cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Wake Forest University
Wake Forest University is a university found in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It was started in 1834 in the eastern North Carolina town of Wake Forest. The university was moved to Winston-Salem in 1956. A private school for both men and women, it has been a university since 1967.
The components of Wake Forest University are the Undergraduate College and the Wayne Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, the School of Law, Wake Forest School of Medicine, the Babcock Graduate School of Management, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Divinity School.
Sports
Wake Forest's athletics teams are called the Deamon Deacons and they have sixteen varsity teams.
Common scold
Good
In the criminal common law of England and Wales, a common scold was a type of public nuisance. The term was applied to a woman who caused trouble and who disturbed the peace by arguing and fighting with her neighbours all the time. The Latin language name for this type of woman was communis rixatrix. This name's grammar only applies to females. This makes it clear that only women could commit this type of crime.
The crime was often punished by "ducking". Ducking meant that the offender was placed in a chair over a river or pond. They were then lowered into the water, until they were all in the water. This was done several times. Few people were actually convicted of being a common scold, but it remained a crime listed on the law books of England and Wales until 1967. Because it applied only to women, it was eventually banned in the United States. This was because the U.S. Constitution (the highest law in the U.S.) does not allow people to be treated differently from each other. This comes from a section of the Constitution called the Equal Protection Clause.
Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder
Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder were a tag-team that competed in the WWE.
Common scold
Crime and punishment
In the Commentaries on the Laws of England, William Blackstone says of this crime: "Lastly, a common scold, communis rixatrix, (for our law-latin confines it to the feminine gender) is a public nuisance to her neighbourhood. For which offence she may be indicted; and, if convicted, shall be sentenced to be placed in a certain engine of correction called the trebucket, castigatory, or cucking stool, which in the Saxon language signifies the scolding stool; though now it is frequently corrupted into ducking stool, because the residue of the judgement is, that, when she is so placed therein, she shall be plunged in the water for her punishment.——Commentaries on the Laws of England, IV:13.5.8, p. *169" The common punishment for being a common scold was forcing the woman found guilty under water over and over. This was done using a piece of furniture called a "cucking stool". The cucking stool, according to Blackstone, later was called a ducking stool.
Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder
They were originally called the Major Brothers and were later renamed Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder. The team was also called the Edge Heads. They dressed as fans of Edge and helped him during matches.
Common scold
Crime and punishment
Other writers disagree with Blackstone. They say that the cucking stool and the ducking stool are really two different types of punishment devices. The Domesday Book mentions the use of a cucking stool in the town of Chester. The stool was also known as cathedra stercoris. This Latin word translates to "dung chair". It is thought that the punishment involved letting everyone see the punished woman's buttocks. This type of chair was used to punish not only common scolds, but also people who make beer (brewers) and bakers who sold bad beer or bread. Francois Maximilian Misson, a French traveler and writer, wrote down the way the ducking chair was used in England in the early 1700s: "'The way of punishing scolding women is pleasant enough. They fasten an armchair to the end of two beams twelve or fifteen feet long, and parallel to each other, so that these two pieces of wood with their two ends embrace the chair, which hangs between them by a sort of axle, by which means it plays freely, and always remains in the natural horizontal position in which a chair should be, that a person may sit conveniently in it, whether you raise it or let it down. They set up a post on the bank of a pond or river, and over this post they lay, almost in equilibrio, the two pieces of wood, at one end of which the chair hangs just over the water. They place the woman in this chair and so plunge her into the water as often as the sentence directs, in order to cool her immoderate heat.'——Francois Maximilian Misson"
The ducking stool was not always tied down to one spot next to a river or pond. Sometimes it had wheels on it. The woman found guilty would be taken through the streets before punishment was done. Another way of ducking was to use a device called a "tumbrel". The tubmrel was a chair on two wheels. It had two long shafts on its axles. The tumbrel would be pushed into the ducking pond and the shafts would be released. This would tip the chair up backwards, ducking the victim.
A scold's bridle was another punishment device. It was known in Scotland as a brank. A scold's bridle was a metal mask that locked around a person's head. For that reason it was sometimes called a "head cage". The scold's bridle had a tab that went into the victims mouth to make it difficult to talk. Some people say that common scolds had to wear a scold's bridle to stop them from scolding. Some say they were used only to punish. No legal source known mentions the use of scold's bridals to punish a common scold. However, some less formal sources do tell of scolds being punished with scold's bridles. In the United States, scolds, or people found guilty of similar crimes, were sometimes punished using a cleft stick. A cleft stick was similar to a scold's bride, but they were easier to make. The ducking stool was taken to the U.S. when British people went to live there during colonial times.
Nigel Reo-Coker
Nigel Reo-Coker (born 14 May 1984) is an English football player. He plays for Aston Villa.
Common scold
Historical prosecutions
A piece of writing mounted on the Fye Bridge in Norwich, England says it marks the place where a "cucking" stool had been in place from 1562–1597. It also says that "strumpets" (prostitutes) and common scolds were ducked there. In the Percy Anecdotes, published in 1820, the authors state that "How long the ducking-stool has been in disuse in England does not appear." The Anecdotes also suggest that the ducking stool stopped being used because it did not work well. The text talks about a Mrs. Finch. It says of her that in about 1681, she had been found guilty of being a common scold for a third time. Each time she was found guilty she was ducked. When she was found guilty a fourth time, the King's Bench (a court) did not order her punished by ducking. Instead, they ordered her to pay a money fine and that she be imprisoned until she paid the fine.
The Percy miscellany also quotes a poem by John Gay (1685–1732), who wrote that:
and also a 1780 poem by Benjamin West, who wrote that:
These poems do not prove that the punishment took place at the time they were written. However, they do show that ducking had not been forgotten.
In a 1704 legal case called The Queen v. Foxby, 6 Mod. 11, the lawyer for the person accused of being a scold said that he did not know of any law allowing the ducking of scolds. Lord Chief Justice John Holt (the person trying to have the judge find Foxby guilty) said this was not correct. He said that it was "better ducking in aTrinity, than a Michaelmas term", meaning it was better that a person be ducked in summer than in winter. The way he said it, however, suggests that he thought the punishment was an old custom and something of a joke. The last written record of stools being used for ducking involved a Mrs. Ganble at Plymouth in 1808, and one Jenny Pipes from Leominster (a town in Herefordshire) in 1809. In 1817, Sarah Leeke, also from Leominster, was sentenced to be ducked. However, the water in the pond was too low. The authorities instead wheeled her around the town in the ducking chair.
The common law of England—law made by court precedent, rather than through legislation—was adopted by the United States in its early days. The common law included the offence of being a common scold. In 1829, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania court found American writer and journalist Anne Royall guilty of being a common scold. Royall had objected to a firehouse, built with federal money, being used by a small church for their services. She thought this violated the U.S. Constitution's separation between church and state. The local clergymen campaigned to have her punished as a common scold. Hoping the court would sentence Royall to ducking, sailors at the Navy Yard built a ducking stool. However, the Pennsylvania court ruled that the punishment was not to be used any longer. They instead fined Royall ten dollars. In 1972, in the case of State v. Palendrano, 293 A.2d 747, New Jersey State prosecutors charged a woman with being a common scold for a disturbance she had caused. The New Jersey Superior Court ruled that the law was improper because of it was too vague.
Current status of the law
In England and Wales, the only parts of the United Kingdom where the law was in use, no prosecutions of common scolds have occurred for a long time. The lawyers in Sykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions [1962] AC 528, described the offence as "obsolete". Section 13(1)(a) of the Criminal Law Act 1967 did away with it.
The offence of being a common scold has also become obsolete in the United States because only women could commit it. This was found to violate the U.S. Constitution's Equal Protection Clause. Many states have laws restricting public profanity, loud noise in public, and disorderly conduct. None of these laws have any punishment similar to those traditionally used for the common scold.
Shechina
Shechina is a Hebrew word meaning divine presence. It is said by the Talmud to appear at sacred and holy places. It is also important in the Kabbalah.
ENACOM
The National Communications Entity (Ente Nacional de Comunicaciones, mostly known by its acronym ENACOM) is the national communications and media regulator of Argentina. Created in 2016 by presidential decree, it is in charge of complying with the Law 26,522 on Audiovisual Communication Services and Law 27,078 Argentina Digital —known as the Telecommunications Law—, until then the responsibility of AFSCA and AFTIC.
Overview
On December 23, 2015, President Mauricio Macri intervened by decree the Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services (AFSCA) and the Federal Authority for Information and Communication Technologies (AFTIC). The judge in Administrative Litigation of La Plata, Luis Arias, granted a precautionary measure to avoid the intervention of the entities.
Clay, Kentucky
Clay is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
History
Clay was created in 1854.
Jacob Black
Jacob Black is a fictional character in the series of books and movies called Twilight Saga. In the movies, the character is played by Taylor Lautner. He lives in the U.S. state of Washington. He has a romance with Bella and tries to protect her from the vampires and Edward Cullen the head vampire who is in love with Bella. Jacob can also turn into a wolf.
Pump action shotgun
A pump action shotgun is a type of shotgun. The shooter pulls back on a handle below the barrel of the shotgun to reload it. It is widely used to hunt birds. Accuracy is low, but it can be fired again quickly.
Clarkson, Kentucky
Clarkson is a city of Kentucky in the United States. It is in Grayson County.
Zohar
The Zohar is a book commenting on the Torah and Talmud which is the main book used to study the Kabbalah.
Clay City, Kentucky
Clay City is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Living room
A living room is a room in a home. The living room in a home is shared by the people living in the home. In the living room they talk with each other and their guests and do other things such as reading or watching television. The furniture can include a couch, chairs, tables, lamps, a television, curtains and pictures. People may have started using the compound word, living room, in the early twentieth century.
Virgin Records
Virgin Records is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group.
Iba Der Thiam
Iba Der Thiam, also known as I. D. Thiam (26 February 1937 – 31 October 2020 ), was a Senegalese writer, historian, and politician. He was in the government of Senegal as Minister of Education from 1983 to 1988. He was First Vice-President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 2001 to 2012.
Virgin Records
In 2013, the British Virgin Records joined Mercury Records to start a new label: Virgin EMI.
Iba Der Thiam
Thiam was born in Kaffrine, Senegal. He was a member of the Convention of Democrats and Patriots and the Senegalese Democratic Party.
Orgon
Orgon is a commune of 2,913 people (2004). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Rafael Palmero Ramos
Rafael Palmero Ramos (27 July 1936 ― 8 March 2021) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate. He was the auxiliary bishop of Toledo between 1987 and 1996. He was the bishop of Palencia between 1996 and 2006 and of Orihuela-Alicante between 2006 and 2012.
Palmero Ramos, who had lung cancer, was infected with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in January 2021. He died on 8 March 2021 from problems caused by the diseases, aged 84.
Jeff Golub
Jeff Golub (April 15, 1955 – January 1, 2015) was an American jazz guitarist. He released fifteen albums between 1988 and 2013. He also worked with Rod Stewart and Billy Squier.
Golub was born in Copley, Ohio and raised in Akron. In June 2011, he became blind from optic nerve issues. In September 2012, he fell onto a train track in New York but was treated for his injuries.
Golub died from progressive supranuclear palsy on January 1, 2015, aged 59.
Cortaillod
Cortaillod is a municipality of the district Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.
The neolithic Cortaillod culture was named after Cortaillod, where four neolithic villages have been discovered.
Ron Wyden
Ronald Lee "Ron" Wyden (born May 3, 1949) is the senior United States Senator for Oregon, serving since 1996. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He previously served in the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 1996.
Mario no Photopi
Mario no Photopi (マリオのふぉとぴー) is a creativity game released for the Nintendo 64 in 1998, exclusively in Japan. The game's cartridge has two slots for SmartMedia cards at the top, allowing for the import of digital photos and other images and for transfer between the game and other devices. This is the first, and currently only, game in the Mario franchise to use these type of cards.
Richard Russell
Richard Russell may refer to:
1270s
The 1270s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1270 and ended on 31 December 1279.
Dolph Ziggler
Nicholas Theodore "Nick" Nemeth (born July 27, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to the WWE where he performs under the ring name Dolph Ziggler.
Nemeth signed a contract with the WWE in 2004 and competed in their developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). He debuted on the main roster in 2005 and played the role of Kerwin White's caddy. HE was sent back down to OVW and later called back up where he was a member of The Spirit Squad, performing under the ring name Nicky.
Ziggler is a two-time World Heavyweight Champion, one-time World Tag Team Champion with The Spirit Squad, two-time Intercontinental Champion, one-time United States Champion, Mr. Money in the Bank in 2012, and the 22nd Triple Crown Champion. In 2015 he is with Lana who was with Rusev (another WWE superstar).
Cyclone Nisarga
Nisarga was expected to hit the western coastline of India. On 2 June 2020, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) revisited Nisarga as severe cyclonic storm from cyclonic storm. It had its landfall in the coastal town of Alibag in Maharashtra on 3 June 2020.
It is the first super cyclonic storm to happen in the Bay of Bengal in the 21st century. Nisarga is the first severe cyclonic storm since 1891 to impact Mumbai.
Plankton
Plankton are drifting organisms that live in the surface layers of the ocean. They live in the top layer of the ocean, called the epipelagic zone. They are not strong enough to swim against ocean currents. The term is in contrast to nekton, who can control their movements. There are three groups:
Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. They are the main source of food for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to catching prey. Basking sharks and blue whales feed on them directly; other large fish feed on them indirectly, by eating fish of smaller size, such as herrings.
The distribution of plankton is governed more by nutrients than by temperature. Large tracts of ocean are blue and sterile. The reason is that these areas lack one or more crucial nutrients for the photosynthetic plankton, upon whom all the others depend. Broadly speaking, areas near land masses get nutrients by rivers and wind. The key nutrient lacking in the Pacific ocean is iron, essential in molecules such as ferredoxins, iron-sulfur proteins which do electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.
Saburō Ōkita
Saburō Ōkita (大来 佐武郎 Ōkita Saburō) (3 November 1914 – 9 February 1993) was a Japanese economist and politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 1979 through July 1980.
Kuniwo Nakamura
Kuniwo Nakamura (中村國雄; November 24, 1943 – October 14, 2020) was a Palauan politician. He was the President of Palau from 1993 to 2001. He earlier was Vice President of Palau from 1989 to 1993.
Nakamura died on October 14, 2020 at the age of 76.
Aesch, Basel-Landschaft
Aesch is a municipality in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland. It is in the Arlesheim district.
Karolína Plíšková
Karolína Hrdličková (née Plíšková, born 21 March 1992 in Louny, Czech Republic) is a professional tennis player from Czech Republic. She is a former world no.1 player. Plíšková reached US Open finals in 2016 but lost to Angelique Kerber. She is currently ranked no.9.
Cycloaddition
A cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between reactants with double bonds that get replaced by a ring structure. It is a pericyclic chemical reaction where "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity." It is a cyclization reaction: it makes new ring of atoms.
Cycloadditions are named by the basic size of the molecules that are being brought together. This would make the Diels–Alder reaction a [4 + 2]cycloaddition, and the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition a [3 + 2]cycloaddition. This type of reaction is a non-polar addition reaction.
Reaction mechanism
Heat can cause the double bonds to form a ring. Thermal cycloadditions usually have (4n + 2) π electrons participating in the starting material, for some whole number n. Because of orbital symmetry, most cycloadditions are suprafacial-suprafacial. Rarely, they are antarafacial-antarafacial. There are a few examples of thermal cycloadditions which have 4n π electrons (for example the [2 + 2] cycloaddition). These proceed in a suprafacial-antarafacial sense. For example, the dimerisation of ketene has a orthogonal set of p orbitals. Those p orbitals allow the reaction to proceed using a crossed transition state.
Light can also cause the double bonds to form a ring. Cycloadditions in which 4n π electrons participate can also occur as a result of photochemical activation. Here, one component makes an electron move from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (π bonding) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (π* antibonding). After the electron is promoted to the higher orbital, orbital symmetry allows the reaction to proceed in a suprafacial-suprafacial manner. An example is the DeMayo reaction. Another example is shown below, the photochemical dimerization of cinnamic acid.
Note that not all photochemical (2+2) cyclizations are cycloadditions; some are known to operate by radical mechanisms.
Some cycloadditions instead of π bonds operate through strained cyclopropane rings; as these have significant π character. For example, an analog for the Diels–Alder reaction is the quadricyclane-DMAD reaction:
In the (i+j+...) cycloaddition notation i and j refer to the number of atoms involved in the cycloaddition. In this notation a Diels-Alder reaction is a (4+2)cycloaddition and a 1,3-dipolar addition such as the first step in ozonolysis is a (3+2)cycloaddition. This notation uses parenthesis. The IUPAC preferred notation however, with [i+j+...] counts electrons and not atoms. It uses square brackets. In this notation, the Diels–Alder reaction and the dipolar reaction both become a [4+2]cycloaddition. The reaction between norbornadiene and an activated alkyne is a [2+2+2]cycloaddition.
Diels-Alder reactions
The Diels–Alder reaction is a [4+2]cycloaddition reaction.
Huisgen cycloadditions
The Huisgen cycloaddition reaction is a [2+3]cycloaddition.
Nitrone-olefin cycloaddition
The Nitrone-olefin cycloaddition is a [3+2]cycloaddition.
Formal cycloadditions
Cycloadditions often have metal-catalyzed and stepwise radical analogs, however these are not strictly speaking pericyclic reactions. When charged or radical intermediates are involved in a cycloaddition, or when the cycloaddition result is found in a series of reaction steps, they are sometimes called formal cycloadditions to make a difference from true pericyclic cycloadditions.
One example of a formal [3+3]cycloaddition between a cyclic enone and an enamine catalyzed by n-butyllithium is a Stork enamine / 1,2-addition cascade reaction:
Waseca County, Minnesota
Waseca County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2020, 18,968 people lived there. The county seat is Waseca.
Rochefort, Neuchâtel
Rochefort is a municipality in Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016, the municipality of Brot-Dessous became part of Rochefort.
Localities
Brot-Dessous, Chambrelien, Champ-du-Moulin, Fretereules, Les Grattes, Montézillon, Rochefort and La Tourne.
Boris Morukov
Boris Vladimirovich Morukov (Борис Владимирович Моруков; 1 October 1950 – 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician and cosmonaut. He was best known for flying aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist. He also trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut.
John Philip Saklil
John Philip Saklil (20 March 1960 – 3 August 2019) was an Indonesian prelate of the Catholic Church who was Bishop of Timika from 2004 until his death in 2019.
Boris Morukov
Morukov was born in Moscow. In 1973, he got his M.D. from the Russian State Medical University. He was married to Nina and had two children: a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.
John Philip Saklil
Saklil died on 3 August 2019 in Timika at the age of 59.
Magma (band)
Magma is a French progressive rock band founded in Paris in 1969 by classically trained drummer Christian Vander.
Finnmark
Finnmark (Finnmárku ; Finmarku; Ruija ; Финнмарк) is a former county in the northern part of Norway, and it is scheduled to become a county again in 2024.
On 28 October 2021, the Norwegian government confirmed that work has started in regard to Finnmark becoming a separate county again. Previously, on 1 January 2020 Finnmark was merged with the neighboring county of Troms to form the new Troms og Finnmark county.
Alexey Rykov
Alexey/Alexei Ivanovich Rykov (Russian ; Алексей Иванович Рынков ; Alexey Ivanovich Rykov : Born 25 February 1881 in Saratov,Russian Empire - Died : 15 March 1938 in Moscow,RSFSR,Soviet Union) was a Russian revolutionary and Premier of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1930. He was killed along Genrikh Yagoda (1891-1938) by Joseph Stalin in 1938 by the NKVD Secret Police lead by Nikolai Yezhov and Lavrenty Beria.
Career
Alexey Rykov returned from Siberia after the February Revolution of 1917. During the October Revolution of 1917 he was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee in Moscow.
After the revolution, Rykov became a Minister of the Interior. On 3 April 1918, Rykov became Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy.
After Lenin's death on 21 January 1924, Rykov became head of the government of both the USSR and Russia. He supported Stalin in the Communist Party.
Fall from power 1929 and Execution In 1938 By Stalin
Rykov lost the post of head of the government after a conflict with Stalin in 1929. He was later arrested and executed with Genrikh Yagoda (1891-1938) in 1938 by Nikolai Yezhov and Lavrentiy Beria who were head of the NKVD.
Cloverport, Kentucky
Cloverport is a city of Kentucky in the United States. It is built beside the Ohio River. On July 10 1889, Cloverport became the first city in Kentucky to use natural gas for street lighting. In 2008, the Frederick Fraize High School in Cloverport was named as one of the top high schools in America.
Chloroplast
[[Image:Chloroplast.svg|thumb|260px|right|Chloroplast ultrastructure:
1. outer membrane
2. intermembrane space
3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope)
4. stroma (fluid)
5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid)
6. thylakoid membrane
7. grana (stacks of thylakoids)
8. thylakoid (lamella)
9. starch
11. plastidial DNA
12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids) ]]
A chloroplast is a small organelle inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch.
Chloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. In addition to chlorophyll, a chloroplast uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to form sugar and gives off oxygen (O2).
Chlorophyll is what gives green plants their green colour. Chloroplasts also contain various yellow and orange pigments to assist in photon capture for photosynthesis.
Evolution
Chloroplasts are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. They may have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This was suggested by Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905, after an observation by Schimper in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.
Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event.
Mitochondria also had a similar origin, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protists. In green plants, chloroplasts are surrounded by two lipid-bilayer membranes. They may be the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium. Chloroplasts have their own genome, much smaller than that of free-living cyanobacteria. The DNA which remains shows clear similarities with the cyanobacterial genome.
Arlington, Kansas
Arlington is a city in Reno County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, 473 people lived there.
Chloroplast
Evolution
Plastids may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often contain more than 1500 genes. Many of the missing genes are encoded in the nuclear genome of the host.
Arlington, Kansas
History
Arlington was created in 1877. It was named after Arlington, Massachusetts. The first post office in Arlington was created in February 1878.
Chloroplast
Evolution
In some algae (such as the heterokonts), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts. This formed chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers. In some cases, such secondary endosymbionts may have themselves been engulfed by still other eukaryotes, so forming tertiary endosymbionts. In the alga Chlorella, there is only one chloroplast, which is bell-shaped.
Arlington, Kansas
History
In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Herington through Arlington to Pratt.
Chloroplast
Evolution
In some groups of mixotrophic protists such as the dinoflagellates and some sea slugs, chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga or diatom and used temporarily. These klepto (stolen) chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced.
Arlington, Kansas
Geography
Arlington is at 37.89639°N, -98.17944°W (37.896363, -98.179313). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 1.07 sqmi. All of it is land.
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 473 people, 200 households, and 124 families living in Arlington.
Vintage Violence
Vintage Violence is the first studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in March 1970 on Columbia Records label. Cale is also the producer of this album.
Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa (برج خليفة, "Khalifa Tower") is an extremely tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates named after Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is the tallest building ever built, at 828 m. Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai. The building is 162 stories high. Construction of the tower was started on 6 January 2004, and the building was officially opened on 4 January 2010, almost 6 years later. It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world. The building is more than 300 m taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built.
Vintage Violence
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the Vintage Violence liner notes.
Production
Burj Khalifa
Adrian Smith designed the tower. He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec. The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build. The building is part of a 2 km building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near Dubai's main business district.
The building and planning
The main contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. They also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Towers. Other contractors who helped with the building included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. The Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.
The unusual design and engineering problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many television documentaries. These include the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.
The most important building material of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's weight and the hot local climate of Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 C. Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building.
The foundation of the building is 15 m deep. It was built with 192 columns being put into the ground. Each column was 1.5 m in diameter and 43 m long. 55000 t of steel rebar was used in the construction of the tower. It took 22 million man-hours to build. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.
The Dubai Fountain
A fountain system was built outside the tower. It was designed by WET Design of California. They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. The fountain cost UAEd 800 million. It is lit by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors. The fountain is 275 ft long. It shoots water 150 ft into the air to the sounds of classical and modern Arabic and world music. On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain.
Delays and late building work
Emaar Properties said on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was slowed because of changes to finishes. An Emaar official said that the luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was first planned, were being being replaced by better finishes. The design of the apartments were also made better. This was done to make them both look better and work better. There were problems with the marble decorations, flooring, the top floors' sanitation system, broken glasswork and a poorly done wall mural of the Sultan of Oman. A new ending date of 2 December, 2009, was then given. Burj Khalifa opened on 4 January 2010.
Clinton, Kentucky
Clinton is a city of Kentucky in the United States. The population of Clinton was 1,415 at the 2000 census.
Burj Khalifa
Workers' disputes and strikes.
Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from South Asia. Press reports said in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84. According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers lived in very bad conditions. Often they were not paid for the work. Their passports were taken by their employers. It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of deaths and injuries. Companies not paying workers has been reported to the authorities several times.
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers protested. They were mad about buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts. They damaged cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment. A Dubai Interior Ministry official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage. Most of the workers who were part of the riot returned the following day but refused to work.
Records set
The building is not only the tallest building in the world, it also holds the following records-
2022 Dallas airshow mid-air collision
The collision at the Wings Over Dallas Air Show occurred on November 12, 2022, when two World War II-era aircraft, a B-17 Flying Fortress and a Bell P-63 Kingcobra, collided in mid-air and crashed during the Wings Over Dallas airshow at the Dallas Executive Airport in the United States. The collision occurred around 1:20 p.m. local time. The airshow, which coincided with the Veterans Day celebrations, was organized by the Commemorative Air Force.
The FAA and NTSB have launched an investigation into the crash and have yet to release details about the aircraft's owners, occupants, and possible crash victims.
Les Pennes-Mirabeau
Les Pennes-Mirabeau is a commune of 19,043 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Baltazar (footballer, born 1959)
Baltazar Maria de Morais Júnior (born 17 July 1959) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.
Club career statistics
133||62 169||100 19||2 34||6 30||28 385||198
International career statistics
!Total||6||2
Brutus Beefcake
Edward Harrison Leslie (born April 21, 1957) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his work in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake.
He later worked for World Championship Wrestling (WCW). He was born in Tampa, Florida.
He was honored in the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019.
Pélissanne
Pélissanne is a commune of 9,268 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Jocelyn Flores
"Jocelyn Flores" is the second single off of American rapper XXXTentacion's debut studio album 17. The song was released on October 31, 2017. The song was able to make it to #19 on the Billboard Hot 100. XXXTentacion made the song in tribute to his friend Jocelyn Amparo Flores, who commited suicide when visiting him in Florida.
XXXTentacion had hired her to be a model for his clothing line, Revenge. While he was out, Flores and another girl got into an argument and blamed each other after $7000 was stolen from his bag. Flores was fired from her modeling job by him and both of the girls were kicked out of the house. Flores checked into a hotel room and commited suicide.
Some of her family were honored that XXXTentacion made the song about her and some really did not like that he did not ask for their permission first.
DiC
1980s
Its American arm was started in 1982 as DiC Enterprises. The company's United States headquarters were in Burbank, California.
In 1986, Andy Heyward bought the company, making the US headquarters the main base of operations.
1990s
In 1993, DiC Animation City (as it was then known) and Capital Cities/ABC formed DIC Entertainment LP and in 1995 it became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.
2000s
In 2003 DiC started a syndicated children's programming block called DiC Kids Network.
In early 2006, DiC Entertainment and CBS Corporation signed a multi-year deal for a new 3-hour long programming block for Saturday mornings on CBS. The resulting KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS was started the following fall.
In April 2007, DiC Entertainment, Corus Entertainment's Nelvana and Sparrowhawk Media Group announced plans to start KidsCo, a new international children's entertainment network.
Socialism
Socialism is a political ideology that aims to make people equal. It generally focuses on equality of wealth (eg. similar wages, housing, education, healthcare), although since the 1960s, it has often focused on equality of power. It is normally considered left-wing, because it seeks to change society. Socialist movements often side with people who they think are disadvantaged and work to change laws and policies to increase equality.
DiC
Productions
See List of Cookie Jar Entertainment programs
Socialism
Socialists strongly disagree on how equal society should be, and how much violence should be used to make society equal. Types of socialism called the Third Way and Social Democracy are usually considered to be more moderate, and want a democratic country with large welfare benefits for the poor and cheap (if not free) healthcare. In contrast, communists are more extreme and believe that socialism can only be created through a violent revolution that destroys the oppressive system.
Socialists have traditionally criticised capitalism, and therefore set up organisations to support poorer people in a capitalist economy, such as workers and peasants. Since the 1960s, there has been a gradual shift away from these groups towards other groups, such as ethnic minorities, women, and queer people. This is termed identity politics.
Liberals criticise socialism for caring too much about groups and ignoring the human rights of individuals, such as to their property and freedom of speech. Socialists argue that protecting these human rights might maintain oppression and prevent society becoming more equal. Conservatives criticise socialism for being impractical (eg. too expensive to implement) and for suggesting that there are not good and bad values (just different values that are all equal). Socialists disagree, saying that conservatives can represent oppressive people who are finding excuses to protect their status.
Forms of socialism
There are many kinds of socialism. In all types, at least in principle, the state or workers own the means of production. Mean of production is originally a communist term which describes the tools that are needed to make goods. In a capitalist economy, these tools are normally owned by one person, and can range from a machine in a factory to an entire corporation. The one person hires workers for a wage, and keeps any profits made. The profit is not split up amongst the workers, and this can create inequality as the owner of the mean of production may be able to become very wealthy.
The major differences between the different varieties are the role of the free market (market planning), how the means of production are controlled, the role of management of workers, and the government's role in the economy.
Collectivization
One kind of socialism is "collectivization." In this system, money and goods are shared more equally among the people, with the government in control. In theory, this system results in the gap between classes getting smaller, with the state helping the nation's poorest people, while the richest agree to higher taxes and economic restrictions.
Communism as a goal
Socialists with more radical views believe that socialism will evolve into what they see as a more advanced system: communism, with no state, money, hierarchy or social classes whatsoever. In Marxist theory, socialism is a temporary social state between capitalism and communism, although some socialists have no intention of transitioning to communism.
Many label these economic theories into one as "communism" when they mean the Marxist and Leninist ideas and beliefs of Russia's Bolshevik party. Marx believed that capitalism followed the economic and political system of feudalism. He also believed that capitalism would unfairly treat many people and that those people would eventually revolt and switch to socialism. He also thought that socialism could be another bridge on a path to communism. However, many people incorrectly use the term "Communist" to refer to a socialist state as a pejorative insult. Others call this 'State Socialism,' to distinguish it from the communist goal that does not need a state or any form of government. To non-communists, the word 'socialism' is now used mostly for attempts to come close to this goal in a capitalist state.
Democratic socialism
Democratic socialism is the belief that socialism can be achieved through reform of what Marxists call Bourgeois Democracy ―as opposed to achieving socialism by a revolution. The goals of these reforms are aimed to achieve a more just society, so that ordinary people can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives.
Social democracy
Social democracy is a type of socialism that attempts to mix parts of socialism with capitalism. In this system, despite there still being private property, the government generates tax revenue, typically from the wealthiest in the society and corporations, and distributes it to the poor, or even everyone in the society, via in the form of social programs. These programs range from single-payer healthcare, to other welfare programs such as expanding SNAP benefits. While the intentions of social democracy and socialism can be similar or shared, social democracy keeps the capitalist system intact, and tries to reform it. Achieving socialism would mean completely getting rid of the capitalist system. Social democracy is often confused with democratic socialism due to the similar names and having the same short-term goals. The biggest difference is social democrats want to stop reforming capitalism when they think their reforms are good enough, but democratic socialists will not stop until capitalism is gone. Some examples of social democracies are the Scandinavian countries.
In social democracies, some services and industries are subsidized (given subsidy money to help them run), partly controlled by the government, or both. For example, education, health care, housing, utility companies and public transportation are some industries that might be owned/supported by the government in a social democracy. For the most part, people working in these industries are paid by the government, with money paid by the people as taxes. A strong Welfare system is key to social democracy.
Utopian socialism
Utopian socialism is the first form of modern socialism. Unlike other forms of socialism, utopian socialism doesn't include belief in the necessity of class struggle.
John Simm
John Ronald Simm (born 10 July 1970 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire) is an English actor and musician. He grew up mainly in Lancashire. His roles include two BAFTA award-winning BBC Wales dramas: as Sam Tyler in the drama Life on Mars and as the Master  in the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who. He has appeared in many popular television dramas such as The Lakes, State of Play and two BAFTA award-winning serials; Clocking Off and Sex Traffic. His movie roles include Human Traffic and 24 Hour Party People. He was nominated for the Olivier and Theatergoer's Choice Award for the best Actor 2008.
Winter swimming
Winter swimming is the activity of human swimming during the winter season, typically in outdoor locations, or in unheated pools or lidos. It is done mostly for health benefits. Many winter swimmers swim with standard swimming costumes rather than with wetsuits or other thermal protection.
In colder countries winter swimming may be synonymous with ice swimming. In Finland, Northern Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia the ice swimming tradition has been connected with the sauna tradition.
Kotoshironushi
Kotoshironushi (事代主神), is a deity worshipped in the Shinto religion. The deity is also known as Yae Kotoshironushi no kami (八重言代主神).
John Simm
Besides acting, Simm was a founding member, songwriter and guitarist with the rock band Magic Alex.
Socialism
Anarcho-socialism
Anarcho-socialism is very similar to anarcho-communism, and many anarcho-socialists are anarcho-communists
Hector International Airport
The Hector International Airport is an air service terminal serving Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota. The airport was named for Martin Hector. It has no scheduled passenger airline service leaving the country, although it receives its international name for the customs services that is available for aircraft coming from Canada. The airport was an intended destination of Ritchie Valens, Buddy Holly and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, although the airplane crashed almost immediately after takeoff; the accident took the lives of the three musical performers and the pilot in 1959.
Socialism
Other
Many people and countries see socialism differently. The Socialist International is an organization dedicated to the cause of promoting socialist ideals, and has ties with many socialist parties, especially Social Democratic parties.
Kotoshironushi
According to the Kojiki, Kotoshironushi is the son of Ōkuninushi, who is the earthly deity of Izumo province in Japan. When the heavenly deities sent Takemikazuchi to conquer Izumo, Ōkuninushi left the decision of whether to resist to his two sons. Kotoshironushi, who was fishing at the time of Takemikizuchi's arrival, agreed to accept the rule of the heavenly gods, surrendered his spear, and left Izumo. On the other hand, his brother Takeminakata fought against Takemikazuchi and was defeated.
Socialism
History
The followers of a Welshman, Robert Owen, began calling themselves socialists in 1841. Owen is seen as a founder of the Co-operative Movement in Britain. He said that workers should own the companies they worked for. The workers would then share the profits among themselves. He set up a new model factory in New Lanark, Scotland.