cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Division of labour
Xenophon was a philosopher of the 4th century BC. In his book Cryopedia (The Education of Cyrus) he writes about the division of labour:
Richard Donner
Early years
Richard Schwartzberg was born in the Bronx, to Jewish parents, Hattie and Fred Schwartzberg. His father owned a small furniture manufacturing business. He has a sister, Joan. Donner started his career with hopes of acting, but quickly moved into directing commercials and making business films.
Death
Donner died on July 5, 2021 at the age of 91 at his home in West Hollywood, California. The cause of death was heart and respiratory failure caused by atherosclerosis.
Seikan Tunnel
The Seikan Tunnel（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan. It connects Hokkaido to Aomori Prefecture. This tunnel is the second longest transport tunnel in the world. The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long. 23.3 km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater. There are two stations in the tunnel.
History
The means of transportation from Hokkaido to Honshu was the Seikan ship until Seikan tunnel was completed. It took about 3 hours. However, it had some troubles. For example, the sea route was not safe. The Toyamaru accident in 1954 had 1155 dead and some missing people, caused by Typhoon Number 15 Roke. because of that reason, the plan that constructing Seikan Tunnel from Hokkaido to Honshu was becoming a reality. At first, the east route and west route was considered. In the west route, the deepest depth of water was 140 meters and the nature of the soil was easy to drill rocks, so west route was then chosen.
Techniques
The tunnel can be entered by the Shinkansen (bullet train). The inner structure of the tunnel was planned to have three bullet train's rails. Because half of this tunnel is under the bottom of the sea, the workers who built this tunnel were worried about seawater. So, they used new construction techniques. For example, laser measurement, 2150m horizontal drilling, pouring water glass and cement into soft bedrock. These techniques were paid attention to by all of the world at that time. There is still much water, so the seawater that is collected is placed in the tunnel and is pumped out of the tunnel.
Stations
There are two stations in Seikan tunnel. Tappikaitei Station opened in Aza-Minmayatatsuhama, Sotogahama-machi, Higashitsugaru-gun, Aomori on March 13, 1988. And Yoshiokakaitei Station opened in Tatesaki, Fukushima-cho, Matsumae-gun, Hokkaido on March 13, 1988. If passengers have a special ticket, they can get off the train at the stations to look around. These are located in 149.5 meters under the seabed and there are 2247 steps of stairs to the surface. Also, these stations have shelters for train fires and blackouts. Tappikaitei Station and Yoshiokakaitei Station became the service stop each on November 10, 2013 and August 27, 2013. However, these stations were closed on March 15, 2014, because the number of passengers who used these stations, was not a lot.
Sun Zhengcai
Sun joined Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1988. He was a member of the CPC Central Committee since 2007. Since November 2012, Sun has been the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Before that, he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province, and Minister of Agriculture of China.
Sun is the youngest member of the 18th Politburo, and one of only two members born after 1960, the other being Hu Chunhua. As such, Sun and Hu were considered to be a leading candidate for a top leadership position in the "6th Generation of Chinese leadership". However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the game by abandoning the successors designated by his predecessors.
In July 14, 2017, Sun was removed from the post of Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, and investigated for wrong-doings. On July 24, the Chinese official news agency reported that Sun violated CPC's disciplines. On September 29, Sun was stripped of his CPC membership, fired from his government position, and charged for crime. On May 8, 2018, Sun was sentenced for life in prison.
Washington County, Pennsylvania
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 207,820. Its county seat is Washington.
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. The city is in the northwest of Spain in the Province of A Coruña.
The city's Cathedral is the destination of an important pilgrimage route, the Way of St. James (Galician: Camiño de Santiago, Spanish: Camino de Santiago). Pilgrims have been following this route since the ninth century.
Roger Machin
Machin died on 17 January 2021 at the age of 94.
Sutton Foster
Sutton Lenore Foster (born March 18, 1975) is an American actress, singer and dancer. She is known for her work on the Broadway stage. She won two Tony Awards for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical. She is known for her role as Millie Dillmount in Thoroughly Modern Millie and Reno Sweeney in Anything Goes.
Survey of Israel
Survey of Israel - SOI (מפ"י - המרכז למיפוי ישראל) is the national Israeli institute of geodesy and map-making. It was founded in 1920 as the Survey of the British Mandate of Palestine. It is in Tel Aviv with branches in Jerusalem, Beer Sheva, Haifa and Nazareth. In 2011 the Israeli government decided to transfer all units into a new building to be built in Jerusalem.
Castillo de Garcimuñoz
Castillo de Garcimuñoz is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 209.
Oleh Babayev
Oleh Meydanovych Babayev (Олег Мейданович Бабаєв; 21 October 1965 – 26 July 2014) was a Ukrainian politician and businessman. He was the Mayor of Kremenchuk, Poltava Oblast from 2010 until his death. He was also the owner of two football teams in Poltava Oblast.
Babayev was born in Kursk, Kursk Oblast which was then part of the Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union. He was of Azerbaijani ancestry.
Babayev was shot dead on 26 July 2014 outside his home in Kremenchuk, aged 48. He had three shotgun wounds.
Karl Glusman
Karl Lewis Glusman (born January 3, 1988) is an American actor.
Glusman was born in New York City and raised in Portland, Oregon. His parents are of Ashkenazi Jewish, English, German, Irish, Luxembourgian and Swedish descent.
Personal Life
Since 2016, Glusman has been in a relationship with actress Zoë Kravitz. Kravitz said she had become engaged in February 2018. They were married June 29, 2019. They were married at Kravitz's father, Lenny Kravitz's home in Paris, France.
The Mad Game
The Mad Game is a 1933 American crime drama movie directed by Irving Cummings and starring Spencer Tracy, Claire Trevor, Ralph Morgan, J. Carrol Naish, Matt McHugh, Kathleen Burke, Willard Robertson. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Philippe of France, Son of France, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the youngest son of Louis XIII of France and his queen consort Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous Louis XIV, le roi soleil. He was known as Monsieur at his brother's court.
Biography
He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy. Through the children of both of his marriages Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royals, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe". Philippe's other legacies include his decisive victory at the Battle of Cassel in 1677. Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented his fortune and thus the fortune of the House of Orléans.
First marriage
Married Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The couple had three children:
Second marriage
Married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Elector Palatine Charles I Louis and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons. The couple had three children:
Surplus
Surplus is when there is more of something than is needed. Therefore:
Castillo-Albaráñez
Castillo-Albaráñez is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 28.
Microeconomics
Microeconomics is the science of how people make decisions at the small scale. It is different from macroeconomics which looks at how the economy works as a whole ("on aggregate"). In microeconomics, we might look at how a person chooses what to buy at the store, or how many things a company will make. Some parts of microeconomics include Consumer Theory and Theory of the Firm, which study how people and businesses make decisions. Game theory looks at how people make decisions when the outcome (how something ends) depends on what decision another person makes; when agents are said to act "strategically".
Ernesto Cardenal
On 1 March 2020, Cardenal died of problems caused by heart and kidney disease, aged 95.
Muriel Grossfeld
Muriel Evelyn Grossfeld (née Davis October 7, 1940 – January 17, 2021) was an American gymnast. She won a team gold medal at the 1963 Pan American Games. She competed in all artistic gymnastics events at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics. Grossfeld was born in New York City.
Grossfeld died on January 17, 2021 at the age of 80.
Lutsk
Lutsk (Луцьк; Łuck; לוצק) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Volyn Oblast. In 2020, 217,315 people lived there.
Sadness
Sadness is an emotion. It is the opposite of happiness. People feel sad when something bad has happened, for example, if their mother or father has died.
In capital letters, SAD, or S.A.D. is short for "Seasonal affective disorder". SAD is a sickness that some people have in the winter. They feel depressed as the nights become longer and there is less daylight.
When people are very sad, and for a long time, the person could have a serious mental illness called depression or Bipolar disorder.
Notes
It is normally thought of as the opposite of happiness, but you can feel both happy and sad at the same time.
Jess Phillips
Jessica Rose Phillips (Trainor; born 9 October 1981) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Yardley since the 2015 general election.
In January 2020, Phillips briefly ran for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election.
Herl
Herl is a municipality and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 253 people lived there.
Kherson
Kherson (Херсо́н) is a city in southern Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of Kherson Oblast. In 2020, 286,958 people lived there.
El Oasis
El Oasis is a rural community in Ojinaga Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico. It had a population of 475 inhabitants at the 2010 census. It is also situated at 1,204 meters above sea level.
Kherson
The city is an important port on the Black Sea and on the Dnieper River.
The city was a site of heavy fighting in the first days of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The city was reported to be under Russian control as of 2 March 2022.
Holy Saturday
Holy Saturday (from the Latin: Sabbatum Sanctum) is the day after Good Friday. It is the day before Easter and the last day of Holy week, in which Christians prepare for Easter. This day commemorates the day that Jesus Christ's body laid in the tomb.
Nick Boynton
Nick Boynton (born January 14, 1979 in Nobleton, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a career total of 11 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Boston Bruins, Phoenix Coyotes, Florida Panthers, Anaheim Ducks, Chicago Blackhawks, and the Philadelphia Flyers. He also played 9 regular seasons games with the Nottingham Panthers of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL).
Boynton was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes in 1997. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2011.
Ed Begley Jr.
Begley, Jr. was born on September 16, 1949 in Los Angeles, California to Ed Begley, Sr. and to Allene Jeanne Sanders. He studied at Notre Dame High School and at Los Angeles Valley College. He was married to Ingrid Taylor from 1976 until they divorced in 1989. He has now been married to Rachelle Carson since 2000. He has three children. He lives in Los Angeles, California.
Siamand Rahman
Siamand Rahman (21 March 1988 – 1 March 2020) was an Iranian Paralympic powerlifter.
He won gold medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio and the 2010 Asian Para Games in Guangzhou.
He is the current IPC Powerlifting World Record holder in the +107 kg category with a 310.0 kg bench press and also holds the junior world record with 290.0 kg and the Paralympic Championship Record with 310.0 kg.
Siamand died on 1 March 2020 of cardiac arrest in Oshnavieh, Iran at the age of 31.
Novoselytsia
Novoselytsia (Новоселиця; Nowosielitza; Nowosielica; Noua Suliță; נאוואסעליץ) is a city in Chernivtsi Raion (district), Chernivtsi Oblast (province) of Ukraine. In 2020, 7,566 people lived there.
Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses are parts of the nasal cavity. They are usually counted to be part of the respiratory system. They are mucous membranes, which are mostly inside bones. These bones are then filled with air, which makes the skull look bigger, without adding much extra weight. Prenasal cavities can be found in mammals, most birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians.
Since sinuses are in virtually all land vertebrates, they must have a function. They are covered with a mucosa, epidermal cells which are moist and make mucus. This moistens and warms the air on its way into the lungs. The mucus also picks up particles which come in with the air. A variety of possible functions have been proposed:
Cheng Yu-tung
Cheng Yu-tung GBM (鄭裕彤; 8 August 1925 – 29 September 2016) was a billionaire and investor based in Hong Kong. He owned several real estate properties, businesses, hotels, infrastructure, jewellery retailers and transportation services in Hong Kong, Macau, the United States, and Australia.
Cheng is also known for founding the New World Development in 1970 which is a Hong Kong based conglomerate.
Life
Cheng was born and raised in Shunde, Guangdong. He fled to Macau in 1940 during Japanese occupation in China. Later, he started working as an apprentice in Chow Tai Fook store and in time, he married his boss's daughter. In 1946 he moved to Hong Kong and opened the first store of Chow Tai Fook there.
Career
Cheng founded the conglomerate named Chow Tai Fook Enterprises. He also operated the Sheraton Marina hotel. He was once a real-estate investment partner of Donald Trump. He served as the Director of the board of Hang Seng Bank which is the third largest bank in Hong Kong.
Cheng represented the Kingdom of Bhutan in Hong Kong. He served as the honorary consul of it.
List of named minor planets (alphabetical)
The naming of the minor planets is usually done by the person who discovered the planet. New names of planets are chosen by the discoverer and approved by the Working Group Small Body Nomenclature (WGSBN) of the International Astronomical Union. The names are published in the WGSBN Bulletin. Over the last four decades, the list has grown very large. An average of 492 new planets' names are being added every year (or 1.35 namings per day). In March 1979, only 1924 minor planets had gotten a name and completed the designation process. , the list has 23,081 objects that have been named.
WrestleMania XV
WrestleMania XV was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on March 28, 1999 at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the fifteenth WrestleMania event held by the WWF.
List of named minor planets (alphabetical)
Lists
Below are links to lists of every minor planet that has a name. These lists are in alphabetical order.
Bill Bunten
William Wallace Bunten (April 5, 1930 – February 29, 2020) was an American politician. He was mayor of Topeka, Kansas from 2005 to 2013. Before being elected mayor, he was in the Kansas House of Representatives from 1962 to 1990 and in the Kansas Senate from 2002 to 2004. Bunten was a member of the Republican Party.
Bunten died of pneumonia-related problems on February 29, 2020 in Topeka, Kansas at the age of 89.
Wake Up and Dream
Wake Up and Dream is a 1946 American fantasy drama movie directed by Lloyd Bacon and was based on the novel The Enchanted Voyage by Robert Nathan. It stars John Payne, June Haver, Charlotte Greenwood, John Ireland, Clem Bevans, Lee Patrick, Irving Bacon and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Laws of thermodynamics
There are four laws of thermodynamics. They talk about temperature, heat, work, and entropy. They are used in thermodynamics and other sciences, for example chemistry.
Comanche
Comanche peoples are Native Americans who lived in an area called the Comancheria. This is where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, most in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton) and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called Uto-Aztecan language family.
Oleander
Oleander, Nerium oleander, is a poisonous shrub. It is commonly used in gardens because of its pink colored flowers. Nerium oleander is native to northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean basin and southeast Asia. Oleander prefers dry, warm climates and may naturalize in such areas. Recently, scientific studies on cardenolide oleandrin show that it may be used to prevent mutagenesis.
Laws of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics has three main laws: the first law, the second law, and the third law. Then there was another law, called the "zeroth law." The law of conservation of mass is also an important idea in thermodynamics, but it is not called law.
Zeroth law
The zeroth law of thermodynamics says temperature is an empirical parameter in thermodynamic systems. It states the transitive relationship between the temperatures of multiple bodies in thermal equilibrium. The law says: "If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other."
First law
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed. It can also be stated in the following form:"The energy gained (or lost) by a system is equal to the energy lost (or gained) by its surroundings."
Second law
The second law of thermodynamics says that some things can't be undone after they are done. This indicates that entropy is real. It states that, in an isolated system, entropy can increase but cannot decrease. It can be stated as follows:"Natural processes tend to go only one way, toward less usable energy and more disorder."
Third law
The third law of thermodynamics can be stated as:"A system's entropy approaches a constant value as its temperature approaches absolute zero."
Comanche
The name Comanche was given by the Mexicans and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, kleptomania (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves Numinous, meaning "human being" or "the People". They were very good warriors and fought the white settlers and army for many years until they gave up in 1875.
The woman in the family made the teepees. They gathered wild potatoes, fruits, nuts and berries. The woman in the family cooked, cleaned and made their clothing. The clothing was made out either bear, deer, bison, buffalo, wolves or coyotes.
Maundy Thursday
Maundy Thursday, also known as Holy Thursday, Covenant Thursday, Great & Holy Thursday, and Thursday of Mysteries, is the Christian feast or holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter that commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Twelve Apostles as described in the Canonical gospels. It is the fifth day of Holy Week, and is preceded by Holy Wednesday and followed by Good Friday.
The Boxer (1997 movie)
The Boxer is a 1997 Irish British American drama movie directed by Jim Sheridan and starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Emily Watson, Ken Stott, Brian Cox, Gerard McSorley, Ian McElhinney. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Virus
A virus is a tiny parasite. Virology is the study of viruses.
Viruses can only be seen under an electron microscope. Viruses are not free-living: they can only be parasites. They always reproduce inside other living things. All viruses infect living organisms, and may cause disease. The virus make copies of itself inside another organism's cells. Viruses are a strand of nucleic acid with a protein coat. Usually the nucleic acid is RNA; sometimes it is DNA. Viruses cause many types of diseases, such as polio, ebola and hepatitis.
Viruses reproduce by getting their nucleic acid strand into a prokaryote or eukaryote cell. The RNA or DNA strand then takes over the cell machinery to reproduce copies of itself and the protein coat. The cell then bursts open, spreading the newly created viruses. All viruses reproduce this way, and there are no free-living viruses. Viruses are everywhere in the environment, and all organisms can be infected by them.
Most viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They were not visible until the invention of the electron microscope. A virus has a simple structure. It has just a protein coat which covers a string of nucleic acid. Viruses live and reproduce inside the cells of other living organisms.
With eukaryotic cells, the virus protein coat is able to enter the target cells by certain cell membrane receptors. With prokaryote bacteria cells, the bacteriophage physically injects the nucleic acid strand into the host cell.
Viruses have the following characteristics:
When the host cell has finished making more viruses, it undergoes lysis, or breaks apart. The viruses are released and are then able to infect other cells. Viruses can remain "silent" (inactive) for a long time, and will infect cells when the time and conditions are right.
Some special viruses are worth noting. Bacteriophages have evolved to enter bacterial cells, which have a different type of cell wall from eukaryote cell membranes. Envelope viruses, when they reproduce, cover themselves with a modified form of the host cell membrane, thus gaining an outer lipid layer that helps entry. Some of our most difficult-to-combat viruses, like influenza and HIV, use this method.
Viral infections in animals trigger an immune response which usually kills the infecting virus. Vaccines can also produce immune responses. They give an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. However, some viruses (including those causing AIDS and viral hepatitis) escape from these immune responses and cause chronic infections. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but there are some other drugs which can be used against viruses.
Genome
A virus has either RNA or DNA genes and so is called an RNA virus or a DNA virus. The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes. Plant viruses usually have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages usually have double-stranded DNA genomes. 96/99
Fewer than 7,000 types have been described in detail. but there are doubtlessly many more to be discovered.
Replication cycle
Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they do not have cells. Instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce many copies of themselves, and they assemble (put together) in the cell.
The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six basic stages in the life cycle of viruses: 75/91
Genetic material and replication
The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses.
Innate immune system
The body's first line of defence against viruses is the innate immune system. This has cells and other mechanisms which defend the host from any infection. The cells of the innate system recognise, and respond to, pathogens in a general way.
RNA interference is an important innate defence against viruses. Many viruses have a replication strategy that involves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). When such a virus infects a cell, it releases its RNA molecule. A protein complex called dicer sticks to it and chops the RNA into pieces. Then a biochemical pathway, called the RISC complex, starts up. This attacks the viral mRNA, and the cell survives the infection.
Rotaviruses avoid this by not uncoating fully inside the cell and by releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle's inner capsid. The genomic dsRNA remains protected inside the core of the virion.
The production of interferon is an important host defence mechanism. This is a hormone produced by the body when viruses are present. Its role in immunity is complex; it eventually stops the viruses from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours.
Adaptive immune system
Vertebrates have a second, more specific, immune system. It is called the adaptive immune system. When it meets a virus, it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and render it non-infectious. Two types of antibodies are important.
Another vertebrate defence against viruses involves immune cells known as T cells. The body's cells constantly display short fragments of their proteins on the cell's surface, and, if a T cell recognises a suspicious viral fragment there, the host cell is destroyed by killer T cells and the virus-specific T-cells proliferate. Cells such as macrophages are specialists at this antigen presentation.
Evading the immune system
Not all virus infections produce a protective immune response. These persistent viruses evade immune control by sequestration (hiding away); cytokine resistance; evading natural killer cell activity; escape from apoptosis (cell death), and antigenic shift (changing surface proteins). HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing the amino acid sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion. Other viruses move along nerves to places the immune system cannot reach.
Evolution
Viruses do not belong to any of the six kingdoms. They do not meet all the requirements for being classified as a living organism because they are not active until the point of infection. However, that is just a verbal point.
Obviously, their structure and mode of operation means they have evolved from other living things, and the loss of normal structure occurs in many endoparasites. The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids – pieces of DNA that can move between cells – while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.
Recent discoveries
A recent project discovered nearly 1500 new RNA viruses by sampling over 200 invertebrate species. "The research team... extracted their RNA and, using next-generation sequencing, deciphered the sequence of a staggering six trillion letters present in the invertebrate RNA libraries". The research showed that viruses changed bits and pieces of their RNA by a variety of genetic mechanisms. "The invertebrate virome [shows] remarkable genomic flexibility that includes frequent recombination, lateral gene transfer among viruses and hosts, gene gain and loss, and complex genomic rearrangements".
How bacteria and archaea deal with viruses
Viruses have been on this planet a long time. We now know that bacteria and archaea had to deal with them first, before our type of cellular life evolved. Details of the defence mechanisms used by archaea and bacteria are discussed on the page CRISPR, which briefly introduces the topic of early defences against viruses.
Largest virus
A group of large viruses infect amoebae. The largest is Pithovirus. Others in order of size are Pandoravirus, then Megavirus, then Mimivirus. They are bigger than some bacteria, and visible under a light microscope.
Viruses in the sea
Viruses are everywhere in the sea. They may outnumber all other forms of marine life by at least an order of magnitude. Through selective infection, viruses influence nutrient cycling and evolution in the ocean.
Reductio ad Hitlerum
Reductio ad Hitlerum, also known as playing the Hitler card, is a logical fallacy described by Leo Strauss, a philosopher, in 1951. It happens when someone compares their opponent's view with Hitler or something that he did.
It is a form of ad hominem, distracting from the argument by criticizing the opponent. It works because in the modern world, people think of Nazism as a bad thing.
During the 2016 US Presidential Election, Republican candidate Donald J. Trump has been repeatedly compared to Hitler by commentators and comedians.
An example is as follows:
As person 2 has criticized the opponent as opposed to the argument by comparing them to Hitler without giving any reasons as to why X is not true, they have committed reductio ad Hitlerum.
Hampshire
Hampshire is a county in the south of the UK. The county has an area of 1,455 square miles (3,769 km²). At its widest points, the county is about 55 miles (90 km) east-west and 40 miles (65 km) north-south. The county town is Winchester. About 1.6 million people live in Hampshire.
2-1-1
2-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It was made to be easy to remember. Calling the number lets people get information quickly about health organizations. It can also be called in an emergency.
History
New York Telephone (now part of Verizon) used the 2-1-1 number for many years. It was an automatic, meaning it worked by itself, number for phone numbers that were dialed wrongly. 2-1-1 was used this way from the 1970s through the early 2000s.
The city of Atlanta started a new way of using 2-1-1 in 1997. This new way of using it was similar to how it is used now. After Atlanta, many other cities and states started to use it as a special number to call in an emergency. 5-1-1 is also used for this.
JC Chasez
Discography
NSYNC
Solo Career
Aon Center
The Aon Center is the name of two buildings.
February 2016 Ankara bombing
The February 2016 Ankara bombing was a car bombing in Ankara, Turkey, in the afternoon of 17 February 2016. It set several vehicles alight. An operation was launched against the suspected attackers.
Undue burden standard
The undue burden standard is a constitutional test created by the Supreme Court of the United States. The test, first developed in the late 19th century, is widely used in American constitutional law. In short, the Undue Burden standard says the legislature cannot make a particular law that is too burdensome or restrictive of one's fundamental rights.
One use of the standard was in Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946). In a 7-to-1 ruling, Associate Justice Stanley Forman Reed fashioned an "undue burden" test to decide the constitutionality of a Virginia law requiring separate but equal racial segregation in public transportation. "There is a recognized abstract principle, however, that may be taken as a postulate for testing whether particular state legislation in the absence of action by Congress is beyond state power. This is that the state legislation is invalid if it unduly burdens that commerce in matters where uniformity is necessary—necessary in the constitutional sense of useful in accomplishing a permitted purpose."
More recently, the standard has been used in cases involving state restrictions on a woman's access to abortion. The standard was applied by Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her dissent in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 US 416 (1983). O'Connor used the test as an alternative to the strict scrutiny test applied in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)
Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.
He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans.
Marriage
He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried.
He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.
Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 3)
Season Three (Book 3: Fire) of Avatar: The Last Airbender, an American animated television series on Nickelodeon, first showed its 21 episodes on television from 21 September, 2007 to 19 July, 2008. The season was created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, and it starred Zach Tyler Eisen, Mae Whitman, Jack DeSena, Jessie Flower, Dante Basco, and Grey DeLisle as character voices.
This third and final season focuses on Aang's quest to defeat the tyrannical Fire Lord Ozai. In the season's beginning, protagonist Aang and his friends Sokka, Katara, and Toph are traveling through the Fire Nation, conjuring a plan for invading the Fire Nation and looking for a teacher to teach Aang Firebending. Midway through the season, Aang gathers friends he met in previous episodes and leads a failed invasion into the Fire Nation. Former antagonist and anti-hero Zuko changes sides and joins Aang, serving as his Firebending teacher until the season finale, when Aang finally defeats the Fire Lord and ends the war.
The final season features 21 episodes, one more than the previous two seasons. The season finale consisted of the four episodes showed together as a two-hour television movie. Season Three received a similar positive critic to that of the previous seasons. The season, and especially the finale, received much critical acclaim, with praises from sources such as DVD Talk and IGN.
Production
The season was produced by and aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom. The show's creators, Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, worked with Aaron Ehasz. Most of the individual episodes were directed by Ethan Spaulding, Lauren MacMullan and Giancarlo Volpe. Episodes were written by a team of writers, which consisted of Aaron Ehasz, Elizabeth Welch Ehasz, Tim Hedrick, John O'Bryan; along with creators DiMartino and Konietzko.
The season's music was written by "The Track Team", which consists of Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn, who were known to the show's creators because Zuckerman was Konietzko's roommate.
Mako's death
Mako Iwamatsu, the voice actor of Iroh at first season, died during the production and was replaced by Greg Baldwin.
DVD releases
Between 30 October 2007 and 16 September 2008, Nickelodeon sold four DVD volumes and a complete box-set. Each of the four volume DVDs had one disc and five episodes, with the exception of volume four, which had six episodes, and the boxed set had all twenty-one episodes on five discs. The boxed set of DVDs was sold on 1 February 2010 in the UK.
Critic
"This final season in the trilogy is turning out to be the best... At this point in the story, major things are happening, with the characters going through changes and the various plot elements coming together. Thankfully, the show creators never rest, and the quality control is top-notch. The writing is smart, and the animation always impressive."
Henrik Batallones, a BuddyTV Staff Columnist, also noted the wide variety of positive reviews from the press for the season finale, noting that sources such as the New York Times and Toon Zone gave Avatar "glowing reviews".
The season also received praise for its video and sound quality. Nick Lyons from DVD Talk felt that the video quality appeared better than previous seasons, which had also garnered additional awards. He also remarks that the sound is "spot on...as per usual." At the 2008 Annie Awards, the season won "Best Animated Television Production for Children". At the same Annie Awards, Joaquim Dos Santos won the "Best Directing in an Animated Television Production" caption for his directing in "Into the Inferno". Joaquim Dos Santos also gave Avatar a nomination at Annecy 2008 for his work with "The Day of Black Sun Part 2: The Eclipse". Additionally, music editor and composer Jeremy Zuckerman and the sound editing team were nominated a Golden Reel award for "Best Sound Editing in a Television Animation" for their work in "Avatar Aang".
Film adaptation
The final part of the planned The Last Airbender trilogy is expected to be based on Book Three with the main cast of the first and second films and M. Night Shyamalan to return as director, writer and producer.
Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" is a song by American singer Selena.
Background and production
Before "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was written, Selena had performed cover versions of popular songs while on tour. While touring on the Entre A Mi Mundo Tour, Selena had decided to perform a song she had recently written. The song was called "Little Bidi Bubbles", "Little Bubbles" and "Swim Swim Swim!" The song was in English and had talked about a fish swimming in the ocean happily. The fish was given only one wish and had decided to give that wish away to another fish she had really liked. The song was performed in the style of roots reggae mixed with cumbia music. The song had became a sound check for Selena y Los Dinos, after Selena had written the song. Initially, Selena had wanted to perform the song to her fans and see their reactions before she would professionally record it. The song was not recorded even though it was given positive feedback from fans.
Deaths in October 2022
The following is a list of deaths that happened in October 2022. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.
Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
Background and production
A.B. Quintanilla III, Selena's brother, was short on songs to be recorded for Selena's next studio album. A.B had wanted to record an "exotic progressive" album that would help Selena to expand her fan base even bigger. He then decided to finish writing "Little Bidi Bubbles" and turn it into a Caribbean reggae song mixed with Colombian cumbia to attract fans from the Caribbean. Pete Astudillo, a former back-up dancer for the band, also helped with writing the song. Chris Perez, the widower of Selena, had brought Rock fusion and guitar solos into the song. The song was written in Spanish and was produced by A.B., Selena's father Abraham Quintanilla Jr and Bebu Silvetti. Brian "Red" Moore, a family friend, had mixed the song. Roger Emerson became the music arranger for the song. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was recorded in Q-Productions in Corpus Christi, Texas.
Deaths in October 2022
Each listing of death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known), and a source.
Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
Background and production
Around the early months of 1994, the lyrics of the song was finished. Selena had recorded the song a few weeks afterwards. A.B. told interviewers that he was afraid and nervous about releasing the song because of its mixed music genres. He also said that the use of mixed genres had never been done before for a Tejano singer. After Amor Prohibido (1994) was released, EMI Latin had a hard time choosing a lead single. Selena and the record company had wanted "Amor Prohibido" as the lead single, whereas A.B. had wanted "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom". A.B. had tried to convince his sister and EMI, but was unsuccessful. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" had then became a promotional single for the album.
When Selena was killed on March 31, 1995, she was in the middle of releasing a crossover album. EMI Latin and Selena's family had decided to release it on July 18 of that same year. However, since the album was not finished, they were short on songs. A.B. had then made a few remix versions of Selena's most popular and famous songs, one of them being "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", which were included in Dreaming of You (1995).
Sam Harris
Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author. He is a philosopher, neuroscientist, atheist and humanist. He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason.
Harris, Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett are commonly known as the "Four Horsemen of Atheism".
Controversies
In 2014, Sam Harris appeared on Bill Maher’s show and criticized Islam so Ben Affleck accused him of racism and Harris ended up debating Cenk Uygur about what he had said. Sam Harris also caused controversy when he interviewed Charles Murray with Ezra Klein accusing him of racist pseudoscience for doing that so Harris debated Ezra Klein. Harris called himself part of the Intellectual Dark Web until 2020 when he said he was leaving because the Intellectual Dark Web had become too pro-Trump. In 2021, Harris was criticized by Dave Rubin and Bret Weinstein for saying he was grateful to Jack Dorsey for banning Donald Trump from Twitter.
Tim Ryan
Tim, Timmy or Timothy Ryan may refer to:
Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin, sold by the brand name Lipitor is a statin drug used for preventing cardiovascular disease and treating abnormal lipid levels.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, Granddaughter of France by marriage (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest legitimised daughter (fille légitimée de France) of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. She was famed for her arrogance and belief that she was above most other people.
Atorvastatin
Common side effects are nausea, diarrhea, muscle pains and joint pain. Serious side effects may include type 2 diabetes and liver problems.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Biography
Originally known as the second Mademoiselle de Blois, that style eventually gave way to the name Françoise Marie de Blois. She married her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans in 18 February 1692 at the age of fourteen and later bore eight children, four of which would have further children.
Proud, lazy and attractive, she successfully intrigued to have her daughters marry well to the Prince of Conti, Duke of Berry, Duke of Modena and King of Spain, mostly to spite her sister Louise Françoise de Bourbon, the Duchess of Bourbon. However, she welded little political influence considering her proximity to the political circle of the era. She was involved in the Cellamare Conspiracy in 1718 which was supposed to overthrow her own husband Philippe d'Orléans as Regent of the Kingdom and replace him with her favourite brother the Duke of Maine. The marquis d'Argenson said she was very like her mother, Madame de Montespan, but also had Louis XIV's orderly mind with his failings of injustice and harshness.
Among her male line descendents are Philippe Egalité, Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and Prince Henri, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne. She is also an ancestor of Juan Carlos I of Spain, Philippe, King of the Belgians, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, the pretender to the Italian throne.
Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin was patented in 1986 by Pfizer. It was approved for medical use in the United States ten years later. The medication is available as a generic drug.
Aon Center (Chicago)
Aon Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 346 meters (1,136 feet) tall and has 83 floors. It was built in 1973 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world and the third tallest in Chicago.
At first it was named the Standard Oil Building, but when the name of the company changed in 1985 it became the Amoco Building. The building was sold and became the Aon Center in 1999.
Pike County, Kentucky
Pike County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,024. Its county seat is Pikeville. The county was founded in 1821.
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) was Duke of Orléans and the father of Philippe Égalité. He greatly augmented the already huge wealth of the House of Orléans.
Biography
Louis Philippe d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles on 12 May 1725. As the only son of Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and his wife Johanna of Baden-Baden.
First marriage
In 1743, his paternal grandmother, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon the formidable Dowager Duchess of Orléans, and Louise Élisabeth, Dowager Princess of Conti arranged his marriage to his seventeen-year old cousin, Louise Henriette de Bourbon. The couple was married on 17 December 1743 at Versailles.
After a few months of a passion that surprised everyone at court, the couple started to drift apart as the young Duchess of Chartres began to lead a scandalous life.
Étiennette Le Marquis
After the death of Louise Henriette on 9 February 1759, Louis Philippe took as his mistress Étiennette Le Marquis, a former dancer who liked to act in comedy plays, and who introduced him into the world of the theater. Louis Philippe had three children with Étiennette, they were raised under the care of the Orléans family: