cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a civil war that was fought from 7 November 1917 to 16 June 1922 among several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was a communist, Bolshevik group. The White Army was anti-communist and included many former Tsarist loyalists. Other forces fought both groups or sometimes helped one of them against the other. Foreign countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States sent troops to help the divided White Army. The Red Army won the war because it was better organized, more united, and held the best territory. After the war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922.
Demon
In religion, folklore, and mythology
A demon is usually thought to be a supernatural creature that is an evil spirit. Demons are often described as being summoned by someone, and then either being sent to do works of evil, or to create chaos. "To demonize" means to make someone appear evil.
Speciation
Before fertilisation
Factors which prevent individuals from mating.
Russian Civil War
Background
Tsar Nicholas II, the traditional autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire, had just lost his throne in the February Revolution of 1917. Many regions of the Russian Empire were not stable, and many groups had organized themselves to fight.
Speciation
After fertilisation
Factors which prevent mating being successful, such as genetic incompatibility, hybrid inviability or sterility.
Russian Civil War
Background
The workers and the farmers who supported the communists organized themselves into the Red Army. Those opposing the communists organized themselves into the White Army.
Demon
In religion, folklore, and mythology
"Monotheistic" religions (that say there is one God) usually teach that demons are rebels and under God at all times. The English poet John Milton describes Satan as rebelling against God but losing, and being allowed to survive only by God's grace. In some "polytheistic" religions, demons are equal to gods. In Hinduism, the demon-goddess Kali represents destruction and thus from a human standpoint is "bad".
Luo Zhenyu
Luo Zhenyu (August 8, 1866 – May 14, 1940), courtesy name Shuyun (叔蘊), was a Chinese classical scholar, philologist, epigrapher, antiquarian. He supported the Qing dynasty, even after it fell.
Demon
Western belief
The grimoire (medieval book about magical beliefs) called Ars Goetia, writes about 72 demons that a king has called and put in a bronze container sealed by magical symbols. The demons had to do whatever the king said. This book is all about spirits and demons, good and evil, that were called by magic.
Wilfrido Lucero
Wilfrido Lucero Bolaños (28 December 1935 – 1 February 2022) was an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician. He was the Mayor of Tulcán from 1967 until 1970. He was also the Prefect of Carchi from 1970 until 1974. He was a member of the National Congress from 1979 until 1990 and again from 1998 until 2007. He was also the Congress's President from 1988 until 1990 and again from 2005 until 2007. Lucero was born in Tulcán
Speciation
Geographical isolation
Wagner's early career was as a geographer, and he published a number of geographical books about North Africa, the Middle East, and Tropical America. He was also a keen naturalist and collector, and it is for this work he is best known among biologists. Ernst Mayr, the evolutionist and historian of biology, has given an account of Wagner's significance. p562–565
During his three years in Algeria, Wagner (amongst other activities) studied the flightless beetles Pimelia and Melasoma. Each genus is split into a number of species, each of which is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the Atlas Mountains to the Mediterranean. As soon as one crosses a river, a different but closely related species appears.
Russian Civil War
Outside Russia
In Ukraine, some groups fighting for a free Ukraine organized themselves as the Green Army. There were several other groups. The Green Army and the smaller groups fought one another, and they sometimes fought the Red Army and the White Army. Other nationalist armies fought for independence from any kind of Russian control. Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia succeeded in getting their independence.
Demon
Western belief
In Western thought, demons are spirits who do evil things. They are not similar to humans. Rather they are like angels, but doing harm. Pagan gods, like the Norse Gods are often thought to be demons in reality.
Tapan Raychaudhuri
Tapan Raychaudhuri (8 May 1924 - 26 November 2014) was an Indian historian. He was an expert in British Indian history, Indian economic history and the History of Bengal.
He was a Reader in Modern South Asian History at University of Oxford from 1973 to 1992. He was also Fellow of St. Anthony College, Oxford from 1973-93 where he remained as an Emeritus Fellow until his death in 2014.
Raychaudhuri died after suffering a series of strokes at his home in Oxford, England on 26 November 2014, aged 90.
Demon
Western belief
Christians believe that demons were angels that went bad. They fought against God, who won the battle with Michael (see Book of Revelation chapter 12) God sent the bad demons into a prison called Hell and they could not see God now for the punishment. Those demons are called the fallen angels.
Western beliefs about demons come from the Bible. The Bible does not mention the origin of demons. The idea that demons are fallen angels comes mostly from Augustine of Hippo.
Middle Eastern belief
In Middle Eastern beliefs, demons are often thought to have lived before humans, and they are often similar to humans. When humans appeared, the demons vanished under the earth or hide into dark and desolate places. In Turkey, Armenia, Iran and Albania they are called div. In Syria, Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt, they are called ifrit or marid. In Islamic cultures, there are also djinn, who are similar to demons, but not necessarily evil.
The notion of demons derive from Zoroastrianism, an ancient Iranian religion. They called the demons deva. Zorastrians believed that the Hindu deities (deva) were evil and caused injustice among humans. Therefore, they believed the deva are evil. Jews back when believed these deva were real, but the demons of their own religion.
In the Greek New Testament and Hebrew Old Testament, demons are said to be bad. In Hebrew, demons are called se'irim. In other Hebrew writings, they do not come from heaven, but came from another world and made much troubles. They gave diseases too. And they have a prince who is not God, but a demon. Sometimes this prince is thought to be Samael.
The deva were called div by Muslims. Unlike the djinns, div were not created to choose and have no free-will. Muslim scholars could only speculate about their origin. Some think they have been created by God, even before the djinns, others thought they are created a company for Satan.
In Islam, djinns are creatures that cannot be seen by people most of the time, made of fire by God (Allah), with special powers to help and harm people. Djinns, like humans, have free will and must choose to serve and obey God (Allah). Like demons, djinns can possess people, but they are not only evil.
Eastern Belief
In Hinduism, demons are called asuras. Patala is thought to be an underground place below the Earth, where humans live. Asura means supernatural beings that were good or bad. People who do evil and horrible things in their lives, by reincarnation, will turn into evil, ghost spirits called Vetalas, Pisand hachas, Bhūtas. The most evil people reincarnate in hell as demons. In Japanese folklore, there are malevolent spirits called oni (鬼), a Japanese word translatable as "demon" in English.
Native American Belief
In the traditional religion and folklore from the Native Americans in the United States and the Canada's First Nations, the Wendigo, a mythological monster believed to have a grotesque appearance and only eat human flesh, is widely considered to be a demon.
Age and InuYasha
In InuYasha, a fictional manga, yokai (Japanese for supernatural creatures and translated demon in English) cannot die easily and they age more slowly than humans.
Speciation
Geographical isolation
This was an early description of a process of one kind of geographic speciation. In 1942 it was reintroduced by Mayr, and the importance of geographic speciation became one of the core ideas of the evolutionary synthesis.
Vacant islands
Volcanic islands are formed with no life, and all life has to arrive carried by wind or water. We know from the Hawaiian islands and from the Galapagos Islands that all forms of life change when they reach the islands from the mainland.
In about 6500 sqmi, the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of drosophilid flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows. About 800 Hawaiian drosophilid species are known.
Studies show a clear "flow" of species from older to newer islands. There are also cases of colonization back to older islands, and skipping of islands, but these are much less frequent.
By potassium/argon radioactive dating, the present islands date from 0.4 million years ago (mya) (Mauna Kea) to 10mya (Necker). The oldest member of the Hawaiian archipelago still above the sea is Kure Atoll, which can be dated to 30 mya.
All of the native drosophilid species in Hawaii have apparently descended from a single ancestral species that colonized the islands, about 20 million years ago. The subsequent adaptive radiation was spurred by a lack of competition and a wide variety of vacant niches. Although it would be possible for a single pregnant female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.
There are other animals and plants on the Hawaiian archipelago which have undergone similar, if less spectacular, adaptive radiations.
Ring species
In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighboring populations, each of which can interbreed with next-door populations. The two ends of the chain overlap.
The two end populations in the series are too distantly related to interbreed. Such non-breeding-though-genetically-connected 'end' populations may co-exist in the same region, thus closing a 'ring'.
Ring species provide important evidence of evolution: they illustrate what happens over time as populations genetically diverge. Richard Dawkins observed that ring species "are only showing us in the spatial dimension something that must always happen in the time dimension".
However, it is difficult to find a simple, straightforward example.
Larus gulls
This was the classic example of ring species. The range of these gulls nearly forms a ring around the North Pole (which is not normally flown over by gulls). The lesser black-backed gulls and herring gulls are sufficiently different that they do not normally hybridize; so, it was said, the group of gulls forms a continuum except where the two lineages meet in Europe. However, it is generally agreed that this is not quite correct, though the details are extremely complicated.
Ensatina salamanders
The Ensatina salamander is a ring species in the mountains around the Californian Central Valley. The complex forms a horseshoe shape around the mountains. Though interbreeding can happen between each of the 19 populations around the horseshoe, the Ensatina eschscholtzii subspecies on the western end of the horseshoe cannot interbreed with the Ensatina klauberi on the eastern end. It is an illustration of "nearly all stages in a speciation process" (Dobzhansky). Richard Highton argued that Ensatina is a case of multiple species and not a continuum of one species.
Sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location. This is now thought to be very common.
In sympatric speciation, species diverge while inhabiting the same place. Often-cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects that become dependent on different host plants in the same area.
The existence of sympatric speciation as a mechanism of speciation was hotly contested. People argued that the evidences of sympatric speciation are in fact examples of micro-geographic speciation. In general, this is not now the preferred explanation. Rather, it is the result of hybridisation between closely related species, followed by natural selection working on the offspring of such crosses. One widely accepted example of sympatric speciation is that of the cichlids of Lake Nabugabo in East Africa, which is thought to be due to sexual selection.
Speciation via polyploidization
Polyploidy has caused many rapid speciation events because offspring of, for example, tetraploid x diploid matings often result in triploid sterile progeny.
However, not all polyploids are reproductively isolated from their parental plants, and gene flow may still occur for example through triploid hybrid x diploid matings that produce tetraploids.
Horst aan de Maas
Horst aan de Maas is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 42,291 people lived there.
In 2010, the former municipalities Sevenum and part of Meerlo-Wanssum joined the municipality.
Russian Civil War
Outside Russia
At the same time, some foreign countries were worried about the communists, who were ruling Russia and feared that communism would come to their countries if the Russian communists were successful and so they helped fight against the Red Army. The main allies of World War I started the Siberian Intervention and otherwise helped the White Army. Their former enemies, the former Central Powers, also fought to get back land that they had lost during World War I. Slowly, the war became very large, and it continued for a few more years.
Dunedin, Florida
Dunedin is a city of Florida in the United States.
Geography
Dunedin has a total area of 22.94 square miles.
Russian Civil War
Periods
The Red Army and the White Army fought this war on three main fronts. Those regions were located in the east, the south, and the northwest of what became the Soviet Union. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War and its large scale surprised Vladimir Lenin. There were also three main periods of the war.
Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. Most of the fighting was then small-scale, but it started in many places.
The second period of the Russian Civil War was very important and lasted from January to November 1919. At first, the White Army was winning on all three fronts and was helped by foreign countries. However, Leon Trotsky reorganized the Red Army and helped it fight back. The White Armies suffered heavy losses and lost most of their fighting power.
The third and final period of the war involved fighting in Crimea. Many soldiers of the White Army had gathered there and had made their position very secure and strong. The Red Army continued to fight against them. After the Polish-Soviet War ended with Polish independence, more soldiers of the Red Army could reinforce their comrades in Crimea. They defeated the White Army in November 1920. In October 1922, Vladivostok fell, the last important city held by the Whites. Fighting continued against nationalists in the Caucasus in the early 1920s.
Aftermath
During and after the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia suffered great damage. In 1920 and 1921, there was little rain, which caused serious famine in 1921. About one million Russians left Russia and went to other countries permanently. Many of them were very educated and experts.
The economic loss was also very large. The value of Russia’s currency, the ruble, fell. In 1914, a US dollar could be bought for 2 rubles. In 1920, it cost 1,200 rubles. Estimates say that the war cost the Soviet Russia around 50 billion rubles, today worth US$35 billion.
The production of industrial goods fell greatly. For example, the Soviet Union produced only 5% of the cotton and only 2% of the iron ore of the production of 1913. Generally, production had fallen to 20% of that of 1913.
The Russian Civil War was very bad on agriculture as well. Farms produced only 37% of the normal production. The number of horses fell from 35 million (in 1916) to 24 million (in 1920). The number of cattle also decreased, from 58 million to 37 million.
Speciation
Speciation via polyploidization
Many of the existing plant and most animal species have apparently undergone polyploidization in their evolutionary history. Reproduction of successful polyploid species is sometimes asexual, by parthenogenesis. For unknown reasons many asexual organisms are polyploid.
Doral, Florida
Doral is a city in north Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is a suburb of Miami. The population was 39,011 at the 2010 U.S. Census. Doral is very close to Miami International Airport. This has encouraged local and big business, and the headquarters of many large companies are in Dorel, including Carnival Corporation, Amadeus North America and the Dutch airline Martinair.
Speciation
Hawthorn fly
One example of evolution at work is the case of the hawthorn fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, which appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation.
Different populations of hawthorn fly feed on different fruits. A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after apples, a non-native species, were introduced. This apple-feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of hawthorns. The current hawthorn feeding population does not normally feed on apples.
Vicente del Bosque
Vicente del Bosque (born 23 December 1949) is a former Spanish football player and coach. He spent almost all of his playing career in the Real Madrid team. He was also a member of the Spanish national team between 1975 and 1980, during which he represented his country on 18 occasions.
He debuted for the Spanish national team on 17 April 1975 against Romania and on 15 June 1980, he played his last international match against Belgium. As an international, Del Bosque scored one goal, on 13 December 1978 against Cyprus. He was included in the Spanish squad for the 1980 European Championship.
Speciation
Hybridisation
Rarely, a new species forms when individual members of different species mate. Usually, the products of such hybrid matings are infertile (not fertile), or relatively so, and so get eliminated by natural selection.
One example of a new and successful hybrid species has been found. The new species is a hybrid of the Italian and Spanish sparrows, and the basic facts have been checked by sequence analysis from the DNA in their blood. The bird lives in Italy in a region where both parent species live. It does not reproduce with the Spanish sparrow even though it lives with them side-by-side.
Vicente del Bosque
In 1984, after Del Bosque retired from football, he was appointed coach of Real Madrid's youth academy.
Russian Civil War
Aftermath
During the war, the Soviet government somehow managed the country. In March 1921, four months after the defeat of the White Army in Crimea, the Lenin administration abandoned its policy of War Communism and instead formulated the New Economic Policy, which allowed denationalisation of agriculture and industry, but most financial institutions retained state ownership with a deregulation in such sectors. On 30 December 1922, the ]Soviet Union was formally created, and by 1928, production returned to pre-war levels. Lenin, however, did not live to see that day since he had died in 1924, when Joseph Stalin became the new leader.
Vicente del Bosque
Club career statistics
288||20 288||20
International career statistics
!Total||17||1
Russian Civil War
Aftermath
People always remembered the results of the World War I and the Russian Civil War, which were very bad for the life and the society for the new Soviet Union.
Gas-filled tube
A discharge tube, or a gas-filled tube is an arrangement of electrodes in an insulated container, containing a gas. Very often, glass or ceramics are used as insulation. When there is enough charge on these electrodes, there will be an electric discharge, which will produce light. In the 19th century, Heinrich Geißler developed the Geissler tube,and Philipp Lenard did experiments that led to the development of the vacuum pump. Both technologies were used to develop the discharge tube. The most common kind of discharge tube is the gas discharge lamp.
Speciation
Artificial speciation
Domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc., as they readily produce fertile offspring with them.
Lab species
The best-documented creations of new species in the laboratory were performed in the late 1980s. William Rice and G.W. Salt bred fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry.
Each generation was placed into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups. After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas. The history of such attempts is described in Rice and Hostert (1993).
Diane Dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose.
Dodd's experiment has been easy for many others to replicate, including with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.
Reinforcement (Wallace effect)
Reinforcement is how natural selection increases reproductive isolation.
It may occur after two populations of the same species are separated and then come back into contact. If their reproductive isolation was complete, then they will have already developed into two separate incompatible species.
If their reproductive isolation is incomplete, then further mating between the populations will produce hybrids, which may or may not be fertile. If the hybrids are infertile, or fertile but less fit than their ancestors, then there will be no further reproductive isolation and speciation has essentially occurred (e.g., as in horses and donkeys.)
The reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own different environments, the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both, and would not fit either niche as well as either parent. The low fitness of the hybrids would cause selection to favour assortative mating, which would reduce hybridization.
This is sometimes called the Wallace effect after the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace who suggested in the late 19th century that it might be an important factor in speciation.
If the hybrid offspring are more fit than their ancestors, then the populations will merge back into the same species within the area they are in contact.
Reinforcement is required for separation when there is a "hybrid zone" between two forms of a species. Hybrid zones are regions where diverged populations meet and interbreed. Hybrid offspring are very common in these regions, which are usually created by diverged species coming into secondary contact.
Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused.
Mahmud II was born in Istanbul. He was 23 years old when he came to the throne. He was an Islamic calligraphy artist, composer and poet. He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli". He was of a brave, patient and prudent temperament. He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid). When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them. The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha.
In 1812 the peace treaty was signed in Bucharest with the Russians. In 1813, with the help of Muhammed Ali Pasha, he defeated the Wahhabis, who desecrated the holy places and shrines in Mecca and Medina.
In July of 1839 the Sultan Mahmud II died as the ill effects of life experienced by him calamitous events he was afflicted with tuberculosis and died. His body was buried in the Türbe in Divanyolu. Mahmud II was devoted to many works of the highest degree in any field. He opened many new schools, and ordered to build large buildings. All the great mosques of Istanbul were repaired in his time. The bridge was built in Unkapani his time. In Mecca, he had built a madrasa and mend the Great Mosque (Mescid-i Aksa) in the holy city of Jerusalem. The poet and Sümbülzâde Vehbi Kececizâde Izzet Molla died at this time.
His sons: Abdulmejid I *, * Abdulaziz, 4 Sehzades names Ahmet, Bayezid, veliaht Abdulhamid, Suleyman, 2 Sehzades called Mehmed Murad Nizameddin, Abdullah Osman. His daughters: Emine Sultan, Sultan Hamide, Hayriye Sultan, Sultan Saw, * Saliha Sultan, Ayse Sultan, Sultan Atike *, 2 Fatma Sultan, Sultan Münire, Mihrimah Sultan *, * Adile Sultan.
Countdown (song)
"Countdown" is a 2011 song by Beyoncé. It was taken from her fourth studio album 4. It went to number 1 in Germany, number 71 in the United States, number 35 in the United Kingdom, number 45 in Ireland, number 92 in the Netherlands, number 62 in Canada and number 40 in South Korea.
National Congress of Honduras
The National Congress (Congreso Nacional) is the legislative branch of the government of Honduras.
The Honduran Congress is a unicameral legislature. Its members are 128 deputies, who are elected to serve four-year terms.
Congress meets in a purpose-built legislative palace (Palacio Legislativo) in the centre of Tegucigalpa.
Beuchat
Beuchat International, known as Beuchat, is a company that builds and sells underwater equipment. It was established in 1934 in Marseille, France.
The company was founded in 1934 by Mr. Georges Beuchat.
Christine Teipel
Christine Teipel (1621 – 4 May 1630) was a 9 year old child who was executed as a witch. This execution happened in Schmallenberg-Oberkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Life
She was questioned on March 7, 1630. She told about 15 other people who had taken part in a Witches' Sabbath, at night. There were 8 men, 6 women, and a little girl. During that year, there were 7 processes, from April to June of that year. During these processes, 58 people were sentenced to burn at the stake for witchcraft. 22 people of these were men, 2 were children. Christine Teipel was sentenced and executed in the third of seven rounds of trials.
Near Oberkirchen there is a place where commemorative inscriptions have been erected.
Pact with the devil
"bekend guetlich, daß Johan Bell...vor etzlicher zeit, weiß nit, wieviel jar, in Stephans backhaus sie die zauberei gelert, ...(Sie) Hette auch austrucklich dem teuffel zugesagt, waruf der teuffel in eins wackern jungen gestalt, ...zu ir kommen, ... zu ir gesagt, ob sie im auch stehen [zu ihm stehen] wolte. Sie im druff geandwortet: ja, wen er ir etzwas guts tun wölte, wilches er ir auch zu tun versprochen."
Approximate translation:
"confesses, that Johan Bell (...) had taught her to do magic, some time ago; she does not know how long ago. This happened in Stephan's bakery. She had also committed to serving the devil. The devil had then appeared in the form of a vigorous young boy. The boy had asked her if she wanted to commit herself to him; she had agreed, under the condition that he should do something good for her, which he had promised (...)
Attending a Sabbat
"Sein boel (Teufelsbuhle) hett mit ir gedanzt... Der tanz hette woll zwei stunde geweret"
Translation: "Her mate (sex partner) had danced with her... The dance had lasted about two hours"
Sex with the devil
"bekend, daß der bol (Teufelsbuhle) ein ding furm leib gehabt, damit ihr in ir schamb etc., hab kein freud dabei gehabt, were gewesen, als wens holz gewest; und so oft sie zum tanz gezogen, hette er erst zu ihr kommen und boliret [= Geschlechtsverkehr haben], und wen sie´s nit leiden wolten, hette er ir zu schlagen gedrauwet" [= gedroht].
Books
(All of them are in German)
Irène Savollon
Irène Savollon also written as Irène Savolon (4 July 1891 – 22 January 1972) was a French competitive diver.
Savallon was born on 4 July 1891 in Brizambourg, France.
As the 1922 French national champion she was selected to competed at the 1922 Women's Olympiad, for the 3 metre springboard event and 5 metre platform event. Her main achievent of her career was five years later at the 1927 European Aquatics Championships in Bologna, Italy. Here she won the silver medal in the platform event behind the British Isabelle White and ahead of the Swedish Eva Olliwier. As of 1929, Savollon was still competing at national championships.
Savallon died in Le Havre on 22 January 1972 at the age of 80 years.
Eurasian collared dove
Collared doves (Eurasian collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto) are relatively small and slim doves. Males and females look alike, with a pastel buff/grey body with pink accents and slightly darker grey on their wings and tail. It is about 32 cm long. They nest near inhabited buildings for preference.
This dove is hugely successful in the present-day world. It is one of the great colonisers of the bird world. It has travelled far beyond its original range to colonise colder countries. It is now a permanent resident in several of these northern countries. The species has also colonised much of North America. In Asia it is thought of as the “National dove of Pakistan” respectively.
Interpol
Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923. Now, Interpol is the biggest international organization; the United Nations is the second biggest. Some important information about Interpol:
History
In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was International Criminal Police Commission (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form.
In October 2018, then-President of Interpol Meng Hongwei was arrested by Chinese authorities after being accused of taking bribes.
Office
The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5 o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals.
Method
Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance.
Interpol also has collected a large amount of data about perpetrators and crimes. Such data includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country.
Pahari-Pothwari people
The Pothwari people or the Pahari people are a linguistic group native to the Pothohar Plateau in North Western Punjab region in Punjab (Pakistan) and Kashmir. They are the majority in Azad Kashmir and the Pothohar Plateau in Pakistan. A minority are found in Indian Kashmir and Punjab following the partition of 1947.
In the Pothohar Plateau, speakers of Pothwari are known as Punjabis. In Kashmir, speakers of Pahari-Pothwari are known as Pahari-Pothwari people
Metal Slug (series)
Metal Slug (メタルスラッグ) is a series of video games created by SNK. It is a series of 2D shoot 'em ups released on the Neo Geo platform. The series is known for its detailed 2D pixel-art and high difficulty.
Pamplona
Pamplona a city in Navarre, Spain. The city is famous worldwide for the San Fermín festival, from July 6 to 14, in which the running of the bulls is one of the main attractions.
After the 2011 municipal elections, there are 27 councillors in Pamplona Municipality: eleven of Navarrese People's Union (Unión del Pueblo Navarro), seven of Nafarroa Bai, three of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, three of Bildu, two of People's Party, and one of Izquierda-Ezkerra.
Segarcea
Segarcea is a town in Dolj County, Romania. It is about 25 kilometers from Craiova, which is the county seat of Dolj County. 8,564 people were living in Segarcea as of 2002.
Mayank Anand
Mayank Anand is an Indian actor. He is best known for playing the character of Dr. Rahul in the television series Dill Mill Gayye.
Career
Mayank's most popular role to date was Dr. Rahul Garewal in Dill Mill Gayye on STAR One opposite Drashti Dhami.
Personal life
He married film and television actress Shraddha Nigam in December 2012. They have since launched a fashion label together at the Lakme Fashion Week.
Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement
Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement (Крымзарайкинское се́льское поселе́ние; Крымсарайкă ял тăрăхĕ, Krymzaraykă jal tărăkhĕ) is an administrative and municipal division (a rural settlement) of Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the central part of the district. Its administrative center is the locality (a selo) of Krymzaraykino. Rural settlement's population: 1,081 (2006 est.).
Krymzaraykinskoye Rural Settlement comprises nine rural localities.
The Cheboksary–Yadrin highway crosses the territory of the rural settlement.
Alexander Arutiunian
Alexander Arutiunian (born September 23, 1920, Yerevan; died March 28, 2012) was an Armenian composer and pianist, widely-known particularly for his Trumpet concerto. He was awarded by the State Prizes of USSR (1949) and Armenia (1970), People's Artist of the USSR (1970) and Armenian SSR (1964) honorary titles, "St Mesrop Mashtots" and "Khorenatsi" Armenian medals, "Alexandrov" Gold medal (1976), "St Sahak and St Mesrop" Order by Holy Etchmiadzin (2004).
He graduated from the Music Conservatory of Yerevan, then he studied composition with Genrikh Litinsky. After graduation he returned to Yerevan to teach at the local Conservatory and later he became artistic director of the Armenian Philarmonic Orchestra.
In 1948 he was awarded the USSR State Prize for the Motherland cantata, a graduation piece he wrote as a student at the Moscow Conservatory. He has continued to win acclaim at home and abroad for his works, many of which are quickened by the folk traditions of Armenian music.
Some of Arutiunian's works for wind instruments, notably the 1950 concerto for trumpet, the concerto for tuba, and the brass quintet Armenian Scenes, have secured their place in the international repertory, having been performed by conductors such as Valeri Gergiev, who has recorded his Symphony for large orchestra, composed in 1957 with the Symphony orchestra of the Russian All-Union Radio. In 1988, he composed his Violin Concerto "Armenia-88".
101 Dalmatians
101 Dalmatians may mean:
(You Drive Me) Crazy
"(You Drive Me) Crazy" is a popular romance song by Britney Spears. It was released in late August 1999. The song charted at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #9 in the Rhythmic Top 40. It performed better in United Kingdom.
The original version on the album ...Baby One More Time is different from the single version usually heard.
Landgraaf
Landgraaf is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 37,591 people lived there.
Common sandpiper
The common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) is a small bird in the genus Actitis.It is a migratory bird. During the summer months, it can be found all over Europe, in the winter months, it will spend its time around the Mediterranean and in northern Africa.
Lantz, Navarre
Lantz is a village in Navarre, Spain. It still maintains its old tradition of rural carnival.
Drosnay
Drosnay is a commune in the Marne department in the Champagne-Ardenne region. In 2012, 189 people lived there.
Jason Derulo
Jason Joel Desrouleaux, known publicly by the spelling Derulo (formerly Derülo; born September 21, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer, and content creator. He is part of the band Frou Frou with Imogen Heap. They sang the song "Whatcha Say", which samples Heap's song "Hide and Seek". "Whatcha Say" became Derulo's first US number-one and was double platinum. Other singles include "The Other Side", "In My Head", "Want to Want Me", and "Ridin' Solo".
Lehndi
Lehndi describes a group of Punjabi dialects which began in areas of the Punjab region west of Lahore. As Punjabi blends into the languages spoken to the west of it, Saraiki and Hindko are often grouped with the Lehndi dialects of Punjabi. When the partition of India occurred in 1947, many speakers of Lehndi dialects migrated to areas of eastern Punjab. Today, the dialects of Punjabi spoken in both Pakistan and India are mixed in origin.
Jason Derulo
In 2013, Derulo released the album Tattoos, known as Talk Dirty for the US version. The single "Talk Dirty" reached number three in the US and topped charts in the UK. The song "Wiggle" was also released from the album.
Derulo has become known in recent years for his videos posted to the social media app TikTok. His song "Savage Love (Laxed - Siren Beat)", which was a collaboration with Jawsh 685, became his second US number-one single in 2020 after remixes of the song were released with South Korean K-pop boy band BTS.
Personal life
Derulo has been in a relationship with influencer Jena Frumes since March 2020. They announced their separation in September 2021.
On May 8, 2021, Derulo and Frumes welcomed their first child, a son named Jason King Derulo.
Albums
===Studio albums ===
Renée Simonot
Renée Simonot (born Jeanne Renée Deneuve; 10 September 1911 – 11 July 2021) was a French actress. She was known for being one of the first French actresses to dub an English movie. She mostly dubbed Olivia de Havilland and Sylvia Sidney. A stage actress, she appeared in many productions of Les Misérables.
Simonot died on 11 July 2021 in Paris, just two months before her 110th birthday.
Green View Tower
Green View Tower is a skyscraper in Tijuana, Mexico. It is in the central business district of Tijuana, the Zona Rio.
It only has 58 homes. It has a mall and a penthouse. It was designed by Julio Gaeta and Luby Springall of Gaeta Springall Arquitectos.
Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida
Edgewater, Volusia County is a city of Florida in the United States.
Georges Beuchat
Georges Beuchat (1910 – 1992) was a French inventor, diver, businessman. He was the emblematic pioneer of underwater activities and founder of Beuchat.
Passing Strangers
"Passing Strangers" is a 1980 song by British new wave band Ultravox and is the second single from their fourth studio album Vienna. It went to number 57 in the United Kingdom and did not chart elsewhere.
Tender is the Night
Tender is the Night is the fourth novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was first sold in 1934.
Plot summary
Dick Diver is a doctor who gets married to his patient Nicole. They spend some time in France and Switzerland but their marriage falls apart and they get a divorce.
The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century by Jürgen Osterhammel, an expert for global history, concentrates on the 19th century, a period when human history was arlready globally connected.
Osterhammel carefully avoids telling a story of the 19th century. Instead in the beginning he looks at carefully selected aspects 1. the image that people had of themselves at that time, 2. their understandig of time and 3. space.
Looking at self-image and iunderstanding of time, he always sees the 19th century in terms of its characteristic differences from the earlier centuries and the changes that brought about the structures of the 20th century. The sentence "Before the 20th century, not a single year can be seen as epochal for all mankind" (p. 96) can be considered exemplary. The 19th century is placed in the continuity of the previous centuries and on the other hand clearly differentiated from the degree of globalization of the 20th.
This also applies to his statements about space. He carefully takes care that common terms are not used unchecked as they were in the 19th century:
"The collective name 'Southeast Asia' was created in Japan during the First World War." (p. 137) "The category the 'West', for example, [...] cannot be found as a dominant figure of thought before the 1890s." (P.143) "In the long nineteenth century there was much more talk of the 'civilized world' than of the 'West'. [...] In Japan it was even the goal of national politics to be accepted as a civilized country." (P.144)
Panoramas
Osterhammel then gives an overview of eight major realities under the heading Panoramas without claim to completeness, which are intended to capture essential elements of the overall history of the 19th century:
Sedentary and Mobile
Living standards Cities
Frontiers
Edgewood, Florida
Edgewood is a city of Florida in the United States.
The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
Panoramas
Power systems, wars, internationalisms Revolutions
State
Subjects
Energy and industry
Work and employment
Nets
Hierarchies
Knowledge
"Civilization" and exclusion
Religion
Five Features
Osterhammel describes five special features of the 19th century:
The special importance of the book
Osterhammel does not tell from a certain perspective, but looks at the connections, the non-simultaneity of the simultaneous, the diversity of cultures and the time shift of institutions and cultural elements in different cultures from different perspectives. He justifies this courageous approach as follows: "In retrospect, the 19th century can be thought of being globally because it thought so about itself."
Patrick Manning: "In sum, I find the book to be an effective overview of the world history literature as it now exists. The author has demonstrated the ability to draw comprehensively on the literature for many topics and regions for his long nineteenth century, and has articulated it in accounts of many large-scale issues. The book presents a multifaceted narrative of approaches, panoramas, and themes. It reaches back before 1800 to trace the origins of the nineteenth-century world, but puts more effort into showing consequences for the twentieth century."
J. R. McNeill: "In 2009, he published this work in German, and it won acclaim and vaulted Osterhammel to the front rank of historians. When Chancellor Angela Merkel celebrated her sixtieth birthday in 2014, the festivities even featured a lecture by Osterhammel."
Reviews
Nevertheless Osterhammel, like the field of world history as a whole, has underemphasized social history, leaving readers with a view of the past that exaggerates elite initiatives as the source of change. Osterhammel takes on this question quite directly in his chapter on hierarchies. As he argues it, the variations in social conditions, in political frameworks and law, make it difficult to develop generalizations about social history at the level of the nation, and more so at the levels of civilizations or the world. Therefore, he argues, “to embark on a social history of the world for a whole century would be the height of presumption” (p. 746). Despite the strength of this statement, Osterhammel does not entirely eschew social history: the remainder of the chapter explores historiography in social history, the decline of aristocracies, and the rise of bourgeois and quasi-bourgeois.