnik, Split and Zadar. Since November 2004, the airline has been a member of Star Alliance. Its headquarters are in Buzin.
LeRoy Zimmerman
LeRoy S. Zimmerman (born December 22, 1934) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Attorney General of Pennsylvania from 1981 through 1989. He was the first person to be elected as state attorney general.
In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of politically influential individuals. He was named again in 2003 and called a, "power broker in Central Pennsylvania."
Ailly-sur-Somme
Ailly-sur-Somme is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei (167–221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his brothers Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.
Ailly-sur-Somme
Geography
The town is 5 miles to the west of Amiens. It is in the valley of the Somme River.
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei was later killed by his own officers, because after the death of his brother Guan Yu, he became a drunk.
Florence, Mississippi
Florence is a town in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States.
Genpuku
Genpuku is a Japanese coming-of-age ceremony. It dates back to classical Japanese period named Nara. The ceremony was usually backed by an older state member. The adult was changing his childhood name for a new adult name. He was also taking on adult responsibilities.
McKinley, St. Louis County, Minnesota
McKinley is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Airaines
Airaines is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
The commune is 30 km northwest of Amiens, about 30 km south of Abbeville.
Orthopedic surgery
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (alternatively spelt orthopaedics), is the branch of Surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders among others.
Bhakti yoga
Bhakti yoga is a Hindu spiritual practice. People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term. It signifies an attitude of devotion to God. The relation between man and God is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. The Bhakta worships his chosen God by any of these mentalities.
The Bhagavata Purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. They are:
Steffan Aquarone
Steffan Aquarone is British businessman who mainly works in the film and technology sector. He is the founder of Ephex Media Limited. Most of his works are financed from crowd-source.
Glacier Bay water shrew
The Glacier Bay water shrew (Sorex alaskanus) is a type of mammal in the family Soricidae. It only lives in Alaska in the United States. It can swim underwater. The water shrew can run on the surface of the water. It eats the nymphs of invertebrates that live in the water. It also eats invertebrates that live on land.
Steffan Aquarone
In 2017, he was elected as county councillor for the Melton Constable division of Norfolk County Council.
Meadowlands, Minnesota
Meadowlands is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Lambert, Mississippi
Lambert is a town in Quitman County, Mississippi, United States.
Ahmed El Aash
Ahmed Mohamed El Aash (أحمد العش, born June 7, 1992) is an Egyptian football player. He plays as a Centre-back for Ismaily SC in the Egyptian Premier League. He also played for Egypt's national team for people under the age of 20 years.
Soft play area
An indoor play structure, also known as a soft play area, is a form of children's play structure that is commonly used indoors. These play structures often feature slides, ball pits, and ziplines. They may be very large (Billy Beez in the Mall of Dhahran in Saudi Arabia), or very small (the Alpine Soft Play Village at We Are Vertigo - Newtownbreda).
Babylon (2022 movie)
Babylon is a 2022 American epic period comedy-drama movie written and directed by Damien Chazelle. It stars Brad Pitt, Margot Robbie, Diego Calva, Jean Smart, Jovan Adepo, and Li Jun Li with Tobey Maguire. It is about how the change from silent to sound films in the late 1920s affected Hollywood actors.
It was released in the United States on December 23, 2022 by Paramount Pictures to mixed reviews.
It received three nominations at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Justin Hurwitz and five nominations at the 80th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, winning Best Original Score.
Bumin Qaghan
Bumin Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣, Turkish: Bumin Kağan; died at 552) was the founder of the first Turkish empire in history, the First Turk Khanate of the Gökturks in Late Antique Central Asia. Until the discovery of the Orkhon runes (1889) and the decipherment of the writings on them (1893) by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen, Bumin Qaghan was known only by his Chinese name 土門 (T'u-men), as he is found in mentioned in Chinese sources
Orr, Minnesota
Orr is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Jacob Hornberger
Jacob G. Hornberger (born January 1, 1950) is an American attorney, author, and politician. He is the founder and president of the Future of Freedom Foundation. He was a candidate for the Libertarian Party's presidential nomination in 2000, as well as a candidate for the United States Senate election in Virginia in 2002. He was born in Laredo, Texas.
In April 2019, Hornberger was seen as a possible 2020 candidate for the Libertarian nomination. On October 23, 2019, he filed to run for the Libertarian Party 2020 presidential primary. Though Hornberger won the most primaries and received the most votes, Jo Jorgensen was chosen as the party's presidential nominee on the night of May 23, 2020, after four rounds of voting.
In February 2023, Hornberger announced his third presidential candidacy for the 2024 election.
Early life
Jacob grew up on a farm on the Rio Grande near Laredo, Texas, which at the time was the poorest city in the United States. His father was German-American and his mother was Mexican-American.
Education
Jacob Hornberger received a bachelor's degree in economics from the Virginia Military Institute, and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Texas.
Professional career
Jacob Hornberger was an attorney in the state of Texas for twelve years. Hornberger was an adjunct professor at the University of Dallas, teaching economics and law. Hornberger stopped practicing law in 1987 to become the director of programs for the Foundation for Economic Education. Since then, he has been an advocate for free markets and founded the Future of Freedom Foundation.
2000 Presidential Campaign
Then, a week before the 2000 Libertarian National Convention, Hornberger rejoined the race for the presidential nomination. At the convention, Hornberger focused most of his messaging on the criticisms of Browne he had been publishing in the previous year. Browne secured the nomination on the first ballot with 56.15% of the vote, while Hornberger finished in third place with 13.67% of the vote.
2002 Senate Campaign
During the 2000 Libertarian presidential primary, Hornberger published an essay titled "Lord Acton Was Right: A Response to David Bergland: Part 3 (of 3)". In it, Hornberger accused then-candidate for chair of the Libertarian National Committee Jim Lark of silencing a presidential candidate, Don Gorman, during the Libertarian Party of Virginia's state convention. Hornberger also detailed a conversation he had overheard between Lark and Gorman that supported these accusations. Both Lark and Gorman, as well as others, denied this conversation happening. Hornberger acknowledged this two years later in an essay titled "Correction and Apology."
Shortly after this essay was published, Hornberger announced his intent to run for senate in Virginia as a Libertarian. Lark, as well as other members of the Libertarian Party of Virginia, expressed opposition to Hornberger's candidacy, citing his false accusations against them from 2000. Hornberger requested that the Libertarian Party of Virginia assist his campaign in collecting ballot access signatures, but the party denied since Hornberger had not been formally nominated as the party's candidate yet. Hornberger then decided to instead run as an independent in the 2002 Virginia senate race.
In the general election, Hornberger was one of three candidates who qualified for the ballot, alongside Republican incumbent John Warner and independent Nancy Spannaus, a Lyndon LaRouche movement activist; there was no Democrat challenger. Hornberger finished in third place with 106,055 votes and 7.1% of the popular vote.
2020 Presidential Campaign
Hornberger finished 5th in the New Hampshire primary, which was won by Vermin Supreme. He later won the Iowa caucus.
On "Super Tuesday" Hornberger received the most votes in all but one of the contests (finishing behind "Uncommited" in North Carolina) solidifying his status as the front-runner.
On November 8, 2019, Hornberger was endorsed by historian and author Tom Woods. On November 11, 2019 radio host and anti-war activist Scott Horton also endorsed Hornberger, followed by Comedian and podcaster Dave Smith. Jake Porter, nominee for Governor of Iowa in 2018 endorsed Hornberger December 7, 2019. Jake Porter is now Hornberger's campaign manager for his 2020 presidential campaign Businessman and Chair of the Tulsa, OK chapter of the Libertarian Party of Oklahoma Todd Hagopian endorsed Hornberger on January 3, 2020. The Liberty Herald endorsed Hornberger December 29, 2019. The Libertarian Party Mises Caucus endorsed Hornberger January 7, 2020.
Bill Mallon
William James Mallon (born February 2, 1952) is an American orthopedic surgeon, former professional golfer and a leading authority on the history of the Olympic Games.
Jacob Hornberger
2020 Primary
Hornberger did not appear on the New Hampshire Libertarian Party Primary ballot, though he received 9 votes, putting him in sixth place.
On February 8, 2020, Hornberger won the Libertarian Party Iowa Caucus with 47.52% of the vote.
Proctor, Minnesota
Proctor is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Jacob Hornberger
2020 Primary
On February 25, 2020, Hornberger won the Libertarian Party Minnesota Caucus with 38.5% of the vote.
On March 3, 2020, Hornberger won the Libertarian Party California Primary with 17.5% of the vote.
2024 presidential campaign
In February 2023, Hornberger announced his candidacy for president again for the 2024 election.
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons are action adventure video games made by Capcom and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console.
Jack Viertel
Jack Viertel (born February 7, 1949) is an American theatrical producer and writer. He was born in Stamford, Connecticut.
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons
Oracle of Seasons
The Triforce sends Link to the land of Holodrum, where he stumbles upon a traveling group of performers. After resting with them a bit, he finds out that the mysterious dancer from the troupe is actually the Oracle of Seasons, Din. An evil general named Onox comes and captures her in order to gain power. By doing so he also puts all the seasons into chaos and evil spreads throughout the land. Link must find all the essences of nature to defeat the evil general to save Din.
2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
This article listed possible candidates for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 2020 election.
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons
Oracle of Ages
The Triforce sends Link to the land of Labrynna, where he finds a woman named Impa. They go to see a singer named Nayru. Nayru is the Oracle of Ages. Impa is revealed to have been possessed by Veran, Sorceress of Shadows, who leaves Impa and goes to possess Nayru, causing the time to fall into chaos. Link must find the Essences of Time in order to save Nayru from Veran.
States of Sudan
Below is a list of the 18 states of Sudan (Arabic names are in parentheses). Before 9 July 2011, Sudan had 25 states. The ten southern states now form the independent country of South Sudan. Two more states were created in 2012 within the Darfur region, and one in 2013 in Kordofan, bringing the total to 18. Transliterations from Arabic to English may vary; in particular, the article "al" is sometimes transliterated as "el". Numbers correspond to those of the map at right.
2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Biden promised to select a woman, which make it the third time in United States history that the vice presidential nominee of a major party has been a woman, after Geraldine Ferraro (1984) and Sarah Palin (2008).
States of Sudan
Regional bodies
In addition to the states, there are also regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups:
2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
On August 11, 2020 Biden picked U.S. Senator Kamala Harris as his running mate.
Pelahatchie, Mississippi
Pelahatchie is a town in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States.
States of Sudan
History
A further fracturing of provinces occurred in 1976. Lakes split from Bahr al Ghazal, and Jonglei split off from Upper Nile. Equatoria divided into East and West Equatoria. There were thus eighteen provinces. In 1991, the government reorganized the administrative regions into nine federal states, matching the nine provinces that had existed from 1948 to 1973. On 14 February 1994, the government reorganized yet again, creating twenty-six wilayat (states). The majority of the wilayat were either the old provinces or administrative subregions of a province. As part of the new government structure in South Sudan in 2005, Bahr al Jabal was renamed Central Equatoria. In 2006, West Kurdufan was split and merged with North Kurdufan and South Kurdufan.
2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Vetting process
His running mate vetting process has been criticized for Biden's campaign alleged "blatant disrespectful" treatment towards black women and sexism.
States of Sudan
History
In 2011, the ten southern states became the independent Republic of South Sudan.
2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Other individuals considered
The following six individuals were originally cited to have begun undergoing vetting by the Biden campaign in May or June 2020, but it is uncertain whether they have moved on to further stages in subsequent months or not. Following the George Floyd protests, Amy Klobuchar was criticized for her lack of prosecution of police misconduct during her tenure, including a case involving the officer accused of murdering Floyd. On June 18, she announced that she had removed herself from consideration and urged for Biden to select a woman of color.
Declined to be considered
The following individuals publicly confirmed that they had declined to be vetted by the Biden campaign.
Cabaret (1972 movie)
Cabaret is an American musical movie. It was directed by Bob Fosse. The movie was released in 1972.
International Society for Krishna Consciousness
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is a newer religious movement based on the original Vedic culture of ancient India. It is also known as 'the Hare Krishna' movement. It was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The organization's core beliefs are based on three scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam and the Caitanya-caritamrita.
Anguilla, Mississippi
Anguilla is a town in Sharkey County, Mississippi, United States.
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, also known as Srila Prabhupada (September 1, 1896–November 14, 1977) was the person who created the ISKCON movement.
Dasari Narayana Rao
Dasari Narayana Rao (4 May 1942– 30 May 2017) was an Indian movie director, screenwriter, actor, politician, and lyricist. He was known for his works in Telugu cinema, and few Bollywood movies. He has directed more than one hundred and fifty feature movies of many genres.
His works are known to be part of social injustice, corruption and gender discrimination. Rao has received two National Film Awards, nine state Nandi Awards including the Raghupathi Venkaiah Award, and four Filmfare Awards South including the life time Achievement. During his career he has also acted in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada languages.
Mountain Iron, Minnesota
Mountain Iron is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Storvik
Storvik is a locality in Sandviken Municipality in Gävleborg County in Sweden. In 2010, 2,165 people lived there.
Rice Lake, Minnesota
Rice Lake is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Chris Duncan
Christopher Edwin Duncan (May 5, 1981 – September 6, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball left fielder and first baseman and radio personality. Duncan was born in Tucson, Arizona. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals from 2005 to 2009. Duncan worked for ESPN Radio until 2019.
On January 9, 2019 it was announced that Duncan was retiring after being diagnosed with glioblastoma. He died eight months later on September 6 in Tuscon at the age of 38.
Tower, Minnesota
Tower is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Charles L. Robinson
Charles Lawrence Robinson (July 21, 1818 – August 17, 1894) was the first Governor of Kansas. He was very important in creating Lawrence, Kansas.
Massachusetts
Robinson was studied at Hadley and Amherst academies. He also studied at Amherst College. He studied medicine in Woodstock, Vermont, and later in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He got his medical degree at the Berkshire Medical College in Pittsfield in 1843. He practiced medicine in Belchertown, Springfield, and Fitchburg.
California
He traveled to California in 1850. In Sacramento, he edited a daily paper called the Settler's and Miner's Tribune. He participated in the riots of 1850 as a supporter of squatter sovereignty. He was seriously wounded. While under indictment for conspiracy and murder, was elected to the California legislature. He was discharged by the court without trial. He represented California's 12th State Assembly district from 1851 to 1852. He married Sara Tappan Doolittle Lawrence in 1851, and they had two children.
Kansas
During Bleeding Kansas, Robinson made many people mad because he supported anti-slavery people. In 1861, he became the first Governor of Kansas.
He was elected to the Kansas State Senate. He served from 1873 to 1881. He was Superintendent of the Haskell Institute from 1887 to 1889. He was regent of the University of Kansas for twelve years.
He died on August 17, 1894. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Lawrence.
Matewan
Matewan is a 1987 American historical drama movie directed by John Sayles and starring Chris Cooper, James Earl Jones, Mary McDonnell, Will Oldham, David Strathairn, Kevin Tighe, Gordon Clapp. It was distributed by Cinecom Pictures and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1988.
Simon Arora
Education
He was born in November 1969. He was graduated from Cambridge University with a degree in law.
Career
He started his career working as an analyst for a number of different companies like McKinsey, 3i and Barclays.
M postcode area
The M postcode area, also known as the Manchester postcode area, is a group of lots of postal districts in Greater Manchester, England.
The code covers three places: Manchester, Salford, and Sale. It covers parts of all Greater Manchester boroughs except for Stockport. All of Manchester is covered by the code, except for a small village called Ringway, which is in the WA postcode area. The postcode also includes nearly all of Salford and most of the borough of Trafford.
Coverage
The code covers these districts:
Winton, Minnesota
Winton is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States.
Cao Cao
Cao Cao (曹操 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.
Cao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favour of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it. After Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son Lü Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.
Cao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously Emperor Wu of Wei.
Poetry
Cao Cao was a poet. Only some of his poetry can be found today.
Dalymount Park
Dalymount Park is a football stadium in Dublin, Ireland. It is the home of Bohemian F.C..
Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico
Ranchos de Taos is a census-designated place (CDP) in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,390 at the 2000 census.
Eddington limit
The Eddington limit, or Eddington luminosity was first worked out by Arthur Eddington. It is a natural limit to the normal luminosity of stars. The state of balance is a hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the Eddington limit, it loses mass with a very intense radiation-driven stellar wind from its outer layers.
Eddington's models treated a star as a sphere of gas held up against gravity by internal thermal pressure. Eddington showed that radiation pressure was necessary to prevent collapse of the sphere.
Most massive stars have luminosities far below the Eddington luminosity, so their winds are mostly driven by the less intense line absorption. The Eddington limit explains the observed luminosity of accreting black holes such as quasars.
Super-Eddington luminosities
Eddington limit explains the very high mass loss rates seen in the outbursts of η Carinae in 1840–1860. The regular stellar winds can only stand for a mass loss rate of about 10−4–10−3 solar masses per year. Mass loss rates of up to 0.5 solar masses per year are needed to understand the η Carinae outbursts. This can be done with the help of the super-Eddington broad spectrum radiation driven winds.
Gamma-ray bursts, novae and supernovae are examples of systems exceeding their Eddington luminosity by a large factor for very short times, resulting in short and highly intensive mass loss rates. Some X-ray binaries and active galaxies are able to maintain luminosities close to the Eddington limit for very long times. For accretion powered sources such as accreting neutron stars or cataclysmic variables (accreting white dwarfs), the limit may act to reduce or cut off the accretion flow. Super-Eddington accretion onto stellar-mass black holes is one possible model for ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs).
For accreting black holes, all the energy released by accretion does not have to appear as outgoing luminosity, since energy can be lost through the event horizon, down the hole. Effectively, such sources may not conserve energy.
Majungasaurus
Majungasaurus (meaning "Mahajanga lizard") is a medium-sized theropod from Madagascar in the Late Cretaceous Period. It is related to the more famous Carnotaurus.
Tarah Murrey
Tarah Murrey (born 28 March 1990) is an American volleyball player.
She played at the 2006 Girls' Youth NORCECA Volleyball Championship, winning a gold medal. She was named most valuable player.
She played for University of California, Berkeley's women's volleyball team, Cuatto Giaveno Volley, and Vaqueras de Bayamón.
Belarus at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Belarus sent people to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. People competed in para-Nordic skiing. The team included a number of para-Nordic skiers. Several had gone to the Winter Paralympics before. The country has a history of doing well at the Winter Paralympics, having first gone in 1994. Going to South Korea, they had already won 23 Winter Paralympic medals.
Yury Holub, Dzmitry Loban, Lidziya Hrafeyeva and Sviatlana Sakhanenka won medals on 10 March in the biathlon. This was the first day of competition at the Winter Paralympics.
Team
The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Belarus") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.
History
Belarus has competed in every Winter Paralympics since 1994. Going to Pyeongchang, they had already won 23 medals at the Winter Games. Most of these medals were in cross country skiing, with only 3 medals won in another sport: biathlon. Almost half the Belarus's medals in cross country skiing were won by sit skier Liudmila Vauchock. Belarus won 3 bronze medals at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi. They ranked eighteenth for total medals. Their medals were won by Basil Shapteboy (Васіль Шапцябой) and Jadwiga Skorobogataya (Ядвіга Скорабагатая).
Russian doping scandal
15 National Paralympic Committees and the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation signed a letter expressing support for the National Paralympic Committee of Russia in August 2017. The countries included Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Laos, Moldova, Mongolia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Montenegro, and South Korea. They asked the IPC Governing Board to consider letting Russia compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics. The letter was signed weeks before the IPC Governing Board met in Abu Dhabi. In September 2017, this decision was reviewed and upheld. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) still had concerns about doping in Russian sport. All the conditions the IPC required of the Russians were not met.
Vasili Shaptsiaboi
Vasili Shaptsiaboi was 38-years-old at the 2018 Games. He went to the 2006, 2010 and 2014 Games, winning 3 Paralympic bronze medals at these Games. Before the Games, he was the man from Belarus who won the most medals at the Winter Paralympics.
Liudmila Vauchock
Liudmila Vauchock has gone to the Paralympics before. Almost half the Belarus's medals in cross country skiing were won by Vauchock. When at home, her base for training was Raubichi. She would do three days of intense training, take a day off, and then three more days of intense training.
Vauchock has a disability because she fell off a dormitory roof. The fall broke her back. Before the accident, she was involved in athletics. Vauchock did like skiing while she was at school. She thought she got more mileage out of running than skiing. Vauchock started skiing after the accident because others encouraged her to try the sport. She says skiing gives her a sense of freedom and speed. It makes her feel independent and allows her to connect with nature. The snow is not a hindrance, but a route to freedom. Volchek does not like attention that competing gives her. She went to Sochi with only her older brother accompanying her. While many people in Belarus were happy with her fifth-place finish in Sochi, she cried as the result was not what she wanted. While there are many challenges and many places in Minsk are not barrier free, she is not sad about the accident that resulted in her needing to use a wheelchair. Without the accident happening, she does not think she would have become an elite sportsperson.
Schedule
On 12 March, the 15 km race takes place, with standing and vision impaired women starting at 10:00 PM. Thee sprint classic qualification takes place on 14 March from 10:00 AM - 11:25 AM for both men and women in all classes. It is followed in the afternoon by the semifinals and finals. The classic race takes place on 17 March. The standing and visually impaired women's race takes place from 10:00 AM - 12:30.
Puranas
In the Sanskrit language, purana means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe. It is basically in Sanskrit and Tamil languages.
Dong Zhuo
Dong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. However, he was defeated by Yellow Scarves rebels in 184 and was demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.
Dong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196.
Aizecourt-le-Bas
Aizecourt-le-Bas is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
The commune is 35 km northwest of Saint-Quentin.
Dissolution of the monasteries
The dissolution of the monasteries was an event that happened from 1536 to 1540, when English King Henry VIII took away the land and money that the nuns and monks of the Roman Catholic church owned. Henry VIII then gave this land and money to people that supported him.
This was also when Henry VIII made himself the new head of the Church of England (which is a type of Christianity). Parliament made the Act of Supremacy to give him the right to do both these things. It was part of the Protestant Reformation in England.
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid, also known as sulphuric acid, is a strong acid. It is also a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2SO4. It was known as "Oil of Vitriol" in ancient times.
Properties
It is a dense (thick), clear, corrosive liquid that can dissolve in water. It can also melt through some weak substances.
History
It was once known as "oil of vitriol". This name was created by Jabir ibn Hayyan, the person who discovered it. It used to be prepared by the reaction of potassium nitrate with sulfur. This reaction would produce sulfur trioxide which would dissolve in steam to produce sulfuric acid. Then this reaction was done in lead containers. The contact process, the most common process, was invented in 1831 and is still used today.
Production
It is made by reacting sulfur trioxide with sulfuric acid to produce oleum. Then oleum is dissolved in water to produce more sulfuric acid. The sulfur trioxide is produced by burning sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide, which was then oxidized to sulfur trioxide with a catalyst. This process is called the contact process.
Uses
Sulfuric acid has many uses. World production in 2001 was 165 million tons, worth about $8 billion US dollars. Uses include ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, lead acid batteries, and combining chemicals for scientific reasons. For example, phosphate rocks are reacted with sulfuric acid to produce soluble phosphates, useful in fertilizers. This reaction is also used to make phosphoric acid, useful in soda. Potassium compounds are dissolved in sulfuric acid to produce potassium sulfate, useful in fertilizers. Ammonia is also reacted with sulfuric acid to produce ammonium sulfate. These three chemicals are solids and provide the three main minerals needed in plants. Lead acid batteries use sulfuric acid as their electrolyte.
Reactions and safety
Sulfuric acid is very poisonous because of its acidity and corrosiveness. When it is mixed with sugar, it turns it into carbon. When it is dissolved in water, it becomes less harmful (does not make things black) but is still corrosive like normal acids. It reacts with metals to produce hydrogen and the metal sulfate. Some metals, such as tin, make sulfur dioxide and tin(II) sulfate. It reacts with sodium chloride to make hydrogen chloride.
Zulfiqar Ali
Zulfiqar Ali (born 1965) is a British politician and businessman. He served as a mayor for Rochdale from 2010 to 2011.
He was born in 1965 in Bradford, UK. At present he is serving as the Chairman of Reach BCS in Rochdale, Greater Manchester.
Oregon spotted frog
The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is a medium-sized water frog. The name Rana pretiosa means "precious frog". It comes from the Pacific Northwest area of North America. It can be found in the Puget Trough/Willamette Valley province and the Cascade Mountains of south-central Washington and Oregon. It is a rare frog and is listed by the IUCN as a vulnerable species.
Bohemian F.C.
Bohemian F.C. is a football club in Dublin, Ireland. They play in the League of Ireland. The club is owned by the club members.
History
The club was founded in 1890. They were member of the Irish Football League from 1902 to 1911 and 1912 to 1920. During this time the greatest success was the Irish Cup in 1908 and were five times runner-up. It was a founding member of the League of Ireland in 1921. The club is one of only two clubs to have been members of the League of Ireland since it was founded (the other being Shelbourne). Bohemians is the only club who always played in the top division. Till 1969 they were an amateur team. Today they are a professional club.
Ground and supporters
Bohemians play their home matches at Dalymount Park in the Northside neighbourhood of Phibsborough. Their club colours are red and black. Bohemians supporters often refer to their club by a number of nicknames including 'Bohs', 'The Gypsies' and 'The Big Club'. The big rival is Shamrock Rovers a club from Dublins south side.
Current squad
As of 19 June 2011
Sorunda
Sorunda is a locality in Nynäshamn Municipality in Stockholm County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,307 people lived there.
2020 Sudan floods
In September 2020, a large amount of rainfall in Sudan caused a massive flood across at least 16 Sudanese states with the Blue Nile reaching water levels not seen for a century.
It is the most severe floods recorded in the region. A state of emergency was declared, and teams have worked to prevent damage to threatened archaeological sites.
The flood affected more than 500,000 people, destroyed more than 100,000 homes, and killed over 100 people.
Itihasa
In Sanskrit, Itihasa means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidences are slowly beginning to find evidences to prove these Indian epics as actual history.
The original meaning of Iithasa had a more precise connotation than the word History. The etymology attested to by Panini's indicates itiha to mean ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’. One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. Our investigations lead us to believe that the Mauryan empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 BCE. He defines Itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;
पुराणमितिव्रुत्तमाख्यायिकोदाहरणं धर्मशास्त्रं चेतीतिहासः Puraana (the chronicles of the ancient), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are known by (comprise the corpus of Itihaasah, ) History Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Book 1, Chapter 5 Thus, History in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and History as we use them today. We feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on Indian History ( http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that Kautilya did 3 millennia ago.
The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance धर्मार्थ काममोक्षाणामुपदेश समान्वितं । पुरावृत्तं कथायुत्तरूपमितिहासं प्रचक्षते ।। “Dharmaartha-kaama-moskshanaam upadesa-samanvitam | Puraa-vrttam, kathaa-yuttarupam Itihaasah prachakshate ||”
History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation. Clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of History, embedded in the etymology of Itihaasa. The reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word History is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word History, it makes for clarity in usage if the Civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories