cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Katie Britt
Tenure
Britt was sworn-in as Alabama's junior United States Senator on January 3, 2023. Before taking office, she was picked to be a member of the Republican Party Advisory Council of the Republican National Committee.
Personal life
Britt is married to Wesley Britt, a former NFL player. They live in Montgomery, Alabama and have two children.
Vernosc-lès-Annonay
Vernosc-lès-Annonay  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Adventures of Captain Marvel
Adventures of Captain Marvel is a 12-chapter movie serial released in 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. It was produced by Republic Studios. It stars Tom Tyler as Captain Marvel and Frank Coughlan, Jr. as Billy Batson. It was directed by William Witney and John English.
Cady, Wisconsin
Cady is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2010 census the population was 821.
Patrick Geddes
Sir Patrick Geddes (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He developed a new urban theoris, including the second master plan of Jerusalem in 1919. He also developed the first master plan of Tel Aviv in 1925 that included the Bauhaus architecture in the White City of Tel Aviv. His other work was in India during the period of British India. A small memorial board to Patrick Geddes is under a bridge of the Heil HaShirion Street in Tel Aviv.
Ghana National Farmers' Day
Ghana National Farmers' Day is a national holiday in the Republic of Ghana. It is an annual celebration of farmers and fishermen, celebrated on the first Friday of December.
Observance
On National Farmers' Day, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in Ghana gives special awards to deserving farmers and fishermen based on their practices and output. Also, a National Farmers Forum takes place for award winners to meet with policy makers.
Agriculture in Africa
Agriculture is essential for African growth. It employs 65 percent of Africa's labor force and accounts for 32 percent of gross domestic product.
Timofei Moșneaga
Timofei Moșneaga (6 March 1932 – 1 June 2014) was a Moldovan physician and politician.
In 1960, at the age of 27, he was appointed Director of Republican Clinical Hospital. Timofei Moșneaga held this position for over four decades and brought an essential contribution to the development of the institution.
In 1989, Timofei Moșneaga was elected People's Deputy of the Soviet Union and was member of the Supreme Soviet Committee on Foreign Affairs.
In 1994, he was elected Member of the Moldovan Parliament.
In the period 1994–1997, Timofei Moșneaga held the office of Minister of Health of Moldova.
He passed away on 1 June 2014 in Chișinău.
For outstanding merits in his professional activity, Timofei Moșneaga received high state distinctions, among which the Order of the Republic.
His bust stands on the Alley of Brilliant Scientists and Doctors in Chișinău.
As of 19 July 2017, per the Moldovan Cabinet's decision, the Republican Clinical Hospital is named after Timofei Moșneaga.
Deepin
Deepin is a free operating system that uses the Linux kernel.
Rebeuvelier
Rebeuvelier was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat became part of the municipality of Courrendlin.
Deepin
It is one of the most popular Chinese Linux distributions and it is based on Debian. The goal with deepin is to make it easy to use and install onto a computer. deepin can be used on all types of personal computers. deepin is downloaded as a DVD, which is free to download on the deepin website. It can be installed or tested by running the DVD.
Started in 2004, deepin has been developed at a fast rate by Wuhan Deepin Technology Co., Ltd, a Chinese company.
Releases
The release cycle has followed various schedules but currently aims at four releases per year. Releases are delayed if the work of development and testing has not been completed.
Comparison with Debian, Ubuntu and deepin
deepin is based on Debian and both distributions have a lot in common. Both distributions use the same software repositories. Most differences are on the desktop. Debian has a vastly larger support community than deepin. However, the majority of Debian help and advice is also applicable to deepin. Debian and deepin support also x86-64 CPU architecture.
Many popular multimedia codecs are not installed by default in deepin. deepin and many other gratis GNU/Linux distributions such as Debian and Ubuntu, do not distribute these codecs with the initial install media due to patent encumberment issues.
deepin 2014.x was based on Ubuntu; Ubuntu and deepin both focus on usability, but deepin offers a different user experience (DDE) and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu (Deepin Store).
Suharto
Suharto (February 20, 1921 – January 27, 2008 ) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He was a military officer in the Indonesian Army. He is better known as the second President of Indonesia. He held the office for a long time, from 1967 to 1998.
Political power
In the early morning of October 1, 1965, a group of soldiers claiming to be supported by the Indonesian Communist Party killed six generals in the army and one assistant because they thought he was a seventh. Many friends and supporters of Suharto claimed they were members of the communist party itself. The people of Indonesia then started killing anybody they thought was communist with Suharto's tacit approvement. Estimates range around half a million. Suharto then seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as "Orde Baru". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War. For most of his three-decade rule, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of about half a million of suspected Indonesian communists; many of them Chinese-Indonesians. He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese.
His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Suharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Suharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After mass demonstrations in 1998, Suharto was forced to resign. Suharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad.
Like many Javanese, Suharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used.
Death
Suharto was admitted to hospital on January 4; on 23 January, Suharto's health worsened further, as a sepsis infection spread through his body. His family consented to the removal of life support machines if his condition did not improve and he died on 27 January at 1:09 pm. He died at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia of congestive heart failure. He was taken off life support. He was buried at a family mausoleum near Solo town.
Sukarno, Suharto and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo/Slaughter of Indonesian "Communists"
The balance of power was shifted in favour of anti-Communists in December 1965, when personnel from both the Army Para-commando Regiment and 5th Brawijaya Military Region units arrived in Bali after having carried out killings in Java. Led by Suharto's principal troubleshooter, Sarwo Edhie Wibowo who with Javanese military commanders permitted Balinese squads (led by Anwar Congo, Adi Zulkadry, Safit Pardede) to kill until reined in. In contrast to Central Java where the Army encouraged people to kill the "Gestapu", Bali's eagerness to kill was so tremendous and spontaneous that, having provided logistic support initially, the Army eventually had to step in to prevent chaos. Sukarno's choice of Bali's provincial governor, Suteja, was recalled from office and accused of preparing a communist uprising, and his relatives were tracked down and killed. A series of killings similar to those in Central and East Java were led by black-shirted PNI youth. For several months, militia death squads went through villages capturing suspects and taking them away. Hundreds of houses belonging to communists and their relatives were burnt down within one week of the reprisal crusade, with occupants being butchered as they ran from their homes. An early estimate suggested that 50,000 people, including women and children, were killed in this operation alone. The population of several Balinese villages were halved in the last months of 1965. All the Chinese shops in the towns of Singaraja and Denpasar were destroyed and many of their owners who were alleged to have financially supported the "Gestapu" killed. Between December 1965 and early 1966, an estimated 80,000 Balinese were killed, roughly 5% of the island's population at the time, and proportionally more than anywhere else in Indonesia. Most of the people killed had little to do with Communist Party or other allegations thrown at them.
In January 1966, university students under the banner of KAMI, begin demonstrations against the Sukarno government voicing demands for the disbandment of PKI and control of hyperinflation. The students received support and protection from the army. Street fights broke out between the students and pro-Sukarno loyalists with the pro-Suharto students prevailing due to army protection.
In February 1966, Sukarno promoted Suharto to lieutenant-general (and to full general in July 1966). The killing of a student demonstrator and Sukarno's order for the disbandment of KAMI in February 1966 further galvanised public opinion against the president. On 11 March 1966, the appearance of unidentified troops around Merdeka Palace during a cabinet meeting (which Suharto had not attended) forced Sukarno to flee to Bogor Palace (60 km away) by helicopter. Three pro-Suharto generals, Major-General Basuki Rahmat, Brigadier-General M Jusuf, and Brigadier-General Amirmachmud went to Bogor to meet Sukarno. There, they persuaded and secured a presidential decree from Sukarno (see Supersemar) that gave Suharto authority to take any action necessary to maintain security.
Using the Supersemar letter, Suharto ordered the banning of PKI the following day and proceeded to purge pro-Sukarno elements from the parliament, the government and military, accusing them of being communist sympathisers. The army arrested 15 cabinet ministers and forced Sukarno to appoint a new cabinet consisting of Suharto supporters. The army arrested pro-Sukarno and pro-communist members of the MPRS (parliament), and Suharto replaced chiefs of the navy, air force, and the police force with his supporters, who then began an extensive purge within each service.
In June 1966, the now-purged parliament passed 24 resolutions including the banning of Marxism–Leninism, ratifying the Supersemar, and stripping Sukarno of his title of President for Life. Against the wishes of Sukarno, the government ended the Konfrontasi with Malaysia and rejoined the United Nations (Sukarno had removed Indonesia from the UN in the previous year). Suharto did not seek Sukarno's outright removal at this MPRS session due to the remaining support for the president among some elements of the armed forces.
By January 1967, Suharto felt confident that he had removed all significant support for Sukarno within the armed forces, and the MPRS decided to hold another session to impeach Sukarno. On 22 February 1967, Sukarno announced he would resign from the presidency, and on 12 March, the MPRS session stripped him of his remaining power and named Suharto acting president. Sukarno was placed under house arrest in Bogor Palace; little more was heard from him, and he died in near seclusion in June 1970.
Baldwin, Wisconsin
Baldwin is a village in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2014 the population was 3,960.
Louise Fréchette
Louise Fréchette, OC (born July 16, 1946) is a Canadian politician. She is the 1st United Nations Deputy Secretary-General from 1997 until 2006. From 1992 until 1994, she was the Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations.
Extragalactic astronomy
Extragalactic astronomy is astronomy about objects outside our Milky Way galaxy. It is the study of everything that is not covered in galactic astronomy: the study of objects in our galaxy.
List of Arminia Bielefeld players
Arminia Bielefeld is a German professional football club based in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia.
This list features all footballers who appeared in at least 50 league matches since 1963.
Extragalactic astronomy
Pages on extragalactic astronomy include:
Canon, Georgia
Canon is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is in both Franklin and Hart counties.
Darren Aronofsky
Darren S. Aronofsky (born February 12, 1969 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American movie director. His best known movies that he has directed are Requiem for a Dream, The Wrestler and Black Swan. He attended Harvard University where he graduated in 1991 and majored in social anthropology. He is has Ukrainian and Russian ancestry. He was raised culturally Jewish.
Tiger Warrington
Terrence "Tiger" Warrington (12 April 1914 — 9 March 1978) was a Canadian professional boxer from Liverpool, Nova Scotia. He competed in the light heavyweight and heavyweight category between 1934 and 1952.
Warrington was ranked by Ring magazine in the top-10 best light-heavyweight boxers worldwide. He became Canadian light heavyweight champion in 1935 and Canadian heavyweight champion in 1936.
Warrington is inducted in the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame. In 2018, to commemorate and honour his achievements in Canadian boxing history, a statue of Tiger Warrington was unveiled on Liverpool's waterfront in Privateer Park.
Dota 2
Dota 2 is a video game that was released in 2013. It is a sequel to Defense of the Ancients. Dota was originally a player-made map (also know as a mod) in Warcraft: Frozen Throne that proved to be successful with over 5 million active players. When Warcraft: Frozen Throne game got old, it was hard to make the map. As a result, Valve Corporation, with the help of the original maker (known only as Icefrog) started to develop Dota 2.
Goal
The game is a hard to learn, hard to master strategy game. You map pick one of the 115 heroes. They're then put to two teams of five: one called the Radiant(Green) and the other, Dire(Red). The map contains three lanes called top, middle and bottom lanes. Usually, the team chooses to go 2-1-2(2 in top, 1 mid and 2 bot). Sometimes, it will be 2-1-1 or 1-1-2 because there will be a roamer. A roamer, as the name applies, goes all over the map where they can help.
'Creeps' spawn in both sides are called 'Minions' waves. They are controlled by the computer and they will attack the enemy creeps. They will target a hero or a tower if there is no creeps. The creeps are essential into winning the game since they give gold if killed by a hero.
In every lane, there are 3 towers. They're named by their tiers with tier 1 being the nearest to the enemies and tier 3 the farthest. You must destroy all the lane's towers before you can damage the barracks. The barracks are behind the tier 3 towers. If you destroy the 'Ranged Barracks' or 'Melee Barracks', the corresponding creeps spawn at the lane will be more powerful. If all 6 barracks get destroyed, all the creeps get boosted to Mega Creeps. Mega creeps are so powerful that an entire wave of them is equal to the power of a hero. If you have mega creeps, you will likely win the game.
The winning condition of the game is by destroying the enemy 'Ancient' or base while defending your own. Due to the large map and variety of scenarios,
games often last 30–50 minutes. Some games go to 2 hours if necessary. Players can also earn medals, which are displayed on their profile and represent their highest achieved rank during the current season. Each season lasts six months, and at the end of the season, players' ranks and medals are reset based on their performance in calibration matches.
You may leave the game before it ends, but you will get punished. Your next 1-5 games will be in a 'Low Priority' form. In low priority, every player gets a pool of only 3 heroes to pick. They can also not play with 'High Priority' players.
Notes
You can also play custom games, which are made by loyal players via the steam workshop. Dota 2 is famous for it's complexity and forceful effort. Some people have earned millions of dollars playing this game in important hostages, most knowingly, the International, which has the biggest money pool in video game history, reaching 13 million in U.S.A dollars.
Zeta Golubovci
Zeta Golubovci is a football club from Montenegro. It is in Golubovci, a suburb of Podgorica. Their colours are blue and white. They play in Trešnjica Stadium. It can hold 3,000 people.
Division of Wentworth
The Division of Wentworth is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was one of the 75 divisions set up in 1901 for the first federal election. The division is named after William Charles Wentworth (1790–1872), an Australian explorer and politician. In 1813 he crossed the Blue Mountains with Blaxland and Lawson.
The Division, in terms of area, is the smallest in Australia. It includes the suburbs of Bellevue Hill, Bondi, Bondi Beach, Bondi Junction, Bronte, Centennial Park, Clovelly, Darlinghurst, Darling Point, Dover Heights, Double Bay, East Sydney, Edgecliff, Elizabeth Bay, Kings Cross, North Bondi, Paddington, Point Piper, Potts Point, Queens Park, Rose Bay, Vaucluse, Watsons Bay, Waverley, Woollahra and Woolloomooloo; and parts of Randwick.
Members
Eric Harrison was a minister in the governments of Joseph Lyons and Robert Menzies. He was also deputy Leader of the Liberal Party. He resign in 1956 and became Australian High Commissioner in London. Bob Ellicott was Attorney-General from 1975–1977. He also served as Minister for Home Affairs, Minister for Capital Territory. He resigned in 1981 to become a judge on the Federal Court of Australia. John Hewson and Malcolm Turnbull both served as Leaders of the Opposition, and Turnbull served as Prime Minister from 2015 to 2018. Peter King lost Liberal Party support, and decided to become an independent. He was banned from the Liberal Party for 10 years.
After Malcolm Turnbull was removed as Prime Minister by the Liberal Party he resigned from the Parliament. A by-election was held for the seat which was one by an independent candidate, Kerryn Phelps.
1949 (library)
1949 or 1949Books is a feminist library in Yopougon, a neighborhood of Abidjan. It was founded in 2020 by Edwige-Renée Dro during Women's History Month. The library is named 1949 because women in Ivory Coast had two important protests against colonialism that year. It focuses on collecting books by women from Africa and the black diaspora.
Rockport, Arkansas
Rockport is a city on the Ouachita River in Hot Spring County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 755, down from 792 in 2000.
Jonghyun
Kim Jong-hyun (April 8, 1990 – December 18, 2017 ), better known by the mononym Jonghyun, was a South Korean singer-songwriter, and radio host. He was a vocalist of the South Korean boy group Shinee. Jonghyun debuted as a solo artist on January 12, 2015, with his first EP, titled Base.
In the same year, on September 17, Jonghyun released a compilation album, Story Op.1. On May 24, 2016, Jonghyun released his first studio album, She Is, followed by his second compilation album, Story Op.2 on April 24, 2017. After his death, his final album Poet | Artist was released.
Jonghyun died in Seoul on December 18, 2017 of carbon monoxide poisoning in an act of suicide at the age of 27.
Taylor, Arkansas
Taylor is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Now You're Gone – The Album
Now You're Gone – The Album is the studio album by Swedish musician Basshunter. It was released on July 14, 2008.
Ernst Heinrich Meier
Ernst Heinrich  Meier (17 May 1813 in Bückeburg – 2 March 1866 in Tübingen) was a German Orientalist. He published an Indian play, Sakuntala or the Lost Ring. He also published a collection of German folk songs.
Jurong
Jurong (裕廊) is a town in the western side of Singapore. It used to be a swamp until the 1960s, when Goh Keng Swee, a minister, together with the United Nations, cleared the swamps, making Jurong an industrial estate (a place where industries are built to make goods). Jurong is divided in Jurong East, where houses and shops are built and Jurong West, mainly an industrial estate. Jurong East is under the Jurong Group Representation Constituency or Jurong GRC, while Jurong West is under the West Coast Group Representation Constituency. Jurong is connected to Johor Bahru by the Second-Link at Tuas. Jurong has the Jurong Bird Park and Chinese Gardens.
Villevocance
Villevocance  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Isaac Allerton
Isaac Allerton ( 1560 – 1659) was born in England. In 1620, he travelled on the Mayflower with his wife, three children and apprentice John Hooke.
Allerton belonged to the religion which was not allowed in England. In 1614 he and his family moved to Leiden Netherlands where he worked as a tailor. He married and had three children.
The Mayflower voyage
The Allerton family and John Hooke, left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. They had intended to go to Virginia Colony but the ship was damaged so they landed at Cape Cod on 21 November. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. Allerton signed the document.
In Plymouth Colony
In the first year many people died from the cold weather and hunger including Allerton's wife and his apprentice. Allerton worked with Plymouth Governors to help save the colony.
Rossemaison
Rossemaison is a municipality of the district of Delémont of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Isaac Allerton
In Plymouth Colony
Starting in 1626, Allerton made many trips back and forth to England. The Mayflower passengers owed money to people in England who had helped pay for their voyage. Allerton was supposed to go to England and pay off some of this debt. Some of the people did not think that he was honest with the money. On one of his trips back from England, in 1630, Allerton came back without some of the supplies which they very much needed.
In 1634, another sickness came to Plymouth Colony which caused many people to die including Allerton's second wife Fear.
Allerton died in 1659 in New Haven, Connecticut. His first wife, Mary died in 1621 and was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth. The burial place of his second wife, Fear is unknown.
Paraguay at the Olympics
Paraguay at the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1970, the Paraguay has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".
The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Paraguay is PAR.
History
The Paraguay National Olympic Committee was formed in 1970. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1970.
Paraguay's team first competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.
Paraguay athletes have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.
The nation has only ever won one medal, the silver medal in the men's football in Athens.
Right to housing
The Right to housing is the idea that everyone should have the possibility to live somewhere, to housing and shelter free from homelessness. Many countries recognise it. It is also in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This means it is part of international law.
Eau Galle, St. Croix County, Wisconsin
Eau Galle is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2010 census the population was 1,139.
Salesville, Arkansas
Salesville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.
Right to housing
Definition
The base for the right to housing in international law can be found in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration recognises the right as part of the right to an adequate standard of living. It states that:
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability (...) or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living among economic, social and cultural rights.
In international human rights law the right to housing is regarded as a freestanding right. This was clarified in the 1991 General Comment no 4 on Adequate Housing by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law.
Forest dormice
The forest dormice, genus Dryomys, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia. They are usually found in forests or thickets.
The length of the head and body is 8 - 13 cm, and the length of the tail is 6 - 11 cm. The animals weigh 18 - 36 g.
Natural history
These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs. They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.
They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.
Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.
Personal identification number
A Personal identification number (abbreviated as PIN) is a number that is used to authenticate a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.
PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the correct PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.
Branko Lustig
Branko Lustig (10 June 1932 – 14 November 2019) was a Croatian movie producer. He was best known for winning Academy Awards for Best Picture for Schindler's List and Gladiator. He is the only Croatian to win two Academy Awards.
He was a Holocaust survivor and was imprisoned at the Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen camps during World War II as a child.
Lusting died in Zagreb, Croatia of heart failure on 14 November 2019 at the age of 87.
National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC) is an agreement among some U.S. states and the District of Columbia. It changes how the Electoral College chooses the president of the United States. The states agree to give all their votes in the Electoral College to the person with the most votes from regular people in the whole country. The agreement makes sure that person will become president. When that result is guaranteed, the agreement will become active.
Now, fifteen states and the District of Columbia are in the agreement. Together, they have 195 votes in the Electoral College, which are called "electoral votes". When the agreement has 270 electoral votes, it will become active.
How the agreement works
The U.S. Constitution lets state legislatures decide how to give their votes in the Electoral College. It says this in Article 2, Section 1, Clause 2. The Constitution does not say how the states must do this. (However, the 14th Amendment says that states cannot discriminate against some groups of people.) In the past, states used different ways. Today, nearly all states give all their electoral votes to the person with the most votes in that state, even if they do not have a majority of the votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska separate their electoral votes between areas called "districts". The NPVIC changes how its members give out their electoral votes.
Reasons for the agreement
In the past, some people who did not get the most votes became president anyway. Most Americans want the person with the most votes to be president despite the fact that two States, California and New York would essentially cancel out the votes of 43 other States and limit the amount of personal exposure those States receive from potential presidential candidates. In 2007, 72% of surveyed Americans said they wanted to change the Electoral College to a direct vote. This included 78% of Democrats, 60% of Republicans, and 73% of independent voters. Surveys since 1944 show most Americans want a direct vote, except in 2016. Reasons for the NPVIC include:
Debate
Several newspapers support the NPVIC. They include The New York Times, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, and the Minneapolis Star Tribune. These newspapers say that the current system makes people not want to vote. They say the current system gives too much attention to a few states and their problems. Other newspapers are against the agreement, including the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and The Wall Street Journal. The former governor of Delaware, Pierre S. du Pont IV, said the agreement gives too much power to cities and states with many people. He said it would make politics be about only city problems, and it would let worse people run for office. The League of Women Voters made a list of documents that argue for and against the agreement.
Some of the biggest arguments are given below:
Attention
Today, people running for president give most of their money and attention to states where the vote will be close. The other states are mostly ignored. The maps here show the amount of advertising and visits by the top two people running in 2004. This is adjusted by the number of people in each state. People who support the NPVIC say that it will make the people running work to get votes in every state. People who are against the NPVIC say that states with few people and few cities will not get enough attention.
Cheating and close elections
Some people are against the NPVIC because they worry about cheating. Governor du Pont said that it is easier to add a few false votes in many places than to add many false votes in just a few places. However, National Popular Vote says that adding together all the votes in the country will make it more difficult to cheat. Today, the winner can be decided by a very small number of votes in just one state.
The NPVIC does not say how to count the votes again if the result is not clear. Each state does this for its own votes. However, the result for the whole country can be close even if the result in each state is not. People who support the agreement say that a close result is less probable in the whole country than in each state.
States with many people and states with few people
People don't agree about whether the Electoral College helps states with few people, or states with many people. The Electoral College is not designed to be proportional to population: states with few people have more electoral votes for each person than states with many people. If the Electoral College were proportional, California would have 19% more power than it does now. The states with the fewest people would have 30% less power. However, some people say that states with many people have more power than one may expect, because they control so many electoral votes at once. The NPVIC gives the same power to every person, no matter where they live.
Helping one party
Some people believe the NPVIC would help one political party or another, which would not be fair. Pierre S. du Pont IV, a Republican, says the agreement would help Democrats and people in cities. However, Saul Anuzis of the Republican National Committee thinks that the agreement will help Republicans, because he believes most people are closer to Republican political positions. Writer Hendrik Hertzberg of The New Yorker says the agreement helps neither party: in the past, each party sometimes had the better position in the Electoral College. In the last five elections, the Democrats had the better position in three years (2004, 2008, and 2012) and the Republicans had it in two years (2000 and 2016). In four of those years, Democrats won the most votes in the country.
Difference between votes in a state and votes in the country
The NPVIC can force a state to give its electoral votes to someone who did not win the most votes in that state. For this reason, two governors (Arnold Schwarzenegger of California and Linda Lingle of Hawaii) stopped their states from joining the agreement. (Both those states later joined the agreement.) People who support the agreement say that the number of votes in any one state is not as important as the choice of most people in the whole country.
Conflicts with existing law
Those who support the NPVIC say that it is legal and allowed by the U.S. Constitution. Article II of the Constitution lets states decide how to give out their electoral votes. The two men who created the agreement, Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram Amar, hold this position. Jamie Raskin agrees. Raskin is a professor of law and a Congressman from Maryland. He put his name on the first NPVIC bill that became law.
One law student wrote that the agreement could break the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protects minority voters. However, the U.S. Department of Justice decided that the agreement does not hurt minority voters. It allowed California to join the agreement in 2012. Rob Richie of the organization FairVote says that the NPVIC "treats all voters equally". The same student wrote the NPVIC tries to go around the normal way of changing the Constitution. Raskin replied that going around in this way is legal.
Approval by Congress
Ian Drake, an assistant professor of political science, believes the agreement will only be proper if the Constitution is changed. Other writers believe that the agreement is already proper. Those who vote in the Electoral College promise to vote for a certain person, but they do not have to vote that way by law. Michael Brody believes that this makes the agreement proper.
It is possible that the agreement needs to be approved by Congress. The Constitution says that agreements between states need Congress to approve. However, the U.S. Supreme Court says that this is not always true. They talked about that question in the court case Virginia v. Tennessee and others. They decided the only agreements that need approval are those that threaten the authority of the U.S. government. Every Vote Equal says that the NPVIC cannot threaten the authority of the U.S. government, because the Constitution lets states decide how to give out their electoral votes. Derek Muller does not agree. He argues that the NPVIC affects the U.S. government system, and so it needs approval. Ian Drake says that Congress is not allowed to approve the agreement. Those who support the NPVIC do not agree. They do not think the agreement needs approval from Congress, but they plan to ask for this approval in any case.
Bayh–Celler Amendment
The plan that came closest to success was the Bayh-Celler plan. It was introduced in the 91st Congress, which met from January 1969 to January 1971. It was introduced by Representative Emanuel Celler of New York. The Bayh-Celler plan would have ended the Electoral College, and instead made a system using the popular vote. The pair of people with the most votes would become president and vice president, as long as they got more than 40% of the votes. If no one got more than 40%, a new vote would happen with the top two pairs. Celler's plan was approved in the House of Representatives in 1969, by a vote of 338–70. However, it was stopped in the Senate by a filibuster.
Every Vote Counts Amendment
In 2005, Representative Gene Green of Texas introduced another plan to chose the president and vice president using the popular vote. Green introduced his plan to Congress as a "joint resolution" called H.J.Res. 9. It was also called the Every Vote Counts Amendment. Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr. of Illinois and Senator Bill Nelson of Florida also introduced joint resolutions in the 111th Congress, which met from 2009 to 2011. All of these plans died in committees, before the whole Congress could vote on them.
Plan using an agreement between states
In 2001, a law professor named Robert Bennett introduced a new plan. Bennett's plan did not require a change to the Constitution. His plan used the power of the states instead of fighting against it. In Bennett's plan, a group of states that control most of the Electoral College could work together. They would make the popular vote decide the result of elections.
Two other law professors, brothers named Akhil Reed Amar and Vikram Amar, supported this plan. The Amar brothers proposed an agreement between states, made with laws in those states. The states would give all their electoral votes to the person who won the popular vote. The agreement would not become active until it guaranteed that person would win the Electoral College and become president. This agreement became the NPVIC.
The Amar brothers' plan uses two parts of the Constitution:
The Amar brothers' plan could work with as few as eleven states. They believe it would not need approval from Congress. However, that is not certain: the section Approval by Congress explains why.
Organization and work
In 2006, the computer science professor John Koza wrote a book called Every Vote Equal. The book argues for a National Popular Vote agreement between states. (Koza knew about agreements between states from his work on lottery tickets.) Koza, Barry Fadem, and others made a non-profit organization called National Popular Vote. This organization promotes the NPVIC. It is led by people from both major political parties, including former Senators Jake Garn, Birch Bayh, and David Durenberger, and former Representatives John Anderson, John Buchanan, and Tom Campbell.
In 2006, legislatures in six states looked at NPVIC bills. Illinois even introduced a bill before National Popular Vote announced it at a press conference. That year, the Colorado Senate approved the bill. Both houses of the California legislature approved the bill, but Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stopped it with a veto.
Joining
In 2007, 42 states looked at bills to join the NPVIC. One house of the legislature approved bills in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, New Jersey, North Carolina, Maryland, and Hawaii. Maryland was the first state to join the agreement. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley signed the agreement into law on April 10, 2007.
Fifteen states and the District of Columbia have joined the agreement.
The U.S. Congress can stop laws in the District of Columbia within 30 working days, but they did not do this.
Initiatives and referendums
Some states allow laws to be made with a direct vote by the public, called an "initiative" or a "referendum". First, supporters must get a certain number of people to sign their names. Then, the question can be given to the voters. In 2018, groups in Arizona, Maine, and Missouri worked on initiatives to join the agreement, but these did not get enough people to sign.
Chances
Nate Silver, who studies elections, says that the NPVIC cannot succeed without support from "red" states (states that mostly vote for Republicans). So far, only "blue" states have joined (states that mostly vote for Democrats). However, legislatures controlled by Republicans have agreed to join the agreement in Arizona, Oklahoma, and New York.
Kevin Mahogany
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Mahogany died of heart failure on December 17, 2017 in Kansas City at the age of 59.
Craig Ferguson
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Midway, Baxter County, Arkansas
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Craig Ferguson
He hosted Celebrity Name Game on Syndication from 2014-2017. He hosted Join or Die with Craig Ferguson on History in 2016.
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Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor is the highest award given to members of the United States Military. It is given to people who show a lot of bravery in wartime. Because of this, many people who get the Medal of Honor die earning it. It was first given in 1863 during the American Civil War.
The Medal of Honor has been given to 3,458 different people, including
According to Medal of Honor recipient Retired Army Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady who flew more than 2,500 combat missions over Vietnam and helped rescue more than 5,000 wounded, "it is harder to wear it than to earn it".
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The One I Love (R.E.M. song)
"The One I Love" is a 1987 song by alternative rock band R.E.M. and is the lead single from their fifth studio album Document. It went to number 6 in New Zealand, number 9 in the United States, number 11 in Canada, number 17 in South Africa, number 69 in the Netherlands and number 84 in Australia. In 1991, it went to number 5 in Ireland, number 16 in the United Kingdom and number 81 in Germany.
Track listing
All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe unless otherwise indicated.
1991 Limited Edition CD: IRS / DIRMX 178 (UK)
1 Recorded at McCabe's Guitar Shop, Santa Monica, California, May 24, 1987.
Certain releases list the live recording of "The One I Love" as "This One Goes Out" instead.
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Hugh Moreton Frewen (8 May 1853 – 2 September 1924) was a British politician and a British "cattle king" of the 19th-century of the American West.
Early Life
Frewen was born into a rich British family. He graduated from Cambridge in 1877. The singer Lilly Langtry was his mistress for some time.
Years in American West
Frewen moved to Wyoming. He wanted to make northeastern Wyoming his own "kingdom." With money from investors, he bought cattle. He let his cattle graze on public lands. He lived an extravagant life. He built a mansion ("Frewen's castle") wherein he gave fancy parties for friends from England. However, he did not know how to manage cattle and lost cattle, money and investors. He also lost money in a mining company in Colorado. He returned to England after his failures in America, where he had earned the nickname "Mortal Ruin."
Publications
The Economic Crisis etc.; Melton Mowbray and Other Memories.