cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Camp Rock
Track listing
Demi Lovato - Mitchie Torres, Joe Jonas - Shane Gray, Meaghan Jette Martin - Tess Tyler, Alyson Stoner - Catilyn Geller, Jasmine Richards - Margaret Peggy DuPree, Anna Maria Perez de Tagle - Ella, Maria Canals Barrera - Connie Torres, Kevin Jonas - Jason, Aaryn Doyle - Lola Scott, Jordan Francis - Barron James, Roshon Fegan - Sander Loya, Daniel Fathers - Brown Cessario, Nick Jonas - Nate, Frankiee Jonas - Max Gray, Olesya Rulin - Taira Stevens, Daniel Curtis Lee - Connor Geller, Edward Jaunz - Steve Torres, Michelle Trachtenberg - Shanica Towels, Jennifer Ricci - TJ Tyler, Camily Acuña - Miriam Torres, Mery Gambarotta - Sibley Tyler
Union for French Democracy
The Union for French Democracy (Union pour la démocratie française, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France.
This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, Démocratie française. The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals.
Perry Rhodan
Perry Rhodan is a German science fiction series, published since 1961.
Perry Rhodan picks up nearly every theme that has ever appeared in science fiction. People from outside have criticised the series, but its commercial success during several decades has become a literary phenomenon in itself. If nothing else, Perry Rhodan provides a mirror of the 1960s Cold War, 1970s New Age, and 1980s peace movement in its story line. The series has an important influence on German writers in the field. The writing of the series still goes on.
Story
Perry Rhodan is one of four fictional astronauts of the USA. In 1971, they fly to the moon, where they meet an extraterrestrial space-ship. From its owners they get technology, which they use to end the cold war and to unite the people of the Earth. Then "Terra", the Earth, becomes a power in intergalactical politics.
Don Cheadle
. Donald Frank Cheadle Jr. (/ˈtʃiːdəl/; born November 29, 1964) is an American actor, author, director, producer and writer. Following early roles in Hamburger Hill (1987), and as the gangster "Rocket" in the film Colors (1988), Cheadle built his career in the 1990s with roles in Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), Rosewood (1997) and Boogie Nights (1997). His collaboration with director Steven Soderbergh resulted in the films Out of Sight (1998), Traffic (2000) and The Ocean's Trilogy (2001–2007).
Cheadle was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his lead role as Rwandan hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina in the historical genocide drama film Hotel Rwanda (2004). From 2012 to 2016, he starred as Marty Kaan on the Showtime comedy series House of Lies; he won a Golden Globe Award in 2013 for the role.
Cheadle extended his global recognition with his role as the superhero War Machine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, replacing Terrence Howard. He currently appeared in Iron Man 2 (2010), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019) and Avengers: Endgame (2019) and will appear in the upcoming Disney+ series Iron Heart.
Film and television work
Cheadle became eligible for his Screen Actors Guild (SAG) card when he appeared as a burger joint employee in the 1985 comedy Moving Violations. In 1987 he received a small role in episode 19, season 7 of Hill Street Blues where he played a teenager with learning difficulties. Followed by an appearance in Hamburger Hill the same year; Cheadle secured the role of Jack in the April 1, 1988, "Jung and the Restless" episode of Night Court. Although his character was 16 years old, Cheadle was 23 at the time.
Cheadle then played the role of Rocket in the 1988 movie Colors. In 1989, he appeared in a video for Angela Winbush's No. 2 hit single "It's the Real Thing", performing dance moves in an orange jumpsuit, working at a car wash. In 1990, he appeared in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air titled "Homeboy, Sweet Homeboy", playing Will Smith's friend and Hilary's first love interest, Ice Tray. In 1992, he played a supporting role in The Golden Girls spin-off The Golden Palace. Cheadle subsequently played district attorney John Littleton on three seasons of Picket Fences.
Cheadle first received widespread notice for his portrayal of Mouse Alexander in the film Devil in a Blue Dress, for which he won Best Supporting Actor awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the National Society of Film Critics and was nominated for similar awards from the Screen Actors Guild and the NAACP Image Awards. Following soon thereafter was his performance in the title role of the 1996 HBO TV movie Rebound: The Legend of Earl "The Goat" Manigault. He also starred in the 1997 film Volcano, directed by Mick Jackson.Don Cheadle also starred in Rush Hour 2 (2001), with Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker..
Cheadle's television credits include Emmy-nominated performances in the movies The Rat Pack, A Lesson Before Dying, Things Behind the Sun and in a guest appearance on ER. The last of these spanned four episodes during the show's ninth season, in which he portrayed Paul Nathan, a medical student struggling to cope with Parkinson's disease. He has made appearances in films including Rosewood, The Family Man, Boogie Nights, Out of Sight, Traffic, and Ocean's Eleven. These last three were directed by Steven Soderbergh. He made a cameo appearance in the film Abby Singer. In 2005, Cheadle was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Paul Rusesabagina in the film Hotel Rwanda. He also starred in and co-produced Crash, which won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture. For his performance in Crash, Cheadle was nominated for the BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He played the main character in the movie Traitor.
Cheadle appeared in NFL commercials promoting the Super Bowl from 2002 to 2005. He so regularly appeared for the NFL in its Super Bowl advertising that in 2006, in a drive to get fans to submit their own advertising ideas, the NFL sought his permission to reference his previous commercials to portray themselves as having no new ideas: "he quickly signed off on the idea and found it funny." Abe Sutton (along with Etan Bednarsh), one of the finalists in this NFL contest, played on this commercial by proposing an ad where every player on a football team is Don Cheadle.
In 2009, Cheadle and Boondocks creator Aaron McGruder worked on a potential comedy show on NBC. The "project revolve[d] around mismatched brothers who reunite to open a private security company." Cheadle and McGruder were slated to serve as executive producers, while McGruder was expected to write the script.
Also in 2009, Cheadle performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.
In 2010, Cheadle assumed the role of War Machine / James Rhodes in Iron Man 2 (2010), replacing Terrence Howard. Cheadle currently reprised this role in Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and will reprise it in the Disney+ series Iron Heart.
Melrose Park, Illinois
Melrose Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, 14 miles by road. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 25,411.
The suburb was the home of Kiddieland Amusement Park from 1929 until 2010 (it closed in September 2009 before it was demolished), the Shrine of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, and Stern Pinball, Inc., which is now the world's last manufacturer of coin-operated pinball machines.
I Loved You (movie)
I Loved You (Я вас любил…) is a 1967 Soviet comedy movie directed by Ilya Frez. It stars Viktor Perevalov, Violetta Khusnulova, and Valeri Ryzhakov.
Don Cheadle
Film and television work
In 2018, Cheadle guest-starred in the first-season finale of DuckTales, providing Donald Duck's new voice box.
Some of the movies he was in are:
Gold Medal of Military Valor
The Gold Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: Medaglia d'oro al Valore Militare) is an Italian medal established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy. After the World War II, the medal was gave to the cities that fought fascism and nazism during the war.
SC Rudolfshügel
SC Rudolfshügel was a footballclub from Favoriten, a district of Vienna. The club played from 1902 till 1934. From 1907 till 1927 he played in highest level of Austrian football. In 1919 he was runner-up in the championship. The colors were blue and white. The club was named after a elevation between Laaer Berg and Wienerberg.
Democratic Convention (France)
Democratic Convention (Convention démocrate, CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the Popular Party for French Democracy, started in 1995.
The Popular Party for French Democracy (Parti populaire pour la démocratie française, PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).
Tuscan Archipelago
The Tuscan Archipelago is a chain of islands between the Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Tuscany, Italy.
The archipelago contains the islands of Elba (the largest island of the group), Pianosa, Capraia, Montecristo, Giglio, Gorgona and Giannutri, all of which are protected as part of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park.
Artifact (error)
In natural science and signal processing, an artifact or artefact is any error in the perception or the way any information is represented or introduced by the equipment or technique(s).
Computer science
In computer science, digital artifacts are abnormalities introduced into digital signals because of digital signal processing.
Microscopy
In microscopy, visual artifacts are sometimes introduced when processing samples into slide form.
Medical imaging
In medical imaging, artifacts are wrong representations of structure of tissues. They are made by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These artifacts may be caused because of the energy-tissue interaction between ultrasound and air. Physicians usually learn to recognize some of these artifacts to avoid mistaking them for actual pathology.
Radar
Radar echoes from something causes ghost images to appear. All those echoes must be filtered in order to get the where the object is, how fast it is going and the type of object it is. It may include aircraft, and weather.
Helicoprion
Helicoprion is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish. Almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called tooth whorls, which in life were embedded in the lower jaw. As with most extinct cartilaginous fish, the skeleton is mostly unknown. It is one of the best and most popular sharks.
It was always assumed that the Helicoprion was a shark, but it is more closely related to ratfish.
Description
It had skeletons made of cartilage. As a result, the entire body disintegrated once it began to decay, unless preserved by exceptional circumstances. This can make it difficult to draw precise conclusions on the full body appearance of Helicoprion.
The tooth was unusual-looking. Many shark fans call the tooth a tooth whorl. The largest known Helicoprion tooth whorl, specimen IMNH 49382 representing an unknown species, reached 56 cm (22 in) in diameter and 14 cm (5.5 in) in crown height, which would have belonged to an individual over 7.6 m (25 ft) in length.
Tooth whorls
Main article: Tooth whorl
A tooth whorl is a structure found on the Helicoprion. Almost all Helicoprion specimens are known solely from tooth whorls, which is a name shark lovers call when they see a tooth whorl.
Other material
Several large whorls are difficult to assign to any particular species group, H. svalis among them. IMNH 14095, a specimen from Idaho, appears to be similar to H. bessonowi, but it has unique flange-like edges on the apices of its teeth. IMNH 49382, also from Idaho, has the largest known whorl diameter at 56 cm (22 in) for the outermost volution (the only one preserved), but it is incompletely preserved and still partially buried. H. mexicanus, named by F.K.G. Müllerreid in 1945, was supposedly distinguished by its tooth ornamentation. Its holotype is currently missing, though its morphology was similar to that of IMNH 49382. In 1922, Karpinsky named a new species of Helicoprion, H. ivanovi, from Gzhelian (latest Carboniferous) strata near Moscow. However, this species has subsequently been removed from Helicoprion and placed as a second species of the related eugeneodont Campyloprion.
What the tooth whorl looked like
Hypotheses for the placement and identity of Helicoprion 's tooth whorls were controversial from the moment it was discovered. Woodward (1886), who referred the first known Helicoprion fossils to Edestus, discussed the various hypotheses concerning the nature of Edestus fossils.
Karpinsky's hypothesis of the placement of the tooth whorl was putting it on the nose. Many people said that "the tooth whorl on the nose looks so weird." It now has its tooth whorl in its lower jaw.
Popularity
Helicoprion became a popular animal due to its tooth whorl.
Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department
The following is a list of the 363 communes of the Maine-et-Loire département in France.
(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération d'Angers, created in 2001.
(CAS) Communauté d'agglomération Saumur Loire Développement, created in 2001.
Black Capricorn Day
"Black Capricorn Day" is a 2000 song by English funk band Jamiroquai and is the fifth and final single from their fourth studio album Synkronized. It went to number 14 in Japan and only released in Japan and was not released in the United Kingdom. The single contains remixes of their singles Canned Heat and Supersonic.
Stephen Kaplan
Stephen Kaplan is a retired fencer from USA. Kaplan competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born on 1 December 1949.
Cabinda (city)
Cabinda is the capital of the Cabinda Province in Angola. It is called Tchiowa by the Cabindans. The city was first started by the Portuguese for slave trade. There are many offshore oil reserves nearby.
Rock County, Nebraska
Rock County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, 1,526 people lived there. The county seat is Bassett. It was founded in 1888.
Liberal Democracy (France)
Liberal Democracy (Démocratie Libérale, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France from 1997 to 2002.
Military history
Military history is the history of what happened in the history of humanity that are considered to be conflicts. This could mean anything as small as a fight between two tribes or a conflict as large as a world war. Military historians record military history.
UNESCO Global Geoparks
UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) are places and landscapes with interesting, unusual geology. They are certified by the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council. They have to meet a set of criteria. The GGN is a network of geoparks. It is also an agency of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) which administers the network.
Chandra Bahadur Dangi
Chandra Bahadur Dangi (चन्द्रबहादुर डाँगी; 30 November 1939 – 3 September 2015) was a Nepalese farmer and craftsman. He was best known for being the shortest man in recorded history, measuring 0.546m. Dangi was a primordial dwarf. He broke the record of Gul Mohammed (1957–1997), the shortest adult human whose height was 0.57m. He was born in Kalimati, Salyan District.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
There are two ways that natural and man-made things can use rotation to move around. One way is for the entire thing to roll. The other way is for part of the thing to turn while the rest does not, like a wheel or a propeller. Some living things move around by rolling, but no living things seem to use wheels. Biologists have written about the reasons for this. Writers of science fiction and fantasy have invented many animals with wheels.
Chandra Bahadur Dangi
Dangi died from pneumonia on 3 September 2015 in Pago Pago, American Samoa, aged 75.
Silver Medal of Military Valor
The Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare) is an Italian medal established in 1833 by King Charles Albert of Sardinia.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheels are a very useful technology for people. Many technologies that people use are also found in nature, like wings and lenses. It may seem strange, then, that wheels have never evolved in nature, but there are two reasons for this. First, there are natural limits to what kinds of things can exist in nature. Living things change slowly over time, a process called evolution by natural selection. This process can create many different answers to a problem, but it can't always create every answer that can be imagined. Also, the ways that new living things build themselves (a process called developmental biology) can't always create every kind of part that can be imagined. Second, wheels are sometimes less useful than other ways of moving, like walking, running, or slithering like a snake. For the same reason, some groups of people in the past have given up using wheels completely.
Silver Medal of Military Valor
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. Like the Gold Medal and the Bronze Medal, the Silver Medal was given also to citizens who fought against nazism and fascism during World War II.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Rolling
Some living things move around by rolling. These are not true examples of wheels, because the whole organism rotates, without any parts that stay still, like an axle.
Some kinds of animals form their bodies into a circle. In some cases, they do this to protect themselves, and in some cases they do it to be able to roll. Animals that do this include some caterpillars, tiger beetle larvae, myriapods, mantis shrimp, and salamanders. Other animals form into a ball instead. These animals include pangolins, hedgehogs, armadillos, the armadillo Lizard, isopods, the wheel spider, and fossilized trilobites. These animals may roll passively, meaning they are pushed by gravity or wind, or actively, meaning they push themselves by changing their shape. Tumbleweeds are a part of a plant that grows above the ground. Tumbleweeds break off from their roots and roll in the wind in order to spread their seeds.
Dung beetles form round balls of animal feces. They roll these balls with their bodies. Although the ball rolls instead of the beetle, the beetles have many of the same problems as rolling animals.
A kind of skin cell called a keratinocyte moves itself by rolling, as part of the process of healing.
Rotation like a wheel
No known multicellular organism (an organism made of many cells) can spin part of its body while keeping the rest of its body still. However, there are at least two examples of rotating parts used by cells. One example is a molecule called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is used to store and move energy. For example, it is used in the processes of photosynthesis (a way of storing energy from the sun) and oxidative phosphorylation (a way of releasing stored energy). ATP synthase is similar to flagellar motors, which are talked about below. Biologists (scientists who study life) think that ATP synthase is an example of modular evolution. In modular evolution, two parts with different jobs join together and pick up a new job.
The only known example in nature of a part that can spin all the way around to push an organism is the flagellum. The flagellum is a tail used like a propeller to push single-celled prokaryotes. The bacterial flagellum is the best known example. About half of all known bacteria have at least one flagellum. This means that rotation may actually be the most common way of moving around found in nature.
At the bottom of the bacterial flagellum, where it meets the cell membrane, a motor protein acts as an engine. This engine gets its power from proton motive force, the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the cell membrane. This is caused by a concentration gradient (a difference in the number of protons on each side of the membrane) created by the cell's metabolism. (Bacteria called Vibrio use two kinds of flagella, one of which is powered by sodium ions instead.) Flagella are very efficient, meaning not much energy is wasted. They can push bacteria as fast as 60 times their length every second. The motor at the bottom of the flagellum has a similar structure to ATP synthase. Bacteria called spirillum have twisted bodies with flagella on both ends. Spririllum bacteria spin around as they move.
A kind of organism called archaea, which are different from bacteria, also use flagella powered by rotating motor proteins. The two kinds of flagella evolved from different parts. Eukaryotic cells are a more complex kind of cell found in plants and animals. Some of these cells also have flagella called cilia, but these flagella do not rotate at the bottom. Instead, they bend so that the tip of the flagella moves in a circle.
Limits of evolution
The science of evolution can help to explain why multicellular organisms have not developed wheels. To put it simply, a complex structure (one made of several parts working together) can't evolve unless its early, unfinished form helps the organism to live and to have children.
In the modern science of evolution, adaptations (changes that affect the fitness of an organism) appear slowly, over many generations, by means of natural selection. Because of this, genetic changes usually only spread in a population if they do not lower the fitness of individuals. Neutral changes (changes that don't raise or lower fitness) can spread by genetic drift. In some cases, changes that lower fitness can spread, but large changes that take many steps can only spread if each of the steps raises fitness. The biologist Richard Dawkins describes the situation this way:
""The wheel may be one of those cases where the engineering solution can be seen in plain view, yet be unattainable in evolution because it lies [on] the other side of a deep valley, cutting unbridgeably across the massif of Mount Improbable.""
In this metaphor, fitness is a landscape, where useful traits are peaks and harmful ones are valleys. Wheels may be a very useful peak, but the valley around that peak is too low or too wide for the gene pool (the set of genes in the population) to move to it by genetic drift or natural selection. Stephen Jay Gould points out that evolution can only build with parts that are already available. He writes that, "wheels work well, but animals are debarred [(prevented)] from building them by structural constraints [(limits)] inherited as an evolutionary legacy."
Natural selection therefore explains why wheels have not appeared. A wheel without one or more of its important parts would probably not help an organism very much. However, the same is not true for the flagellum discussed above. As the flagellum evolved, different parts of other structures were used for a new purpose. The part that is now a rotating motor, called a basal body, may have evolved from a part that was used by bacteria to inject poisons into other cells. This use of existing parts is called exaptation.
The biologist Robin Holliday has written that, because there are no living things with wheels, creationism and intelligent design (stories of life that claim an intelligent creator) are less likely to be right. Holliday argues that an intelligent creator, free from the limits of evolution, would use wheels in any place they would be useful.
Limits of bodies and how they grow
People have found it fairly easy to build wheeled systems, even complex ones, and they have been able to solve problems of power transmission (moving energy from one place to another) and friction. However, the ways new organisms build themselves are very different from the ways humans build things. It is not clear that the processes of life would be able to make a wheel. The reasons for this are talked about below.
The greatest barrier to many-celled organisms with wheels is the interface (meeting point) between the parts that move and the parts that stay still. Wheels, or wheels and axles, need to be able to turn freely relative to the rest of the organism. Animal joints have a limited range of motion (the angle they can move), but wheels need to be able to turn through any angle without needing to be turned back. Because of this, wheels can't be attached to the axle or shaft that they turn on. No true many-celled organism is known to grow solid tissues or organs that are not attached to the rest of the organism.
Sending power to wheels
To drive a wheel (that is, to make it turn), something must put a torque (twisting force) on it. For machines made by people, this torque is usually made by a motor. There are many kinds of motors, such as electric motors, turbines, and steam engines. Torque can also come from a person, as with a bicycle. In animals, movement is usually caused by skeletal muscles. These muscles get energy by metabolizing (breaking down) the nutrients in food. Skeletal muscles are attached with connective tissue to the bones they move, so they would not be useful for driving a wheel directly. Also, animals use their muscles in cycles - joints move in one direction, then the other, instead of moving in one direction constantly. Large animals cannot gain speed very quickly, because it is more difficult for muscles to pull against a large inertia (the resistance of a heavy object to movement).
Friction
In most machines, a lubricant (like oil or grease) or a bearing is used to limit friction (rubbing) between moving parts. Keeping friction down is important for limiting wear damage to the parts, and for keeping the parts from getting too hot. The faster the parts move, or the more force between them, the more important it is to reduce friction. In animal joints like the human knee, friction is reduced with a tissue called cartilage that has a low coefficient of friction, and a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid that has a low viscosity (resistance to flowing). Gerhard Scholtz, a professor at the Institut für Biologie Vergleichende Zoologie ("Institute for Biology and Comparative Zoology") at Humboldt University of Berlin, has written that a similar lubricating fluid or material from dead cells could help an animal wheel to turn freely, but something like this has never been seen in nature.
Moving nutrients and waste to and from a wheel
Another problem is the flow of materials to and from a living wheel. If the tissues that form the wheel are living, then they must receive oxygen and nutrients and have wastes taken away in order to continue metabolism (the process of using energy to maintain functioning). A normal animal circulatory system (the network of tubes that allow blood to flow), would not be able to provide for the necessary flow of materials. Without blood flowing, materials would have to diffuse to and from the wheel. Diffusion is limited by partial pressure and surface area, by a rule called Fick's law of diffusion. For large animals, diffusion would not be enough to keep tissues alive. Instead of a living wheel, a wheel could be made of dead material like keratin, which makes up hair and nails.
Problems with wheels
In some environments, wheels are simply not as good as limbs for getting around. So it may be that, even if it were possible for wheels to evolve, they would not be found often in nature. In fact, given the limits of wheels, the main question can be turned around: instead of asking "Why doesn't nature use wheels?", the question becomes "Why don't people build more machines with limbs?" In engineering, wheels are often used instead of limbs, because limbs are more complex to design and control—not because wheels necessarily do the job better.
Rolling resistance
Rolling resistance is also the reason that some human civilizations didn't use wheels. During the Roman Empire, wheeled chariots were common in the Middle East and North Africa. However, when the Empire fell, wheels became less useful to the local people, who turned to camels to transport goods in the sandy desert climate. Stephen Jay Gould wrote about this strange fact of history in his book Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes. He wrote that without maintained roads, camels needed less human power and water than a cart pulled by oxen.
Dealing with obstacles
The engineer Mieczysław G. Bekker showed that in natural terrain, small obstacles are much more common than large ones. This is called a "log-normal" distribution. This means that obstacles are a problem for wheeled vehicles of all sizes. The main ways of dealing with obstacles are to go around them, and to go over them.
Going around obstacles
The most common types of steering do not include separate articulation (joints for bending) for each wheel, so they have a limited turning radius. This limits how well these kinds of vehicles can move around where there are a large number of obstacles.
Michael LaBarbera of the University of Chicago shows the limited turning radius of wheels by comparing humans walking with humans in wheelchairs. Jared Diamond points out that most examples of rolling in nature are found in wide open, hard terrain. This includes the use of rolling by dung beetles and tumbleweeds.
Going over obstacles
Wheels are bad at dealing with vertical (upright) obstacles, especially obstacles about the same size as the wheel itself. If a vehicle or animal can move its center of mass, then the largest vertical obstacles that can be climbed are half as high as the wheel. If the center of mass cannot be moved, the highest obstacle that can be climbed is one eighth to one quarter the height of the wheel.
Also, without joints, a wheeled vehicle can become stuck (unable to move) on top of an obstacle, with the obstacle between the wheels so they don't touch the ground. Limbs, unlike wheels, are useful for climbing, and can deal with difficult terrain.
For wheels without joints, climbing obstacles will cause the body of the vehicle to tilt. If the weight of the vehicle moves outside of the wheels, the vehicle can tip over because of static instability. At high speed, a vehicle's inertia can cause it to become dynamically unstable. This means it can be tipped over by a smaller obstacle, or simply by turning or changing speed too quickly. Without jointed limbs, it can be impossible to recover from being tipped over.
Use of limbs for different jobs
Limbs used by animals to move over terrain are often also used for other purposes, such as holding and manipulating things, climbing, swinging from branches, swimming, digging, jumping, throwing, kicking, and grooming. Without joints, wheels are not as useful as limbs for these jobs.
Rolling creatures
The hoop snake is an animal described in legend in the United States and Australia. The snake is said to hold its tail in its mouth and roll like a wheel towards its victims. The Japanese Tsuchinoko is a similar legendary animal.
The 1944 science fiction short story "Arena", by Fredric Brown, includes a telepathic (mind-reading) alien called an "Outsider". The Outsider is shaped like a ball and moves by rolling. A 1967 Star Trek episode with the same name was based on the story. A 1964 episode of The Outer Limits called "Fun and Games" may have been based on the same story. Neither television episode included a rolling animal.
The Dutch artist M. C. Escher invented an animal that he named Pedalternorotandomovens centroculatus articulosus. This animal was able to roll itself forward like a wheel. Escher drew the animal in his 1951 picture Wentelteefje (also known by the English title Curl-up).
London Stadium
London Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London. It was the main stadium for the London 2012 Olympic Games. It used to be called Olympic Stadium and the Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Rolling creatures
A 1956 Scrooge McDuck comic by Carl Barks, Land Beneath the Ground!, included "Terries" and "Fermies", characters who move from place to place by rolling like a bowling ball. The Terries and Fermies have turned their rolling into a sport, causing earthquakes in the process.
London Stadium
On 22 March 2013, West Ham United secured a 99-year lease on the Olympic Stadium, with it planned to be used as the football club's home ground from the 2016-17 season. In September 2015, the British Government rejected holding an inquiry into the arrangement that was pressed for by rival clubs who argued West Ham United were being given an unfair advantage.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Rolling creatures
In the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series, the main character Sonic and his sidekick Tails move by rolling. The Sonic the Hedgehog series first appeared in 1991.
Amani Toomer
Amani Toomer (born September 8, 1974 in Berkeley, California) is a retired American football wide receiver that played for the New York Giants and Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. He won Super Bowl XLII with the Giants on February 3, 2008.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Rolling creatures
The 1995 short story "Microbe", by Kenyon College biologist and feminist science fiction writer Joan Slonczewski, is about a trip to explore an alien world, where the plant and animal life is entirely made of doughnut-shaped organisms.
Wheeled creatures
L. Frank Baum's 1907 children's book Ozma of Oz includes human-like creatures with wheels instead of hands and feet, called "Wheelers".
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012
The March 2–3, 2012 tornado outbreak was several tornadoes that hit the Southern United States and Ohio Valley. Two of them were EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. This included Ohio and Kentucky.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheeled creatures
The 1968 novel The Goblin Reservation by Clifford D. Simak includes an intelligent kind of alien that uses natural wheels.
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012
The storms killed 43 people.
London Stadium
On 8 May 2018, Major League Baseball announced a two-year deal to host a series of baseball games at the London Stadium in 2019 and 2020. The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees (a major rivalry in the American League) played a two-game series at the stadium from 29 to 30 June 2019, branded as the 2019 MLB London Series.
The London Stadium has occasionally held concerts since the end of the Olympics in 2012.
Caraș-Severin County
Caraş-Severin (Serbian: Караш Северин, Karaš Severin, Karaš-Severin; Krassó-Szörény, Bulgarian: Караш-Северин, Karash-Severin) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in historical region Banat. The capital of Caraş-Severin County is Reşiţa.
Demographics
In 2002, about 332,000 people lived in Caraş-Severin County.
Geography
Caraş-Severin County has an area of 8,514 km². It is the third biggest county in Romania, after Timiş and Suceava counties. The Danube enters Romania in Caraş-Severin County.
Divisions
Caraş-Severin County has 2 municipalities, 6 towns, and 69 communes.
Stand Watie
Stand Watie (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) was a leader of the Cherokee Nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He commanded the Native American cavalry made up mostly of Cherokee, Creek and Seminole people. He was also known as Degataga, meaning to "stand firm" and Isaac S. Watie.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheeled creatures
Piers Anthony's 1977 book Cluster and its sequels (the later books in the same series) include a type of aliens called Polarians. The Polarians move around by holding and balancing on a large ball. The ball is a living part of the Polarian's body that can be removed temporarily.
Osama Elsamni
Osama Elsamni (born 29 September 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Teplice.
Club career statistics
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 5||0||||||||||5||0 5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheeled creatures
David Brin's Uplift Universe includes a kind of wheeled alien called the G'Kek. The G'Kek are described in the 1995 novel Brightness Reef. In the 1996 novel Infinity's Shore, the G'Kek are said to look like "a squid in a wheelchair." They suffer from arthritis in their axles as they become old, especially when living in an environment with high gravity.
Nasjonal Samling
Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for "National Gathering" or "National Unity") was a fascist party in Norway, active in the period 1933–1945. The party was founded by Vidkun Quisling and a group of sympathisers. The party's paramilitary wing was called Hirden (the Hird).
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheeled creatures
A 1997 novel in the Animorphs series, The Andalite Chronicles, includes a kind of aliens called Mortrons. The Mortrons are made of two separate living parts: a yellow and black bottom half with four wheels, and a long, red head with sharp teeth and hidden wings.
Kendall, Florida
Kendall is a census-designated place in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. At the 2010 census, about 75,371 people lived here.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheeled creatures
The 2000 novel The Amber Spyglass, by English author Philip Pullman, includes a type of alien known as the Mulefa. The Mulefa have diamond-shaped (◊-shaped) bodies with one leg at the front and back and one leg on each side. The Mulefa use large, disc-shaped seed pods as wheels. They hold the pods on axles made of bone on their front and back legs, while pushing themselves with their side legs. The Mulefa and the seed pod trees have a symbiotic relationship, or a relationship that helps both sides: the Mulefa use the seed pods as wheels, and the seed pod trees depend on the rolling to crack open the pods and allow the seeds to spread.
Collateral (movie)
Collateral is a 2004 American crime thriller movie. This movie is set in Los Angeles. It is about a hit-man named Vincent who is out to murder several witnesses and a prosecutor. His main hostage, taxi driver Max, reluctantly agrees to do some harsh things along with him. Max, though, eventually has enough. He then shoots Vincent, killing him. Jamie Foxx plays Max and Tom Cruise plays Vincent. The movie was released in late August 2004. It became a success in the U.S. box office and worldwide. The reviews were excellent.
Rolling and wheels in the natural world
Wheeled creatures
In the 2000 novel Wheelers, by English mathematician Ian Stewart and biologist Jack Cohen, a kind of alien called "blimps" can grow machines called "wheelers", which use wheels to move.
The 2009 Disney children's television series Jungle Junction includes jungle animals with wheels instead of legs. One of these animals, "Ellyvan", is a hybrid (a combination) of an elephant and a van. These animals move around their home on highways.
Stand Watie
Stand Watie was born in Georgia. He helped his brother run a newspaper. Watie helped lead the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1835.
Watie died in 1871.
Wieluń
Wieluń is a city in the central part of Poland in Łódź Voivodeship. Around 27,000 people live here. The city was started in 1283.
Twin towns
Wieluń is twinned with:
Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park
Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park is in the southeastern corner of Spain. It is Andalucia's largest coastal protected area. It is a wild and isolated landscape with some of Europe's most original geological features. It is the only region in Europe with a Warm Desert climate.
Cabo de Gata-Níjar was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945
The Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the Croix de guerre created on September 26, 1939. It honors people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.
Bronze Medal of Military Valor
The Bronze Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia di bronzo al Valore Militare) is an Italian medal awarded by the King of Italy.
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding class. As the Gold medal and the Silver Medal, after the World War II, the Bronze Medal was gave to the cities that fought against the nazism and the fascism during the war.
École nationale d'administration
The École nationale d'administration (often called ENA; ; National School of Administration) is a French grande école, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle.
American Descendants of Slavery
American Descendants of Slavery, abbreviated as ADOS, refers to an ethnic and racial group composed of people whose ancestors were taken by force from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States starting from the 16th century until the 19th century and forced to work as slaves under threat of violence, including rape, torture and murder.
Montecristo
Monte Cristo is a small Italian Island, about 4.3 kilometers across at its widest point, about halfway between Corsica and mainland Italy; south of Elba and west of Giglio. It is part of the Tuscan Archipelago. The island is probably best known as a fictional setting in the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, père.
Monte Cristo is Italian for “The mountain of Christ".
The island is remote and kept by the Italian government as a nature preserve and hunting park, and only accessible by private yacht and permit. There are no structures on the island.
Saarbrücken
Saarbrücken (Sarrebruck ; Rhine Franconian: Saarbrigge [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.
The city is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants. It is on the Saar River.
Alanna Ubach
Alanna Noel Ubach (born October 3, 1975) is an actress, vocal artist and singer of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Spanish descent. She is known for her roles in Coco as Mama Imelda, Legally Blonde as Serena McGuire, Meet the Fockers as Isabel Villalobos. She played Jeanine Pirro in the 2019 movie Bombshell and Suze Howard in the HBO series Euphoria. She is also known for singing "La Llorona" and "La Bruja" in Coco Live at the Hollywood Bowl.
N'dalatando
N'dalatando  (pre-1975: Vila Salazar) is a town and municipality of Cuanza Norte Province in Angola. It is also the capital of the province. It has a station on the northern railway of Luanda Railway.
Pianosa
Pianosa is a small (about 10 km2) island in Italy's Tuscan Archipelago. The name is derived from the latin word "planasia" (plain) because its highest point is some 22 meters over sea level. Pianosa has no permanent residents. It is known in Italy for a maximum-security prison, where especially dangerous Mafia criminals are held. For administration, Pianosa is part of the Elba island municipality. On clear days, it can be seen from that island as a dark blue line over the lighter blue sea.
In the novel Catch-22, a U.S. Army Air Corps bomber squadron is based on the island during World War II,
There is another, even smaller island called Pianosa off the Adriatic coast of Italy.
Cornas
Cornas is a French commune that can be found in the département of Ardèche in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The name is Celtic for "burnt land." It has a population of 2,082 people.
Reşiţa
Reşiţa (German: Reschitz, Hungarian: Resicabánya, Krashovani: Решица or Rešica, Czech: Rešice) is a city in the western part of Romania. It is the capital of Caraş-Severin County, in the Banat region. About 84,000 people live in Reşiţa as of the year 2004.
Ken Dreyfuss
Ken Dreyfuss is a coxswain from USA. Dreyfuss competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was born on 8 October 1947.
Coux, Ardèche
Coux is a commune of the Ardèche département in the south-east of France. The commune has a population of 1,466 people as of the year 1999.
David Karp
David Karp (born July 6, 1986) is an American entrepreneur who started the website Tumblr in 2007. He sold the website to Yahoo! for US$1.1 billion in 2013. He was born in New York City. He started learning HTML when he was 11. When he was 15 he stopped going to high school. He was taught at home instead. In 2013, Forbes said that Karp's net worth is more than $200 million. His cultural and ethnic background is Jewish.
Kidnapping, Caucasian Style
Kidnapping, Caucasian Style (Кавказская пленница, или Новые приключения Шурика) is a 1967 Soviet comedy movie directed by Leonid Gaidai. It stars Aleksandr Demyanenko, Natalya Varley, and Vladimir Etush.
Lake Aluma, Oklahoma
Lake Aluma is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
George Stoneman
George Stoneman, Jr. (August 22, 1822 – September 5, 1894) was a career U.S. Army officer, a Union cavalry general in the American Civil War, and the Governor of California between 1883 and 1887.
Guaraní people
The Guarani are a group of peoples of South America. They were in the continent before any European arrived there. They speak the Guarani language. In the presentthe Guarani people live in Paraguay, the Misiones Province of Argentina, southern Brazil once as far north as Rio de Janeiro, and parts of Uruguay and Bolivia.
Location
Originally, they lived in Paraguay between the Uruguay River and lower Paraguay River. In Argentina in the Misiones Province. In Brazil from its south up to Rio de Janeiro. Also, in parts of Uruguay and Bolivia.