cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji
Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji zzɣ icbilya ittussan ɣ utaram s yism Alpetragius, iga amsnitri aflsuf amṛṛuki iddr ɣ uzmz n wurɣ n Lislam, ilul ɣ umṛṛuk, izdɣ ɣ icbilya, ɣ Landalus, iga zzɣ inḍfarn n iwis n Ṭufayl ig zzɣ tasut n iwis n Rucd. Tettusmma yat tgḍit n Albitrajyus takaswart ɣ iggi n wayyur s yism nns.
Babas n Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji U Icbilya (ittussan g utaram s yism alatin Albtrijyus) (immut g usggʷas 1204) iga amsnitri asblyuni amṛṛuki d inbḍi ɣ Landalus. Ikka tt inn Lbiṭṛuji amsnitri amzwaru issumrn angraw asnitran ur igin abṭlam ɣ udɣar n izurta n Baṭlimus d imtiwgn mi iga wakal ammas. Issumr ula asrag n imussutn ignnayn. Infufd ungraw nns ɣ tugt n tsgiwin n Tuṛuft ɣ tasut tiss kraḍt d mrawt.
Tudrt nns
Ur bahra ittussan yat f tudrt nns abla mas yallfus ad d ittyasay yism nns zzɣ Lus Bidruc (Biruc) lli igan yat tmnaḍt yaẓn i -Quṛṭuba-. Iga anlmad n Iwis n Ṭufayl iddr azmz n Iwis n Ṛucd.
Tiwuriwin nns timqranin
Zzɣ warratn nns adlis n ugraw (Lhayaa s tɛrabt) ittusuɣl zzɣ tutlayt taɛrabt s tutlayt taɛibrit ilmma tutlayt talatint lli ɣ tettusiggz tunɣilt a ɣ Fyina ɣ usggʷas n 1531. Isnfli tiẓri f umussu n imtiwgn. S tuggas nns isnulfa yat tẓri tasnitrayt ɣ warra nns <Adlis n ugraw>, issudr sis tiẓri n Uduksus f tfkkawin tignnayin issarn ɣ wammas, macc s yat twlaft yaḍn yaggugn. Dman tugt n imrza mas d isugan n Lbiṭṛuji lan tazrart ɣ usdudi n wumlan n Baṭlimus, aylli tn igan ɣ turda, issaɣd abrid ɣ mnid n Kubirnikus d ar ẓṛṛan itrarn nns nɣ d willi iddrn ɣ uzmz nns mas gant tannayin nns asuynu umnig igan azlan, d is ar akkʷ sawaln f tasnitrit tamaynut. Lbiṭṛuji iga amzwaru lli issmtrn i umussu n imtiwgn izzigizn mas iga amglalay ur d imklli s inna Baṭlimus ɣ udlis nns Lmajisti.
Issuɣl Mixayil Skuṭ (s tnglizt Michael Scouts) adlis n ugraw n Lmajiṣṭi s tlatint, d ntta iga amsnitri ɣ Lbalaṭ n Lqaysar Fridrik wiss sin Imbraṭur n Lalman d ugllid n Sqlya (1250-1194), ɣ usggʷas n 1217 tl, imklli s t issuɣl s tɛibrit Musa iwis n tbun ɣ usggʷas n 1529 tl.
Angraw n imtiwgn
vignette|Tgḍit n Albitrajyus takaswart ɣ iggi n wayyur ittusemman s yism nns
Issumr Lbiṭṛuji tiẓri f umussu n imtiwgn yurm gis ad yanf i itran n ussutl d ifkkiwn tirammasin d ukamd n tumanin iẓlin s yitran izzigizn d ɣayann s usnḍfs n ussutl n imazllawn iynammasn. Ig ɣaya asggd n ungraw n umussu amtiwgan lli ssumrn imzwura nns Iwis n Baja d iwis n Ṭufayl. Ur imurs g usnfl n uzurt n Baṭlimus amtiwgan acku ismnnitn inmḍann n idɣarn n imtiwgn ɣ usnay nns ddu tsddi n willi illan ɣ uzurt n Baṭlimus s usrag n tmara n usuttu n ! yitran n ussutl ɣ uzurt n Baṭlimus.
Maɣust (Isagn)
Maɣust iga yan uḍwwaṛ illan ɣ tgrawt n Awgnz, tasga n Wactukn-Ayt Baha, tmnaḍt n Sus-Masst ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala aḍwwaṛ ad i tqbilt n Isagn ɣ llan 26 iḍwwaṛn. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣn n uḍwwaṛ ad 22 n ufgan, ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin 6.
Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji
Angraw n imtiwgn
Ittusumr s uskutty f tsuɣal tilatiniyin mas iga ungraw nns astrer d ulsilɣ n ungraw n Iyuduksus zzɣ knidus d umussu izgan n yitran lli isnfla Bṛahim iwis n Yaḥya Zzrqali. Mqqar anct ann ur ittussan is yad lkmn imsnitriyn indalusiyn i twuriwin n Iyuduksus nɣ is tnt ssnn.
Maɣust (Isagn)
Isɣwan yaḍnin
Taggayt:Awgnz
Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji
Angraw n imtiwgn
Yan n isgiwn isalann n ungraw n Lbiṭṛuji iga mas issumr tillit n usrag angan i imussutn ignnayn. Ar ismuna gr tawngimt n 'Zzaxam' (lli yad issumr Kanjun Filubunus) d urmmus 'Ccawq' tirat n Abi Lbarakat Lbɣdadi ad issfru tamamkt n umutti n tẓḍaṛt zzɣ unsmassu amzwaru lli ittusrsn ɣ uzilal wiss tẓa s izilaln yaḍn issfru s uynna timmriwin d imussutn imzarayn n izilaln yaḍn. A r ittnnzray s ɣayann d twngimt tariṣṭut lli ittinin mas ɣinn llant kra timussutin i ku amaḍal, isns ilmma yat tmussut f ku yan zzɣ imaḍaln win izddar d umsayrar.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
thumb|Iwtta n tmazirt n Lmɣrib ɣ uzmz n Imwaḥḥidn ɣ gr 1147 d 1269. Zɣ Tarkyulujit ar ibayyan mas Lmɣrib ityuzdaɣ zɣ zikk, uggar n 400,000 n usggas. Ityuzdaɣ zɣ azrmzruy s imaziɣn, Lmɣrib d wakal nns zrin gisn tugt n tiɣurma, zund Iculin, Imustirn, Iɛatirin,Ibrumurizin,Ikaṛdyalin, Ijaṛsin, d Iqaḅṣin. Amzruy nna ittyaran n Lmɣṛib ibda zɣ uzmz n ukccum n Ifiniqn s tafriqt n ugafa, ger tasut tis VI d tasut tiss VIII qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji
Angraw n imtiwgn
Infufd ungraw nns ɣ tugt n isgiwn n Tuṛuft ɣ tasut tiss kṛaḍt d mrawt d isul umsgdal f twngimin nns ar tasut tiss ṣḍiṣt d mrawt. Issugga Kubrnikus s ungraw nns ɣ udlis ɣ tisutal n imtiwgn ignnayn ɣ tizi n umsgdal n tẓriwin n unmala n imtiwgn immzdrn.
Afrḍis akimyan
thumb|175x175px|Yat twlaft n yan rrasm ar aɣ immal manik ayga cckl n ufrḍis akimyan Afrḍis akimyan nɣ Afrdis akruran (s tfransist: -{élément chimique}-) iga tagrumma n iblkimn (-{atoms}-) ttuẓlaynin s yan wuṭṭun imdn n ipruṭunn ɣ tuẓẓmt nnsn. Uṭṭun ad, ar tt nttara s Z, ar as nttini uṭṭun ablkiman n ufrdis akruran. Ar ttuswttant, ɣ tilawt, tɣariwin tikruranin n iblkimn s tuẓka nnsn talikṭrunant iqqnn s wuṭṭun n ipruṭunn n tuẓẓumt nnsn, aynna yakkan mas d iblkimn aksulnin ɣ wuṭṭun ablkiman ar asn ttiksilnt tɣariwin tikruranin. Ɣ unmgal, ẓḍarn iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan ad ilin yan wuṭṭun imzarayn n inuṭrunn ɣ tuẓẓumt nnsn, ar asn nttini ɣ waddad ad iẓutupn.
Nuṛddin Lbiṭṛuji
Tamttant nns
Immut Lbiṭṛuji asggʷas n 1204 tl.
Afrḍis akimyan
Ahidrujin, akarbun, aẓut, uksijin, uzzal, anas, aẓrf, urɣ, atg. gan ifrdisn ikrurann. Ku yan gisn ar ittugnsas s yat tngalt takrurant: H, C, N, O, F, Cu, Ag, Au, atg. S umata, ttyufan ar ɣassa 118 n ifrdisn ikrurann, zɣ wuṭṭun ablkiman 1 ar 118. Gisn 94 n ifrdisn ttusmagin f wakal ɣ wammas agaman, ilin 80 darsn s tdrsi yan uẓutup izgan (lan akk ifrdisn ad yan wuṭṭun ablkiman imẓẓiyn f nɣ igda 82 abla ifrdisn 43 d 61).
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Tagldit n Muṛiṭanya tga tagldit nna akk izwarn ɣ Lmɣṛib, ɣ usggas n 44 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ kcmen-ttid Iṛumyen d Lwandal d Lḅiẓantiyyin, ddu lḥukm n Imurin nɣ Lmur imaziɣn. Ɣ tusut tamzwarut n lhijra n umazan n ṛbbi taẓallit n Ṛebbi fllas, kcmnd s Lmɣṛib imuslmen awind ditsn Lislam ddu lḥukm n umawiyyin. Kcmn Imaziɣen s Lislam ddu ufus nsen. Ɣ usggas n 720 n tlalit, ddu ufus n Maysara Amḍɣri, skern Imaziɣn tagrawla f imuslmen, mac imaziɣen ɣaman ɣ Lislam.
Afrḍis akimyan
Ɣiyn ifrdisn ikrurann ad munn ɣ tizi n imyaggatn ikrurann ssilɣn yat tartalla n wuddisn ikrurann. Aman, s umdya, gan tayafut n tamunt n wuksijin d uhidrujin, aynna aɣ yakkan afnuz bu tnfalit takrurant H 2 O — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d yan n wuksijin. Iẓḍar uhidrujin d wuksijin, ɣ tfadiwin timhlanin myallanin, ad d-fkn uddisn myallanin, zund ubiruksid n uhidrujin nɣ d aman ittsuksijinin lanin tanfalit H 2 O 2 — sin iblkimn n uhidrujin d sin n wuksijin. Ɣ unmgal, ku uddis akruran iɣy ad iry ig ifrdisn imyallan. Aman, s umdya, ẓḍarn ad ttuliktrulizan s wuksijin d uhidrujin. Da nttini i tanga tazdgant, yulɣn s iblkimn n ufrdis akruran igan yan,tafkka tafrart. Tamggarut ad ur yallfus ad try s ifrdisn myallanin. Aya as nsmziriy gr tfkka tafrart d ufrdis akruran. S umdya, uksijin iga afrdis akruran, macc urrig nna nssn akkʷ d nna mi nttini ɣ wawal n ku ass uksijin hat tafkka tafrart ayd iga, ig yism nns unɣid asinuksijin, ar t-nsnfali s O 2, bac ad imyilli d wuẓun bu tnfalit O 3 , igan altu tafkka tafrart; uẓun d usinuksijin gan anawn isnfliḍnann n ufrdis uksijin. Addad alugnan n yan ufrdis akruran iga-t waddad n tfkka tafrart mi tga tnfalit (-{Enthalpi}-) tanawayt n ussilɣ tanlmaḍt-akkʷ ɣ tfadiwin timagnutin n uzɣal d ussikl, igdan 0 s umsasa.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Lluṛa n tagrawla n imaziɣn, Lmɣṛib iffuɣ zɣ lḥukm n umawiyyin hkamn ixf nssen. Ɣ Lislam zrint kigan n tiglday ɣ Lmɣṛib, zund : Ɣ usggas n 1912 n lmilad Lmɣṛib ikcm ddaw lḥimaya n fṛanṣa, lluṛa n tassast n ugadir d tassast tamɣṛabit tamzwarut. Ɣ usggas n 1956 Lmɣṛib yumẓ tasimant-ns.
Afrḍis akimyan
Ur yallfus ad infl ufrdis akruran s yan ufrdis yaḍn s umyagga akruran, amyagga awẓman ittusmman ammskl awẓman day ad iẓḍarn ad ig isnfl ad. Asnml ad isnfalit tikklt tamzwarut umskrura afransis -{Lavoisir}- ɣ 1789,.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azrmzruy
Adɣar lli ɣ illa Lmɣrib ɣilad ikka-tt-inn ittuyzdaɣ zɣ uzmz aẓrwan aqbur, ɣ kran wakud illan gr 190.000 d 90.000 q.ɛ (qbl ad ilul ɛisa). Tlla yat tiɣri tamaynut tzḍar ad tml mas t-inn ikka Lmɣrib ittuyzdaɣ qbl akk tarix ad bɛd ma d ufan kran ixsan n ufgan azayku ma mu ttinin Homosapiens tama n uftas n yill aṭlasi ɣ udrar n Iɣud lliɣ asn skrn taḥalil ufan mas lɛmr nnsn ar itturri s 315.000 q.ɛ, ɣayad ad yujjan ixsan ad ad gin tilli akk iqburn ɣ umaḍal akk.
Afrḍis akimyan
Ismawn
Ɣ 2011, tdggi tamunt tagraɣlant n tkrura tazddagt d tmsnast (-{UICPA}-) ismawn s tnglizt d iniglan ikrurann igraɣlann n 112 n ifrdisn imzwura (s unmala n wuṭṭun awblkim). Ɣ 31 mayu n 2012, ismma UICPA sin ifrdisn yaḍn, aflirubyum Fl d ulibirmuryum Lv (uṭṭun 114 d 116). Ɣ 31 dujanbir n 2015 issuded UICPA inniy n kkuẓ n ifrdisn yaḍn, win wuṭṭunn iwblkimn 113, 115, 117 d 118, mac ur asn ifki kra n yismawn igguran. Mac ar ttwannan s yismawn imaddasn iran ad infl ad day asn ttustayn yismawn, ad tn igan d unutryum (Uut), ununbuntyum (Uuv), ununsatyum (Uus) d ununuktyum (Uuo)[6], mac umẓn ismawn nnsn igguran ɣ 28 nuwanbir n 2016, s uzrak anihunyum (Nh), amuskubyum (Mc), atinis (Ts) d uganisun (Og).
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azrmzruy
Ɣ uzmz anaẓran (n uẓru) amaynu, uckand iṣyaḍn d imksawn, staqrn ɣ ṣavana n idɣarn nna. Tadlsa nnsn tsfalkay aylliɣ ibda waman ar t ittiliḥ bɛd 500 q.ɛ s ssbab n isnfal n unzwi. Idɣarn lli illan ɣ taman yill n Lmɣrib ɣ umzwaru n uzmz anaẓran amaynu tkka-tt-inn tmunn ddu yat tdlsa n lfxxar d tadlsa n idɣarn n yill agrakal. Tɣuriwin n tarkyulujit mlan masd ttadjin n tfunasin d tkrrazt s sin-itsn kkan-tt-inn ɣ uzmz ann. Ɣ uzmz n iɣir, tadlsa tajirsit tlkm ɣ-akud-ann s ugafa n Lmɣrib.
Azmz azayku
left|thumb|208x208px|Dyana, yat takuct tarumiyt tlla ɣ tiɣrmt n [[Walili.]] Tuckit n ifiniqin s iftasn imurwakucin yiwi s tsutin n unbaḍ n imẓẓin ɣ yiẓẓlmḍ n Lmɣrib. Isbbabn ifiniqin iflayn tamnaḍt nɣd tasga n tagut ɣ yill umlil agrakal dat n tasut tiss tamt dat n tlalit n Ɛisa d dffir nns s imikk ṣkan tisgiyin n tisnt ɣ yiftasn d isaffn n Lmɣrib. D gr timntawin mqqurnin izwarn n ifiniqin tlla ɣ Cala, Liksus, d Mugadur.
Anṭunyu Kubillu
Antonio Cubillo, ilul ɣ ass n 3 ɣ wayyur wis-ṣḍiṣ n usggʷas n 1930 ɣ ammas n San Kristubal n La Laguna d immt ass n 3 dujanbir 2012 ɣ Santa Kruz n Tinirifi, ikkattinn iga amuḥami, ig argaz n tsrtit d amɣnas agwanci amaziɣ. D nttat ad iɛdln d nttat ad ibiddn f Umussu n tasimant n Tigzirin tiknariyin ɣ usggʷas n 1963, ẓẓan fllas zɣ tigzirin tiknariyin ḍaṛt unuccg nns ɣ ammas n umussu n tasimant.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azmz azayku
Tucka-d tɣrma taqṛṭajit dat n tasut tiss smmust dat n tlalit n Ɛisa d tsmuzza n tkiriḍt nns ɣ iẓẓlmḍ n tafṛiqt. Qṛṭaj trna tazdiwin n tsbbabt nns d tqqbilin timaziɣin, d ar asn takka aqqaṛiḍ ku asggʷas afadd ad tḥḍu amyawas nnsn ɣ tsarwa n tngiwin  timzwura.
Afrḍis akimyan
Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn
Taflwit ad ad igan talli akk ittuysxdamn ɣ igr amassan, skrn kigan n id butussna d imassan tflwitin yaḍn smunn gis ifrḍisn ikimayn. Macc ɣwad a bahra illan d walli bahra sxdamn middn. -{
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azmz azayku
Zzɣ tasut tiss kṛaḍt dat n tlalit n Ɛisa, tkkatt inn Muṛitanya tga tagldit taqqbilit tamaziɣt ɣ ugʷmmaḍ agrakal n Lmɣrib, agllid i kullu iqqbuṛn ittussann mas inbḍ tagldit ad igat Baga, lli ynbḍn ɣ tasut tiss kṛaḍt dat n tlalit n Ɛisa d dffir nns yucka d Bukus amzwaru i ynbḍn gr 100 d 80 dat n tlalit, igldan imaziɣn ur ar yadlli bahra kkṛḍn iftasn, taɣawsa lli yssrxan akccum n iṛumin, ɣ-akud-ann aɣulnt kra n tsgiwin ɣ Muṛiṭanya tga tamsddurruyt taṛumit ɣ 33 dat n tlalit, d taɣul dffir nns kullut ɣ usggʷas n 40 dffir n tlalit lliɣ inɣa umnukad Kaligula agllid Amuri Baṭelimus.thumb|Rsma yann nit n takuct Dyana ɣ [[Walili.]]Unuɣ n takuct Diyana ɣ Walili, Ṛuma tkkṛḍ ikaliwn n Muritanya, i yadlli ur bahra ittuswttan, s imsasatn d tmyaqqanin d tqqbilin tiẓuṛanin d ɣ udɣar ad ig azzaɣ asrdasan, d tsiriw tissas nns ɣar f tsgiwin iɣ a yadlli tlummaẓ gis, d iɣ ur a bahra tsɣawsa kigan n isrdasn afadd attn t tḥḍu. Tamnaḍt ad taɣul tga agzzum ɣ tamnukda n Ṛuma d yaɣul wassaɣ nns igat Muṛitanya Taṭnjit d tga tɣrmt n Ṭanjis nɣ Ṭanja amnru nns. ɣ tizi lliɣ inbḍ amnkad aṛumani Agsṭus, inbbaḍn n Muritanya taṭnjit lli yadlli inbḍn tasgiwin n yiffus n Vulubilis nɣ Walili. Kra n inmzrayn ar ttinin mas tlm tamnukda taṛumanit ar Anfa (Ɣila tga Tigmmi tumlilt s yism).
Afrḍis akimyan
Taflwit tazdawant n ifrḍisn
}-
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azmz azayku
Ɣ usggʷas n 285 tffuɣ tamnukda taṛumanit ɣ Lmɣrib d uckan-d iwindaln igan tiqqbilin zzɣ tamazirt n ijiṛmanin, d ḍaṛat nnsn Iquṭin d Ibiẓanṭin. Ɣ tizi yad kkantt inn middn ɣ idrarn ur tn isdurri awd yan, is tn yadlli nbḍn inbbaḍn d imɣarn zzɣ gisn. Ackn-d ilmma wid iskarn tiɣri i tamasiḥt s Lmɣrib ɣ tasut tiss snat, d kra n middn izdɣn ɣ iḍuṛan ad d ismgan d kra n imkrazn kcmn s usgd ad amaynu lli tn id ilkmn.
Anṭunyu Kubillu
Tudrt nns
Iskr Antonio Cubillo d ibidd f yan umussu asrtan i tasimant n tmazirt nns lli mmu iga s yism Amussu n tasimant n Tigzirin tiknariyin ɣ usggʷas n 1963. Lliɣ tn ikka amntul ɣ tamdint n Dzayr tamaẓunt, irur f ungraw adnkan Afrankist, ibda Antonio Cubillo yan ufara bac ad iḍalb tasimant n tigzirin tiknariyin zɣ taɣllabit taṣbnyulit ɣ tigira n isggʷasn n 1970.
Afrḍis akimyan
Isaɣuln
-{}- Taggayt:Tamassant
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azmz anammas
Azzaɣ amuslm n tsga n Lmɣrib amuzzur, issntin ɣ tuẓẓmt n tasut tiss sat n tlalit, d imurs g ussnti n tasut tiss tamt. Azzaɣ ad yiwi d Lislam d tutlayt tasrɣint s Lmɣrib. Dffir nns yiwrri Lmɣrib iga agzzum g uwank amawi g tfṛiqt, d isnbaḍn n ku tasgiwin ar ttustan zzɣ dar asnbaḍ imqquṛn g Lqirawan s tqbilin timaziɣin lli ikcmn lislam,macc awxxa ɣikan ɣaman f uslgn nnsn iqqbuṛn, d fkan argay I wawank amuslm amaynu. Uckan d kra n tqbilin tisrɣinin s Lmɣrib zdɣn gis d skrn tigldanin nnsn, zund Ṣalḥ Bn Mnṣuṛ lli iṣkan tagldit n Nkkur d ifsr Lislam gr imzdaɣn n tgldit nns, tugtt n tikkal dffir lliɣ ar ttilin kigan n imnɣan. thumb|200x200px|Asmḍl n [[Ibn Baṭuṭa|Ibn Baṭṭuṭa lli d iddrn gr 1304 d 1369 ɣ tamdint n Ṭanja.]] G 750 tel, tiqqbilin timaziɣin nkrn mgal n tgllit tamawit. Tagrawla tssnta g dar tiqqbilin illan g tagut n Lmɣrib d tfsr dɣya g tmnaḍt kullu. Waxxa tagrawla tdrus d s 742 tel, urta tlkm Lqiṛawan, d ur sul ẓḍaṛn dffir nns isnbaḍn imawin nɣd ignsas nnsn iεbbasin ad siwrrin anbaḍ nnsn f tagut n tfṛiqt. Lmɣrib g tizi yad iffuɣ afus n yimawin macc yiwrri ibḍa f kigan n tglda timaziɣin mẓẓinin zund: Ibuṛɣwaṭin, Sijilmassa, Nkkur, d rnu fllasn Tilmsan, d Tahrt i yllan ɣilad g Dzayr g usggʷas n 789 tel, ittugma wawank aydrisi inbḍn Lmɣrib f g ufus n Idris iwis n Ɛbdllah, i yadlli irwln zzɣ yat tmdayt g usggʷas n 786 tel, d ifta s tɣrmt n Walili d tbrrkt taqqbilt n Uṛaba tamaziɣt, dffir nns issnta inmuzun nns ar kiɣ ilkm awank n Tamsna, Fizaz, d Tlmsan. Ar kiɣ t inɣa Haṛun Ṛṛacid s ustci, ilmma yumẓ iwis Idris wiss sin anbaḍ dffir nns lliɣ dars 12 usggʷas. Afrux ad igad argaz d issmɣur anbaḍ nns ar kiɣ yumẓ Lmɣrib kullut, d iṣka tiɣrmt n Fas.
Anṭunyu Kubillu
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Tigzirin tiknariyin
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Azmz anammas
Lliɣ iḍṛ unbaḍ Aydrisi, d zzɣ usggʷas 1060, ssntan t tidfrin timaziɣin ar ttnbaḍn Lmɣrib,  Awank amzwaru gitsn iga t uwank n Imṛabṭn zzɣ tqqbilt n ilmtunn lli iḍfuṛn i tqqbilt imqquṛn n yiẓnagn. Awank n Yimṛabṭn tmurs g ad tsmun tamazirt n Umurnwakuc. Dffir n Yimṛabṭn uckan d kigan n tglda tiyyaḍ zund Imwwuḥḥidin, Imarinin, Iwṭṭasn, d Isεdin yat tḍfuṛ tayyaḍ d kraygat yat ar tskar amnru nns g iɣrman imqqurn g Lmɣrib ɣakud ann. Tiɣrmin ad ar ttussanent ɣilad s tiɣrmun n tamnukda tamurwakucit. D ḍaṛat n tasut tiss 11 tel, buɣlan t teglda yad d urrint gan t idwasn imqquṛn g tagut n Tafṛiqt s usrag n tmnaḍin mqqurnin lli yadlli nbḍn gis d awr nttu ula Landalus. Lliɣ tḍr Landalus rurn kigan n imuslmn d udayn s Lmɣrib f yimnɣi lli ssnkrn t tgldanin timasiḥin, lli ittusann ɣilad s yimnɣan n usuwrruy.
Azmz amaynu
Zzɣ tazwiri n tasut tiss 18 ibidd Lmɣrib mnid yat tgrawla imqqurn ittuzdan d tgrawla tamgurant tussnta g Uṛupa, d yurm Lmxzn ad iskr kigan n isuɣdn afad ad imun d usrus amaynu I'll an g mnid nns, d gr isuɣdn ad:
L-umawiyyin
Ibda lḥukm n L-umawiyyin g Lmɣṛib g wammas n tusut tiss VI, itmma g tgrawla n Imaziɣen asggas n 740 n lmilad. L-umawiyyin ḥkamnd Lmɣṛib seg Taqqiṛwant g Tuns.
Buṛɣwaṭa
Tagldit tamuslmt tamzwarut g Lmɣṛib da-ybḍan f L-umawiyyin n lqqblt. Tyubna Buṛɣwaṭa ddaw ufus n Mayṣara Amḍɣṛi. Tumẓ Buṛɣwaṭa tamazirt n tamsna, ger Calla ar Asfi. Tbda Buṛɣwaṭa g usggas n 744 n lmilad, tmma g usggas n 1058 n lmilad f ufus n Lmuwaḥḥidin.
Iḥaḥan
thumb|Takarḍa n tmazirt n Iḥaḥan Gan Iḥaḥan (s tifinaɣ: ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, s tɛrabt: حاحا Ḥaḥa) yan umqqun n tiqbilin timaziɣin. Gan iclḥiyn, ar sawaln taclḥit. Kcmn ɣ ma mu nttini Sus Mqqurn, illa wakal n iḥaḥan ɣ idrarn n waṭlas mqqurn utrim gr Taṣṣurt d Ugadir.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Ayt mdrar
Ayt mdrar nɣ ayt wasul gan yat tagldit ityubnan g Lmɣṛib g usggas n 757 ar 976 n lmilad. Taglditad tlla g tmazirt n Usammar, tamanaɣt nsen tgat Sijilmassa. Asmɣuṛ n Ayt mdrar igat Abu lqasim smgu.
Iḥaḥan
Aẓur
Iɣ rad nsawl f laṣl nɣ d aẓur n Iḥaḥan, d max aylliɣ asn ttinin assaɣ ad, iqqan d ad nurri tiɣrdin ad nsnubbc ɣ ttarix nɣ d amzruy n Lmɣrib. Ar ttinin id buwmzruy blli iɣ nurri mani ittaẓn i kraḍ id walf usggʷas tiɣrdin, akal n Lmɣrib ɣ akud ann kkan t inn gis tugt n trubba n tqbilin timaziɣin, ɣ tasga n iffus gis tirubba n tqbilin ganin s wassaɣ Ṣnhaja, Amma ɣ tasga n iẓẓlmḍ gis tirubba n tqbilin lli mu ttinin Znata, iɣ d nucka s tasga n tuẓẓumt ar gis nttafa tirubba n tiqbilin n Maṣmuḍa. Iḥaḥan gan zɣ tirubba ad n tqbilin lli mu ttinin Imṣmuḍn, assaɣ ad n Maṣmuḍa nɣ d Imṣmuḍn, xtalfn gis id buwmzruy ɣ unamk nns, zund Ibn Xaldun ar ittini mas d gan zɣ tarwa n Maṣmuḍ u Yuns u Baṛbaṛ. Amma uslmad Ɛli Ṣadqi Azayku nttan ar ittini mas d taguri ad n Maṣmuḍa iga laṣl nns tutlayt taclḥit d ar t ittfasar ar ittini mas d tga kraḍt tguriwin Amẓ d Ẓu d Amud, iɣ nsmun tiguriwin ad ɣ yat twinst ar ttggant Amẓẓumud, mayad ar immal ula mas tlla yat tazdayt mqqurn gr middn n tqbilin ad d tiyrza d wakal, ar tzzigiz tguri ad zɣ imaziɣn aylliɣ tlkm iɛrabn lli as sbudlnin askkil n yaẓ gn gis yaṣ. Zund ɣiklli kullu illa unuḥyu gr ṣṣalat lli igan taẓallit d ṣṣawm lli igan uẓum.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Ayt umɣaṛ
Ger iseggasen n 1001 ar 1039 n lmilad ẓḍaren ait umɣaṛ ad-gan iwtta i tamurt n ait umɣaṛ g Lmɣṛib, baɛd-ma dɣlbn Bani-yfren. Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Fas. Tamurt n Ayt mdrar tyubna f ufus n ẓiṛṛi ibn ɛaṭiyya.
Isemlalen
Ayt ida-usmlal skrn tamurt nsen g tamnaṭṭ n Sus, g usggas n 1659 n lmilad. Tamanaɣt n Isemlalentgat iliɣ. Tamurt n Isemlalen tyubna f ufus n abu ḥassun assmlali.
Iḥaḥan
Aẓur
Ar zzigizn ilmma tusutin f tusutin, ar d ittimɣur tmazirt ad imikk s imikk aylliɣ tlkm ɣilli tlkm ɣilad
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
L-adarissa
Tyubna tagldit n L-adarissa g usggas n 744 n lmilad, f ufus n Idris amzwaru, g tiɣṛmt n Walili. Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Fas. Idris amzwaru tbayɛt taqbilt n Awraba.
Iḥaḥan
Tinmal tiqburin
Ttussan tqbilin n Iḥaḥan s tamassant nɣ d lɛilm d ddin zɣ uzmz n imurabiṭiyn, iɣ rad nsawl ɣassad f tinmal tiqburin nɣ d lmadaris lɛatiqa ɣ Iḥaḥan, iqqan d ad nbdr ɣar yan mnnawt lli bahra mqqurnin, acku ar nttafa ɣ kul taqbilt ɣ tqbilin n Iḥaḥan gis kkuẓt ar smmust ɣ ar ittuɣra lqʷran lkarim d lɛulum ccarɛiya zun d taskla d uṣṣiṭn, ɣmk-lli illan ɣ tqbilin ad ma ittggan uggar n sin ida uɛcrin d mraw n lmdrst taqburt d uggar n ifḍ n tmzgid, mayad kullu issiws ɣ tqbilin n Iḥaḥan afad ad ibiyyn tugt n lɛulama d lfuqaha ɣ tmazirt ad, rad nbdr ɣ ma iẓlin s imuddutn zun d Muḥammad Lɛabdari Lḥaḥi nɣ d Sidi Bu Lbarakat Lɛabdari lli illan ɣ Ida Wisarn, ɣwalli iskrn adlis lli igan s wassaɣ Riḥlat Lɛabdari nɣ d Arriḥla Al-Maɣribiya lli ittuṭbaɛn ɣ Rrbaṭ ɣ usggʷas n 1988 miladya ɣ ddu ufus n uslmad mqqurn Muḥammad Lfasi, iɣ rad nsawl f Sidi Bu Lbarakat ur aɣ iqqada imikk f tmatart ad mqqurn lli ifkan yat tɣlaɣalt yusɛan ɣ umaḍal kullut ur d ɣar Iḥaḥan, ittumḍal ɣilli ɣ ar ittuskar ɣilad lmusm n Sidi Bu Lbarakat ɣ tqbilt n Ida Wisarn, ttarix lliɣ immut Muḥammad Lɛabdari Lḥaḥi ur t ssin ɣmklli s ur ssin ḥtta manag ilul is ar t ka tqddarn id buwmzruy, ɣaylli fllas ssn iga t amuddu ad nns lli izmmim ɣ udlis lli igan s wassaɣ Riḥlat Lɛabdari, lliɣ gis isawl f tugt n tɣawsiwin lli iẓṛa ɣ uɣaras d tugt n ttaqalid d lɛadat n middn d kullu mad as ijran ɣ umuddu ad. Rad nbdr ula ɣ ma iẓlin s imussann zun d Abu Zakariya Alḥaḥi lli ittumḍaln ɣ nnawaḥi n smimu yili ula Busɛid Lmtrazi bab n udlis lli igan s wassaɣ Manaru Alɛilm d Abu Ɛutman Saɛid Bnu Ɛabd Nnaɛim Lmnnani lli iskrn adlis lli igan s wassaɣ Ɛaqa'id wa ttawḥid d iwis Ɛabdullah Bn Sɛid lli iskrn tugt n tbratin ɣ tugt n yigran, yili ula Mulay Muḥammad Lbusɛidi Lɛissi d sidi Muḥammad Bn Sliman Ljazuli lli iskrn adlis lli igan s wassaɣ Dala'ilu Alxayrat, ad ur nttu Abu Ɛali Lḥussayn Bn Ɛli Rrgragi lli iskrn ḥtta nttan adlis lli igan s wassaɣ Lfawa'id Aljamila Ɛala L'ayat Ljalila. Mayad kullu lli d nbdr ar aɣ immal blli tiqbilin n Iḥaḥan darsnt yan ḍḍawr mqqurn ɣ nacr tussna d usmuttg n imassann ɣ Lmɣrib.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Imṛabṭn
F ufus n Ɛabdullah ibnu yasin iband umussu n Lmuṛabitin g zzawit n sidi Waǧǧag g tmnadṭ n Tiznit. Tyubna tagldit n imṛabṭn g usggas n 1069 n lmilad. Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Meṛṛakec.
Iḥaḥan
Tinmal tiqburin
Rad nbdr yan mnnawt tinmal tiqburin nɣ d lmadaris lɛatiqa lli llanin ɣ Iḥaḥan, rad nbdu s tqbilt n Ayt Zlṭn lli ɣ tlla lmdrst n Sidi Ɣanb(?) d lmdrst n Tasila Ugadir d Sidi Ɛkyac, ad nmatti s tqbilt n Idaw Buzya lli ɣ tlla lmdrst n Naɛimya d lmdrst n Sidi Ḥsayn Zmmuri d lmdrst n Tiksiwin, tili ula lmdrst n Iggi Mhnd(?) ɣ tqbilt n Ayt Ɛisi, nmatti d s Inknafn ar d gis nttafa lmdrst n Lmḥsr Ljazulya(?) d Sidi Ɛbd Lwasɛ, amma lmdrst n Ifraḍ u Ṭaha lli igan taqburn ɣ Iḥaḥan tlla ɣ tqbilt n Imgrad, tili ula lmdrst n Sidi Ḥmad u Mbark ɣ tqbilt n Idaw Tɣumma, d Sidi Muḥmmad Abu Zayd ɣ tqbilt n Idaw Kazzu, amma taqbilt n Idaw Grḍ rad gis nbdr lmdrst n Sidi Muḥmmad Bn Ɛbdllah d Sidi Buɛtman, ilint ula lmdars n Sidi Buzakarya Yaḥya d Sidi Bulbarakat ɣ Idaw Isarn, ad ur nttu taqbilt n Idaw Gillul lli ɣ llant lmdars n Sidi Ḥssa u Ḥsin d Rma(?) d Waduz n Sidi Mnṣur, amma taqbilt n Ayt Amr rad gis nbdr ḥtta nttat lmdars n Ljidi d Sidi Ḥamd Uccn d lmdrst n Imi Wasif n Ayt Amr.
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Imwaḥdin
F ufus n Lmahdi ibn tummrt umussu n imwaḥdin g tinmel g Laṭlaṣ amqqṛan tmnadṭ n Meṛṛakec.
Iḥaḥan
Tinmal tiqburin
Ɣayad kullu lli s nenna ar aɣ immal blli tiqbilin n Iḥaḥan darsnt yat tazdayt mqqurn d ddin d tussna
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Imwaḥdin
Tyubna tagldit n imwaḥdin g usggas n 1147 n lmilad.
Iḥaḥan
Tiqbilin
thumb|262x262px|Yat taddagt n [[Argan|wargan ɣ Iḥaḥan]] Iqbiln n Iḥaḥan gan tn :
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Imwaḥdin
Tamanaɣt nsen tgat Meṛṛakec.
Iḥaḥan
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Iḥaḥan Taggayt:Imaziɣn
Amzruy n Lmɣrib
Imwaḥdin
Tagldit n imwaḥdin tga tagldit kullu ymqquṛn seg tglday d-yekkan Lmɣṛib.
Lmariniyyin
1269 n lmilad ad tbayn tagldit n Lmariniyyin, gan Lmariniyyin seg taqqbilt n Znata tamaziɣt.
Lwaṭṭaṣiyyin
Ger 1471 d 1554 n lmilad, Lmɣṛib ḥkamnt Lwaṭṭaṣiyyin.
Ssaɛdiyyin
Seg usggas n 1525 n lmilad tbda tagldit n Ssaɛdiyyin seg tamnaḍt n Darɛa.
L-ɛalawiyyin
Bdant L-ɛalawiyyin seg Tafilalt g usggas n 1631 n lmilad f ufus n mulay ɛli crif.
Ar ḥkamn Lmɣrib ɣilad, wrridn iglidn awar tsimant, lligh iwrrid Mohammed V zɣ uḍlib ns.
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Amzruy
Taggayt:Lmɣrib
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
thumb Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan nɣ Lbriḥ amaḍlan n izrfan ufgan (s tnglizt: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, s tfransist: Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, s tɛrabt: الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان) tga yan amla agraɣlan nɣ zɛma iga win middn umaḍal kullu tn, llan gis kraḍ id mraw n imlan ar sawaln f izrfan n ufgan. Iffuɣ d ɣ usggʷas n 1948 ɣ tasut ad lliɣ nlla, tawingimt n usuɣl n tsguri ad s tamaziɣt taclḥit tlul ɣ dar imslayn n tamsmunt tamaynut n tawsna d isfalkitn umadan ɣ dujanbir 1989.
Tazwart
lliɣ tga tukza n ullalu n kraygat yan ɣ tawja tanafgant d umgiddi n izrfan nnsn tirsal n tdrfit d tzrft d ufra ɣ umaḍal.
tg tamttawt n izrfan n ufgan ad ittawin tugtt n mad ihrcn ar isfafa afrak n ufgan, afad ad yili yan umaḍal nna ɣ ttili dar ufgan tadrfit n wawal d usgd, yanf i asdidi d tammara.
d lliɣ iga ufrag n izrfann n umdan yan ufggag n yan ungraw n izrfann afad afgan ad ur isti, g tyira, aɣwwɣ mgal n tdnka d uẓlag; d lliɣ iqqan ad tdus tmrniwt n tuqqniwin n tiddukla ngr n tmtta,
d lliɣ illa g tnttamt id igdudn n tmtta imunn nnan diɣ taflst nnsn g izrfann ifggagn n ufgan, d tizi d watig n wudm anfgan, d umgiddi n izrfann n irgazn d twtmin, rnun nnan is ran ad smɣurn alay anamun d tfadiwin iɣudan n tudrt g tlla tdrfit imqqurn,
d lliɣ msuckan iwankn igmamn, s twsin n tmaddast n tmtta imunn, afad ad yili wzrak amaḍlan amskar n tdrfiyin d izrfan ifggagn n ufgan,
Iẓnẓarn
Tarabbut n Iznẓarn (s tifinaɣ: ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵔⵏ nɣ d ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ) tga yat zɣ trubba timzwura lli ittyssanin ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib d yad ɣ tilli ittuyẓlayn ɣ yigr n uẓawan atrar amaziɣ wala amɣribi. Mac ur tgi yat, rad tt tfurnt mnnawt yaḍn fkint atig i uẓawan Amṛṛuki ɣ isggʷasn wis id sḍis d mraw ɣ uzgn iggʷran ɣ tsuta n 1900. Tirubba ad lli rad isbid tinmal n uẓawan ikkan immaɣ f watig n ufgan d tmagit d tdlsa n Lmɣrib n tigira n wufuɣ n isrdas n Fransa d Sblyun.
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Tazwart
d lliɣ iga ufrak s izrfan d tdrfit askkin akswat fadd ad ittug usuɣn ad,
Iẓnẓarn
D ur d mk lli ka tga yat ɣ tmzwura iskrn tamackut ad, maca mk lli tẓli tarmit nns aylliɣ akkʷ illa mad issaɣn i wanaw ad n umarg (amarg n trubba) taznẓaṛt.
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Tazwart
issafɣ d ugraw amatay alɣu amaḍlan n izrfan n ufgan ad, fad ayg yan uswir nna s ilaq ad nn awḍn akʷ igdudn d tmtta fadd akʷ middn d ifrdisn n wamun, ikttin alɣu ad, ad dusn, s usslmd d usgmi, sbuɣlun d uzrak n izrfann d tdrfiyin, afad, s tɣtasin izdin tinamurin d timaḍlanin, ad ttyakʷzn gin imskarn imaḍlann, ngr n imzdaɣ n iwankn igmamn nɣ ngr ikalln nna illan ddaw n tnaḍt nnsn.
Iẓnẓarn
Talalit
Nzḍaṛ ad nini mas tmnaway tlalit ns; iɣ nssn mas d tarmiwin zwarnin n trubba zun d Laqdam ad ifkan; d imuttutn dranin n tmtti tamɣribit mad yad ffaɣn iṛumiyn sɣ tmazirt. Azmz ann a ɣ d ggʷrant tiwtlin mqqurnin yiwin s yan wanaw n tudrt ittuṣkan f wufuɣ d uzwag. Timizar akkʷ illan bṛṛa n tmdint zun d idrarn nɣ izaɣarn ur yakkan tanyaft iggutn ur sul zḍarnt ad qqnnt isɣawsatn n willi gisnt illan. Yawi uya s ad nkkrn isufuɣn n twjiwin ar nn ttrusn, zun d kraygat imzdi, ɣ wakal yaḍn. Akal imzdi ad tga tmdint d isaragn nns uqjirn n tudrt. Ɣinn a ɣ nn nmaggarn nttni zwar, s tarwa nnsn ilmma, d imrdukkutn izdin d tmukrisin n tdlsa, win tpsikulujit, d win usɣawsa amtti. Imukrisn ad akkʷ kkand s tuggt nnsn asnara ur inmalan n tnbaḍt ur iɣin ad tasi, s tɣarast iɣdmn, timasayin lli s bdda ttini gant tinns.
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Amnni amzwaru (1)
Ar d ttlalan middn gan ilellitn mgaddan ɣ waddur d izrfan, yili akʷ darsn unlli d ufrak, illa flla sn ad ttmyawasn ngratsn s tagmat.
Iẓnẓarn
Talalit
Mnid n tmukrisin ad ittguduyn, d usyafa idran s uzwag d tikssaḍ nna d ittu yan ixf nns, tugna d tmagit; frkn tarwa n imzdaɣn ad imzwagn s mas d iqqan ad siggln s kra n tɣarast, tgit asnulfu nɣ tga tamaɣt, mas ttinin aylli isisn ɣ uguns nnsn, ig it taɣamarg, nɣ iga taguḍi nɣ tagrẓawt, nɣ as nnan uhu mnid wudm iqqjrn n tsrtit tamaddudt. Inmuggur d usyafa ad d tizi lliɣ d ffaɣnt trubba ɣ tsggiwin yaḍn ɣ umaḍal nɣ Lmɣrib, iddrn zun d anaw ad n waddad, ɣ gan The Beatles, Nas Lɣiwan d tiyyaḍ.
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Amnni wis kkuẓ (4)
Awd yan ur izḍar ad dars ilin ismagn, ula ad izznza ar issaɣ afgan.
Amnni wis smmus (5)
Ur d iqqan ad yili asrfufn n awd yan, ula timskrt ixʷcnn lli issmẓẓiyn addur n ufgan.
Iẓnẓarn
Talalit
Ɣ iɣladn llasnin n tmdinin mẓẓiynin n unẓul n Lmɣrib, kra n iɛzriyn ɣ ia Iggut Abdelhadi, Chater, Boufertel, Aziz Chamekh d wiyyaḍ swingmn ad skrn yat trabbut, ssaɣn as iznẓarn zun d iznẓarn n tafukt ffaɣn iss zikk n umarg n trubba ad snulfun, sgrawln amarg amaziɣ. Mad yad tunan tɣʷrit n umarg ɣ tswak n Dcayra d Inzggan, sffaɣnt tasffift izwarn ɣ usggwas n 1974.
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Amnni wis sḍis (6)
Ku yan illa dars uzrf n tukza n iman ns azrfan ɣ kraygat adɣa
Iẓnẓarn
Talalit
Isggʷasn imzwura urarn zun d akkʷ imzwura tayri, taɣamarg, atiggn mqqurnin n tamtti ittnfruruyn mnid nnsn, flan d turarin sul nit mu ttalsn imarayn nns ittiggutn kraygat ass zun d :
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Amnni wis sa (7)
Mgaddan akʷ middn mnid n ulugn yili darsn uzrf n uḥṭṭu n ulugn amr asnuḥyu, ɣiklli darsn illa uzrf ɣ uḥṭṭu imgaddan mnid n asnuḥyu nna d ur imcuckin d ulɣu yad.
Iẓnẓarn
Talalit
nɣ "wa zzin, anna s tnnit a illan" d "immi ḥnna ka f ṛbbiɣ tasa wala wul". Maca, ur ikki uzmz yat s iɣ ufan aɣaras tn yiwin s tagwit, d taẓit, d tnana iẓḍayn n imdukkutn n tudrt d yixf; kcmn s usarag yaḍn n umarg d iwaliwn yusin aṭṭan, tammara d tawda ittifsun kraygat ass ɣ wulawn, ɣ tswak ar ttiɣar tg astci ɣ idammn, ɣ tguriwin d tiyt n idinann. Tizwuri n isggʷasn 80 a ɣ nmaggarn taguri yad ẓḍun gis turarin ifkan timlsa idusn i tmagit n iznẓarn:
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Amnni wis tam (8)
Ku yan illa dars uzrf ad iftu s tinfgarin tinamurin iɣ illa kra uzggal ɣ izrfan nns lli yas ifka ulugn.
Iẓnẓarn
Talalit
Tama n tdusi n tguri yusin tagudi d tmmara llid yad isaggwan ɣ tizi yan timatarin mqqurnin n usnulfu atrar ɣ umarg amaziɣ, tlla yat tɣarast n tiyt d uzawan iẓlin s trabbut ad. Maca, ur d sul msasan ayt trabbut yat tizi f kra n tɣawsiwin ur nssn, yawi uya s ad tyawskarnt snat trubba : Iznẓarn Abdelhadi, d Iznẓarn Camx. Mad yad tssufɣ kraygat yat gisnt tisfifin, ifaw mas d Iggut ad izḍarn ad ig inzgi ad ikkusu ism n Iznẓarn.
Iselkamn nbrra
Taggayt:Inaẓurn iclḥiyn
Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan
Amnni wis mraw (10)
Gaddan akʷ middn ɣ uzrf, n adzrin ɣ umnid n tanfgart tasimant tarawsant, nna ittggan taɣtast, iẓlin s izrfan nns nɣ izuccln nns, nɣ tilawt n uynna as ittusbabban g igr n izggaln izrfann.
Amnni wis sin d mraw (12)
Ur ixṣṣa ad yili kra ukccm ixccn ɣ tudrt iẓlin s kra n yan nɣd tin twja nns nɣd azdduɣ nns nɣd imyawaḍn nns nɣd addur nns. yili dar ku yan uzrf n uḥṭṭu n ulugn ɣ zund akccum ad.
Amnni wis tẓa d mraw (19)
Ku yan illa dars uzrf n tdrfit n tannayt d twnnit, ad ittikṣuḍ f tannayin nns ula arzzu nns ad yamẓ nɣ ad izuzzr, abla iwtta, inɣmisn d twngimin s akʷ imassn n usussn.
Amnni wis simraw d sin (22)
Ku yan illa, ɣiklli iga yan ufrdis ɣ wamun, dars azrf ɣ unfru anamun :azrf ad ibdda f ḥma ad tili tumrt n izrfan idamsann, inamunn d idlsann iẓlin s addur nns d usbuɣlu n wudm nns, ayad s tdusi tanamurt d twisi tagraɣlant, nna isnndn f usnmala d isugim n ku tamurt.
Amnni wis simraw d kkuẓ (24)
Ku yan illa dars uzrf n ussunfu, ɣ tizi lli ixwan, d mnck n tsragin n twuri d ussnfu imun d tɣrad.
Amnni wis simraw d tam (28)
Ku yan illa dars uzrf ad isfayd ɣ uɣawas anamun agraɣlan lliɣ llan izrfan d tdrfiyin lli d yuckan ɣ alɣu ad.
Amnni wis kṛamraw (30)
Ur illi ɣ ulɣu ad kra n uḍṛiṣ afad ad ismdya kra n uwank nɣd kra n ugdud nɣd ufgan s ɣiklli ira d ur dars kra n uzrf afad iskr tawri nna ira lli ittrẓẓan izrfan d tdrfyin lli d yiwi ɣ ulɣu ad.
Izdayn n brra
Taggayt:Tasrtit Taggayt:Azerf Taggayt:Azrf Taggayt:Tanzbayt
Muḥammad Xayrddin
Ilul d asggwas n 1941 ɣ Tafrawt ɣ sus.
Iskkurtan n usndudu n ugadir
Skkurtan baḥra isndudiyn u agadir n 1960 ɣ Muhammad xayr iddin. Ifl tafrawt iĝizd zu agadir isdɣ gis ɣu usĝas n 1961 ider gis ar asĝass n 1963. ik ttin d tanfrut inamun, ar icnubbuc dar imzdaɣn.
Immati Muhammad xayr iddin s iɣrm n Tigmmi Tumlilt, yizwir ar itmuna d imaran yaḍnin ɣ zund nttan, ɣu usggas n 1964 ray sbid mammu nttini ammussu kullu tamdyazt niɣd "Poésie Toute".
Amntul
Izzuɣ u gayu nes ɣ tamazirt n fransa z 1965. Γu usggas n 1966 rad itḥi tasɣult n Encres d yaws ay ttara ɣ  Présence africaine. Γu 1967, rad itḥi adllis nes amaynu Agadir, yamz yat tasmɣurt n ifrxan baslnin ( le prix Enfants terribles), li iskr Jean Cocteau.
ɣu usggas n 1975 rad yurri s tamazirt nes Lmrruk, mac ra iḥrc baḥra s yat tmaḍunt li radas igguru.
ɣ iɣrm n Rbat ɣ was n 18 nwanbir 1995 rat itawi tinjit. ifld mick di idllisn.
Idlisn
Arrat nes tḥit nid tigmmi n "Éditions du Seuil", mac maci kullutn ne détériorée (1997)
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Imarratn
Taggayt:ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ
Anḍura
Tamazirt n Anḍura (ism nns amaddud: Tadiarkit n Anḍura, s takatalant: Principat d'Andorra) Tamaẓunt nns tga tt Andura la Villa, tutlayt nns tamaddudt tga tt tkatalant. Anḍura tga yat zɣ tmizar lli illan ɣ unẓul n Uṛupa.
Taggayt:Timizar n urupa Taggayt:Tarakal
Anammr (Isagn)
Anammr iga yan uḍwwaṛ illan ɣ tgrawt n Awgnz, tasga n Wactukn-Ayt Baha, tmnaḍt n Sus-Masst ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala aḍwwaṛ ad i tqbilt n Isagn ɣ llan 26 iḍwwaṛn. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣn n uḍwwaṛ ad 76 n ufgan, ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin 20.
Isɣwan yaḍnin
Taggayt:Awgnz
Tifrt (Isagn)
Isɣwan yaḍnin
Taggayt:Awgnz
Naṛutu
Naṛutu iga unuɣn ittmussun, isnulfa t uyabani Masaci Kicimutu, da tsawal tnqqist nns f yan ubaɣuɣ amuẓuḍ mqqurn bu tẓa icwwaḍn iran ad irdl adwwar n Kunuha, ibdd umɣar n Kunuha ahukagi wiss kkuẓ Minatu Namikazi mgl n ubaɣuɣ a irgl t ɣ udis n iwis Naṛutu lli ḥra iluln, lliɣ imqqur Naṛutu ksnn-t mddn f ubaɣuɣ ann, ilmma imwat ad asn iml mas ifulki d rad sul ig ahukagi lli rad yagẓ adwwar n Kunuha.
Tasnurayt tamɣribit n taẓḍaṛt tasulant
Tasnurayt tamɣribit n taẓḍaṛt tasulant (s taɛrabt: الوكالة المغربية للطاقة المستدامة, s tafransist: Agence marocaine pour l'énergie durable, s tanglizt: Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy, s usgzl: MASEN) tga yat tamssurt tagdudan tlla ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib, tbda ɣ usggʷas n 2010, d nttat ad yusin tamstggart n uswuddu n yigr n tiẓḍaṛin ittusmaynun ɣ tmazirt. Tra tasnurayt tamɣribit n taẓḍaṛt tasulant ad tskr usbuɣlu n iẓgʷran nna tumẓ bac ad tslkm anjjm n ufars n tifawt nɣd ḍḍuw s 3000 migawaṭ ɣ usggʷas n 2020 d 6000 migawaṭ ɣ usggʷas n 2030. Awttas n mayad iga t abzar ɣ urzzu n uwttas n tmazirt ad t igan d tsɣli tigmiḍi n tiẓḍaṛin ittusmaynun ar 52% n taẓḍaṛt lli d ittṣyab Lmɣrib dat ad tlkm 2030. Twala tamssurt n tasnurayt tamɣribit n taẓḍaṛt tasulant i tamawast n tẓḍaṛt d izuɣaz d uwnaḍ.
Timskirin
Timskirin n tasnurayt tamɣribit n taẓḍaṛt tasulant gan tn:
Tamssugurt
Talgamt n inmhaln lli tn ikkan ɣ yixf n tasnurayt tamɣribit n taẓḍaṛt tasulant:
Tassukt
Tiswak nɛd tasukt ( الشارع s taɛrabt ) ar tilin g timdinin nttan aḥ azzigizn midn d timubilin
Tassmi n ifrgan
Tassmi n ifrgan tga yan ugḍiḍ imẓẓin. Gis ikkʷlan amucc d ubunni n wakal.
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Igḍaḍ
Nuṛddin Amṛabṭ
Nurddin Amṛabṭ iga amurar ahulanḍi-amɣribi n tkurt n uḍaṛ macc tawja ns tga tamɣribit, ilul Nurddin Amṛabṭ g 31 Maṛṣ 1987 g Hulanḍa, tɣrmt n Nardn.
Tawja
Nurddin Amṛabṭ iga sg tawja tamɣribit nn ikkan tamazirt n Rrif.
Tutlayt Tagrikt
Tirra
Teṭṭaf tutlayt ad yan ugmmay lli sis iẓlin ad t igan d agmmay agrik, Agmmay ad iga yan ugmmay bahra iqburn mqqar ɣilad snfln gis kigan d skrn as lmɛyaṛa, ɣilad gis 24 uskkil :
Tanflit
Tnfl tgrikt ɣ umzruy nns lli igan uggar n 3000 n isggwasn. ɣ umzruy nns tzri ɣ kkuzt tkliwin: tagrikt tazaykut d takwanit d tagrikt tamuẓunt d tagrikt tatrart, kraygat taklit ɣ tkliwin ad gis tantaliwn imnaḥyan, idḥina timnuḥyutin tirakalin.
Takwanit tagrikt
takwanit tagrikt (« tutlayt tamazart ») ar tt isawal ar ttyara zɣ 330 dat ɛisa ar 330 ḍart n ɛisa ɣ ṭalyan n unẓul, ɣ ibalkann, ɣ ussutl n ill asggan, ɣ anatuli, ɣ miṣra, ɣ sirinayik d baktryan.
Tagrikt tamuẓunt
Tuckad zɣ takwanit, tagrikt tamuẓunt tga tutlayt n 'tambirt tarumanit n usnqr ngar 330 ar 1453, d iwnak s tt ḍfirn (tambbirt n nisi, disbbuta n ibbirus, tambbirt n tribizund, Despotat de Morée et Principauté de Théodoros). llant mnnawt tunɣilin lli sul ittiysawaln ḍfir anɣubu n iwnak ad :
Tagrikt tatrart
thumb|Idɣarn isaln tagrikt tatrart; anili idɣarn lli ɣ tga tutlayt tunṣibt. tagrikt tatrart tkkad tagrikt tamuẓunt, (nɣ rumayk) ar ttiysawal ɣ ugrik d ɣ qubrus zɣ 1453, mac ar yadlli tisawal wahli mnck ɣ unqr n ill agrakal, ɣ unẓul n ṭalyan d ɣ principautés danubiennes. llant gis ɣik sḍist tunɣilin : tadimutikt nɣ « tagrikt tamazart tatrart », tutlayt tunṣibt ɣ ugrik d ɣ qubrus, kataribusa (καθαρεύουσα) nɣ « tagrikt taḥurrit tatrart » lli igan tantala n tama n ill agarakal d griku n ṭalyan. llant altu tantaliwin yaḍn, am kabbadusyan n anatuli ur sul srs isawal bla kra n imsawaln iwssarn zɣ imzwagn n mirkasyat. tagrikt tamazart tadimutikt tssn altu tantaliwin iẓlin s tgzirin slawan akkʷ kritwa d taqubrusit.
Ayufis (Ayt Wasifad)
Ayufis iga yan uḍwwaṛ illan ɣ tgrawt n Idaw Ggʷniḍif, tasga n Wactukn-Ayt Baha, tmnaḍt n Sus-Masst ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala aḍwwaṛ ad i tqbilt n Ayt Wasifad. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣn n uḍwwaṛ ad 39 n ufgan, ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin 10.
Tutlayt Tagrikt
Tagrikt tatrart
Ɣ turkya, iturkin lli s ur nssn mnck ad gan ssn snat tutlayin atnt igan d tgrikt d turkit: ɣ ma iggutn gan imikrazyatn ikcmn s islam zɣ « tawaɣit tamqrant » n 1923 afad ad ruln i tmyaqqant n luzan d ad qqimn ɣ tgʷmma nnsn. ra tn sul taft ɣ dar taɣarin n turkya, ula ɣ tgzirin n imbrus d tinidɛs. asqsi icqqa, s usrag n anamuran, ur ttinin isfka f tussna d tutlayt tagrikt, mac ɣar f « uɣrf » agrik, ra d gin 5000. mac ra d gin uggar ɣ tidt. iskkiln n tgrikt ttugdal ɣ turkya, n idḥina ar tyara s iskkiln ilatinn. mac llan islidn, s umdya ɣ tgzirin n imbrus d tinidus, lli ɣ llan inamurn iturkiyn nna dar tlla tussna tagrikt, d ɣ istanbul, ɣ usɣim n tabtryarkt n kustantinbbul, mac ɣ yan usati adlsan d adlsan nn dar illa uṣniɛ uslig d ur igin unṣib, wala asrtan wala amttr, acku awnk aturki alayki ur ar tqbal s unṣib bla tutlayt taturkit s uskkil alatin. takurdit d tɛrabt ttsurufnt ɣar ɣ usayrur uslig.
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Tutlayin
Anẓar
thumb|[[Tassukt|Tiswak bzgnin s unẓar ɣ tiṭṭawn]] Anẓar iga-t kudnna ar d-ṭṭaren waman zeɣ isegʷna nɣ imedla ɣ igenna, gint timeqqitin ur izrin 0.5 mm ɣ tiɣzi nnsnt. Anẓar-ann ifsusen nna mi lant tmeqqitin-nnes ger 0.2mm d 0.45mm ɣ tiddi, yusey mennaw w_assaɣen; aketfuf, anecnac, arcac, anfas.
Muḥand n Ḥammuca
muḥnd n ḥmmuca : amaziɣ n waṭlas anammas
isugam
Taggayt:ayt nḍir
Tasrdunt n ismḍal
Niɣd Tagmart n ismḍal Tunsift ad ar tsawal f tasrdunt niɣ tad n wayyis. Mac ɣid ar nsawal f yat tamɣart lli ɣ tinfusin n ufgan amaziɣ lli ibul ,w-akkuc acku ur tkn lḥqns. Tamɣart n ismḍal tkkis timlsit ns tumlilt lli igan tin taguḍi d umṭṭ f urgaz ns lli ittuymḍaln. (Dar imaziɣn urd timlsit tasggant ad igan tin taguḍi mac tumlilt). Tamɣartad lli f iṣxṭ wakkuc ar is grawl ɣ tuẓẓumin n yiḍ iskr gis tasrdunt n ismḍaln ..
Andriyya dil Virrukyu
Andriyya dil Virroccio nɣ s tutlayt tatalyanit : -{Andrea del Verrocchio}- (attayn n. 1435 – 1488) ikka-t-nn iga yan "sculptor" aṭalyan, adhaybi ig ula amkla. Tkka-tt-nn dars yat tsawrt ilan addur ammas n Flurinsa.
Kkan-t-nn gis kigan d yimklawn yaḍnin n tlslalit ar ttlmadn dar Verrocchio, yili gisn mad gis iswurrin. Rad naf zgitsn yan mnnaw zun d Botticelli, Ghirlandaio d ula Perugino. Amḥḍar n Verrocchio akkʷ ittyawssann iga-t Leonardo da Vinci.thumb|[[Madonna d Urba, attayen n. 1470, tasawert n Verrocchio. New York, Asalay Aɣerman n Tẓuri.]]
Arratn imaziɣn iqburn
vignette|Tasna tamzwarut zɣ yan warra aclḥiy n tasuta tis 19 Udlis n al-ḥawḍ n Muḥmmad Awzal. Arratn imaziɣn iqburn gan arratn ittyuran s tutlayin timaziɣin ɣ uzmz anslm ɣ tmizar n tfrqit n ugafa s ugʷmmay amaziɣ aɛṛab lli d itturḍaln zɣ tɛṛabt. Amata n warratn ad zdin d usgd, aslmd d tsrtit. Tugt n warratn ad ttyuran ɣ ugzzum utrim n tmazɣa, slawan akkʷ ɣ tmazirt n Sus. Mqqar bdrn iɣbulan imzrayn kra n idlisn dat n wad, arra aqbur akkʷ ittyussann ar ɣil d Kitab Al-Barbariya lli iẓḍaṛn ad ittyura g tasuta tis 10. G utaram n tmazɣa, arra aqbur akkʷ d "Kitab Al-asmaa" n Ibn Tunart lli ittyuran g tasuta tis 12.
Andriyya dil Virrukyu
Tudrt nns
Ilul d Verrocchio ɣ Flurinsa asggʷas 1435. Ibba-s Michele di Francesco Cioni, ikka-t-inn yad-lli ar iswurri ɣ uyajuṛ d uqrmid ar tn isgadda, issnfl tawuri nns yaɣul ig "tax collector" ḍarat-as. Iswurri dar tawja n id bu ibankiwn Ayt Medici, fad ilmma immutti s Vinisya.
Tagadirt (Ayt Wasifad)
Tagadirt iga yan uḍwwaṛ illan ɣ tgrawt n Idaw Ggʷniḍif, tasga n Wactukn-Ayt Baha, tmnaḍt n Sus-Masst ɣ tgldit n Lmɣrib. Iwala aḍwwaṛ ad i tqbilt n Ayt Wasifad. Mk lli imla usiḍn n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib n usggʷas n 2004 lli tskr Tsmirit tamattayt n usɣiws, ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣn n uḍwwaṛ ad 25 n ufgan, ig uṭṭun n tawjiwin 8.
Arratn imaziɣn iqburn
Amzruy
Iɣ niwi f aylli bdrn kra n isugam imzrayn, rad ig “lqqʷran” n Ṣaliḥ Bn Ṭarif (tuddma n tasuta tis tamt), 'amazan' n iburɣwaṭn, adlis amzwaru nna ittyuran s tmaziɣt s ugʷmmay aɛṛab. Lqqʷran ad amaziɣ ur aɣ d zgis lkimnt amr tisuɣal n kra n twinas s tɛṛabt. Ar aɣ addran isugam mas tt inn ikka yan yaḍn g tmazirt n Iɣumarn, ɣ tgira n tasuta tis tẓat, iga ism nns Ḥamim Bn Manna, isrs asn dɣ nttan yan “lqqʷran” s tmaziɣt.
Andriyya dil Virrukyu
Tudrt nns
Tizi ad, immaggar Verrocchio nttan d Donatello. Yaɣul Donatello iga yan zzɣ "sculptors" akkʷ ttyawssannin. Anck lli sul iskr ɣ yisfrisn yuti isfrisn n Verrocchio. Is ka, Donatello d Verrocchio s sin-itsn sgaddan yan usfris n David ilan ixf n Goliath, s sin-itsn daɣ sgaddan yan usfris ixatrn n yan usrdas (aɛskṛi) ittyawssann; issudan ayyis-nns (asfris igan win imnayn). Kigan n tikkal, ar sngaddan imussnawn n umzruy d ar ssmzazaln gr sin yisfrisn-ad n yimnayn.
Arratn imaziɣn iqburn
Amzruy
G tasuta tis snat d mrawt, yara Bn Tumrt mnnaw idlisn bac ad izuzzr tiwngimin n uẓgʷr nns asrtan gr imṣmudn lli bahra ur issinn i tɛṛabt. Llan ɣ udlis nns lli mi ism “Attawḥid” sa n igzzumn (laḥzab), inna asn ad aqqran yan ugzzum kraygat ass ḍart n tɣri n lḥizb, ilin kra n isugam ar ttalsn is asn inna ad t akkʷ ḥsun aylliɣ darsn yurri zun d lqqʷran, wanna t ur iḥsin zun iɣ ikfr. Bdrn daɣ isugam sin idlisn yaḍnin, “Alqawaɛid” d “Liama”, sin itsn llan gr ifassn n mddn ɣ wakud ann, maca ur aɣ d ilkim walu zɣ idlisn ad.
Tagadirt (Ayt Wasifad)
Isɣwan yaḍnin
Taggayt:Ayt Wasifad (Idaw Ggʷniḍif) Taggayt:Idaw Ggʷniḍif
Tasurart
thumb|ifrxan g [[Tamazirt|tmazirt n Burundi ar ttɛdaln tasurart nnsen s ixf nsen]] Tasurart tga yat tɣawsa da ad skarn middn, afad ad fjjijn. Tasurard tzḍar a tg tamyiwnt (artt itturar yan udemnɣ yan ufgan), mkda tzzḍar a tg tasgett (artt tturarn tugt n udmawn (middn)).
Andriyya dil Virrukyu
Tudrt nns
Verrocchio, ur jju itahl, mac ikka-t-nn ar ittazzal meqqar; f ayt tewja-nnes yaḍnin. Idrus mad ittyawssanen f tudert-nnes, abla mas ilmed dar Fra Filippo Lippi akkʷ ayenn iqqnen s teklut, d mas ar tetturruyent tiwuriwin-nnes tireslanin s yiseggʷasen-nnes simraw imeggura, d mla d is ur d takessa n Lorenzo de Medici d iwwi-s Piero, ur inni ad izzigiz mani. Ikka-t-nn yamu ula netta ɣ "Guild" n St Luke (Luke Agʷrram), kkan-d tsawert-nnes kigan ɣ yinaẓuren keswatnin. Tiwuriwin n kra ɣ yinelmaden-ad-nnes zund Domenico Ghirlandaio, Francesco Botticelli d Pietro Perugino, iceqqa ad ten-tssengarad d twuriwin n Verrocchio s yixf-nnes.
Ɣ tgiriwin n tudert-nnes, ifel Verrocchio i Lorenzo di Credi tasawert-nnes n Flurinsa, irẓem-d netta ṭayya ɣ Vinisya, mani ɣ ikka ar iswurri f usefris n Bartolomeo Colleoni. Immut ɣ Vinisya aseggʷas n 1488. Ar ittyawḥasab Andrea mas iga yan zeɣ yimezwura usridnin n umessenti (entrepreneur) awṭalyan, Paul M. Verrochi.
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Lmazɣi
Sɣ uzgn wis sin n tasuta tis 12 ar tasuta tis 20, tbayn d twrglat n tirra lli mi qqarn “Lmazɣi”. Tawrglat ad tẓli ɣ umata s usgd, izrfan, id msmun awal isinutlayn, mad ittyussann g tsnijjit, akud, tsnitrit d usiḍn. Awttas n twrglat ad iga t usutti ddaw n tɣlaf n usgd anslm d ushwn n ulmmud n imḥḍarn d wid ur iɣrin (lɛawamm), ukan ayann a f gan ɣ umata tanḍḍamt irxan i uḥssu.
Tasurart
Isaɣuln
Taggayt:Tunnunt Taggayt:Taɣrma Taggayt:Tadlsa
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Tiflwin nns
thumb|Addum n Umasiḥ, 1474-1475, Verrocchio d Leonardo da Vinci.
thumb|Amasiḥ d Thomas. Agʷrram, Orsanmichelle, Flurinsa. Ar ittyawnna mas ibda Verrocchio ar ikllu ɣ yisggʷasn n id 1460, lliɣ iswurri ɣ ammas n Prato nttan d umkla Fra Filippo Lippi. Yat tflwit ittyawssann ilan asinyatur n Verrocchio k'ad illan. Ad tt-igan d yat "l'altarpiece" ɣ tlla Madonna nttat d wazzan-nns munan d yigʷrramn ɣ ammas n tkatidraliyt n Pistoia, tettyawkla tigira n id 1470. LLant sul yan mnnawt tflwin-yaḍnin sɣ ustudyu n Verrocchio. Irwas ukan is gi-sn ikʷla Verrocchio kra; klun gi-sn daɣ imḥḍarn-nns kra yaḍni.
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Lmazɣi
Ilin imdyatn zɣ warratn ad nna immaln awttas nnsn:
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Tiflwin nns
Taflwit akkʷ gi-snt ittyawssan, tettyawskar gr 1472 d 1475. Ad tt-igan d Addum n Umasiḥ. Izmmim Giorgio Vasari ɣ warra-nns igan s uzwl Tudrt n Inaẓurn Ikswatn; mas d anglus lli d-yuckan f uzlmaḍ ikʷla-t Leonardo da Vinci. Ar gi-s daɣ ittals Vasari f Verrocchio, mas d lliɣ irura unggaru-ad taɣʷḍft s umḥḍar-nns yiw-s n mraw d tam yisggʷasn d tmfkit-ann-nns bahra ihyyan ɣ tklut; isrs d akkʷ nttan taccitat-nns s yat tklit, ur jju d nttan ad sul ikʷlan kra ɣ tudrt-nns. Iɣ as-izzri yan s usnɣd, irad yakʷz mas d amata ɣ tflwit ittyawkla s yat tmamkt n "tempera" igan tazaykut, imil anglus, kra n yigzzumn ɣ tfkka n Ɛisa, d umuɣli-ann n tɣʷrdin kulci-tn ttyawklan s yat tattiqnit n tklut tazitiyt igan tamaynut. Ar ittajja mayad imussnawn n umzruy n tẓuri ad inin d yixfawn-nnsn mas iswurri Leonardo f yan mnnaw yigzzumn sɣ tugna-ad. Ittufka awd yan usumr n mas ikʷla Botticini wis-sin anglus.
Hinaṭa
Hinata hyuga tga seg udrum n hyuga lli iṭṭfen yat tiṭṭ si-sen iẓlin ad tt-igan d Byakugan, tiṭṭ-a da ten-tettajj ad ẓerran ani yaggugen sul deffir n tɣawsiwin. Tga Hinata agmam g trabbut tiss tam nettat d Kiba d Cinu lli igan inelmaden n Kuṛinay, d ar tettiri Naṛutu bahra ani g rad sul teg tameṭṭut-nnes g yimal-nnsen, teg awed immi-s/inna-s n Buṛutu d Himawari.
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Lmazɣi
Al-Madani Ben Mohammed At-Tuɣmawi :
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"Sculpteurs"
Isnulfa-d Verrochio snat tɣawsiwin zɣ uẓru, yan utabut (cercueil) d yan usarid (lavabo). Ar ittuyanna mas isrm altu yat Madonna d Ubijju s low relief (yat tɣarast n ufrs, asrɣet nɣ d asrm ɣ ar ittuman design zund is ira ad d-iffuɣ zɣ surface-nns, s yat tfsna ixatrn "high relief" nɣ d yat idrusn "low relief").
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Lmazɣi
Aḥmad at-Tamil :
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"Sculpteurs"
Ttyawskarn "sculptures" n Verrocchio akkʷ ttyawssannin s ubrunẓ nna igan yan wanaw n umɣuz (métal). D afad ad d-isnulfu yan usfris n ubrunẓ, ista Verrocchio ad t-ixdm s tkira (cire). Iskr-as s izwar "plâtre" iggi-nns afad ad as-ifk yan "moule" ḍart mad t ttkkis, issrɣ-as i umɣuz-ann ɣ yan ufarnu ar kiɣ kullu ifsi yaɣul iga (liquid). Issuga umɣuz ifsin ɣ "mould" yajj-t-nn ad ikrm s ttawil-nns. Ḍart mad ikks "plâtre", yaff-nn usfris nns n ubrunẓ yujad, ur as iɣama min "finition" d ujrak (polissage)
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Tigrummawin titrarin
Ssntan imrzzutn imẓrmaziɣn ar ttggan iɣf nnsn ɣ warratn imaziɣn zɣ tasuta tiss 19, lliɣ yad ibda usdurri afṛansis. Sɣin imrzzutn zun d -{J.D. Delaporte}- d -{H. Stumme}- d wiyyaḍ arratn i tsdlisin n tsdawiyin nnsn, aya ad aɣ ifkan mmnawt tgrummawin n warratn imaziɣn ass ad, nẓḍaṛ ad zgisnt nbdr tid:
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Tawwuri ɣ San Lorenzo
Tekka-tt-nn tga Taglizt n San Lorenzo (Lawrence Agʷrram) yat teglizt n umaynu ɣ Flurinsa. Iṣka-tt umesdag Brunelleschi s tmamekt n Tleslatit igan tamaynut ɣakud-ann. Kkan-t-nn Ayt Medici gan imasayen-nnes akkʷ dar illa waddur, stan Verrocchio zund sculptor-nnsen nna rad gi-s iswurin f kraḍ yisenfaren.
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Tigrummawin titrarin
Ilint tiyyaḍ illan ɣ tilit tusligt.