cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Alberto Santos-Dumont
Flying
Then Santos-Dumont decided to work on heavier-than-air flying machines, which people call airplanes or aeroplanes today. In the fall of 1906, he tried to fly his biplane, the Santos-Dumont 14-bis in a field outside Paris. Experts disagree on exactly what counts as flying and what is only a hop in the air, so perhaps his first flight was on September 13 when the 14-bis stayed in the air for a short distance or perhaps it was in October when it flew for 50 meters, but everyone agrees that Santos-Dumont did fly in the fall of 1906. On November 12, 1906, outside Paris, he flew the 14-Bis biplane for 220 meters (722 feet) outside Paris, 6 meters up in the air. The 14-bis used a 50-horsepower internal combustion engine, meaning an engine that burned its own fuel inside itself instead of using steam.
Because many people had come out to watch him fly, because he was already famous, and because the Wright Brothers had not told many people about their own flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903, many people thought Alberto Santos-Dumont was the first person to fly an airplane at all.
Alberto Santos-Dumont made his last flight in 1910. Some time after that, doctors told him he had multiple sclerosis. He committed suicide in Brazil in 1932. Some sources say this was because he was sad that airplanes had become weapons in World War I and other wars.
Legacy
Alberto Santos-Dumont is part of the First Flight Society's shrine at Kitty Hawk and listed in the Brazilian Air Ministry Almanac.
Some people in Brazil believe Alberto Santos-Dumont was the first person to fly an airplane, before the Wright Brothers. This is for two reasons: First, some people think the Wright Brothers' flight at Kitty Hawk did not count. They believe the Wright Brothers Flyer got off the ground but not long enough to count as flying. Others say that the winds at Kitty Hawk helped the Flyer too much for the flight to count. Others say that the Kitty Hawk flight did not count because the Wright Brothers used a catapult to get the Flyer started. However, the Wright Brothers did not really use a catapult that day, though they did use one with later planes. Second, some people they think the Wright Brothers did fly, but not in 1903 when they said they did. One reason for this is that Alberto Santos-Dumont performed almost all his tests and experiments publicly. Anyone who wanted could watch him work. He often tested his planes with many people watching. The Wright Brothers kept much of their work a secret because they did not want other inventors to steal their ideas. They hoped to patent their work and make money. However, when the Wright Brothers flew their first true plane at Kitty Hawk, they asked five people from the local town and life saving station to come watch and take a photograph. By 1906, the Wright Brothers had flown many of their planes many times, for as far as 39 kilometers. Today, most aviation historians believe that Alberto Santos-Dumont was not the first person to fly.
By flying his dirigible around the Eiffel Tower and landing on purpose, Alberto Santos-Dumont helped convince people that flying machines were not only interesting inventions but that they could be useful in real life. He also invented the Desmoiselle, a monoplane. That means it was a plane with one set of wings instead of two sets of wings like a biplane. The Desmoiselle flew so well that it helped monoplanes become the most common type of plane.
Fighting Back
Fighting Back is a 1982 American action thriller movie directed by Lewis Teague and starring Tom Skerritt, Patti LuPone, Michael Sarrazin, Yaphet Kotto, David Rasche, Lewis Van Bergen, Earle Hyman, Ted Ross, Allan Graf. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Emperor Kameyama
Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was Tsunehito-shinnō (恒仁親王). The posthumous name of Kameyama comes from the place name of the emperor's tomb, in a section of Kyoto.
He was the seventh son of Emperor Go-Saga and the younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.
Kameyama was the father of 36 children, including the son and heir who became Emperor Go-Uda.
After his death
The Imperial Household Agency say the mausoleum (misasagi) of Kameyama is in Kyoto. The emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine there.
Eras of reign
The years of Kameyama's reign cover more than one era name.
Arupadai Veedu
Murugan
The story of Lord Murugan is written about in Skanda Purana. Legend says that the demon Soorapadman tortured the Devas. They complained to Lord Vishnu and Brahma. Kamadeva was sent to wake Lord Shiva, who later gave birth to Kartikeya. Karthikeya killed Soorapadman and saved the devas. Muruga is shown as the god of love and war. Kartikeya married Valli and Deivayanai.
In Tamil literature five types of lands are explained. They are Kurinji (mountains), Mullai (forest), Marutham (agricultural), Neithal (coastal) and Palai (desert). Each land types has a defferent god. Lord Muruga is a leader of the Kurinji region.
Religious importance
Arunagirinathar was a 15th-century Tamil poet born in Tiruvannamalai. When he was young, he was a rioter and seducer of women. After ruining his health, he tried to kill himself. He did this by jumping from the northern tower of Annamalaiyar Temple. He was saved by the god Murugan. He became a staunch devotee and composed Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan, the most notable being Thirupugazh. Arunagirinathar went to many Murugan temples. On his way back to Tiruvannamalai, he visited Palani. He sung songs about Swaminathaswamy. Tiruparamkundram is considered the first of the six abodes. This is the only temple where abishekam is performed for Vel instead of Lord Murugan. Palani is considered the most prominent abodes of Lord Muruga.
Traditions
One of the main traditions of the six temples, is the tonsuring of devotees. They removed their hair to be like the Palani deity. Another tradition is the anointing of the head of the deity's idol with sandalwood paste. This is done at the end of the day before the temple closes. The paste is said to get medicinal properties. It is given to devotees, as rakkāla chandaṇam.
Oussou Konan Anicet
Oussou Konan Anicet Harian Maxmalon (23 January 1989 – 3 January 2022) was an Ivorian professional footballer. He played as a forward. Anicet began his career in homeland club Africa Sports. He later played with Espérance Sportive de Tunis.
Anicet died from a sudden illness on 3 January 2022, at the age of 32.
Canadian Hockey League
The Canadian Hockey League (or CHL) is an umbrella organization for junior ice hockey leagues in Canada. There are three leagues with the CHL: the Western Hockey League, the Ontario Hockey League, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The three leagues have a total of sixty teams, fifty-two in Canada and eight in the United States. At the end of the leagues' season, the league champions play for the Memorial Cup, as the champion of the CHL.
Lesser Antilles
The Lesser Antilles (also known as the Caribbees ) are a group of islands between the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean. They are east and south of the Greater Antilles. Some of the islands are also just off the northern coast of South America.
The Star-Spangled Banner
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States of America. Francis Scott Key wrote the words to it in 1814, after seeing British ships attacking Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland during the War of 1812.
The words are set to the music of a British drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven". The song has 4 stanzas, but only the first one is usually sung.
Lyrics
Although the United States does not have an official language, English is the most used language in everyday life; thus, the official lyrics are in English. However, through the years, "The Star-Spangled Banner" has been translated into other languages. These languages are spoken by people living in the United States, who trace their roots to other parts of the globe. These languages include Spanish, German, Yiddish, Czech, Polish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Arabic.
It has also been translated into languages spoken by native Americans, such as Navajo. A fairly well-known Navajo version called "Dah Naatʼaʼí Sǫʼ bił Sinil" was translated by singer and former beauty pageant titleholder Radmilla Cody.
English original
The full poem consists of four stanzas with a total of thirty-two lines. But usually just the first stanza is sung, and is the most well-known among Americans.
O say can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country, should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war's desolation. Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.' And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
Spanish version
Three versions of "The Star-Spangled Banner" have been translated into the Spanish language. The first one was done by Francis Haffkine Snow for the United States Bureau of Education.
The second one was done by a Peruvian American musician named Clotilde Arias, for a competition held by then-president Franklin D. Roosevelt, as a part of his Good Neighbor policy in an effort to promote American ideals in Latin America. This musician was the winner of this contest and her Spanish version was accepted by the United States Department of State in 1946.
German version
In 1861, a version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was translated by German American poet and immigrant named Niclas Müller.
O, sagt, könnt ihr seh'n bei der Dämmerung Schein, Was so stolz wir begrüßten in Abendroths Gluten? Dess Streiffen und Sterne, durch Kämpfender Reih'n, Auf dem Walle wir sahen so wenniglich fluten; Die Raketen am Ort und die Bomben vom Fort, Sie zeigten bei Nacht, daß die Flagge noch dort. O sagt, ob das Banner mit Sternen besäet Über'm Lande der Frei'n und der Tapfern noch weht?
Am Strand, kaum geseh'n durch den Nebel jetzt noch, Wo des Feinds stolzer Haufen in Schweigsamkeit waltet; Was ist's, daß der Wind, auf dem Thurme so hoch, Wenn er günstig d'ran bläst, halb verdeckt, halb entfaltet? Und jetzt faßt es den Strahl, wie er fällt in das Thal, Und glanzet in Herrlichkeit jetzt auf dem Pfahl. O das ist das Banner mit Sternen besäet, Das noch über den Frei'n und den Tapferen weht!
Und so soll es sein stets, wo Männer die Hand Sich reichen, entgegen des Aufruhrs Gewalten; Mit Frieden und Sieg mag gesegnet das Land Dann preisen die Macht, die uns einig erhalten; Denn der Sieg muß uns sein, wo die Sache so rein; Und das sei der Wahlspruch: "Auf Gott trau allein!" Und siegreich das Banner mit Sternen besäet Über'm Lande der Frei'n und der Tapfern noch weht!
French version
O dites, voyez-vous Dans la lumière du jour Le drapeau qu'on saluait À la tombée de la nuit ? Dont les trois couleurs vives Pendant la dure bataille Au-dessus des remparts Inspiraient notre pays. Et l'éclair des fusées, Des bombes qui explosaient, Démontraient toute la nuit Que le drapeau demeurait. Est-ce que la bannière étoilée Continue toujours à flotter Au-dessus d'une nation brave, Terre de la liberté ?
Navajo version
Yá shoo danółʼį́į́ʼ Hayoołkááł biyiʼdę́ę́ʼ Baa dahwiiʼniihgo átʼé Dah naatʼaʼí éí yéigo nihił nilíinii.
Noodǫ́ǫ́z dóó bizǫʼ disxǫs Naabaahii yitaayá Bitsʼą́ą́ honiyéeʼgo deiníłʼį́ Nihichʼįʼ ínidída ndi baa ííníidlį́
Áh, hoolʼáágóó bineʼ neidą́ Báhádzid dahólǫ́ǫ ndi Éí yeeʼ bee tʼáá sih hasin Tʼóó nihá dah siłtzoos ndi
Steve Hart
Steve Hart (13 February 1859 – June 28, 1880) was an Australian bushranger and a member of the Kelly Gang. A close friend of Ned Kelly's brother, Dan Kelly, Hart was caught up in the murder of three policemen at Stringybark Creek. He was killed during the siege at Glenrowan, Victoria.
Early Life
Hart was born at Three Mile Creek, near Wangaratta, Victoria, in 1859. His parents, Richard Hart and Bridget Young had come from Ireland. They had other children, Richard 'Dick' Hart (Jr.), Hugh Hart, Thomas Hart, Nicholas Hart, Esther 'Ettie' Hart, Jane Hart and Winifred Hart.
Hart was a small man, and a very good horse rider. His brother Nicholas was a jockey. One story says Steve worked as a jockey around Beechworth and Wangaratta, and won 'The Benalla Handicap' after a protest was upheld. He did not open farm gates, and always jumped them with his horse.
Crime
In 1877, Hart was sent to Beechworth Gaol for 12 months for stealing 13 horses. He met Dan Kelly while in prison. When he was let out of gaol he went to Bullock Creek to look for gold with Dan Kelly. He is reported to have said here's to "...a short life, and a merry one." He was at Bullock Creek while Dan and Ned Kelly were in hiding from the police. The gang, which on that day included Joe Byrne, heard gunshots and discovered a police search party camped nearby at Stringybark Creek. The next day the gang went to the camp to take the policemen's guns. Three policemen were killed and the gang were made outlaws, which meant that they could be captured dead or alive for a reward. At this time the police did not know Hart was a member of the gang. As a member of the Kelly Gang he often rode around in women's clothes to avoid being caught. During the search for the Kelly Gang, the police were told to stop women riders to see if they were really women. The stories of how Ned's sister, Kate Kelly, did things to help the gang, were probably really about Steve Hart.
Bushranger
Hart took part in the bank robberies at Euroa and Jerilderie. At Euroa he met an old school friend of his, Francis 'Fanny' Shaw (sometimes known as Maggie Shaw) and through her, the police found out his name. Hart also stole a watch from Robert Scott, the bank manager. When a bank worker, Bob Booth, asked him for something to remember the visit by, Hart gave him a lead bullet carved with the letter 'H'.
At Jerilderie in 1879, the Kelly gang held many people hostage in the Royal Hotel before robbing the bank. Hart stole a watch from Reverend Gribble, a parson at the Protestant church. Ned told Hart he was a common thief and made him give the watch back. After Jerilderie, Hart went into hiding with the gang for most of 1879, although Hart did go to a St.Kilda doctor to be treated for a foot problem.
Glenrowan
Hart and Kelly forced many people of the town into a small hotel owned by Ann Jones. They were joined by Dan Kelly and Byrne who had ridden quickly across country from Beechworth. They waited at the hotel for the police. The plan failed when news of the Sherritt murder took a long time to reach Melbourne. The people kept at the hotel were becoming difficult to keep under control. Ned Kelly let one man go free at 3.00am, the school teacher Thomas Curnow, who said he had to get home to his wife. Instead he went to the train line and was able to stop the police train safely. The police went to the hotel and began shooting. It is estimated that 15,000 bullets were fired. Joe Byrne was shot dead in the front room of the hotel. Ned Kelly left the hotel in the early morning, probably to meet with other men who were going to help him capture the train. He was captured by the police.
Death
The bodies of Hart and Kelly were badly burned during the fire. People who saw the burned and blackened bodies were unable to tell which was Dan Kelly and which was Steve Hart. Hart's body, little more than a blackened stump was buried at Greta Cemetery the following day, June 29, 1880, in the same grave as Dan Kelly. He was 21 years old. After the grave was filled in, the whole area was ploughed over to keep the site of the grave hidden. The family was worried that the police would still try to get the bodies. Hart's armour is now on display at the Victoria Police Museum in Melbourne.
The Star-Spangled Banner
Navajo version
Tʼóó shį́į́ éí sǫʼ bił sinilgo Dah naatʼá, áh hoolʼáa doo Nihikéyah bikʼihígíí Kʼad hózhǫ́ náhásdlį́į́ʼ
Yiddish version
A Yiddish version titled "Di Shtern-Batsirte Fon" was translated by a Jewish American poet named Dr. Avrom Aisen, on the hundredth anniversary of Scott Key's death. It was published in 1943 by the Educational Alliance located New York City.
Samoan version
Samoan is a language spoken in American Samoa, the American part of the Pacific island of Samoa.
The Black Cauldron (movie)
The Black Cauldron is a 1985 American-Welsh animated fantasy movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. It is based on the first two books in The Chronicles of Prydain by Lloyd Alexander, a series of five novels which in turn is based on Welsh mythology.
The movie is about the evil Horned King who hopes to secure the magical Black Cauldron and rule the world with its help.
The movie is directed by Ted Berman and Richard Rich. They directed the previous Disney animated movie The Fox and the Hound.
It was not very popular when it was first released. Now it has become a cult movie. It cost $25 million to make. It earned only $21 million at the North American box office. It is said to be one of the worst box-office failures from Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Dylan Lauren
Dylan Lauren (born May 9, 1974) is an American businesswoman. She is the owner of New York City's Dylan's Candy Bar, which claims to be the largest candy store in the world. She founded the company in 2001. She is the daughter of fashion designer Ralph Lauren and socialite Ricky Lauren.
Lauren was born in New York City. She is Jewish. She married Paul Arrouet in 2011. The couple have two children.
Daniel Colliard
Daniel Colliard (14 August 1930 – 3 January 2022) was a French politician. He was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF). He was born in Dieppe, France. He was Mayor of Le Havre from 1994 until 1995. He was a member of the French National Assembly between 1993 until 1997.
Colliard died on 3 January 2022 in Le Havre, aged 91.
Khao soi
Khao soi is a curry noodle dish often found in Myanmar, Laos, and northern Thailand. It is made from egg or rice noodles and coconut curry. Ingredients often added to khao soi include chicken, fried noodles, onions, cilantro, garlic, ginger, lime, toasted chilies, and other ingredients.
United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly is made up of all United Nations member states. The Assembly meets once a year, which usually begins on the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December. The first meeting was held on 10 January 1946.
Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, for example suggestions on world peace, human rights and security, is by two-thirds of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by popular vote. Each member country has one vote.
At present, the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine are the only two observer states at the United Nations. Switzerland also had that status until it became a member state.
The current President of the United Nations General Assembly is Abdulla Shahid since 14 September 2021.
United nations general assembly observers have the right to speak in the assembly. The observers have no rights to vote in the assembly.
Jeju-do
Jeju-do (Korean for Jeju Province) is a province in South Korea. Most of Jeju Province is Jeju Island, which is the largest island in South Korea. The island was created as a result of a volcanic eruption. Jeju-do is in the southern part of South Korea. Many people visit this island on honeymoon or to sight-see. Because Jeju-do is in the southern part of South Korea, it's warmer than the rest of South Korea.
Ontario Highway 17
Ontario Highway 17 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It is 1964 km long. This makes it Ontario's longest highway. It starts on the border with Manitoba, near Kenora. It ends near Arnprior where the highway merges with Ontario Highway 417.
Highway 17 forms the Ontario part of the Trans-Canada Highway.
Jeju-do
History
From ancient times, Jeju-do has been said to have plenty of women, winds, and stones.
In the middle of the 20th century, the Korean War divided Korea into two countries, North Korea and South Korea. In 1948, there was an uprising on Jeju Island. The government of what would become South Korea burned down most of the villages on Jeju Island and killed 30,000 people. People disagree about exactly what happened and why. Some people say the government was trying to stop Communists and other people say the Jeju Islanders who were killed were rebels who didn't want the country cut into two pieces. In 2003, the government of South Korea apologized.
Culture
Many television shows, for example Dae Jang Geum, are filmed in Jejudo.
The people who live in Jeju Province do not speak exactly the same type of Korean as other Koreans. The Jeju dialect is recognized as a separate language, the Jeju language. Women have been an important part of family economics in Jeju-do. People on Jeju-do tie some ropes over their roof so that it can withstand strong winds. Jeju island is based on basalt. Because basalt has many holes, people had trouble with getting water to drink. As a result, they used Heobeok to carry water.
There are many doll hareubang basalt sculptures on Jeju. This is "stone grandfather" in English. They are made out of basalt stone.
Haenyo is the professional job of getting seafood. Most haenyo divers are women. They can hold their breath for two minutes and dive to 20 meters to collect abalone, oysters, and other edible animals.
Tourism
Millions of tourists visit Jejudo every year, 14.4 million in 2019, and they leave large amounts of garbage behind. Environmentalists say that too much of Jejudo has been made into roads, buildings and golf courses for the visitors. Some of the residents of Jejudo do not like that there are so many tourists because they use up the water and leave garbage on the beaches. Because many of the restaurants and hotels are owned by people from China, locals do not always get much money from visitors
Passaic River
The Passaic River is a river, about 80 mi (129 km) long, in northern New Jersey in the United States.
Mario Lanfranchi
Mario Lanfranchi (30 June 1927 – 3 January 2022) was an Italian movie, theatre, and television director, screenwriter, producer, collector, and actor. His best known movie was the 1968 western movie Death Sentence. He also directed the opera Madama Butterfly.
Lanfranchi died in Rome, Italy on 3 January 2022, at the age of 94.
Paradise Valley, Arizona
Paradise Valley is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 12,820.
Shellfish
Shellfish is a culinary term for some aquatic invertebrates used as food: molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is not a scientific term, and its use may vary from place to place.
Both saltwater and freshwater invertebrates are considered shellfish. Molluscs commonly used as food include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle, and scallop.
Some crustaceans commonly eaten are the shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish, and crab.
Edible cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish and terrestrial snails, though all molluscs, are sometimes considered to be shellfish and sometimes not.
The term finfish is sometimes used to distinguish ordinary (vertebrate) fish from shellfish.
Jewish and Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating of shellfish (those that live on the land, and in the water).
In Japanese cuisine, chefs often use shellfish and their roe. Sushi and sashimi feature both raw and cooked shellfish.
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages were a period of about 1000 years in European history that started around the year 476, when the Western Roman Empire ended, and continued until around the time that Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World in 1492. Sometimes, 1453 is used instead for the end since the Byzantine Empire fell that year. The period of time is called the "Middle Ages" because it took place between the fall of Rome and early modern Europe, and it is often separated into the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages.
People also use other names like the "Medieval Age” to describe the Middle Ages. Another term is “the Age of Faith” because Christianity and Islam then became much more popular. The early Middle Ages have also been called the “Dark Ages” because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, art or progress during the period.
Very few people in the Middle Ages could read and so there are not many records from the period. Historians, therefore, do not know as much about the Middle Ages as about other times.
During the Middle Ages, many people’s lives were short, difficult and poor. The fall of the Western Roman Empire and the invasions of barbarian tribes devastated Europe. The Romans had made progress in science, technology, engineering, medicine and literature, but during the Middle Ages, much of their knowledge was lost. There were mass migrations, wars and plagues. For around 300 years, there was continuous violence. Then, the development of feudalism decreased some of the violence.
In 800, Charlemagne became Emperor of the Romans. He promoted order, education, and civilization. Slowly, Europe began to regain what it had lost. Still, the Late Middle Ages were a difficult time. Wars and the bubonic plague killed millions of people in Europe and Asia.
Europe changed a lot during the Middle Ages. Independent unified nation-states formed across the old Western Roman Empire. The new nations included England, Scotland, Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Lithuania, Denmark, Norway and France (the last which evolved from the realm of the Franks).
Eastern Roman Empire
In 330 AD, Roman Emperor Constantine created the Eastern Roman Empire (later called the Byzantine Empire). He made its capital city Constantinople (now Istanbul). The Byzantine Empire controlled Asia Minor and Northern Africa and briefly southern Spain and southern Italy. However, its lands were slowly eaten away by enemies like the Ottomans and the Franks.
The Byzantine Empire survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasted until 1453. Constantinople was a walled city on a peninsula, which made it difficult for invaders to take over. Finally, that year, the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople and called it Istanbul. That was the end of the Byzantine Empire.
The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks is sometimes called the end of the Middle Ages.
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the early 7th century. Soon after his death in 632, Islam split into two main branches: the Sunni Muslims and the Shi'a. Most Muslims (about 85%) are now Sunni. Shi'a live mostly in Iran and Iraq. The Sunni-Shi'a split has been compared to the later East-West Schism of 1054 or the Protestant Reformation within the Western Christianity starting in 1517.
After Muhammad’s death, Arab Muslims began to take over many Christian territories and convert them to Islam. Over time, they took control of what is now Iraq, Syria, Egypt, North Africa and Spain. (France and other European countries stayed under Christian rule.) Eventually, the Muslim Ottomans Empire conquered parts of Eastern Europe too. Many Muslim states held of vast areas of land, which made them superpowers of the Middle Ages. Islam spread along the major trade routes of the Old World. Many traders and travelers became Muslim.
The Middle Ages were a golden age of knowledge in Muslim territories. Europe was struggling greatly, but the Islamic world was making great progress in the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences and technology. Many Muslim caliphs and Sultans gathered the ancient texts of great classical empires. (For example, the caliphs of Andalusia, based in Cordoba, gathered ancient Roman texts, and the Anatolian Seljuk Sultans gathered ancient Greek texts.). During the Islamic Golden Age, Al-Khwarizmi, a Persian Muslim mathematician, helped to develop algebra.
The Golden Age of Islam ended with the Mongol invasions in the mid-13th century.
Asian Trade and the Bubonic Plague
During the Middle Ages, trade between countries became much more common. Most trade ran along the Silk Road, a trade route that connected Europe to the Middle East and East Asia. Arab traders brought things back and forth between Europe and East Asia along the Silk Road.
Items that were light, easy to carry and valuable traveled the furthest distances. During the High Middle Ages, wealth began to return, and consumers began to demand luxuries again. Traders brought silk, porcelain, spices, incense, gold and gems thousands of miles across deserts, mountains and plains to reach Europe. They also brought glass from Europe to Asia.
Not all items traveled along the entire Silk Road. Traders carrying heavier or less valuable items would travel shorter distances. Food, for example, would usually travel only within a few villages.
Trade was greatly interrupted several times during the Crusades (1095-1291), Mongol invasions, wars between Muslims and Christians and the Black Plague. Histories think the Mongols brought the plague with them from Asia. The disease devastated the world population from 1347 to 1351 and killed almost a third of the world's population although the Americas were not affected.
Buddhism
Buddhism is a non-theistic religion; its followers do not believe in a god. It is based on philosophy and began in India. However, Muslim invaders drove Buddhism out of India, which forced it to flee east. There are very few Buddhists in India today, but Buddhism eventually took up strong roots in China.
The Mongolian Empire and Chinese Exploration
During the Middle Ages, the Mongols created the world's largest-ever contiguous empire. Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongols took over territories in much of Asia, the Middle East, and far Eastern Europe. Because the Mongol Empire was so large and powerful, there was little war within the empire. This is now called the Pax Mongolica (Latin for “Mongolian peace”). Like the earlier Pax Romana ("Roman Peace"), the Pax Mongolica was a time of relative peace and stability. That made it possible for trade, technologies and ideas to travel safely throughout Eurasia. International trade and diplomacy along the Silk Road expanded greatly.
Around 1405, a Chinese admiral, Zheng He, went to explore the world. His fleet of 300 treasure ships explored great areas of the Eastern world. The ships were many times larger than anything the Europeans had built. A Zheng He treasure ship was wider than Columbus' ship Santa Maria was long.
Late Middle Ages
Before the Late Middle Ages, armies were formed only when there was a war, but states began to found standing armies, which are permanent. Technology, economy and science developed. New cities were founded, and existing cities grew larger and richer.
During the late Middle Ages, France and England fought the Hundred Years' War. China regained its independence from the Mongol Empire. The Grand Duchy of Moscow, which became the most important state in Eastern Europe, also became independent from the Mongols and later became called “Russia.”
In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine Empire. That cut off the Silk Road and so Europeans had to find new trade routes. That triggered the Age of Discovery during the Renaissance. In turn, the Christian states drove the Muslims out of Spain.
Limpet
The name Limpet is used for many marine and freshwater gastropod species which have a simple conical shell. The phrase "true limpets" is used only for marine limpets in the ancient clade Patellogastropoda. This article is mainly about the true limpets.
True limpets are small marine gastropod molluscs with flattened, cone-shaped shells. They live throughout the intertidal zone, attached to rocks or other hard ground. They attach themselves using mucus and a muscular "foot", which seals them against the rock and protects them from desiccation during low tide, and from high-energy waves action.
Limpets eat by grazing on algae found on rock surfaces. They scrape films of algae from the rock with a radula, a ribbon-like tongue with rows of teeth. Limpets move by rippling the muscles of their foot in a wave-like motion. Most limpets are less than 3in (8cm) long, but a West Mexican Limpet grows to be 8in (20 cm).
Some key-hole limpets have a hole at the top, through which gas exchange can occur (they are not true limpets).
Fossil record & taxonomy
There are many limpets in the Paleozoic fossil record, from the lower Cambrian, but none can be placed with certainty in the Patellogastropoda. Some might be Monoplacophorans, which is a separate mollusc class with a similar life-style. The earliest patellogastropod verified by shell microstructure is from the Triassic of Italy, but it is in the Upper Cretaceous and Cainozoic periods that many of the living forms make their first appearance.
Life style
The life-style of limpets is sessile: they stick fast to rocks or other hard substrates.
Homing behaviour
Some species of limpets return to the same spot on the rock known as a "home scar" just before the tide ebbs. It is thought that they follow chemical trails. In such species, the shape of their shell often grows to precisely match the contours of the rock surrounding the scar. This behaviour permits a better seal to the rock. It is thought that they follow a mucus trail left as they move.
Where the limpets eat the algae, off bare rocks, it causes places where other organisms can grow and thrive. Some species, such as Lottia gigantea "garden" a patch of algae around their home scar. They push other organisms out of this patch by ramming with their shell, allowing their patch of algae to grow for their own grazing.
Predators and threats
Limpets can be long lived, with tagged specimens surviving for more than 10 years. If the limpet lives on bare rock, it grows at a slower rate but can live for up to 20 years.
Limpets found on sheltered shores (limpets that are less frequently in contact with wave action, and thus less frequently in contact with water) have a greater risk of desiccation because of the effects of sunlight, water evaporation and the wind. To avoid drying out they will clamp to the rock they inhabit, minimizing water-loss from the rim around their base. As this occurs chemicals are released that promote the vertical growth of the shell.
Reproduction
Limpets are hermaphrodites (producing both male and female reproductive cells) and undergo sex change during life. They become male at about 9 months, but after a couple of years they change sex to become female. Spawning occurs once a year, usually during winter, and is triggered by rough seas which disperse the eggs and sperm. Larvae are pelagic for a couple of weeks before settling onto a hard substrate.
Fatima Zakaria
Fatima Zakaria (17 February 1936 – 6 April 2021) used to be the editor of the Mumbai Times, and became the Sunday editor of The Times of India. Zakaria is also the editor of the Taj magazine of the Taj Hotels. Her office is in the Taj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai.
Family
She is the second widow of Rafiq Zakaria, who was an Indian politician and Islamic religious cleric.
Fatima Zakaria is the step-mother of 2 children. The eldest, Tasneem Zakaria Mehta, is an art historian and writer, living in Mumbai. The second, is Mansoor Zakaria. Her full son Arshad Zakaria runs a hedge fund. Her youngest full son Fareed Zakaria is an editor of Newsweek, and host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN.
Career
Rafiq Zakaria established The Maulana Azad Education Trust in the historic city of Aurangabad Maharashtra India. It was his Assembly Constituency from which he got elected a few times and served as a Minister in the State cabinet. Fatima transformed those educational institutions in Aurangabad to such an extent that they can be compared with the best centres of learning in Asia.
Zakaria joined the Taj Group of Hotels to establish the first rate five star Hotel, The Taj Residency, on the campus of The Maulana Azad Education Trust in Aurangabad. She became editor of the coffee table magazine Taj. Thereafter, she introduced a Hotel Management Course in alliance with a British University. The course is acknowledged as the finest and most respected in India. She is on the board of Indian Institute of Hotel Management Aurangabad
She is in the process of establishing a Centre for Higher Learning on the lines of Centre for Advanced Studies, Shimla. It will become functional from June 2010 and will help genuine scholars and academicians to carry on research activities. The upcoming Centre will also launch two research journals, one for Social Sciences and the other for Natural and Exact Sciences. Zakaria, is regarded as a secularist, however she takes special care to cater to the educational needs of the Muslims.
The award Padma Shri was conferred on her by the Government of India in 2006.
Bomber
A bomber is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I.
Bombers often fly low to the ground to confuse enemy radar. Most cannot fly very fast. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers in the past had many machine guns for defense.
World War II
Dive bombers were numerous in World War II. They attacked surface targets including tanks and ships. Strategic bombing became important. Bombers had large crews, sometimes as many as 12 people. Usually a bomber had a pilot, a bombadier, a co-pilot/navigator, and many machine gunners all around to shoot at enemy fighter aircraft defending the target. Friendly fighters often came along to help fight the defenders.
Plate reader
Plate readers, also known as microplate readers or microplate photometers, are laboratory equipment used to see any biological, chemical or physical change in samples of chemicals in microtiter plates.
Huntingdon
History
The town was chartered in 1205 and founded by Anglo-Saxons.
Plate reader
Process
Most of the time, a very bright lamp shines light to the microtiter well and the chemicals react in special ways which can be measured using special equipment.
Huntingdon
History
Huntingdon also has the largest meadow in England; Portholme Meadow. There are many small villages in Huntingdon, it has a high street and a main supermarket. The A14 runs through it.
Plate reader
Process
Other ways to measure certain things are:
Huntingdon
People
Oliver Cromwell was born here in 1599.
Plate reader
Process
Today, plate readers come with tools for data analysis.
Uses
Plate readers are used for:
Using these plate readers can help human scientists do their work more efficiently. Plate readers are used mostly in research, to find drugs, and to help test the purity of chemicals in pharmacies and laboratories.
Eddie Kasko
Edward Michael Kasko (June 27, 1931 – June 24, 2020) was an American infielder, manager, scout and front office executive. He played for the Major League Baseball. Kasko was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey and raised in nearby Linden.
As a player, he played for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1957 to 1958, Cincinnati Reds from 1959 to 1963, Houston Astros from 1964 to 1965 and the Boston Red Sox in 1966. From 1970 to 1973, he was a manager for the Red Sox.
Kasko died on June 24, 2020 in Richmond, Virginia at the age of 88.
Huntingdon Life Sciences
Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) are the largest animal testing company in Europe. They were founded in 1951 and are based in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. They also have a laboratory in New Jersey, United States. Huntingdon Life Sciences is an international contract research organisation offering a comprehensive range of non-clinical development services. The UK lab carries out medical and product research for many organisations.
Many people feel strongly against HLS. The Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign group are the main opposition group. SHAC were set up in 1999. The opposition to HLS has had many forms. While most animal rights people have used legal means of protest, some people have become extremists and done very bad things. Thus the opposition to HLS has become an example to many people of a good cause gone wrong.
John Kennedy Sr. (footballer)
John Kennedy Sr. (29 December 1928 – 25 June 2020) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for the Hawthorn Football Club, and coached Hawthorn and the North Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was born in Camberwell, Victoria.
Kennedy Sr. died on 25 June 2020 at the age of 91.
Silvino Adolfo Morais
Silvino Adolfo Morais (19 July 1956 – 3 January 2022) was an East Timorese politician. He was a member of Fretilin. He was a member of the National Parliament from 2018 to 2022.
Morais died from problems caused by a heart attack in Dili, East Timor on 3 January 2022, at the age of 65.
Jud Logan
Judson Campbell Logan (July 19, 1959 – January 3, 2022) was an American athlete. He won a gold medal in the hammer throw at the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis. He competed in four Summer Olympics, starting in 1984. His best finish was 13th in the qualifying round in 1984. Logan was born in Ashland, Ohio.
Logan died on January 3, 2022 from problems caused by COVID-19 in Canton, Ohio at the age of 62. He was being treated for leukemia before his death.
This Is Me... Then
This Is Me... Then is the third studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. It was released in November 2002. The album debuted at number six on Billboard 200. t has sold 2.5 million copies in the United States and over five million copies worldwide. On November 26, 2022, Lopez announced a sequel to the album called This Is Me... Now due to be released in 2023.
Julián Berrendero
Julián Berrendero Martín (born San Agustín del Guadalix, 8 April 1912, died Madrid, 1 August 1995) was a Spanish cyclist. He is famous for winning the Vuelta a España in 1941 and 1942. In 1936 he won the polka dot jersey at the Tour de France for the best climber in the race. He also won two mountains jerseys at the Vuelta a España.
Ionuț Popa
Ionuț Popa (17 April 1953 – 25 June 2020) was a Romanian professional footballer and manager. Popa managed teams such as UTA Arad, Bihor Oradea, Politehnica Iași and ACS Poli Timișoara. Popa was born in Săvârşin, Romania.
Popa died on 25 June 2020 in Arad, Romania at the age of 67.
Mining
Mining is the process of digging things out of the ground. Any material that cannot be grown must be mined. Mining things from the ground is called extraction. Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and iron. Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.
Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground. This is called surface mining. Some mining is done by going deep underground into a mine shaft. This is called underground mining. Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways. Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a river or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold. This is called panning or placer mining.
A worker in a mine is called a miner. Underground mining is a dangerous job. Many mines have accidents. Hundreds of miners die every year from accidents, mostly in poor countries. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents. Underground coal mining is especially dangerous because coal can give off poisonous and explosive gases.
Mining operations often make the environment worse, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most countries have passed regulations to decrease the effect of mining. Work safety has long been a concern, and has been improved in mines.
National Parliament (East Timor)
The National Parliament (Parlamentu Nasionál, Parlamento Nacional) is the unicameral national legislature in East Timor. It was created in 2001. National Parliament has 65 members, elected every 5 years through party-list proportional representation voting.
Magnetomotive force
In physics, the magnetomotive force (mmf) is the force in any magnetic circuit that makes the magnetic flux to flow through the circuit. Mathematically,