cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Merton College, Oxford
Merton College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1264 by Walter de Merton, who was the Chancellor to Henry III and Edward I. It claims to be the oldest college in Oxford, although Balliol College and University College also claim to be the oldest. Construction of the college at its present location began in the 1270s. Its buildings are among the oldest in Oxford. Mob Quad at Merton College was built in the 14th Century. It is often said to be the oldest quadrangle at Oxford or Cambridge. Other quadrangles at Oxford and Cambridge, however, may be older.
J.R.R. Tolkien was a professor of English Language and Literature at Merton College.
British Rail Eastern Region departmental locomotives
In 1952, the Eastern Region of British Rail introduced its own series for departmental (non-revenue earning) vehicles, including locomotives. Numbers were allocated from 1 to 1000, with blocks of 100 numbers allocated to specific types of vehicle.
Weidhausen
Weidhausen bei Coburg (officially: Weidhausen b. Coburg) is a municipality in the southeastern portion of the Coburg district of Bavaria in Germany.
City Districts
The municipality is divided into three districts:
Norman Lamont
Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick (born 8 May 1942) is a British politician. He was born in the Shetland Islands. He read Economics at the University of Cambridge. He was the Member of Parliament for Kingston-upon-Thames from 1972-1997. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1990-1993. He was made a life peer in July 1998. He is the director of an investment company.
Blunt trauma
Blunt trauma is a kind of trauma that usually results from being hit by something dull and firm (like a car, a fist, or the ground). It is also called blunt force trauma. This is different from penetrating trauma where an object, such as a bullet enters the body.
Common types of blunt force trauma include:
What kinds of problems can blunt force trauma cause?
If blunt force trauma is not too severe, it may cause only cuts (lacerations), bruises (contusions), and scrapes (abrasions). However, bad blunt force trauma can cause many serious problems, like:
Haron Amin
Haron Amin (Dari: هارون امین‎; June 19, 1969 – February 15, 2015) was the Afghan ambassador to Japan and non-resident ambassador to Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore from 2004 to 2009. Amin was born in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Amin died of cancer at a U.S. hospital, aged 47.
Zhu Xu
Zhu Xu (, April 15, 1930 – September 15, 2018) was a Chinese actor. He was well known for his roles in Zhang Yang's Shower and Wu Tianming's The King of Masks. He was born in Shenyang.
Zhu died on September 15, 2018 from mesothelioma in Beijing at the age of 88.
Andalusian nationalism
Andalusian nationalism called Andalucismo in Spanish, is the name given to the political separatist movement in the Iberian Peninsula. It wants the Andalusia people to be recognized as a "nation". The main political party is the Andalusian Nationalists Party but there are also smaller political groups supporting Andalusian nationalism, including Nación Andaluza and Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía.
Ketone
A ketone is an organic compound that has a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom (this is called carbonyl functional group). This carbon atom must also have single bonds to two other carbon atoms.
A ketone can be produced by oxidating a secondary alcohol.
A ketone will show a strong peak between 1690 and 1715cm-1 using infrared spectroscopy.
Dolla (rapper)
He released two other singles until his death: "I'm Fucked Up" in the summer of 2008 and "Make a Toast" (featuring Julian) on November 4, 2008.
On May 18, 2009, Dolla was shot by 23-year-old Aubrey Lewis Berry in Los Angeles. The two had an argument. Seconds later, Berry shot Dolla in the parking lot of a PF Chang's, a casual dining restaurant. Berry fled and Dolla was taken to a hospital where he later died.
On May 22, 2010, charges were dropped against Berry for Dolla's death, as he was claiming self-defense. Evidence pointed out that Berry felt threatened by Burton due to a previous altercation in Atlanta a week before the shooting.
Burton's funeral was held in Atlanta's east point neighborhood on May 23, 2009. He was buried in Westview Cemetery in Atlanta.
Keiji Mutoh
Keiji Mutoh (武藤 敬司) is a Japanese semi-retired professional wrestler. He first gained international fame during his time in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He is best known for his time in New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) where he competed under the ring name The Great Muta in the 1990s. Mutoh is a former owner and president of All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and was a full-time wrestler for them from 2002 to 2013. Mutoh has also served military service in Japan and was able to reach the rank of master sergeant.
He is credited as one of the first Japanese wrestlers to gain a fan base outside of his native Japan in the United States. His Great Muta gimmick is one of the most influential gimmicks in puroresu. He is one of three wrestlers to hold the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, the AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Mutoh is an eight-time World Champion, having held the NWA World Title once, the IWGP Title four times, and AJPW's Triple Crown three times. He also has held a dozen World Tag Team Championships in the U.S. and Japan. Between NJPW, AJPW, and World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Mutoh has held 21 total championships.
Mutoh is also known for competing in what is generally considered to be the bloodiest professional wrestling match of all time against Hiroshi Hase, which lead to the creation of the "Muta Scale".
He is the founder of Wrestle-1 (W-1) and is the current owner of the promotion. He also wrestles for it semi-regularly, and also makes occasional special appearances for the American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as part of a TNA/W-1 talent exchange partnership.
Championships
1Championship not officially recognized by All Japan Pro Wrestling. 2Championship reign not officially recognized due to outside interference.
Hradec Králové Region
Hradec Králové Region is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic. The capital city is Hradec Králové.
György Konrád
György (George) Konrád (2 April 1933 – 13 September 2019) was a Hungarian novelist and essayist. He was known as a supporter of individual freedom. He was born in Berettyóújfalu, Hungary. He was President of PEN International from 1990 through 1993.
Hradec Králové Region
Administrative divisions
Hradec Králové Region is divided into 5 districts:
Sandy Ramlal
Sandy Ramlal (born 12 January 1995) is a Dutch-Surinamese korfball player. She is a member of the Dutch club KVS, Scheveningen and the Suriname national korfball team.
With the national team of Suriname she competed at the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, Alabama. It was the first time ever a sports team from Suriname competed at the World Games, receiving wide media attention.
The father of Ramlal is from Suriname, and so she is allowed to represent Suriname.
Rock pool
Rock pools (or 'tide pools') are rocky pools by the sea. They are in the intertidal zone. They are filled with seawater during high tides, and exist as separate pools at low tide.
Codell, Kansas
Codell is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States. It is south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County). It is near the southeastern corner of Rooks County. The nearest city, Plainville, is about 9 mi northwest by road.
On May 20 in 1916, 1917, and 1918, Codell was hit by tornadoes. The 1918 tornado was the worst. It killed ten people and did a lot of damage.
Rock pool
The rock pool habitat
Tide pools are a home for hardy organisms such as sea stars, mussels and clams. They must be able to cope with a constantly changing environment — fluctuations in water temperature, salinity, and oxygen content. Huge waves, strong currents, exposure to midday sun and predators are only a few of the hazards that rock pool animals must endure to survive.
Tide pool zones, from shallow to deep
The water level is always changing. Twice a day, the tide rises up the shore and then goes back again. When the tide starts to go back out, the upper shore is left exposed until the next high tide, 12 hours later. The rocks around the rock pool are covered by seaweed, a type of algae that thrives in the ocean.
This zone receives spray from wave action during high tides and storms. At other times the rocks experience other extreme conditions, baking in the sun or exposed to cold winds. Few organisms can survive such harsh conditions. Lichens and barnacles live in this region. In this zone, different barnacle species live at very tightly constrained elevations. Tidal conditions precisely determine the exact height of an assemblage relative to sea level.
Since the intertidal zone often desiccates when the tide is out, barnacles are well adapted to water loss. Their calcite shells are impermeable, and they possess two plates which they slide across their mouth opening when not feeding. These plates also protect against predation.
High tide zone
The high tide zone is flooded for hours during each high tide. Organisms must survive wave action, currents, and exposure to the sun. The high tide zone is inhabited by sea anemones, starfish, chitons, crabs, green algae, and mussels. Marine algae can provide shelter for such organisms as nudibranchs and hermit crabs. The same waves and currents that make the life in the high tide zone difficult bring food to the filter feeders and other intertidal animals.
Low tide zone
This area is mostly submerged – it is exposed only during low tide. It is teeming with life. There is much more marine life, especially seaweed. There is greater biodiversity, but organisms in this zone are not well adapted to dryness and temperature extremes. Low tide zone organisms include abalone, sea anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranchs, small fish, sea cucumber, kelp, sea stars, sea urchins, shrimp, snails, sponges, sea grass, tube worms, and whelks.
These creatures can grow to larger sizes because there is more available energy and better water coverage: The water is shallow enough to allow more light for photosynthetic activity, and the salinity is at almost normal levels. The area is still protected from large predators because of the wave action and relatively shallow water.
Rock pool fauna
Sea anemone, such as Anthopleura elegantissima, can clone to reproduce. The process is called longitudinal fission, in which the animal splits in two parts along its length. Some species, such as Anthopleura sola can fight for territory. The white tentacles (acrorhagi) are for fighting. The acrorhagi contain stinging cells. The sea anemones sting each other repeatedly until one (usually) moves.
Some species of starfish have the ability to regenerate lost arms in time. Most species must retain an intact central part of the body to be able to regenerate, but a few can regrow from a single ray.The regeneration of these stars is possible because the vital organs are in the arms.
Rock pool flora
Sea palms look much as palm trees do. They live in the middle to upper intertidal zones in areas with greater wave action. High wave action may increase nutrient availability and moves the blades of the thallus, allowing more sunlight to reach the organism so that it can photosynthesize. In addition, the constant wave action removes competitors.
Kamla Persad-Bissessar
The Rt Hon. Kamla Persad-Bissessar PBS SC MP (born 22 April 1952 ) is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian lawyer and politician who was the seventh Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 26 May 2010 to 9 September 2015. She was the country's first female Prime Minister, Attorney General, and Leader of the Opposition. She is also the first woman of Indian origin to be a prime minister in a country outside of India and South Asia.
XO-1b
XO-1b is an extrasolar planet. It is approximately 536 light years away. It was discovered in 2006 by the XO Project which is an international team of professional and amateur astronomers. They used the transit method to find XO-1b. It a little bit larger than Jupiter. It is a hot Jupiter. The Hubble Space Telescope found water in the atmosphere of the XO-1b.
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes (June 4, 1928 – August 24, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman. He was the chairman of the Votorantim Group; one of the country's largest companies, specialized in metals, paper, cement and frozen orange juice. He was the grandfather of IndyCar Series driver Mario Moraes. He ran for governor of São Paulo State in 1986, but lost the elections.
De Moraes died in São Paulo, Brazil from heart failure, aged 86.
John Davies (historian)
John Davies (25 April 1938 – 16 February 2015) was a Welsh historian, and a television and radio broadcaster. He worked for the BBC during his entire career.
Shakespeare's Sonnets
Shakespeare's Sonnets is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The collection was first published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. In general, each sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and consists of three quatrains followed by a concluding couplet. The sonnets are about love, death, jealousy, procreation, beauty, etc.
Basdeo Panday
Basdeo Panday (born May 25, 1933) is a Trinidadian politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. He served as Prime Minister from 1995 to 2001.
Milan Cathedral
Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano) is the cathedral church of Milan found in Lombardy, northern Italy. The cathedral where locate in Milan was built according to Italian style. Its construction was started in 1386 and was completed in 1965. The construction took 579 years. Capacity of the cathedral is 60000 people. It is one of the largest cathedral in the world and the largest in Italy.
Embassy of Israel, London
The Embassy of Israel in London is the head of diplomacy of Israel in the United Kingdom. It is located in the South Kensington area on Kensington Palace Gardens near the road on Kensington High Street. The Grade II* listed building has both the Embassy of Israel and the Israeli Consulate, which is available using another door at 15a Old Court Place.
Location
The Embassy is at 2 Palace Green, the southern area of Kensington Palace Gardens, which is home to Kensington Palace itself as well as a number of other diplomatic missions and embassies, and is part of the Crown Estate. The security of the embassy is very strong, with many guards.
Building
The Embassy has a house first built in 1860–62 for the author William Makepeace Thackeray, made in red brick as he wanted. It was given Grade II* listed status in 1969.
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation is a 2015 American spy action thriller movie directed by Christopher McQuarrie and is the fifth movie in the Mission: Impossible series. It stars Tom Cruise, Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg, Rebecca Ferguson, Ving Rhames, Sean Harris, Simon McBurney, Jingchu Zhang, Tom Hollander, Jens Hultén, Alec Baldwin and is the sequel to the 2018 movie Mission: Impossible – Fallout. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Sani Dangote
Sani Dangote (1959/60 – 14 November 2021) was a Nigerian businessman and brother to Aliko Dangote. He died on 14 November 2021 in the United States from colon cancer.
Nisha Verwey
With her club TOP she became national champion. With the Netherlands national korfball team she became European Champion in 2010. Verwey has been a player of the Suriname national korfball team since 2017. She played with the team at the 2019 IKF World Korfball Championship in South Africa.
British Rail Class 97/6
The British Rail Class 97/6 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston & Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654). There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.
Étinehem-Méricourt
Étinehem-Méricourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Étinehem (the seat) and Méricourt-sur-Somme.
Tom Green
Michael Thomas "Tom" Green (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, rapper, director, producer and writer. He was born in Pembroke, Ontario. He had his own comedy program, The Tom Green Show, on MTV. He directed, co-wrote and starred in Freddy Got Fingered. He was also a member of the short lived hip hop group Organized Rhyme where he performed under the stage name "MC Bones".
Darwin Hindman
Darwin Hindman (April 30, 1933 – June 17, 2019) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the longest-serving mayor of Columbia, Missouri, totalling 15 years. He became mayor in 1995 and finished his fifth elected term in 2010, after deciding not to run for re-election. In 2009, he received the Leadership for Healthy Communities Award along with mayors Michael Bloomberg (New York City) and Gavin Newsom (San Francisco).
Wassertrüdingen
Wassertrüdingen is a town in Ansbach, a district (Landkreis) in Middle Franconia. It is between the Hesselberg, the wooded heights of the Oettinger Forest and the foothills of the Hahnenkamm. The Fränkisches Seenland (Franconian Lake District) recreation area is 15 km away. Altentrüdingen, Fürnheim, Geilsheim, Obermögersheim, Reichenbach und Schobdach are part of Wassertrüdingen.
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is the medical term used to describe a collection of signs and symptoms. They occur because of kidney damage. This is different from nephritic syndrome where there are red blood cells in urine, giving it a red colour appearance.
Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed by doctors based on the classical symptoms of oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidaemia (which is explained below).
Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
2008 Football at the Summer Olympics was held in China from 7 to 23 August.
Nephrotic syndrome
Causes
Causes can be divided into two as primary and secondary causes.
Primary causes are conditions developing within the kidney.
Secondary causes affect other body parts in addition to kidneys.
Treatment
Treatment is with drugs that will reduce the damage to the kidneys. Prednisone, Cyclophosphamide, levamisole are some drugs used to treat nephrotic syndrome.
In addition to that lack of albumin is treated by giving albumin from outside into a vein. Fluid retention is treated with drugs called "diuretics" which will remove excessive water collected in the body. The person is advised to consume salt, fat containing foods and fluids including water in low amounts.
Prognosis
Prognosis is the medical term for the likely outcome of a disease. Good prognosis means the person will have a good outcome with no organ damage and no long lasting effects due to the disease.
British Rail departmental locomotives
Before the introduction of the Total Operations Processing System, Class 97 was issued to self-propelled locomotives in departmental (non-revenue earning) use, British Rail had such locomotives numbered in a variety of series, together with locomotives that were no longer self-propelled. See Also:
Live – Friday the 13th
Live – Friday the 13th is a live album released on Sept. 20th, 2005. The album was released as a live CD/DVD album featuring all 12 original songs from Pop band Maroon 5's hit debut called Songs About Jane. This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions. The CD has the length of 77:58.
Performance
Maroon 5 performed in Santa Barbara, California on Friday, May 13th of 2005.
Songs
The songs from the hit debut album by Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane were all featured performed live on this album. Two songs are performed called Hello by band Oasis (cover), and Ain't No Sunshine (cover).
List of Warner Bros. Animation franchises
This article is a list of franchises by the American animated studio Warner Bros. Animation, which is part of the Warner Bros. Television division of Warner Bros. Entertainment, owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. This includes animated feature films, shorts, specials, and television series.
WASP-17b
WASP-17b is an exoplanet. It is found in the constellation Scorpius. It orbits the star WASP-17. Its discovery was announced on 11 August 2009. It is the first planet that was discovered to have a retrograde orbit. On 3 December 2013, scientists working with the Hubble Space Telescope found water in the atmosphere of WASP-17b.
Bavaria Party
The Bavaria Party Bayernpartei (BP) is a political party in the state of Bavaria of southern Germany. It was founded in 1946. The party wants Bavaria to be an independent, separate country, within the European Union. Together with the Christian Social Union of Bavaria it can be seen as an heir to the Bavarian People's Party which existed prior to World War II.
Walter Keane
Walter Stanley Keane (October 7, 1915 – December 27, 2000) was an American painter and plagiarist. He became famous in the 1950s for claiming he had painted a series of widely-reproduced paintings depicting vulnerable waifs with enormous eyes. The paintings were in fact painted by his wife Margaret Keane.
Harold Robbins
Harold Robbins (born Harold Rubin; May 21, 1916 – October 14, 1997 ) was an American author.
American Enterprise Institute
It was created in 1938. AEI's stated goal is "to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism—limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate". AEI mostly believes in conservatism and neoconservatism, although it is officially non-partisan (does not officially support any political party). AEI is governed by a Board of Trustees that has 28 members. It is made up of executives and former executives from various corporations. Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI.
Shakespeare's Birthplace
Shakespeare's Birthplace is a house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and one of several sites in Stratford associated with him.
Death Be Not Proud
"Death Be Not Proud" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.
Poem
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so; For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me. From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow, And soonest our best men with thee do go, Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery. Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then? One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.
Talossa
The Kingdom of Talossa or Regipäts Talossan [ˈred͡ʒipæt͡s tɐɫɔˈsan] is a small unrecognized nation led by John Woolley as King John. The Kingdom referred to itself as a Micronation for many years, however now referred to as a country.
Etymology
The name Talossa comes from the Finnish word talossa, meaning "inside the house" (that is, the root talo meaning house or building, in the inessive case). It was selected by the country's founder, Robert Ben Madison, because it described the kingdom's territorial claim (then limited to his bedroom).
Islam in Delhi
Delhi has the second largest Muslim population (12.86%) within Delhi State. Muhammad Ghori invaded India in 1175 A.D. After the conquest of Multan and Punjab, he advanced towards Delhi. The Rajput chiefs of northern India headed by Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated him in the First Battle of Terrain in 1191 A.D. After about a year, Muhammad Ghori came again to avenge his defeat. A furious battle was fought again in Terrain in 1192 A.D. in which the Rajputs were defeated and Prithvi Raj Chauhan was captured and put to death. The Second Battle of Terrain, however, proved to be a decisive battle that laid the foundations of Muslim rule in Northern India. Ghori built many mosques and libraries after laying Muslim rule in India. The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India's history is known as the Delhi Sultanate period. During this period of over three hundred years, five dynasties ruled in Delhi. These were: the Slave dynasty (1206-90), Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526).The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk/Slave dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). It covered large swathes of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.
NGC 502
NGC 502 is a lenticular galaxy in the Pisces constellation. It is about 117 million light-years away from the Milky Way.
Islam in Delhi
As a successor to the Ghurid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate was originally one among a number of principalities ruled by the Turkic slave-generals of Muhammad Ghori (who had conquered large parts of Northern India), including Yildiz, Aibek and Qubacha, that had inherited and divided the Ghurid territories amongst themselves. After a long period of infighting, the Mamluks were overthrown in the Khalji revolution which marked the transfer of power from the Turks to a heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility. Both of the resulting Khalji and Tughlaq dynasties respectively saw a new wave of rapid Muslim conquests deep into South India. The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent. This was followed by decline due to Hindu reconquests, Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara Empire and Mewar asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal Sultanate breaking off. In 1526, the Sultanate was conquered and succeeded by the Mughal Empire.
The sultanate is noted for its integration of the Indian subcontinent into a global cosmopolitan culture (as seen concretely in the development of the Hindustani language and Indo-Islamic architecture), being one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate) and for enthroning one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana, who reigned from 1236 to 1240. Bakhtiyar Khalji's annexations were responsible for the large-scale desecration of Hindu and Buddhist temples (leading to the decline of Buddhism in East India and Bengal), and the destruction of universities and libraries. Mongolian raids on West and Central Asia set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions into the subcontinent, thereby establishing Islamic culture in India and the rest of the region.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was killed in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, on Friday, November 22, 1963. This happened while he was traveling in a presidential motorcade with his wife Jacqueline, the Governor of Texas John Connally, and the governor's wife Nellie.
Shooting and death
As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired. Kennedy was shot once in the throat, and once in the head. It happened at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC). The motorcade drove to Parkland Memorial Hospital 4 mi away. At 1:00 p.m., Kennedy was pronounced dead.
Lee Harvey Oswald was the main suspect in the murder. He was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman, J. D. Tippit. He was charged with both murders later that night. Oswald denied shooting anyone. Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby two days later, on November 24. This was when Oswald was being moved from the police station to a jail. He died in Parkland Hospital.
The event left a lasting impression on many worldwide. As with the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor before it and the September 11 attacks after it, asking "Where were you when you heard about President Kennedy's assassination" would become a common topic of discussion.
Investigations
An investigation into what happened was done by the Warren Commission in 1963–1964. It took 10 months. The commission decided that Oswald was the only person involved, and he had fired three shots from the window of a warehouse on the corner of Dealey Plaza. No one else was involved. The man who murdered Oswald, Jack Ruby, was also said to have acted alone.
Most people at the time believed this was true. However, other alternative theories as to what could have happened have developed. Surveys from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover-up.
Another investigation was done by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979. They found that President John F. Kennedy was probably killed as a result of a conspiracy (a secret plot). The HSCA found both the original FBI investigation and the Warren Commission Report to have big mistakes. They agree with the Commission that Oswald fired all the shots. But they say that there were at least four shots fired. They also say that it was very likely that two gunmen fired at the President. No gunmen or groups involved in the conspiracy were pointed out by the committee. They said that the CIA, the Soviet Union, organized crime and several other groups were not involved.
Conspiracy theories
The assassination is still the subject of a lot of debate. There are a lot of conspiracy theories. Some researchers have suggested that Oswald was not the shooter. Others have suggested that he conspired with others to kill the president. Most of these theories accuse criminal groups, the military–industrial complex, the government of Cuba, the KGB, or the CIA. Lyndon Johnson, George H. W. Bush and Sam Giancana are among those accused. That mob boss Sam Giancana was responsible is supported by the account of his brother and nephew. Only one person was ever put on trial: Clay Shaw, but he was found not guilty.
Some have also argued that the gunshots were fired so quickly there must have been more than one assassin shooting at the President. This could be supported by the fact that most witnesses said that the second and third shots were fired closer together.
Some believe that the bullets could not have hit Kennedy in the place they hit him if they had really been fired from the warehouse. Many of the workers at Parkland Hospital reported that a large portion of the back of the President's head appeared to have been blown out. This may suggest that he had been hit from the front.
Jedi
In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Jedi or Jedi Knights are members of an old order, who use a power they call The Force.
The Jedi use The Force which gives them psychic powers. Their typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.
The Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life, serving others. They keep and defend the peace of the galaxy.
The opposite of the Jedi are the Sith, who follow the Dark side of the Force (using the force for evil).
Palmero cheese
Palmero is a type of cheese from the Spanish island of La Palma. It is made from raw goats milk. It can either be plain or lightly smoked.
Pacer
Pacer trains were railbuses built by British Rail between 1980 and 1987. There were several classes of them: 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144. They were diesel multiple unit trains, meaning each carriage had its own diesel engine. Pacers were built as a stopgap because British Rail did not have enough normal trains at the time and could not get new ones quickly enough. They were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years, but it actually took nearly 35 years to replace them.
Most Pacer trains were put out of use in 2020. Two things finally made this happen. The first is that it is difficult for people with disabilities to climb onto Pacer trains. The Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations require that all public passenger trains must be made easy to use for disabled people by 2020 - but they made an exception for the Pacer trains until the end of 2020. Only one Pacer (the modernised 144e) follows this rule right now. The second is that the Transport Secretary made a decision in 2015 to retire the Pacers by 2020 for the then-new Northern service, arguing that it would be bad for the economy in the north to keep using "these uncomfortable and low-quality vehicles".
Features
The Pacer series were made to keep building and running costs low, so all of the Pacer units use:
Background
At the beginning of the 1980s British Rail (BR) needed to make new trains to replace its old first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs) which had been built between the mid-1950s and early-1960s. These old trains had helped replace steam and were popular with the public at the time. But BR did not get much money from the government, so could not get new trains that were just as good as the old ones. BR created two kinds of new second generation trains: the Sprinter series, for use on city and longer-distance services, and the Pacer series as cheap DMUs built using bus parts for short-distance countryside and branch line services. The Pacers were intended as a cheap stopgap solution to the shortage of trains, and were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years. BR set a challenge to several companies to design a cheap, lightweight train similar to railbuses. Since then, 165 Pacer trains (with 340 carriages in total) have been built. By 2015, some of these were over 30 years old.
They also tried to sell Pacers by showing them in the USA, Northern Ireland, Belgium, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, but no one bought any there. However, Iran bought leftover Class 141 units, for use on suburban lines around Tehran until 2005.
Class 141
Then they built 20 more two-car units, forming the Class 141 fleet that was used mostly for suburban services in Yorkshire. They could carry 94 passengers in each set of two cars. Their two Leyland TL11 engines gave a total of 410 bhp, making for a top speed of 75 mph.
The 141s were built with Leyland National bus bodies that were so narrow that they could only be fitted with standard bus seats. The later Pacers had widened body panels to allow better seating.
The entire class got a technical upgrade in 1988 at the Hunslet-Barclay works in Kilmarnock.
The units were withdrawn from British Rail in 1997. Many were sold to Islamic Republic of Iran Railways but have been withdrawn and are left in disused sidings in Iran. A few are preserved at museum sites.
Class 142
The next and largest Pacer class was the Class 142. This again was built by Leyland and BREL, in 1985. The body was based on a Leyland National bus, built at Workington in Cumbria. Many fixtures and fittings of the Leyland National could be found on the units. The new class could carry more passengers: 120 passengers per two-car set. The same engines were used.
The first sets were used on Devon and Cornwall branch lines and on commuter services in the north west. The units from Cornwall were eventually moved to Liverpool and the north east, so the Class 142s were often seen on services across the north of England.
In the early 1990s, the 142s got more powerful Cummins engines, which gave a total power output of 460 bhp per two-car set. Several units were then changed for use on the Merseyside PTE City Line on Merseyrail in the Liverpool region, giving them dot-matrix route signs, better seating and Merseyrail PTE paintwork.
When privatisation happened, the class 142s were taken over by Arriva Trains Northern and First North Western, and then by Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North, Northern Trains, Arriva Trains Wales and Transport for Wales. Eight Northern Rail units were withdrawn from service for a while and replaced by a series of British Rail Class 158s. First Great Western received 12 units on loan from Northern Rail from December 2007 to November 2011 (five units were returned to Northern in December 2008). This allowed most of its Class 158 fleet to be rebuilt as three-car sets.
Class 143 and Class 144
Around the same time that the Class 142 was developed, another class of Pacer railbus was designed by Kilmarnock-based Hunslet-Barclay. These used a Walter Alexander bus body. They were given the number Class 143 and started being used in 1985. Its two 205 bhp engines gave a total output of 410 bhp and a top speed of 75 mi/h. This class of Pacer originally had a capacity of 122 passengers. They were used in the North East before being transferred to Wales and the South West, and were moved over to Valley Lines and Wales & West control during privatisation. They then passed on to Arriva Trains Wales, Wessex Trains, First Great Western and Transport for Wales. The interiors were completely changed in 2000, when the Valley Lines service was introduced, with full back, coach-type seating installed throughout, along with improved fittings. This reduced seating capacity to 106 seats per set.
Then came a similar Class 144 unit, a Walter Alexander body on BREL underframe, which was introduced in 1987. A unit was formed of either a two-car set with 122 seats or a three-car set with a total capacity of 195 passengers and 690 bhp, but its top speed was still 75 mi/h. The units were used in the North East, passing to Northern Spirit at privatisation, then to Arriva Trains Northern, Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North and now Northern Trains.
Disadvantages
It has often been said that the Pacers are of poor quality. Instead of the usual bogies, Pacers use a basic four-wheel two-axle underframe. This often makes for a ride that is noisier and less comfortable than other trains, especially over points, and a loud squealing noise is heard around tight curves. Not having bogies also makes for a worse suspension and a bumpier ride; Pacers have been nicknamed "nodding donkeys" because of the trains' up-and-down motion on uneven track. The basic bench seating can also be uncomfortable. The early units, especially the s, were also very unreliable.
Pacers have only been used in certain areas of the north and south west of England and the south of Wales, but not in the richer London or south east England areas. This has also created bad feelings.
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Pacer
Disadvantages
Safety worries were raised after the 1999 Winsford crash. A Virgin Trains Class 87 express train ran into an empty First North Western Class 142 Pacer, after the Pacer had fouled the main line at Winsford, Cheshire on the West Coast Main Line. The wire straps that held the body of the Pacer to its frame broke, separating the body from the frame and causing severe damage. The unit was written off. Twenty-seven passengers and crew were wounded, four badly. But all passenger injuries were on the other train, as the Class 142 was running empty at the time.
Advantages
On the other hand, the Pacers were seen as a practical solution at a time when there was not a lot of money. They probably saved services on some rural lines that might not have been serviced by any trains at all if only more expensive trains had been available. They have also proved cheap to run, achieving a fuel economy of 10 miles to the gallon.
Replacements
As of 2020, the oldest Pacers on the national network were nearly 35 years old. All were planned to be withdrawn and scrapped by December 2019 as they do not comply with Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations.
CAF Civity
In July 2019, rollout of Northern's Class 195 CAF Civity units had begun on some routes. Because of this, refurbished Sprinters that no longer needed on those routes can be used to replace Pacers instead.
Vivarail D-Train
These units are built out of upcycled London Underground D78 Stock, built between 1978 and 1981, which were in service on the District line until 2017. To convert the old stock for mainline railway use, it will be necessary to re-use the aluminium bodyshells, traction motors and bogies from the D78 units and fit them out with new diesel engines and interiors. The D-Train units underwent acceptance testing in 2015 and Vivarail pitched them to train operating companies (TOCs), especially those bidding for the Northern franchise. While no orders were received from Northern, Transport for Wales will replace its Pacers with a combination of five D-Trains and trains taken over from other train operators, and other TOCs have ordered D-trains to replace other outdated trains: South Western Railway for the Isle of Wight's Island Line, and West Midlands Trains for the Marston Vale line
"144e Evolution"
Porterbrook, which owns the Class 143 and Class 144 fleets, refurbished 144012 in 2014 to comply with the new legislation, dubbed the "144e Evolution" unit. However, no other units have been refurbished to this standard.
Preservation
Several Pacers have been preserved for further use on heritage railways. The National Railway Museum has preserved 142001.
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Pacer
Preservation
In May 2019, the government asked the public how to re-use the trains after withdrawal from service. One of the suggestions was re-using them as public spaces, such as village halls or cafes.
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