cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Swahili people
The Swahili are a people and culture found on the East coast of Africa, mainly the coastal regions and the islands of Kenya and Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The Swahili number is at around 1,328,000. The number of Swahili speakers, on the other hand, numbers at around 90 million people. The name Swahili comes from the Arabic word Sawahil and means "coastal dwellers". Swahili is official language only in Tanzania. Swahili speakers who live elsewhere in East Africa also have to use the official languages of their respective countries: English in Kenya, Portuguese in Mozambique, and French in Comoros. Only a small part of those who use Swahili are first language speakers and even fewer are ethnic Swahilis. This point is often obscured by the Swahili linguistic tradition in which those who speak the language are often called Swahili (Waswahili) regardless of their actual ethnic origins. In other words, the term 'Swahili' can mean 'those who speak Swahili' or it can mean 'ethnic Swahili people'.
Definition
The Swahili are unique Bantu inhabitants of the East African Coast mainly from Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. They are mainly united by culture and under the mother tongue of Kiswahili, a Bantu language. There are Arab, Persian, and other migrants who reached the coast some believe as early as the 7th-8th c. CE, and mixed with the local people there, that are regarded as Swahili now. Because of this influence the Swahili language contains many loan words from Arabic and Persian. Archaeologist, Felix Chami thinks that Bantu settlements at the East African coast existed already at the beginning of the 1st millennium. From the 6th century onward they became more important as there was an increase in trade (mainly with Arab merchants), population growth, and further centralized urbanization. So the Swahili City-States developed.
Economy
For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between east, central and South Africa, and the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 A.D. by early Roman writers who visited the East African coast in the first century. Trade routes extended across Tanzania into modern day Zaire. Along these goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders and even reached as far as China and India. Materials of this trade were also found at Great Zimbabwe. During the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of income. Many slaves who were sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbors in exchange for products of the interior.
Garfield Sobers
Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers (born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown, Barbados) is a former West Indian cricketer. He is often known as Garry.
Sobers was a very good batsman and highly effective bowler. He was able to bowl both fast and as a spinner. Sobers is widely regarded as the greatest all rounder of all time and, with Sir Donald Bradman, as one of the greatest cricketers of any type.
Jerry Goldsmith
Jerrald King "Jerry" Goldsmith (February 10, 1929 – July 21, 2004) was an American television and movie composer and conductor most known for his work in Air Force One, The Mummy, Gremlins, The Omen, five Star Trek movies, three Rambo movies, Poltergeist, Alien, and the 1968 movie version of Planet of the Apes.
Uttoxeter
Uttoxeter is a small market town and civil parish in East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England. In 2001, 12,023 people lived there. This number was expected to grow when new developments in the town finished. Uttoxeter is close to the River Dove. It is near the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield. It is twinned with Raisdorf in Germany (with whom close links are still maintained), and Fumel in France.
Jerry Goldsmith
Goldsmith was born on February 10, 1929 in Los Angeles, California and also studied at the University of Southern California and at the Los Angeles City College.
Goldsmith has been married to Sharon Hennagin from 1950 until they divorced in 1970. Goldsmith lastly married Carol Heather from 1972 until his death in 2004. He has five children, one of his sons, Joel Goldsmith, died in 2012.
Goldsmith died on July 21, 2004 in his home in Beverly Hills, California from colon cancer, aged 75.
=Influences= Goldsmith stated composers like Igor Stravinsky, Edward Elger, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Jakob Gimpel, Richard Wagner, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Ludwig Von Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Thomas Tallis, Alban Berg, Gustav Holst, Elmer Bernstein, Alfred Newman, Miklós Róza, Henry Mancini, Buddy Baker, Leigh Harline, Oliver Wallace, Frank Churchill, Max Stiener, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Alex North, Bela Bartok, Carl W. Stalling, Franz Waxman, Leonard Rosenman, Raymond Scott and Lalo Schifrin as influences.
=References=
Webster County, Kentucky
Webster County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,621. Its county seat is Dixon. The county was formed in 1860 and named for American statesman Daniel Webster (1782-1852). It is the southernmost county in the Evansville, IN–KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Gradignan
Gradignan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
List of renamed cities in Azerbaijan
The following is a list of cities in Azerbaijan that have undergone a name change in the recent past:
Eddie Calvo
Eddie Baza Calvo (born August 29, 1961) is an American Guamanian politician. He was the Governor of the United States territory of Guam from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. His father, Paul McDonald Calvo, also served as governor of Guam from 1979 through 1983.
Calvo was a five-term Senator within the Legislature of Guam. He became the Governor of Guam, having defeated Democrat Carl Gutierrez in the 2010 gubernatorial election.
Natters
Natters is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Andrei Kirilenko
Andrei Kirilenko (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Small forward that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.
He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.
Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.
Ballon d'Or
The Ballon d'Or is a special award given to a football player every year. It has been given since 1956 by a French news magazine called France Football. From 2010 to 2015, it was combined with another award called FIFA World Player of the Year, and together they were known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. However, in 2016, they separated again, and the award returned to its original name, the Ballon d'Or. FIFA also started giving its own separate award called The Best FIFA Men's Player. The Ballon d'Or was created by sports writers Gabriel Hanot and Jacques Ferran. It is given to the male player who is considered to have performed the best in the previous year. Football journalists used to do the voting for this award from 1956 to 2006. At first, it was only given to players from Europe and was called the European Footballer of the Year award. But in 1995, it was expanded to include players from any part of the world who have played for European clubs. After 2007, coaches and captains of national teams were also allowed to vote. This made the award a global prize, and any professional football player from around the world became eligible to win it. In 2022, France Football changed some rules for the Ballon d'Or. They decided to give the award not for achievements in a calendar year but for a football season. They also made it so that only countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking could vote for the award.
Lens (anatomy)
The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye. With the cornea it helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens changes shape. This changes the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances. This adjustment of the lens is called accommodation. It is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera when it focuses its lenses. The lens is flatter on the inside.
The lens is also called the aquula (Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua, water) or crystalline lens. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is approximately 18 dioptres. This is about one-third of the eye's total power.
Jacques Arcadelt
Jacques Arcadelt (also called Jacob Arcadelt) (born probably in Liège, 1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October  1568)  was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period. He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons.
We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 when he was made a member of the Julian Chapel. Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster. In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices. Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life. He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses.
Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called Il bianco e dolce cigno (The white and gentle swan). The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.
The Lure of the Gown
The Lure of the Gown is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Marion Leonard, Harry Solter, and Florence Lawrence.
Cascade Mall shooting
On September 23, 2016, five people were killed in a mass shooting at the Cascade Mall in Burlington, Washington, U.S.
The gunman was identified as Arcan Cetin, a 20-year-old who emigrated from Turkey as a child with his family. He was arrested the following day in Oak Harbor, Washington, his hometown. On September 26, he confessed to committing the shooting.
Shortly before 7:00 p.m. PDT on the same day, Cetin walked into a Macy's store at the Cascade Mall with a stolen rifle and opened fire, killing four women and one man. The male victim died the next day at a Seattle hospital.
Pecten (bivalve)
Pecten is a genus of large scallops or saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae. This is the type genus of the family. Pecten have lived since the Triassic Era and swim by flopping their shells.
The name "Pecten" is the Latin word for a comb or rake.
Shell petroleum company has used its logo with a shell since 1904.
Species
Species in the genus Pecten include:
Dark Horse (album)
Dark Horse is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Nickelback. The album was released on November 18, 2008. Seven singles came from the album, including "Gotta Be Somebody", "If Today Was Your Last Day", "I'd Come for You", "Burn It to the Ground", and "Something in Your Mouth".
Anthony James Leggett
Sir Anthony James Leggett (born 26 March 1938) is a British theoretical physicist. He is a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Leggett is known for his theory of low-temperature physics. He won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics.
SHeDAISY
SHeDAISY is an American country music group. They were founded in the late 1980s by sisters Kristyn, Kelsi and Kassidy Osborn. They are from Magna, Utah. The group's name comes from the word shideezhí, a Navajo term meaning "my little sister".
The trio began their careers as The Osborn Sisters. They were signed to the Nashville division of RCA Records. The group recorded an album that was never released. By 1999 the sisters renamed the group SHeDAISY and signed to Lyric Street Records. Their first album, The Whole SHeBANG, was released that year. The single "Little Good-Byes" from that album charted number three on the country charts. It was certified platinum in the United States. SHeDAISY has charted 15 times on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. Their hits include "Little Good-Byes," "This Woman Needs", "I Will… But", "Don't Worry 'bout a Thing", and two Christmas singles.
Grayan-et-l'Hôpital
Grayan-et-l'Hôpital is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Charlotte Dawson
Dawson committed suicide by hanging on the morning of 22 February 2014 at her home in Woolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales. She was 47 years old. Police said they were called to the home at 11:18 a.m. and that there were no suspicious circumstances to the death. She had a long history of depression. She tried to commit suicide in August 2012, after a much publicised battle with Twitter trolls.
Prime Minister of New Zealand John Key said he was "shocked" and "saddened" by her death.
Vuadens
Vuadens is a municipality of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.
Dale Gardner
Dale Allan Gardner (November 8, 1948 – February 19, 2014) was an American NASA astronaut. He flew two Space Shuttle missions during the early 1980s. He was born in Fairmont, Minnesota.
Gardner died from a brain hemorrhage on February 19, 2014 in his Colorado home. He was aged 65. He was outlived by his two children.
Noble, Louisiana
Noble is a village in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Pleasant Hill, Sabine Parish, Louisiana
Pleasant Hill is a village in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Metcalfe County, Kentucky
Metcalfe County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,099. Its county seat is Edmonton.
Donnas
Donnas is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Grignols, Gironde
Grignols, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Mexican Cession
The Mexican Cession of 1848 refers to the lands ceded or surrendered to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War. The territory became the states of California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona. It was agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which formally ended the war (1846–1848) between Mexico and the United States. The treaty was signed on 2 February 1848. The Cession added 500000 mi2 of territory to the southwestern United States. It also contributed to the United States emerging as a world power in the late the 19th century.
Gewisse
The Gewisse Latin: Gewissæ) were a political group or band of Anglo-Saxons. They originally settled in the upper Thames river valley area. The Gewisse were the most powerful group in what would become the kingdom of Wessex.
Name
The name 'Gewisse' comes from an Old English word for "reliable" or "sure", In the genealogy of King Alfred of Wessex, is a supposed ancestor of Cerdic named Gewis. (also spelled Gwis). The true origin of the name cannot be determined accurately. the name was old in Bede's time. Bede stated the original name for the West Saxons was the Gewisse. The change in name from the Gewisse to the West Saxons seems to have taken place in the latter part of the 7th century. The Gewisse, like the 'Cantwara' (Kent-men) and the 'Meonwara' of Hampshire were political units, not tribes.
History
Bishop Birinus began converting the Gewisse to Christianity in 634, In 635 he baptized their king Cynegils who established Birinus at Dorchester. But the Dorchester bishopric was never considered West Saxon by Bede. He considered it to be Gewisse. In 660 Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester and made Wine the first bishop. Bede referred to the Winchester diocese as West Saxon. At the time he was writing in the early 8th century, Bede treated the two names as interchangeable. But when writing of the reign of Cynegils he referred to them as "anciently known as the Gewissae."
List of botanical gardens
The list of botanical gardens is ordered alphabetically by country:
Lake Ülemiste
Lake Ülemiste (Ülemiste järv) a lake in Estonia. It is the largest of the lakes near Tallinn, the capital city. Tallinn takes its drinking water from this lake. The lake gets its water mostly from the small Kurna stream and the larger Pirita River (through the Vaskjala-Ülemiste canal).
Navis
Navis is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Lake Ülemiste
There is a legend about this lake. The legend says that the "Old Man of Lake Ülemiste" (Ülemiste vanake) lives in the lake. When anyone meets him, he always asks: "Is Tallinn ready yet?". If the other person answers "Yes, the city is ready.", then the old man will send the lake waters out to cover the city of Tallinn. In this way, if anyone meets this old man, they should answer: "No, the city is not ready. There is a lot of work to do still." In this way the city can be saved.
Forouzan
Forouzan (9 August 1937 – 24 January 2016) was an Iranian actress, producer, and dubbing artist. She started her career by voice dubbing. In 1964 she starred in Siamak Yasemi's "Sahel-e Entezar" but this was "Ganj-e Qarun", another movie by Yasemi that made her very famous. Her career came to an end because of the Iranian revolution of 1979.
Forouzan died in Tehran, Iran on 24 January 2016 at the age of 78.
Forouzan was popular also among the young Persians who were born after 1979 revolution.
Elfriede Jelinek
Elfriede Jelinek (born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004. Jelinek was born in Mürzzuschlag, Styria, Austria.
Her best known works are The Piano Teacher, Die Kinder der Toten, Greed and Lust.
Rajasthan
Rajasthan (Rajasthani: मारवाड़) (Hindi: राजस्थान) is a state in northwestern India. It is the largest state of India in terms of land area; 132,150 mi² or 342,269 km². It is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. In traditional India geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state. The capital of the state is city of Jaipur.
Scott Morrison
Scott John Morrison (born 13 May 1968) is an Australian politician. Morrison was the 30th Prime Minister of Australia from 24 August 2018 until 23 May 2022. He was the Treasurer of Australia from 2015 to 2018. Morrison has been a member of the Australian House of Representatives representing the Division of Cook, New South Wales since November 2007. He served as the Minister for Social Services from 2014 to 2015. He was also the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection from 2013 to 2014. He is a member of the Liberal Party.
Rajasthan
Rajasthan, the largest state in India, is known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes. With a population of over 68 million(2011), Rajasthan is home to a diverse group of people, including the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, and Bhils, who have contributed to the region’s unique identity and cultural heritage.
Scott Morrison
Morrison was born in Sydney. He studied economic geography at University of New South Wales. Before entering politics, he worked in tourism in Australia and New Zealand. He is married and has two children. Morrison is a Pentecostal.
In August 2018, after many leadership issues with Malcolm Turnbull and the calling of a leadership spill on 24 August, Morrison was elected Leader of the Liberal Party. He became Prime Minister hours later. He would also win the 2019 Australian federal election. However, his conservative coalition lost in the 2022 Australian federal election to the Labor Party. Morrison announced his resignation as the leader of the Liberal Party.
Rajasthan
Read More About Rajasthan
Before Indian independence the area of Rajasthan was known as Rajputana; it consisted of many states of varying sizes ruled by Rajput princes.
Rajasthan new districts List
Anupgarh
Balotra
Deeg
Didwana-Kuchaman City
Dudu
Gangapur City
Jaipur North
Jaipur South
Jodhpur East
Jodhpur West
Kekri
Kotputli-Behror
Khairthal
Neemkathana
Phalodi
Salumbar
Sanchore
Shahpura (Bhilwara)
New divisions: Pali, Sikar, Banswara named as new divisions.
Alejandro García Padilla
Alejandro Javier García Padilla (born August 3, 1971) is a Puerto Rican politician. He was the Governor of Puerto Rico from 2013 to 2017. He was elected governor in January 2013.
Rajasthan
New more proposals:-
Rawatbhata
Phulera-Sambhar
Khetri
Sujangarh
Bhinmal
Khajuwala
Sumerpur
Nimbahera
Malpura
Kota South and kota North
Bhiwadi
Jhalrapatan
Neemran
Makrana
Merta City
Sujla
Guillac, Gironde
Guillac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Rajasthan
Shrimadhopur
Pokhran
Madanganj-Kishangarh Ratangarh
Suratgarh
Gharsana
Shri Vijaynagar
Nohar
Bhadra
Nokha
Ramganj Mandi
Bhiwani Mandi
Kaman
Hindaun City
Kherwara
Sarara
Falna
Divisions:
Barmer
Chittaurgarh
Bhilwara
Nagaur
Sawai madhopur
Eloy Inos
Eloy Songao Inos (September 26, 1949 – December 28, 2015) was an American politician. He was born in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Inos, a member of the Republican Party, was the Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands. He previously served as Lieutenant Governor.
Macbeth (1909 French movie)
Macbeth is a 1909 French silent drama movie directed by André Calmettes and stars Paul Mounet, and Jeanne Delvair. The movie is an adaptation of the William Shakespeare play Macbeth.
Eloy Inos
Inos died on December 28, 2015 in Seattle, Washington while recovering from open heart surgery at the age of 66.
Walt Davis
Walter Francis "Buddy" Davis (January 5, 1931 – November 17, 2020) was an American athlete. He won a gold medal in the high jump at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He later became a professional basketball player. He played for the Philadelphia Warriors between 1953 to 1958 and for the St. Louis Hawks in 1958.
Davis was born in Beaumont, Texas. He studied at Texas A&M University. Davis died on November 17, 2020 in Port Arthur, Texas at age 89.
Doues
Doues is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Six Flags Over Texas
Six Flags Over Texas is a theme park in Arlington, Texas.
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
He was an important figure in Pakistan that related to international affairs for thirty years. He served as the foreign minister under President General Zia-ul-Haq from 1982 to 1991 and as the caretaker foreign minister from 1996 to 1997. He also served as the Pakistan Ambassador of the United States serving from 1973 though 1979.
Khan died in Islamabad on 26 January 2016 at the age of 95.
Marshall County, Kentucky
Marshall County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,448. Its county seat is Benton.
Montmorillon
Montmorillon is a commune in the Vienne department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, in central-western France. The clay mineral montmorillonite (a silicate) was named after Montmorillon when it was discovered there in 1847.
It is one of the two subprefectures of the Vienne department and the capital of the canton of Montmorillon.
Montmorillon is well known for its macarons, and has a museum dedicated to it.
Geography
Montmorillon is along the Gartempe river. The city is at 50 km to the southeast of Poitiers and at 90 km to the nortwest of Limoges.
It has an area of 57 km2 and its average altitude is 125 m; at the city hall, the altitude is 90 m.
Population
The inhabitants of Montmorillon are known, in French, as Montmorillonnais (women: Montmorillonnaises).
With a population of 6,155, Confolens has a population density of inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Montmorillon
Administration
Montmorillon is a subprefecture of the Vienne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the canton of Montmorillon.
Twin cities
Montmorillon is also partner withː
Cley Marshes
Cley Marshes is a 176 ha nature reserve on the North Sea coast of England. It is just outside the village of Cley next the Sea, Norfolk. It has been a reserve since 1926. It is the oldest of the reserves belonging to the Norfolk Wildlife Trust (NWT).
Cley Marshes protects an area of reed beds, freshwater marsh, pools and wet meadows. It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Special Protection Area (SPA) and Ramsar Site because of the large numbers of birds it attracts.
Guillos
Guillos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Grézillac
Grézillac is a commune. It is in the region of Aquitaine in the Gironde department. This is in the southwest of France.
Zenzenzense
"Zenzenzense" (前前前世) is a song that is by Radwimps. Radwimps is a Japanese band. It was one of the theme songs that was used in Your Name. It reached number one on Billboard Japan Hot 100. It was also certified for over one million downloads of the song.
The song was used in the movie trailers for Your Name. It was released on 25 July 2016, before the release of the movie. It was used to promote the movie.
Sales and certifications
!scope="row"| South Korea (Gaon)
Macbeth (1909 Italian movie)
Macbeth is a 1909 Italian silent drama movie directed by Mario Caserini and stars Dante Cappelli, Maria Caserini, and Amleto Palormi. The movie is an adaptation of the William Shakespeare play Macbeth.
Roddy McDowall
Roderick Andrew Anthony Jude "Roddy" McDowall (17 September 1928 – 3 October 1998) was a British television, movie, stage, voice, radio, child actor and photographer. He is known for his soft smooth voice and for his role as Cornelius and Caesar in the Planet of the Apes movie series. He won a Tony Award, a Emmy Award, and a Saturn Award.
McDowall was born on 17 September 1928 in Herne Hill, London, England. McDowall was never married and had no children. McDowall was a closeted homosexual. McDowall died on 3 October 1998 from lung cancer in his Studio City, Los Angeles, California home, aged 70.
John de Jongh
John Percy de Jongh, Jr. (born 13 November 1957) is an American politician. He was the Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands from 2007 to 2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee
The 2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee took place on November 6, 2018.
The Race was between Republican Marsha Blackburn, and Democrat Phil Bredesen.
Marsha Blackburn won the election.
Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when the NASA's  exploded after 73 seconds of flight. All seven crew members were killed. It was the 25th flight of a Space Shuttle. The cause of the explosion was a part called an O-ring that broke in the right solid rocket booster. During the flight, hot gases escaped from the O-ring and made it break apart. Shuttles stopped flying for two and a half years.
Background
The mission of the flight that ended in disaster was named STS-51-L. It was the tenth mission for Challenger. STS-51-L was scheduled to deploy the second in a series of Tracking and Data Relay Satellites. It was also going to carry out the first flight of the "Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy" (SPARTAN-203) / Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable in order to observe Halley's Comet.
One of the crew members was Christa McAuliffe, a civilian teacher. She was going to carry out several lessons from space as part of the Teacher in Space Project and Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP). Another crew member of this mission, Gregory Jarvis, was originally going to fly on the previous shuttle flight (STS-61-C). However, he was reassigned to this flight and replaced by Congressman Bill Nelson.
O-ring issues
The O-ring was a part of the Shuttle's solid rocket booster that, when working correctly, stopped hot gas escaping through joins in the booster's steel skin called field joints. Each booster had three field joints, and each joint had two rubber O-rings, a main and a backup, that circled the booster. When the boosters were tested in 1977, however, the force caused by the pressure inside the booster made the steel parts bend away from each other at the field joints, breaking the O-ring seals and allowing the hot gases to escape. This was called "joint rotation", and if the "blow-by" of the hot gases against the O-rings was bad enough it could have destroyed the ring and caused the booster to explode. However, it was also found that the rubber O-rings would shift under the forces of lift-off and form a seal anyway, which was called "extrusion", so the problem was not seen as serious by NASA.
Blow-by of the O-rings had been seen on early Shuttle flights, and a pattern was noticed by the engineers who built the boosters: more blow-by happened in cold temperatures. The company that built the boosters, Thiokol, had been working on a fix but had not told NASA even though the O-rings were "criticality 1" parts, meaning that if they should fail to do their job, the rocket would be destroyed. Criticality 1 parts were also not allowed to rely on a backup part for safety - this meant that the backup O-ring in the booster was not good enough to keep the astronauts safe.
Launch
Challenger lifted off at 11:38 EST exactly. In the first four seconds of flight, grey smoke was seen on the launch pad cameras coming out of the aft (bottom) field joint in the right booster. This was the O-rings being partially destroyed - they had been frozen solid and could not seal, so the blow-by of hot gases burned them away completely before the "extrusion" could happen. However, aluminium oxide, formed by the burning rocket fuel, plugged the gap and formed a weak seal. Challenger was safe for now, and quickly cleared the launch tower.
Vehicle breakup
Challenger flew normally for almost a minute. At the 59 second mark, though, the aluminium seal broke. This allowed the burning rocket fuel to escape through the broken part of the O-ring. A visible plume of fire came out of the right SRB, burning both the external fuel tank and the piece of metal keeping the two connected. This plume burned through the bottom of the fuel tank, where the liquid hydrogen fuel was stored. At 68 seconds after liftoff, the engines increased power to produce the highest thrust possible (known as throttling up). The flight controllers informed the shuttle crew that their flight status was "go" at the throttle-up stage. The flight commander, Dick Scobee, responded with "Roger, go at throttle up."
However, at 72 seconds after liftoff, the fire that had burned through the fuel tank also burned through the connecting metal, leaving the right booster hanging only by the forward (top) attaching point. Challenger suddenly went off its intended path, which may have been felt by the crew. Half a second later, Smith said the last words picked up by the recorder designed to record all interactions in the crew area of the shuttle during flight: "Uh oh...". Smith may have been responding to the shuttle's computer telling him that the engines were moving quickly to compensate for the now loose booster in a useless attempt to get the shuttle back on the planned path. The right booster, free to swing about its remaining connection, turned outwards and hit the top of the fuel tank just as the hydrogen tank broke. The burning liquid fuel pushed the hydrogen tank into the now-broken upper oxygen tank, destroying both. The two liquid fuel parts combined and exploded in one go, swallowing Challenger in a huge explosion. The boosters, being made of thick steel, survived this, and though the explosion itself didn't destroy Challenger directly, it pushed the Shuttle into the wrong angle for its flight path through the air, which caused enormous amounts of drag that ripped Challenger apart.
Little is known of what happened in the minutes after the breakup. The crew cabin was still intact as it started falling, since it was built to be strong. The official report into the disaster says that the crew survived the first breakup and that at least three people were still alive. They were able to move switches which required a cover to be pulled off before they could be moved, probably when they tried to regain control of the craft, as well as activate their air packs. The crew cabin did not have any kind of parachute, and it smashed into the ocean after falling for 2 minutes and 45 seconds at roughly 207 mph. Any crew that might have survived the first break up died instantly with more than 200 times the force of normal gravity. This is like going from 0 to over 4400 mph and then slowing back down to 0 all within a second.
Investigation
Many people wanted to know why the Challenger exploded. President Ronald Reagan asked for a report about the disaster. It was called the Rogers Commission Report and it was written by a group of astronauts, scientists and engineers. They worked out what had happened and why the Challenger exploded. The report said that the people in charge at NASA did not listen to the engineers who said the O-rings were not safe; and that sometimes the people in charge thought that parts of the shuttle were well made when they were not. They also wrote that NASA sometimes did unsafe things because people would get angry if the shuttle launches were delayed.
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a product that comes from the breakdown of haemoglobin. Its levels are higher in certain diseases and it causes the yellow color of bruises and the brown color of faeces. Its level usually measured to monitor liver or gallbladder problems.
Paint Creek, Texas
Paint Creek is an unincorporated community in southeast Haskell County, Texas, United States, in north central Texas.
Armorer
A modern armorer is someone whose job is repairing, assembling and testing of small arms. Originally, an armorer was a person who created armor for medieval knights and noblemen. Today an armorer is someone who belongs to an organization such as the police or military and who maintains guns and weapons belonging to that organization. An armorer keeps these weapons in top working condition always ready for trouble-free use in the field. By doing this an armorer extends the service life of these weapons at minimum cost to the organization. A failure of a weapon in a crucial situation could cost lives. Their job is similar (but not the same) as that of a civilian gunsmith.
Franklin, Tennessee
Franklin is a city in Tennessee in the United States. It is the county seat of Williamson County.
Armorer
Medieval armorer
The medieval armorer had to be a combination of scientist toolmaker, chemist, metallurgist, engineer and artist. He was highly skilled and worked with wood and leather as well as metals. An armorer also had to understand mathematics and geometry. Much of his work revolved around high-end blacksmithing. Because he did custom work and produced high quality armor for nobles and knights, he was paid more money than a blacksmith was. Each suit of armor was made to order and would fit that person exactly. If any part of the suit of armor was damaged in battle, the armorer would repair it. In time of war an armorer also made armor for soldiers.
In addition to making mail (also called chain-mail), after the 14th century they began making plate armor. Armorers could also specialize in what type of armor they produced (mail or plate). They also specialized in various tasks involved in creating armor. For example a fourbor was a someone who polished armor. Armorers often belonged to a guild. Later there were guilds for mail armorers, plate armorers and for armorers who specialized in helmets.
Police armorer
In a modern police department, an armorer inspects, maintains and repairs firearms to the standards required by the manufacturer's warranty. An armorer cleans and adjusts all the handguns used by police officers. He or she also maintains the shotguns, semi-automatic and automatic weapons the officers must depend on in a crisis. Other equipment maintained by armorers includes gas masks, gas-grenades, smoke grenades and similar devices. An armorer is often involved in training other members of a department in chemical warfare equipment and practices.
Military armorer
In the various militaries around the world, armorers often maintain the armory of a military organization. An armorer instructs military personnel on the proper maintenance and care of weapons issued to them. The armorer maintains receipts for equipment issued locally and also while on deployment. He or she is responsible for inspecting and repairing all arms they are responsible for. On ships, an armorer is responsible for the correct working of all weapons used by marines and sailors onboard that vessel.
Movie studio armorer
On a film crew, an armorer is the person responsible for all the weapons and firearms used during the production. Armorers work with the producer, director and property master to create a list of all the weapons that will be needed. Sometimes the prop master is also the armorer. Often they research the style of weapons used according to the period and the kind of movie. For specialty weapons the armorer consults with the production designer and the prop maker. The armorer is responsible to make sure all weapons are used comply with federal and local laws. For scenes outside the studio, armorers work with police departments to get the necessary permits. To get the weapons they need, armorers may rent or lease them from licensed armories. Many movie armorers also have their own collection of weapons they may use. Armorers explain safe weapons handling to actors and crews making certain all safety rules are met. It is their responsibility to make sure nobody is hurt while weapons are being used.
The Maniac Cook
The Maniac Cook is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Anita Hendrie, Marion Leonard, and Harry Solter.
Cry Wolf (A-ha song)
"Cry Wolf" is a 1986 song by Norwegian pop band A-ha and is the second single from their second studio album Scoundrel Days. It went to number 2 in Norway, number 4 in Ireland, number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in New Zealand, number 12 in the Netherlands, number 13 in Italy and South Africa, number 15 in Belgium, number 16 in the Netherlands and number 20 in Germany.
Brandon Whipple
Brandon Whipple (born July 13, 1982) is an American politician and educator. He was elected Mayor of Wichita, Kansas in 2020. He was a Democratic member of the Kansas House of Representatives representing the 96th district.
He was an adjunct professor of American politics at Wichita State University.
Ossicone
Ossicones are skin or hair covered bones on the top of a giraffe's head, however ossicones can also appear on other animals too.
David Gross
David Jonathan Gross (born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist. He won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of asymptotic freedom. Gross is the Chancellor's Chair Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).
He is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Geryon
Geryon is a fictional character from the Percy Jackson & the Olympians books. He appears in The Battle of the Labyrinth and the House of Hades. Geryon has three torsos and was killed by Percy Jackson with an arrow.
Philip III of France
Philip III or Philip the Bold (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285) was King of France from 1270 until 1285.
Graphical user interfaces and consoles
Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).
In a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the more command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file. Sometimes people call CLI “Console”, but consoles can be GUI, too.
In many graphical user interfaces, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, your web browser may have a Print icon to print this page. Some use a touch screen or other method.
Graphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines. Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.
List of operating systems with graphical user interfaces and command-line interfaces:
Cypress, California
Cypress is a suburb city in the northern region of Orange County in Southern California. Its population was 50,151 at the 2020 census.
Émarèse
Émarèse is a comune in the Aosta Valley region in Italy.
Stuart Mitchell
Stuart Mitchell (21 December 1965 – 15 August 2018) was a Scottish pianist and composer. He was best known for his Seven Wonders Suite (2001).
In 2005, the Mitchell's received media coverage from Reuters, ITN, BBC, and CNN/Fox News when they claimed to have solved a musical code carved into the ceiling design of Rosslyn Chapel.
The Seven Wonders Suite was awarded the number 181 for the most popular classical music work in the Classic FM Hall of Fame 2017.
Mitchell died of lung cancer on 15 August 2018, aged 52.
Gujan-Mestras
Gujan-Mestras is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Guîtres
Guîtres is a commune. It is in Aquitaine in the Gironde department in southwest France.
Powell County, Kentucky
Powell County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,613. Its county seat is Stanton.
Hancock County, Kentucky
Hancock County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,565. Its county seat is Hawesville.
Galicia (Spain)
Galicia or Galiza is a nationality in Spain that became a Spanish autonomous community in 1978. It is in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It shares borders with Portugal to the South and the communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east.
History
Galicia is a green country with Celtic features. Since re-gaining autonomy in 1978, Galicia has been governed by the Xunta de Galicia (government of Galicia). Galicia was strictly governed from 1990 until 2005, during the Manuel Fraga years. The Xunta de Galicia was then under a socialist president Emilio Perez Touriño, who had made Galicia more liberal than ever before, until 2009. From March 2009 Partido Popular (right-wing party) won power and the new president is Alberto Núñez Feijoo, who won a second term as president in 2012.
Language
Galicia has one main language:Galician "galego". It has many similarities with Portuguese. Galego and Portuguese have the same origin. Spanish is also spoken in Galicia, but mainly as a second language.
Cuisine
Galicia is very famous for its fishing industry and seafood remains an important part of its cuisine. A very popular dish in Galicia is polbo á feira, ("polbo" means octopus). There are many restaurants that serve seafood in Galicia.
Terry Nation
Terry Nation (August 8 1930 – March 9 1997) was a Welsh television screenwriter.
He is best known for creating the Daleks in 1963 in the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who. Nation also created two science-fiction shows - Survivors and ''Blake's 7.
Debra Wilson
Debra Wilson is a American voice actress. She is best known for voicing Grandma Shark in Baby Shark's Big Show! and Amelia Jasan in Acceptable Mountain.
Cry Wolf (Laura Branigan song)
"Cry Wolf is a 1988 song by Laura Branigan and released as the third single from her fifth studio album Touch. It was covered by Stevie Nicks for her fourth studio album The Other Side of the Mirror.
Nolan Ryan
Lynn Nolan Ryan (born January 31, 1947) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He played in the major leagues from 1966 to 1993. He played for the New York Mets, California Angels, Houston Astros, and Texas Rangers.. As a pitcher, Ryan struck out 5,714 batters. This is the most all-time. Ryan is the only pitcher in the MLB to strike out 5,000 batters. Ryan has also walked more batters and thrown more no-hitters than anyone else. He is now the president and one of the owners of the Texas Rangers. Ryan is from Refugio, Texas.
John Smoltz
John Andrew Smoltz, nicknamed "Smoltzie" and "Marmaduke", is an American former pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball played from 1988 to 2009. All but the last year was with the Atlanta Braves.
Sachertorte
Sachertorte (Sacher cake) is a  chocolate cake with a chocolate icing and a apricot jam filling. It is a typical sweet from Vienna. It is named after Franz Sacher, who invented the recipe.
History
The first cake was made by Franz Sacher in 1832 when Klemens Fürst Metternich ordered the kitchen to create a new sweet for his evening guests. The chef was ill so Sacher, who was apprentice in his second year, invented the first Sachertorte. After this the cake was nearly forgotten. Sacher worked in Budapest and Presburg and opened in 1848 a high-class delicatessen and winery in Vienna. His son Eduard Sacher, who learned in the Demel bakery which supplyed the court, brought the recipe in the form we know today. First the cake was sold by Demel, but after Eduard bought the Hotel Sacher also there.
In the 20th century there was a legal battle between the Sacher and the Demel about selling the "Original Sacher Torte". In 1963 the both parties agree, that the Hotel Sacher is allowed to use the name "Original Sacher Torte". The Demel could now sell a "Eduard Sacher Torte".
Most of the time the cake is served with whipped cream without sugar.
Eagle Pass, Texas
Eagle Pass is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Maverick County.
The Woodlands, Texas
It is primarily located in Montgomery County, with parts going into Harris County.
In 2018, the population of The Woodlands at 116,278.
Génissac
Génissac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Oberhofen im Inntal
Oberhofen im Inntal is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Nicole Dubuc
Nicole Dubuc is a American actress, writer and cartoonist who is known for work on Transformers projects and is the creator of the Cartoon Network series Acceptable Mountain.