cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
French Civil Aviation University
Alumni
Few intellectuals graduate from the university like Jacques Villiers (Promotion 1948), founder of the Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne (French air navigation center), Jean Peyrelevade (Promotion 1961), politician and business leader, Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani (Promotion 1963), Moroccan economist and writer, Alain Lefebvre (Promotion 1970), Journalist, Solenn Colléter (Promotion 1993), novelist., Nicolas Tenoux (Promotion 2007), Philanthropist.
2018–2019 Gaza border protests
The 2018–2019 Gaza border protests, by the organiser called the Great March of Return (مسیرة العودة الكبري), were a series of demonstrations held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Gaza-Israel border from 30 March 2018 and onwards.
French Civil Aviation University
Alumni
In science, personalities like Gabriel Weishaupt (Promotion 1948), founding member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace, Jean Robieux, Physicist, Georges Maignan (Promotion 1955), former director of the experimental center of Eurocontrol, Gérard Desbois (Promotion 1979), younger flight engineer graduate and crew member during the first flight of the Airbus A380, have studied at the university.
Chris Smalling
Christopher Lloyd Smalling (born 22 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Manchester United.
French Civil Aviation University
Teachers and former teachers
Some aerospace personalities teach at the university such as Hervé Hallot, meteorology teacher and co-author of Météorologie aéronautique, Joel Laitselart (TAE 87 ), air operations teacher and former operations manager of Aeris airline, Patrick Lepourry, head of the engine department and co-author of Propulseurs aéronautiques, Instruments de bord and Initiation à l'aéronautique, Félix Mora-Camino, head of the control engineering department and co-author of Avionique - Tome 2, Système de conduite automatique et gestion du vol, Yves Plays (IENAC S71), head of the specialized master in air transport and co-author of Initiation à l'aéronautique., or Frantz Yvelin, founder of two French airlines.
Bleed American
Bleed American is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to Salt Sweat Sugar because they were scared Bleed American would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.
Ed Lauter
Edward Matthew "Ed" Lauter II (October 30, 1938 – October 16, 2013), known as Ed Lauter, was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He was known for his roles in Family Plot, Cujo, Death Wish III, Born on the Fourth of July, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, The Number 23, and in Trouble with the Curve.
Bleed American
Trivia
On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.
Hauterive, Fribourg
Hauterive is a municipality of the district of Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2001, when the municipalities of Ecuvillens and Posieux joined together to become Hauterive.
Bleed American
Trivia
"The authority song" makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on. "Roy's headphones" is referring to Roy Miranda, a popular artist/dj in Arizona.
Hauterive, Fribourg
The abbey of Hauterive was founded in 1138.
Ed Lauter
Lauter was born on October 30, 1938 in Long Beach, New York. He studied at Long Island University. Lauter was married four times. His last marriage was to Marchell Doreen Williams from 2005 until his death in 2013. He had four children. Lauter died on October 16, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from mesothelioma, aged 74.
Father Ted
Father Ted is an Anglo-Irish sitcom created for Channel 4. It was created by Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews and produced by Hat Trick Productions. It was shown from 21 April 1995 until 1 May 1998. It is set on a fictional island off the west of Ireland. It is about three Roman Catholic priests who share a house. It stars Dermot Morgan as Father Ted Crilly, Ardal O'Hanlon as Father Dougal McGuire and Frank Kelly as Father Jack Hackett. Pauline McLynn plays their housekeeper Mrs Doyle.
Duo Dickinson
George "Duo" Dickinson (born August, 21, 1955) is an American architect. He has built over 500 projects in over 10 states, with budgets ranging from $5,000 to $5,000,000. He maintains an office of 10 staff members in Madison, Connecticut.
Life and career
Dickinson graduated from Cornell in 1977 with a Bachelor's degree in Architecture and opened his own architectural practice in 1987. He is licensed in Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Texas, Florida, Arizona, Oklahoma, Minnesota and Tennessee.
His work has received more than 30 awards, including the Architectural Record Record House, the Metropolitan Home Met Home Award, and the Connecticut and New York American Institute of Architects design awards. He is the first non-member award-winner of the Society of America Registered Architects' 2009 Special Service Award. He is the co-Founder of The Congress of Residential Architecture (CORA), the first national organization of residential designers. CORA has grown to over 20 chapters and 1,000 members in seven years.
Publications
Dickinson's design work has been published in over 70 publications including the New York Times, Architectural Record and House Beautiful. He has written seven books, including The Small House and Expressive Details for McGraw-Hill and The House You Build, published by Taunton Press and as a paperback entitled House On A Budget. His last book, Staying Put, was released by Taunton Press in November 2011.
Dickinson is a commissioned blogger for the New Haven Register, and his blog, "Saved By Design" has been up since the summer of 2010. He is a contributing writer on home design for Money Magazine. Additionally he is the architecture critic for the New Haven Register and contributing writer in home design for New Haven magazine. Dickinson has written articles for more than a dozen national publications including Residential Architect, Home and Fine Homebuilding and was a contributing writer for the “By Design” column for This Old House magazine.
Academia
Dickinson has taught at Yale College, Roger Williams University and at the Harvard Graduate School of Design Summer Program. Additionally he has lectured at dozens of universities, AIA associations, and at national conventions and gatherings.
Media
Dickinson was the co-host of the CNN/Money Magazine web series Home Work. He was under contract with Lightworks Producing Group to create production ideas for cable television programming focusing on residential design and is in production with Bruce Barber on a regional radio program The Real Life Survival Guide scheduled to begin airing in 2011. He has appeared on a variety of national media platforms, including Heritage Radio Network's Burning Down the House, CNN’s Open House, NPR’s Studio 360 and Weekend Marketplace.
Community
Dickinson sits on the board of seven not-for-profit organizations, including the New Haven Chapter of Habitat for Humanity, the Katherine Hepburn Cultural Arts Center, and Madison Cultural Arts. Additionally, 20-30% of the ongoing work in his office is dedicated to pro bono or at-cost work for not-for-profits, totaling over 50 projects for over 30 organizations over the last 25 years.
Donald II of Scotland
Donald II was king of the Picts and the last to be officially named that, although Constantine II claimed to be king of the Picts, in reality he ruled the newly founded Alban kingdom. He ascended to the throne in 889 after the abdication/deposition of Giric and disputably Giric. He was the son of Constantine I, king from 862-877. Donald died in 900 and was buried in Iona, Scotland.
Birth
The exact date of his birth is unknown but thought to be around c. 862, when the reign of his father Constantine I began, after the death of Donald I, the previous of his name.
Reign
Donald's reign began in 889 after the end of Giric and Eochaid's reigns. His reign lasted for 11 years when he died in 900. He was succeeded by Constantine II, even though he had 2 children. Malcolm I of Scotland and NN mac Causantín.
Death
It is unknown how Donald died but it happened in 900, 11 years after the start of his reign.
Marriage?
Donald possibly married Sigurda Mac Causantín sometime between 880-900 giving him his 2 children, 1 of whom would go on to rule Alba later on.
Sheikh Hasina
Sheikh Hasina Wazed (শেখ হাসিনা; born September 28, 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician. She is the 10th and current Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She has been the President of the Bangladesh Awami League, a major political party, since 1981. She is the oldest of five children of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Sheikh Hasina also held the office, from 1996 to 2001.
Abdul Malik Fadjar
Abdul Malik Fadjar (22 February 1939 – 7 September 2020) was an Indonesian politician and academic. He was the Minister of Religious Affairs between 1998 to 1999 and Minister of Education from 2001 to 2004. He worked during the cabinets of B. J. Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri.
Fadjar died on 7 September 2020 at the age of 81.
Ritz Crackers
Ritz Crackers are a brand of snack cracker. They were introduced by Nabisco in 1934. They are disc-shaped and lightly-salted.
Ritz Crackers varieties include the Original Ritz, Low Sodium Ritz, Honey Butter Ritz, Whole Wheat Ritz and Honey Wheat Ritz.
Sydney Stern chose the name Ritz. The name appealed to people who went through the difficulties of the Great Depression by offering them "a bite of the good life."
Sergey Koltakov
Sergey Mikhailovich Koltakov (Серге́й Миха́йлович Колтако́в; December 10, 1955 – September 7, 2020) was a Russian actor. He was born in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Soviet Union. He was best known for his roles as Sergei in Mirror for a Hero (1987), Hank in New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1988) and as Konstatin in The Life of Klim Samgin (1988).
Koltakov died on September 7, 2020 in Moscow, aged 64.
Patrice Rushen
Patrice Rushen (September 30, 1954) is an American singer, composer and musician. She has had several hit songs. She is best known for the song "Forget Me Nots". She was born in Los Angeles, California.
Vrelo (Babušnica)
Vrelo is a village in Babušnica, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a total of 141 people.
Raymond P. Kogovsek
Raymond Peter "Ray" Kogovsek (August 19, 1941 – April 30, 2017) was an American politician. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Colorado's 3rd congressional district from January 3, 1979 through January 3, 1985. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He then served in the Colorado Senate from 1974 to 1978.
Kogovsek was born in Pueblo, Colorado. He studied at the University of Denver. Kogovsek died in Pueblo, Colorado on April 30, 2017 at the age of 75.
Mexican coat of arms
After winning its independence from Spain in 1810, the newly created nation of Mexico–whose capital was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan–adopted the symbol of the eagle and the snake to commemorate its Aztec heritage. The symbol can be found at the center of the Mexican flag.
Lerdo
Ciudad Lerdo (Lerdo City) is a small city in the northeastern Durango, Mexico. It is the municipal seat for Lerdo Municipality.
In 2010, the city of Lerdo had a population of 79,669. That was up from 71,373 people in 2005. Lerdo Municipality had a population of 141,043.
The city has a lot of plant life, but has an arid climate. Ciudad Lerdo is known for its parks, gardens, and ice cream.
Jonny Evans
Jonathan (Jonny) Grant Evans (born 2 January 1988) is a Northern Irish footballer who plays for Leicester City and Northern Ireland.
Corte
Corte (Corti) in is a city (a "commune" in French) in the Haute-Corse département in central area of Corsica, in France. It is the fourth-largest city in Corsica (after Ajaccio, Bastia, and Porto-Vecchio), with a population of 6,329 inhabitants in 1999. Corte was the capital of the Corsican independent state during the period of Pasquale Paoli.
Jonny Evans
Club career statistics
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Corte
Roads
Corte is connected to Ajaccio, Bastia and Calvi by the Corsican railway.
University
Corte has become a major University town in Corsica since the Pasquale Paoli University opened 1980.
Gérard Kango Ouédraogo
Gérard Kango Ouédraogo (19 September 1925 – 1 July 2014) was Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 13 February 1971 to 8 February 1974. He was President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 1978 to November 25, 1980.
He was born in Ouahigouya.
Biography
Gérard Ouédraogo was born on September 19, 1925, in Ouahigouya, at the entrance of an ancestral site, Naaba Kango Cave. His name Kango was originally Kaongo, that is to say the field that surrounds a palace or a concession.
Founder of the MRV (Voltaic regroupment movement), he was deputy of Upper Volta under the Fourth Republic, in the first National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. He was ambassador of the new independent state of Upper Volta in Great Britain from 1960 to 1966. Subsequently, he continued to play an important role in the political life of the country, notably by sitting in the National Assembly for the constituency of Ouahigouya and being one of the leaders of the UDV / RDA (Democratic Union Voltaic, member of the African Democratic Rally). He was Prime Minister of Upper Volta from 1971 to 1974, under the presidency of Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana.
President of the National Assembly during the coup d'état of Saye Zerbo on November 25, 1980, he was imprisoned several times under the dictatorships of Saye Zerbo, Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore. Since the easing of the regime presided over by the latter head of state in the early 1990s, he was elected twice as MP under the Fourth Republic, before resigning on May 27, 1998. Shortly thereafter, the African Democratic Rally appointed honorary president for life.
Hostages (American TV series)
Hostages is an American drama television series that aired on CBS from 2013-2014.
Terrace farming
Terrace farming (also called step farming) is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (hills and mountains) is a World Heritage Site. It dates back two thousand years.
This method of farming uses "steps" that are built into the side of a mountain or hill. On each level, various crops are planted. When it rains, instead of washing away all of the nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried down to the next level. These steps prevent water from washing away the soil and plants. This system also allowed them to build aqueducts, which carried water to each level.
Eusociality
Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra. E.O. Wilson gave it a more precise meaning.
Meaning of the term
At the start, it was used for invertebrates only, usually social insects. These are its main features:
Definition debates
After Wilson's original definition, others discussed it, and some wanted to change its details.
Examples
The most familiar examples of eusociality are insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites. All of these are colonial animals which have queens for reproduction. The animals that are workers or soldiers are usually sterile - they cannot have offspring.
There were only two known mammal species which are eusocial. These are the naked mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat.
Eusociality with sterile individuals is the most extreme form of kin altruism. They do specialized tasks, often caring for the reproductive members. It includes individuals whose behaviour, body shape and function is modified for group defence, including self-sacrifice (altruism).
Eusociality played a key role in the development of theories in sociobiology.
Naked mole rat
Naked mole rats are eusocial mammals. Colonies averaging 75-80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole rats can stretch up to two or three miles in cumulative length.
Other examples
Recently, some species of gall-making aphids (Order Hemiptera) and thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are eusocial, with many separate origins of the state (convergent evolution). These species have extremely high relatedness between individuals. This is due to their mode of reproduction: sterile soldier castes are of the same clone as the reproducing female. The gall-inhabiting behavior gives these species a resource which sets them apart from related species with similar genetics. In these groups, therefore, high relatedness alone does not lead to the evolution of social behavior, but requires that groups occur in a restricted, shared area.
Similarly, eusociality occurs in some crustaceans and other arthropods. On some tropical reefs, several species of minute Synalpheus pistol shrimp are eusocial. They depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony, and have a single breeding female and a number of male defenders armed with large snapping claws. Again, there is a single shared domicile for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.
Theories of social evolution
Darwin could not say more because he did no know what the mechanism of heredity was. The first explanations were kin selection, and inclusive fitness. Both rely on the discovery of how genes are inherited. This discovery was made after Darwin had published On the Origin of Species, and not understood until after 1900.
Early ideas on eusociality included suggestions that trophallaxis or food sharing was a basis for sociality. The most widely accepted model to explain eusociality is based on W.D. Hamilton's idea of inclusive fitness.
Inclusive fitness
Haplodiploidy determines the sex in all members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips'). p408
In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female, and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and so are haploid.
The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved. p465
Consequences
If the theory of inclusive fitness is accurate, the haplodiploidy makes kin selection easier. Sisters are more related to each other than to any offspring they might have. Hamilton called them supersisters. On average, two supersisters have 75 percent of the same genes. If they breed, they would share only half of their genome with their offspring. From the selfish gene's point-of-view, it is better to raise more sisters. Even though workers often do not reproduce, they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by having their own offspring.
This unusual situation may explain why eusociality evolved several times in the haplodiploid group Hymenoptera — ants, bees and wasps. As of 2009, 11 separate cases are known. However, Hymenoptera is a large group and the majority of its species are not social. Furthermore, highly developed eusociality also exists in non-hymenopterans, perhaps most obviously in termites. Most such cases involve organisms that display high levels of inbreeding, so that colony members share more than half of their genes. Therefore the same model is considered to apply to these species.
Reeve and Holldobler put forward a theory of a superorganism. They look at competition and co-operation between groups as well as within groups. In their model, an individual's inclusive fitness varies according to how much it invests in within-group competition (e.g. hoarding a private food cache) versus between-group competition (e.g. contributing to common foraging); and on its relatedness to the other group members.
In a colony with one breeder (queen) and many workers, the evolutionarily stable state is for each individual to invest entirely in helping the group. This leads to a perfect "superorganism". In other words, the eusociality is stable, a result that agrees with Hamilton's findings. Also, they show that the effect is reinforced if there are many groups competing for the same resources.
Yang Hyong-sop
Yang was born in Hamhung. He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il-sung University. He was married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il-Sung.
Yang Hyong-sop died of a stroke on 13 May 2022, at the age of 96.
Sylvia McLaughlin
Sylvia McLaughlin (December 24, 1916 – January 19, 2016) was an American environmental activist. Sylvia McLaughlin was best known for beginning and helping the movement to save the San Francisco Bay.
Life
McLaughlin was born in Denver, Colorado. George E. Cranmer and Jean Chappell Cranmer were her parents. She grew up in an area with an interesting environment. She left Denver and went to Vassar College in New York.
Her work helped people learn about the environment of the bay and how to better protect it. Because of McLaughlin, California is still very careful about maintaining the bay’s healthy habitat and creating laws to further protect it.
After many years of hard work, Sylvia McLaughlin passed at age 99. We thank her for saving our bay and inspiring many younger generations to follow in her footsteps.
Accomplishments
Sylvia Mclaughlin was best known for beginning and fueling the movement to save the San Francisco Bay.
Erik Martin
Erik Martin (12 January 1936 – 25 April 2017) was a German writer, songwriter and composer of songs. He was born in Neuss, Germany. He was the founder and editor of the literature and art magazine Muschelhaufen. In 1997 he received the Klaus-Gundelach-Prize for his merits concerning his environmental protection and his youth novel Fjellwanderung.
Death
Martin died on 25 April 2017 in Viersen-Dülken, Germany, aged 81.
Hans Riegel
Riegel was born on 10 March 1923 in Bonn, Germany. He was the oldest son of the company's founder Hans Riegel Sr., who invented the gummy bear in 1922. He studied at the University of Bonn.
Riegel owned the Jakobsburg Hotel and Golf resort near Boppard in the Rhine Valley in Germany. Riegel died on 15 October 2013 from heart failure after a surgical procedure was made to remove a brain tumor in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He was 90 years old.
The Blacklist (TV series)
The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series, starring James Spader, on NBC on September 23, 2013.
The Pretender (Foo Fighters song)
"The Pretender" is the first single from the Foo Fighters' 2007 album Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace.
Algeciras
Algeciras is a city in the south of Spain. Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar. It is also the most important port in the country.
In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city. The municipal area is 86 km². It is approximately 20 km to the north of Africa.
The city has a long history. It was founded by phoenicians. Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century. In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it Al-Yazirat al-Hadra (green island). In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.
In 1704 the city was refounded by Gibraltarians refugees.
Sartène
Sartène (Sartè), is a town (a "commune" in French) of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud département, in France. The city is famous since medieval times for granite buildings in 16th century. One of the main incidents in the town's history was an attack by pirates from Algiers in 1583, after which 400 people were taken away. These attacks continued into the 18th century.
The town is centered around the Place de la Libération (previously the Place Porta), at the edge of which is the church of Sainte Marie. The town allows good views across the valley. Sartene wine is well known amongst wine buffs as being a good drop.
Sartene has given its name to one of the southern-Corsican dialects that are most like the Sardinian language.
Other websites
A page on the history of the town
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan started out as an agricultural and population center for the Olmec civilization, which inhabited a region of what is today southeastern Mexico. The Olmecs emerged as early as 1500 BC as the earliest complex society in the Americas. San Lorenzo is best known as the first city established in the Americas.
The main reason San Lorenzo flourished at such an early period is its location within the Coatzacoalcos flood plain, which provided fertile land for farming. Thus, the settlement of San Lorenzo follows the pattern of settlement of the world’s very first urban centers, which emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia. Because of the high farming value of the surrounding land, San Lorenzo ranked as the Olmecs’ most populous settlement from 1200-900 BC. During that period, San Lorenzo had the biggest trade market in all of the Olmec Heartland.
For unknown reasons, many people migrated out of San Lorenzo in 800 BC to the nearby city of La Venta. However, San Lorenzo was repopulated in 600 BC, when it became a center for Olmec ritual sacrifices until the population faded away in 400 BC along with the Olmec civilization. Today, San Lorenzo remains a significant archaeological site because the artifacts found there–including the famous Colossal Heads and jade masks–shed some light on Olmec culture and its profound influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya.
Rhea Woltman
Woltman died on February 15, 2021 in St. Augusta, Minnesota at the age of 92.
Łódź
Łódź is the third-largest city in Poland. 776,000 people live there. It is in the Łódź Voivodeship in the centre of the country. In Polish the name also means "boat". The mayor of Łódź is Hanna Zdanowska.
History
The first documents mentioning the city date from 1332. Łódź was awarded city rights (according to the Magdeburg law) in 1432. The Congress of Vienna decided in 1815 that the city should be part of Russia. Only in 1918 did the city fall back to Poland.
Geography
The city is about 120 km south-west of Warsaw. In and around the city, there are some textile and electronics industries. Because of prolonged economic difficulties, there has been a decline in the population of the city. The city has a university and a film academy. Łódź has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Sports
There are two major football teams in Łódź: the first is called ŁKS Łódź and the second is Widzew Łódź.
Lorna Gray
Lorna Gray (July 26, 1917 – April 30, 2017) was an American movie actress. She was known for her comic roles, and later in villain roles. She was best known for her roles in Columbia Pictures comedy shorts and Republic Pictures serials. She played Gail Richards in the 1944 serial Captain America. Gray is also known for appearing with The Three Stooges on multiple shows. She has been known as Adrian Booth since 1945. She retired in 1951.
Gray was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was married to actor David Brian from 1949 until his death in 1993. Gray died on April 30, 2017 at her home in Sherman Oaks, California from natural causes, aged 99.
Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells (or NK cells) are a type of lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. NK cells provide a rapid response to cells infected by viruses, or to bacterial cells. The response happens about 3 days after infection. NK cells also respond to tumour formation.
NK cells are unique: they have the ability to recognise stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This allows for a much faster immune reaction.
In early experiments in cancer patients and animals, investigators found what was called a "natural" reactivity. That is, a certain population of cells seemed to be able to kill tumour cells without previously being sensitized to them. At first many thought that these observations were artifacts. However, by 1973, 'natural killing' activity was established across a wide variety of species, and the existence of a separate line of cells with this ability was suggested.
Function
To control their cytotoxic activity, NK cells have two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors. When the NK cell is activated, it destroys the cells which have switched it on.
Small granules in their cytoplasm contain proteins and enzymes called granzymes. They are released close to a cell which has triggered their action. A protein perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell, creating a channel through which enzymes and other molecules can enter. This kills the target cell. The details vary according to whether the target is a virus, a bacterium or a tumour cell.
Hypothesis
These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I molecules, which could explain why NK cells kill cells with low levels of MHC class I molecules. This inhibition is crucial to the role played by NK cells. MHC class I molecules are main way cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. A common evolutionary adaptation to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a long-term down-regulation of these MHC I molecules. This makes the cells impervious to T-cell action. NK cells may have evolved as an evolutionary response: the loss of MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and make them vulnerable to NK cell attack.
NK cell function in adaptive response
The adaptive immune response generates memory cells after a primary infection. Then there is a rapid response to later infections by the same antigen. Earlier it was thought that NK cells play no role in the adaptive immune responses, but now it seems they do.
Superpermutation
As the number of symbols increases, the length of the superpermutation increases, too. The superpermutation with only 1 symbol is only 1 long (1), while the 2nd superpermutation is 3 long (121). The 3rd superpermutation is 9 long (123121321), and the 4th one is 33 long (123412314231243121342132413214321). The length of the superpermutation with 5 symbols is 153, and it looks like this:
123451234152341253412354123145231425314235142315423124531243512431 52431254312134521342513421534213542132451324153241352413254132145 3214352143251432154321
So far, mathematicians have not been able to find the smallest length superpermutation that uses 6 or more symbols. They are slowly getting closer to finding it out.
Six or more symbol superpermutations
Right now, mathematicians do not know what the smallest superpermutation is when there are six or more symbols. However, over time the choices of what they could be have narrowed considerably from both above and below.
In September 2011, an unknown person on the internet forum 4chan showed people that there was definitely a smallest superpermutation for any superpermutation with more than 1 symbol. On the website, it was called "The Haruhi Problem", from a Japanese anime called The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya. It was phrased like this: what would be the shortest amount of episodes that you would need to watch in order to guarantee that you watched every episode of a show? In October 2018, mathematician Robin Houston tweeted about it.
On October 25, 2018, Robin Houston, Jay Pantone, and Vince Vatter made the unknown person's proof better and posted it to the mathematics community.
On October 20 2018, Greg Egan found smaller superpermutations for ones with six or more symbols than there had ever been. This shows that smallest superpermutation must be at most that size.
As time goes on, people think that the smallest and largest possible lengths for these superpermutations will be narrowed down further. There is only one definite smallest superpermutation for each number of symbols.
Mexico national under-23 football team
The Mexico national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Mexico at the under-23 level.
The team won the gold medal in 2012 Summer Olympics, their first Olympic medal in association football.
Salvador Luria
Salvador Edward Luria (Turin, Italy, August 13, 1912 – Lexington, Massachusetts, February 6, 1991) was an Italian microbiologist.
He won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering work with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey on phages in molecular biology.
Biography
Luria was born Salvatore Edoardo Luria in Turin, Italy to an influential Italian Sephardic Jewish family. He attended the medical school at the University of Turin. There, he met two other future Nobel laureates: Rita Levi-Montalcini and Renato Dulbecco.
In Rome, he was introduced to Max Delbrück's theories on the gene as a molecule and began to formulate methods for testing genetic theory with bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria.
In 1938, he received a fellowship to study in the United States, where he intended to work with Delbrück. Soon after Luria received the award Benito Mussolini's fascist regime banned Jews from academic research fellowships.
Without funding sources for work in the U.S. or Italy, Luria left his home country for Paris, France in 1938. As the Nazi German armies invaded France in 1940, Luria fled on bicycle to Marseilles where he received an immigration visa to the United States.
Phage research
Luria arrived in New York City on September 12, 1940 and soon changed his first and middle names. With the help of physicist Enrico Fermi, whom he knew from his time at the University of Rome, Luria received a fellowship at Columbia University. He soon met Delbrück and Hershey, and they collaborated on experiments at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and in Delbrück's lab at Vanderbilt University.
St. Stephan
St. Stephan is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Antoine Gizenga
Antoine Gizenga (5 October 1925 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He is the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié, PALU).
Gizenga was born in Mushiko, Bandundu. He died on 24 February 2019 in Kinshasa, aged 93.
Salvador Luria
Phage research
His famous experiment with Delbrück in 1943, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, demonstrated that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles and that mutant genes occurring randomly can still give viral resistance without the virus being present. The idea that natural selection affects bacteria has profound consequences, for example, it explains how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.
From 1943 to 1950, he worked at Indiana University, Bloomington. His first graduate student was James D. Watson, who went on to discover the structure of DNA with Francis Crick. In January 1947, Luria became a naturalized citizen of the United States.
In 1950, Luria moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. While investigating how a culture of E. coli was able to stop the production of phages, Luria discovered that specific bacterial strains produce enzymes that cut DNA at certain sequences. These enzymes became known as restriction enzymes and developed into one of the main molecular tools in molecular biology.
John Joe Nevin
John Joseph Joe Nevin (born 7 June, 1989 in Mullingar, County Westmeath) is an Irish boxer. He competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics and got a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is currently 3rd AIBA World Rankings - Men's 56 kg in the world in his division, the bantamweight. On 6th October, 2012, John Joe Nevin announces to the public on The Saturday Night Show that he is turning professional
Diego Simeone
Diego Simeone (born 28 April 1970) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentina national team. He is now the manager of Atlético Madrid.
Club career statistics
113||17 202||32 198||35 513||84
International career statistics
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The Stolen Eagle
"The Stolen Eagle" is the first episode of the HBO/BBC historical drama television series, Rome. It first aired on August 28, 2005 in the United States. The episode starred Ciarán Hinds, Kevin McKidd, Ray Stevenson, and Polly Walker.
Aigle
Aigle is the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The town has a population of 8,100 people.
Scar Tissue
"Scar Tissue" is the first single from the American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers' seventh album Californication.
Maya calendar
The Maya calendar is a system of calendars and almanacs used in the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and in some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala.
It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec, and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars. Although the Mesoamerican calendar did not originate with the Maya, their subsequent extensions and refinements of it were the most sophisticated. Along with those of the Aztecs, the Maya calendars are the best-documented and most completely understood.
Types
There are three main Maya calendars: the 260 day ritual calendar called Tzolk'in, the 365 day Haab', and the Long Count. Approximately 52 years pass before the Haab and Tzolkin calendars converge and are back in the same alignment. This is called the Calendar round. The Tzolk'in is still in use today by the Ixil, Kek'chi and Quiche peoples of the Guatemalan highlands.
Here is an example of a Maya calendar date: 12.18.16.2.6, 3 Cimi 4 Zotz. The “12.18.16.2.6” is the Long Count. Going from right to left, the units are: kin (1 day), uinal (20 kin = 20 days), tun (18 uinal = 360 days), katun (20 tun = approximately 20 years), baktun (20 katun =394 years). The Long Count was used to track periods of time longer than the 52 years of the Calendar Round. The mythical starting date of the current creation was August 11, 3114 BCE (Gregorian). “3 Cimi” is the Tzolkin date. The Tzolkin date is a combination of thirteen days numbered one-thirteen and twenty day-names. “4 Zotz” is the Haab' date. The Haab' year contains 18 months (each named) with 20 days each. The number before the word is the day of that month. The Maya then added five days to the calendar after the last month, Cumku, ends, in order to make the year 365 days long. Those five days, called "Uayeb," were considered to be unlucky.
December 21, 2012
A common conspiracy theory myth about the Maya calendar was that it predicted that the world would end on December 21, 2012. This belief was mistaken. According to the Maya, there were three previous worlds. The first began with “the creation of the Earth, and it had upon it vegetation and living beings. Unfortunately, because they lacked speech, the birds and animals were unable to pay homage to the gods and were destroyed. In the second and third Ages the gods created humans of mud and then wood, but these also failed to please and were wiped out. The "zero date" 13.0.0.0.0 on the Long Count was when, according to the Maya, the third world ended and the fourth one, the current world, began. Another 13.0.0.0.0 would occur on December 21, 2012. There is no evidence that the Long Count would end on 13.0.0.0.0 or that the Maya believed that this would be the date of the apocalypse. Still, a variety of popular books and movies have contributed to the publicity surrounding the Maya calendar's supposed prediction of the end of the world in 2012. Some believershave taken advantage of this publicity to sell guides to surviving the apocalypse.
La Brillaz
La Brillaz is a municipality of the district Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2001, when the municipalities of Lentigny, Lovens, and Onnens joined together to become La Brillaz.
Mother Wright
Mary Ann Wright (July 11, 1921 – May 7, 2009), known as Mother Wright, was a humanitarian activist. She started the Mary Ann Wright Foundation. This foundation helped feed hungry people. Her nickname is "Mother" because she reminds people of Mother Teresa. Mother Wright became an activist when she was 63.
Takeshi Okada
Takeshi Okada (岡田 武史) is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed Japan national team.
Mother Wright
Early life
Before she started her work, she lived in Louisiana. She was born in New Orleans. She moved at a young age. Her mother died when she was five years old. Wright was raised by her aunts and other relatives. They were devoted Catholics. They walked miles to church from their home. When Wright grew up, she worked many different jobs. She had a husband and 12 children. Unfortunately, her husband was cruel to her. So, Wright left Louisiana and moved to California. Her children came to California with her.
Takeshi Okada
Biography
Okada was born in Osaka on August 25, 1956. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1980. In 1982, the club won 1982 JSL Cup. In 1985/86 season, the club won Japan Soccer League and JSL Cup, and he was selected Best Eleven. The club also won 1986 Asian Club Championship. This is the first Asian champions as Japanese club. He retired in 1990. He played 189 games and scored 9 goals in the league.
Mother Wright
Awards
In California, she received a “vision from God” in her sleep. The dream told he to help hungry people. She continued helping the hungry, and eventually got recognition for it. Wright received the Caring Award, an award inspired by Mother Teresa. She is also in the Hall of Fame for Caring Americans. She died at the age of 87.
Takeshi Okada
Biography
On June 9, 1980, Okada debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. In 1982, he selected Japan for 1982 Asian Games. At Asian Games, he played 2 games and scored a goal against South Korea. He also played at 1980 Summer Olympics qualification and 1986 World Cup qualification. He played 24 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1985.
It's Been Awhile
"It's Been Awhile" is a song by American alternative metal band Staind. The song was released in March 20, 2001. It was the first single on their third studio album Break the Cycle.
Takeshi Okada
Biography
After retirement, Okada started coaching career at Furukawa Electric (later JEF United Ichihara) in 1990. In 1995, he became an assistant coach for Japan national team. During 1998 World Cup qualification in October 1997, Japan's manager Shu Kamo was sacked and Okada named new manager. In November, Okada led Japan to won qualify for 1998 World Cup first time in Japan's history. At 1998 World Cup, Japan lost all 3 matches and he resigned after the World Cup.
It's Been Awhile
On the Billboard charts, "It's Been Awhile" was able to peak at #5 on Hot 100, #1 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, #1 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks, #3 on the Top 40 Mainstream, #6 on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks, and at #4 on the Top 40 Tracks charts.
Takeshi Okada
Biography
In 1999, Okada signed with J2 League club Consadole Sapporo. In 2000, he led the club to won J2 League and promoted the club to J1 League. He resigned end of 2001 season. In 2003, he signed with Yokohama F. Marinos. The club won the league champions and he was also selected "Best Manager awards" for 2 years in a row in 2003 and 2004. From 2005, the club performance was sluggish and he resigned in August 2006.
In November 2007, Japan national team manager Ivica Osim was suffered a cerebral infarction. In December, Okada was named a new manager for Japan. In 2008, he selected new young player, Atsuto Uchida, Shinji Kagawa, Yuto Nagatomo, Keisuke Honda, Shinji Okazaki and so on. In 2009, Japan won to qualify for 2010 World Cup. Okada gained worldwide attention for leading Japan to ninth-place finish in the 2010 World Cup. He resigned after 2010 World Cup. In November 2010, he was selected "AFC Coach of the Year awards".
In December 2011, Okada signed a contract from 2012 season with Chinese Super League side Hangzhou Greentown. He extended his contract for two years in the end of 2012 season. However, he resigned from Hangzhou end of 2013 season.
In November 2014, he bought a majority stake in FC Imabari and became a chairman of the club. In March 2016, he became a vice-president of Japan Football Association and served until March 2018. In 2019, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.
Statistics
189||9 189||9
!Total||24||1
1260s
The 1260s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269.
Mary Tape
Early life
Mary Tape was born in China. In 1868, Tape came to San Francisco. She was an orphan. The Ladies’ Protection and Relief Society helped her. She named herself "Mary McGladery." The Society taught her the English language and how to live in the United States. She married Joseph Tape. They had four children. Tape taught her children to act like white Americans.
1260s
Kublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing. He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles. The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt. The Empire also lost in the Caucasus. The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars. The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much. The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.
Mary Tape
Activism
Tape and her family lived in the city of San Francisco, California, USA. She wanted her oldest child to study at the public school. The school said only white children could be students. It would not accept Chinese American students. Tape took the school to court. She fought for equal education. The Tape family lost in court. The children went to special Chinese American schools. Later, the family moved to Berkeley, California where they had more rights.