cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot
People were angry over the result of the final game and threw objects at the large screens that were at the viewing area. They set fire to Boston Bruins flags, overturned and set fire to two vehicles in front of the main Canada Post headquarters. There were reports of similar car fires in a nearby parking garage that included two police cruisers. The rioters smashed windows and looted stores. The riot ended around midnight when people in the crowd either went home or were arrested. The mayor of Vancouver, Gregor Robertson, called the rioters "a small group of troublemakers". Several of the participants in the riot turned themselves in to the police after their faces were shown on TV, including the person responsible for setting the first car on fire. According to CBC News, the destruction caused by the rioters was worse than the riot that followed the Canucks loss in Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals, especially the looting aspect.
Arudy
Arudy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Four-leaf clover
The four-leaf clover is a rare variation of the common three-leaf clover. According to traditional sayings, these clovers bring good luck, though it is not clear when or how this idea began. One early mention of "Fower-leafed or purple grasse" is from 1640 and says that it was kept in gardens because it was "good for the purples (Purpura) in children or others".
Gerolfingen
Gerolfingen is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), also known as the Television Academy, is a professional honorary organization that focuses on the television industry in the United States. It is a 501(c)(6) non-profit organization. It was founded in 1946. It presents the Primetime Emmy Awards.
Martha Jefferson
Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, born Martha Wayles (October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the only wife of her second husband, Thomas Jefferson.
Lauderdale County, Mississippi
Lauderdale County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 80,261 people lived there. Its county seat is Meridian. The county was founded in 1833. It is named for Colonel James Lauderdale, who was killed at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812.
Martha Jefferson
She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young. When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781. The Jeffersons had six children together. Only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25. Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States. At her wishes, he never married again.
Kumiko Sakamoto
Kumiko Sakamoto (born 13 December 1972) is a Japanese volleyball player. She was a member of the Japan women's national volleyball team.
She competed at the 1990 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, and at the 1990 Asian Games, winning a bronze medal.
She played for Orange Attackers, and Denso Airybees.
Irving Grundman
Irving Grundman (July 23, 1928 – February 26, 2021) was a Canadian ice hockey executive. He was general manager of the Montreal Canadiens from 1978 until 1983. He was born in Montreal.
Grundman died on February 26, 2021 in Montreal at the age of 92. He suffered a short illness prior until his death.
Joe Ricketts
John Joseph Ricketts (born July 16, 1941) is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder, former CEO and former chairman of TD Ameritrade. He had a net worth of US$2.7 billion as of 2019 according to Forbes. Ricketts also engages in philanthropy through The Ricketts Art Foundation, Opportunity Education Foundation, The Cloisters on the Platte Foundation, and The Ricketts Conservation Foundation.
Cynthia Bendlin
Cynthia Bendlin is a human rights activist from Paraguay. She works against human trafficking. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Work
Bendlin is the head of the International Organization of Migration. The organization works to prevent of trafficking of women in the border area of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. According to Bendlin, there are 6000 possible victims of trafficking in this area. In 2006 and 2007, the organization had seminars to teach government leaders to fight trafficking. The seminars were in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, Foz do Iguasu, Brazil and Porto Iguasu, Argentina.
Latitude
The latitude of the Earth gives the distance north or south of the equator. It is measured in degrees. Latitude is represented by the Greek letter phi, \phi\,\!. It is usually used along with a measurement of longitude in order to pinpoint a location on Earth.
The equator is numbered 0 degrees. Everything north or south of the equator is designated either as north latitude or south latitude. The north pole is 90 degrees north, and the south pole is 90 degrees south. The Antarctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and Arctic Circle are all circles of latitude.
Palau national football team
Palau national football team is the national football team of Palau.
Karuyo Matsukawa
Kazuyo Matsukawa (松川一代, born 7 January 1970) is a Japanese volleyball player. She was part of the Japan women's national volleyball team.
She competed at the 1990 Asian Games winning a bronze medal, 1994 Asian Games, and 1994 Goodwill Games.
On club level she played with Orange Attackers.
1972–77 Nordic Football Championship
The 1972–77 Nordic Football Championship was the 11th Nordic Football Championship. Four Nordic countries were in the tournament, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Sweden ended up winning their 9th title.
Robert de Sorbon
Robert de Sorbon was a theologian and the chaplain of Louis IX of France. He founded the Sorbonne college in Paris. He was born on October 9, 1201 and died on August 15, 1274.
Capybara
The capybara or Greater capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a semi-aquatic rodent native South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about two feet tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent.
Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur. When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming. It is a giant cavy rodent living in South America.
Lifestyle
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America. In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water. They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath underwater for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.
Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups have even had 100 capybaras. They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.
Conservation and contact with humans
Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.
Geslau
Geslau is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Bowling for Soup
Bowling for Soup is an American pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas.
The band was formed in 1994 by Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler and Lance Morrill. The name of the band is from one of Steve Martin's comedy acts. They released their self-title debut album, Bowling for Soup, in September 1994.
Zequinha
Zequinha (born 18 November, 1934) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Miranda (novel)
Miranda is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange and his most famous book today. It is said that Miranda is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia. The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.
Explanation of the novel's title
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Miranda also has been influenced by work such as: Men Like Gods by Herbert George Wells; The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella; Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe,;Genezis z Ducha by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.
Plot summary
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book think the most important things are anarchy, freedom, peace, and free love. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own parte-parole) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.
Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.
Jan Strelau
Jan Strelau (May 30, 1931 – August 3, 2020) was a Polish psychologist. He was born in Free City of Danzig, now Gdańsk, Poland. Strelau was best known for his studies on temperament.
He was professor of psychology at Warsaw University from 1968 to 2001.
In 2001, he became a professor at Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, where he took the positions of Vice-rector for Research and International Affairs from 2002 to 2010 and Vice-rector for Research from 2010 to 2012. He was the Chairman of the Board of Trustees from 2012 to 2016.
Strelau died in Warsaw on August 3, 2020 at the age of 89.
Dzong
A dzong is a Buddhist temple used for prayer.
Benny Benson
John Ben "Benny" Benson Jr. (October 12, 1913 – July 2, 1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was three years old, his mother died. His father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.
Alaska Flag
Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest run for Alaska students in grades seven to twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.
Great Awakening
The Great Awakenings were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.
There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:
Rhinella
Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo. Some people call it its own genus. It has 71 species of true toads. They live in Central and South America.
Species
Note: Species below are shown as species of Rhinella. They are treated as species of Bufo by many authors.
Arzacq-Arraziguet
Arzacq-Arraziguet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Wilberfoss
Wilberfoss is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is on the north side of the A1079 about 8 mi east of York city centre. It is 11 mi northwest of Market Weighton. According to the 2011 census, 1,866 people live in Wilberfoss parish. That is 11 more than were living there ten years earlier.
Kim Kyok-sik
Kim Kyok-sik (김격식; 5 October 1938 – 10 May 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From November 2012 until May 2013, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea. He was thought to have been behind two attacks on South Korea that killed 50 people in 2010.
Kim died from acute respiratory failure on 10 May 2015, aged 76.
William Petersen
William Louis Petersen (born February 21, 1953) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for his role as Gil Grissom in the CBS drama series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015).
Deadline Hollywood
Deadline Hollywood, also known as Deadline and Deadline.com, is an online news site. It was founded as the news blog Deadline Hollywood Daily by Nikki Finke in 2006. The site is updated many times a day. They focus on entertainment news.
Sava II
Saint Sava II was an archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. He was born in 1201 and died in 1271.
Central Cross-Island Highway
The Central Cross-Island Highway (中部橫貫公路) or Provincial Highway No.8 is one of three highway systems that connect the east and west coasts of Taiwan.
Construction
Construction of the Central Cross-Island Highway began on July 7, 1956 and it first opened to traffic on May 9, 1960.
Route
The highway begins in the west at Dongshi District in Taichung. The highway used to go up into the Central Mountain Range along the Dajia River (大甲溪) valley through the townships of Guguan (谷關) and Cingshan (青山). At Lishan there is a branch that heads north to Yilan City. It goes through the mountains to Dayuling (大禹嶺) which is the highest point of the route. Here another branch of the highway runs south from Dayuling to Wushe (霧社). Continuing east from Dayuling, the highway goes down into Taroko National Park. It passes through Guanyuan (關原), Cih-en (慈恩), Luoshao (洛韶) and Tiansiang (天祥) before entering Taroko Gorge. After the gorge the road then meets the eastern coastal Su'ao-Hualien Highway.
Closing the damaged highway
The highway goes through mountains. Rocks often fall and there can be landslides. Heavy rain from typhoons often push soil and rocks onto the highway so people cannot drive through parts of it. Earthquakes also damage the highway. On September 21, 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between Dongshih and Lishan.
There was so much damage in 1999 that repairing it would cost a lot of money. The damaged parts of the highway were supposed to re-open in 2004. However, heavy rain from the Typhoon Mindulle added more damage to the highway. These parts were closed. The highway is still closed between Lishan and Guguan. There is no plan to repair it, but the New Central Cross-Island Highway is another way across the island.
Wailuku, Hawaii
Wailuku is a census-designated place (CDP) in and county seat of Maui County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 17,697 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Maui County.
Jaleel White
Jaleel White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for playing of Steve Urkel in the television series Family Matters and the first English voice of Sonic the Hedgehog.
Kansas in the American Civil War
Background
Kansas had been admitted as a state of the Union in January 1861. This was very shortly before the outbreak of the Civil war. There had been some guerrilla fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups. The fighting became known as Bleeding Kansas. After three constitutions, the fourth, called the Wyandotte Constitution, was approved by the voters and sent to the United States Congress for approval and statehood.
Kansas entered the Union as a free state and the 34th state on January 29, 1861. Even after it became a state, there were still hard feelings in Kansas. The Kansas-Missouri border continued to be terrorized by Guerrilla bands from both sides.
But statehood did not settle the hard feelings in Kansas — or the violence. Pro-slavery people still fought at the Kansas-Missouri border throughout the war. Lawrence, a free-state place in the 1850s, was burned, and more than 150 men and boys were killed by a pro-Southern irregular army under William Quantrill in 1863.
Lawrence Massacre
The first action in Kansas was not between the rival armies. It was a guerrilla raid in August 1863 by pro-slavery irregular forces led by W.C. Quantrill. They attacked the city of Lawrence, a centre of anti-slavery sentiment. They killed about 180 men and boys and destroyed a number of buildings. As the raiders could be heard shouting “Remember Osceola!”, the attack was taken to be a reprisal for an earlier raid by anti-slavery jayhawkers on Osceola, Missouri. Some believed that it was also a response to the recent deaths of some of the raiders’ imprisoned womenfolk, when their jailhouse collapsed, perhaps by design. (Recent research shows that the collapse was almost certainly accidental.) The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces.
Hong Kong national security law
The Hong Kong national security law is the law that is about national security in Hong Kong. The full name of the law is Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It was enacted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China in June 2020. It is different from other laws in Hong Kong for not being enacted by the Hong Kong Legislative Council.
Kansas in the American Civil War
Later engagements
The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a minor battle in the War. It was fought on October 6, 1863 near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas.
On October 25, 1864, a series of three battles occurred. The first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri. The first was the Battle of Marais des Cygnes (also called the "Battle of Trading Post"). The second was a cavalry battle called the Battle of Mine Creek. This was a significant battle between mounted cavalry for Confederate forces and several brigades of Union cavalry that were pursuing General Price. They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes. At the end of the day, the Confederate army was destroyed as a fighting force and withdrew into Arkansas.
Marchspitze
The Marchspitze is a mountain in the Allgäu Alps. It is made of Dolomite and is part of the Hornbach chain. The mountain is 2609 m high. It is in Tyrol, Austria, 1.5 kilometres east of the Großer Krottenkopf. It is a hard climb and therefore not many people visit it.
Musky rat-kangaroo
The musky rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, is a small marsupial species found in the rainforests of northeast Queensland, Australia. It moves by extending its body and then bringing both of its hind legs forward. It eats fallen fruit and large seeds, as well as small vertebrate animals. Its body is about 23 cm in length. Its tail is about 14 cm. They weigh about 530 g.
Robert Prosky
Robert Prosky (born Robert Joseph Porzuczek, December 13, 1930 – December 8, 2008) was an American actor.
His best known movie roles were in Thief (1981), Christine (1983), The Natural (1984), and Broadcast News (1987).
He also appeared in Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990), Hoffa (1992), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Last Action Hero (1993), Miracle on 34th Street (1994), Dead Man Walking (1995), and Mad City (1997).
Prosky died on December 8, 2008 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. at the age of 78. The cause of death was heart surgery-related problems.
Albano Vercellese
Albano Vercellese is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Luiza Guisso Fiorese
Luiza Guisso Fiorese (born 13 July 1997) is a Brazilian paralympic sitting volleyball player. She is a member of the Brazil women's national sitting volleyball team.
She competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics, winning a bronze medal.
She grew up in Venda Nova do Imigrante. She is a journalist.
Insingen
Insingen is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Lihue, Hawaii
Lihue or Līhue is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) and the county seat of Kauai County, Hawaii. Lihue (pronounced ) is the second largest town on the Hawaiian island of Kauai after Kapaa. As of the 2020 Census, the CDP had a total population of 8,004.
Alive (Jessie J album)
Alive is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Jessie J. It was released on 23 September 2013 through Lava Music. Musically, Alive is a pop, dance-pop and R&B album that features influences from pop rock, soul and hip hop in its production. For the album's promotion Jessie J had shaved her hair and dyed it blonde.
Critical reception
Alive received mainly positive reviews from music critics.
Commercial performance
Alive debuted and peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart, selling 39,270 copies in its first week of release. The album then slipped to number seven selling 14,574 copies the following week. Altogether, Alive spent a total of 12 weeks inside the top 40 of the chart, and by November 2013 had been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 100,000 copies.
Hermann Stadler
Hermann Stadler (born 21 May 1961) is a former Austrian footballer. He is at the moment coach of the U 19 national team.
Career
Hermann Stadler started playing football in his local club Oberndorfer SK. His professional career started in 1979, when he came to SV Austria Salzburg. 1983 he went, together with his friend Leo Lainer, to SK Rapid Wien. But in Vienna he did not play often, so he left the club and played a short time for SK VOEST Linz. Then he went back to SV Salzburg into the second league.
With Salzburg he had his most successful time as player becoming two times Champion and reaching the UEFA Cup final versus Inter Mailand. His career ended in 1996 after 380 league matches (323 for Salzburg, 48 for Rapid, 9 for VOEST Linz) and 38 goals (36 for Salzburg, 2 for Rapid)
Coach
He began in different positions mainly in the youth department with SV Austria Salzburg. Now he is coach of Austrias U 19 national team.
Honours
3 x: 1987 (with SK Rapid Wien), 1994, 1995 (with SV Austria Salzburg)
3 x: 1984, 1985, 1987 (with SK Rapid Wien)
1 x: 1985 (with SK Rapid Wien)
1 x 1994
Saw 3D
Saw 3D is a 2010 American horror movie, the seventh and final motion picture of the Saw franchise. This installment of the series is about a man who claims to be a Jigsaw survivor and writes a book of his experience. An 8th movie was planned, though a decrease in performance at the box office for Saw VI led to Saw 3D being the last planned movie in the series. Saw 3D was released October 29, 2010 in the United States. The movie was originally rated NC-17 (No Children 17 or Under Admitted) and had to be edited six times to receive an R rating. The movie's reviews were not positive, although Saw 3D did make $136 million at the box office.
McIntosh (apple)
The McIntosh is a type of apple. It is red and green like a Gala apple only brighter in color. Tart and crisp, it snaps when bitten into.
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
Initial years under Ottoman rule
In 1453, the Ottoman Turks under the command of Sultan Mehmed II conquered the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) became the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire for the remainder of its lifespan (1453-1922). Under the Ottoman Empire, there were three main non-Muslim communities: the Jewish community, the Greek Orthodox Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church. Christianity is a firmly embedded central component of Armenian history and culture, which dates back to 301 C.E when Armenia became the first ever nation to implement Christianity as a state religion. Under Ottoman Islamic rule, Sultans allowed the Christian Armenian communities to preserve their culture, customs, language and religiosity so long as they remained loyal to the Ottoman sultan and the state. This governance of the non-Muslim community was achieved through the implementation of what has become known as the millet system.
The Millet System
The Ottoman Empire's system regarding the governance of their non-Muslim communities within the empire was known as the millet system. The word ‘millet,’ which when translated means ‘nation’ or ‘people,’ was used by the Ottomans to describe these non-Muslim groups as corporate religious groups within the empire. Ultimately, the millet system entailed having non-Muslim religious communities such as the Armenian community guaranteed the right to life, property, and the freedom to practice their religious faith so long as they remained loyal to the Sultan and the state. Armenians were afforded this basic limited amount of autonomy provided they paid double the amount of taxes compared to a regular Ottoman citizen at the time. Influential leaders collected these taxes within the Armenian community and were also expected to deal with whatever additional issues that were occurring within the community at the time (social and legal). The millet system also determined that Armenians would be forbidden from participation within the military. Other limitations were also in place, which mandated Armenians and other millets to wear certain clothing and identifiers such as a crucifix around their neck.
Paul Quilès
Paul Quilès (, 27 January 1942 – 24 September 2021) was a French Socialist politician.
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Millet System
Armenian millets were operating just eight years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 when Sultan Mehmed II appointed Hovakim, an Armenian bishop, to act as a ruling figurehead for the Armenian community. Hovakim known as Hovakim I was the first Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople within the Ottoman Empire. Hovakim I was based in the Ottoman Capital in Istanbul where he was entrusted with commanding over the Armenian people and ensuring the prevention of anti-Ottoman movements within his community. While a variation of the millet system may have been in place since the 1460’s, it is widely argued that the appearance of the term ‘millet’ gained prominence after the Ottoman Empire began to face serious multifaceted challenges to its empire vis-a-vis its military defeats to the Holy League in 1697 and the emergence of a new foe in the Russian Empire. Each millet system enjoyed increasing influence and power at this time, particularly the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople and the Greek Phanariots. The Phanariots were elite Greek merchants that had a critical influence over internal political issues within the Ottoman Empire. Their influence within the Ottoman Empire was drastically reduced however after the Greek Revolution, with the other religious millets particularly the Armenian millets greatly benefiting from this shift of influence.
Paul Quilès
He was Defense Minister from 1985 to 1986. He was Interior Minister from 1992 to 1993, then chairman of the Defense commission in the French National Assembly from 1997 to 2002.
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Millet System
By the 19th Century, the Armenian community was divided into Christian Apostolic, Catholic, and Protestant millets, meaning that there was no centralized, hierarchical leadership structure. The Ottomans dealt with this Armenian division by having Armenian patriarchs for each millet in Istanbul and Jerusalem. The ottomans had from an early stage of their reign, identified the crucial role that religious clergymen had in not only the collection of taxation within its community but also of influencing the communities feelings and sentiments. The relationship between the Armenian clergy and the Ottoman Empire that existed up until the middle of the 19th century is one that indeed can be described as cordial and one of mutual benefit. The Armenian clergy and a small merchant faction within its elite enjoyed influence and power. At the same time, the Ottoman empire was intrinsically pleased with maintaining their ability while also benefiting from the use of the Armenian merchants. While the vast majority of Armenians were poor peasants, a small minority of Armenians would establish themselves as the financial backbone of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Armenian Amira group bankers would establish themselves as the most influential merchant group of the Ottoman Empire, serving as bankers to the Ottoman central government while also controlling key positions within crucial sectors of industry. Jobs such as the director of Imperial Currency Mint, chief imperial architect, and the superintendent of large Gun-powder factories were filled by the Amira group. When one realizes the extent to which both the Armenian clergy and the Armenian elite were benefiting from the implementation of this millet system (particularly during the 18th/19th Century), it is easy to theorize why Armenia seemingly had made no precise demands for liberation until the Tanzimat reformation.
The Tanzimat Reforms
On 3 November 1839, the process that became known as the Tanzimat reforms began when Sultan Abdulmecid's marked the opening of his reign with the issuance of the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane was the brainchild of statesmen, Mustafa Reşid Pasha, the Ottoman minister of foreign affairs. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane outlined three central notions in which: (i) The life, property, and honor of all subjects under the Ottoman Empire must be guaranteed, (ii) A new fixed tax system would replace the outdated tax farming system and finally, (iii) Lifetime military conscription would be replaced to conscription of four to five years. Perhaps the most notable and groundbreaking element of the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane was its assertion that all Ottoman subjects regardless of religion would be equal before the law. This was the first time during the Ottoman Empire in which non-Muslims would be deemed equal to their Muslim counterparts, something that would become a more regular occurrence among the Sultan and Ottoman government during this period.
On 18 February 1856, thousands of citizens gathered in Istanbul to hear Sultan Abdulmecid’s Hatt-i Humayun, the second proclamation of the Tanzimat reforms. While specific points were reiterated from the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane proclamation, the 1856 Hatt-i Humayun was far more in-depth and specific. For instance, this time, there was a particular reference to the need for adherence to annual national budgets, the creation of more banks, and the adaptation of a more Europeanized economic model in hopes of building a more substantial empire financially. Similarly, steps would be taken that would lead to the introduction of commercial law and the codifying of penal law within the empire while at the same time making penal reforms that would, for example, look to no longer punish apostates by death. The proclamation greatly emphasized that all citizens were now to be considered equal under Ottoman law regardless of religion. This intrinsically meant that the millet systems would have to be abandoned, and all non-Muslim communities could naturally become citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, the sultan vowed that these historic minorities would be safeguarded and offered legal protection from discrimination, with the final goal ultimately being to break down the barriers erected by the discriminatory millet system and create a brotherhood of Ottoman citizens that is both multi-ethnic and multi-national.
The Land Code of 1858 was another feature of the Tanzimat reforms which revolutionized property and land ownership within the Ottoman Empire. This Land Code entitled farmers, merchants, and peasants who were living on land and farming on land to own properties which were previously under state ownership. The sultan agreed to sign away these properties he owned to these citizens of all classes, wh,o in turn, would have to pay the sultan via newly established property taxation. Ultimately, while the Tanzimat reforms were slow to be enacted, their seeming strides toward progression raised expectations particularly among those within the Armenian community. More and more of the common Armenian population were educating themselves about reforms and laws within the community in which they previously had little to no say in. Similarly, the elites within the Armenian population felt they had a part to play in helping to build a new reformed Ottoman Empire and generally were rather receptive of the Tanzimat reforms initially. The construction of the first Constitution in 1876, during the First Constitutional Era was another seminal moment of reformation during the Tanzimat period, which would ultimately mark the end of this era. While the Tanzimat reforms seemed a success for the Ottoman Empire, the unchecked centralized nature of the sultan's power ultimately would lead to problems of drought and debt for the Ottoman Empire immediately following the end of the Tanzimat reforms.
The First Ottoman Constitution
Several young Armenians who had traveled back to the Ottoman Empire after receiving higher education in Western Europe saw several problems with the millet system when they returned home. The leaders of the Armenian millet were corrupt and wanted to cooperate with Ottoman powers and keep the people in their millet in ignorance. This group of intellectuals wanted written regulations defining the duties of the people at the top of the Armenian millet, such as the patriach.Reorganizingg the millet would help separate state and religion. After several rejections a Code of Regulations was accepted by the National Assembly in 1860. This code was 150 articles long and, among other things, reduced the power of the Armenian patriarch, but he was still the representative of the Armenian millet. The document was called the Armenian National Constitution. Still, it was only valid for inside the Armenian millet, so according to scholars, the Code of Regulations is a more fitting term.
The Armenian National Constitution did not change much for the people in the millet, but it is one of the factors which led to the making of the First Ottoman Constitution in 1876. The first Ottoman Constitution was created by Midhat Pasha in order to calm the chaos in the Ottoman Empire and decrease the power of seperatist movements. This new Ottoman Constitution set the path for the Ottoman Empire for modernization and becoming more like the West. The period in which this constitution was implemented is called the First Constitutional Period and took from 1876-1878.
The Armenian National Constitution is still used in the Armenian Church in the diaspora.
The First Ottoman Constitution was implemented again in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution.
Mengálvio
Mengálvio Pedro Figueiró (born 17 December, 1939) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Armenian Genocide
The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire have been subject to several massacres before 1915, such as the Hamidian massacres in 1894-1896 and the Adana massacres in 1909. While the former massacres were often to scare and intimidate the Armenians, the genocide in 1915 had as goal to completely eliminate the Armenians from the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian Genocide is the name for the deportation and killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, which ended in the death of 80,000 to 1,5 million Armenian people.
In 1913, the year before the genocide, around 2 million Armenians were living in the Ottoman Empire. At the start of World War I the Ottoman Empire was fighting with the Russian s, as well as the British and French at the same time. The losses of the Balkan War included more than half of the European territory that used to be part of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government decided that it was not possible for the Muslim Ottomans to live alongside the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire and wanted to homogenize the population. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was the governing party of the Ottoman Empire from 1908 to 1918. The CUP was a nationalist party that believed in Ottomanism and saw the need for the Turks as a dominant group. This included relocating the non-Turk Muslim population and the non-Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire. The Russians took advantage of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was fighting a war on two fronts and moved their army towards the city in Eastern Anatolia with the largest Armenian population. The Armenians disagreed on whether to support the Russians or the Ottomans; some joined the Russian army, others the Ottoman army, and others did not join. The Ottoman government ordered the deportation of Armenians from towns most affected by the fighting; this later included all Armenians in Anatolia. Ottoman officials carried out the orders and Turks, Kurds and local tribespeople. Many Armenians died in these deportations, many fled to Syria, Russia, or Iraq, and many died while fleeing. The Armenians being deported were often raped, kidnapped, or starved. Around 800,000 to 1.5 million Armenians died during these massacres; the people who remained in the Ottoman Empire were often women and girls forced to marry into Turkish Muslim families. The boys were often adopted and converted to Islam.
Not everybody has agreed on the reason or a name for the events that happened to the Armenians in 1915 and during World War I. The Turkish government calls these deportations a defensive action against rebellion started by Kurds and local Muslim rebels, while the Armenian people call it a genocide. It is genocide according to the definition of genocide by the United Nations.
Cambourne
Cambourne is a village in Cambridgeshire, England. It is a new settlement and is divided into Lower Cambourne, Great Cambourne and Upper Cambourne.
Get Back
"Get Back" is a 1969 song by The Beatles and is the final track of the 1970 album Let It Be. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.
IndieWire
IndieWire is a movie business and review website. It was created in 1996. The site's focus was independent film. Today, however, it covers almost anything that is related to Hollywood such as popular movies, shows and celebrities.
Bretterspitze
The Bretterspitze is a mountain in Tyrol, Austria. It is part of the Hornbach chain in the Allgäu Alps. The mountain is 2608 m high. It is next to the Gliegerkarspitze to the west and the Urbeleskarspitze to the northeast. The summit of the Bretterspitze is made of dolomite.
Brothel
A brothel is a bar, nightclub or hotel where sex workers are found. People go there to buy sex for money. Different countries have different regulations as to sex work.
Trelleborg Municipality
Trelleborg Municipality (Trelleborgs kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Trelleborg.
Brothel
Legality
Some countries where prostitution is legal allow it to happen in a brothel, others allow it to happen "on the street", still others allow both forms. Generally, sex work in a brothel is seen as safer for the worker than sex work on the street.
In some countries operating brothels is legal, in other countries it is illegal. Examples of countries where brothels are illegal are Canada and most of the United States. Brothels are legal in some countries from Europe, for example. A country which has permissive laws regarding sex work is the Netherlands. Laws can be unclear on whether brothels with sexbots are legal or not.
Most of the time, where legal, brothels need to be registered like other businesses. However even if it is legal to run a brothel, there may still be conflicts with the law. Examples of problem cases are:
History
Brothels have been known for most of recorded history. At first there was temple prostitution in many Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. In Ancient Greece and Roman civilizations, brothels were established. Sometimes they were licensed institutions. This was first recorded in Athens in 594 BC. Public sources of the time said it was good that Solon installed the brothel. People said this would reduce the problems caused by sexually unfulfilled sailors and workers. It would also fill money into the public purse. This first official brothel was soon followed by many others, and also influenced the creation of special schools in which various classes of prostitutes (from slavegirls to future courtesans) were trained for their profession. In 2017, a brothel was opened with sexbots instead of human workers.
Slither.io
Slither.io is an online multiplayer video game. It is played on a web browser or through an app. The game was started by Steve Howse in 2016.
Brothel
Business models
The third option (the brothel owner renting space and facilities to sex workers) gives some way for the brothel owner to say they did not know what was going on. This is especially the case where sex work is forbidden or restricted. Brothel owners often disguise their actions as running a massage parlor, a bar or a similar venue.
Allowing such places (while forbidding sex work) can also give politicians a way to save face when they do not want to put laws against sex work into practice.
Slither.io
The game is played in the role of a snake eating 2-dimensional glowing dots on a grid. It is based on the 2015 game Agar.io, with the main difference is that snakes will die when their head collides with another snake, instead of being based on size like in Agar.io.
I'm a Believer
"I'm a Believer" is a ballad. It was composed by Neil Diamond. It was recorded by The Monkees in 1966. The single hit #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It remained there for seven weeks.
Zamalek SC
Zamalek Sporting Club is a sport club in Egypt. It is located in Cairo.
Honours & Achievements
'Total number of cups: 86
Domestic
Trophies and years are approved as the Egyptian football Federation site http://www.efa.com.eg, Zamalek SC Facebook Page https://www.facebook.com/ZSCOfficial
Ball (dance)
A ball is a formal dance occasion. By formal is meant: people were invited, wore their best clothes ('evening attire'), and the ball was held in a splendid ballroom. In former times everyone danced, but only the wealthy went to balls. Girls had dance cards: men had to sign up to dance with them. Older people sat around the sides and watched the younger people dance. It was a society occasion.
I'm a Believer
Smash Mouth and Eddie Murphy did covers of the song in 2001. In 1985, singer Barbara Mandrell did her version.
Alice Castello
Alice Castello is a comune in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont.
Langfurth
Langfurth is a municipality in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Slither.io
The game is most played in multiplayer, where every snake is a human player. In the iOS and Android versions, however, it can also be played in singleplayer, where every snake except the player is controlled by the device.
Slippery dick
The slippery dick (Halichoeres bivittatus) is a species of wrasse. They can be found on shallow, tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean.
Ascain
Ascain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.
Garfield (character)
Garfield is a fictional character. He is from the comic strip Garfield created by Jim Davis. Garfield is portrayed as a lazy and fat orange Persian/tabby cat. He loves lasagna and coffee. He hates Mondays, exercise, raisins and Nermal.
Fictional biography
Garfield was born on June 19, 1978. His 1st owner mamma leoni however got rid of him because of his appetite. From the moment he was born, he has loved lasagna. In almost every cartoon appearance, Garfield causes mischief. He did that in almost every episode of Garfield and Friends (1988-1995).
Name
Garfield was named after Jim Davis' grandfather, James Garfield Davis, who in turn was named after US President James A. Garfield.
Jim Siedow
James Nash "Jim" Siedow (June 12, 1920 – November 20, 2003) was an American actor. He is best known for his role of Drayton "The Cook" Sawyer in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2.
Playbill
Playbill is a monthly U.S. magazine for theater fans. Most copies of Playbill are printed for specific stage productions and are given at the door as the show's program.
Playbill was first printed in 1884. The magazine is now used at nearly every Broadway theatre, as well as many Off-Broadway productions. Outside New York City, Playbill is used at theaters throughout the United States.
In September 2012, about 4,073,680 Playbills were made.
Lycopene
Lycopene is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is C40H56.
Ketchup contains high concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.
Margaret Kerry
Margaret Kerry (born May 11, 1929) is an American actress and radio host. She was best known for her work as the model for Tinker Bell in the 1953 Walt Disney Pictures animated feature, Peter Pan.
Captivity (animal)
Animals who live under human control or care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos. Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity.