cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kernel (algebra)
Mathematically:. Since a group homomorphism preserves identity elements, the identity element of G must belong to the kernel subset.
Property
The homomorphism is injective if and only if its kernel is only the identity elements of G.
Proof: If f were not injective, then the non-injective elements can form a distinct element of its kernel: there would exist a, b \in G such that a \neq b and f(a) = f(b). Thus. f is a group homomorphism, so inverses and group operations are preserved, giving ; in other words,, and ker f would not be the singleton. Conversely, distinct elements of the kernel violate injectivity directly: if there would exist an element, then , thus f would not be injective.
Alex Cord
Alex Cord (born Alexander Viespi Jr.; May 3, 1933 – August 9, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Michael Coldsmith Briggs III on Airwolf. He was born in Floral Park, New York. His career lasted from 1961 until 2009.
Cord died on August 9, 2021 in Valley View, Texas at the age of 88.
Karur taluk
Karur District is a district located along the Kaveri and Amaravati Rivers in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Geography
The main town in Karur District is the city of Karur, which is also the district headquarters. It is the centrally located district of Tamil Nadu. It is bounded by Namakkal district in the north, Dindigul district in the south, Tiruchirapalli district on the east.
Culture
The main crops of Karur district are paddy banana, sugarcane, beetle leaf, grams & pulses, tapioca, kora grass, groundnuts, oil seeds, tropical vegetables, garland flowers, and medicinal herbs. Karur is famous for its home textiles - bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens table linens and wall hangings. Karur is a renowned hub for bus building industry. Karur is also home to Chettinad Cements and TNPL Cements. Pasupatheeswarar Siva temple and Vishnu temple at Thiruvithuvakkodu are in Karur. Prominent mosques are Thowheeth 98 and medieval times, the area was ruled by the Cheras, Gangas and Cholas. Later the Nayakars followed by Tipu Sultan also ruled Tiruppur districts on the west. Karur is one of the oldest towns in Tamil Nadu and has played a very significant role in the history and culture of the Tamils. In the ancient Karur. mosque, Big Palli, Ahle hadees Pallivasal, TNTJ Mosque, Jamia Pallivasal and Bajar Mosque.
La Couture, Pas-de-Calais
La Couture, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Tottenham Marshes
The Tottenham Marshes are in Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey. The marshes cover over 100 acre and became part of the Lee Valley Park in 1972. The marsh has three main areas: Clendish Marsh, Wild Marsh West and Wild Marsh East. The River Lea flows between Wild Marsh West and East.
Description
The marshes are one of the last examples of semi-natural wetland in Greater London. They contain many plants such as neutral grassland types, sedge marsh, reed swamp, sallow scrub and areas of tall herb vegetation. Plants and animals that are rare in other parts of London live here.
Ecology
Plants
Butterflies
Birds
New Moon on Monday
"New Moon on Monday" is the 10th single by English new wave band Duran Duran and taken from their third studio album Seven and the Ragged Tiger. It went to number 5 in Ireland, number 9 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in the United States, number 14 in Canada, number 26 in the Netherlands, number 32 in New Zealand and number 48 in Australia.
Floral Park, New York
Floral Park is an incorporated village in Nassau County, New York, United States, on Long Island. 15,863 people lived here in 2010.
66 (number)
Sixty-six is a number. It comes between sixty-five and sixty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 33, and 66. In numerical form, it is "66".
Timbale (food)
A timbale is a sweet pie-type food that is eaten as a dessert. The kind of pan it is cooked in is also called a timbale.
There are several variations of this. One example is the Timbale Brillat-Savarin, which is named in honour of the French gourmand Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin.
2010 US Open – Boys' Singles
The Boys' Singles tournament of the 2010 US Open started on Sunday September 5th, the seventh day of the main tournament.
Bernard Tomic was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior this year.
Jack Sock, who received wildcard into the singles main draw, won this tournament, after defeating Denis Kudla in the final.
Seeds
<li> 🇦🇺 James Duckworth (First Round) <li> 🇺🇸 Denis Kudla (Final) <li> 🇦🇷 Renzo Olivo (First Round) <li> 🇭🇺 Máté Zsiga (First Round) <li> 🇷🇺 Victor Baluda (Quarterfinals) <li> 🇦🇹 Dominic Thiem (First Round) <li> 🇪🇨 Roberto Quiroz (First Round) <li> 🇺🇸 Mitchell Frank (Third Round) </ol>
Qualifying draw
The following player received the lucky loser spot:
La Herlière
La Herlière is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Norodom Buppha Devi
Norodom Buppha Devi (នរោត្តម បុប្ផាទេវី ; official title Her Royal Highness Samdech Reach Botrei Preah Ream Norodom Buppha Devi, 8 January 1943 – 18 November 2019) was a Cambodian princess, ballerina and politician. She was director of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia.
Background
She was the daughter of Norodom Sihanouk and the late Neak Moneang Phat Kanthol, the elder sister of Prince Norodom Ranariddh, and a half-sibling of current King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni.
Paola, Kansas
Paola is a city in Miami County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat. In 2010, 5,602 people lived there.
Norodom Buppha Devi
Background
From 1998 through 2004, Devi was Minister of Culture and Fine Arts for the Hun Sen ministry. She was born in Phnom Penh.
Paola, Kansas
History
At the start of the 19th century, the area was mostly controlled by the Osage people.
Norodom Buppha Devi
Death
Devi died on 18 November 2019 at a hospital in Bangkok at the age of 76.
Paola, Kansas
History
Settlement of the area happened when Kaskaskia, Peoria, Wea, and Piankeshaw tribes were forced to move to the area between 1827 and 1832. These created the Confederated Allied Tribe. It was led by Baptiste Peoria, who was of both French and Indian ethnicity. They called their settlement Peoria Village.
Geography
Paola is at 38.57361°N, -94.87333°W (38.573599, -94.873456). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 5.32 sqmi. Of that, 4.90 sqmi is land and 0.42 sqmi is water.
Climate
Paola has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Paola has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
2010 census
In 2010, there were 5,602 people, 2,173 households, and 1,407 families living in Paola.
Lucky Dube
Lucky Philip Dube (pronounced duu-beh; 3 August 1964 – 18 October 2007) was a South African reggae musician and Rastafarian. He recorded over 27 albums in English, Zulu and Afrikaans over a span of 12 years.
Jay Obernolte
Jay Phillip Obernolte (born August 18, 1970) is an American politician, businessman, and video game developer. He is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for CA's 8th congressional district since 2021. He is a Republican.
Lucky Dube
Death
Dube was shot and killed in Johannesburg on 18 October 2007 at the age of 43.
Jay Obernolte
Obernolte was a member of the California State Assembly representing the 33rd district. He was the mayor of Big Bear Lake, California. He is the owner, president, and technical director of FarSight Studios.
Obernolte was born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in Fresno, California.
Flan
A flan is a kind of tart found in British cuisine. It consists of an open pastry or sponge case holding a sweet or savoury filling. A typical flan is round, with shortcrust pastry.
Recipe
Flan Brillat-Savarin, a savoury flan named in honour of the French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin:
Isabel Lucas
Isabel Lucas (born 29 January 1985 in Melbourne) is an Australian actress. She is well known for her role in the soap opera Home and Away, as well as in movies such as Immortals, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Daybreakers, Red Dawn and The Loft.
Acicular ferrite
Acicular ferrite is a small and hard form of ferrite, one of the allotropes of iron. It has small, needle shaped structures in random positions, which is what makes it harder than ferrite.
Karel Svoboda
Karel Svoboda (19 December 1938 – 28 January 2007) was a Czech composer of popular music. He wrote music for many TV series in the 1970s.
Works
Karel Svoboda was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Prague, Czech Republic) and began his career as a pop composer after stopping studying medicine in his third year of university. He became a member of the rock band "Mefisto" in the 1950s. Later, he composed music for the Laterna Magica theatre in Prague and for many Czech singers. In 1969 he wrote Lady Carneval for Karel Gott, a major Czech pop star. Svoboda wrote a total of 80 songs for him.
Svoboda composed TV scores for the German channel ZDF for over 30 years. He wrote the scores to many TV series in the 1970s that a whole generation of Europeans grew up with. Some examples of these TV series are Vicky the Viking, Maya the Bee and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
Svoboda wrote scores for almost 90 films and TV series.
Svoboda was found fatally shot in the garden of his villa at Jevany on January 28, 2007. It is believed that he committed suicide.
Altes Amt Ebstorf
The collective municipality Altes Amt Ebstorf had the following municipalities:
List of United States senators from Minnesota
Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11, 1858. As of July 7, 2009, Minnesota has had 40 senators serve in the US Senate.
Frits Soetekouw
Frits Soetekouw (6 June 1938 – 3 May 2019) was a Dutch footballer. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.
Soetekouw played as a defender at club level between 1961 and 1971. He played for De Volewijckers, Heracles, Ajax, Eindhoven and DWS. He was the captain of Ajax for a short time. He captained the side in their 5–1 win against Liverpool in 1966. He also once appeared for the Netherlands national team in 1962.
Soetekouw died on 3 May 2019, at the age of 80.
Vernon Coaker
Vernon Rodney Coaker (born 17 June 1953) is a British Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gedling since 1997.
He also served as the Minister of State for Schools from 2009 to 2010, Shadow Secretary of State for Defence from 2013 to 2015 and Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from October 2011 to October 2013, and again from September 2015 until his resignation in June 2016 from the Shadow Cabinet.
Verenahof
Verenahof was until 1967 a tiny part of West Germany containing three houses and twenty-four residents, completely surrounded by land belonging to Switzerland. The West German territory was an enclave separated from the rest of the country by a strip of Swiss land about 200 to 300 metres wide.
In 1522, Emperor Charles V and his brother Archduke Ferdinand of Austria bought Verenahof at the same time when they bought other small pieces of land in the same region (Tengen, Kommingen, Wiechs am Randen) from Count.
In the 17th and 18th centuries there were arguments between Tengen and Schaffhausen about access roads and the exact border of the enclave.
In 1964 West Germany and Switzerland agreed that Verenahof would become part of Switzerland. This happened on 4 October 1967. Today Verenahof is part of the village of Büttenhardt.
At the Wiechs am Randen town hall there are some remaining border markers that became no longer needed with the land swap in 1967. In Büttenhardt, at the old school house, some old border markers from the 1930s have been used to frame bushes planted around the enclave.
Mimmi (book series)
The Mimmi series (Mimmiserien) is a children's books series written by  Viveca Lärn (earlier Viveca Sundvall). The main character is Mimmi. She is a girl in late Kindergarten age and later in early primary school age. The books are told from the me-perspective. Many of them are written as diaries. The books were originally published between 1979 and 1996.
Mimmi lives with her family in Kungälv. Her father Oskar is a postman while her mother Elin is a waitress at restaurant "Gyllene Svanen".
Two television series based on the books have been produced. The first was En ettas dagbok from 1985 and the second was Mimmi från 1988.
Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais
Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais (born on 1795 - December 1840) was a French Chess Master.
Life
He was born on the island of la Réunion in the Indian Ocean in 1795. He learned chess in 1814 and began to take the game seriously in 1818 often playing at the Café de la Régence He learned from Jacques François Mouret
Ryszard Jarzembowski
Ryszard Jarzembowski (24 December 1945 – 9 August 2021) was a Polish politician. He was member of the Senate from 1991 until 2005. He was born in Wedel, Poland. Jarzembowski was a member of the Democratic Left Alliance.
Jarzembowski died on 9 August 2021 in Włocławek, Poland at the age of 75.
La Madelaine-sous-Montreuil
La Madelaine-sous-Montreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Charlotte Mailliard Shultz
Charlotte Mailliard Shultz, RVO (born Charlotte Smith; September 26, 1933 – December 3, 2021) was an American heiress and socialite. She was the Chief of Protocol for the state of California under Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and the Chief of Protocol for the City and County of San Francisco under Mayor Ed Lee. She was born in Borger, Texas.
Mailliard was married to United States Secretary of State George P. Shultz from 1997 until his death in February 2021.
Mailliard died on December 3, 2021 from problems caused by breast cancer in Stanford, California at the age of 88.
Beverstedt (Samtgemeinde)
Beverstedt is a former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat was in the town Beverstedt. It was disbanded on 1 November 2011, when its municipalities combined into the municipality Beverstedt.
Mining and Pastoral Region
Electoral regions will be abolished at the 2025 state election.
La Thieuloye
La Thieuloye is a commune. It is in Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France.
Andrey Zaliznyak
Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak (29 April 1935 – 24 December 2017) was a Russian linguist, an expert in historical linguistics and grammar. He was born in Moscow. He was known for his attention to the popularizing of linguistics and to the struggle against pseudoscience. In 2004, he published a study of the Tale of Igor's Campaign.
Zaliznyak lectured in the Moscow University, University of Geneva, and University of Paris. Zaliznyak's first monograph, Russian Nominal Inflection (1967), remains a definitive study in the field. Ten years later, he published a highly viewed Russian Grammar Dictionary.
Zaliznyak died on 24 December 2017 at the age of 82.
64 (number)
Sixty-four is a number. It comes between sixty-three and sixty-five, and is an even number.
Vibrating string
A vibration in a string is a wave. A vibrating string mostly produces a sound with constant frequency. As frequency characterizes the pitch, the sound produced is a constant note.
64 (number)
Math
It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64. 64 is the 8th square number after 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, and 49. It is the fourth cube after 1, 8, and 27.
Vibrating string
Vibrating strings are the basis of any string instrument like guitar, cello, or piano.
64 (number)
Other
There are sixty-four 1x1 squares on a chess, checkers and draughts board. It is also a power of two.
Iron Act
The Iron Act was a law created by Great Britain in 1750 to make American Colonies import more iron from Great Britain, and preventing the colonies from refining iron on their own.
Implications
The act was officially repealed in 1867.
Maryland and Virginia were the only colonies majorly affected. The act essentially stopped all creation of edged tools, nails, and tinplates. Great Britain had a history of creating acts designed to create more trade to England. This was one of the many acts that caused the American Revolution.
Armando Uribe
Armando Uribe Arce (28 October 1933 – 22 January 2020) was a Chilean writer, poet, lawyer and diplomat. He was born in Santiago. He served as Chile's ambassador to the People's Republic of China from 1971 to 1973. He published many works on politics, religion, criminal law and mining. He was a member of the Chilean Academy of Language and the Royal Spanish Academy. Uribe won his country's National Prize for Literature in 2004.
Uribe died on 22 January 2020 in Santiago. He was 86.
69 (number)
Sixty-nine is a number. It comes between sixty-eight and seventy, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 23, and 69.
Upside-down cake
An upside-down cake is a cake that is baked in a single pan, then turned over and eaten with the bottom of the cake facing upwards. Usually, chopped fruits and a topping of butter and sugar are placed on the bottom of the pan before the batter is poured in. When the cake is turned over, the fruit sits on the top of the cake.
The first mention of such a cake in writing was in 1930, but the cake is somewhat older.
Am Dobrock
Am Dobrock is a former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is near the convergence of the rivers Oste and Elbe, about 25 km east of Cuxhaven, and 15 km south of Brunsbüttel. Its seat is in the village Cadenberge. On 1 November 2016 it was combined into the collective municipality Land Hadeln.
The collective municipality Am Dobrock had the following municipalities:
La Loge
La Loge is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Leeward Islands
The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands, parts of the West Indies. They are where the Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. The western Leewards are the Virgin Islands.
The southern part of the Lesser Antilles chain is called the Windward Islands.
Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough
A Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) is a trough in upper-level (at about 200 hPa) tropics. Its formation is usually caused by the expansion of the Trough of Westerlies Wind to the tropics. It can also develop from the inverted trough adjacent to a upper level anticyclone. TUTTs are different from mid-latitude troughs in the sense that they are maintained by subsidence warming near the tropopause which balances radiation cooling.
TUTTs sometimes bring a large amount of vertical wind shear over tropical disturbances and cyclones so TUTTs can reduce cyclone development. But, there are also times when TUTTs help start tropical cyclones or make them stronger by providing additional forced ascent near the storm center and an efficient outflow channel in the upper troposphere. Moreover, under specific circumstances, TUTTs can grow into upper cold lows and may enhance the development of low level disturbances.
Baldwin II, Count of Flanders
Baldwin II (c. 865–918), Called Baldwin "the Bald" (le Chauve), was a French nobleman and the second count of Flanders. He ruled from 879 until his death.
Career
Born c. 865 he was the son of Baldwin I, Count of Flanders and Judith, a daughter of Charles the Bald. Through his mother he was a descendant of Charlemagne. Baldwin wanted to keep a good trading relationship with England. So in 884 Baldwin married Ælfthryth, a daughter of King Alfred the Great of England. This high-profile marriage raised the status of Baldwin II. His children had the distinction of belonging to two of the most important royal houses in western Europe. This and later marked the House of Flanders as one of the great princely houses of Europe.
When he first started ruling Flanders there were a number of very damaging Viking raids. They plundered everywhere except the area north of the Somme river. By 883 Baldwin was forced northward to the flat marshes of Flanders which became the territory most closely associated with the counts of Flanders from then on. Baldwin had built a series of wooden fortifications at Saint-Omer, Bruges, Ghent, and Courtrai. He also seized those lands and fortresses abandoned by royal and church officials. Baldwin had many of these same citadels used by his government, militia and local courts.
In 888 the west Frankish king Charles the Fat was deposed. There were several candidates to be king in his place. Because he was a grandson of Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia, Baldwin was eligible to be king. But he did not compete for the crown of western Francia. Instead Baldwin joined others in trying to convince the East Frankish king Arnulf to also take the west Frankish crown. But Arnulf was not interested. Odo, Count of Paris, was elected king But Odo did not want Baldwin to gaining control of the abbey of St. Bertin. This was a rich prize and caused Baldwin to not support Odo. The new king attacked Baldwin at Bruges but could not defeat him. Baldwin continued moving his borders to the south and gained control of Artois. He also got control of the important abbey of St. Vaast. When control of the abbey was given to Archbishop Fulk of Reims in 900, Baldwin had him killed. When his attempts to expand further into the upper Somme River valley were opposed by Herbert I, Count of Vermandois Baldwin also had him killed.
Baldwin II died 10 September 918 at Blandinberg (near Ghent) and was succeeded by his eldest son Arnulf I of Flanders. His younger son Adalulf was (the first) count of Boulogne.
Family
He married Elftryth, a daughter of Alfred the Great, King of England. They had the following children:
Agalychnis terranova
Agalychnis terranova is a frog that lives in Colombia. Scientists have seen it between 240 and 900 meters above sea level.
The adult frog is about 46.9 mm long from nose to rear end. The female frogs are larger than the male frogs. This frog has green skin on its back with many warts. This frog looks very much like other Agalychnis frogs, but its sides are orange with white spots instead of blue. Scientists believe this frog hides during the day and looks for food at night.
This species is near threatened. That means it is not in danger of dying out yet but it could become in danger. It is near threatened because human beings like to dig mines in the places where the frog lives.
Allen Weinstein
Allen Weinstein (September 1, 1937 – June 18, 2015) was an American historian, educator, and federal official. He served in several different offices. He served as the Archivist of the United States from February 16, 2005 until his resignation on December 19, 2008. After his resignation, he returned to the International Foundation for Electoral Systems as the election organization's senior strategist and to the University of Maryland as a history professor.
Weinstein died of pneumonia in Gaithersburg, Maryland, aged 77.
Fredrik Fasting Torgersen
Fredrik Ludvig Fasting Torgersen (1 October 1934 – 19 June 2015) was a Norwegian man who was convicted of murder in 1958. Serving 16 years in prison before being released, he has claimed his innocence many times.
In 2013 Bjørg Njaa, a daughter of a judge in the 1958 trial said that her father was prejudiced against Torgersen even before being assigned to the trial. In 2014 he was denied access to official recordings of then leader of the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine, Bjørnar Olaisen, answering to Criminal Cases Review Commission.
Eddie (book series)
The Eddie series (Eddieserien) is a book series written by  Viveca Lärn (earlier Viveca Sundvall) about Eddie. He is a boy in early primary school. The books were originally published between 1991 and 2001. They make up a spinoff series set in the Mimmi universe. The books are told from a third-person perspective. The main character Eddie is the brother of Mimmi's friend Anders. Eddie's father is an alcoholic when the stories begin.
In 1994, a telvision series based on the books and named Håll huvudet kallt was produced. It aired as Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar that year.
Labeuvrière
Labeuvrière is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Zanskar Range
The Zanskar Range is spread over a vast area from southeastern boundaries of the state of Kashmir and extends in the northwest direction to the eastern limits of Baltistan. It separates Ladakh from the valleys of Kashmir and the Chenab River. In other words it serves as a boundary line between Ladakh region of Kashmir and the remaining two regions of the state i.e. Jammu region and Vale of Kashmir. 23000 feet high peak Nunkun is within this range. Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are in this area, 13000 feet high Zojila Pass is in the extreme northwest of Zanskar range. This range, in fact is a branch of the great Himalayan range of mountains. Many rivers start in different branches of this range flow northward, and join the great Indus River. These rivers include Hanle River, Khurna River, Zanskar River, Suru River (Indus), and Shingo River. It also separates Kinnaur from Spiti in Himachal Pradesh. The highest peaks of Himachal are in Zanskar range.
Bob Jenkins
Bob Jenkins (September 4, 1947 – August 9, 2021) was an American television and radio sports announcer. He was known for announcing IndyCar and NASCAR races for ESPN/ABC and later NBC Sports. He was born in Richmond, Indiana. Jenkins retired in 2013.
Sergei Kovalev
Sergei Adamovich Kovalyov  (also spelled Sergey Kovalev; Сергей Адамович Ковалёв; 2 March 1930 – 9 August 2021) was a Russian human rights activist and politician. He was a dissident and political prisoner in the Soviet era. He was a critic of Vladimir Putin and his government. From 1993 until 2003, Kovalev was a member of the State Duma. Kovalev was born in Seredyna-Buda, Soviet Union.
Kovalev died on 9 August 2021 in Moscow, aged 91.
Saint Martin
Saint Martin is a tropical island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km southeast of Puerto Rico. The 87 km² island is divided roughly in half between France and the Netherlands; it is the smallest inhabited sea island divided between two nations.
The main towns are Marigot (on the French part) and Philipsburg in the Dutch one. About 60.000 people live on the island.
Getty Center
The Getty Center, located in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, is a campus founded by oilman J. Paul Getty. It is used for for cultural exhibitions.
The center which costed $1.3 billion to built opened on December 16, 1997.
People like its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking the Los Angeles. It is located at the top of a hill. Entrances to the building include traveling from a visitor's parking garage at the bottom of the hill. Alternatively, it also has a three-car cable-pulled tram.
Visitors
The center draws 1.3 million visitors annually.
Exhibits
It also has outdoor sculptures displayed on terraces and in gardens. The center was designed by architect Richard Meier. The campus includes a central garden designed by artist Robert Irwin.
GRI's separate building contains a research library with over 900,000 volumes and two million photographs of art and architecture. The center's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires.
Location and history
The Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty's house in Pacific Palisades in 1954. He made the house larger by adding a new section. In the 1970s, Getty built a copy of an Italian villa near his home.
This new building was a better place to keep his art collection. It opened as a museum in 1974. After Getty died in 1976, all of the land and buildings were given to the Getty Trust to be used as museum space. However, the collection grew too big for the site. The people running the museum looked for a new location closer to Los Angeles.
In 1983, the Trust bought the land where the center is now. The new campus has 24 acre on a 110 acre site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405, surrounded by 600 acre kept in a natural state. The land cost $25 million. The top of the hill is 900 ft above I-405. So, on a clear day it is possible to see not only the Los Angeles skyline but also the San Bernardino Mountains to the east as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Construction
In 1984, Richard Meier was chosen to be the architect of the center. It took a several years to get permits to build the Getty Center. The Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company built the new buildings starting in August 1989.
The construction was significantly delayed, with the planned completion date moved from 1988 to 1995 (as of 1990). By 1995, however, the campus was described as only "more than halfway complete".
The center finally opened to the public on December 16, 1997. Although the total project cost was estimated to be $350 million as of 1990, it was later estimated to be $1.3 billion. After the center opened, the villa closed for extensive renovations and reopened on January 28, 2006, to focus on the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. Currently, the museum displays collections at both the Getty Center and the site (called the Getty Villa) in Pacific Palisades.
68 (number)
Sixty-eight is a number.sixty-eight looks like this  68  It comes above sixty-seven and below sixty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 17, 34, and 68.
Getty Center
Construction
In 2005, the Los Angeles Times printed a series of articles about how the Getty Trust and its president Dr. Barry Munitz were spending money. However, the California Attorney General investigated of the Getty Trust and found that no laws had been broken. The trust agreed to appoint a person from outside the Trust to review how money would be spent in the future. The Getty Trust experienced financial difficulties in 2008 and 2009 and cut 205 of 1,487 budgeted staff positions to reduce expenses. Although the Getty Trust endowment reached $6.4 billion in 2007, it dropped to $4.5 billion in 2009.
Architecture
Meier has exploited the two naturally-occurring ridges (which diverge at a 22.5 degree angle) by overlaying two grids along these axes. These grids serve to define the space of the campus while dividing the import of the buildings on it. Along one axis lie the galleries and along the other axis lie the administrative buildings. Meier emphasized the two competing grids by constructing strong view lines through the campus. The main north-south axis starts with the helipad, then includes a narrow walkway between the auditorium and north buildings.
The axis continues past the elevator kiosk to the tram station. The axis goes through the rotunda, past the walls and support columns of the exhibitions pavilion, and finally the ramp besides the west pavilion and the central garden. Its corresponding east-west visual axis starts with the edge of the scholar's wing of the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the walkway between the central garden and the GRI, and the overlook to the azalea pool in the central garden. The east-west axis then follows the walkway between the central garden and the west pavilion, and finally the north wall of the west pavilion and the courtyard between the south and east pavilions.
The main axes of the museum grid that is offset by 22.5 degrees begins with the arrival plaza, carries through the edge of the stairs up to the main entrance, aligns with the columns supporting the rotunda as well as the center point of the rotunda, aligns with travertine benches in the courtyard between the pavilions, includes a narrow walkway between the west and south pavilions, a staircase down to the cactus garden and ends in the garden. The corresponding cross axis starts with the center point of the circle forming the GRI library garden, then passing to the center of the entrance rotunda, and aligning with the south wall of the rotunda building. Although all of the museum is aligned on these alternative axes, portions of the exhibitions pavilion and the east pavilion are aligned on the true north-south axis as a reminder that both grids are present in the campus.
The primary grid structure is a 30 in square; most wall and floor elements are 30 in squares or some derivative thereof. The buildings at the Getty Center are made from concrete and steel with either travertine or aluminium cladding. Around 1200000 sqft of travertine was used to build the center.
Throughout the campus, many fountains provide white noise as a background. The initial design has remained intact; however benches and fences have been installed around the plaza fountains to discourage visitors from wading into the pools. Some additional revisions have been made in deference to the Americans with Disabilities Act. The north promontory is anchored by a circular grass area, which serves as a landing place for helicopters (heliport) in case of emergencies, and the south promontory is anchored by a succulent plant and cactus garden. Access roads also circle the complex and go to loading docks and staff parking garages on both the west and east sides of the buildings. The hillside around the complex has been planted with California Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees.
At the bottom of the hill, the museum has a seven-story deep underground visitor parking garage with over 1,200 parking spaces. Its roof has an outdoor sculpture garden. An automated three-car, cable-pulled tram takes passengers between the parking garage at the bottom of the hill and the museum at the top of the hill.
Arrival court and central rotunda
Visitors typically arrive at a tram station in the arrival plaza between the administrative buildings and the museum entrance. A large set of steps leads to the main doors of the rotunda building. The rotunda building houses information desks, two orientation theatres and museum shops. It also holds a grand staircase that starts a path toward the paintings on the second floor of each art pavilion. The rotunda opens to the south to a terrace that links all five of the museum pavilions. A separate building to the west of the arrival plaza and stairs holds a cafeteria and restaurant. Next to the restaurant is a stone arch, which separates the museum from the GRI. In between the GRI and the restaurant, outdoor stairs go down from the main level to the central garden.
Museum
The Getty Center's estimated 1.3 million visitors annually make it one of the most visited museums in the United States. The collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum on display at the Getty Center includes "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs". The paintings include: Getty's photograph collection is on the lower level of the west pavilion. It includes 35,000 individual prints, 1,500 daguerreotypes and other cased objects, 30,000 stereographs and cartes-de-visite, and 475 albums containing almost 40,000 mounted prints.
The museum building has a three-level base building that is closed to the public and provides staff workspace and storage areas. Five public, two-story towers on the base are called the North, East, South, West and the Exhibitions Pavilions. The Exhibitions Pavilion acts as the temporary residence for traveling art collections and the Foundation's artwork for which the permanent pavilions have no room. The permanent collection is displayed throughout the other four pavilions chronologically: the north houses the oldest art while the west houses the newest. The first-floor galleries in each pavilion house light-sensitive art, such as illuminated manuscripts, furniture, or photography. Computer-controlled skylights on the second-floor galleries allow paintings to be displayed in natural light. The second floors are connected by a series of glass-enclosed bridges and open terraces. The bridges and terraces both offer views of the surrounding hillsides and central plaza. Sculpture is also on display at various points outside the buildings, including on various terraces and balconies. The lower level (the highest of the floors in the base) includes a public cafeteria, the terrace cafe, and the photography galleries.
Central Garden
Irwin was quoted as saying that the Central Garden "is a sculpture in the form of a garden, which aims to be art." Water plays a major role in the garden. A fountain near the restaurant flows toward the garden and appears to fall into a grotto on the north garden wall. The resulting stream then flows down the hillside into the azalea pool. The designers placed rocks and boulders of varying size in the stream bed to vary the sounds from the flowing water. A tree-lined stream descends to a plaza, while the walkway criss-crosses the stream, which continues through the plaza, and goes over a stone waterfall into a round pool. A maze of azaleas floats in the pool, around which is a series of specialty gardens. More than 500 varieties of plant material are used for the Central Garden, but the selection is "always changing, never twice the same".
After the original design, an outdoor sculpture garden, called the "Lower Terrace Garden" was added in 2007 on the west side of the central garden just below the scholar's wing of the GRI building.
Getty Research Institute (GRI)
The Getty Research Institute (GRI) is "dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts." Among other holdings, GRI's research library contains over 900,000 volumes of books, periodicals, and auction catalogs; special collections; and two million photographs of art and architecture. GRI's other activities include exhibitions, publications, and a residential scholars program. At the Getty Center, GRI is to the west of the museum. The round building encircles a landscaped garden and is to the west of the central garden. The main entrance of GRI is connected by a terrace to the main arrival court of the museum, with outdoor sculptures placed along the route. GRI has one art gallery on its entrance level that is open to the public.
Other offices
Meier also designed three other buildings next to the north promontory and offset at a 22.5 degree angle from the main axis of the museum pavilions. The north-most building is an auditorium. Next to it is the North Building, with the East Building sitting between the North Building and the rotunda. The main entrance to the East Building is flanked by two round silos that hold its elevators. A bridge over a sunken courtyard links the main entrance of the East Building to the main walkway that connects the auditorium and North Buildings to the rotunda. These buildings house the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), the J. Paul Getty Trust and the Getty Foundation. These buildings are generally closed to the public except for special events held in the auditorium. They are linked to the museum both by landscaped terraces and by an enclosed glass walkway that leads from the main rotunda of the museum.
GCI, which is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa, commenced operation in 1985. It "serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field" and "adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust: service, philanthropy, teaching, and access". GCI has activities in both art conservation and architectural conservation.
The Getty Foundation awards grants for "the understanding and preservation of the visual arts". In addition, it runs the Getty Leadership Institute for "current and future museum leaders". Its offices are north of the museum. The foundation offices are in the two administrative buildings that are north of the museum. The J. Paul Getty Trust, which oversees the Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Foundation, Getty Research Institute, and J. Paul Getty Museum, also has offices there.
Earthquakes
Although the center's site was thought to have little motion during earthquakes, which are frequent in the Los Angeles area, in 1994, as the center was being constructed, the Northridge earthquake struck. It caused "disturbing hairline cracks... in the welds and plated joints of the steel framework." As a result, the steelwork through the site was retrofitted. The Center's buildings are thought to be able to survive an earthquake of 7.5 magnitude on the Richter scale.
Fires
In the 16 electrical transformers at the center, silicone fluid is used as a coolant "with less risk of ignition" than hydrocarbon coolant. The native flammable chaparral was removed and fire-resistant poverty weed was added to the slopes around the center. Each year, a herd of goats is rented to clear brush on the surrounding hills.
At the north end of the center, a tank with 1000000 gal of water, together with a grass-covered helipad, allow helicopters to collect water. The access ramp from the entry plaza to the museum was constructed to allow a fire truck to pass over it. Inside the museum, the sprinkler system is designed to balance "between the potential damage of a fire and the risk of water damage to valuable artwork".
Raider Squadrons
The Raider Command, aka, LOK (Λόχος Ορεινών Καταδρομών) or (Δυνάμεις Kαταδρομών) also known as Rangers, National Guard Special Forces (Kαταδρομείς) is a Special Forces and Special Operations Force within the Cypriot National Guard. It is currently based in Larnaca, Cyprus.
Mission
The main mission of LOK is Mountain and Guerrilla warfighting. After its creation in the 1960s, it began training in the Troodos Mountains and soon, began operations against Turkish armed people (Mainly TMT) and elements of Turkish special forces which were operating on the island. Until the invasion in 1974, this was LOKs most important mission. Since then, the unit has changed to fit the condition of the geostrategic location of Cyprus, the modern threats facing the country including but not limited to, the war on terror and the threat created by Turkey. Today LOKs missions can be from Mountain/ Border Patrols, to Combat Search and Rescue. It can do Direct Action missions and Paratrooping Operations. LOK also focuses in Hostage Rescue and fighting in close range to the enemy.
Insignia/Uniform
All members of this Military unit (or group of people) wear the unit written sign/symbol showing a winged sword, which shows of the "deadly, silent and fast" nature of special forces operations. A scroll runs across the sword and wings with the saying "Who Dares Wins" (Ο Τολμων Νικα - O Tolmon Nika), a message of thanks to the Free Greek Special Forces that served with the 1st Special Air Service (1 SAS) during World War II. The unit flash is marked with Δυνάμεις Καταδρομών (Raider Forces).
Crises of the 1960s
Immediately after its begining in 1964, the Commando Battalions were put into action to fight against both Turkish terrorist organisations (Such as TMT) and the Turkish Armed Forces. LOK played an important role in both, the Battles of Tylliria which happened in August 1964 and in Kofinou in 1967.
In the Battle of Tillyria, LOK was responsible for clearing villages and taking on any Turkish resistance in the area. Although the newly found Cypriot National Guard had just had its first victory, LOK had also lost its first 3 Commandos after being killed in the fighting.
During Operation Kofinou, LOKs job was to at first clear the hills of any Turkish figthers (From either TMT or the Turkish military) and was later given the job of clearing the village of any resistance left in the area. For this operation, both the 31st and the 32nd Commando Battalions took part whilst also helping the armored division and Cyprus Police. 1 Commando was killed during the successful Operation.
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Throughout the Turkish invasion, LOK played a role in preventing the Turkish Military from moving any further, defending areas such as the Nicosia International Airport taking key points such as areas of the Pentadaktylos mountains and cutting off key routes such as those seen in Operation Lavida.
In the first phase of the invasion, the Raiders Command put into plan Operation Lavida, which was a plan to cut off/disturb the Kyrenia-Kionelli enclave from getting more support from the invading Army. It was a nighttime operation beginning at about 11PM and was planned into the following:
Training at LOK
In the Cypriot Army Special Forces, they train mostly like their brothers in Greece (As they refer to as their mother unit, LOK). Candidates will do a few weeks of physical trainings and then go on to their further training which includes (But is not limited to), Survival and Evasion, Combat Diving, Paratrooping and climbing.
Weapons and Gear
FN P90
IWI Tavor X95
SCAR-L
AX-50
IWI Negev
FN Minimi
Milkor MGL
Labourse
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Viktor Likhonosov
Viktor Ivanovich Likhonosov (Ви́ктор Ива́нович Лихоно́сов, 30 April 1936 – 9 August 2021) was a Soviet-Russian novelist and editor. He won the Russian State Prize in 1988, the International Mikhail Sholokhov prize and the first Yasnaya Polyana award in 2003. Likhonosov was born in Kemerovo, Soviet Union. He was known for his writings during the Village Prose movement.
Likhonosov died in his home in Topki, Russia from COVID-19 on 9 August 2021 at the age of 85.
4th Dimension roller coaster
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IPv4 address shortage
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