cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
ယူႇၼၢၼ်ႇ၊ မိူင်း
Geology
Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the Himalayan uplift, and was pushed up in the Pleistocene, primarily in the Middle Pleistocene, although the uplift continues into the present. The eastern part of the province is a limestone plateau with karst topography and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges. The main surface formations of the plateau are the Lower Permian Maokou Formation, characterized by thick limestone deposits, the Lower Permian Qixia Formation, characterised by dolomitic limestones and dolomites, the Upper Permian basalts of the Ermeishan Formation (formerly Omeishan plateau basalts), and the red sandstones, mudstones, siltstones, and conglomerates of the Mesozoic–Paleogene, including the Lufeng Formation and the Lunan Group (Lumeiyi, Xiaotun, and Caijiacong formations). In this area is the noted Stone Forest or Shilin, eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone (Maokou Formation). In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards. The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south.
Climate
Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province's location on south-facing mountain slopes, receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans, and although the growing period is long, the rugged terrain provides little arable land. See Agriculture in Yunnan. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the province lies within the subtropical highland (Köppen Cwb) or humid subtropical zone (Cwa), with mild to warm winters, and temperate summers, except in the almost tropical to truly tropical south, where temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C in the warmer half of the year. In general, January average temperatures range from 8 to 17 °C; July averages vary from 21 to 27 °C. Average annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2300 mm, with over half the rain occurring between June and August. The plateau region has moderate temperatures. The western canyon region is hot at the valley bottoms, but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops.
Topography
The terrain is largely mountainous, especially in the north and west. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east. Yunnan's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains.
The average elevation is 1980 m. The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5000 m; in the south they rise no higher than 3000 m. The highest point in the north is the Kawagebo Peak in Deqin County on the Diqing Plateau, which is about 6740 m; and the lowest is in the Red River Valley in Hekou County, near the Vietnamese border, with an elevation of 76.4 m.
The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nujiang (Salween) and the Lancangjiang (Mekong). The rugged, vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna, and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden.
Borders
Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are Tibet, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Starting from the east and working clockwise, bordering countries are Vietnam (Hà Giang, Lào Cai, Lai Châu and Điện Biên provinces), Laos (Phongsaly, Oudomxay and Luang Namtha provinces), Myanmar (states of Shan and Kachin). The main border crossings are:
Lakes
There are several major lakes in Yunnan. The province has nine lakes with areas of over 30 km2. They include:
Rivers
Yunnan is the source of two rivers, the Xi River (there known as the Nanpan and Hongshui) and the Yuan River. The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River. Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province, it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between Guizhou province and Guangxi autonomous region. Flowing for 345 km, it unites with the Yu River at Guiping to form what eventually becomes the Xi River.
The province is drained by six major river systems:
Biodiversity
Yunnan is China's most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally. The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. The Yunnan camellia (Camellia reticulata) is the provincial emblem.
During summer, the Great Plateau of Tibet acts as a barrier to monsoon winds, trapping moisture in the province. This gives the alpine flora in particular what one source has called a "lushness found nowhere else".
This topographic range combined with a tropical moisture sustains extremely high biodiversity and high degrees of endemism, probably the richest botanically in the world's temperate regions. Perhaps 17,000 species of higher plants, of which an estimated 2,500 are endemic, can be found in the province. The province is said to have "as much flowering plant diversity as the rest of the Northern Hemisphere put together".
Yunnan has less than 4% of the land of China, yet the province harbors around 42.6% of all protected plant species and 72.5% of all protected wild animals in the country, of which 15% are strictly endemic to Yunnan. Yunnan is home to, most notably, the southeast Asian gaur, a giant forest-dwelling bovine, the Indochinese tiger and the Asian elephant. Other extremely rare species are the Yunnan box turtle and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. It is feared that the Yunnan lar gibbon, another moribund species, has already gone extinct. Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered protected area in China is about 510 000 hectares.
The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species, including more than 580 natives (the remaining are introduced). This equals almost 40% of the freshwater fish species in China. Of the Yunnan natives, more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened. Several species that are restricted to single lakes (notably Dian, Erhai, Fuxian and Yilong) are likely already are extinct. By far, the most diverse order in Yunnan are Cypriniformes; both in total species number and number of endemics.
The unique Sinopyrophorus bioluminescent beetles were described from Yunnan in 2019.
Designation
Yunnan has been designated a:
Natural resources
A main source of wealth lies in its vast mineral resources; indeed, mining is the leading industry in Yunnan. Yunnan has proven deposits of 86 kinds of minerals in 2,700 places. Some 13% of the proved deposits of minerals are the largest of their kind in China, and two-thirds of the deposits are among the largest of their kind in the Yangtze River valley and in south China. Yunnan ranks first in the country in deposits of zinc, lead, tin, cadmium, indium, thallium and crocidolite. Other deposits include iron, coal, copper, gold, mercury, silver, antimony and sulfur. More than 150 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the province. The potential value of the proven deposits in Yunnan is 3 trillion yuan, 40% of which come from fuel minerals, 7.3% from metallic minerals and 52.7% from nonmetallic minerals.
Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres, three times that of the Yellow River. The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy. China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.
Administrative divisions
Yunnan consists of sixteen prefecture-level divisions: eight prefecture-level cities and eight autonomous prefectures:
These 16 prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 129 county-level divisions (17 districts, 18 county-level cities, 65 counties, and 29 autonomous counties). At the end of the year 2021, the total population is 48.01 million.
Politics
Secretaries of the CPC Yunnan Committee: The Secretary of the CPC is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan. Governors of Yunnan: The Governor is the second highest office in Yunnan, after the Secretary of the CPC Yunnan Committee. The Governor, who is elected by the Yunnan Provincial People's Congress, is responsible for all economic, environmental, political, personnel and foreign affairs issues concerning Yunnan.
Ethnicity
Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity. It has the highest number of ethnic groups among the provinces and autonomous regions in China. Among the country's 56 recognised ethnic groups, twenty-five are found in Yunnan. Some 38% of the province population are members of ethnic minorities, including the Yi, Bai, Hani, Tai, Dai, Miao, Lisu, Hui, Lahu, Wa, Nakhi, Yao, Tibetans, Jingpo, Blang, Pumi, Nu, Achang, Jinuo, Mongols, Derung, Manchus, Sui, and Buyei. Several other groups are represented, but they live neither in compact settlements nor do they reach the required threshold of five thousand to be awarded the official status of being present in the province. Some groups, such as the Mosuo, who are officially recognised as part of the Naxi, have in the past claimed official status as a national minority, and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people.
Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the Hui, Manchus, Bai, Naxi, Mongols, Zhuang, Dai, Achang, Buyei and Shui, with a combined population of 4.5 million; those in low mountainous areas are the Hani, Yao, Lahu, Va, Jingpo, Blang and Jino, with a combined population of 5 million; and those in high mountainous areas are Miao, Lisu, Tibetan, Pumi and Drung, with a total population of four million.
Languages
Most dialects of the Chinese language spoken in Yunnan belong to the southwestern subdivision of the Mandarin group, and are therefore very similar to the dialects of neighbouring Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. Notable features found in many Yunnan dialects include the partial or complete loss of distinction between finals and, as well as the lack of. In addition to the local dialects, most people also speak Standard Chinese (Putonghua, commonly called "Mandarin"), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education.
Yunnan's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include Tibeto-Burman languages such as Bai, Yi, Tibetan, Hani, Jingpo, Lisu, Lahu, Naxi; Tai languages like Zhuang, Bouyei, Dong, Shui, Tai Lü and Tai Nüa; as well as Hmong–Mien languages.
The Naxi, in particular, use the Dongba script, which is the only pictographic writing system in use in the world today. The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals: today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction. Perhaps the best known Western Dongba scholar was Joseph Rock.
Literacy
By the end of 1998, among the province's population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2.11 million, senior middle school education, 8.3 million, junior middle school education, 18.25 million, primary school education, and 8.25 million aged 15 or above, illiterate or semi-literate.
Religion
According to a demographic analysis of religions in Yunnan, as of 2005 the province has around 4 million believers of the five government-sanctioned organised religious doctrines of China, almost 90% of them belonging to the ethnic minorities. Of these:
Most of the population of the province practices traditional indigenous religions including the Chinese folk religion among the Han Chinese, Bimoism among the Yi peoples and Benzhuism among the Bai people. The Dai people are one of the few ethnic minorities of China that traditionally follow the Theravada branch of Buddhism, making Yunnan the only province in China where all 3 major Buddhist shools are widely practiced. Most of the Hui people of the region are Muslims. Christianity is dominant among the Lisu, the Jingpo and the Derung ethnic groups.
Agriculture
The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains, open valleys, and terraced hillsides. Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation. Rice is the main crop; corn, barley, wheat, rapeseed, sweet potatoes, soybeans (as a food crop), tea, sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton are also grown. On the steep slopes in the west livestock is raised and timber, a valuable resource, is cut (teak in the southwest).
Yunnan produces most of coffee grown in China (although there are also much smaller plantations in Fujian and Hainan. Large-scale coffee cultivation started in Yunnan in 1988. The most commonly grown variety in the province is catimor.
Tobacco is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP. Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples.
Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms. In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called 'pine mushroom' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities.
Due to China's growing consumption of dairy products, Yunnan's dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors.
Economy
As of the mid-19th century, Yunnan exported birds, brass, tin, gemstones, musk, nuts, and peacock feathers mainly to stores in Guangzhou. They imported silk, wool, and cotton cloth, tobacco and books.
Yunnan is one of China's relatively undeveloped provinces with more poverty-stricken counties than the other provinces. In 1994, about 7 million people lived below the poverty line of less than an annual average income of 300 yuan per capita. They were distributed in the province's 73 counties mainly and financially supported by the central government. With an input of 3.15 billion yuan in 2002, the absolutely poor rural population in the province has been reduced from 4.05 million in 2000 to 2.86 million. The poverty alleviation plan includes five large projects aimed at improving infrastructure facilities. They involve planned attempts at soil improvement, water conservation, electric power, roads, and "green belt" building. Upon the completion of the projects, the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of grain, water, electric power and roads.
Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to socio-economic development. However, because of its geographic location the province has comparative advantages in regional and border trade with countries in southeast Asia. The Lancang River (upper reaches of Mekong River) is the waterway to southeast Asia. In recent years land transportation has been improved to strengthen economic and trade co-operation among countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Yunnan's abundance in resources determines that the province's pillar industries are: agriculture, tobacco, mining, hydro-electric power, and tourism. In general, the province still depends on the natural resources. The secondary sector is currently the largest industrial tier in Yunnan, contributing more than 45 percent of GDP. The tertiary sector contributes 40 percent and agriculture 15 percent. Investment is the key driver of Yunnan's economic growth, especially in construction.
The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major development. Its low productivity and competitiveness restrict the rapid development of the province. The province also faces great challenges in social issues such as environmental protection, poverty elimination, illegal migration, drug trafficking and HIV/AIDS.
Yunnan's four pillar industries include tobacco, agriculture/biology, mining, and tourism. The main manufacturing industries are iron and steel production and copper-smelting, commercial vehicles, chemicals, fertilizers, textiles, and optical instruments. Yunnan has trade contacts with more than seventy countries and regions in the world. Yunnan established the Muse border trade zone (located in Ruili) along its border with Burma. Yunnan mainly exports tobacco, machinery and electrical equipment, chemical and agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals. In 2008, its total two-way trade (imports and exports) reached US$9.6 billion. The province signed foreign direct investment contracts involving US$1.69 billion, of which US$777 million were actually utilized during the year. Yunnan's unemployment rate at the end of 2008 was 4.21%.
Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China. Gejiu is well known as "the Kingdom of Zinc" with the reserves ranked first in the country. The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu, which is registered on the London Metal Exchange (LME). Besides, reserves of germanium, indium, zirconium, platinum, rock salt, sylvite, nickel, phosphate, mirabilite, arsenic and blue asbestos are also high. Significant copper deposits are found at Dongchuan, iron ore at Wuding, and coal at Xuanwei and Kaiyuan. Economic policy to locate new industry in interior areas with substantial mineral wealth, led to major industrial development in Yunnan, especially in the Kunming area.
The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the "West-East Electricity Transmission Project". The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to Guangdong.
Education
Since the 1960s, improvements have been achieved in the overall educational level, which can be seen in the increase in average years of regular education received. The development of part-time schools have brought adult, distance and continuing education to farms, factories, offices, and other places. Evening, time off work / study leave classes allow people to receive education without leaving their jobs. Policies to upgrade adult education have begun to complement the campaign against illiteracy. A basic Chinese vocabulary in simplified strokes is taught to millions of illiterate people in short, intensive courses. Despite progress made, Yunnan's illiteracy rate remains one of the highest in China mainly due to insufficient education among minority peoples.
In higher education, Yunnan has one "National Key University"—Yunnan University in Kunming. There is also a growing number of technical schools, among which the most prominent are the Yunnan Normal University, the Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan Agricultural University, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Kunming University of Science and Technology. Other notable establishments of learning are the Kunming branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, and the Yunnan Provincial Library. As of 2000, there were 24 institutions of higher learning in Yunnan, with an enrollment of over 90,400 students and a faculty of 9,237; 2,562 secondary schools with an enrollment of more than 2,137,400 students and 120,461 teachers; and 22,151 primary schools with an enrollment of 4,720,600 pupils and a faculty of 210,507. The gross enrollment rate of school-age children was 99.02%.
See also: List of universities and colleges in Yunnan
Health
Yunnan Province is responsible for about 50% of officially reported malaria cases in China.
It is presently considered to be the main source of plague in China.
Railways
Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction, Yunnan remained outside of China's domestic rail network until 1966 when the Guiyang–Kunming Railway was completed. The line would not enter into operation until 1970, the same year that the Chengdu-Kunming was completed. The Nanning–Kunming Railway to Guangxi was completed in 1997, followed by the Neijiang–Kunming Railway in 2001. The Panxi Railway, originally built in 1975 to draw coal from neighboring Guizhou, was electrified in 2001 and adds to eastern Yunnan's outbound rail transport capacity.
Within the province, the Kunming–Yuxi, opened in 1993, and the Guangtong–Dali, opened in 1998, expanded the rail network to southern and western Yunnan, respectively. The Dali–Lijiang Railway, opened in 2010, brought rail service to northwestern Yunnan. That line is planned to be extended further north to Xamgyi'nyilha County.
The province is extending the railway network to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. From Yuxi, the Yuxi–Mengzi Railway, built from 2005 to 2013, and the Mengzi–Hekou Railway, under construction since 2008, will form a standard gauge railway connection with Vietnam. The Dali–Ruili Railway, under construction since May 2011, will bring rail service to the border with Myanmar. Also under planning is a rail line from Yuxi to Mohan, in Xishuangbana Prefecture, on the border with Laos. This line could be extended further south to Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.
Burma Road
The Burma Road was a highway extending about 1100 km through mountainous terrain from Lashio, northeast Burma northeastward to Kunming, China. Undertaken by the Chinese after the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and completed in 1938, it was a vital transportation route for wartime supplies to the Chinese government from Rangoon and shipped by railroad to Lashio from 1938 to 1946. An extension runs east through China from Kunming, then north to Chongqing. This traffic increased in importance to China after the Japanese took effective control of the Chinese coast and of Indochina. It was seized by the Japanese in 1942 and reopened when it was connected to the Stilwell Road from India. The Ledo Road (later called the Stilwell Road) from Ledo, India, into Burma was begun in December 1942. In 1944 the Ledo Road reached Myitkyina and was joined to the Burma Road. Both roads have lost their former importance and are in a state of disrepair. The Burma Road's importance diminished after World War II, but it has remained a link in a 3,400-km road system from Yangon, Burma, to Chongqing.
Highways
Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province. Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020. All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access.
Second-level national highways stretch 958 km, third-level highways, 7,571 km and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km. The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Burma, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.
National highways running through Yunnan province are:
Expressways
Expressways running through Yunnan province are:
Waterways
Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan's river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.
In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million.
Airports
The province has twenty domestic air routes from Kunming to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Haikou, Chongqing, Shenyang, Harbin, Wuhan, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Nanning, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Changsha, Guilin, Lhasa and Hong Kong; eleven provincial air routes from Kunming to Jinghong, Mangshi, Lincang, Tengchong, Lijiang, Dali, Xamgyi'nyilha, Zhaotong, Baoshan, Simao, and Ninglang Luguhu; and ten international air routes from Kunming to Bangkok, Kolkata, Chiang Mai, Yangon, Singapore, Seoul, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Kuala Lumpur and Vientiane.
Replacing Kunming Wujiaba International Airport is Kunming Changshui International Airport, which opened June 28, 2012.
Bridges
Bridge-building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the Tibetan Empire built an iron chain bridge over the Yangtze to the neighboring Nanzhao Kingdom at what is today Weixi Lisu Autonomous County during the Tang dynasty. Iron chain bridges are still found across high river valleys of Yunnan. The Jinlong Bridge on the Jinsha River in Lijiang remains the oldest bridge over the Yangtze. With the expansion of the highway and railway network in Yunnan, numerous large-scale bridges have been built across the region's myriad of rivers, including the Yangtze which has dozens of crossings in Yunnan.
Metro
Kunming is the only city in Yunnan that has a metro system. As of October 2018, it has 4 lines in operation.
Culture
Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in Jinning, south of Kunming. In northeastern Yunnan, frescoes of the Jin dynasty (266–420) have been discovered in the city of Zhatong. Many Chinese cultural relics have been discovered in later periods. The lineage of tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples persisted uninfluenced by modernity until the mid-20th century. Tribal traditions, such as Yi slaveholding and Wa headhunting, have since been abolished. After the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), in which several minority cultural and religious practices were suppressed, Yunnan has come to celebrate its cultural diversity and subsequently many local customs and festivals have flourished.
Tea
Yunnan has several different tea growing regions. One of Yunnan's best known products is Pu-erh tea (or Puer), named after the old tea trading town of Pu-erh (Puer). The province is also known for its Yunnan Gold and other Dianhong teas, developed in the 20th century.
Chinese medicine
Yunnan is host to 15,000 species of plants, including 60 percent of the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Tourism
Yunnan Province, due to its landscapes, mild climate and cultural diversity, is one of China's major tourist destinations. Most visitors are Chinese tourists, although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well. Mainland tourists travel by the masses; 2.75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday. Also a different trend is slowly developing; small scale and environmentally friendly ecotourism. At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO's.
In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12.6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition.
Tourism is expected to grow further. In 2010, the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan. Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid- to high-end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016.
Tourist centres in Yunnan include:
Sport
Professional sporting teams in Yunnan have included the now defunct Yunnan Bulls in the Chinese Basketball Association and Yunnan Hongta in the Chinese Jia-A League. The Yunnan Lijiang Dongba football team currently competes in China League Two.
ဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်း
ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇ (Aungmyethazan Township), (အောင်မြေသာဇံမြို့နယ်) ၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ၸႄႈဝဵင်း ဢၼ်မီးပွတ်းႁွင်ႇသုတ်းသုတ်း ဝဵင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၽၢႆႇတၢင်းတူၵ်းမၼ်းမီး မႄႈၼမ်ႉၵဵဝ်သေ ၽၢႆႇတၢင်းဢွၵ်ႇမၼ်းမီး ၸႄႈဝဵင်းပတဵင်ႇၵျီး လႄႈ ၽၢႆႇတၢင်းၸၢၼ်းမၼ်းမီး ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၶျၢၼ်းဢေးတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇ ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉ လွမ်ႉႁွပ်ႈဝႆႉယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈၼႂ်း ၸႄႈဝဵင်း ဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ တီႈဢၼ်ၸိုဝ်ႈသဵင်လိုဝ်းလင် ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် လွႆမၢၼ်းတလေး (မန္တလေးတောင်) လႄႈ ႁေႃၶမ်းမၢၼ်းတလေး (မန္တလေး နန်းတော်) ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉယဝ်ႉ။
သၢႆပိုၼ်း
ပီ 1949 ၼၼ်ႉ ဢဝ်သူၺ်ႇတၶျွင်း တီႈဝဵင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ႁဵတ်းပဵၼ်ၵၢင်မၼ်းေသ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်တီႈပွၵ်ႉဢူဝ်းပူဝ်ႇ ပေႃးထိုင် ယေႇၼီႇမျွင်းၽၢႆႇဢွၵ်ႇၼၼ်ႉ ႁွင်ႉဝႃႈ ပွတ်းဢွၵ်ႇၼႆလႄႈသင်၊ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်ပွၵ်ႉဢူဝ်းပူဝ်ႇ တေႃႇပေႃးထိုင် တီႈသုတ်းတၢၼ်ႇလႅတ်ႇမေႃႇ ဢၼ်မီးၽၢႆႇၸၢၼ်း တေႃႇပေႃးထိုင်ဝၢၼ်ႈၼတ်ႉၵူင်းဢၼ်မီးၽၢႆႇတူၵ်းၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈမၵ်းမၼ်ႈဝႃႈ ပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတူၵ်း ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ပီ 1965 ဢွၵ်ႇထူဝ်ႇပႃႇ 1 ဝၼ်း လုၵ်ႉတီႈ လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈတေႃႇလၢၼ်ႇယေးသေ လႆႈမၵ်းမၼ်ႈ ဝဵင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇမႃးဝႃႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸဵင်ႇၸၢၼ်းဝၼ်းဢွၵ်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸဵင်ႇႁွင်ႇဝၼ်းဢွၵ်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸဵင်ႇၸၢၼ်းဝၼ်းတူၵ်း၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸဵင်ႇႁွင်ႇဝၼ်းတူၵ်း ၼႆႉသေ ဢုပ်ႉပိူင်ႇမႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ၽွင်ႈမိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼႆႉ ၶဝ်ႈပႃးၼႂ်း ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸဵင်ႇႁွင်ႇဝၼ်းတူၵ်းသေ မီးဝႆႉပွၵ်ႉ ၁၆ ပွၵ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ လုၵ်ႉတီႈ ၼႅင်ႇငၢၼ်ႇတေႃႇ ၺဵင်ႇဝတ်ႉပိပျႃးမူႉတီႇသွၵ်ႉယေးဢၽွႆႉ၊ ႁွင်ႈၵၢၼ် ၵၢၼ်ၼႂ်းမိူင်းသေ မိူဝ်ႈဝၼ်းတီႈ 10.12.1992 ၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈၶိုၼ်းမႄးလႅၵ်ႈလၢႆႈၽွတ်ႈႁႅၼ်းပဵၼ် ႁႃႈၸႄႈဝဵင်းသေ ဢဝ် ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼႆႉ ၽွတ်ႈႁႅၼ်းတင်း ပွၵ်ႉ ႑႙ ပွၵ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ထိုင် ပီ 1996 မႃး လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်တီႈ ၸိုဝ်ႈ (အောင်မြေသာဇံ) သေ လႅၵ်ႈလၢႆႈပဵၼ် (အောင်မြေသာစံ) မႃးယဝ်ႉ။
သၢႆငၢႆ ၼႃႈလိၼ်ပထဝီႇ
မီးဝႆႉတီႈၼႂ်းၵႄႈ လတ်ႉတီႇတုတ်ႉႁွင်ႇ ၂၀ တီႇၵရီႇ ၅ မဵတ်ႉ ၄၈ သိၵ်ႈ လႄႈ ၂၂ တီႇၵရီႇ ၀၁ မဵတ်ႉ ၃၀ သိၵ်ႈ လႄႈ လွင်ႇၵျီႇတုတ်ႉဢွၵ်ႇ ၉၆ တီႇၵရီႇ ၀၃ မဵတ်ႉ ၄၂ သိၵ်ႈလႄႈ ၉၆ တီႇၵရီႇ ၀၇ မဵတ်ႉ ၅၄ သိၵ်ႈယဝ်ႉ။ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ် တၢင်းဢွၵ်ႇတေႃႇတၢင်းတူၵ်း ယၢဝ်း ၄.၃၈ လၵ်း၊ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ် တၢင်းႁွင်ႇတေႃႇတၢင်းၸၢၼ်း ယၢဝ်း ၂.၉၄ သေ တၢင်းၵႂၢင်ႈၶႂၢင် ၵႂၢင်ႈ ၁၁.၀၃ လၵ်းယဝ်ႉ။
သၢပ်ႇလႅၼ်လိၼ်
ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼႆႉ ၽၢႆႇဢွၵ်ႇ လႄႈ ၽၢႆႇႁွင်ႇ မီးဝႆႉ ၸႄႈဝဵင်ႈပတဵင်ႇၵျီး၊ ၽၢႆႇၸၢၼ်းၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၶျၢၼ်းဢေးတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇ၊ ၽၢႆႇတူၵ်းၼႆႉ ၶႅၼ်ႈမႄႈၼမ်ႉၵဵဝ်သေ မီးဝႆႉ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸႄႈၵႅင်း ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉယဝ်ႉ။
ၼႃႈလိၼ်
မီးဝႆႉတီႈၼႃႈသုင် ပၢင်ႇလၢႆႇ ႒႕႖ ထတ်းသေ ပဵၼ်ၼႃႈလိၼ်ပဵင်းယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈၽၢႆႇတူၵ်းၸႄႈဝဵင်းၼၼ်ႉ မႄႈၼမ်ႉၵဵဝ်ၼႆႉ လုၵ်ႉဢဝ်ၽၢႆႇႁွင်ႇ လႆလူင်းၽၢႆႇၸၢၼ်းဝႆႉယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ လွႆမၢၼ်းတလေး ဢၼ်သုင်သေ ၼႃႈၼမ်ႉပၢင်ႇလၢႆႇ ႗႗႖ ထတ်းၼၼ်ႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ၸဵင်ႇႁွင်ႇဝၼ်းဢွၵ်ႇ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းယဝ်ႉ။
ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း
ၵူၼ်းၶိူဝ်းဢၼ်ယူႇသဝ်းတီႈၼႂ်း ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼႆႉ ၵမ်ႉပႃႈၼမ် ပဵၼ် ၵူၼ်းၶိူဝ်းမၢၼ်ႈယဝ်ႉ။ လိူဝ်သေၼၼ်ႉ ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် တႆး၊ ၶျၢင်း၊ ၶၢင်၊ ယၢင်း၊ ရၶႅင်ႇ၊ ယၢင်းလႅင်၊ မွၼ်းၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉၵေႃႈ ယူသဝ်းၼမ် ၸွမ်ႈၶပ်ႉမႃးၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ လွင်ႈၽႃႇသႃႇၵိူဝ်းယမ်တႄႉ ၸၢဝ်းပုတ်ႉထ ၵမ်ႉၼမ်သေ ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် ဢိတ်ႇသလၢမ်ႇ၊ ႁိၼ်ႇတူႇ၊ ၶရိတ်ႉယၢၼ်ႇ လႄႈ လွင်ႈၵိူဝ်းယမ် တၢင်ႇၸိူဝ်းၵေႃႈ ၼမ်ၼင်ႇ ၶပ်ႉၸႅၼ်ႇမႃးၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ႖.႗႑% ၼႂ်းႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်းၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် ၵူၼ်းၶိူဝ်းၼွၵ်ႈမိူင်း ၼင်ႇ ၶႄႇ၊ ဢိၼ်ႇတီးယႃး၊ ပႃႇၵိတ်ႇသတၢၼ်ႇ ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉယဝ်ႉ။။
ပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီး
ဝဵင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ (မၢၼ်းတလေး) ၼႆႉ ယွၼ်ႉပဵၼ် ဢွင်ႈတီႈ ဢၼ်တူၵ်းၵႅၼ်ႈၵၢင်ပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီးလႄႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉၵေႃႈ ပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီးပဵၼ်ဢၼ်ၶိုၼ်ႈယႂ်ႇယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉႁူင်းငၢၼ်းၸၢၵ်ႈၼင် ဢၼ်တပ်ႉမတေႃႇပိူင်ႇ၊ ႁူင်းငၢၼ်းၸၢၵ်ႈ မၢၼ်းတလေးပီႇယႃႇ ဢၼ်ၽူႈသုၼ်ႇလဵဝ်ပိူင်၊ ႁူင်းၸၢၵ်ႈၵွၼ်ႈသီ၊ ႁူင်းၸၢၵ်ႈၼမ်ႉဝၢၼ်၊ ႁူင်းၸၢၵ်ႈဢၢႆၵႂၼ်းထၢတ်ႈ၊ ႁူင်းၸၢၵ်ႈယႃႈယႃ ဢၼ်ၸိုင်ႈမိူင်းပိူင်ႇ၊ ႁူင်းၸၢၵ်ႈႁုင်လဝ်ႈ ၸၵႂႃႇၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉသေဢမ်ႇၵႃး ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် ၸၢၵ်ႈၼမ်ႉၶဵင်၊ ၸၢၵ်ႈမႆႉ၊ ၸၢၵ်ႈၵၢၼ်ၼႂ်းႁိူၼ်း ဢၼ်သုၼ်ႇတူဝ်လဵဝ်ပိူင်ႇၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ႓႐႐ ပၢႆယဝ်ႉ။
ၵၢတ်ႇ
ၵၢတ်ႈၸိူဝ်းဢၼ်မီးမႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈပၢၼ်ၶုၼ်မင်းတုင်းၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ တိုၵ်ႉမီးဝႆႉယူႇတင်းၼမ်ယဝ်ႉ။
ၵၢၼ်ၵပ်းသိုပ်ႇတေႃႇသူင်ႇ
တီႈမႄႈၼမ်ႉၵဵဝ် ဢၼ်ပဵၼ်တီႈၶွပ်ႇ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျႄႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇၼၼ်ႉ ၸၢင်ႇၵႂႃႇမႃးလႆး ၸွမ်းသၢႆတၢင်းၼမ်ႉ မွၵ်ႈ လၵ်းၼမ်ႉ ႒ လၵ်းၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ မီးဝႆႉ တႃႈရူတ်ႉၵႃး သီႇရိမၢၼ်ႇတလႃႇ ဢၼ်ၵႂႃႇၸူး ၸႄႈတိူင်းၸႄႈၵႅင်းလႄႈ ပွတ်းၼိူဝ်၊ မီးဝႆႉတႃႈရူတ်ႉၵႃးတေႃးၼပႂႃး ဢၼ်ၵႂႃႇၸူး ၸႄႈမိူင်းၶၢင်လႄႈ ပွတ်းၽၢႆၼိူဝ်ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈၽၢႆႇႁွင်ႇ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၼၼ်ႉ မီးဝႆႉ သဵၼ်ႈတၢင်းရူတ်ႉၵႃး မၢၼ်းတလေး-မိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ-ၸႄႈၼႃး (မျိတ်ႉၵျီးၼႃး) ယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် သဵၼ်ႈသၢႆတၢင်းၼႂ်းဝဵင်းၼၼ်ႉ ယွၼ်ႉပိူဝ်ႈဝႃႈ ႁေႃၶမ်းမၢၼ်းတလေး မီးဝႆႉၼႂ်းၵႄႈ ပွတ်းဢွၵ်ႇ တင်း ပွတ်းတူၵ်းလႄႈ လႆႈပၼ်ႇဝႄႈၼၼ်ႉသေ ၵႂႃႇမႃးယဝ်ႉ။
ပၢႆးပႆႇၺႃႇၸၼ်ႉသုင်
တီႈၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢွင်ႇမျေႇတႃႇၸၢၼ်ႇ ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ်ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်းၼွၵ်ႈမိူင်း လႄႈ ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ်ပၢႆးယႃႈယႃၸၢဝ်းၶိူဝ်း ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈႁိမ်း ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ်ပၢႆးယႃႈယႃၸၢဝ်းၶိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉ မီးဝႆႉ တဵၵ်ႉပၢၼ်ႇပၢႆးယႃႈယႃၸၢဝ်းၶိူဝ်းယဝ်ႉ။ ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ်ထႅင်ႈဢၼ်ၼိုင်ႈတႄႉ ပဵၼ် ၸၼ်ႉၸွမ်ပရိယတ်ႉတိသႃႇသၼႃႇၸိုင်ႈမိူင်းယဝ်ႉ။
ႁူင်းႁဵၼ်းၸၼ်ႉသုင်
ႁူင်းႁဵၼ်းၸၼ်ႉသုင် မီး ႑႒ ႁူင်းယဝ်ႉ။
ဢမၵ
ႁူင်းႁဵၼ်းၸၼ်ႉငဝ်ႈ၊ ပူၼ်ႉၸၼ်ႉငဝ်ႈ၊ ႁူင်းႁဵၼ်းၸၼ်ႉၵၢင် (ၽႄ) မီးယူႇ ႓႗ ႁူင်းယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸိူဝ်းမီးၼႂ်း မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ
သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆ ၸွမ်ၽွင်းလူင် မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ
ႁဵင်းၵွင်ႉၽၢႆႇၼွၵ်ႈ
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လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ
ပိုၼ်းပွႆးႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်း ပီႈၼွင်ႉတႆးၵျွင်ႉ
ဢိူင်ႇၵႂၢင်းသီ(Guangxi)၊ မိူင်းၶႄႇတွၼ်ႈၸၢၼ်းၼၼ်ႉ ပဵၼ်ဢိူင်ႇသုၼ်ႇဢုပ်ႉပိူင်ႇႁင်းၶေႃတႆးၵျွင်ႉ(Zhuang Autonomous Region)သေ မီးတႆး ၵျွင်ႉယူႇသဝ်းဝႆႉ(19) လၢၼ်ႉပၢႆ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိူၼ်သၢမ်မႂ်ႇသၢမ်ၶမ်ႈ (ၼင်ႇပၵ်းယဵမ်ႈဝၼ်းၶဝ်) ၵူႈပီ ပီႈၼွင်ႉတႆးၵျွင်ႉ မီးပၢင်ပွႆးယႂ်ႇလူင်ဢၼ်ၼိုင်ႈ ဢၼ်လႆႈၸိုဝ်ႈလၢႆမဵဝ်းဝႆႉဝႃႈ ပွႆးႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်း၊ ပွႆးလိူၼ်သၢမ်(San Yue San)၊ ပွႆးၵေႇၸူး(Gexu)၊ ပွႆးၵေႇပူဝ်ႇ(Gepo Festival) ၼႆၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ မိူဝ်ႈပၢင်ပွႆးၼၼ်ႉ ပီႈၼွင်ႉတီႈၸမ်တီႈၵႆ၊ မၢဝ်ႇသၢဝ် ၵူႈတီႈၵူႈတၢင်း ၶဝ်ႈႁူမ်ႈပၢင်ၶႄႉၶဵင်ႇႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းၵၼ်ယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ ၶၢဝ်းမိူဝ်ႈၵၢင်ဝၼ်း ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းဝၢၵ်ႇ ၵႂၢမ်းဝွၵ်းၵၼ် ဢၼ်ၵဵဝ်ႇၵပ်းလူၺ်ႈ တင်းႁၵ်ႉတင်းပႅင်း ၸွမ်းႁႆႈၸွမ်းသူၼ်။ ၵၢင်ၶိုၼ်းသမ်ႉ ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းဝၢၵ်ႇ သၽႃႇဝ ၶၢဝ်းမႆႈ၊ ၶၢဝ်းၽူၼ်၊ ၵႂၢမ်း ဢၼ်ၵဵဝ်ႇလွင်ႈပိုၼ်းၽူႈႁတ်းႁၢၼ် ၸိူဝ်းမီးမႃးမိူဝ်ႈၵွၼ်ႇလႄႈ ၵႂၢမ်းဢၼ် လႆႈႁူမ်ႈၵၼ်ႁွင်ႉပဵၼ်သိူင်းပဵၼ်ၸုမ်း။ ပၢင်ပွႆးၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ပၢင်ပွႆးၼႄ ၾိင်ႈထုင်း၊ လွင်ႈယူႇသဝ်းၵိၼ်သၢင်ႈ၊ ၶူဝ်းၼုင်ႈတင်းဝႆၶဝ် ႁႂ်ႈလုၵ်ႈလၢၼ် လႆႈႁူႉသေ သိုပ်ႇသိမ်းပႅင်းၵႂႃႇမိူဝ်းၼႃႈလႄႈ ပဵၼ်ပၢင်ပွႆး ဢၼ်ၶိုၵ်ႉၶမ်ႇလူင် တႃႇၸိူဝ်ႉၶိူဝ်းတႆးၵျွင်ႉ ၸဵမ်လဵၵ်ႉ တေႃႇယႂ်ႇၵူႈၵေႃႉ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၵမ်ႈၽွင်ႈသမ်ႉဝႃႈ ပဵၼ်ပၢင်ပွႆးမၢဝ်ႇသၢဝ် ႁႃပၢၼ် ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။
မေႃၵႂၢမ်းဢွၼ်ႇ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ
တႆးၵျွင်ႉ ယုမ်ႇယမ်ဝႃႈ ပွႆးႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းၶဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ ပဵၼ်ပၢင်ပွႆးၶႄႉၶဵင်ႇႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်း ယုၵ်ႉယွင်ႈ တွင်းၵိုမ်း ယိင်းႁတ်းႁၢၼ် ၵိုၵ်းပိုၼ်းၶဝ် မေႃၵႂၢမ်းယိင်း လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ။ ၵဵဝ်ႇလူၺ်ႈလွင်ႈၼၢင်းၼႆႉ မီးပိုၼ်း ဢၼ်ၵျွင်ႉၶဝ် တေႃႉတႆႇၶႆႈၼႄၵၼ်မႃး ပၢၼသိုပ်ႇပၢၼ် တေႃႇဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈလဵဝ်ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ မိူဝ်ႈၼႂ်းပၢၼ်ၶုၼ် ‘‘ၶိူဝ်းၶုၼ်ထၢင်” (AD 618-907) ၽွင်းငမ်း မိူင်းၶႄႇၼၼ်ႉ မီး မေႃၵႂၢမ်းယိင်းသၢဝ်ဢွၼ်ႇ ဢၼ်ႁၢင်ႈလီ သဵင်ဝၢၼ်ဢွၼ်ႇ ၵေႃႉၼိုင်ႈဝႃႈ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ မၼ်းၼၢင်းၵိူတ်ႇ တီႈဝၢၼ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ ဢၼ်ယၢမ်းလဵဝ်မီးႁိမ်း ၵွီလိၼ်း(Guilin)၊ လႅၼ်လိၼ် ဢိူင်ႇ လေႃႇၶျႅၼ်း (Luochen County) လႄႈ ဢိူင်ႇယီးၸူဝ်း (Yizhou County) တိတ်းၵၼ်ၼၼ်ႉ ဢၼ်မီးၼႂ်းၼင်လိၼ် သုၼ်ႇဢုပ်ႉပိူင်ႇႁင်း ၶေႃတႆးၵျွင်ႉ၊ ၼႂ်းၵႂၢင်းသီ(Guangxi) ယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ၼၼ်ႉ မိူဝ်ႈ AD 703 ။ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄၼႆႉ ၸိုဝ်ႈမိူဝ်ႈလဵၵ်ႉဝႃႈ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းမေႇ (Liu Sanmei) ဢမ်ႇၼၼ် လိဝ်သျၢၼ်းႁႂႃႇ (Liu Shanhua )။ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄၼႆၼၼ်ႉ ပွင်ႇဝႃႈ “ထိသၢမ် ၼႂ်းၶိူဝ်းႁိူၼ်းလိဝ်” ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈၶဝ် ဢမ်ႇႁွင်ႉ ၸိုဝ်ႈတႄႉၼၢင်းသေ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ႁွင်ႉၼၢင်းဝႃႈ ယိင်းသၢမ်ၶိူဝ်းႁိူၼ်းလိဝ် (လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ)ၼႆလႄႈ ၸပ်းၸိုဝ်ႈလိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄၼၼ်ႉမႃးၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ဢူႈမႄႈၼၢင်း လႆႈသဵင်ႈၵၢမ်ႇၵႂႃႇ ၸဵမ်ႈမိူဝ်ႈၼၢင်းယင်းလဵၵ်ႉယူႇလႄႈ ပီႈဢၢႆႈ မၼ်းၼၢင်း လိဝ်ဢိူဝ် (Liu Er) လဵင်ႉလူလုမ်းလႃးမႃး။ လိဝ်ဢိူဝ် ပဵၼ်ၵူၼ်း သိုဝ်ႈယူဝ်း၊ ဢမ်ႇမေႃၽိတ်းၽႂ်၊ ႁဵတ်းတမ်ႇငႃႈ လဵင်ႉလူၼွင်ႉယိင်းမႃး။ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ တႄႇမေႃလၢတ်ႈၵႂၢမ်း မိူဝ်ႈဢႃႇယူႉၼိုင်ႈၶူပ်ႇသေ တႄႇမေႃႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းဝၵ်ႉ မိူဝ်ႈဢႃႇယူႉၼၢင်း လႆႈသၢမ်ၶူပ်ႇလႄႈ တႆးၵျွင်ႉၶဝ်ယုမ်ႇယမ်ဝႃႈ မၼ်းၼၢင်းၼၼ်ႉ ၼူၵ်ႉသႅဝ်း(Lark) တၢႆပဵၼ်မႃး ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ ပဵၼ်သၢဝ်ႁၢင်ႈလီႁၢင်ႈငၢမ်း။ ၵတ်ႉလႅၼ်ႇၵၢၼ်ႁုၵ်ႇ ၵၢၼ်ၵီႇ ဢၼ်တေႃးၽႃႈတေႃးၽႅၼ်ႇ ႁၢင်ႈလီၶိုၵ်ႉၶႅမ်ႉ။ မေႃႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်း သဵင်လီသဵင်ဝၢၼ် ၼႆၼၼ်ႉ လိုဝ်းလင်ဝႆႉလႄႈ ၵူၼ်းႁူႉၸၵ်းၼမ်တႄႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၼၢင်းႁွင်ႉဝၢၵ်ႇ တင်းႁၢင်ႈလီသၽႃႇဝ ၼမ်ႉလိၼ်ႁိၼ်ၽႃ၊ ၼမ်ႉမႄႈသွမ်ႇသႂ်ၸိုၼ်ႈၵတ်းယဵၼ်၊ ၶၢဝ်းဝၼ်းၽုတ်းလွႆ ၶၢဝ်းဝၼ်းၸူမ်လွႆ။ ၼၢင်းၶီႇႁိူဝ်းႁႃပႃ ႁဵတ်းတမ်ႇငႃႈၸွမ်း ပီႈဢၢႆႈမၼ်း ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းသဵင်လီသဵင်ဝၢၼ်ဢွၼ်ႇသေ လွင်ႈၶိုၼ်ႈလွင်ႈလူင်းၸွမ်း ၼမ်ႉယူႇၵူႈဝၼ်းယဝ်ႉ။
ပၢႆႈၶုၼ်မိူၵ်ႈ
မိူဝ်ႈဢၼ် မူဝ်ႁႂႃႇရႅၼ် ႁူႉဝႃႈ မေႃၵႂၢမ်းမၼ်းၸၢင်ႈမႃးၼၼ်ႉ သုမ်းတေႃႇ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ ၼႆၼၼ်ႉ ၽိတ်းၸႂ်ၼႅၼ်ႇသေ ၽႅၼ်ၵူတ်ႉ ဢၢၼ်းဢဝ် ၼၢင်းတၢႆ။ ၵူၺ်းၵႃႈ ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈၶဝ်ႁူႉသေ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၸွႆႈလႄႈ ၼၢင်းၸင်ႇ လၵ်ႉဢွၵ်ႇပၢႆႈ ႁႂ်ႈလွတ်ႈတၢႆသေ ၵႂႃႇၸွမ်း လီသႅဝ်းၼိဝ်ႉ ၵေႃႉႁၵ်ႉ မၼ်းၼၢင်း ယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ ၼင်ႇႁိုဝ် သၢႆၸႂ်တေလွတ်ႈ ၶုၼ်မိူၵ်ႈတေဢဝ်တၢႆၼၼ်ႉလႄႈ ၶီႇႁိူဝ်း လွင်ႈၸွမ်းမႄႈၼမ်ႉၼၵႃး။ လူင်းၸူး ဝဵင်းလိဝ်ၸူဝ်း(Liuzhou)ယဝ်ႉ ပၢႆႈသေႃႉ ၼႂ်းထမ်ႈသၼ်လွႆယူႇၾႅင်း (Yufeng hill ) ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ လႆႈထူပ်းၽေး လၢႆပွၵ်ႈလၢႆၶႃႇလႄႈ သၢႆၸႂ်ပေႃးတေဢမ်ႇလွတ်ႈၵေႃႈယႃႇ လွင်ႈႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းပၼ်ႁႅင်းလႄႈ မွၵ်ႇလၢတ်ႈ ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈၵူၼ်းၽၢၼ် မီးတင်းႁူႉၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ ၼၢင်းဢမ်ႇၵိုတ်းလႃးလႃး။ တင်းသွင် ၶီႇႁိူဝ်းလွင်ႈၸွမ်း ၼမ်ႉလိဝ်ၵျႅင်း (Liu Jiang river)သေ သိုပ်ႇႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်း သင်ႇသွၼ် ၵူၼ်းမိူင်းၵႂႃႇတိၵ်းတိၵ်း တေႃႇထိုင်ၶိူဝ်းၵျွင်ႉၶဝ် မေႃႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈၵူႈၵေႃႉ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ သွင်ၵေႃႉႁၵ်ႉၵၼ်ၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈပဵၼ်မႃးတီႈ ၶႃႈဝၢၼ်ႈၵူၼ်းမိူင်း ၸိူဝ်းလႆႈၶၢမ်ႇတဵၵ်းတဵင်ၼၼ်ႉ ယွင်ႈဢၢမ်းသေ ပဵၼ်တီႈၶုၼ်ႁၢႆႉမိူၵ်ႈလိူင်းၶဝ် ဢွၼ်ၵၼ် ၸင်းမႃး တႄႉတႄႉဝႃႈဝႃႈ ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၶၢဝ်ႇၼၢင်းလိုဝ်းလင် ၼႂ်းၵူၼ်းမိူင်းၼႅၼ်ႇလႄႈ ထိုင်ႁူ မူဝ်ႇႁႂႃႇရႅၼ် ၵႂႃႇ။ မိူဝ်ႈလႆႈႁူႉ တီႈယူႇၼၢင်းလီငၢမ်းယဝ်ႉၼၼ်ႉ မူဝ်ႇႁႂႃႇရႅၼ် ပၼ်သူးလၢပ်ႈ ယႂ်ႇလူင်ၼိူဝ်ၶုၼ်ဢိူင်ႇၶဝ်သေ ႁႂ်ႈတိၺွပ်းၼၢင်းယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ ၶုၼ်ၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ ပွႆႇသိုၵ်းၵႂႃႇတိၺွပ်းၼၢင်း။
ၵႅတ်ႇၶႄၵူၼ်းမိူင်း
မိူဝ်ႈႁၼ်သိုၵ်းမႃး လွမ်ႉလွႆယူႇၾႅင်းၼၼ်ႉ ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈၵူၼ်းသူၼ် ႁိမ်းႁွမ်းၼၼ်ႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၼႅတ်ႈဢွၵ်ႇမႃး ၸွႆႈၼၢင်း။ ဢၢၼ်းႁူမ်ႈၵၼ်တိုၵ်းၶိုၼ်း သိုၵ်းၸိူဝ်းမႃးလွမ်ႉလွႆ ၼၼ်ႉသေ ၵႅတ်ႇၶႄၼၢင်း။ လိဝ်ၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ ႁၼ်လွင်ႈၵူၼ်းမိူင်း ပဵၼ်ၸႂ်ၼၢင်း၊ ႁၵ်ႉၼၢင်း ဢၢၼ်းၸွႆႈ ၼၢင်း။ ဢမ်ႇၶႂ်ႈႁႂ်ႈ ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈၵူၼ်းၽၢၼ် ၸိူဝ်းလႆႈၶၢမ်ႇတၢမ်ႇၶုၼ်သေ တုၵ်ႉယၢၵ်ႈယူႇယဝ်ႉၼၼ်ႉ တၢႆယွၼ်ႉၼၢင်းလႄႈ ၸင်ႇၸုင်ဢဝ်မိုဝ်း ၵေႃႉႁၵ်ႉမၼ်း လီသႅဝ်းၼိဝ်ႉသေ ၵျွၵ်းတူၵ်း တိုင်းၼမ်ႉလိုၵ်ႉလူင်ၼၼ်ႉ ၵႂႃႇၵမ်းလဵဝ်။ ၼၢင်း တၢႆႁၢႆၵႂႃႇယဝ်ႉသေတႃႉ ၼႂ်းႁူဝ်ၸႂ်ၵူၼ်းမိူင်းတႄႉ ယင်းတိုၵ်ႉမီး မၼ်းၼၢင်းဝႆႉယူႇ တေႃႇထိုင်ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈလဵဝ်။
ၼၢင်းပဵၼ်ႁူဝ်ၸႂ်ၵူၼ်းမိူင်း
ၵူၼ်းမိူင်းၸိူဝ်းၼၼ်ႉ ႁၵ်ႉၼၢင်းၼႅၼ်ႇလႄႈ ၶဝ်ဝႃႈ ၼၢင်းဢမ်ႇတၢႆ။ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ယုမ်ႇယမ်ဝႃႈ မိူဝ်ႈၵျွၵ်းတူၵ်းၼမ်ႉ သွင်ၵေႃႉႁၵ်ႉၵၼ်ၼၼ်ႉ ယဵၼ်းပဵၼ် ၼူၵ်ႉသႅဝ်းသွင်တူဝ် မိၼ်ၶၢမ်ႈၼမ်ႉ ၶိုၼ်ႈၵၢင်ႁၢဝ်ၵႂႃႇ။ ၵမ်ႈၽွင်ႈဝႃႈ မိူဝ်ႈၼၢင်း ၸမ်တေတူၵ်းၽတ်ႉသႂ်ႇ ၽိဝ်ၼမ်ႉၼၼ်ႉ မီးပႃၶမ်းလူင် ၵျွၵ်းပုင်ႈၶိုၼ်ႈမႃး ဢုမ်ႈတဵင်ႇၼၢင်း ၶိုၼ်ႈၵၢင်ႁၢဝ်ၵႂႃႇ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၼင်ႇႁိုဝ် တေဢမ်ႇလိုမ်းၼၢင်း ၵေႃႉဢၼ်ပၼ်ႁႅင်း၊ ပၼ်တင်းႁူႉ ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈ ၵူၼ်းသူၼ်၊ ဢွၼ်ၵူၼ်းၽၢၼ် သၢၼ်ၶတ်း ၶုၼ်ႁၢႆႉမိူၵ်ႈလိူင်းယူႇတႃႇသေႇသေ ၵမ်းလိုၼ်းသုတ်း ထိုင်တီႈၸုၼ်ႉသၢႆၸႂ် ၵႅတ်ႇၶႄ ၵူၼ်း ၸိူဝ်းတေတၢႆ ယွၼ်ႉမၼ်းၼၢင်းၼၼ်ႉလႄႈ ၶဝ်ဢမ်ႇလိုမ်းၼၢင်းလႆႈ။ ယုၵ်ႉယွင်ႈ တၢင်းႁတ်းႁၢၼ်ၼၢင်းယူႇတႃႇသေႇလႄႈ လိူၼ်သၢမ်မႂ်ႇသၢမ်ၶမ်ႈၵူႈပီ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ႁဵတ်း ပွႆးႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းမႃး တေႃႇထိုင်ယၢမ်းလဵဝ် ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ တီႈပွႆးၼၼ်ႉ ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းဝွၵ်း၊ ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းၶႄႉၵၼ်၊ ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်းပဵၼ်မူႇ ပဵၼ်ပၢင် ဢမ်ႇၵႃး မၢဝ်ႇသၢဝ်ၶီႇႁိူဝ်း လွင်ႈၸွမ်းမႄႈၼမ်ႉလိဝ်ၵျၢင်းသေ ႁွင်ႉၵႂၢမ်း ဝၢၵ်ႇၵဝ်းၶျွၵ်ႉၵၼ် တေႃႇထိုင် ပဵၼ်ပၢၼ်ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၵႂႃႇၵေႃႈမီး ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။
သၢၵ်ႈသေႇပိုၼ်းၼၢင်း ဢၼ်ၵိုတ်းဝႆႉ
တီႈသၼ်လွႆယူႇၾႅင်း ၊ ၼႂ်းဢိူင်ႇ လိဝ်ၸူဝ်း ယင်းတိုၵ်ႉ မီးထမ်ႈၸၢၼ်းၵျႄ (Sanjie Cave) ၼႆၼၼ်ႉယူႇ။ ၼိူဝ်မႄႈၼမ်ႉ ႁိမ်းတိၼ်လွႆၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ ယင်းမီး တႃႈၼမ်ႉ ဢၼ်ၼၢင်းဢၢပ်ႇၼမ်ႉ သၵ်ႉၶူဝ်းၵူၺ်းမဝ်ႇၵႃး တီႈငိူပ်ႇ ၽႃႁိၼ် တီႈၼၢင်း မႃးဝႆႉၵၢၼ်းႁၢပ်ႇၼမ်ႉ ၼႆၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ ယင်းမီးဝႆႉယူႇ တေႃႇမိူဝ်ႈလဵဝ်။ တီႈၼၢင်း ယၢမ်ႈလႆႈၶႄႉၶဵင်ႇ တင်းမေႃၵႂၢမ်းသၢမ်ၵေႃႉၼၼ်ႉၵေႃႈ ယင်းတိုၵ်ႉမီးယူႇ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။
တူဝ်တၢႆၸိုဝ်ႈဢမ်ႇႁၢႆ
ၵူၼ်းဝၢၼ်ႈၵူၼ်းမိူင်း ဢွၼ်ၵၼ် ဢဝ်ၵႂၢမ်းၼၢင်းၼၼ်ႉ သိုပ်ႇသွၼ်ၵၼ် ႁႂ်ႈၵိုၵ်းတႆးၵျွင်ႉမႃး ပၢၼ်သိုပ်ႇပၢၼ် တေႃႇထိုင်ယၢမ်းလဵဝ် ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၵျွင်ႉၶဝ် ယုၵ်ႉယွင်ႈၼၢင်းမႃး ၼပ်ႉႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇပီမိူင်း။ ႁၢင်ႈပၼ်ႈၼၢင်းလႄႈ ဝတ်ႉ ဢၼ်ႁဵတ်းဝႆႉ တႃႇယုၵ်ႉယွင်ႈၼၢင်းၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈႁၼ်မီးၼႂ်းၵႂၢင်းသီ ဝႆႉတင်းၼမ် ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ လိုၼ်းလင်မႃး ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၶိုၼ်းၵဵပ်းႁွမ် ၵႂၢမ်းၵဝ်ႇမွၼ်မၼ်းၼၢင်း ဢၼ်ၵျွင်ႉၶဝ် ႁွင်ႉမႃးပၢၼ်သိုပ်ႇပၢၼ်ၼၼ်ႉ ဢိတ်ႇပဵၼ်ပပ်ႉ ၵႂၢမ်းႁွင်ႉၸွမ်းႁႆႈသူၼ်ၼႃး (Songs of the Hill) ၼႆၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ဢဝ်ၵႂႃႇ ႁွင်ႉၼႄ ၽၢႆႇၼႃႈႁုၼ်ႇႁၢင်ႈၼၢင်း ဢၼ်ၶဝ်သၢင်ႈဝႆႉၼၼ်ႉ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ၵျွင်ႉၶဝ် ဝႆႉၼၢင်း ပဵၼ်ၼင်ႇ ၼၢင်းၾီမေႃၵႂၢမ်း (သူႇရသတီႇ) ၼၼ်ႉသေ ၵိူဝ်းယမ်ဝႆႉ။ ၵျွင်ႉၶဝ်ယုမ်ႇယမ်ဝႃႈ ၵႂၢမ်းၼႂ်း ၵႂၢင်းသီၶဝ် ၵိုၵ်းပိုၼ်းသေ လိုဝ်းလင်မႃးၼၼ်ႉ ယွၼ်ႉတင်းၵတ်ႉၶႅၼ်ႇၼၢင်း ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ မိူဝ်ႈ 1960 ၶုၼ်မိူင်း ၵႂၢင်းသီၶဝ် ႁႂ်ႈဢဝ်ပိုၼ်းၼၢင်း ႁဵတ်းပဵၼ်ၼင်(film) ၼႄလႄႈ လိုဝ်းလင်သေ ၵူၼ်းတူၺ်းမီးႁူဝ်လၢၼ်ႉမၼ်း ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။ ယၢမ်းလဵဝ်ၵေႃး တီႈယႅင်းသျူဝ်ႇ(Yangshuo)ၼၼ်ႉ ဢဝ်လွင်ႈၼၢင်းၼႆႉ ႁဵတ်းပဵၼ်ၸိူင်း ၼႄၵၢင်ႇၶိုၼ်းလႄႈ ၵူၼ်းၼွၵ်ႈၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈ၊ ၵူၼ်းၼွၵ်ႈမိူင်းၶဝ် ၸိူဝ်းၵႂႃႇၵႂၢင်းသီၼၼ်ႉ ဢွၼ်ၵၼ်ၵႂႃႇတူၺ်း။ လိုဝ်းလင်ဝႆႉယူႇ တႄႉတႄႉ ၼႆယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ပိုၼ်းသုၼ်ႇတူဝ်
297
လိူၼ်ၸၼ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၾႅပ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်မၢတ်ႉၶျ်
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢေႇပရႄႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်မေႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၵျုၼ်ႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၵျူႇလၢႆႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢေႃးၵၢတ်ႉ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်သႅပ်ႇထႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢွၵ်ႇထူဝ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်တီႇသႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:297
ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ 18
လိူၼ်ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ (18) ဝၼ်းၼႆႉ ပေႃးဢဝ် ပၵ်းယဵမ်ႈဝၼ်းၵရီႇၵေႃးရီးယႅၼ်း ဝႃႈ ပဵၼ်ဝၼ်းထူၼ်ႈ (322) (ပေႃးပဵၼ် ပီဝႃႇထၢပ်ႈ ၼႆ ပဵၼ် ဝၼ်းထူၼ်ႈ (323))ဝၼ်းယဝ်ႉ။ တွၼ်ႈတႃႇတေသုတ်းပီၼႆႉ ၵိုတ်းထႅင်ႈယူႇ (43) ဝၼ်း။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၼ်းထိ ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
ယႂႃႇတႃႇ၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမျိၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ႇ
ဝၢၼ်ႈယႂႃႇတႃႇ  (ရွာသာရွာ, Ywarthar) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇပလူင်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမျိၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈမျိၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 191326 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇပလူင်ႇၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 1776 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 2295 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 4071 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၢၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးတီႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမျိၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ႇ
1374
1374
ၵုၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ႇယူဝ်း၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းတႃႇၸီႇ
ဝၢၼ်ႈၵုၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ယူဝ်း  (ကွမ်းခြံရိုးရွာ, Kunchanyoe) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇၵုၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ယူဝ်း၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းတႃႇၸီႇ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈမဵၵ်ႉထီႇလႃႇ၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 194269 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇၵုၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ယူဝ်းၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 368 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 482 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 850 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
1374
လိူၼ်ၸၼ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
ၵုၼ်းၶျၢၼ်ႇယူဝ်း၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းတႃႇၸီႇ
ဢၢင်ႈဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၢၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးတီႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းတႃႇၸီႇ
1374
လိူၼ်ၾႅပ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢေႇပရႄႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်မေႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၵျုၼ်ႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၵျူႇလၢႆႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢေႃးၵၢတ်ႉ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်သႅပ်ႇထႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢွၵ်ႇထူဝ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်တီႇသႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:1374
1760
1760
လိူၼ်ၸၼ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်မၢတ်ႉၶျ်
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ဢေႇပရႄႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
978
လိူၼ်ၸၼ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်ၾႅပ်ႇဝႃႇရီႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
1760
လိူၼ်ၵျုၼ်ႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
978
လိူၼ်မၢတ်ႉၶျ်
(1) ဝၼ်း။
1760
လိူၼ်ၵျူႇလၢႆႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
978
လိူၼ်ဢေႇပရႄႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
1760
ဢေႃးၵၢတ်ႉ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
978
လိူၼ်မေႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
1760
သႅပ်ႇထႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
ဢွၵ်ႇထူဝ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
978
လိူၼ်ၵျူႇလၢႆႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
1760
တီႇသႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
978
လိူၼ်ဢေႃးၵၢတ်ႉ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်သႅပ်ႇထႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
1760
တီႇသႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:1760
978
လိူၼ်ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
လိူၼ်တီႇသႅမ်ႇပႃႇ
(1) ဝၼ်း။
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:978
ၵူဝ်းၸီး၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမျိတ်ႉတႃး
ဝၢၼ်ႈၵူဝ်းၸီး  (ကိုးစီးရွာ, Koesee) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇယႂႃႇၶႅင်ႇၵျီး၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမျိတ်ႉတႃး၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈၵျွၵ်ႉသႄႇ၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 190999 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇယႂႃႇၶႅင်ႇၵျီးၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 1977 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 2098 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 4075 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
တိုဝ်ႉၽၵ်းၼၢမ်၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ
ဝၢၼ်ႈတိုဝ်ႉၽၵ်းၼၢမ် (, Tuephaknaam, တိဖက်နမ်) ၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ဝၢၼ်ႈ ဢၼ်မီးၼႂ်း ဢိူင်ႇႁူဝ်ၼမ်ႉ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမွၵ်ႇမႆႇ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈ လၢင်းၶိူဝ်း၊ မိူင်းတႆး၊ မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇၶႃႈဢေႃႈ။
ပွင်းတီႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်း
ၸႄႈဝဵင်းပွင်းတီႇ (ပေါင်းတည်မြို့နယ် ; Paungde Township) ၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢၼ်ၼိုင်ႈ ဢၼ်မီးတီႈ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈပျီႇ၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းပႃႇၵိူဝ်၊ မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ဝဵင်းပၵ်းလုမ်းၸႄႈဝဵင်းၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် ဝဵင်းပွင်းတီႇယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ၸႄႈတိူင်းပႃႇၵိူဝ်
မဢူႇပိၼ်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်း
ႁဵင်းၵွင်ႉၽၢႆႇၼွၵ်ႈ
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸိူဝ်းမီးၼႂ်း ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈမဢူႇပိၼ်ႇ ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ၸႄႈတိူင်းဢေႇယႃႇဝတီႇ
ၺွင်ႇၵူင်း (တႂ်ႈ)၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ
ဝၢၼ်ႈၺွင်ႇၵူင်း (တႂ်ႈ)  (ညောင်ကုန်း (အောက်)ရွာ၊ Nyaungkone(Lower)) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇၽျူႇယွင်ႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈပၢင်ႇဢူး၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 190370 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇၽျူႇယွင်ႇၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 472 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 438 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 910 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၢၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးတီႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ
ၼွင်ၼိၼ်း၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းယမႄးတိၼ်း
ဝၢၼ်ႈၼွင်ၼိၼ်း  (နောင်နှင်းရွာ၊ Naunghnin) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇၼၢင်းၶႂႄး၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းယမႄးတိၼ်း၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈယမႄးတိၼ်း၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 192637 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇၼၢင်းၶႂႄးၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 712 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 666 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 1378 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၢၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးတီႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းယမႄးတိၼ်း
ၶယၢၼ်း၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်း
ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၶယၢၼ်း (ခရမ်းမြို့နယ်), (Khayan Township), ၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်ၸႄႈဝဵင်းဢၼ်ၼိူင်ႈ ဢၼ်ၶဝ်ႈပႃးဝႆႉ တီႈၼႂ်း ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈၵုင်ႈ၊ မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ ၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ဝဵင်းပၵ်းလုမ်းၸႄႈဝဵင်းတႄႉ ပဵၼ် ဝဵင်းၶယၢၼ်းယဝ်ႉ။
ၼၼ်ႉတႃႇမျႅင်ႇ၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမတယႃႇ
ဝၢၼ်ႈၼၼ်ႉတႃႇမျႅင်ႇ  (နံ့သာမြိုင်ရွာ, Nanttharmyaing) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇယေႇၵျီႇ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမတယႃႇ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈပၢင်ႇဢူး၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 218168 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇယေႇၵျီႇၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 6718 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 7125 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 13843 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၢၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးတီႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမတယႃႇ
ဝႃႇၶိၼ်းၵျီး၊ ဝၢၼ်ႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၺွင်ႇဢူး
ဝၢၼ်ႈဝႃႇၶိၼ်းၵျီး  (ဝါခင်းကြီးရွာ၊ Warkhingyi) ၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉတီႈ ဢိူင်ႇဝႃႇၶိၼ်းၵျီး၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၺွင်ႇဢူး၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈၺွင်ႇဢူး၊ ၸႄႈတိူင်းတႃႈလိူဝ်ႇ ယဝ်ႉ။ ၶူတ်ႉဢွင်ႈတီႈၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် 192432 ယဝ်ႉ။ ၸွမ်းလူၺ်ႈ သဵၼ်ႈမၢႆႁူဝ်ႁိူၼ်း 2014 သေ တီႈ ဢိူင်ႇဝႃႇၶိၼ်းၵျီးၼႆႉ မီးဝႆႉ ၸၢႆး 495 ၵေႃႉ ၊ ယိင်း 679 ၵေႃႉ သေ ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်း ယူႇသဝ်း ႁူမ်ႈ မီးယူႇ 1174 ၵေႃႉယဝ်ႉ။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၢၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးတီႈ ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၺွင်ႇဢူး
ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ 19
လိူၼ်ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ (19) ဝၼ်းၼႆႉ ပေႃးဢဝ် ပၵ်းယဵမ်ႈဝၼ်းၵရီႇၵေႃးရီးယႅၼ်း ဝႃႈ ပဵၼ်ဝၼ်းထူၼ်ႈ (323) (ပေႃးပဵၼ် ပီဝႃႇထၢပ်ႈ ၼႆ ပဵၼ် ဝၼ်းထူၼ်ႈ (324))ဝၼ်းယဝ်ႉ။ တွၼ်ႈတႃႇတေသုတ်းပီၼႆႉ ၵိုတ်းထႅင်ႈယူႇ (42) ဝၼ်း။
ၽိုၼ်ဢိင်
ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ဝၼ်းထိ ပိူင်ထၢၼ်ႈ:ၼူဝ်ႇဝႅမ်ႇပႃႇ