cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Quango
History
The term 'quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization' was created in 1967 by the Carnegie Foundation's Alan Pifer. He wrote an essay on independence and accountability in public-funded bodies. This term was shortened to 'quango' by Anthony Barker, a Briton, during a follow-up conference.
Many quangos were created from the 1980s onwards. The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was:
UK
According to the Tax Payers Alliance, in the year 2006-07, tax payers funded 1,162 Quangos at a cost of nearly £64bn; equivalent to £2,550 per household. About a thousand still remain.
In 2010 the British Government said it had earmarked (chosen) nearly 200 quangos for closure, and 120 more for merging. This was part of its Whitehall efficiency programme. In August 2012, the government said that 106 quangos had lost their public status since then. Some were axed, some were sold off, and some had their work done elsewhere.
Scotland
Since Scotland was given devolved self-government in 1999, their government has also set up a number of quangos.
Republic of Ireland
The Republic of Ireland in 2006 had more than 800 quangos, 482 at national and 350 at local level, with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion.
Issues
Depending upon one's point of view, the separation of a quango from government might allow its functions to be more commercially exercised. Or else it might allow an elected minister to evade responsibility for spending public money. Quangos have been criticised as undemocratic, expensive and letting government grow too big.
The Times has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess. In 2005 Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos, claimed that many quangos were useless and duplicated the work of others. In August 2008 a report by the right-leaning pressure group the Taxpayers' Alliance, claimed that £15 billion was being wasted by the regional development agencies, quangos set up to encourage economic development in their regions.
List of Arminia Bielefeld seasons
This is a list of seasons played by Arminia Bielefeld in German football, from their first competitive to the most recent completed season. It details the club's achievements in major competitions, and the top scorers for each season.
The club was formed on 3 May 1905 as 1. Bielefelder Fußballclub (BFC) Arminia. The Fußballclub Siegfried Bielefeld joined Arminia two years later. On 7 July 1919, Arminia combined with the Bielefelder Turngemeinde 1848 and became known as Turngemeinde Arminia Bielefeld. However, this combination was not successful and had to declare bankruptcy on 20 October 1922. The 1. BFC Arminia was reestablished on 6 November 1922 and was renamed into the current name, Deutscher Sportclub Arminia Bielefeld, on 30 January 1926.
Key
Name in bold indicates the league's top scorer.
Anne Parillaud
Anne Parillaud (b. 6 May 1960) is a French actress. She has appeared in over 30 movies since 1977. She played Nikita in the movie Nikita. She also played Marie in the horror movie Innocent Blood.
Parillaud was born in Paris, France.
Lohbarbek
Lohbarbek is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Mung bean
The Mung bean (or mungo bean) is a legume, which is mostly grown in Asia. It is mostly used for cooking.
Manuel Saturnino da Costa
Manuel Saturnino da Costa (29 November 1942 – 10 March 2021) was a Bissau-Guinean politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 1994 to 1997.
Saturnino da Costa died on 10 March 2021 in Bissau. He was 78.
Alamance County, North Carolina
Alamance County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 171,415 people lived there. Its county seat is Graham.
Jennifer Morrison
Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, movie producer and model. She played Emma Swan in ABC's Once Upon a Time. She also played Dr. Allison Cameron in the series House.
Morrison was born in Chicago.
Geneva Lake
Geneva Lake (Potawatomi: Kishwauketoe, "Clear Water") is a freshwater lake in Walworth County in southeastern Wisconsin. The city of Lake Geneva is near the lake and named after it.
Surry County, North Carolina
Surry County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 71,359 people lived there. Its county seat is Dobson.
Sokoto
Sokoto is a city in the northwest of Nigeria, near to where the Sokoto River and Rima River meet. The people in Sokoto are mostly Muslims. Sokoto was the capital city of Gobir from the 10th century. Sokoto was made as a caliphate, an Islamic state, in the 19th century.
Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign
The 2020 presidential campaign of Howie Hawkins, both the co-founder of the Green Party and its three time gubernatorial candidate of New York, was informally launched on April 3, 2019. Hawkins announced the formation of an exploratory committee to seek the Green Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 2020 presidential election.
On May 28, 2019, Hawkins officially announced his campaign's launch. In June 2020, he became the presumptive nominee for the Green Party nomination.
Adam Kokesh 2020 presidential campaign
The 2020 presidential campaign of Adam Kokesh was announced on July 18, 2013, making Kokesh the first Libertarian to enter in the race for the 2020 United States presidential election.
The Fall 2017 Taxation Is Theft national tour was a preparation period where Kokesh championed his voluntaryist platform of "Nobody for President!"
On January 16, 2018 Kokesh officially filed the papers for his presidential campaign. Later the same day, he was pulled over by Texas police twice, and was arrested the second time. Kokesh was released on January 25.
Vienne, Isère
Vienne is a commune. It is found in the Isère department in the southeastern part of France.
Wilfried Zaha
Dazet Wilfried Armel Zaha (born 10 November 1992) is an Ivorian footballer. He currently plays as a forward for Premier League club Crystal Palace. He also plays for the Ivorian national team.
Biography
Zaha was born in the Ivory Coast, but grew up in England from the age of four. He made his debut for the England national team. He made only two appearances for England, the latter of which came in 2013. He made a decision of playing to his birth country (Ivory Coast).
In December 2021, Dark Real Estate Affair concerns a company founded by Wilfried Zaha and a scam has more than 20,000 pounds embezzled.
Honours
Crystal Palace
Niger Delta
The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River. It is an area where many people live in Nigeria.
Nigeria has become Africa's biggest producer of petroleum, and there are many oil wells in the Niger Delta. The natural gas from the oil wells is all burnt, causing environmental problems.
Because of the money from petroleum production, there have been many political problems in recent times. For example, many oil workers have been taken as hostages.
Dendropsophus amicorum
The Socopo tree frog (Dendropsophus amicorum) is a frog. Scientists have only seen it Cerro Socopo in Venezuela. They saw it 1250 meters above sea level.
Corning (city), New York
Corning is a city in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River. The population was 11,183 at the 2010 census.
ABC News
ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company.
Their shows they have include Good Morning America, World News Now, 20/20, and ABC World News Tonight.
Ural Airlines Flight 178
Ural Airlines Flight 178 was a scheduled passenger flight from Zhukovsky International Airport in Moscow to Simferopol in Crimea. On 15 August 2019, an Airbus A321 (VQ-BOZ) suffered a bird strike, which is when birds hit the engines of the plane. It happened after taking off from Zhukovsky and crash landed in a cornfield a few kilometers past the airport. Twenty-nine people were injured and no one was killed.
Candle
Fire can burn string very fast. But in a candle, the string does not burn fast, because the fire melts the wax instead. The wax sometimes drips down the side of the candle. When the melted wax is far from the flame, it gets hard again, and can be used again in a new candle. The flame is very hot, since it is a very small, real fire. The light blue part of the flame can be as hot as 1400 C. It can still burn people and things. If the fire spreads, it can grow into a very big fire and even burn down a house or building.
If the flame is kept on the candle long enough, the candle will slowly get shorter and shorter until it is gone. The fire on a candle can be put out by blowing air on it. There is also a special tool called a "candle snuffer" that covers the fire with a small metal cup and puts it out. Today, candle snuffers are usually only used in churches or in places where candles are up very high. Stopping the fire stops the candle from burning until it is all gone.
Before light bulbs, candles were used so people could see at night. Some people still use candles today when electricity is down, or because they like the little amount of light that candles make. Some people also like candles because they look nice, or because they smell nice. A special kind of candle called "citronella" can help keep bugs away.
Civil disobedience act
In December 1929, the Indian National Congress Party agreed to start a movement for complete independence from British rule. The Party decided to start a movement named to disobey British rule. It became the civil disobedience movement. They decided to observe 26th January 1930 as the complete Independence Day. Many other political parties and revolutionaries came together to support this movement. Gandhi started this movement. Thus the civil disobedience movement began, and it soon spread throughout India. Indians started to break unfair laws in a peaceful manner in protest against the British rule. The abolition of salt tax by salt march was one of the acts within it. There were various events that led to the Civil Disobedience movement in India. The events are discussed as follows: 1.
The list of demands was: 1. Prohibition of the use of intoxicants 2. Change of the rate of land revenue. 3. Abolition of salt tax. 4. Reduction of the rate of land revenue. 5. Reduction of military expenditure.
Limited war
A limited war is a war carried out by a state that uses less than its total resources and has a goal of less than total defeat of the enemy. It is very often the high cost of war that makes limited war more practical than total war.
In a limited war, a state's total survival does not depend on the outcome of the war. For example, when Augustus sent his Roman legions to conquer Germania, the fate of the Roman Republic was not at stake. Since 1945, nuclear weapons have made limited war become the normal type of warfare.
The United States has a strategic position that has made since World War II find itself involved in a number of limited wars. The Korean, the Vietnam, the Gulf War, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq were all examples of limited wars.
The goal of at least one of the parties in a limited war is to maintain its freedom and to preserve itself. The strategy that is often used, especially against a much stronger enemy, is to draw out the fighting until the other side gets tired and finally decides to quit.
That worked for George Washington in the American Revolutionary War. Although the British Army was the strongest army in the world at the time, the war dragged out until the British got tired of the war draining its resources.
The Taliban and other Islamist groups today keep their wars going trying to wear out their enemies in the Western world.
Problems
“In war, there is only one tactical principle which is not subject to change. It is to use the means at hand to inflict the maximum amount of wound, death, and destruction on the enemy, in the minimum amount of time.” General George S. Patton.
Historical examples
The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), World War I (1914-19) and World War II (1939-1945) are examples of total wars. Any war that is limited by geography, resources, or goals or is intentionally limited by the participants is a limited war.
Bashkim Fino
Bashkim Fino (12 October 1962 – 29 March 2021) was an Albanian politician and economist. He served as the 29th Prime Minister of Albania in 1997. He was a member of the Socialist Party (PS). He held other government roles, including as Deputy Prime Minister (1997–1998) and two terms as the Minister of Public Works and Tourism during the 2000s. He was a member of the Albanian Parliament for Fier from 2017 until his death in 2021.
Fino was born in Gjirokastër. He served as the municipality's mayor between 1992 and 1996.
On 29 March 2021, Fino died in Tirana due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania. He was 58.
The Middle of the World (1974 movie)
The Middle of the World (Le Milieu du monde) is a 1974 Swiss French romance movie directed by Alain Tanner. It stars Olimpia Carlisi and Juliet Berto.
Gliese 832c
Gliese 832c is a extrasolar planet that goes around the red dwarf Gliese 832. It is found about 16 light years from Earth in the Grus constellation. It has 5.4 times the mass of Earth, and has a radius of 1.5 times Earth's radius. The planet is thought to be on the hot edge habitable zone: the part of the habitable zone closest to the star.
Habitability
Gliese 832c is thought to lie in the habitable zone, which is the zone around a star where water can be liquid. However, it may not be hospitable to life as we know it. While it gets about as much sunlight as Earth does, the planet is probably tidally locked, This means that one side of the planet is always facing the star. This would mean that the day side of the planet is extremely hot, while the dark side is cold. Between the day and night zones, life might be able to exist.
Batting (baseball)
In baseball, batting is the act of going against the other team's pitcher and trying to hit the baseball ball. A batter or hitter is the player who swings his bat to try to hit the ball. In Major League Baseball, pitchers usually do not bat unless they are playing in the National League where batters have to bat even if they are pitchers. In the American League, pitchers do not bat, and only pitch.
Batting the primary method by which Baseball teams play offense and score runs. A Batter bats by standing in the Batter's Box at Home Plate and either swinging or not swinging at the pitches the Pitcher throws. This activity collectively is known as an At Bat. The goal of the batter is get to get a hit, while the pitcher wants to get an out.
The X Factor (album)
The X Factor is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It is their tenth studio album, and went on sale on 2 October 1995.
The album was not liked much by people who reviewed it; one person said that it had "[a] lack of energy" and that it was "merely adequate."
John Saxon
John Saxon (born Carmine Orrico; August 5, 1936 – July 25, 2020) was an American actor and martial artist. He has worked on more than 200 movies in his 60 year long career starting in 1954. He was born in New York City to an Italian-American family.
Saxon died on July 25, 2020 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee from pneumonia-related problems, aged 83.
Myleene Klass
Myleene Angela Klass (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say. She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, Popstars and Everybody.
Almost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz. Klass's album, called Moving On, was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London. It was nominated as Peoples' Album Of The Year in the Classical BRIT Awards. On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.
Klass was a contestant in the 2006 series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!. She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. Klass returned to the show in 2023 during the All-Stars series. She won the show.
Her net worth was about £11 million in April 2012.
Arvi Parbo
Sir Arvi Hillar Parbo (10 February 1926 – 1 May 2019) was an Estonian-born Australian business executive. He was the chairman of three of Australia's largest companies at the same time. Parbo was born in Tallinn, Estonia.
Parbo joined Western Mining Corporation in 1956 and over the next 12 years held the positions of Underground Surveyor, Underground Manager, Technical Assistant to the managing director, and Deputy General Superintendent. He was appointed General Manager in 1968 and became a Director in 1970. In 1974, Parbo was appointed chairman and managing director of Western Mining Corporation.
Parbo died in Melbourne on 1 May 2019, aged 93.
My Happy Ending
"My Happy Ending" is a song written and produced by Avril Lavigne and Butch Walker for Lavigne's second album, Under My Skin (2004).
Track listing
Japan CD
(BVCP-29613; Released July 07, 2004)
Mackenzie Rosman
Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's 7th Heaven.
Round Midnight
Round Midnight is a 1986 American French musical drama movie directed by Bertrand Tavernier and was based on the memoir Dance of the Infidels by Francis Paudras. It stars Dexter Gordon, François Cluzet, Gabrielle Haker, Sandra Reaves-Phillips, Lonette McKee, Christine Pascal, Herbie Hancock, Bobby Hutcherson, Liliane Rovère, Pierre Trabaud, Martin Scorsese, Wayner Shorter, Philippe Noiret and was nominated for 2 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1987. It was distributed by Warner Bros..
Kanotix
Kanotix, also referred to as KANOTIX, is a Linux distribution Live CD (LiveDistro) based on Debian (until 2006 unstable, in 2007 KANOTIX moved to Debian Etch) with advanced hardware detection. It can run from an optical disc drive without using a hard disk.
Kanotix uses KDE as the default desktop environment. GNOME and other window managers can be downloaded using APT.
The name "Kanotix" is derived from the founder's nickname "Kano". Kanotix's mascot is a fangtooth.
Content
Kanotix includes about 1,200 software packages:
Installation
Kanotix can be installed to the hard disk using the (graphical) acritoxinstaller, which, depending on optical drive, hard disk and processor speed, can take around 10 – 20 minutes.
History
In 2003 Jörg Schirottke was known with the nickname "Kano" in the former Knoppix-Forum (no more available). The distribution derived from Scriptpage for Knoppix" . He wrote about Knoppix: "I like it much, but I had to improve it :)". So he did. One of the main differences from Knoppix was the support of hard disk installation. The first "Kanotix"-preview was released at 24 December 2003 "KANOTIX XMAS 2003 PREVIEW". In 2004 and 2005 KANOTIX was a popular distribution ranking in the "top 20" of "distrowatch.com". In 2004 the releases were named "Bug Hunter" (Bug Hunter-01-2004 - X-2004). After problems with the stability in 2006 Jörg "Kano" Schirottke decided to move from Debian Sid to a less volatile basis. In October 2006 the main Kanotix co-developer (and most of Kanotix's other developers) left the project, to start sidux, another distribution based on Debian sid. The last Kanotix release based on Debian Sid was 2006-01-RC4.
John McAfee 2020 presidential campaign
The 2020 presidential campaign of John McAfee, anti-virus software pioneer and cryptocurrency investor, was formally launched on June 3, 2018.
McAfee announced on June 3, 2018 via Twitter that he would run for President of the United States again in 2020, either with the Libertarian Party or under a party of his own creation. McAfee insisted that he did not want to be president, and that his primary goal in running for office was to raise awareness of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.
On January 3, 2019, McAfee revealed on Twitter that he had not paid federal income taxes for eight years, claiming that the income tax was illegal. On January 22, McAfee announced via Twitter that he would be continuing his campaign "in exile", following reports that he, his wife, and four of his campaign staff were being indicted for tax-related felonies by the IRS.
McAfee said that he was in "international waters", and had tweeted that he was on his way to Venezuela.
Baking
Baking is a skill or way of cooking food in an oven. Sometimes, though, baking can also be done in hot ashes, or hot stones. It is used for making bread, cakes, pastries, pies, tarts, cookies, and much more. Such foods made by baking are called "baked goods".
The ingredients used in baking include flour, water, leavening agents (baker's yeast, baking soda, baking powder), shortening (fats, oils), eggs, milk, and sugars. These are all mixed together to create dough or batter, which is then put into a pan or a sheet and heated. Leavening agents produce gas that becomes trapped in the dough. This makes it rise. Shortening makes doughs more easily workable and the bread that comes out in the end more soft and tender. Egg whites are used to help make a light, airy texture.
Ebola (disambiguation)
Ebola is the common name of the Ebola virus disease.
Baking
Baked goods are sold at a bakery. A person who makes baked goods as a job is called a baker. It is also used for making baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel.
History
In ancient history, the first baking happened when humans took wild grass grains, and soaked them in water. Then they mixed everything together, and also mashed it. After that, this mixture was poured onto a flat, hot rock, and roasted on hot embers. This new way of making bread was much easier than the other ways of doing so. This was because bread could be made anytime if there was fire.
Around 2500 BC Egyptians had bread, and may have learned how to make it from the Babylonians. Also, the Greeks around 400 B.C. tarts with patterns and honey was included in Greek food. Dispyrus, another type of baked good, was also made by the Greeks around that time. It was popular. Dispyrus was a donut-like bread made from flour and honey and shaped in a ring. Soaked in wine, it was eaten when hot. The first proof of stone ovens was in Italy, where they made pizza and pasta.
Baking was very popular in the Roman Empire. In about 300 B.C., the pastry cook became a special job for Romans (called the pastillarium). Romans loved pastry, which was often cooked for large parties. Baking became so popular during the Roman Empire that someone who could think of a new kind of pastry was given an award. Around 1 AD there were more than 300 pastry chefs in Rome.
Eventually, because of Rome, the art of baking became known in Europe. It later spread to the eastern parts of Asia, too. Bakers sometimes bake goods at home and then sell them in the streets. In London, chefs sold their baked goods from handcarts. In Paris, the first café of baked goods was made. Baking became a real art in the world. Cakes can be actually mixed in just a few minutes, with only a small bit of skill needed, and it can be lifted fresh from the oven in less than 30 minutes. A basic loaf of bread may take slightly longer time, but it does not demand a lot of time from the cook.
Andy Bathgate
Andrew James Bathgate (August 28, 1932 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a right wing. He played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins.
Bathgate died on February 26, 2016 in his home in Mississauga, Ontario. He died from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 83. He also had Parkinson's disease.
Barbara Lawrence
Barbara Lawrence (February 24, 1930 – November 13, 2013) was an American actress, writer, real estate businessperson and model. She played Gertie Cummings in the movie version of Oklahoma!. She also played Marybelle in Margie. In 1962, after retiring from acting, she worked in real estate.
Flame retardant
A flame retardant is a chemical substance that makes things harder to burn. Some flame retardants are minerals or inorganic compounds like antimony trioxide or asbestos. Other flame retardants are special types of plastics and polymers. There are several ways flame retardants work. Some absorb heat when they are heated, stopping the thing from igniting. Others stop the heat from the fire from going into the thing. Flame retardants are used in textiles and bedding to prevent them from burning easily.
Bath (village), New York
Bath is a village in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 5,786 at the 2010 census. Bath is the county seat of Steuben County.
The Village of Bath is in the Town of Bath and is northwest of Elmira, New York and is west of Tyrone, New York.
Tony Burton
Anthony "Tony" Burton (March 23, 1937 – February 25, 2016) was an American actor, boxer and comedian. He was born in Flint, Michigan. He was best known for his role as Tony "Duke" Evers in the Rocky series of movies. He was also known for his roles as Wells in Assault on Precinct 13 and as Larry Durkin The Shining.
Burton died on February 25, 2016 at a hospital in Southern California. He died from complications of pneumonia. He was aged 78.
Dunaden
Dunaden (26 February 2006 – 30 April 2019) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. He was trained in France. In his 46 races, he won 10 and was placed in the top three 19 times. He won the 2011 Melbourne Cup, ridden by French jockey Christophe Lemaire and trained by Mikel Delzangles.
Other major wins by Dunaden include Prix de Barbeville (2011), Geelong Cup (2011), Hong Kong Vase (2011) and Caulfield Cup (2012).
Dunaden was retired in 2015. On 30 April 2019, he died after a paddock accident at Overbury Stud in England.
Alexis Ohanian
Alexis Kerry Ohanian (born April 24, 1983) is an American Internet entrepreneur and investor. He is best known as the co-founder and executive chairman of the social news website Reddit.
Net Nanny
Features
The original version of Net Nanny released in 1994 was a web browser that could control web and IRC content, block images, and mask profanity. Newer versions include the ability to The software blocks websites by the content on the website rather than by their URL. This prevents children from accessing inappropriate content using a web proxy.
History
Net Nanny was created and started by Gordon Ross in 1994 in Vancouver and moved to Bellevue, Washington in 2000. He became inspired to create a parental control service after viewing a sting operation on a pedophile soliciting a child online. In 1998, the company launched BioPassword, a bio metric security access system based on technology it acquired from Stanford University. On November 14, 2002, Net Nanny filed for bankruptcy and was sold to BioNet Systems, LLC, a maker of bio metric security software in Issaquah, Washington. LookSmart Ltd, a commercial web search company based in San Francisco acquired Net Nanny for $5.3 million in stock and cash in April 2004.
In January of 2007, Net Nanny was bought by ContentWatch, Inc and was moved to Salt Lake City, Utah. In June 2012, Net Nanny was made available to iOS and Android users. These mobile apps allowed parents to view and manage the applications on the device. In 2013, Net Nanny Social was launched to allow parents to monitor their children's social media activity and to protect against cyber bullying, cyber stalking, grooming by sexual predators, and the spread of sensitive images and videos.
In 2016, Zift Software, LLC, acquired Net Nanny from ContentWatch and moved to Philadelphia. On May 28, 2019, Zift's applications were rebranded as the Net Nanny 10 that is currently in use today.
Parental advisory
ParmParental Advisory is a sticker that tells parents that something may not be suitable for children. The sticker is usually placed on Music CDs. It tells parents that the texts of the songs contain words or phrases that some consider bad for children. Parental Advisory stickers will usually appear on Hip Hop and Rap albums. Comic books may also have a Parental Advisory sticker on them.
Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party (informally as the Tory Party) is the main centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. Their policies usually promote conservatism and in recent years libertarianism. They are the currently the largest party in the House of Commons after the 2019 United Kingdom general election, with 365 out of a possible 650 seats.
The party has generally had liberal economic policies that favour free market economics. The party is British unionist, historically opposing Irish reunification, Scottish and Welsh independence, and is generally critical of devolution.
After a leadership election in the Conservative Party in July, August and September 2022, Liz Truss became the leader of the party. She became Prime Minister on 6 September 2022 by default.
Truss announced her resignation as Prime Minister on 20 October 2022, after just 44 days in office. This is the shortest Prime Minister's term in British political history.
Party policies
British Conservatives believe in the following things:
19th century
The party was founded in 1834 by Robert Peel out of the old Tory Party, which was founded in 1678. During the 1800s, the party was one of the two main political parties along with the Liberal Party. In 1846, the party split over the repeal of the 'Corn Laws', which was favoured by Robert Peel and most top Conservatives but was disliked by backbencher Conservative MPs. Following the repeal, the Peel government fell and Robert Peel and his followers went on to join the Liberal Party. Because of this, the Conservatives were not able to form a majority government for twenty-eight years.
Under the leadership of Benjamin Disraeli, the party created a philosophy which supported the British Empire, the Church of England, the monarchy and social reforms, which took the party into power from 1874 to 1880. In 1886, the Liberal Party split over whether Ireland should be given independence. Those who did not support it became known as the Liberal Unionists and they joined with the Conservatives. This alliance meant that the Conservatives were in power for most of the period 1885–1906, under Lord Salisbury and then Arthur Balfour.
Early and middle 20th century
By 1906, the Conservatives had another split, this time about the issue of 'tariff reform' and as a result, the party was defeated in a landslide at the 1906 General Election by the Liberal Party. In 1912, the Conservative Party formally joined with the Liberal Unionist Party to create the modern-day Conservative and Unionist Party, however this is usually shortened to Conservative Party. The party was in a coalition with the Liberal Party from 1916 to 1922, and was mostly in power from 1922 to 1929 under Stanley Baldwin. During the 1920s, the Labour Party replaced the Liberals as the Conservative's main political opponent.
Late 20th century
Whilst Heath was in power, he took Britain into the European Union which later would deeply divide the Conservative Party. Direct rule had to be placed on Northern Ireland because of the violence that occurred because of The Troubles. After this, the Ulster Unionist Party stopped supporting the Conservative Party at Westminster. A miner's strike and rising inflation in 1973 caused Heath to start the three-day working week to ration power. The February 1974 General Election caused a hung parliament and Labour was in power until 1979.
Margaret Thatcher became Conservative leader in 1975 and successfully introduced a number of monetarist policies. In 1979, the party was returned to power because of the Labour government's handling of the 'Winter of Discontent' and Britain's growing inflation. Thatcher was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and won the General Elections of 1979, 1983 and 1987. Thatcher's second and third terms saw the privatisation of most of Britain's state-owned industry, such as British Telecom in 1984, British gas in 1986, British Airways in 1987 and British Leyland and British Steel in 1988.
In 1989, the Conservative government introduced the Community Charge, or 'Poll Tax' which was seen as unfair to the poor and was very unpopular. Thatcher was replaced as Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader in 1990 by John Major. Major led the country and the party until 1997. John Major replaced the unpopular Community Charge with the Council Tax in 1992 and led the party to a surprise victory in the 1992 General Election. Although there was a recession in the early 1990s, John Major's Conservative government started a long period of economic prosperity which would last until the late 2000s. In the 1997 General Election, the Conservatives were defeated in a landslide and lost all of their Scottish and Welsh seats. This is blamed on party splits over the European Union, the "Black Wednesday" currency problem in 1992, and the 'New' Labour Party led by Tony Blair.
21st century
The party entered thirteen years of opposition, with William Hague leading the party from 1997 to 2001. At the 2001 General Election, the party's campaign focused on several right-wing policies. Hague was seen as a powerful speaker, but his leadership was damaged by some poor publicity stunts. The party made a net gain of only one seat at the 2001 General Election. Iain Duncan Smith led the party from 2001 to 2003 and he did moderate some of the party's right-wing policies. He did not return the party to power, and Michael Howard became leader in 2003.
The Labour government under Tony Blair was becoming unpopular because of the Iraq War. Michael Howard managed to reduce Labour's majority in parliament at the 2005 General Election, from 167 to 66. Howard resigned soon after this and David Cameron became Conservative Party leader. Cameron focused on modern and environmental issues. The Conservatives had a regular lead in opinion polls from 2007 onwards and at the 2010 General Election, the party won the most seats in parliament and the highest number of votes but was 20 seats short of a majority in parliament. A coalition government was made with the Liberal Democrats and David Cameron became Prime Minister on May 11, 2010. In the United Kingdom general election, 2015 the Conservatives won 331 seats. The first Conservative-majority government since 1992 was formed.
After the UK voted to leave the EU on the 23rd June 2016, Cameron resigned as Conservative leader and PM. On 11 July 2016 it was announced that Theresa May would become the new Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister on the evening of 13 July 2016.
Recent policies include a target to reach net zero C02 emissions by 2050, investment in clean energy and the environment, increased education funding, increased funding in science and research, increased police numbers, and increased NHS (National Health Service) funding. In 2019, the Conservative Party became the first major world government to declare a climate emergency declaration. After the 2019 general election, there are now more LGBT+ Conservative MPs in Parliament.
Party support
Support for the party comes mainly from the South of England, Eastern England and rural areas, however, in recent years, support from the north of England has increased.
Current representation
The Conservative Party has these seats:
House of Commons (MPs) -
House of Lords (Peers) -
London Assembly (AMs) -
Scottish Parliament (MSPs) -
Welsh Assembly (AMs) -
Local Government (Councillors) -
Former leaders
Named below are all of the previous Conservative Party leaders since 1922. Their time as leader is placed in brackets.
Osamu Dazai
Osamu Dazai (June 19, 1909 – June 13, 1948), was a Japanese author. Dazai was born Tsushima Shūji in Aomori, northeastern Japan. He is best known for his novels The Setting Sun (1947) and No Longer Human (1948). Dazai wrote a number of novels about the meaning of life, pessimism and alcoholism based on his own private life. Dazai remains the most popular author among Japanese college students.
On June 13 1948, he killed himself with his beloved woman friend. His corps was discoved on June 19, his birthday, of the same year.
Feldmoching-Hasenbergl
Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (Central Bavarian: Fejdmoching-Hosnbeagl) is a borough in Munich, Bavaria.
Illustrious Corpses
Illustrious Corpses (Cadaveri eccellenti) is a 1976 Italian French thriller movie directed by Francesco Rosi and based on the 1971 novel Equal Danger by Leonardo Sciascia. It stars Lino Ventura, Tino Carraro, Marcel Bozzuffi and was distributed by United Artists.
Keith Holyoake
Holyoake was a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. He used the following Post-nominal letters:
Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln
Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln ( German pronunciation: [talkɪɐ̯çən-o:bɐzɛndlɪŋ-fɔɐ̯stənʁɪt-fʏɐ̯stənʁɪt-zɔln]; Central Bavarian: Thoikircha-Obasendling-Forstnriad-Fiastnriad-Soin) is a borough in Munich, Bavaria.
Moscow Domodedovo Airport
Moscow Domodedovo Airport (Московский аэропорт Домоде́дово), formally "Domodedovo International Airport named after Mikhail Lomonosov" is an international airport located in Domodedovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is 42 km south-southeast from the centre of Moscow. Domodedovo is one of the four major Moscow airports, as well as one of the largest airports in Russia.
In 2017, it served 30,700,000 passengers, an increase of 7.6% compared to 2016, making it the second busiest airport in Russia after Sheremetyevo International Airport.
Following a 2019 naming contest and presidential decree, it became named after Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.
Ramersdorf-Perlach
Ramersdorf-Perlach is a borough in Munich, Bavaria.
Metter, Georgia
Metter is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Candler County.
Trevi
Trevi (Latin: Trebiae), an old town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, 42°53N 12°45E, at 424 meters (1391 ft) above sea-level on the lower part of Mt. Serano above the wide plain of the Clitunno river. It is 10 km (6 mi) S.S.E. of Foligno and 20 km (12 mi) N. of Spoleto. The 2003 count of people by the government said that there were 7800 people living in the comune: about half of the people live in the town and the other people live in the country near town. The frazioni of Trevi (the smaller towns that belong to Trevi) are Borgo, Bovara, Cannaiola, Coste, Pigge, Manciano, Matigge, Parrano, Picciche, S. Lorenzo, S. Maria in Valle.
Most of the town is densely built with many buildings predating the 18th century. It crowns a summit and when one is in the centre the streets are mostly gently sloping. From the town one can see one of the best views in Umbria, over 50 km (30 mi) to the west and on clear days as far as Perugia to the north and even Monte Amiata in southern Tuscany. On the main train route from Rome to Ancona there is a station at the botton of Monte Serano servicing Trevi but the rapid Intercity services do not stop. The train service from Florence to Rome by way of Perugia also stops there: Local bus connections are not frequent. Trevi is a pleasant place to visit and of recent accommodation and good eating has become available; there are few restaurants, but they are good and more numerous than in other nearby small towns.
History
In Roman times, Pliny the Elder said Trevi was a city of the old Umbrians, and an old stone with Umbrian writing was found in the comune, at Bovara, in the 1950s. "Treviae" is also listed in the 5th‑century Bordeaux Itinerary. We do not know the history of Trevi in very old times, although some walls in the center part of the town on the hill are as old as the 1st century BC. Trevi started to spread out away from the hill during the time of the Empire, when Hadrian fixed the main road in the area, the Via Flaminia; this made a small town in the plain grow, at a place now called Pietrarossa. For hundreds of years people have been finding old things there: there were Roman baths that people were probably using in the time of St. Francis, who came here and told people to bathe in them.
In old times people say that Trevi ruled the valley below it, all the way to the Colli Martani, the line of mountains that run down the middle of Umbria. Trevi had a bishop until the 11th century, and was an important place belonging to the Lombards (in Italian, a gastaldato). At the beginning of the 13th century, Trevi made itself independent and became a free commune. It often fought on the side of Perugia to defend itself against nearby Spoleto, and fought wars with other communes in the area, winning some and losing some. It was invaded by Spoleto in the 14th century and by the Trinci, rulers of Foligno. In 1438 Trevi became part of the lands belonging to the Church as part of the "legation" of Perugia: after that Trevi's history was as part of the States of the Church, then (1860) of the united Kingdom of Italy.
Trevi was at its most prosperous in the 15th century: the town was so important for those who wanted to buy and sell that people called it "il porto secco" — the dry port. In 1470, with Foligno, Trevi became the fourth town in Italy to have a printing press, managed by the first known printing company. Many big renaissance palazzi of the town indicate the contemporaneous prosperity.
Important old buildings
Trevi is inside two walls of the Middle Ages; at the end of the 20th century, people found that the inside walls were Roman.
Trevi has about twenty old churches, some of which are interesting:
The country area around the town has many Romanesque churches: some of those on the plain were built on the Roman Via Flaminia and indicate the road's former route. Some of the stone in these churches is old Roman and derives from buildings long gone.
Museums
Trevi's big museum is the Museo S. Francesco, next to the Gothic church S. Francesco, which is not used for worship any more. It has a few Roman stones, but mostly many Umbrian paintings from the late Middle Ages to the 17th century: the best painting once was part of an altar, and it is by Lo Spagna. There is a very interesting group of "ex‑votos" (paintings to thank God for saving a person from a sickness or an accident) painted by ordinary people, not famous artists, of the 16th‑ century to the 18th‑century.
The Museo della Civiltà dell' Olivo demonstrates the local olive culture: how they are planted, how they grow, and how they are made into oil. The Flash Art Museum is dedicated to contemporary art and is the seat of an international art magazine.
Books to learn more about Trevi
The oldest big book on the history of Trevi is Historia universale dello Stato temporale ed ecclesiastico di Trevi, 1233 pages, by Durastante Natalucci, Trevi, 1745. It was translated into a more modern and readable Italian by Carlo Zenobi, a local historian, between 1987 and 1994. An important book for the plain below Trevi is Cannaiola, Memorie storiche raccolte negli anni 1873‑74 by Father (now the Blessed) Pietro Bonilli.
Pro Trevi, the town's volunteer tourism office, has helped people write and print new books about the history, plants and animals of Trevi and the country nearby.
Untergiesing-Harlaching
Untergiesing-Harlaching (Central Bavarian: Untagiasing-Harlaching) is a borough in Munich, Bavaria.
Hyperthermophile
Hyperthermophiles are extremophile organisms that live best in very hot environments– from 60°C (140°F) up to 100°C (212°F). The best temperature for hyperthermophiles to grow at is around 80°C (176°F). Hyperthermophiles are mostly in the Archaea domain, but some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100°C (212°F) as well. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to tolerate other environmental extremes, like high acidity or radiation levels.
Club (weapon)
A club (also known as cudgel, baton, truncheon, night stick, and bludgeon) is a weapon mainly used to hit someone or something. A club is a short staff, or stick, usually made of wood, and used as a weapon.
The wounds caused by a club are known as bludgeoning or blunt-force trauma injuries. In the United States, clubs are not as popular as the taser.
Marian McPartland
Marian McPartland (born Margaret Turner; 20 March 1918 – 20 August 2013) was an English composer, writer and jazz pianist. She was the host of Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz on National Public Radio between 1978 and 2011.
McPartland was born in Slough, Buckinghamshire. She died at 95 of natural causes in Port Washington, New York.
Jundallah
Jundallah (or Jondallah, translates to Soldiers of God), or People's resistance movement of Iran (PRMI) is a militant organisation based in Balochistan. The organisation claims to be fighting for the rights of Sunni muslims in Iran. Most muslims in Iran are Shi'a, Sunni make up the largest minority group that is not Shi'a. Iran says the group is a terrorist organisation. Iran has blamed the organisation for many acts of smuggling illegal drugs, and of kidnapping. The organisation is believed to have 1.000 fighting soldiers.
Many observers believe the group is linked to al-Qaeda. For a long time, Iran has believed that the U.S. government supported Jundallah. Several other sources such as the ABC News, Daily Telegraph, and journalist Seymour Hersh have also reported that Jundullah has received support from the United States against the government of Iran,  although the US denies any involvement.
In August 2007, the Israeli Mossad chief, Meir Dagan, pushed for using ethnic groups (among others, people from Balochistan) in Iran to make the Iranian government weaker and try to change the people in charge of the government.
Palmiro Togliatti
Palmiro Togliatti was an Italian politician. He was leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.
Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party. After World War I he created the Communist Party of Italy with others. In 1926 Benito Mussolini outlawed the party. Togliatti became the leader in exile. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party. In 1944 Togliatti returned to Italy. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Crimea.