cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
DNA
History of DNA research
Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature. Of these, Franklin and Gosling's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model; this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues, whose analysis and in vivo B-DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double-helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double-helix molecular model of DNA in the previous two pages of Nature. In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients. A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery.
In 1957, Crick explained the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, in the central dogma of molecular biology.
How Watson and Crick got Franklin's results has been much debated. Crick, Watson and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work on DNA – Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958.
What happens when DNA gets damaged
DNA gets damaged a lot of times in cells which is a problem has DNA provide instructions to making proteins. But, cells have ways to fix these problems most of the time. Cells make use of special enzymes. Different enzymes fix different types of damages to DNA. The problem comes in different types:
DNA and privacy concerns
Police in the United States used DNA and family tree public databases to solve cold cases. The American Civil Liberties Union raised concerns over this practice.
Vaddukoddai
Vaddukoddai (also spelled Vattukkottai, Vatukotai, or Vattukotai; வட்டுக்கோட்டை) is a town in northern Sri Lanka. It is a small but important town located on the Jaffna peninsula. This part of the country is dominated by Tamil people.
James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose
James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose (born 6 April 1935), known as Earl of Kincardine until 1954 and Marquess of Graham between 1954 and 1992, is a Southern Rhodesia-born hereditary peer of the Peerage of Scotland and a British Conservative Party politician.
The Duke of Montrose was a shadow minister for the Scotland Office before the 2010 General Election. He has also spent some time in China promoting renewable energy and environmental measures, and he is a fluent speaker of Mandarin.
Bruce Nauman
Bruce Nauman (born December 6, 1941) is an American artist. His works focused on many medias including sculpture, photography, neon, video, drawing, printmaking, and performance. He was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. In the 1960s, Nauman began to exhibit his work at Nick Wilder's gallery in Los Angeles and in New York at Leo Castelli in 1968 along with early solo shows at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum in 1972. His Self Portrait as a Fountain (1966) shows the artist spouting a stream of water from his mouth.
Münster
Münster (Münster dialect: Mönster, Dutch: Munster, Frisian: Múnster, Mimigernaford, (Monasterium) is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bruce Nauman
Nauman lives near Galisteo, New Mexico. He was married to artist Susan Rothenberg from 1989 until her death in 2020.
Münster
About 270,000 people live there. There is an airport and a university.
Münster was very powerful in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.
Heartbeat (Steps song)
"Heartbeat" is a 1998 song by English pop group Steps and is the fourth single from their debut studio album Step One. It is a double A-side to Tragedy and went to number 1 in New Zealand and the United Kingdom, number 2 in Ireland, number 8 in Belgium, number 10 in Australia and Greece and number 22 in the Netherlands.
Audincthun
Audincthun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Heartbeat (Steps song)
Track listings
UK and Australian CD single
UK cassette single and European CD single
Johnstown (city), New York
Johnstown is the county seat of Fulton County, New York, United States.
Analysis
Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), though analysis as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.
The word comes from the Ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις (analusis, "a breaking up", from ana- "up, throughout" and lysis "a loosening").
In this context, Analysis is the opposite of synthesis, which is to bring ideas together.
Jim Ed Brown
James Edward "Jim Ed" Brown (April 1, 1934 – June 11, 2015) was an American country music singer. He was a member of The Browns with his sisters Maxine and Bonnie Brown. He also worked with Helen Cornelius and was a solo artist. He was born in Sparkman, Arkansas.
Brown died from cancer on June 11, 2015 in Franklin, Tennessee, aged 81.
Deaths in December 2015
The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".
Châteauvert
Châteauvert is a commune of 146 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France.
Jack King (NASA)
John W. "Jack" King (April 1931 – June 11, 2015) was an American public affairs officer. He was a Chief of Public Information and Public Affairs Officer for NASA. He was best known for his work as Kennedy Space Center Chief of Public Information during projects Mercury, Gemini and Apollo. Following announcing the Apollo 11, he earned him the nickname "Voice of Apollo".
Boana
Boana is a genus of frogs in the family Hylidae. They are called gladiator frogs, gladiator treefrogs or Wagler Neotropical treefrogs. These frogs live in tropical Central and South America from Nicaragua to Argentina. They also live in the Caribbean, in Trinidad and Tobago.
Jack King (NASA)
King died from congestive heart failure on June 11, 2015 in Cocoa Beach, Florida. He was 84.
Boana
For a while, scientists thought using this genus was a mistake. They started using it again after taking a long look again at Hylidae. They decided that about 70 species that they had put in the genus Hyla should be in Boana instead. Since then, scientists have written reports about many newly discovered Boana species.
Species
• Boana albomarginata (Spix, 1824) – white-edged tree frog
• Boana albonigra (Nieden, 1923) – white-black tree frog
• Boana albopunctata (Spix, 1824) – yellow-spotted tree frog
• Boana alemani (Rivero, 1964) – Cagua tree frog
• Boana alfaroi (Caminer and Ron, 2014)
• Boana almendarizae (Caminer and Ron, 2014)
• Boana atlantica (Caramaschi and Velosa, 1996)
• Boana balzani (Boulenger, 1898) – Yungas tree frog
• Boana bandeirantes (Caramaschi and Cruz, 2013)
• Boana beckeri (Caramaschi and Cruz, 2004)
• Boana bischoffi (Boulenger, 1887) – Bischoff's tree frog
• Boana boans (Linnaeus, 1758) – rusty tree frog
• Boana buriti (Caramaschi and Cruz, 1999)
• Boana caiapo (Pinheiro, Cintra, Valdujo, Silva, Martins, Silva, and Garcia, 2018)
• Boana caingua (Carrizo, 1991) – striped tree frog
Danny Yamashiro
Daniel Keauhou Matsu Yamashiro (born December 5, 1967) is an American minister and a chaplain at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He survived a 400-foot fall from the Nuʻuanu Pali in Honolulu, Hawaii, at the age of 18.
Boana
Species
• Boana caipora (Antunes, Faivovich, and Haddad, 2008)
Danny Yamashiro
Survival story
On December 22, 1985, Danny Yamashiro fell head first 300 feet. First responders tried to rescue him. They did not reach him in time. Later he fell another 100 feet. His second fall was filmed by television cameras. He had brain damage, a torn scalp, broken ankle, smashed organs, and cuts on his body. He was in a coma. He survived and became a Christian leader.
Boana
Species
• Boana calcarata (Troschel, 1848) – Troschel's tree frog or, convict tree frog
Danny Yamashiro
Survival story
On May 25, 2017, Danny Yamashiro spoke at Harvard University Extension School's graduation. His speech was called, "Falling 400 Feet."
Boana
Species
• Boana callipleura (Boulenger, 1902) – Charuplaya tree frog
• Boana cambui (Pinheiro, Pezzuti, Leite, Garcia, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2016)
• Boana cinerascens (Spix, 1824) – Demerara Falls tree frog
• Boana cipoensis (Lutz, 1968)
Azoximer bromide
Azoximer bromide is a macromolecular compound with high-molecular weight and not proved immunomodulating activity. It is using in CIS countries for treatment and prophylaxis of diseases connected with damage of immune system. It is a N-oxidized polyethylene–piperazine derivative. Azoximer bromide is sold under the trade name Polyoxidonium.
Boana
Species
• Boana cordobae (Barrio, 1965) - Córdoba tree frog
Azoximer bromide
Polyoxidonium is registered in US Patent-5503830 from 1996,  in the Russian Federation from 1996, under registration number 96/302/9, FS 42-3906-00.
Boana
Species
• Boana crepitans (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) – emerald-eyed tree frog
• Boana curupi (Garcia, Faivovich, and Haddad, 2007)
• Boana cymbalum (Bokermann, 1963) – Campo Grande tree frog
• Boana dentei (Bokermann, 1967) – Amapa tree frog
• Boana diabolica (Fouquet et al., 2016)
• Boana ericae (Caramaschi and Cruz, 2000)
• Boana exastis (Caramaschi and Rodrigues, 2003)
• Boana faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) – blacksmith tree frog
• Boana fasciata (Günther, 1858) – Gunther's banded tree frog
• Boana freicanecae (Carnaval and Peixoto, 2004)
Paul, Idaho
Paul is a city in Minidoka County, Idaho in the United States. As of 2000, 998 people lived there.
Boana
Species
• Boana geographica (Spix, 1824) – map tree frog
Paul, Idaho
History
Paul was created in 1907.
Boana
Species
• Boana gladiator (Köhler et al., 2010) - Cusco gladiator tree frog
• Boana goiana (Lutz, 1968)
• Boana guentheri (Boulenger, 1886) – Gunther's Brazilian tree frog
• Boana heilprini (Noble, 1923) – Los Bracitos tree frog
• Boana hutchinsi (Pyburn and Hall, 1984) – Hutchins' tree frog
William J. Livsey
William James "Lipp" Livsey (June 8, 1931 – June 18, 2016) was a United States Army general. He served as the Commander in Chief of United Nations Command/Commander in Chief, ROK/U.S. Combined Forces Command/Commander, United States Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth United States Army (CINCUNC/CINCCFC/COMUSFK/CG EUSA), from 1984 to 1987.
United States metropolitan area
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. These areas are urban areas with a lot of people. An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA). MSAs are used for official purposes.
MSAs are made up of counties and for some county equivalents. In New England, because of the greater importance of towns over counties, similar areas are based on town units. These are called New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs).
MSAs are created around a central urban area —an areawhere there are a lot of people. The counties with the urbanized area are known as the central counties of the MSA. Other nearby counties (known as outlying counties) can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties. Some areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.
The population estimates for some metro areas are not always agreed upon. In some cases, different sources give numbers of people which differ by millions. The definitions used for the last U.S. Census differed from those for previous censuses. This makes it hard to compare official information from different dates. MSA boundaries do not stretch into Canada or Mexico. This can affect the number of people in several cities. For example, Detroit, Buffalo, El Paso and San Diego are often much larger than their MSA figures.
Boana
Species
• Boana icamiaba (Pelosoet al., 2018)
• Boana jaguariaivensis (Caramaschi, Cruz, and Segalla, 2010)
United States metropolitan area
As of June 2003, there is now an additional classification, “Metropolitan Division.” The term metropolitan division is used for a county or group of counties that are a distinct employment area within a metropolitan statistical area that has at least 2.5 million people. A metropolitan division is a part of a larger metropolitan statistical area but it is often a distinct social, economic, and cultural area within the larger region.
Boana
Species
• Boana jimenezi (Señaris and Ayarzagüena, 2006)
• Boana joaquini (Lutz, 1968)
• Boana lanciformis (Cope, 1871) – basin tree frog
• Boana latistriata (Caramaschi and Cruz, 2004)
• Boana lemai (Rivero, 1972) – Lema tree frog
• Boana leptolineata (Braun and Braun, 1977) – fine-lined tree frog
• Boana leucocheila (Caramaschi and Niemeyer, 2003)
• Boana lundii (Burmeister, 1856) – Usina tree frog
• Boana maculateralis (Caminer and Ron, 2014)
• Boana marginata (Boulenger, 1887) – Mundo Novo tree frog
• Boana marianitae (Carrizo, 1992) – Salta tree frog
• Boana melanopleura (Boulenger, 1912) – Lower Andes tree frog
• Boana microderma (Pyburn, 1977) – smallskin tree frog
• Boana multifasciata (Günther, 1859) – many-banded tree frog
Cudahy, Wisconsin
Cudahy is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States.
Hold Me Closer
"Hold Me Closer" is a song by English singer Elton John and American singer Britney Spears. It was released August 26, 2022. The song interpolates John's songs "Tiny Dancer", "The One", and "Don't Go Breaking My Heart".
It is Spears' first single of new material in six years and first since her release from her 13-year conservatorship.
Boana
Species
• Boana nigra (Caminer and Ron, 2020)
• Boana nympha (Faivovich, Moravec, Cisneros-Heredia, and Köhler, 2006)
• Boana ornatissima (Noble, 1923) – ornate tree frog
Audinghen
Audinghen is a commune. It is in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France.
Boana
Species
• Boana palaestes (Duellman, De la Riva, and Wild, 1997)
Pedro Zerolo
Pedro González Zerolo (20 July 1960 – 9 June 2015) was a Spanish lawyer, politician, activist and town councillor. He was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. Zerolo, who was gay, helped Spain become the first country to recognise same-sex marriage.
Boana
Species
• Boana paranaiba (Carvalho and Giaretta, 2010)
Pedro Zerolo
Zerolo was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He married Jesús Santos, his partner of ten years, in a civil ceremony in October 2005.
Zerolo died from pancreatic cancer on 9 June 2015 in Madrid. He was 55.
Boana
Species
• Boana pardalis (Spix, 1824) – leopard tree frog
Gmail
Gmail is a free e-mail service that is run by Google. It can be accessed on the web, by POP3, or by IMAP. Some of the competitors to Gmail are Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail/Windows Live Mail, and Inbox.Com. The space given to any Gmail member is increased a small amount every second, and as of July 26, 2012, Google provides each account with about 10272 MB of space.
Google Apps
Google Apps is a service from Google that was created in February 2006 as Gmail for your domain. It is to allow system administrators of a company or organisation to create email accounts for their own domain.
Boana
Species
• Boana phaeopleura (Caramaschi and Cruz, 2000)
Gmail
Trademark issues
In the United Kingdom (UK), the trademark "Gmail" was owned by another company before Gmail by Google was started. Thus, the United Kingdom uses a domain of "googlemail.com" for their users, and the logo has the words of "Google Mail" instead of the normal "Gmail".
Boana
Species
• Boana picturata (Boulenger, 1899) – Imbabura tree frog
• Boana poaju (Garcia, Peixoto, and Haddad, 2008)
• Boana polytaenia (Cope, 1870) – Cope's eastern Paraguay tree frog
• Boana pombali (Caramaschi, Pimenta, and Feio, 2004)
• Boana prasina (Burmeister, 1856) – Burmeister's tree frog
• Boana pugnax (Schmidt, 1857) – Chirique-Flusse tree frog
• Boana pulidoi (Rivero, 1961) – Benitez's tree frog
• Boana punctata (Schneider, 1799) – polka-dot tree frog
• Boana raniceps (Cope, 1862) – Chaco tree frog
• Boana rhythmica (Señaris and Ayarzagüena, 2002)
• Boana riojana (Koslowsky, 1895)
• Boana roraima (Duellman and Hoogmoed, 1992) – Hoogmoed's tree frog
• Boana rosenbergi (Boulenger, 1898) – Rosenberg's tree frog
• Boana rubracyla (Cochran and Goin, 1970) – Valle tree frog
• Boana rufitela (Fouquette, 1961) – Canal Zone tree frog
• Boana secedens (Lutz, 1963) – Barro Branco tree frog
• Boana semilineata (Spix, 1824)
• Boana sibleszi (Rivero, 1972) – La Escalera tree frog
• Boana steinbachi (Boulenger, 1905)
• Boana stellae (Kwet, 2008)
• Boana stenocephala (Caramaschi and Cruz, 1999)
Wolfgang Jeschke
Wolfgang Jeschke (19 November 1936 – 10 June 2015) was a German sci-fi author and editor. He was best known for his novel The Last Day of Creation (1981). In 1987, he won the Harrison Award for international achievements in science fiction. His works were published at Heyne publishing house (Heyne-Verlag).
Boana
Species
• Boana tepuiana (Barrio-Amorós and Brewer-Carias, 2008)
Wolfgang Jeschke
Jeschke was in Tetschen, Czechoslovakia (now Děčín, Czech Republic). He grew up in Asperg near Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg.
Jeschke died on 10 June 2015 in Munich, aged 78.
Boana
Species
• Boana tetete (Caminer and Ron, 2014) - Tetete tree frog
• Boana ventrimaculata (Caminer and Ron, 2020) - Yasuní tree frog
• Boana xerophylla (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) - emerald-eyed tree frog
Hyla palliata and Hypsiboas hypselops are also listed in this article because scientists are not sure about them.
Central European University
Central European University (CEU) is an international private humanities university. It was founded and financed by George Soros in 1991, based on American models. Founded in Budapest, it has been operating in Vienna since 2020.
Education
They offer master's and doctoral studies mainly in social and humanities fields.
Among the most studied fields are philosophy, cognitive sciences, political sciences, international relations, history, administration, public relations and mathematics in the scope of economics.
Payette, Idaho
Payette is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Jim McDermott
James Adelbert McDermott (born December 28, 1936) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for WA's 7th congressional district from 1989 to 2017. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Payette, Idaho
History
Payette was created in 1891.
Jim McDermott
He served on the House Ways and Means Committee and was a member of the House Progressive Caucus. He was formerly the committee chairman, then in 1995, ranking minority member on the House Ethics Committee.
On January 4, 2016, he announced his retirement.
Audrehem
Audrehem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Nancy Johnson
Nancy Elizabeth Lee Johnson (born January 5, 1935) is an American politician. Johnson was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 2007.
Surtsey
Surtsey is an island in Iceland that appeared in 1963 as a result of an underwater volcanic eruption that released smoke, ash and matter that joined together to form the islet. It takes its name from a giant from Norse mythology.
It serves biologists and other scientists to study and see how fungi, plants and animals reach new territory and interact with it.
Yehuda Henkin
Rabbi Yehuda Herzl Henkin (1945 – December 24, 2020) was an Israeli rabbi and modern orthodox posek. He was born in Jerusalem. Henkin was the founder and head of Nishmat, the Institute for Advanced Jewish Studies for Women.
Henkin died in Jerusalem on December 24, 2020 at the age of 75.
Century egg
A century egg is a cured duck egg. They are made by putting the egg in a mix of clay, salt, quicklime, and ash. A century egg is not really 100 years old. People call it a century egg because it looks different and takes months to make. Century eggs can also be made from quail or chicken eggs.
The Misfortune of Being Ned
The Misfortune of Being Ned is a 2013 American animated horror series. It was created by the producers Teen Titans Go! and ThunderCats series Michael Jelenic. It originally aired on Cartoon Network in the United States November 5, 2013 to September 11, 2014. This is produced by Williams Street and Turner Studios distributed by Cartoon Network Productions Ned voice of Yeardley Smith
Shulamit Aloni
Shulamit Aloni (שולמית אלוני; November 29, 1928 – January 24, 2014) was an Israeli lawyer and politician. She founded the Ratz party. She was the leader of the Meretz party, and served as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993. In 2000, she won the Israel Prize.
Aloni died on January 24, 2014 at her home in Tel Aviv, aged 85.
Claude Confortès
Claude Confortès (28 February 1928 – 15 June 2016) was a French movie and stage director and actor. As an actor, he starred in Yves Robert's War of the Buttons (La Guerre des boutons) in 1962. He played a supporting role in Germinal in 1993. He was born in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, a suburb of Paris.
Confortès died on 15 June 2016 in Paris, aged 88.
Beautiful Dreamer
"Beautiful Dreamer" is a song by Stephen Foster written about 1862. It was first published (posthumously) in 1864 by William A. Pond & Co. It has been promoted as Foster's last song, but that distinction cannot be confirmed. It is similar in some respects to his first published song, "Open They Lattice, Love". Both have a triple rhythm and share imagery of the sea and marine life.
The arpeggiated accompaniment recalls bel canto opera. The dreamer in this song is either asleep or dead. The song does not distinguish. It is a song though about dissolution — of melting, of dissolving, of vanishing into mists, and, finally into death. The song is not held in the highest esteem by some musicologists and has been described by one as "saccharine" and "[smacking] somewhat of the idiom of Irving Berlin."
Lyrics
1. Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me, Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee; Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day, Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away! Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song, List while I woo thee with soft melody; Gone are the cares of life's busy throng, Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
2. Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea, Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei; Over the streamlet vapors are borne, Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn. Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart, E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea; Then will all clouds of sorrow depart, Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Arrondissement of Bayeux
The Arrondissement of Bayeux is an arrondissement of France. It is in the Calvados département, in the Basse-Normandie region. It has 6 cantons and 126 communes.
Cantons
The cantons of the arrondissement of Bayeux are:
Communes
The communes of the arrondissement of Bayeux, and their INSEE codes, are:
Ivry Gitlis
Ivry Gitlis (עברי גיטליס‎;‎ 25 August 1922 – 24 December 2020) was an Israeli violinist. He performed with the world's top orchestras, including the London Philharmonic, New York Philharmonic, Berlin Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, and Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Gitlis was born in Haifa, Palestine Mandate.
Gitlis died on 24 December 2020 in Paris at the age of 98.
Foolishness
Foolishness is when someone acts without wisdom or sense. A foolish decision is one made without careful reasoning or judgement. An act of foolishness is called folly. A person who shows foolishness may be called a fool. It is different to stupidity, which is the lack of intelligence.
A fool's errand is a useless piece of work.
A fool's paradise a happy state for which there is no good reason.
The wise fool is a common literary character, a person who appears at first to be unintelligent but then reveals him or herself to possess a grest deal of wisdom. An example of this is Sancho Panza in Cervantes' Don Quixote. Sancho is an uneducated peasant who at first seems to have little sense or experience. However, as the tale unfolds, he reveals himself to possess a wealth of common sense, first expressed through endless proverbs, but then through his own skill. In this sense he provides a comic juxtaposition to Quixote himself, who is highly educated but insane; both of them supply what the other lacks.
History of the geologic time scale
This article describes the history of the geologic time scale. The principles were first laid down by Nicolaus Steno in the late 17th century. Steno argued that rock layers (or strata) are laid down in succession, and that each represents a "slice" of time.
Steno formulated the principle of superposition. This says that any given stratum is probably older than those above it and younger than those below it. This principle is simple, but applying it to real rocks is complicated by their history. During the 18th century geologists realized that:
Werner had the idea that all rocks had precipitated out of a single enormous flood. That is called the Neptunist theory. A major shift in thinking came when James Hutton read his Theory of the Earth; or, an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March and April 1785. James Hutton in those reading became "the founder of modern geology". Hutton suggested the interior of the Earth was hot, and that this heat was the engine which drove the creation of new rock. Land was eroded by air and water and deposited as layers in the sea; heat then consolidated the sediment into stone, and uplifted it into new lands. This theory was called Plutonist in contrast to the flood-oriented theory.
The identification of strata by the fossils they contained was pioneered by William Smith, Georges Cuvier and others in the early 19th century. Geologists could divide Earth history more precisely. If two strata (however distant in space or different in composition) contained the same fossils, chances were good that they had been laid down at the same time. Detailed studies between 1820 and 1850 of the strata and fossils of Europe produced the sequence of geological periods still used today. Cuvier thought many of the geological features of the Earth could be explained by catastrophic events which had caused the extinction of many species of animals. Over the course of his career, Cuvier came to believe there had not been a single catastrophe, but several, resulting in a succession of different faunas.
British geologists were most active in the 19th century. The "Cambrian," (the Roman name for Wales) and the "Ordovician," and "Silurian", named after ancient Welsh tribes, were periods defined by Welsh rocks. The "Devonian" was named after the English county of Devon, and the name "Carboniferous" was simply an adaptation of "the Coal Measures," the old British geologists' term for the same set of strata. The "Permian" was named after Perm, Russia, because it was defined using strata in that region by a Scottish geologist Roderick Murchison. British geologists were also responsible for the grouping of periods into eras and the subdivision of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods into epochs. In general, periods were named after places where the rocks were easy to see.
Geologists and paleontologists based the geologic table on the relative positions of different strata and fossils. They estimated the time scales based on studying rates of various processes. They estimated weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and how long it took to turn sediment into hard rock. The discovery of radioactivity in 1896 and its geological applications by radiometric dating happened in the first half of the 20th century. It made possible the absolute dating of rocks, and the discovery of the age of the Earth.
The International Commission on Stratigraphy is working to define exactly when geologic periods start and finish, and where the best examples are. They are called Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP).
Pinwheel Twist
Pinwheel Twist is an unreleased lost song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney before their pop group The Beatles became famous. The song was listed for recording in 1962 at EMI studio, but the list was trimmed down and the song became obscure after that.
Lyrics and Conception
The song was improvised on March 22 1962 by Paul McCartney, who was influenced by the "twist" craze of the early sixties. He would perform it later that evening. The audience response was mediocre, but nonetheless he pawned it off on then-drummer Pete Best, who sang lead while McCartney worked the drums. The song was drawn up on a list of 30 songs for a recording session at EMI, but got cut at the last minute. During the various Best performances, the Beatles had changed from leather jackets into "Beno Dorn" suits and ties, and accompanied it with the Starlighter's hit, "Peppermint Twist".
Pete Best has since recalled the main lines of the song, "Pinwheel twist going round and round / Pinwheel twist going round and round / Pinwheel twist going round and round / Hey, pinwheel twist".
Later, Beatles scholar Mark Lewisohn, while researching information on his book, unearthed further lyrics, "We’ll twist, we’ll pinwheel / Do the spin wheel / Right away, night and day, [at this point, Paul calls out: ‘two-three’] / Well come on everybody and do the shimmy-shimmy / While you’re dancing to and fro – like this! / Everybody’s doing the Pinwheel Twist." The song also in known to have a "congruous waltz" section in the middle.
Roter Berg, Vienna
Roter Berg (in German meaning "Red Mountain") is a hill in the district of Hietzing in southwest Vienna, Austria. It is part of the Vienna Woods and has an altitude of 262 meters. A part of the hill is a park and is a large and important green space in Hietzing. Although the part of the hill that is a park, belongs to the State of Vienna, most of the hill is private property. However most of the green space that is private property, are not fenced and do not have any signs saying they are private property, and access is allowed. In winter, when it snows, the hill becomes a popular place with children who use sleds or skis to ride down the slopes, but with global warming, snow and these activities have become rare in Vienna.
Thoriq Husler
Thoriq Husler (19 April 1963 – 24 December 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was born in Palopo, Indonesia. He was the Regent of the East Luwu Regency from 2016 until his death.
Husler died on 24 December 2020 in Makassar, Indonesia from COVID-19 at the age of 57.
Sarthe (river)
The Sarthe is a river in western France. It is 313.9 km long. Together with the river Mayenne it forms the river Maine, which is a tributary to the river Loire.
Big Bang
The Big Bang is a scientific theory about how the universe started, and then made the stars and galaxies we see today. The Big Bang is the name that scientists use for the most common theory of the universe, from the very early stages to the present day. The most commonly considered alternatives are called the Steady State theory and Plasma cosmology, according to both of which the universe has no beginning or end.
According to the theory the universe began as a very hot, small, and dense superforce (the mix of the four fundamental forces), with no stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a "singularity"). Then about 13.8 billion years ago, space expanded very quickly (thus the name "Big Bang"). This started the formation of atoms, which eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies. It was Georges who first noted (in 1927) that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point. The universe is still expanding today, and getting colder as well.
As a whole, the universe is growing and the temperature is falling as time passes. Cosmology is the study of how the universe began and its development. Some scientists who study cosmology have agreed that the Big Bang theory matches what they have observed so far.
Naming
Astronomer Fred Hoyle mockingly called the theory the "Big Bang" on his radio show. Scientists who did not agree with him decided to use it.
Evidence
Scientists base the Big Bang theory on many different observations. The most important is the redshift of very far away galaxies. Cosmological redshift is the Doppler effect occurring in light. When an object moves away from Earth, its color rays look more similar to the color red than they actually are, because the movement stretches the wavelength of light given off by the object. Scientists use the word "red hot" to describe this stretched light wave because red is the longest wavelength on the visible spectrum. The more redshift there is, the faster the object is moving away. By measuring the redshift, scientists proved that the universe is expanding, and they can work out how fast the object is moving away from the Earth. With very exact observation and measurements, scientists believe that the universe was a singularity approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Because most things become colder as they expand, scientists assume that the universe was very small and very hot when it started. This does not take into account other possible (non-cosmological) causes of redshift.
Other observations that support the Big Bang theory are the amounts of chemical elements in the universe. Amounts of very light elements, such as hydrogen, helium, and lithium seem to agree with the theory of the Big Bang. The same is true, however, for Static State theory and plasma cosmology. Scientists also detected what they call the cosmic microwave background radiation. These electromagnetic waves are everywhere in the universe. This radiation is now very weak and cold, but is thought to have been very strong and very hot a long time ago.
Time
It can be said that time had no meaning before the Big Bang. If the Big Bang was the beginning of time, then there was no universe before the Big Bang, since there could not be any "before" if there was no time. Other ideas state that the Big Bang was not the beginning of time 13.8 billion years ago. Instead, some believe that there was a completely different universe before the Big Bang, and it may have been very different from the one we know today.
Nonetheless, in November 2019, Jim Peebles, awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology, noted in his award presentation that he does not support the Big Bang Theory due to the lack of concrete supporting evidence, and stated, "It's very unfortunate that one thinks of the beginning whereas in fact, we have no good theory of such a thing as the beginning."
Graphical timeline of the universe
Many things happened in the first picosecond of the universe's time:
Glendale, Wisconsin
Glendale is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States.
Luiza Trajano
Luiza Helena Trajano Inácio Rodrigues (born 9 October 1948), is a Brazilian billionaire businessperson. Owner of one of the most famous stores in Brazil Mazine Luiza. In July 2020, Forbes noted that she was Brazil's wealthiest woman. As of April 2022, her net worth was estimated at US$1.4 billion.
Trajano was born in Franca in the state of São Paulo. She graduated in law from Faculdade de Direito de Franca (School of Law of Franca) in 1972.
Sabha, Libya
Sabha is a city in Libya. In 2010, about 95.000 people lived there. It is the political and economic center of the Fezzan region. It is about 640 km south of Tripoli.
Peck, Idaho
Peck is a city in Idaho in the United States.
Franklin, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
Franklin is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States.
Helmut Oberlander
Beginning in 1994, the Government of Canada has made repeated attempts to revoke Oberlander's citizenship.
In July 2017 the Government of Canada used an Order in Council to strip Oberlander of his Canadian citizenship for the fourth time.
Oberlander died at his home in Waterloo, Ontario on 20 September 2021, at the age of 97.
Ofelya Hambardzumyan
Ofelya Karapeti Hambardzumyan (Օֆելյա Կարապետի Համբարձումյան, January 9, 1925 – June 13, 2016) was an Armenian folk singer. She was known as the "Queen of Armenian Song". During her career, she was known for her soft voice. In 1944, she became a solo-singer for the Ensemble of Folk Instruments of the Radio of Armenia, where she dedicated her efforts to the ensemble headed by Aram Merangulyan.
Hambardzumyan died on June 13, 2016, aged 91.
AKM Jahangir Hossain
AKM Jahangir Hossain (1954 – 24 December 2020) was a Bangladeshi Bangladesh Awami League politician. He was a member of the Jatiya Sangsad from 1991 to 1995, 1996 to 2006 and from 2014 to 2018. From 1998 to 2001, he was Minister of Textiles and Jute.
Hossain died on 24 December 2020 at a Dhaka hospital from COVID-19 at the age of 66.
François Deguelt
François Deguelt (born Louis Deghelt, 4 December 1932 – 22 January 2014) was a French singer. He was best known for his performance on behalf of Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contests of 1960 and 1962.
Deguelt died on 22 January 2014 in Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France from heart failure, age 81.
Ready Set Learn
Ready Set Learn was an American television programming block. It was broadcast on TLC from December 26, 1992, and Discovery Kids from December 26, 1992. The programs were for preschool children. The block was broadcast until October 8, 2010.
Aire-sur-l'Adour
Aire-sur-l'Adour is a commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Landes department in southwest France.
Audresselles
Audresselles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Aire-sur-l'Adour
It is on the river Adour.
Sinhala script
Sinhala script (Sinhala: සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව; Siṁhala Akṣara Mālāva) is an Abugida, a script between a syllabic and alphabetic script. It is also known as Sinhalese script. It is written from left to right. It is used to write Sinhala, which is the official language of Sri Lanka. It is also used to write Sanskrit and Pali. These languages are used for religious texts. The Sinhalese Akṣara Mālāva, one of the Brahmic scripts, comes from the Ancient Indian Brahmi script. It is also related to the ancient Kannada script.
History
Sinhala script comes from Brahmi, and was imported from Northern India, around the 3rd century BCE. Sinhala script developed in a complex way: Part independently but also strongly influenced by South Indian scripts at various stages. It is clearly influenced by the early Grantha script. Pottery from the 6th century BCE has been found in Anuradhapura, with lithic inscriptions dating from 2nd century BCE written in Prakrit.
Medieval Sinhalese first began to be used around 750 AD. It has a very strong influence from the Grantha script. As a result, Medieval (and modern) Sinhalese look similar to the South Indian scripts. By the 9th century CE, literature written in Sinhala script appeared and the script began to be used in other texts. As an example, the Buddhist literature of the Theravada-Buddhists of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, used Sinhala script.
Modern Sinhalese first appeared in the 13th century and is marked by the writing of the grammar book Sidat Sangara. In 1736, the Dutch were the first to print with Sinhala type on the island. The resulting type followed the features of the native Sinhala script that was written on palm leaves. The Dutch created type that was the same width throughout the letters (monolinear) with no separation between words in early documents. During the Colonial period, a new style of Sinhala also began to used which was high contrast and had different thicknesses. This high contrast type slowly replaced the monolinear type as the preferred style.
Today, the alphabet is used by over 16 million people to write Sinhala in very different situations, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.
Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of Sri Lanka Malay are recorded.
Sidath sangara alphabet
This alphabet was invented in the Dambadeniya period (1220–1345). This is the first specific Sinhala alphabet to be found in writing.
Luigi Canepa
Biography
His father Francesco and her mother Angela Solari, of Genoese origin, soon discovered his musical talent, addressing it to study the flute at age eight and enrolling him to 10 years at the Milan Conservatory, where he remained until autumn 1861. The 'year later was enrolled as a student for a fee at the Conservatory of Naples directed by Saverio Mercadante where he reached excellent results, only fifteen years old, he won a competition for a place in the class of counterpoint and composition.
Sinhala script
Śuddha set
This alphabet includes the letters usually used everyday. It is enough to write almost every word in Sinhala.
Luigi Canepa
Biography
The October 14, 1867 fled from the conservatory to fight alongside of Garibaldi in the campaign for the liberation of Rome but was wounded and taken prisoner. On November 5, he returned to the Conservatory of Naples and shortly after he moved to Milan where he continued his musical studies.
Sinhala script
Miśra set
The Śuddha set was not enough to spell Pali and Sanskrit words correctly. So, new letters had to be used. This alphabet first appears in Abraham Mendis Gunasekara's Comprehensive Grammar of the Sinhalese Language, a grammar book published in 1891.
Luigi Canepa
Biography
In 1871 he composed his first opera, "Davide Rizio", libretto by Enrico Costa, countryman and cousin of Canepa. The opera in three acts, based on the life of David Rizzio and Mary Stuart, was performed for the first time at the Teatro Carcano in November of the following year and then bought by the publisher Lucca, who took her on stage in many Italian cities and Barcelona.
Sinhala script
National Institute of Education Alphabet
The alphabet was adopted by the National Institute of Education in 1989. This is the alphabet commonly used in schools in Sri Lanka.
Luigi Canepa
Biography
In 1874 he composed "I Pezzenti" with libretto by Fulvio Fulgonio which was staged at La Scala in September of that year and then in several European theaters.
Canepa was establishing itself more and more, and his third opera, "Riccardo III", composed to a libretto by Fulvio Fulgonio and staged for the first time in 1879, received unanimous praise from critics and other celebrated composers, like Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli.
Sinhala script
Contemporary Sinhala Alphabet (Modern Sinhala Alphabet)
This alphabet was first published in 1990 by J.B. Dissanayake. Here, the vowels අ and ආ have two forms as open and closed.
Luigi Canepa
Biography
A serious illness interrupted his career and forced him to retreat to his native city, where he devoted himself to music criticism and teaching. In 1891 he ran for municipal elections is supported by young intellectuals who had recently founded La Nuova Sardegna is the unitary list of Republicans and moderate and, elected with broad suffrage, held for years the city councilor activities.
Sinhala script
Structure
It uses consonants as its base unit. To make different sounds, small strokes of lines called 'pili' (in Sinhala) are written before, after, above or below the base consonant.
Luigi Canepa
Biography
Improving his health returned to composing but his celebrity was now gone. In this period he wrote a Mass, a funeral march for Giuseppe Garibaldi and funeral elegy for Nino Bixio, performed in Genoa arrival of his ashes.
Sinhala script
Example
ක = 'ka' sound (this is the base consonant)
ක + ි = කි = 'ki' sound (a small arch like shape is placed on top of ක)
ක + ් = ක් = 'k' sound (a small flag like shape is placed on top of ක)
Luigi Canepa
Biography
To him they are named the Conservatory of Music of Sassari, the town band, a street of the same city and the Chorale Luigi Canepa, the oldest choral institution of Sardinia.
Sinhala script
Example
ක + ෙ = කෙ = 'ke' sound (a swirl is placed in front of ක)
Letters and how they are pronounced
Here, the letters of the National Institute of Education Alphabet are shown.
Vowels
There are 18 vowels.
Consonants
There are 42 consonants. The consonants are divided into many groups based on how they are pronounced.
The consonant ඥ (pronounced like ඤ - like the ny in ca ny on) is used today but it is not included in the National Institute of Education Alphabet.
Civil township
In the United States, the term civil township is used for a form of government below the county level. In some places, the name town is used instead. About twenty states use the term civil township.
Wolcott, Connecticut
Wolcott is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. It had a population of 16,142 at the 2020 census.
Milorad Janković
Janković died on 24 December 2020 at the age of 80.
Colin Ford
Colin Ford, (born on September 12, 1996) is a American actor, He portrayed the main role as Topper in the movie of Captain Marvel as Steve Danvers.
Charlene, Princess of Monaco
Charlene, Princess of Monaco (born 25 January 1978), is the wife of Prince Albert II. She is a former Olympic swimmer.
Early Life
Charlene was born at Mater Dei Hospital in Bulawayo, Rhodesia, She is eldest child of Michael Wittstock and Lynette Wittstock, Wittstock family also from Germany. She have two brothers is calling as Gareth and Sean her family, Her brother is a coffee house businessman in Monaco, Another brother as a promotions and events businessman in South Africa. Her great-great-grandparents is a emigrated to South Africa from the Pomeranian village of Zerrenthin in northern Germany in 1861 to escape hardship. In South Africa, the Wittstocks worked as handyworkers and unsuccessfully prospected for diamonds.
She studied at Tom Newby Primary school in Benoni, South Africa.
Audruicq
Audruicq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Tarnos
Tarnos is a commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Landes department in southwest France.