cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Paramaribo
Paramaribo (, nickname: Par′bo) is the capital city of Suriname. About 250,000 people live in the city. It is at the Suriname River about 15 km before the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
Paramirbo used to be called in French "Bourg nommé des Juifs" because so many Jewish people lived there.
Paya Lebar MRT station
It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.
History
This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.
A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.
Station Information
There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.
May Whitty
Dame May Whitty DBE (also known as Mary Louise Whitty; June 19, 1865 – May 29, 1948) was an English actress. She acted in many movies. She played Miss Froy in the 1938 comedy-thriller movie The Lady Vanishes. She also played Lady Beldon in Mrs. Miniver four years later; she received an Academy Award nomination for that performance.
Whitty was born in Liverpool, England. She died in Beverly Hills, California from cancer at age eighty-two.
Malcolm MacMillan
Malcolm MacMillan (born February 8, 1982, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player.
Playing career
MacMillan spent four seasons in the Ontario Hockey League with three different teams and turned pro in 2003. He played in the ECHL and split the 2003–04 season with the Peoria Rivermen, Cincinnati Cyclones and the Florence Pride. After spending 2004–05 in the United Hockey League with the Port Huron Beacons, MacMillan returned to the ECHL with the Reading Royals. He also had short spells in the American Hockey League with the Hershey Bears and the Albany River Rats. In 2008, MacMillian moved to the United Kingdom, signing with the Belfast Giants scoring 36 points in 47 games.
On August 26, 2009, MacMillan returned to North America to sign a one-year deal with the Toledo Walleye of the ECHL.
Operator
In mathematics, an operator is a function (like addition) that acts on one or more numbers to create a new number.
The most known operators are those used for the first four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (+, -, \times, /).
Dick Nemelka
Richard Samuel Nemelka (October 1, 1943 – September 19, 2020) was an American professional basketball player for the American Basketball Association (ABA). He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.
As a college player, he earned All-American honor at Brigham Young University (BYU). He played for the Utah Stars between 1970 to 1971.
Nemelka died on September 19, 2020 in Salt Lake City from cancer, aged 76.
Comet NEOWISE
At that time it was a 10th magnitude comet, located 2 AU away from the Sun and 1.7 AU away from Earth.
The comet is notable for being one of the brightest visible to observers in the northern hemisphere since Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997.
Celina Seghi
Seghi turned 100 in March 2020. She died on 27 July 2022 in Pistoia, Italy at the age of 102.
Hina Altaf
Hina Altaf Khan (Urdu: حنا الطاف خان‎; born 02 January 1992), also known by her married name Hina Aagha, is a Pakistani television actress, presenter and former video jockey. Altaf briefly hosted MTV's teen show Girl's Republic. She is best known for her role as Zebo in Udaari, Eshal in Dil-e-Jaanam, Asma in Aatish, Zara in Dil-e-Gumshuda and Zoya in Rabba Mainu Maaf Kareen. Currently, she is portraying a role of Roshni in Geo TV's Bandhay Aik Dor Se opposite Ahsan Khan and Ushna Shah. Upcoming drama named as Dour in 2021.
Pierre Boulez
Pierre Boulez (pronounced “Boo-LEZ") (26 March 1925 – 5 January 2016) was one of the most important French composers of modern classical music. He was also a conductor. He was born in Montbrison, Loire. He died in Baden-Baden.
Steeple, Essex
Steeple is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 450 people living in Steeple.
Hina Altaf
Personal life
Hina Altaf was born on the 2nd Of January 1992 in the metropolitan city of Karachi.
On 22 May, 2020, Altaf married to her Friend, Co-actor Agha Ali with whom she has worked in Dil-e-Gumshuda (2019).
Pierre Boulez
As a composer
Boulez started his university studies by studying mathematics. He then gave that up and went to the Paris Conservatoire to study music. One of his teachers was Olivier Messiaen. He wrote music in an atonal style, similar to the serial music of Anton Webern. Gradually his music became completely serial, so that everything about the music: the pitches of the notes, the length of the notes, the louds and softs, the accents were all organized in a mathematical way. This is called “total serialism” or “integral serialism”. This kind of music is very strange to listen to.
Perhaps his most famous piece is Le marteau sans maître (The hammer without a master). This piece, finished in 1957, is for a small group of instruments: flute, guitar, vibraphone, xylorimba (a cross between a xylophone and a marimba), percussion and viola and a singer (alto). It has very complicated rhythms and is influenced by jazz, gamelan music, African and Japanese music.
Boulez then tried out new ideas. He wrote works which would sound different at each performance because the players could improvise some ideas. Pli selon pli (Fold upon fold) was a work for orchestra and soprano. It was based on a poem by Stéphane Mallarmé about a swan that could not fly away because it was stuck on the frozen lake. His piece Eclat (1965) also uses improvisation. The conductor is free to decide on how certain bits could be played and makes signs to the players to improvise in certain ways that the composers has written down. This kind of composition is sometimes called “Chance music” because it is different each time it is played. The American composer John Cage also experimented with Chance music.
In the 1970s he became interested in electronic music. The French president Georges Pompidou supported the building of a big Arts Centre in Paris. This centre included a large underground set of studios for music. It became known as IRCAM (translated from the French: Institute for Acoustical/Musical Research and Coordination). A lot of composers worked in IRCAM. They used computers, tape recorders etc., to compose music.
Israeli Jews
An Israeli Jew is a Jew who lives in the state of Israel. Jews have been living in Israel ever since Moses led them to there. But over time they had been kicked out then let back. The modern term mostly refers to the Jews who moved to the Jewish holy land after the forming of the state in 1948.
Israeli Jews live there because of Zionism in the 20th century.
Wolbachia
Wolbachia is a genus of bacteria which infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects. It is one of the world's most common parasitic microbes and is possibly the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere.
Ryūji Bando
Ryuji Bando (播戸 竜二) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Bando was born in Himeji on August 2, 1979. After graduating from Kotogaoka High School, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1998. He played many matches as substitute forward. He was transferred to J2 League club Consadole Sapporo in 2000. He scored 15 goals and helped them to promote to J1. In 2002, he moved to Vissel Kobe which based in his local Hyogo Prefecture and became one of the key players in the team. He scored 17 goals in the 2004 season, which made him the third most prolific goal scorer in the league. He then returned to Gamba in 2006. He scored 16 goals and his good form earned him a call-up to the national team. In 2007, Gamba won the champions in J.League Cup. Although he could not play many matches for injury in 2008, Gamba won the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League first Asian title in the club history. Gamba also won the 2008 Emperor's Cup. At Emperor's Cup final, he played as substitute forward and scored a winning goal in extra time. However his opportunity to play decreased behind new player Cho Jae-jin and Leandro in 2009. In 2010, Bando moved to Osaka's cross town rivals, Cerezo Osaka. Although he played many matches as substitute forward, he scored 10 goals in 2011. However he could hardly play in the match in 2013. In July, he moved to Sagan Tosu. However he could not play many matches. In 2015, he moved to J2 club Omiya Ardija. He played many matches in 2015 and Ardija was promoted to J1. However he could hardly play in the match from 2016. In 2018, he move to J3 League club FC Ryukyu. He played many matches and the club won the champions in 2018. Although the club was promoted to J2 from 2019, he retired end of the 2018 season.
In 1999, Bando was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1999 World Youth Championship. He played 5 matches and Japan won the 2nd place. On October 4, 2006, he debuted for the Japan national team against Ghana. He played 7 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2008.
Statistics
!Total||7||2
Bobby Bolt
Bobby Bolt (born April 29, 1987 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who was drafted 127th by the Anaheim Ducks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.
Fadhil Jalil al-Barwari
Fadhil Jamil al-Barwari (فاضل جميل البرواري‎; 1966 – 20 September 2018) was an Iraqi military commander. He was the head of the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau. He was born in Dohuk, Iraq. He joined the Iraqi Army in 2004 after the invasion. He quickly rose through the ranks of the military ladder, becoming the commanding officer of the Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF).
al-Barwari died on 20 September 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 52.
Virgil Goode
Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr. (, born October 17, 1946) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2009, first as a Democrat; in 2000 he switched to the Republican Party. He represented the 5th congressional district of Virginia. He lost his seat in the 2008 election to Democrat Tom Perriello. Goode subsequently joined the Constitution Party. He was the party's 2012 presidential nominee.
Davidson Black
Davidson Black (July 25, 1884 – March 15, 1934) was a Canadian doctor who studied anatomy and anthropology. He was born in Toronto and died in Peking (now Beijing). In 1927, he led a team that discovered bone fossils from an early species of human beings in China. The fossils were about 750,000 years old. They belonged to the species Sinanthropus pekinensis or Peking Man. He and his team found these fossils near the village of Zhoukoudian, near Beijing.
He graduated from the University of Toronto. In 1921, he became a professor of anatomy in China at Peking Union Medical College. He died on March 15, 1934.
Owen Woodhouse
Lieutenant Commander Sir Arthur Owen Woodhouse ONZ KBE DSC (18 July 1916 – 15 April 2014), better known as Owen Woodhouse, was a New Zealand lawyer, jurist and chair of government commissions. He was a member of the Supreme Court. He later served as President of the Court of Appeal from 1981 until 1986.
Woodhouse was born in Napier and studied at the University of Auckland. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant commander in the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve.
Woodhouse died from natural causes on 15 April 2014 in Auckland, aged 97.
Ancient Domains of Mystery
ADOM (Ancient Domains of Mystery) is a computer game. More specifically, it's a Roguelike.
Maleficium (sorcery)
Maleficium is a term from Latin. It can be translated as wrongdoing or evil doing, or mischief. It was used to refer to dangerous and harmful magic, and to acts of witchcraft.
Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan
Sar-e Pol or Sari Pul is the capital city of the province of Sar-e Pol in northern Afghanistan. It is in Sari Pul District. About 115,463 people live in the city.
Maurice Garin
Maurice Garin (March 3 1871 - February 19 1957) was a road bicycle racer. He is best known for winning the 1903 Tour de France - the very first running of the race. Garin was born in Arvier in the Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. He became a naturalized French citizen only in December 1901, when he was already a champion cyclist, winner of the second Paris-Roubaix.
He was declared the winner of the 1904 Tour de France, but was later disqualified. The Tour de France organisation and the French cycling authorities have not said why. They were said to have taken a train through part of the route. In the early days stages were much longer than today, sometimes starting in the dark.
When he retired from professional cycling he ran a small garage in Lens until his death.
He is buried in the Cimetière Est in the neighbouring suburb of Sallaumines.
Hovercraft
A hovercraft is a vehicle supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards. They are used on water, land, ice and other areas where the surface is smooth. A difference in air pressure between the ship and the atmosphere creates lift, causing the hovercraft to float above the surface it is set on, allowing it to ride on different surfaces. They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions. A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars. Like Hovercraft the same thing Hoverboard Which is also a true Self Balancing Board To Enjoy the Ride with a High Speed. Take a Look On
The English engineer Sir Christopher Cockerell invented the modern hovercraft.
Ren Zhengfei
Ren Zhengfei (born 25 October 1944) is a Chinese entrepreneur and engineer. He is the founder and CEO of Shenzhen-based Huawei.
As of February 2019, he had a net worth of US$1.3 billion.
Li Dongying
Li Dongying (December 14, 1920 - September 22, 2020) was a Chinese metallurgist. He was one of the founders of China's rare metal industry. He was born in Beijing. In December 1980, he co-founded the Chinese Society of Rare Earths (CSRE) in Beijing. In 1995, he was a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
On September 22, 2020, Li died in Beijing at the age of 99.
Curro Torres
Curro Torres (born 27 December 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia.
Club career statistics
249||9 249||9
International career statistics
!Total||5||0
Dundalk F.C.
Dundalk Football Club (Cumann Peile Dhún Dealgan) is a professional Irish football club based in Dundalk, County Louth. The club currently play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. Founded in 1903, they are the second most successful team, in terms of trophies won, in the history of the League of Ireland. The traditional colours of the club are white jerseys with black shorts. Due to their white jerseys, they have been nicknamed the Lilywhites. They play their home games in Oriel Park.
2013 Western Australian state election
The incumbent Liberal–National Coalition government, led by Premier Colin Barnett and Brendan Grylls, was re-elected in a landslide. They were opposed by the Labor Party, led by Mark McGowan. For the first time since 1996, the Liberals won a majority of seats in their own right, technically not requiring support from the Nationals.
Spiracle
Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called spiracles. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to invertebrate trachea, or tubes.
These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.
Some spiders also have spiracles.
2016–17 NLA season
SC Bern is the defending champions.
Coaching changes
On September 22, 2016, Fribourg-Gottéron's Gerd Zenhäusern was relieved of his duties of head coach after posting a 1-1-1-3 record through 6 games this season. It was later announced that Larry Huras would take over the job for the remainder of the season.
On October 1, 2016, the SCL Tigers fired head coach Scott Beattie after posting a 1-0-2-7 record through 10 games this season. He eventually went on to coach his final game that same day against EHC Kloten, which Langnau won 5-3. On October 2, 2016, it was announced that Heinz Ehlers would be Langnau's new head coach for the remainder of the season and through the 2017-18 season should the team stay in the NLA.
Arenas
Lausanne is playing its final season at Malley before playing two seasons in a temporary arena which will be located in the old city's slaughterhouse. Meanwhile, their new 10,000-seat arena will be built on the site of the old Malley.
This is Fribourg's last season in the current BCF Arena before it undergoes major renovations in the spring of 2017, which will last for about two years and increase the capacity from 6,500 to 8,500. The team should still be able to play in the arena during the renovations.
Playoffs
<!--
TBD vs. TBD
--> <!--
-->
RIAA equalization
RIAA equalization means equalization used in vinyl records. Without it is not possible to have so much music on one disk. It was established by the Recording Industry Association of America.
House of Representatives (Yemen)
The House of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab) is the lower house of the Parliament of Yemen. It shares the legislative power with the Shura Council, the upper house.
Autism spectrum
The autism spectrum, often called just autism or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a disorder of brain development caused by differences in the structure of the brain. Autism changes how someone thinks, understands the world, moves, communicates, and socializes. Autism is a spectrum disorder, which means that every person with autism will have different symptoms and different severity of symptoms. Some autistic people may need a lot of help with one thing. Other autistic people may not need help with the same thing. It may be easy to tell when someone is autistic, or it may not be.
The main areas of difference from non-autistic people is thinking differences (how people think and understand the world), sensory processing differences (how people react to stimuli), motor differences, communication differences, developmental differences, and socializing differences.
Signs of autism are usually present when a child is around two or three, but some people are not diagnosed until later. Some people are not diagnosed until they are adults. There is no cure for autism and many autistic people do not want a cure. They want to be accepted as different. This is called neurodiversity. Autistic people who want their differences to be accepted may be part of the autism rights movement.
Early history
The word “autism” comes from the Greek word “autos”, meaning “self.” The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction: an “isolated self”. The term "autism" was first used by a psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler in 1911 to describe one group of symptoms of schizophrenia. Sigmund Freud considered this idea and thought it was related to narcissism.
Discovery
In the 1940s, two researchers were studying autism in different countries; Hans Asperger in Austria and Leo Kanner in the United States.
In 1943 Leo Kanner (a doctor from Johns Hopkins University) did a study of 11 children. He found out that they had difficulties such as changing environments, being sensitive to certain stimuli, having speech problems, and allergies to food. Later he named the children’s condition “early infantile autism”, now called autism spectrum disorder.
Hans Asperger was doing a similar study in Austria He found they also had “[...] a lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversation, intense absorption in a special interest and clumsy movements”. It used to be thought that Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner were looking at different children and that Hans Asperger found a "mild form" of autism. This was the initial justification for Asperger syndrome. However, later research found that they were doing research on similar populations. Hans Asperger was also doing research in Nazi-controlled Austria, which believed in eugenics. Eugenics is the idea that some people are better than others. In Nazi-controlled Europe, people who were considered "lesser" were murdered, imprisoned, and discriminated against. Recent research has discovered that Hans Asperger sent children with disabilities to be murdered.
The refrigerator mother theory
In 1943 and 1949, Kanner described the children he studied in scientific papers. In these papers, he wrote that he thought the children's parents were not loving them enough. He wrote that this might be part of the reason why the children had autism. For example, in 1949 he wrote that the children's parents showed no warmth, or love, to their children. He thought the parents were so "cold" that he compared them to refrigerators:"“[The children] were left neatly in refrigerators which did not defrost. Their withdrawal seems to be an act of turning away from such a situation to seek comfort in solitude”."This idea became known as the refrigerator mother theory. For decades parents were blamed for causing their children's autism by not loving their children enough. By now, we know this is not true.
Later history
Schizophrenia and autism were linked in many researchers’ studies. It was in the 1960s when medical professionals started to see these two disorders as separate conditions. Since 1980, Kanner’s so-called "early infantile autism" is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, the DSM came out with a more accurate definition of autism in 1987. Since then, early infantile autism is called autism disorder. For the first time the DSM also introduced standardized criteria to diagnose autism. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) expanded the definition of autism and included milder cases of autism. Asperger’s syndrome was added as a type of autism in 1994.
Recent history
Autism used to be considered different conditions. Some diagnoses in the past include: Classical autism, Asperger's syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). However, none of these separate diagnoses exist anymore. Both the US DSM-V (2013) and the ICD-11 (2022) have combined the existing diagnoses into one diagnosis: Autism spectrum disorder.
This happened because doctors found that these diagnoses were frequently used in different ways. For example, one person could get a diagnosis of classical autism from one doctor, Asperger's from a second doctor, and PDD-NOS from a third doctor. This was hurting people's ability to access services and supports.
Additionally, recent research shows that Hans Asperger sent autistic children to be murdered by Nazis. Because of this, the diagnosis is less frequently used, and is not preferred by many autistic people.
Persistent Deficits
Both the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 define autism by deficits. Deficits are areas where autistic people are not as good at something as non-autistic people. Autistic people have disagreed with how autism is defined by deficits and not by differences. In Welcome to the Autistic Community, a Simple English book, about being autistic, they refer to differences, rather than symptoms or deficits. Researchers and autistic advocates are working together on creating a way to diagnose that is based on autistic people's experiences of autism and is not deficit based.
Onset (When symptoms start)
These are the two areas where symptoms must be present to diagnose autism spectrum disorders.
Both the ICD-11 and DSM-5 say that there have to be some symptoms in childhood, but that sometimes symptoms won't fully manifest until later.
Social Interaction and Communication
Difficulty in social interactions and communicating with each other.
Some examples are:
Restricted, repetitive and inflexible behavior
This term means behavior that happens over and over again and it is difficult to change. This can happen in many different situations: talking, routine, body movements, and others.
Affects the persons life
For a diagnosis, the symptoms must affect the person's life. This can include social, school, job, or other areas. For example, someone having trouble making friends, or having trouble getting a job.
ALF (TV series)
ALF is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from September 22, 1986, to March 24, 1990.
The title character is Gordon Shumway, a sarcastic, friendly alien nicknamed ALF, who crash-lands in the garage of the suburban middle-class Tanner family.
Jagdterrier
Jagdterriers are a breed of dogs. Their full name is Deutscher Jagdterrier. This translates to German terrier to mean a hunting dog.
ALF (TV series)
The series stars Max Wright as father Willie Tanner, Anne Schedeen as mother Kate Tanner, and Andrea Elson and Benji Gregory as their children, Lynn and Brian Tanner. ALF was performed by puppeteer Paul Fusco, who co-created the show with Tom Patchett.
ALF originally ran for four seasons and made 99 episodes. The series ended with an unresolved cliffhanger, but the later TV movie, Project ALF, gave a series finale for the franchise.
In August 2018, Warner Bros. Television announced development of an ALF reboot. These plans were cancelled in November 2018.
Autism spectrum
Affects the persons life
NHS England calculated in 2022 that autistic people, without a learning disability, were more likely to die and lived, on average, about 5 years less than other people.
Frequency
There are many studies on how many autistic people are out there. In the United States, the CDC does studies. In 2018, they found that 1 in 44 children are autistic. That is about 2%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 100 children worldwide are diagnosed with autism. This number keeps going up. Many people wonder why there are more and more autistic children. Some people think that something is causing it. But really, most scientists think that we are getting better at diagnosing autism. More doctors know about autism and can diagnose children that they see. More people have access to medical care and can get a diagnosis.
Under-diagnosis
In the past, autism was considered a disorder for white boys. Still, more white boys are diagnosed, and it is 4 times more common in boys than in girls. Girls and children of color are under-diagnosed. Under-diagnosed means that girls and people of color are not diagnosed as often as they should be. This means that many girls and children of color do not get a diagnosis. They may receive a different diagnosis, or they may not receive any diagnosis at all. Now, more girls and children of color are getting diagnosed. Many women and people of color also get a diagnosis or realize they are autistic as adults.
Causes
Scientists do not know exactly what causes autism. There may be many different causes for autism. Scientists do know about some things that make a person more likely to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Genes
Autism may be caused by genes. Genes are passed on from parents to children. If you have an autistic family member, you are more likely to be autistic. Some doctors look for the genes that cause autism. This is criticized by some autistic people.
Differences in the brain
Some researchers think that differences in the brain may cause autism. However, no one type of abnormal functioning of the brain is the only cause of autism. Still, scientists found some differences between the brains of autistic people and the brains of people who are not autistic. Autistic people and non-autistic people might use their brain differently. Autistic people might use certain parts of the brain more than non-autistic people.
Risk Factors During Pregnancy
There are some factors during pregnancy that can make autism more likely. The likelihood of autism increases if the mother uses thalidomide, valproic acid or drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. The risk for autism also increases with the age of father and mother at the time of pregnancy.
Maternal folate deficiency is also a prenatal and perinatal factor that is a risk factor for autism. Folate (i.e., Folic Acid) is a micronutrient that is a type of B vitamin. This nutrient can play a vital role in a uterus’s development and the production of healthy red blood cells. A person can obtain folate in their diet by consuming fruits and vegetables as various supplements. It was hypothesized that maternal supplementation of folate can help reduce a baby’s risk of developing ASD. Research on the relationship between folate and Autism Spectrum Disorder has had mixed results. Studies conducted by Raghavan et al. (2017) and Levine et al. (2018) found that when a mother was exposed to folate through supplements before and/or during pregnancy, there was a reduced risk of the child having Autism. However, in Egorova et al.’s (2020) study of the biomarkers found in the blood serum samples of mothers of children with Autism, it was found that higher levels of folate were correlated with an increased risk of ASD.
Debunked Theories
Some thing don't cause autism but people used to think they did.
"Refrigerator Mother" Theory
Scientists used to think that the parents caused autism by not loving their child enough. This is not true.
Vaccines
Scientists do know for sure that vaccines do not cause autism. Vaccines do not even make a person more likely to have autism, even if they are already likely to have autism before they get their vaccines.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing autism can be hard because there is no medical test like a blood test. Instead, an evaluation is made by a team of doctors and other health professionals who are experienced in autism and know the person trying to get diagnosed.
Diagnosis in children
A reliable diagnosis can first be given at the age of two. At the age of 18 and 24 months, children should get a check-up. If anything wrong is noticed, a further evaluation is done. In this, a team of professionals will talk to the child’s guardians about the child’s behaviour and see what they are like in different settings. This may also include behavioural or physical assessments as well as intelligence tests or developmental tests. A good, detailed history of the child is often very useful in getting a diagnosis.
Diagnosis in adults
Autism can be diagnosed in adults as well as children. This can be difficult because autism has symptoms that can also be a part of other disorders, such as OCD, that may have appeared by adulthood. An expert will usually ask the adult about concerns, challenges in life (such as socially or behaviourally) as well as standardised testing in these areas. They also often ask for a developmental history.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)
Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviours.
Co-occurring conditions
Autism spectrum disorder includes a wide range of symptoms, skills and levels of disability. Some autistic people also have learning disabilities, mental health issues or other conditions. This means that autism can also co-occur with other conditions and symptoms of the following disorders:
In the DSM-V, making a diagnosis of autism means a formal diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders cannot be made. Therefore, other mental health conditions may be undiagnosed in an autistic person, because it is impossible to make a comorbid clinical diagnosis.
Treatment
Since autism is a spectrum, every person with autism is different. Different treatments help different people. There are a few different categories of treatment. The main ones are medication, different therapies and diets. The treatment is fitted depending on what a person with autism needs.
Medication
It is still unclear what causes autism. There may be a few causes. At the moment, it is only possible to lower the symptoms of autism. A full recovery from autism is not possible. If therapies cannot reduce the symptoms of autism, medications are used additionally. Often, several medications are used at the same time to treat different symptoms of autism.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Researchers have not yet found a link between autism and serotonin, although they have been successful in treating autism with SSRIs, which stop cells from absorbing serotonin, meaning more is used for signals.
They can be used to treat repetitive behaviour, aggression, hyperactive behaviour and outbursts of anger. The SSRIs can have many side-effects. Usually the medication is better tolerated by adults than by children. Examples of SSRIs are Clomipramine, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Venlafaxine, Trazodone and Mirtazapine.
Antipsychotic medication
Dopamine is a chemical messenger in the brain. It helps to do movements, release hormones and strengthen cognitive abilities. Researchers found that increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain will worsen the symptoms of autism. Substances that help to reduce symptoms of autism are the antipsychotic drugs. There are two types of antipsychotic medications. One of the types are typical antipsychotics. They block the sites where dopamine would bind to a cell. Atypical antipsychotic drugs on the other hand block the sites where dopamine or serotonin would bind to a cell. Antipsychotic medicine is the most successful treatment for excitability in autism. It can also help to reduce aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity and repetitive behaviours, although it may have many side-effects. Originally, antipsychotic medications were used to treat mental disorders like depression, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Examples of antipsychotic drugs are Haloperidol, Clozapine, Risperidone and Paliperidone.
Psychostimulants
In the beginning, psychostimulants were only used for patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Researchers found out that they can also help patients with autism. The medication can reduce hyperactivity and inattention in people with autism. The medication can have many side-effects. Examples are Methylphenidate, Clonidine and Guanfacine.
Diet
People with autism often have problems with their digestive organs like the stomach or gut. These problems could be inflammations, abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea or bacterial overgrowth. The reasons may be malnutrition, food intolerances or allergies. Specific food products causing these problems are left out from the diet. In many cases, products containing gluten or casein, the main protein occurring in dairy products, are excluded. In many cases vitamins, minerals as well as essential fatty acids are additionally provided. A big problem is that many autistic people cannot tell that they have pain. Because of this, many problems concerning the digestive organs are not noticed.
Stow Maries
Stow Maries is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 199 people living in Stow Maries.
Brian Schmidt
Brian P. Schmidt (born February 24, 1967) is a Distinguished Professor, Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and astrophysicist at the Australian National University Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He is widely known for his research in using supernovae as Cosmological Probes. He currently holds an Australia Research Council Federation Fellowship. Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Autism spectrum
Occupational therapy
Therapy can be used to minimize distress caused by sensory overload. Special therapy plans are created for each autistic person. What is part of these plans depends on what the autistic person needs help with. The therapist tries to help the autistic person in many different aspects.
One part of this is sensory integration. The therapist will help the patient to make sense of different sensory inputs. For example, they may ask a child patient to play with finger paints or collect objects from a bag of dried beans.
Brian Schmidt
Early life and education
Schmidt, an only child, was born February 24, 1967 in the Montana mountains. His father, Dana C. Schmidt, was a fisheries biologist. When he was 13, his family moved to Anchorage, Alaska.
Autism spectrum
Occupational therapy
Another part is the training of daily life activities. The therapist may help the patient to get used to things like getting dressed, eating, hygiene, shopping and financial management. These may be done one step at a time if the activity involves multiple steps, such as cooking.
Brian Schmidt
Early life and education
Schmidt went to Bartlett High School in Anchorage, and graduated in 1985. He has said that he wanted to be a meteorologist "since I was about five-years-old" but "... I did some work at the US National Weather Service up in Anchorage and didn't enjoy it very much. It was less scientific, not as exciting as I thought it would be - there was a lot of routine. But I guess I was just a little naive about what being a meteorologist meant." He decided to study astronomy just before he started at university. He was graduated BS(Physics), BS(Astronomy) from the University of Arizona in 1989. He received his MA (1992) and then PhD from Harvard University in 1993. Schmidt's PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner and used Type II Supernovae to measure the Hubble Constant. At Harvard, he met his future wife, an Australian, Jenny Gordon who was studying for a PhD in economics. In 1994, he moved to Australia.
Autism spectrum
Occupational therapy
Play therapy is also helpful, especially for children. It can be useful to learn about certain emotions, which can be hard for autistic people. This can also be used to help learn social conventions, such as shaking hands instead of hugging when meeting a stranger.
Brian Schmidt
Work
Schmidt was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (1993-94) before moving to Mount Stromlo Observatory in the Australian Capital Territory in 1995.
Autism spectrum
Therapy with animals
Often animals are used to help autistic people. Most often dogs or horses are used. The people diagnosed with autism can care for these animals, pet them, and, in the case of the horse, even ride on them. Studies showed that the interaction between an autistic person and animals can increase communication, reduce stress, fear, and aggression, and reduce the severity of the symptoms of autism.
Music therapy
Music therapy consists of two parts. One is an active listening part. Here, the therapist is making music himself or playing music from a record. In the other part, the autistic person can make music himself like playing an instrument or singing. Music therapy will improve different aspects of communication.
Brian Schmidt
Work
Schmidt and Adam Riess led the High-z Supernova Search Team which found evidence that the Universe's expansion rate is now accelerating. They discovered this by looking at Type 1a Supernova. The discovery was the opposite of the current theory that the expansion of the universe was slowing down. By studying the color shifts in the light from the supernova from Earth, they discovered that these billion-year old nova were still accelerating. This result was also found about the same time by the Supernova Cosmology Project, led by Saul Perlmutter. With two studies getting the same result scientists now accept the accelerating universe theory. New research is now trying to understand the nature of the universe, such as the existence of dark matter. The discovery of the accelerating universe was named 'Breakthrough of the Year' by Science Magazine in 1998. Schmidt was jointly awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Reiss and Perlmutter for their groundbreaking work.
UGK Records
UGK Records is an American record label. It was created by Chad Butler, rapper Pimp C, immediately following his release from prison in 2006. The music production company is named after Pimp C’s rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of finalizing a distribution deal when Pimp C was found dead in his West Hollywood hotel room. UGK Records was managed by Pimp C’s mother, Weslyn Monroe, known as Mama Wes. The label is now being managed by Pimp C’s son.
Artists
Artists signed to the label include:
Autism spectrum
Art therapy
Here, different materials and techniques are used to draw pictures. The aim of art therapy is to make the autistic person more flexible and relaxed and to improve communication skills, self-image and learning skills. The effects of the therapy can be long lasting and transferred to the school, work or home setting.
Brian Schmidt
Awards
Schmidt has received the Australian Governments Malcolm McIntosh Prize in 2000, Harvard University's Bok Prize in 2000, the Australian Academy of Science's Pawsey Medal Medal in 2001, and the Vainu Bappu Medal of the Astronomical Society of India in 2002. He was the Marc Aaronson Memorial Lecturer in 2005, and in 2006, he shared the Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Adam Riess and Saul Perlmutter.
Autism spectrum
Other websites
Scientific studies
Brian Schmidt
Awards
Schmidt and the other members of the High-Z Team (the set defined by the co-authors of Riess et al. 1998) shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, a $500,000 award, with Saul Perlmutter of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Supernova Cosmology Project (the set defined by the co-authors of Perlmutter et al. 1999) for their discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe.
Schmidt, along with Riess and Perlmutter, jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their observations which led to the discovery of the accelerating Universe.
Escopetarra
An escopetarra is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a combination of the Spanish words escopeta (meaning shotgun/rifle) and guitarra (meaning guitar).
Escopetarras were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first escopetarra in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.
López made five escopetarras, four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his escopetarra for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the escopetarra given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament.
In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47s from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.
Bruto Mazzolani
Bruto Mazzolani (born 1880 in Ferrara), italian naïve art painter.
Biography
Bruto Mazzolani was the son and pupil of Giuseppe Mazzolani, collaborator of Raffaele Casnedi, then went to Bologna to study at the Clementina Academy (Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna), becoming a pupil of Domenico Ferri. Mazzolani took part in various exhibitions in Milan, Bologna and Ferrara.
Mazzoleni often went to paint en plain air in the ancient village of Lierna on Lake Como, finding a light and an atmosphere that stimulated his artistic vein.
Abetone
Abetone was a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pistoia in the Italian region of Tuscany. It was about 80 km northwest of Florence and about 49 km northwest of Pistoia. It has been a frazione of Abetone Cutigliano since 2017.
Conjecture
A conjecture is an idea in mathematics that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true.
After a conjecture is proven to be true, it becomes a theorem.
Famous conjectures
Until recently, one of the most famous conjectures was Fermat's Last Theorem. The name was incorrect, because although Fermat said he had a proof for it, none could be found in his notes. In 1992, British mathematician Andrew Wiles found a proof for it, making it a theorem and not a conjecture.
Other famous conjectures include:
Undecidable conjectures
Not every conjecture can be proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which describes the size of certain infinite sets, is an example. It was shown to be independent of the generally accepted axioms of set theory, which means that it cannot be proven true or false using those axioms. It is therefore possible to take this statement, or its negation, as a new axiom in a consistent manner (much as we can take Euclid's parallel postulate as either true or false).
In this case, if a proof uses this statement, researchers will often look for a new proof that does not require the hypothesis The one major exception to this in practice is the axiom of choice -- unless studying this axiom in particular, the majority of researchers do not usually worry whether a result requires the axiom of choice.
Rye Brook, New York
Rye Brook is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States, within the town of Rye. The population was 9,347 at the 2010 census.
The Everlasting (song)
"The Everlasting" is a 1998 song by Welsh band Manic Street Preachers and is the second single from their fifth studio album This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours. It went to number 3 in Iceland, number 9 in Scotland, number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 22 in Ireland, number 47 in the Netherlands and number 88 in Germany.
Track listings
All music was written by James Dean Bradfield and Sean Moore except where indicated. All were lyrics written by Nick Jones except where indicated.
CD single 1 (UK) Epic 666593 2
CD single 2 (UK) Epic 666686 5
CD single (EU) Epic EPC 666593 1
Cassette single