cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Amazon Women in the Mood
Story
Leela and Amy tell Bender to find the Femputer and reprogram her to let the men live. He sees that the Femputer is a really fembot. She tells Bender that she created the Amazonian society because her home planet was ruled by mean men. Amy rescues Kif; the Amazonians chase after them, cornering them in the Femputer's chamber. By this time, however, Bender and the fembot have become romantic. They tell the Amazonians to release their captives and bring gold.
Zernez
Zernez is a major node in the regional road network, with roads leading into the Upper Engadine and towards Italy, the Lower Engadine and towards Austria, over the Fuorn Pass into the Val Mustair and over the Flüela Pass. Zernez is the center for visitors of the Swiss National Park (Parc Naziunal).
Amazon Women in the Mood
Story
The crew returns to Earth where Fry and Zapp receive treatment for broken hip bones, but they are both happy that they had snu-snu. Bender has a pile of gold bricks, and Kif and Amy are a couple. They all agree that Amazonia was their best mission ever.
Zernez
Villages
Villages of Zermez are:
Amazon Women in the Mood
Cultural references
The episode's title comes from the movie Amazon Women on the Moon. At the space restaurant, Zapp sings "Lola" to Leela. This a parody of William Shatner trying to sing "Rocket Man." The bar "Le'Palm d'Orbit" is a reference to "Palme d'Or." Zapp calls himself "the Velour Fog" because sing Mel Torme's nickname is "the Velvet Fog."
Themes
The episode has what Science Fiction Weekly calls the "stereotypical women's fantasy"—a world without men. This happens much in science fiction. It says that this represents the desire "not to be marginalized in one's own society."
Broadcast and reception
This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2001 for "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)" but lost to The Simpsons episode "HOMR." In 2006, IGN named it the best episode of Futurama because it is both "crude and hilarious." The episode was also called "most hilarious" episode in Futurama's third season by Curve and in the book 5000 Episodes and No Commercials: The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows on DVD. In 2013, it was ranked number 10 "as voted on by fans" for Comedy Central's Futurama Fanarama marathon.
Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay
Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Amazon Women in the Mood
Broadcast and reception
When it was first on television in 2001, the episode placed 79th in the Nielsen ratings for primetime shows for the week of January 29 - February 4, 2001.
Many years later, there were new reviews and articles about the episode. These articles talk about how the men do not really agree to have sex and that this is bad. They also say the episode has other unhealthy ideas about what it means to be a man or woman. In 2021, Jonah Schuhart of the Looper writes "much of the episode's humor crosses into borderline misogyny, and even makes light of sexual assault." In 2023, Lewis Morton of the Avocado writes "the only people who undergo snu-snu are consenting enthusiastically, but then if you have to go out of your way to explain why something isn’t rape, you're probably already too far."
Stacy London
Stacy London (born May 25, 1969 in New York City, New York) is an American fashion consultant and media personality. She known best for her role as a co-host on the makeover reality program What Not to Wear.
The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge's autobiography has about 45,000 words, unusually short for the time. It was praised by Ray Long (editor of Cosmopolitan magazine) for describing the complete story of Coolidge's life and "the complete story of our country during the dramatic years of this generation." Coolidge was one of the first U.S. Presidents to write and publish an autobiography. Coolidge's autobiography talks about all of the important moments in his life, such as his childhood and youth, Governorship, Presidency, son's death, and retirement. It was criticized by some for being too obvious and not giving any new information that was previously unknown to the public. However, this trait of the autobiography was not that surprising as no one expected Coolidge to reveal some private government information and secrets in his autobiography (Coolidge was a very private man, despite his happy-going and cheerful public personality image). However, it was also praised for its relative shortness, considering that most autobiographies of the time were much longer. Coolidge's autobiography, in contrast, was about half the size of a novel. One of the most important moments in the book was Coolidge's belief that President Warren Harding would recover (in 1923) and then his surprise and inauguration following Harding's death.
The Coolidge autobiography was very popular when it was published, which is seen in the large amount of fan mail that Coolidge got afterwards and by the fact that many newspapers were willing to publish parts of the autobiography so that much more Americans could buy it and view it. Coolidge said that he hoped that his autobiography might guide and encourage the young men and women of America.
Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc
Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Najib Mikati
Najib Azmi Mikati (نجيب عزمي ميقاتي; born 24 November 1955) is a Lebanese politician. In 2021, he became the Prime Minister of Lebanon. He was the prime minister before twice, from April 2005 to July 2005 and again from 2011 to 2014.
Gateway (movie)
Gateway is a 1938 American drama movie directed by Alfred L. Werker and starring Don Ameche, Arleen Whelan, Gregory Ratoff, Binnie Barnes, John Carradine, Harry Carey, Lyle Talbot, Warren Hymer, Russell Hicks, Gilbert Ronald. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
2019–20 FC Bayern Munich season
The 2019–20 FC Bayern Munich season was the 121st season in the football club's history and 55th consecutive and overall season in the top flight of German football, the Bundesliga.
Matches
The Bundesliga schedule was announced on 28 June 2019.
Appearances and goals
! colspan=16 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
! colspan=16 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
! colspan=16 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
Namvar Singh
Namvar Singh (28 July 1926 – 19 February 2019) was an Indian literary critic, linguist, academician and theoretician. He was a professor of Hindi literature in several other universities. He was the founder and first chairman of Jawaharlal Nehru University's Centre of Indian Languages. He retired in 1992.
Singh died on 19 February 2019 in Delhi from pneumonia at the age of 92.
St. John's Park
St. John's Park used to be a park in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It was square-shaped. To the west, north, east, and south were Varick, Laight, Hudson, and Beach Streets. The park is now a traffic circle at the Manhattan end of the Holland Tunnel to New Jersey.
It used to be a farm belonging to a New Netherland farmer. Then, the country of England gave the park to Trinity Church. The church built St. John's Chapel, as well as some townhouses, around the park. By 1827, people living in the area were very rich. In the 1850s, many rich people moved out. In 1866, Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the park for a railroad terminal. The terminal was destroyed in 1927. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's Holland Tunnel was built in 1927.
Injil
The Injil (إنجيل, alternative spellings: Ingil or Injeel) is the Arabic word for the Gospel. Muslims believe the Injil is to be followed, but has been corrupted over time. Muslims believe the Qur'an is the true successor.
Classical mechanics
Classical mechanics is the part of physics that describes how everyday things move and how their motion changes because of forces. If we know how things are moving now, classical mechanics allows us to predict how they will move in the future and how they were moving in the past. We can use classical mechanics to predict how things like planets and rockets move.
Time in Finland
Finland uses Eastern European Time (EET) (UTC+02:00) in the winter and Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) (UTC+03:00) during the summer. Finland has observed daylight saving time (DST) since 1981 advancing the clock at 03:00 EET on the last Sunday in March and back at 04:00 EET on the last Sunday in October.
Classical mechanics
Classical mechanics is not accurate when things are the size of atoms or smaller: for those things, we use quantum mechanics instead. Classical mechanics is also not accurate when things move close to the speed of light: for those things, we use special relativity instead.
Position
We talk about position using vectors: we first say a distance (such as 3,000 km) and then the direction (such as east, left, or 38 degrees south). If there is no direction, position is simply distance. Position can sometimes be negative: for example, New York City is 3,876 kilometers (2,408 miles) east of Seattle and Seattle is negative 3,876 kilometers (2,408 miles) east of New York City. However, it is easier to say "west" instead of "negative east".
Velocity
When something moves, its position changes. You may pull a book closer to you, and the book has a new position. Or, you may walk away from your house and you have a new position. The velocity of an object tells you how fast the object changes position, and where it is moving. Velocity is a vector just like position: a car can move "160 kilometers per hour west" (100 miles per hour west) or "31 miles per hour south" (50 kilometers per hour south). Since position can be negative, velocity can be negative too.
Acceleration
When something speeds up or slows down, its velocity changes. The acceleration of an object tells you how fast the object speeds up or slows down. Acceleration is a vector, too, and we can use negative acceleration when we want to say that an object slows down: for example, if you drive your car south and slow down, your acceleration is positive going north but negative going south.
Newton's three laws
Newton's laws of motion are important to classical mechanics. Isaac Newton discovered them. They tell us how forces change how things move, but they do not say what causes the forces.
Newton's first law
Newton's first law of motion says that objects do not change how they move unless something pushes or pulls them. Things that push or pull objects are called forces.
Before Isaac Newton, people thought that things do not move forever: they will always stop even if nothing touches them. On Earth, this seems correct: if you roll a ball on the grass, the ball will stop; if you push a book across a table, the book stops moving. But this does not happen everywhere. In outer space, rockets and planets move and they do not slow down or stop. So something on Earth makes objects stop moving, and this is a force called friction. Every object that touches another object feels friction. Even when you throw something like a baseball, the baseball feels friction because of the air. This is called drag or air resistance. In outer space, there is no friction because outer space is a vacuum: there are no objects there, including no air.Gravity is another force that changes how objects move on Earth, but in outer space gravity is very small unless you are close to a planet or a star.
Newton's first law of motion also tells us that an object that is not moving will stay still unless something pushes or pulls it. This makes sense because a book on your bookshelf does not suddenly fly away.
Newton's second law
Newton's second law of motion says that bigger objects need a bigger force to change how they move, and smaller objects need a smaller force to change how they move. For example, it is easy to push a marble across the floor but it is really hard to push a car across the road. This is because the car is very heavy and the marble is not.
We sometimes write Newton's second law of motion as an equation: F=ma. F is the amount of force you need, m is the mass of the object you want to move, and a is the amount of acceleration (change of velocity) that the object gets when you try to move it. We can also write the equation as, where p is momentum and is the way we write "change in momentum over time" using calculus. Momentum is the mass of an object times how fast it is moving (its speed):, where v is the speed. A bumblebee has a small mass, but it moves very fast so it has lots of momentum. The Earth moves very slow, but it has a large mass so it also has lots of momentum.
Newton's third law
Newton's third law of motion says that forces always come in pairs. When you push a book, the book also pushes you, but it does not push you very far because you have a much larger mass. However, if you and your friend go ice skating and you push your friend, you and your friend both move back. Consider a book lying on a table.The weight of book ia acting on the table in the downward direction. This is action. The reaction of table act on the book in upward direction. In this example, the action is by balloon that pushes the air out of it when set free. The reaction of air which escapes out from balloon act on the balloon. It is due to this reaction of escaping air that moves the balloon forward. A rocket works because of Newton's third law of motion: the bottom of the rocket makes very hot gas and the gas pushes the colder air. Then the rocket goes up because the colder air also pushes the bottom of the rocket. The force that makes a rocket go up is called thrust. Birds and airplanes fly because of Newton's third law of motion: this is because both birds and airplanes push air down when they move, and the air pushes them up. This force is called lift. Without lift, birds and airplanes fall on the ground.
Kinematic Equations
In physics, kinematics is the part of classical mechanics that explains the movement of objects without looking at what causes the movement or what the movement affects.
1-Dimensional Kinematics
1-Dimensional (1D) Kinematics are used only when an object moves in one direction: either side to side (left to right) or up and down. There are equations with can be used to solve problems that have movement in only 1 dimension or direction. These equations come from the definitions of velocity, acceleration and distance.
2-Dimensional Kinematics
2-Dimensional kinematics is used when motion happens in both the x-direction (left to right) and the y-direction (up and down). There are also equations for this type of kinematics. However, there are different equations for the x-direction and different equations for the y-direction. Galileo proved that the velocity in the x-direction does not change through the whole run. However, the y-direction is affected by the force of gravity, so the y-velocity does change during the run.
1960 UEFA European Under-18 Championship
The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1960 Final Tournament was held in Austria.
Electoral district of Theodore
Theodore is on the Gold Coast.
Richard Marles
Richard Donald Marles (born 13 July 1967) is an Australian politician who is the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia since 2022. He has also been deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) since 2019. He was a parliamentary secretary from 2009 to 2013, and briefly was Minister for Trade in the second Rudd Government from June to September 2013.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is a document marked on a copper plate in 900 AD and found in Laguna, Philippines. The document is written in Old Malay language using Kawi script. It was translated by Antoon Postma (a Dutch anthropologist) in 1992. It is evidence of ancient kingdoms of Medang, Sri Vijaya, Tondo, and others.
Time in Arizona
Arizona uses Mountain Standard Time (MST) (UTC-07:00). Most of the state does not observe daylight saving time unlike the rest of the United States, except in the Navajo Nation.
Sandwich panel
A sandwich panel is a kind of composite material, which is usually made of two components: A small outside layer (which is the same on both sides), and an inside layer, which is used to get certain properties, for example insulation or fire resistance. Aluminium is often used for the outside part - the respective panels are also known as Aluminium Composite Panels. Sandwich panels are used in situations where high structural rigidity and low weight are required. They are also used for cladding, eg. to add insulation, fire resistance, or simply to make a surface look more beautiful.
Meryl Gordon
Meryl Gordon is an American writer. Her books have been reviewed by several major publications including the Washington Post and the New York Times.
She teaches at New York University.
Her work appeared in Vanity Fair and Town & Country.
Follow the Fleet
Follow the Fleet is a 1936 American musical comedy movie directed by Mark Sandrich and was based on the 1922 play Shore Leave by Hubert Osborne. It stars Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Tony Martin, Randolph Scott, Betty Grable, Lucille Ball, Astrid Allwyn, Doris Lloyd and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
Chelo Alonso
Chelo Alonso (10 April 1933 – 20 February 2019) was a Cuban-born Italian actress. She was born in Camagüey, Cuba. Alonso was known for her roles in Goliath and the Barbarians, Morgan the Pirate and in Run, Man, Run.
Alonso died on February 20, 2019 in Mentana, Italy from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 85.
Diaeresis
The diaeresis (plural: diaereses) is also spelled diæresis or dieresis. It is a diacritical mark: two dots ( ¨ ) put over a letter, usually a vowel.
It is most often used in this way:
Ipswich, South Dakota
Ipswich is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Edmunds County. In 2010, 954 people lived there.
United Party of Canada
The United Party of Canada is a political party in Canada. It is a centrist party. It supports education for everyone at the college and trade school levels. It also says that we should make energy from renewable sources, instead of making it from things that go away forever.
Baliem River Valley tree frog
The Baliem River Valley tree frog (Litoria umbonata) is a frog from New Guinea.
Saint-Gratien, Somme
Saint-Gratien is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
Barron County, Wisconsin
Barron County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2010, 45,870 people lived in the county. The county seat is Barron.
Chromatica
Chromatica is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Lady Gaga. It was originally set for release on April 10, 2020, but was postponed by Gaga for later that year. This is due to the worldwide coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Gaga later revealed that the album would be released on May 29, 2020.
Hajo Meyer
Hajo Meyer (12 August 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a German-Dutch physicist and Jewish political activist.
Chromatica
Tracks
On April 22, 2020, Gaga revealed the tracklist for the album's standard edition, which has 16 songs. The Target and deluxe international versions of the album contain 19 tracks.
Hajo Meyer
Family
He was born in Bielefeld. In 1938, Meyer escaped from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands alone, without his parents. He went into hiding in 1943, but was arrested after a year and spent ten months in Auschwitz. His parents, who were deported from Germany. They did not survive.
Chromatica
Tracks
The album's lead single, "Stupid Love", was leaked in January 2020. The song was officially released on February 28, 2020, reaching the top ten in the US, UK, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada. "Rain on Me", with Ariana Grande, was released as the album's second single on May 22, 2020. It entered at the top of the Billboard Hot 100, UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart and at number two in Australia and New Zealand. "Rain on Me" became Gaga's fifth and Grande's fourth US number-one.
"Sour Candy", with South Korean girl group Blackpink, was released as the album's first promotional single a day before the album's release.
Hajo Meyer
Works
After the war, Meyer returned to the Netherlands, and studied theoretical physics. He started working for Philips and eventually became director of the Philips Physics Laboratory (NatLab). After his retirement he took courses in England and worked as a builder of new violins and violas.
Ashland County, Wisconsin
Ashland County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2010, 16,157 people lived in the county. The county seat is Ashland.
Chromatica
Tracks
The album entered at number one on the US, UK, Australian, and Dutch album charts and the top three in Belgium. In the US, it became Gaga's sixth number-one album. It earned 274,000 copies sold in its first week in America, giving Gaga her best debut week since Born This Way (2011) there. Gaga also earned six number-one albums faster than any other female in Billboard history.
Reviews
The album has an average score of 79 out of 100 on the review site Metacritic, meaning "generally favorable reviews."
Tour
The Chromatica Ball Tour was scheduled to begin on July 24, 2020, in Paris, but was rescheduled for 2021—and a second time from 2021 until 2022—due to the worldwide coronavirus pandemic.
On March 7, 2022, new and additional dates were announced. The total number of shows was raised from six to 15. On May 16, 2022, the number of shows was raised again from 15 to 20.
Presidency of Donald Trump
The presidency of Donald Trump began at noon EST on January 20, 2017. Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States. He succeeded Barack Obama as a member of the Republican Party.
2016 presidential election
On November 9, 2016, Republicans Donald Trump of New York and Governor Mike Pence of Indiana won the 2016 election, defeating Democratic former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of New York and Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia. Trump won 304 electoral votes compared to Clinton's 227, although Clinton won the popular vote, receiving nearly 2.9 million more votes than Trump. Trump then became the fifth person to win the presidency while losing the popular vote. In the congressional elections, Republicans maintained majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Personnel
The Trump administration has had record turnover, particularly among White House staff. By the end of his first year in office, 34 percent of Trump's original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned. , 43 percent of senior White House positions had turned over.
2018 mid-term elections
In the 2018 mid-term elections, Democrats won control of the House of Representatives, while Republicans expanded their majority in the Senate.
2020 presidential elections
In the 2020 presidential elections, Republicans Donald Trump and vice-president Mike Pence ran against Democratic former vice-president Joe Biden and senator Kamala Harris of California. The president lost by 59 votes with his 214 electoral college votes and the opposition's 273 votes.
Historical evaluations and public opinion
By the end of Trump's first year in office, opinion polls showed him as the least popular United States president since 1945. He said many false and misleading things in his campaign and presidency. Those things were documented by fact-checkers.
Early in his presidency, the Trump administration developed a controversial relationship with mass media. He repeatedly said it was the "fake news". In general, news outlets have made false facts before.
Trump's most repeated false statements were each repeated over 100 times during his presidency. They included that the "Trump wall" was already being built, that a U.S. trade deficit would be a "loss" for the country, and that the American economy was the strongest ever during his administration.
Gates v. Collier
Gates v. Collier is a very important case for prisoners' rights. It was the first case to rule that many types of physical punishment against prisoners are cruel and unusual punishment, and are against the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It was also the first time that the Supreme Court started supervising how the country's prisons were being run.
Background
The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution says that the state cannot give cruel and unusual punishments to anyone.
The Governor of Mississippi, James K. Vardaman, said the prison was run “like an efficient slave plantation.” Trusties had guns and were allowed to shoot at prisoners who stepped out of line. Other punishments were painful and severe. The prison also segregated (separated) black and white prisoners.
For years, there were protests over civil rights abuses at Parchman. Eventually, civil rights lawyer Roy Haber began to collect evidence of the abuse. With Haber as their lawyer, four prisoners filed a lawsuit in federal court, saying that conditions at the prison were cruel and unusual. They said that prison trusties and guards punished and tortured prisoners in ways that were painful and humiliating on purpose.
Fifth Circuit decision
The Fifth Circuit Court ruled that Parchman was using cruel and unusual punishments on its prisoners. It was violating their rights to be protected by the laws – which apply to prisoners, too.
Effects
After the court decision, Parchman had to end its trusty system. It also stopped segregating its prisoners.
After the court decision, other states that used the trusty system had to stop using it too. These states included Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas.
This decision also set some important precedents. One is that even prisoners have the right to be protected from cruel and unusual punishment. Americans' constitutional rights do not all stop when a person goes to prison. It also limited the type of punishments that prisons can use.
Agusan del Norte
Agusan del Norte (Amihanang Agusan; Butuanon: Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte) is a province in the Philippines. It is in the Caraga region in Mindanao. The capital is the city of Cabadbaran and is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte; mid-east by Surigao del Sur; southeast by Agusan del Sur, and southwest by Misamis Oriental. It faces Butuan Bay, part of the Bohol Sea, to the northwest.
White
White is the brightest color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Meaning of white
White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity.
Tones of white color comparison chart
<li style = "background-color: #ffffff;"> White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)</li> <li style = "background-color: #fefefa;"> Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)</li> <li style = "background-color: #fffafa;"> Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)</li> <li style = "background-color: #fffff0;"> Ivory (Pale Yellow) (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)</li> <li style = "background-color: #f5F5F5;"> White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)</li> <li style = "background-color: #f8f8ff;"> Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)</li> <li style = "background-color: #e1f8e7;"> Cosmic Latte (Hex: E1F8E7) (RGB: 225, 248, 231)</li> <li style = "background-color: #dcdcdc;"> Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)</li> <li style = "background-color: #d9d9f3;"> Quartz (Hex: D9D9F3) (RGB: 217, 217, 220)</li>
Batson v. Kentucky
Batson v. Kentucky,, was a landmark decision in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges in a criminal case may not be used to exclude jurors based solely on their race. The Court ruled that this practice violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case gave rise to the term Batson challenge, an objection to a peremptory challenge. This is based on the standard established by the Supreme Court's decision in this case. Later decisions have resulted in the extension of Batson to civil cases. For example, in Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company, the Court allowed private litigants to use this challenge. The Supreme Court also allowed it in cases are excluded on the basis of gender as in J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.. The principle had been established previously by several state courts, including the California Supreme Court in 1978, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in 1979 and the Florida Supreme Court in 1984.
Background
James Kirkland Batson was an African American man convicted of burglary and receipt of stolen goods in a Louisville, Kentucky circuit court by a jury composed entirely of white jurors. The key part of his appeal was based on the voir dire (jury selection) phase of the trial. During this phase potential jurors are examined by the Court, the prosecution, and the defense, to determine their competence, willingness, and suitability to hear, deliberate and decide a case put to them in order to render a verdict. During voir dire the judge can dismiss jurors and both the prosecution and the defense have a limited number of peremptory challenges which they use to excuse any juror for any reason. Each side does this to help their case. Each side also may dismiss jurors for cause (for example, bias).
In Batson, the judge dismissed several potential jurors for various causes. The defense peremptorily challenged nine potential jurors and the prosecution peremptorily challenged six, including all four black persons. As a result, only white persons were selected. The defense counsel moved to discharge the whole jury on the ground that the prosecutor's removal of the black jurors violated petitioner's rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to a jury drawn from a cross section of the community, and under the Fourteenth Amendment to equal protection of the laws. Without expressly ruling on petitioner's request for a Hearing, the trial judge denied the motion, and the jury ultimately convicted the defendant.
The defendant appealed his conviction to the Kentucky Supreme Court, which upheld the conviction. That court cited Swain v. Alabama, and held that a defendant claiming lack of a fair cross section must demonstrate systematic exclusion of a group of jurors from the panel of prospective jurors. That is, the defendant had to show that not just in his case, but as a process, juries in his community did not represent a cross section of that community. Batson continued his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to decide whether petitioner was tried "in violation of constitutional provisions guaranteeing the defendant an impartial jury and a jury composed of persons representing a fair cross section of the community."
The Supreme Court's decision
In a 7–2 decision authored by Justice Lewis Powell, the Supreme Court ruled in Batson's favor. The court overruled Swain v. Alabama by lowering the burden of proof that a defendant must meet to make a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. In Swain, the Court had recognized that a "State's purposeful or deliberate denial to Negroes on account of race of participation as jurors in the administration of justice violates the Equal Protection Clause", but that the defendant had the burden of proving a systematic striking of black jurors throughout the county, that is, that the peremptory challenge system as a whole was being perverted. In Batson the court ruled that the defendant could make a prima facie case for purposeful racial discrimination in jury selection by relying on the record only in his own case. The Court explained: "The defendant first must show that he is a member of a cognizable racial group, and that the prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to remove from the venire [jury pool] members of the defendant's race. The defendant may also rely on the fact that peremptory challenges constitute a jury selection practice that permits those to discriminate who are of a mind to discriminate. Finally, the defendant must show that such facts and any other relevant circumstances raise an inference that the prosecutor used peremptory challenges to exclude the veniremen from the petit jury on account of their race. Once the defendant makes a prima facie showing, the burden shifts to the State to come forward with a neutral explanation for challenging black jurors."
The Court also held that:
Justice Marshall, concurring with the majority, called the decision "historic" but added: "The decision today will not end the racial discrimination that peremptories inject into the jury-selection process. That goal can be accomplished only by eliminating peremptory challenges entirely."
Merimeri Penfold
Merimeri Penfold (née Roberts, 26 May 1920 – 1 April 2014) was a New Zealand Māori educator. She is thought to have been the first Māori woman to teach Māori language at a New Zealand university.
Hassan Diab
Hassan Diab (حسان دياب; born 6 January 1959) is a Lebanese politician, engineer, and academic. He has been the Prime Minister of Lebanon since 21 January 2020. He was the Minister of Education from 2011 to 2014, under President Michel Suleiman.
Batson v. Kentucky
Dissents
Justice Rehnquist wrote that the majority misapplied equal protection doctrine: "In my view, there is simply nothing 'unequal' about the state using its peremptory challenges to strike blacks from the jury in cases involving black defendants, so long as such challenges are also used to exclude whites in cases involving white defendants, Hispanics in cases involving Hispanic defendants, Asians in cases involving Asian defendants, and so on."
Hassan Diab
On 10 August 2020, Diab announced his resignation along with his government due to the Lebanese government's failure to prevent the 2020 Beirut explosions. He left office on 10 September 2021 when Najib Mikati was picked as his replacement.
Batson v. Kentucky
Impact
Whether the principles of Batson applied retroactively to anyone convicted previously by juries whose racial composition was influenced by peremptory challenges not consistent with this opinion was for a time uncertain. In Allen v. Hardy (1986), the Court held that it did not apply retroactively to collateral review of final convictions. In Griffith v. Kentucky (1987), it decided it would apply it in cases on direct review.
Batson challenge
The term Batson challenge describes an objection to opposing counsel's use of a peremptory challenge to exclude a juror from the jury pool based on criteria the courts have found disqualifying, as race was the sole rationale for exclusion in Batson.
In some cases, parties have appealed a verdict or judgment and asked it be made invalid because one or more peremptory challenges excluded a recognizable group from the jury. Though the Batson decision addressed jury selection in criminal trials, in 1991 the Supreme Court later extended the same rule to civil trials in Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company. In 1994, in J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.., the Court held that peremptory challenges based on sex alone violated the standard established in Batson as well.
Housing Benefit
Housing Benefit is a means tested social security benefit in the United Kingdom that is intended to help with the costs of rent.
The ZhuZhus
Premise
The ZhuZhus is about a young girl named Frankie Pamplemousse, her mom and dad, and her four talking hamsters: Pipsqueak, Mr. Squiggles, Num Nums, and Chunk. The group of five go on adventures in their town, Anytown.
Housing Benefit
Rent rebates, as they were called, started in the 1930s when council house s were built to clear slum s. The rents were often to high for the poor people who had lived in the slums. Local councils made their own arrangements. The first national system started in 1972. It covered rates as well as rent. For people in private housing it was called rent allowance. People who got Supplementary Benefit had all their rent paid. People who had more money than that still got some help. By 1983 about 30% of the population were getting Housing Benefit. After 1986 it was lined up with the rules for Income Support.
The ZhuZhus
Zhu's News (2017)
A webseries called "Zhu's News" was released to YTV's YouTube channel starting July 17, 2017. Each episode stars Whendy Sails of Channel 5 recapping moments in the series.
Housing Benefit
The cost of housing for low-income household s has risen a lot. The cost of Housing Benefit rose from 0.2% of GDP in 1980-81 to 1.0% in 2012-13.
From 2019 housing benefit was moved into Universal Credit except for people above State Pension age and people living in supported, sheltered or temporary housing. in 2022 2 million private renting household s, 38% of the total, were getting help with rent from either Universal Credit or Housing Benefit.
Bruce Millan
Bruce Millan (5 October 1927 – 21 February 2013) was a British Labour politician who served as a European Commissioner from 1989 to 1995.
Early life
He was born in Dundee and educated at the Harris Academy in that city.
Parliamentary career
Millan unsuccessfully contested West Renfrewshire in 1951 and Glasgow Craigton in the 1955 general election.
Dystopia (Megadeth album)
Dystopia is the fifteenth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released by frontman Dave Mustaine's label, Tradecraft, on January 22, 2016. It is the first Megadeth album with Kiko Loureiro.
Bruce Millan
Parliamentary career
He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Craigton at the 1959 general election and served for that seat, and after its abolition in 1983 for Glasgow Govan, until 1988. He served in the Wilson government of 1964–1970 as Under-Secretary of State for the Air Force from 1964 to 1966, as Under-Secretary of State for Scotland from 1966 to 1970, and in the Callaghan government of 1976–1979 as Secretary of State for Scotland; he subsequently served as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland under new leader Michael Foot.
After Parliament
In 1988 he left Parliament, by applying for the Chiltern Hundreds, to take up the post of European Commissioner for Regional Policy and Cohesion which he held until 1995. The vacancy he left was filled by Jim Sillars of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in the notable Glasgow Govan by-election of 1988.
Dystopia (Megadeth album)
Before Megadeth recorded Dystopia, drummer Shawn Drover and guitarist Chris Broderick left the band. To replace them, the band had Chris Adler from Lamb of God play the drums and Kiko Loureiro from Angra play the guitar. This is the only Megadeth album with Adler, because he was replaced with Soilwork drummer Dirk Verbeuren after it was released.
Bruce Millan
After Parliament
Millan received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1991.
Dystopia (Megadeth album)
After the mixed (good and bad) reviews to the band's previous album, Super Collider, many critics liked Dystopia. The album came out at number three on the Billboard 200 chart. The song "Dystopia" from the album also won a Grammy Award. This was Megadeth's first time winning a Grammy after eleven nominations.
Baldwin Lonsdale
Baldwin Jacobson Lonsdale (21 February 1950 – 17 June 2017) was a ni-Vanuatu politician and Anglican priest. He served as President of Vanuatu from 22 September 2014 until his death in 2017. He was born in Monte Lava.
Saint-Martin-de-Sallen
Saint-Martin-de-Sallen is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.
Baldwin Lonsdale
Lonsdale died on 17 June 2017 in Port Vila of a heart attack, aged 67.
The Kid Brother
The Kid Brother is a 1927 American silent comedy movie directed by Ted Wilde and Lewis Milestone. It stars Harold Lloyd (who also directs), Jobyna Ralston, Walter James, Leo Willis, Olin Francis, Eddie Boland and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
IFK Öxnehaga
IFK Öxnehaga is a sports club in Öxnehaga in Huskvarna in Sweden. It was established on 10 April 1955 as IFK Huskvarna.
The women's soccer team in the Swedish second division during the late 1990s and the early 2000s.
When IFK Jönköping was disbanded following the 1998 season the activity of that club was transfered to IFK Öxnehaga.
The club won both the Småland women's and girls' district championship in 1999.
Sindhi language
Sindhi ( سنڌي, Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is a province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan and 2 million in the Republic of India.
Vaccination
A vaccination is a treatment which makes the body stronger against an infection.
The body fights infections using the immune system, which is made up of millions upon millions of cells including T cells and B cells. An important part of the adaptive immune system is that it is much stronger when fighting a disease that it has already fought against before. Vaccination involves showing the immune system something which looks very similar to a particular virus or bacteria, which helps the immune system be stronger when it is fighting against the real infection.
Vaccination versus immunization
Another word used for vaccines is immunization. These words mean things that are a little different. Vaccination is when a person is given something to make the immune system learn to fight an infectious disease.
Immunization is when a person's immune system learns to fight an infection. Immunization can happen from vaccination. But immunization can also happen from getting the infection. For example, a person can be immune to hepatitis B if he gets sick with hepatitis B. After a person gets hepatitis B and then gets well, he is immunized from getting it again. A person can also be immunized from hepatitis B by taking the hepatitis B vaccination.
So vaccination and immunization have meanings that are a little different. But when people say these words, they usually mean the same thing. People say immunization to mean the same thing as vaccination.
Herd immunity
Herd immunity is an important part of how vaccines work. A herd is a group of animals. Herd immunity happens when most of the animals in a group are immune to an infection. If most animals are immune they cannot get the disease. If they do not get the disease, they cannot give it to other animals. So even one animal who is not immune is safer. If none of the other animals in a herd get the infection, they cannot give the infection to the one who is non immune.
This is important in people too. If 95% of people in a place are immune to a disease, the other 5% are safer. They are not near infected people, so they won't get infected.
The people who are in the 5% are there for many reasons. Some got the vaccine but did not react to it. Their immune system did not learn how to fight it well. Some of them are too sick to get the vaccine. It can be children who are too sick with other diseases to get vaccines. It can be a pregnant woman who cannot get the vaccine because it could hurt her baby. It can be a person with cancer who does not have a strong immune system. It can be an older person who has a weak immune system.
So if everyone in a place gets vaccinated, it protects these people too. If they are not protected by herd immunity, they can get more sick from an infection. They get the infection more easily and they get sicker from it. So it is important that people who are healthy get their vaccinations. It protects the healthy people. But it also is important to protect other people who are old, weak, or sick.
Types of vaccines
There are different types of vaccines:
There are various other methods. All aim to develop the immune response without allowing the full viral infection to happen.
Safety of vaccination
Today in modern countries almost all people are vaccinated, which has caused many serious diseases to become rare. However, some people argue against vaccination, as they are worried about possible side effects from the vaccination.
Vaccinations do have some side effects. These include swelling and redness around the injection site, a sore arm, or fever. These effects are because of the immune system fighting with the viruses or bacteria which have been injected. Very rarely, the immune system overreacts so much to the virus that the immune system damages other areas in the body.
As well as these real side effects of vaccinations, some people believe that vaccines cause other serious problems like autism, brain damage, or diabetes. There is no evidence for this. Almost all doctors and scientists believe that vaccination does not cause any of these things.
Overall, the vast majority of medical professionals and scientists believe that vaccinations are a good thing and that the benefits of avoiding diseases are far greater than the very small risk of side effects. All medical organizations around the world, including the World Health Organization(WHO), the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the United States Centers for Disease Control support vaccination.
Origin
The word "vaccine" was created by Edward Jenner. The word comes from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow. A virus that mainly affects cows (Cowpox) was used in the first scientific demonstration that giving a person one virus could protect against a related and more dangerous one.
History of vaccination
The first vaccination ever was for smallpox. The earliest hints of the practice of inoculation for smallpox in China come during the 10th century.
In 1796 an English doctor, Edward Jenner, noticed something. He saw that people who got cowpox did not get sick from smallpox. He gave a young boy the cowpox virus to protect him from smallpox. This was done by scratching liquid from cowpox sores into the boy's skin. This same method using the liquid from sores was also used to give people smallpox. People did this so they might get smallpox on one place on their bodies. Then they could pick which body part got scars from smallpox. But sometimes people who did this got very sick from smallpox. Some even died. This was a dangerous thing to do. But people did it because it was less dangerous than getting smallpox.
Edward Jenner gave the boy cowpox in the same way people tried to give smallpox. Six weeks later, he scratched smallpox into the boy's skin. The boy did not get sick from smallpox. This boy was the first person ever to get a vaccination.