cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Spandau Prison
Prison regulations
The prisoners' outgoing letters to families were at first limited to one page every month; A lot of the stricter regulations were either later relaxed, or deliberately ignored by prison staff. The directors and guards of the Western powers (France, Britain, and the United States), often complained about many of the stricter measures. The complaints were often vetoed by the Soviet Union, because it thought the rules should be stricter. The Soviet Union suffered 19 million civilian deaths during the war, and wanted the death penalty for all of the prisoners at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Western commentators accused the Russians of keeping Spandau prison in operation chiefly as a centre for Soviet spying, as they had an excuse to drive into western Berlin, and the soldiers often looked out over the city instead of into the prison grounds.
Daily life
All prisoners feared the months when the Soviets were in control; the Russians were much stricter in enforcing prison regulations and offered poorer quality meals. Each nation in charge would bring its own cook and, in the American, French, and British months, feed the prisoners better than regulations allowed. The Soviets would offer an unchanging diet of coffee, bread, soup, and potatoes. This rigidity was primarily due to the much-loathed Soviet director, who perpetually enforced these measures and whom Russian and Western guards alike feared and despised. Until this director's sudden removal in the early 1960s, the 'Soviet month' was dreaded. Afterwards, matters, including diet, were improved.
North Jeolla Province
North Jeolla Province or Jeollabuk-do (전라북도; 全羅北道; Jeollabuk-do) is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the north of Jeolla Province. Its provincial capital is Jeonju.
History
During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the province was the center of Mahan, and Mahan became part of Baekje, one of the three Kingdoms. In the Unified Silla period, the towns of Wansan-ju (now Jeonju) and Namwon-gyeong (now Namwon) were started in the province. When King Seongjong of Goryeo divided the whole country into 10 dos, Jeolla-do was called Gangnam-do. Later, in the Joseon Dynasty, it was finally called Jeolla-do.
Geography
Jeollabuk-do's area is 8,067 km² and it occupies 8.1% of South Korea.
Religion
The province contains 6 cities and 8 counties.
Paramount Music
Paramount Music is an American music publishing company owned by Paramount Pictures. The company specialized in movie songs, but published other popular music as well. Songs published by Paramount Music's Fox Music include "God Bless the U.S.A.", "Together Forever" by Rick Astley, "Mr. Brightside" by The Killers and many others.
artists
Paramount music's artists include:
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Ҷумҳурии Шӯравии Сотсиалистии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Şūraviji Sotsialistiji Toçikiston; Таджикская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Tadžikskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika), also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan and Tajik SSR, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union which lasted from 1929 to 1991.
Nowadays known as Tajikistan, which became a sovereign state after the fall of the Soviet Union, it is located in the southern mountaineous region of Central Asia.
The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national place for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union. It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR), which had been created on 14 October 1924 as a part of the mainly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia. On 24 August 1990, the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders and was renamed the "Republic of Tajikistan" on 31 August 1991, then finally declaring independence from the Soviet Union just a bit more than a week after.
Just like modern-day Tajikistan, it was bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kirghizia to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan was to its south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
Syria
Syria is a country in the Middle East, the west part of Asia. It borders (from south to north) on Lebanon,Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, and Turkey. Its western part faces the Mediterranean Sea. Its eastern and northern parts are mountainous.
Elmer, Oklahoma
Elmer is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Syria
The current president and head of state is Bashar al-Assad. Syria's national capital is Damascus. The biggest city is Aleppo. The Syrian civil war began in 2011.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian.
History
Syria has a very long history. It was a land of Phoenicians. Later it became part of the Achaemenid Empire, Roman Empire, and then the Eastern Roman Empire. In those days people spoke the Syriac language. The city Antioch was great and one of the important cities in Christendom. The Umayyad Caliphate took control of Syria in the 7th century. In this Arab Empire people began to speak the Arabic language. Today most Syrian people believe in Islam but there are still Christians too.
When World War I started, the Ottoman Empire ruled Syria and many other places. When it ended, France controlled Lebanon and Syria. Britain had Iraq, Jordan and Palestine. They drew a border between Iraq and Syria in 1920. France controlled Syria until 1946 when Syria became its own country.
Syria was part of the United Arab Republic with Egypt in 1958-1961. Syria had some wars with Israel and some territories like the Golan Plateau were occupied by Israel.
Kurdish people control a small part of the northern region called Rojava.
It is also known as Western Kurdistan.
Geography
Syria is between latitudes 32° and 38° N, and longitudes 35° and 43° E. It is mostly arid plateau. The area bordering the Mediterranean is fairly green. The Euphrates, Syria's most important river, crosses the country in the east.
The climate in Syria is dry and hot. Winters are mild.
Branches of government
The executive branch is the president, two vice presidents, the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The constitution says the president must be a Muslim. It does not make Islam the state religion. According to the 2012 constitution, the president is elected by the Syrian people in a direct election.
The People's Council is the legislative branch.
Governorates
Syria has fourteen Governorates, or muhafazat. The governorates are divided into sixty districts. The governorates are:
Economy
Syria is a middle-income country. The economy is based on agriculture, oil, industry, and tourism.
Transport
Syria has three international airports (Damascus, Aleppo and Lattakia). They are hubs for Syrian Air. Foreign airlines also fly to them. Most Syrian cargo is carried by Chemins de Fer Syriens, the Syrian railway company.
Demographics
Most people live in the Euphrates valley and along the coastal plain, a fertile strip between the coastal mountains and the desert.
Education is free from ages 6 to 12. All children this age must attend school.
Sports
The most popular sports in Syria are football, basketball, swimming, and tennis. Damascus was home to the fifth and seventh Pan Arab Games. Many popular football teams are based in Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, and Latakia.
Sini, Sardinia
Sini (Sìni) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 30 September 2018, 523 people lived there. Its area is 8.75 km². It is 255 meters above sea level.
Philip, Duke of Parma
Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.
Infante of Spain
Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.
Duke of Parma
His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.
As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.
Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.
Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.
Marriage
Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.
Cryptopsy
Cryptopsy is a Canadian death metal band from Montreal, Quebec, formed in 1988. The band has sold over 300,000 records.
Creative destruction
Creative destruction (German: schöpferische Zerstörung) is a term that came from Marxism. It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism. The term was first used in Werner Sombart's Krieg und Kapitalismus ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Grundrisse (1857) "Volume IV" of Das Kapital (1863).
Origin and meaning
Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the destruction of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals. A German Marxist sociologist (Sombart) is credited for using it first in his 1913 book Krieg und Kapitalismus, which means "War and Capitalism" in English. The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.
In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter is credited for making the theory popular. However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory. The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing. The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, and Manuel Castells.
The French Lieutenant's Woman (movie)
The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1981 British romantic drama movie directed by Karel Reisz and was based on the 1969 novel of the same name by John Fowles. It stars Meryl Streep, Jeremy Irons, Hilton McRae, Charlotte Mitchell, Lynsey Baxter, Peter Vaughan, Alun Armstrong, Penelope Wilton and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 5 Academy Awards in 1982.
Flat (music)
In music, flat, or Bemolle, means "lower in pitch." In music notation, flat means "lower in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and has the symbol. The Unicode character '' (U+266D) is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is &#9837;.
Double flats also exist, which look like and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Sometimes you will encounter half or three-quarter flats. The Unicode character '𝄫' 𝄫 (U+1D12B) represents the double flat sign.
A triple flat can be found, but it is very rare. It lowers a note three semitones.
The note A flat is shown in musical notation in Figure 1, together with A double flat.
In tuning, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments at the same time, the lower-pitched one is flat compared to the higher-pitched one.
A half flat, showing quarter tones, is sometimes shown with a flat with a slash or a reversed flat sign. A three-quarter flat is represented by a half flat and a regular flat.
User experience design
User experience design (UXD, UED, or XD) is the activity to support user behavior through usability, usefulness, and desirability by the interaction with a product.
Experience design (XD) is the practice of designing products, processes, services, events, etc. with a focus on the quality of the user experience and relevant solutions. Its main purpose is to develop the experience of a product, service, or event by several dimensions:
Research
Research is the first and most important element. It helps to understand the user, identify the application's purpose, and recognize target audience's needs, goals, and mental models.
Visual design
Visual design (graphic design, user interface design) shows the aesthetics or general look of any user interface. The purpose is to make a message to its audience using colors, images, and symbols.
The Coca-Cola Company
The Coca-Cola Company is a publicly-traded company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock symbol is KO. It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.
User experience design
Information architecture
Information architecture is the science of structuring and organizing the information in products and services to support usability and findability. It includes information about objects, metadata, page structure and navigation.
The Coca-Cola Company
Soft drinks
The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world. It also makes other soft drinks, including:
User experience design
Interaction design
It is a kind of interaction between users and products. Nowadays interaction designers are involved in creating contextual interfaces.
The Coca-Cola Company
Business
The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day. Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.
User experience design
Accessibility
Accessibility of a system shows if it is easy and clear to use and understand it, often it refers to the ease of use for people with disabilities and is connected with usability. According to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), all content must follow the four main principles of POUR: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust.
Human–computer interaction
Human–computer interaction mostly refers to the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for people's use. It is a 3-in-1 process that combines research and getting ready to design, design and testing.
Related Design Concepts
User Experience Design is not a standalone concept - it entails its relation with other design concepts such as UI, CX & SD.
User Interface (UI) Design covers the design aspects of an interface like the colours, buttons, typography, spacing, images, and more. They bring aesthetic value to a digital product and must be reflective of the brand. Imagine the HSBC logo in a handwriting font.
Customer Experience (CX) Design is the sum of what a customer thinks, feels, sees, hears, and does regarding your brand. From the first touchpoint of scrolling on your brand’s ad on social media to being a loyal customer. Tailored CX Design will ensure that your brand is customer-oriented, elevating the experience. Duolingo is a great example.
Service Design (SD) is the backstage of every product/service. The synergic collaboration between the brand, the employees and the customers focuses on the 3P’s of Services – People, Physical Evidence and Processes. SD arranges the policies, technology, systems and infrastructure to present the front stage to the audience, i.e., products, interfaces, and touchpoints.
Bill Nye
William Sanford Nye (born November 27, 1955), often known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American actor, comedian, engineer, and educator. He is most known for hosting the children’s TV show Bill Nye the Science Guy. Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society. Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University. Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle. He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe Almost Live!. He hosted Bill Nye the Science Guy from 1993 to 1997. Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment. He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover. Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.
Noah (band)
Noah (used to be Peterpan; stylized as NOAH) is an Indonesian rock musical group that was formed in 2000 in Bandung, Jawa Barat. This musical group is formed as Peterpan by Ariel (vocals), Andika (keyboard), Indra (bass guitar), Lukman (guitar), Reza (drums) and Uki (guitar). Their music is generally alternative rock and pop rock. Most of their songs are written by their singer, Ariel. More than 9 millions of their albums are sold in Indonesia, which makes Noah the most successful alternative rock group in that country. Noah's members are now Ariel, Lukman, and David (keyboard).
Music
Music that Noah played is usually said to be alternative rock  and pop rock music. Other than that, Noah also play post-Britpop, electronic rock, pop,  and grunge. In 2014, Ariel said that they are confused about what exactly is their genre because they were used to perform "top 40" songs with different genres.
Band members
Past members
Timeline
Aerosol
To differentiate suspensions from true solutions, the term sol evolved—originally meant to cover dispersions of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid. With studies of dispersions in air, the term aerosol evolved and now embraces both liquid droplets, solid particles, and combinations of these.
Aerosol can be used for many different purposes, it is commonly used in sprays and stuff like that. Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic.
I hope you like the article!
Katra
Katra is a Finnish symphonic metal band featuring vocalist Katra Solopuro.
Japanese Regional Leagues
Japanese Regional Leagues is a football league which is fourth division in Japan.
Naspers
It owns different businesses, for instance, Prosus, Media24, Takealot, OLX, etc.
History
Naspers was founded, in 1915 as a publisher and printer of newspapers and magazines by Jannie Marais of Coetsenburg and attorney W.A. Hofmeyr. The name was De Nasionale Pers Beperkt (National Press Ltd).
In 1918, the company started publishing books.
In 1985, the company developed the first pay-TV system and became a media-oriented company.
Since 1994, the company has been on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in South Africa, and was a part of the Top 10 index for the past several years.
Activity
In 2019, Prosus became the largest Internet company in Europe and Naspers listed its international Internet assets (PayU, ibibo, Multiply, Buscapé, Movile, AutoTraderZA, Property24, SimilarWeb, Avito, OLX, eMAG :, Takealot.com) on the exchange Euronext Amsterdam.
At the end of 2020, Naspers' revenue was about $ 22 billion.
Brands
Naspers' main brands include:
The company is also an investor in some international platforms (through Prosus):
Louisiana
Louisiana is a state in the Southern United States of America. It had a population of about 4,533,372 people in 2010. The state has a total area of about 51,885 sqmi. Louisiana is the 25th largest state by population and the 31st largest state by area. Louisiana is also known by its nickname, The Pelican State. The land that would become Louisiana was bought in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Louisiana became a state on April 30, 1812. It was the 18th state to become part of the United States. The people who live in the state are known as Louisianans. The state's capital is Baton Rouge, and its largest city is New Orleans.
Louisiana has coastal plains, marshs, and low ridges. All of the state is in the Sun Belt. Louisiana is in a subtropical region, and has a diverse ecosystem. Louisiana has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa). It has long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters.
Louisiana was settled by France and the influence of French culture is still a big part of Louisiana today. The French Quarter in New Orleans is one of the best known attractions in the state. It is known today for its special culture, unique food, as well as the holiday Mardi Gras which is most famous in New Orleans.
Louisiana was very badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Much of the New Orleans area lies below sea level making flooding a serious problem.
Louisiana was first settled by Native Americans. Louisiana has a large Louisiana Creole population. Louisiana Creole people are a mixture of French, Native American and African American.
Cities
Louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities, consisting of four consolidated city-parishes, and 304 cities, towns, and villages. Louisiana's municipalities cover only 7.9% of the state's land mass but are home to 45.3% of its population. The majority of urban Louisianans live along the coast or in northern Louisiana. The oldest permanent settlement in the state is Nachitoches. Baton Rouge, the state capital, is the second-largest city in the state. The most populous city is New Orleans. As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, Louisiana contains nine metropolitan statistical areas. Major areas include Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, Lafayette, and Shreveport–Bossier City.
Elmore City, Oklahoma
Elmore City is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Theoretical key
In music theory, theoretical keys or impossible keys are keys with key signatures that contain one or more double-flats or double-sharps. Double-flats and double-sharps are used in music as accidentals, but they are rarely placed in the key signature (in music that uses equal temperament), because it would make reading the key signature very difficult.
For example, the key of G major is rarely used to write music down, because its key signature has an F. An equal-tempered scale of G major has exactly the same notes as the A major scale. Key pairs like this are called enharmonically equivalent. So the theoretical key of G major is usually written with the key signature of A major.
Enharmonic equivalence
A piece of Western music usually has a home key, and a passage within it may modulate to another key, which is usually closely related to the home key. (Usually, close to the original around the circle of fifths.) When the key is near the top of the circle (a key signature of zero or few accidentals), the writing of both keys is easy- a small number of extra sharps or flats is added. But if the home key is near the bottom of the circle (a key signature with many accidentals), enharmonic equivalence may need to be used because simply adding accidentals will result in a key with too many accidentals to be easy to play or write in.
The need to consider theoretical keys
But when a relative key is on the opposite side of the circle from its home key, then in theory modulating to that key would involve adding so many sharps or flats that double-sharps and double-flats would have to be written in the key signature. The following keys (six of them are the parallel major/minor keys of those above) would require up to seven double-sharps or double-flats:
For example, if a piece in E major were to modulate up a fifth to B major, which is next to it on the circle and on the same side of the circle, the notation is clear and simple; an extra sharp is added to make five sharps. If it was modulated again, it would become F major, written with six sharps. The next modulation, to C has seven sharps. But the next modulation would be to a theoretical key of G which would need an eighth sharp- for the previous F note to become F in the key signature. To avoid theoretical keys, the new section would usually be written in the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A major.
Empire City, Oklahoma
Empire City is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Hajji Washington
Hajji Washington is a 1983 Iranian comedy-drama movie directed by Ali Hatami and starring Ezzatolah Entezami, Richard Harrison, Mehri Vadadian.
Erin Springs, Oklahoma
Erin Springs is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Fairland, Oklahoma
Fairland is a town of Oklahoma in the United States.
President of Chile
The President of Chile is the chief of state and the head of government in the country. Under the current Constitution (adopted in 1980), the President is elected by popular (by many people) vote, for a period of four years. Immediate re-election is not permitted. The period (previously it was of six years) allows the elections of Presidents to be adjusted in time.
The President has a seat in the Palacio de La Moneda (La Moneda Palace), in the capital of Chile, Santiago.
The current president of Chile is Gabriel Boric.
2014 WTA Tour
The tournaments are played on a squared flat surface, called a tennis court. The measurements of a tennis court are described and monitored by the ITF and the court is 23.78 m long, 10.97 m wide. Its width is 8.23 m for singles matches and 10.97 m for doubles matches. Tennis is played on a variety of court types and each type has its own aspects that control how the sport is played. There are four main types of courts based on what's used to build the court surface, clay, hard, grass and carpet courts with the ITF rating five different speed ratings from slow to fast.
President of Chile
Living former presidents
There are four living former Chilean presidents:
Mad scene
A mad scene is a scene in a play, ballet, opera, or other theatre work that shows a character either insane or going insane. Three famous mad scenes are those in the play Hamlet, in the ballet Giselle, and the opera Lucia di Lammermoor. In Hamlet, Ophelia is truly mad while Hamlet pretends to be mad.
Jacques Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau known as Jacques Cousteau (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".
Early life
Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.
In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).
On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.
Death
On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.
Checkers
Checkers or draughts is the name of several different board games. All of these games are similar. In every kind of checkers, the other player's pieces can be taken by being "jumped" over.
The rules and championships are controlled by the World Draughts Federation.
History
Checkers dates back certainly to the 12th century, in France. These authorities do not admit that discoveries of earlier checkerboards prove the game was played earlier, though it may have been. Some other writers have thought differently, but they were not professional historians.
There are two main types of checkers played: the Anglo-American version (which originally came from France) and the Polish or continental version. The Anglo-American version is played on an 8x8 checkerboard (chessboard) with 12 pieces. The continental version (so-called because it is played on the continent of Europe) is played on a 10x10 board with 20 pieces each. There are also a number of variations in various countries.
Rules
In most games of checkers, there are two players. The players are at opposite ends of the board. One player has dark pieces, and one player has light pieces. They take turns moving their pieces. Players move their pieces diagonally from one square to another square. When a player jumps over their opponent's (the other player's) piece, you take that piece from the board. If you can take a piece, then you must take a piece.
English draughts
British people call the game "draughts". English draughts is played on an 8x8 chess board. Only the dark squares are used: the light squares are never used.
A player can move in two ways. A piece can be moved forward, diagonally, to the very next dark square. If one player's piece, the other player's piece, and an empty square are lined up, then the first player must "jump" the other player's piece. The first player jumps over the other player's piece onto the empty square and takes the other player's piece off the board. A player can also use one piece to make multiple jumps in any one single turn, provided each jump continues to lead immediately into the next jump and in a straight line. Sometimes a player may have the option or a choice of which opponent piece he must jump. In such cases, he may then choose which to jump. If you keep your hand on any piece when you're moving, you have the choice to put it back and move another piece.
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
Mohammad Hamid Ansari (born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician. He was the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 through 2017. He is the first Vice President of India to be re-elected after Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Hamid Ansari serves as the president of the Indian Institute of Public Administration. He is also the Chancellor of Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Hamid Ansari was born in Calcutta(present Kolkata), West Bengal on 1 April 1937. He is the grand-nephew of former Congress president Mukthar Ahmad Ansari. Hamid started his career as Officer in Indian Foreign Service in 1961. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1984.
List of prime ministers of Somalia
This is a list of prime ministers of Somalia. The Prime Minister of Somalia (Ra'iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya) is the head of government of Somalia. There have been 18 official prime ministers since the office was created in 1956.
The incumbent Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Somalia is Hamza Abdi Barre since 2022.
Süper Lig
Süper Lig is a football league which is top division in Turkey.
Skamania County, Washington
Skamania County is a county in Washington. The county seat is Stevenson. 11,066 people lived there at the 2010 census.
Mark Eaton
Mark E. Eaton (January 24, 1957 – May 28, 2021) was an American professional basketball player. He spent his entire career with the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1982 until 1992. Eaton holds the NBA record for most blocks in a season (456) and career average blocked shots per game (3.50).
Eaton died on May 28, 2021, at age 64, after a bicycle accident in Park City, Utah.
Michael Dante DiMartino
Michael Dante DiMartino (born July 18, 1974) is an American animation director. He is best known as the co-creator, executive producer, and story editor of the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender on Nickelodeon.
Collecchio
Collecchio (Parmigiano: Colècc') is a town in the province of Parma, Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy.
Opah
Opah (moonfish, kingfish, or sunfish) are large, colorful fish. They are in a small family, the Lampridae. The family has only two living species in one genus, Lampris.
The opah is the only known fish that is completely warm-blooded.
One species lives in tropical or temperate waters in most oceans. The other species lives in the Southern Ocean.
Opah are not often caught by recreational fishermen.
Opah flesh has a light pink-to-orange color. The flesh turns white when cooked.
Geshe Sonam Rinchen
Geshe Sonam Rinchen was born in Kham in Eastern Tibet in 1933. In 1945, he joined Dhargyey Monastery, and entered Sera monastery in Lhasa in 1952, where he studied until he was forced to leave Tibet in 1959.
In India he completed his studies for the degree of Geshe Lharampa which he received in 1980. He also received the degree of Acarya from the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath. He was appointed resident teacher at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala, India in 1978, where he teaches Buddhist philosophy and practice, mainly to westerners. He has also taught in Japan, Australia, Great Britain, South Korea, Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland.
Cornetfish
Cornetfish are a small family of elongated fishes in the order Syngnathiformes. This family has only one genus, Fistularia, with four species. They live all over the world in tropical and subtropical marine environments.
Cornetfish are thin and rather long. They may be as long as 6.6 feet.
They usually live around coastal waters or coral reefs.
Grigol Mgaloblishvili
Grigol Mgaloblishvili (გრიგოლ მგალობლიშვილი, ; born 7 October 1973) is a Georgian politician and diplomat. He was Prime Minister of Georgia from 1 November 2008 to 6 February 2009.
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
The FPMT (Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition) is a group of Buddhist centers focusing on the Gelugpa tradition of Tibet. Founded in 1975 by Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who began teaching Buddhism to Western students in Nepal, the FPMT has grown to encompass 150 teaching centers, projects, and social services in 33 countries. Since the death of Lama Yeshe in 1984, the FPMT's spiritual director has been Lama Zopa Rinpoche.
Tim Tipene
Tim Tipene, (born 12 June 1972), is a New Zealand author, an inspirational speaker and the founder of Warrior Kids, a self control and social skills programme for children and Teenagers. Tipene overcame an abusive and violent childhood, broke the cycle and went on to become an award winning author and create the Warrior Kids programme in 1994.
Early Life
Tipene was a product of rape. His biological father was Peter Mead, a convicted predator and violent offender who spent much of life behind bars. Tipene was adopted into the Waitai-Tipene whanau as a toddler. His biological mother is Annette Sherman and his step father is William Tipene.
Tipene was raised in two cultures, NZ Maori and NZ European. Tim's immediate family were abusive and violent. It was only with the extended whanau/family that Tim felt loved.
Warrior Kids
Tim broke the cycle of childhood violence and abuse through a combination of Martial Arts training, psychotherapy and personal development. He consolidated his learning and experience to create the Warrior Kids programme in 1994.
Other Awards
In 2013 Tipene was inducted into the New Zealand Martial Arts Hall of Fame.
In 2014 Tipene was recognised as a Kiwibank New Zealander of the year Local Hero and received a Medal in recognition of his contribution to the lives of others.
Calisto Tanzi
Calisto Tanzi (17 November 1938 – 1 January 2022) was an Italian convicted businessman. He founded Parmalat in 1961. The company went bankrupt in 2003. In 2008, Tanzi was found to have embezzled about 800 million euros from the company, and went to jail for fraud. In December 2011, Tanzi was sentenced another nine years and two months for the Parmatour bankruptcy. He was born in Collecchio, Italy. He was the owner of Parma Calcio from 1989 until 2003.
Tanzi died on 1 January 2022 in Parma, Italy from a lung infection at the age of 83.
The Perfect Circle
The Perfect Circle (Bosnian: Savršeni krug) is a 1997 Bosnian French war drama movie directed by Ademir Kenović and starring Mustafa Nadarević, Almedin Leleta, Almir Podgorica, Jasna Diklić, Dragan Marinković, Senad Bašić.
Mourning dove
The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the dove family (Columbidae). It has five subspecies. The number of mourning doves is about 475 million. They live in North America. Mourning doves are light grey and brown, and males and females look similar.
People hunt mourning doves for sport and for meat. Up to 70 million birds are shot in the United States every year. Its name, "mourning," comes from its sad-sounding call. The bird is a strong flier, and can fly at up to 88 km/h (55 mph).
Distribution
Mourning doves have a large range of nearly 11 million square kilometers (6.8 million square miles). These birds live throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, and southern Canada. In the summer, the birds are mostly in the Canadian prairies, and in southern Central America in the winter. The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska, and South America. It has been seen at least seven times in the Palearctic ecozone with records from the British Isles (five), the Azores (one) and Iceland (one). In 1963, the Mourning Dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona, Hawaii.
Mourning doves live in many different habitats, such as farms, prairie, grassland, and woods. It does not live in swamps or thick forests. They also live in places where humans live, such as in cities or towns.
Description
Its feathers are generally light gray-brown and lighter and more pink below. The wings may have black spots, and the outer tail feathers are white. The eyes are dark, with light skin around them. The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the sides of its neck, with light pink coloring up to the breast. Younger birds look more scaly and dark.
All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and cannot be told apart easily. The Western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies has larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown.
Sounds
This species' call is a cooOOoo-wooo-woo-woooo, which is used by males when attracting a mate. Other sounds include a nest call (cooOOoo) by paired males to attract their mates to the nests, a greeting call (a soft ork) by males upon joining their mates again, and an alarm call (a short roo-oo) by either male or female when in danger. In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is quiet and hard to hear, but is louder at take-off and landing.
Reproduction and ecology
The male begins courtship by flying noisily, and then in a graceful, circular glide with its wings outstretched and head down. After landing, the male will go to the female with a puffed out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Once the pair is mated, they will often spend time preening each other's feathers. The mourning dove does not easily leave its mate. Pairs may sometimes remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.
After mating, the male shows the female all the possible nest sites, and lets the female choose one and build the nest. The male will fly about, get material, and bring it to her. The male stands on the female's back to give the material to the female, who builds it into the nest. The nest is made of twigs, conifer needles, or grass. Sometimes, mourning doves will take place of the unused nests of other mourning doves, birds, or mammals such as squirrels.
Most nests are in trees, but they can also be in shrubs, vines, or on buildings and hanging flower pots. When there is no good place to nest above, mourning doves will nest on the ground. The nest is almost always big enough for exactly two eggs. Sometimes, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest. The eggs are small and white.
Both sexes incubate; the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves rarely leave their nest alone. Incubation takes two weeks.
Both parents feed the chicks crop milk for the first 3–4 days of life. After that, they gradually begin to eat seeds. The feathers and wing muscles begin to develop for flight in about 11–15 days. This happens before the squabs are fully grown, but after they digest the adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.
Mourning doves breed quickly. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season. This fast breeding is important because mourning birds die often. Each year, the mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.
Feeding
Mourning doves eat mostly seeds. Seeds are at least 99% of their diet. Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves usually eat enough to fill their stomach and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow gravel or sand to help them digest. At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to corn, millet, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, but only eat what they can see. They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from them.
Mourning doves especially prefer pine nuts, sesame, and wheat. When they cannot find their favorite foods, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat and rye.
Trainspotting
Trainspotting may be:
Mourning dove
Predators and parasites
The greatest predators of this species are birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. Other times, during nesting, corvids, grackles, house cats or rat snakes will eat their eggs. Cowbirds rarely pass parasites mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the cowbirds cannot eat the Mourning Dove's vegetarian diet.
Behavior
Like other doves, the mourning dove drinks without lifting or tilting its head. They often gather at drinking spots around dawn and dusk.
These birds are strong fliers and can fly up to 88 km/h (55 mph).
When they are not breeding, mourning doves roost in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body, and is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as most species do. Sometimes, roosting is delayed on colder days during the winter in Canada.
Conservation status
The mourning dove is of Least Concern to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species is not at immediate risk. The population is about 475 million and they live across a wide area. However, around 40–70 million birds are shot as game every year.
Taxonomy
The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove (Zenaida auriculata) and the Socorro dove (Zenaida graysoni). Sometimes these three birds are put in the separate genus Zenaidura. The Socorro dove was once thought to be the same species as the mourning dove. However, differences in behavior, call, and appearance separate them as two different species.
There are five subspecies of mourning dove:
The West Indian subspecies lives throughout the Greater Antilles. It is also lives in the Florida Keys. The Eastern subspecies lives mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The Western subspecies lives in western North America and parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies lives near the Pacific coast of Mexico.
The mourning dove is sometimes called the American mourning dove, because it may be confused with the distantly related African mourning dove (Streptopelia decipiens). It also used to be called the Carolina turtledove or Carolina pigeon. French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte gave this species' its scientific name in 1838. They name comes from his wife, Princess Zénaide. The "mourning" part of its name comes from its call.
Closest relative
The mourning dove is thought to be most closely related to the extinct passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius).
As a symbol and in the arts
The Eastern mourning dove (Z. m. carolinensis) is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace. The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.
The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's The Birds of America.
TSV St. Johann im Pongau
TSV St. Johann is an Austrian football club from St Johann im Pongau, a town in the state of Salzburg. They play in the Regionalliga Salzburg, the third level of Austrian football.
History
The club was founded in 1949 as multi-discipline sports club. One part of the club was football. In 2007 the football team became a independent club. 1970/71 and 1971/72 they played in the Regionalliga West which was then the 2nd level in Austrian football. 2008 they were promoted to Regionalliga West, the third level in Austrian football. The second team is playing in the 2. Landesliga Süd (6th level).
Helen Prejean
Helen Prejean (born April 21, 1939 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is a Roman Catholic nun. She is a member of the Congregation of St. Joseph. She is a well-known activist against the death penalty in the United States.