cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
KGB
KGB is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee. It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB just after Joseph Stalin died in March 1953 and Lavrentiy Beria who died in December 1953.
During the Cold War, the KGB suppressed "ideological subversion". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite state s) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.
The KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.
Different stages
From 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.
In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agency—the MVD. In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers.
On 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat. The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairman—and mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organisation, the Russian Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.
Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called "KGB". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started.
Antonietta Dell'Era
Antonietta Dell'Era (16 February 1861 Milan — 22 June 1945 Berlin) was an Italian prima ballerina in Berlin, best remembered for creating the Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker (1892). Her first performance was sold out, and she received good reviews. Modest Tchaikovsky described her as "pudgy and unattractive".
List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies
The adjectival forms of the names of astronomical bodies are not always easily predictable. Attested adjectival forms of the larger bodies are listed below, along with the two small Martian moons; in some cases they are accompanied by their demonymic equivalents, which denote hypothetical inhabitants of these bodies.
Constellations
Derivative forms of constellations are used primarily for meteor showers. The genitive forms of the constellations are used to name stars. (See List of constellations.) Other adjectival forms are less common.
Nmap
Nmap is a computer program that is used for port scanning (finding out all the ways a computer communicates with other computers on a network). It was written by Gordon Lyon. It can also do other kinds of scanning. This is because Nmap is open source, so many people can help write it to make it better.
Nmap works on most operating systems. It works on Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, and BSD. Most people use it on Linux, but many people use it on Windows.
What Nmap can do
Here are some things Nmap can do:
Nmap also finds out other things about computers. It can find out DNS names, MAC addresses, and the kind of computer it is.
Mallrats
Mallrats is a 1995 American romantic comedy movie. It was written and directed by Kevin Smith.
Shannen Doherty plays Rene Mosier. Claire Forlani plays Brandi. Jeremy London plays TS Quint. Jason Lee plays Brodie Bruce. Priscilla Barnes plays Miss Ivannah.
This movie was released on October 20, 1995. Many critics hated the movie.
George B. McClellan
George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was a Major general in Union army during the American Civil War. In 1861 and 1862, he was in charge of the Army of the Potomac. He led the Peninsular Campaign, an attempt to take Richmond, Virginia that didn't work. Though he won the Battle of Antietam, he did not get along with President Abraham Lincoln, who fired him. After he stopped being a general, he became a politician, and ran against Lincoln in the 1864 election. He was later Governor of New Jersey, though he was originally from Pennsylvania. He was also a prominent engineer, and was offered the job as President of the University of California.
He was seen as slow and thought all his fights through, training his soldiers very long. He was too slow acting for Abraham Lincoln's taste, who fired him several times. Mrs. Lincoln despised him greatly, therefore an influence of Mr. Lincoln's decision.
Bhutan takin
The Bhutan takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitei) is a vulnerable subspecies of Takin native to Bhutan, North Eastern India, Western part of China, and Tibet. The main threats to the Bhutan Takin are hunting and habitat loss.
René Auberjonois
René Murat Auberjonois (June 1, 1940 – December 8, 2019) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He was known for his roles as Father Mulcahy in movie version of M*A*S*H, as Chef Louis in The Little Mermaid, and as Odo in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine television program. He won a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award.
Auberjonois was born on June 1, 1940 in New York City, New York. He married Judith Mihalyi in 1963. They had two children.
Auberjonois died from lung cancer at his home in Los Angeles on December 8, 2019, at age 79.
TD Canada Trust
TD Canada Trust is the personal, small business and commercial banking operation of The Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) in Canada. It was created when two banks merged, Toronto Dominion and Canada Trust in 2000.
Isar
The Isar is a river in Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany. Its source is in the Karwendel range of the Alps in Tyrol; it enters Germany near Mittenwald. The Isar flows through Bad Tölz, Munich and Landshut before reaching the Danube near Deggendorf. The length is 295 km. It is the fourth largest river in Bavaria (after Danube, Inn and Main). The Isar is the second most important tributary of the Danube in Germany, after Inn.
Sciolze
Sciolze is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Vehicle registration plates of Lithuania
Standard number plates in Lithuania have three letters and three numbers (e.g. ABC 123) in black lettering on a white background. The plates are usually of the standard EU dimensions, but can also be manufactured in the American size for imported vehicles. All plates issued before 2004 also have a blue EU identification stripe on their left-hand edge.
Winchester College
Winchester College is a well-known boys' school. It is an example of a British public school. The school is located in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England. Its official name is Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam (or Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton), or St Mary's College near Winchester. The school is commonly just called "Winchester". Winchester has existed for over six hundred years. It has the longest unbroken history of any school in England. It is the oldest of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. 37% of students go to Cambridge or Oxford.
History
Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to Richard II. The first seventy students entered the school in 1394. It was founded with New College, Oxford. Winchester was built to get students ready to attend New College. This was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge 50 years later and for Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge in Tudor times.
Cookie Monster
In 2007, Cookie Monster had told his philosophy (way of thinking) that "Cookies are a sometimes food." His speech is often grammatically incorrect; he always uses "Me" to refer to himself in place of "I","My", and "Mine". Cookie Monster was also mentioned by Siri, while saying "And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends."
When the Apple personal assistant Siri is asked the question, "what is zero divided by zero", Siri responds with the answer: "Imagine that you have zero cookies and you split them evenly among zero friends. How many cookies does each person get? See? It doesn’t make sense. And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends."
Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria
The Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria was founded by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1973. It replaced the Nigerian Building Society which was founded in 1956. The main purpose of this bank is to build houses. According to the constitution of Nigeria, the Federal Mortgage Bank was established to meet the housing needs of all citizens of the country.
Ethology
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour (U.S. behavior), and a sub-topic of zoology. Ethology overlaps, to some extent, with psychology. Psychology is a social science which studies human behaviour, but many psychologists have done experiments on learning in animals. Ethology studies animal behaviour, but many ethologists have been interested in human behaviour.
Historical development
An American specialist on ants, William Morton Wheeler, first used the term 'ethology' in English in 1902.
The study of animal behaviour, which had been going on in an anecdotal way since Aristotle, had its roots in natural history. It became more scientific during the 19th century. The French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was the founder of ethology in Europe, and his son Isidore produced a three-volume encyclopaedia Histoire Naturelle Générale. In the third volume he talked about animal behaviour in almost modern terms. The entomologist J.-H Fabre (1823–1915) was a remarkable observer of natural life. His popular writing on natural history kept ethology alive in Europe.
Douglas Spalding (1841–1877) was a British biologist who was the first to notice the effect called imprinting. Instinct and imprinting were the first scientific concepts in ethology. He was able to prove that the behaviour of chicks after hatching from the egg happened even when they had no experience, practice or even information from the senses. Therefore, the capacity was inherited.
Studies by Charles Otis Whitman, Oskar Heinroth and Julian Huxley set the tone in the 20th century. This work was mostly on bird behaviour, especially mating behaviour. The behaviour of birds played a big part in early ethology, but there was a start to studying our nearest relatives. Wolfgang Köhler's Mentality of Apes was a landmark in the study of primates. In 2020, Dr. Tobias Starzak and Professor Albert Newen from the Institute of Philosophy II at the Ruhr University Bochum proposed that animals may have beliefs despite these being more difficult to determine than humans.
Nobel prizewinners
The next generation began during the 1930s with the work of Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, and the Dutch biologist Niko Tinbergen. The three men were joint winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1973.
Lorenz is famous for his 'longitudinal' studies: he lived with the animals he researched, and made observations throughout their lives. Then he wrote about what he had discovered in long, very readable papers. He researched instinctual behaviour, which he called 'fixed action patterns' (FAPs). Lorenz popularized FAPs as instinctive responses that would occur reliably in the presence of specific stimuli (called sign stimuli or releasing stimuli). von Frisch worked on communication in honey bees: the famous 'bee dances'. Tinbergen experimented with the stimuli which trigger fixed action patterns. He found out that artificial super-stimuli could often work better than the natural stimuli.
Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to certain other disciplines—e.g., neuroanatomy, ecology, evolution. Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioural process rather than in a particular animal group and often study one type of behaviour (e.g. aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.
Trana
Trana is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Ethology
Tinbergen's four questions
In the 1960s Nico Tinbergen set out a framework for research on behaviour. It involved four questions and their answers.
MacGregor Ward
MacGregor is a ward of Brisbane.
Ethology
Function (adaptation)
The only scientific explanation for an animal’s behaviour is that it is well adapted for survival and reproduction in its environment. A trait is the result of its past contribution to survival. In practice, this is simple. For instance, birds fly south in the winter to find food and warmth, and mammalian mothers nurture their young, thereby having more surviving offspring.
Evolutionary history
Phylogeny explains why some adaptation is less than perfect. From where it is, there are always some possibilities which a particular species can never get to. This is because all stages in evolution must be viable, else extinction occurs.
Another reason is that not all traits of a species can be maximised at the same time. Increase in armour, for example, is bound to slow down movement. Teeth which are best for vegetation are much less good for meat. The final result is a set of traits, most of which are sub-optimal.
Earlier phylogenetic stages and (pre-) conditions which persist often determine the form of more modern characteristics. For instance, the vertebrate eye (including the human eye) has a blind spot, whereas octopus eyes do not. Once the vertebrate eye had evolved, the only way it could improve was to minimise the effect of the blind spot. We don't notice it ordinarily, because with binocular vision what one eye misses, the other fills in.
Development (ontogeny)
All instances of behaviour require an explanation at each of these four levels. For example, the function of eating is to acquire nutrients (which ultimately aids survival and reproduction), but the immediate cause of eating is hunger (causation). Hunger and eating are evolutionarily ancient and are found in many species (evolutionary history), and develop early within an organism's lifespan (development). It is easy to confuse such questions – for example to argue that people eat because they're hungry and not to acquire nutrients – without realizing that the reason people experience hunger (causation) is because it causes them to acquire nutrients (function).
Bréchaumont
Bréchaumont is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Maringka Baker
Maringka Baker is an Aboriginal artist from central Australia. She lives in the Pitjantjatjara community of Kaṉpi, South Australia, and paints for Tjungu Palya, based in nearby Nyapaṟi. Maringka paints sacred stories from her family's Dreaming (spirituality). As well as the important cultural meanings they carry, her paintings are known for being rich in colour and contrast. She often paints the desert landscape in bright green colours, and contrasts it against reds and ochres to depict landforms. She also uses layers of contrasting colours to show the detail of the desert in full bloom.
Maringka was born in outback Western Australia around 1952. She was born at Kaliumpil, an old ceremonial and camping site on the Ngaanyatjarra lands. Her mother and father died when she was a young girl, and Maringka was brought up by Anmanari Brown and her other relatives. She went to primary school on the mission at Warburton, but ran away to join relatives in Ernabella. She later moved to Kaltjiti, where she finished high school and got a job as a teacher.
In the late 1960s, Maringka married a man from Papulankutja. They had a daughter, Elaine, in 1969. Maringka's husband died while Elaine was still a baby. Maringka became a health worker and she moved with her daughter to Irrunytju to work in the local clinic. In the 1980s, Maringka married Douglas Baker (nephew of Jimmy Baker), and they moved back east to live at Kaṉpi.
Maringka began painting in 2004. She paints for Tjungu Palya, a community arts centre based in nearby Nyapaṟi. She has become one of the centre's most well-known painters. Since 2005, Maringka's work has been exhibited in many cities around Australia, including Adelaide, Alice Springs, Broome, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Overseas, her work has been shown in exhibitions in Singapore, Seattle and London. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Australia, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Victoria.
In 2007, Maringka was one of thirty artists featured in the first National Indigenous Art Triennial exhibition Culture Warriors. It showed four of her paintings: Anmangunga (2006), Kata Ala (2006), Ngura Mankurpa (2006), and Kuru Ala (2007). The last of these, Kuru Ala, is a depiction of a sacred women's site near Tjuntjuntjara that is associated with the creation story of the Seven Sisters (called Kungkarrakalpa in Pitjantjatjara). It was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2009, and is displayed in the National Gallery in Canberra.
Breitenbach-Haut-Rhin
Breitenbach-Haut-Rhin is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Interstate 605
Interstate 605 (I-605), also called the San Gabriel River Freeway, is an Interstate Highway in the Orange and Los Angeles counties of California. It is a spur route of the Interstate 5. It goes from the Interstate 405 in Seal Beach north to the Interstate 210 in Duarte. It runs next to the San Gabriel River for most of its route. The Interstate is about 27 mi long.
Red card
A red card in sport is a punishment to a player of a team. It is usually given to a player who has broken the rules of the game.
Herat Province
Herat (Persian/Pashto: هرات) is one the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the south-western region of the country. The main city and capital is named Herat.
The region of Herat used to be part of Greater Khorasan. It was ruled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Saffavids. In the early-18th century it became part of the Afghan Hotaki dynasty followed by the Durrani Empire.
Demographics
There are about 1,762,157 people living in Herat Province.
Population by districts
There are 16 districts within the province. These are listed in the table below.
Sport
Football (soccer) is the popular sport in Herat Province. Cricket is also getting popular.
Alentisque
Alentisque is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.
Glonn
Glonn is a market town in the Ebersberg district in Upper Bavaria, Germany, about 30 km southeast of Munich.
Geography
The market town of Glonn is a health spa (Erholungsort), and the Glonn Valley is ringed by wooded hills, carved by the former Inn Glacier. To the south, the Alps are clearly visible on the horizon.
The rivers Glonn, Kupferbach (Glonn) and Schrannenbach rise within Glonn's municipal area, where the lake Kastensee is also to be found. Just inside the neighbouring community of Moosach finds the Steinsee, another lake. Glonn is also home to three protected areas.
Neighbouring communities
Glonn's immediate neighbours are the communities of Baiern, Bruck, Egmating, Moosach and Oberpframmern, which together with Glonn form an administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft).
Glonn is about 30 km from the cities of Munich and Rosenheim.
Plaxton Beaver
The Plaxton Beaver, (previously known as the Reeve Burgess Beaver), is a series of step-entrance minibus bodies built by Plaxton.
The first Beaver was built between 1987-1995 mainly on Mercedes-Benz van chassis such as the 709D and 811D. It was also built on the Renault S56 and Renault S75 chassis until 1992. Some were also built on Iveco 49.10 chassis.
The second Beaver (known as Beaver 2) was built on Mercedes-Benz Vario chassis. It replaced the first Beaver in December 1996.
In 2006 Plaxton launched the Beaver 3, which is the Beaver 2 body combined with the front end of another bus called the Plaxton Cheetah.
Edible frog
The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) is a species of frogs. It lives in Europe. It is also known as water frog or green frog. However, green frog is usually given to the North American frog Lithobates clamitans. The Edible frog is used as a food source to people in France.
Roseau
Roseau is the capital city of the Caribbean island of Dominica. It is home to more than fourteen thousand people.
Roseau (Dominican Creole: Wozo) is the capital and largest city of Dominica, with a population of 14,725 as of 2011.[1] It is a small and compact urban settlement, in the Saint George parish and surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, the Roseau River and Morne Bruce. Built on the site of the ancient Island Carib village of Sairi, it is the oldest and most important urban settlement on the island of Dominica.
It is on the west (leeward) coast of Dominica and has a combination of modern and colonial French architecture.
Roseau is Dominica's most important port for foreign trade. Some exports include bananas, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges, and cocoa. The service sector is also a large part of the local economy. There are several private institutions registered in Dominica, like Ross University, Ballsbridge University, international university for graduate studies, All Saints University, New World University, Western Orthodox University.
There is a prominent diocese called Roman Catholic Diocese of Roseau.
Juan Gutiérrez Moreno
Juan Gutiérrez Moreno (born 23 July 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid.
International career statistics
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Bad Boys for Life
Bad Boys for Life (also known as Bad Boys III) is a 2020 American action comedy movie directed by Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, Will Smith and Doug Belgrad. The movie is the third installment in the Bad Boys trilogy.
The movie stars Smith as Mike Lowrey and Martin Lawrence as Marcus Burnett. Michael Bay makes a cameo appearance in this movie.
Bretten, Haut-Rhin
Bretten is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Bad Boys for Life
Bad Boys for Life received very positive reviews from critics and fans alike. The movie is widely considered the best Bad Boys movie in the trilogy.
.gov
The U.S. is the only country that has a government-specific top-level domain in addition to its ccTLD. Other countries typically use a second-level domain for this purpose, e.g., .gov.au for Australia, .gov.uk for the United Kingdom, .gc.ca for Canada, and .gouv.fr for France. Since the United States controls the .gov Top Level Domain, it would be impossible for another country to create a domain ending in .gov, for example, .jp.gov.
Some U.S. federal agencies use .fed.us rather than .gov. The Department of Defense and its subsidiary organizations use .mil. Some U.S. governmental entities use other domains, such as the use of .com domains by the United States Postal Service (usps.com) and the United States Army (goarmy.com). Internet purists consider these usages to be improper, as these are governmental or military entities rather than commercial ones.
All governments in the U.S. are allowed to use .gov, such as atlantaga.gov for the city of Atlanta, and georgia.gov for the U.S. state of Georgia. This was not always true; under an earlier policy, only federal agencies were allowed to use the domain, and agencies beneath cabinet level were needed to use subdomains of their parent agency.
The usage of .gov as a gTLD controlled only by the U.S. is controversial, as some people believe this to be an example of arrogance by the U.S. – such views hold that usage of .fed.us or a new second-level domain of .gov.us would be more suitable. Others believe that U.S. control of .gov is a natural result of the fact that the U.S. federal government was responsible for the initial creation of the Internet and its first user.
Emirate of Ajman
Ajman (عجمان ʿAǧmān), also spelt Ujman, is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is the smallest emirate by area, covering 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi),. Its capital is Ajman.
Croquet
Croquet is a sport. It was officially registered by Isaac Spratt in November 1856. It involves hitting plastic or wooden balls with a mallet through hoops (often called "wickets" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court.
Pendleton Ward
Pendleton "Pen" Ward (born July 8, 1982) is an American animator, musician, screenwriter and producer who works for Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios. He created the three-time Emmy-nominated Adventure Time (2010).
Ward was born on July 8, 1982 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at CalArts.
Torre Pellice
Torre Pellice is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. It is the centre of the Waldensian church.
Shabbat
Good
Shabbat is the name of the day of rest in Judaism. Shabbat happens on the seventh day (Saturday) of every week. In Judaism, the day is defined with the cycle of the sun: The day begins and ends at sunset, not midnight. So the seventh day of the week, Shabbat, begins Friday when the sun goes down, and ends Saturday night after it gets dark. The idea of Shabbat comes from the Bible's story of Creation. In that story, God creates the Universe and everything on Earth for six days. On the seventh day, he stops work. In the same way, Jews work on the first six days of the week and rest on the seventh day, Shabbat.
The word Shabbat began as a Hebrew word. The English word "Sabbath" comes from the word "Shabbat". The English word can also be used to refer to Shabbat. The Christian idea of Sabbath came from the Jewish idea of Shabbat. Now, there are many differences between them.
The first part of the Jewish Bible, the Torah, says that work is not allowed on Shabbat. It is a day to rest and study the Torah.
In Jewish law, Shabbat is the most important Jewish holiday. It is even more important than Passover, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Jewish mystics say that the Shabbat day is meant to be like a perfect world. In this world, everyone knows about God and loves him. They believe that kind of world has not been seen since the Garden of Eden, and will not be seen again until the Messiah comes.
Thierry Mugler
Manfred Thierry Mugler (21 December 1948 – 23 January 2022) was a French fashion designer. He was born in Strasbourg, France. Mugler was openly gay. He was known for designing Demi Moore's dress from Indecent Proposal. He also created a line of fragrances and perfumes called "Angel".
Shabbat
Two parts of Shabbat: celebrating and guarding
There are two versions of the Ten Commandments in the Bible. These versions use different words. The version in Exodus says "Remember Shabbat to keep it holy." The version in Deuteronomy says "Guard Shabbat to keep it holy." Jewish custom says that "remember" means to celebrate Shabbat. "Guard" means resting—not working or doing business.
Celebrating Shabbat
Shabbat is a happy day. There are many ceremonies of Shabbat that help people celebrate the happiness of the day.
Guarding Shabbat—rest and work on Shabbat
Enjoying Shabbat is very important, but Shabbat is a holy day. There are laws and rules in the Torah, the Mishnah and the Talmud about what Jews may and may not do on Shabbat. These laws help Jews keep Shabbat as a holy day.
Shabbat in non-Orthodox Judaism
Conservative Judaism also teaches Jews not to do activities in the 39 prohibited categories of work (melacha). Conservative rabbis are often less strict about what is melacha than Orthodox rabbis are. Conservative rabbis are almost always less strict about what is a prevention (shevut) than Orthodox rabbis. For example, Conservative rabbis allow Jews to use electricity on Shabbat for many purposes. They do not allow Jews to use electricity to do any of the 39 prohibited categories of work.
Many, if not most, lay members (not rabbis or prayer leaders) of Conservative synagogues in North America do not follow these laws. Progressive Judaism, including Reform Judaism, does not accept Jewish law as binding. These Jews may rest on Shabbat, but are not usually strict about not doing melacha or shevut. They may even add practices not allowed under Orthodox Jewish law that they think improves their celebration of Shabbat. For example, they may drive to synagogue on Shabbat, or may use musical instruments on Shabbat. Orthodox Judaism does not allow either of those actions on Shabbat.
Havdalah: Ending Shabbat
Shabbat ends after dark on Saturday night. The end of Shabbat is marked by a ceremony called Havdalah (הַבְדָּלָה). This is a Hebrew word meaning "division" or "separation". The ceremony "divides" or "separates" the holy day of Shabbat from the new week. The Havdalah blessings are spoken over a cup of wine. The Havdalah ceremony also uses spices with a nice smell and a candle with many wicks (cloth strings for lighting). After Havdalah, people start doing regular weekday things again.
Sources
Note 1. Sources here may not be in Simple English. Note 2. Some Bible sources below include a Simple English version of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 English translation. All Bible sources below include a link to the 1917 translation and the original Hebrew text.
Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek
Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek (née Kontsek; 29 August 1939 – 20 July 2022) was a Hungarian athlete. He mainly competed in the discus throw event during her career. She won a bronze medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Kleiber-Kontsek was born in Budapest, Hungary.
Kleiber-Kontsek died in Budapest on 20 July 2022 at the age of 82.
Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, writer, and comedian. She has also been known as Roseanne Arnold and Roseanne Thomas. For several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, she was known simply as Roseanne. By 2005, she had resumed referring to herself by her maiden name. She is best known for playing Roseanne Conner on the television series Roseanne.
The self-titled series was rebooted in 2018 on ABC with record ratings. A second season of the reboot (what would have been season 11) was eventually ordered. However, ABC cancelled the series after Barr posted a tweet mentioning Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.
Run for President
On August 4, 2011, on an episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno she announced that she would be running for President in 2012. She ran for Green Party, however, she lost to Jill Stein. Then she ran for Peace and Freedom Party and won the nomination. Barr received 61,971 votes in the general election, placing sixth overall. She is running again in 2016 for the same party.
Thierry Mugler
Mugler died on 23 January 2022 at his home in Paris, one month after his 73rd birthday.
Reutte District
The Reutte District is a district in Tyrol, Austria. It borders Bavaria (Germany) in the north, the districts Imst and Landeck in the south, and Bregenz and Bludenz (both Vorarlberg) in the west. The district is also referred to as “Außerfern”.
It has an area of is 1,236.37 km². As of 2012, 31,758 people lived there. The administrative center is Reutte.
Geography
The district has the valleys of the Lech, the Tannheimer Tal, and the so-called Zwischentoren between Reutte and Fern Pass. Mountain ranges in the district include parts of the Lechtal Alps, Wetterstein Mountains, Allgäu Alps and Tannheim Mountains. Important lakes include Plansee, Heiterwanger See, Haldensee, and Vilsalpsee.
Places
The district has 37 municipalities:
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Prussian astronomer. People know Copernicus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is heliocentric (helios = sun). His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it. This was published in his book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year that he died.
Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking state that was ruled by the Polish king since 1466. He was the son of the merchant Niklas Koppernigk and his wife Barbara Koppernigk (born Barbara Watzenrode). His native language was German. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as a lawyer of the church. He also studied medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, where he died in 1543.
Lightning
Lightning is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot. The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder. Sometimes lightning happens between clouds. Sometimes (in the rain) lightning goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. A few of them are not killed. About 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. Lightning has hit the Empire State Building as many as 500 times a year.
When lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. This electricity is given out either within the cloud, to the ground, to another cloud, or into the air. Lightning has been known to travel from the ground upwards to the cloud. In 1993, scientists discovered lightning bolts that shot upward from the top of a cumulonimbus cloud.
People can make and study lightning with a Tesla coil or a Van de Graaff Generator.
Franklin experiment
Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity and was interested in lightning. He discovered many things about lightning. In 1772, he was the first to show that a thunderstorm lets out electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring.
Richard Lugar
Richard Green Lugar (April 4, 1932 – April 28, 2019) was an American politician. He served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1977 to 2013. He was on the Foreign Relations Committee. Before becoming a Senator, he was mayor of Indianapolis. Lugar ran for an eighth term in 2012, but lost the Republican primary on May 8, 2012 to Richard Mourdock.
Lugar ran for President of the United States in 1996 but lost the Republican nomination to Bob Dole.
Lugar died on April 28, 2019 in Falls Church, Virginia, from problems caused by chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. He was 87.
Brinckheim
Brinckheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Femi Gbajabiamila
Olufemi Hakeem Gbajabiamila (born 25 June 1962), is a Nigerian lawyer and current Speaker of Nigeria's 9th House of Representatives.
Education
Gbajabiamila holds Bachelor of Law (LL.B.) with honors in 1983 and was called to the Nigerian bar in 1984.
Career
Gbajabiamila began his career at law firm, Bentley Edu & Co., in Lagos, and then established his own law firm, Femi Gbaja & Co. He then earned his Juris Doctor from Atlanta's John Marshall Law School in Georgia, USA, passed the Georgian bar exam in 2001, and set up a law firm in Atlanta. While in the US, he actively participated in the election of Bill Campbell who later went on to become Mayor of Atlanta.
Bi-Lo (Australia)
John Weekes started Bi-Lo towards the end of the 1970s in the city of Adelaide in South Australia with three shops. It was called Bi-Lo because it sells food and everyday articles at relatively cheap prices.
Mahbubey Alam
Mahbubey Alam (17 February 1949 – 27 September 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician and lawyer. He was the Attorney General of Bangladesh from 2009 until his death in 2020. He was a senior advocate at the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. He was born in Munshiganj District, present-day Bangladesh.
Bi-Lo (Australia)
Bi-Lo stocked the legendary black&gold products that were so true and humble to an Aussie home.
Bi-Lo maintained cheap prices by underpaying their staff, and taking advantage of their trauma by keeping them scared of losing their jobs. Store managers were typically narcissists, as were most 2IC, and front end managers.
Mahbubey Alam
Alam was hospitalized at a Dhaka hospital on 4 September 2020 with COVID-19. He died four weeks later on 27 September from the infection, aged 71.
Ketamine
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic. It is a type of drug a doctor might give to put someone to sleep for an operation. Ketamine can also be used as a painkiller and a bronchodilator (which makes it easier for air to get into your lungs). Sometimes it can lead to a special type of hallucination which makes you feel detached from yourself and the things around you which is why some people use it as a recreational drug. As it can have severe side effects, it is usually not available as an over-the-counter drug.
Ketamine was developed in 1962 as a rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic that was used in surgery. It was approved for human use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970. Unfortunately, abuse began along the West Coast and spread across the country by the 1980s. The illicit market produced new forms of the drug, available as powder, capsules, crystal rocks, tablets, and injectable solutions. The drug is largely abused intranasally (via sniffing) or orally.
Medical use
The World Health Organization (WHO) lists ketamine as an essential medicine, especially as an anesthetic and analgesic. With medical supervision, ketamine is a better surgical anesthetic than many others, and it is safer for a wider range of patients. It is also the anesthetic of choice in veterinary surgery. In medicine ketamine is normally injected into a vein or muscle. Ketamine is not the first anaesthetic a doctor would think of using in most situations because of the hallucinations it causes. On the other hand, while most anaesthetics suppress your breathing, resulting in the need for a machine to help you breathe, ketamine does not. This can make it a useful anaesthetic when you don't have any equipment available, for example, in a war zone.
Short term
Short term side effects happen in about 40% of people and include:
Long term
In the medical setting ketamine is only given a few times so most long term effects mentioned below are found in recreational ketamine users and animal models.
Urinary tract effects
There are 110 reports of people with problems in their urinary tract due to using ketamine.
Symptoms include:
These urinary tract problems are most common in people who have abused ketamine daily for a long time.
Neurological effects
People who abuse ketamine a lot (more than 4 times a week) have been found to have impaired memory and increased depression when compared to people who don't abuse ketamine. Those who use ketamine less frequently (1-4 times per week)and those who had stopped taking ketamine showed no difference in the aforementioned parameters. This suggests that these problems with memory and mood do not affect infrequent users and might be reversible once ketamine use is stopped.
One study has recently been done using monkeys as a model to see if ketamine is toxic to the brain. The study found that injecting the monkeys every day for 6 months with ketamine caused more cells to die in the front of their brain and also caused a decrease in activity in the areas of the brain which control movement.
Mechanism of action
Ketamine is a NMDA antagonist in the CNS. By inhibiting NMDA receptors in inhibitiory neurons in the brain, it causes increased CNS activity and sympathomimetic effects. As a result, there is not only an anaesthetic effect, but also activation of the CNS unlike other anaesthetics. This is beneficial in surgical settings because it maintains blood pressure, airway reflexes, bronchioles remain dilated and airways patent. Making this a particularly useful drug in shock and surgery patients because of blood pressure maintained with ketamine use, unlike typical anaesthetics which cause decreased BP and respiratory suppression.
As an antidepressant
Some small studies have been done which found that a single dose of ketamine was able to improve treatment resistant depression after just a few hours with the effects lasting for one week. The rapid anti-depressant effects of ketamine may prove to be a useful alternative compared to current anti-depressants which can take several weeks to have their effects.
Complex regional pain syndrome
CRPS is a disease that causes severe pain and swelling, getting worse over time. Some studies have been done which suggest that ketamine might be useful as a painkiller for CRPS.
Richard Beckinsale
Beckinsale was born in Carlton, Nottinghamshire and went to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London.
He had starring roles in five sitcoms. They are: The Lovers, Rising Damp, Porridge, its spin-off Going Straight and Bloomers.
Beckinsale has two daughters, actresses Samantha and Kate Beckinsale. He died of a heart attack in Sunningdale, Berkshire.
Bruebach
Bruebach is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
The Astrophysical Journal
The Astrophysical Journal, often abbreviated ApJ (pronounced "ap jay") in references and speech, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, started in 1895 by American astronomers George Ellery Hale and James Edward Keeler.
Lugnacco
Lugnacco is a frazione in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. On 1 January 2019, it was an independent comune merged with Alice Superiore and Pecco to form the new comune of Val di Chy.
Pecco
Pecco is a frazione in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. On 1 January 2019, it was an independent comune merged with Alice Superiore and Lugnacco to form the new comune of Val di Chy.
Texas toad
The Texas toad (Bufo speciosus) is a species of toads. They are very small only reaching three inches. They live in the United States in the state of Texas. But they are also found in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Mexico.
Vaie
Vaie is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Computational linguistics
Computational Linguistics is a field of linguistics that deals with making computers understand human language. Some of the biggest sub-fields of computational linguistics are:
Val di Chy
Val di Chy is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy. It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former municipalities of Alice Superiore, Lugnacco and Pecco.
Computational linguistics
Speech recognition, which is a computer program that listens to people talk and writes down what they said
Speech synthesis, which is a computer program that takes writing and reads it out loud
Big Girls Don't Cry (The Four Seasons song)
"Big Girls Don't Cry" is a 1962 song by The Four Seasons. It is the third single from their debut studio album Sherry & 11 Others. It went to number 1 in the United States and New Zealand and number 13 in the United Kingdom.
Usseaux
Usseaux is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Piedmont region in Italy.
Branko Cvejić
Branko Cvejić (Бранко Цвејић; 25 August 1946 – 26 July 2022) was a Serbian actor. He was known for his roles in Grlom u jagode, The Elusive Summer of '68 and Balkan Express. Cvejić was born in Belgrade, Serbia. His career began in 1962.
Cvejić died on 26 July 2022 in Belgrade at the age of 75.
Computational linguistics
Machine translation, which is a computer program that turns one language into a different one
Dialog Systems, which is a computer program that talks back-and-forth with a human to help them do something
Arrondissement of Château-Thierry
The arrondissement of Château-Thierry is an arrondissement of France, in the Aisne department, Hauts-de-France region. Its capital is the city of Château-Thierry.
History
When the Aisne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Château-Thierry was part of that original department.
Ajman (city)
Ajman (عجمان 'Aǧmān) is the capital of the emirate of Ajman, United Arab Emirates. It is located along the Persian Gulf.
Arrondissement of Château-Thierry
History
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Château-Thierry was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.
Geography
The arrondissement of Château-Thierry is the most southern of the arrondissements of the Aisne department. It is bordered to the north by the Soissons arrondissement, to the south and southeast by the Marne department, to the southwest by the Seine-et-Marne department and to the northwest by the Oise department.
The arrondissement of Château-Thierry is the second smallest arrondissement of the department both in area, 1193.2 km2, and population (73,188 inhabitants).
Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Communes
The arrondissement of Château-Thierry has 108 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:
Shobushi Kanji
Shobushi Kanji (勝武士 幹士) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. He was born in Kōfu, Yamanashi. He was the first sumo wrestler to die from the coronavirus. He is also thought to be the first person in their 20s to die from the virus in Japan.
Shobushi was the first wrestler confirmed to have been infected with the virus.
Shobushi died on May 13, 2020 from the virus in Tokyo, aged 28.
Jowzjan Province
Jowzjān or Jōzjān or Jawzjan (, جوْزجن) is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the northern area of the country. The capital is Sheberghan.
Politics
Jowzjan's current governor is Mohammed Aleem Sayee.
Grafing
Grafing bei München (officially: Grafing b.München) is a town in the district of Ebersberg, Upper Bavaria, Germany.
Sheberghan
Sheberghān or Shaburghān, also spelled Shebirghan and Shibarghan, is the capital city of the Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan.