cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Cerium
Cerium is a chemical element wi seembol Ce an atomic nummer 58. It is a saft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium wis named efter the dwarf planet (itsel named for the Roman goddess o agricultur). Cerium is the maist abundant o the rare yird elements, makin up aboot 0.0046% o the Yird's crust bi wicht. It is foond in a feck o minerals, the maist important bein monazite an bastnasite. Thare a wheen o ommercial applications o cerium. Thay include catalysts, additives fur tae fuel tae reduce emissions an tae gless an enamels tae chynge thair colour. Cerium oxide is an important component o gless polishin pouders an phosphors uised in screens an fluorescent lamps. It is uised in the "flint" (actually ferrocerium) o lichters.
Chromosome
Structur in sequences
Prokaryotic chromosomes hae less sequence-based structur nor eukaryotes. Bacteria teepically hae a ane-pynt (the oreegin o replication) frae that replication starts, whauras some archaea conteen multiple replication oreegins. The genes in prokaryotes are eften organised in operons, an dae nae uisually conteen introns, unlik eukaryotes.
Iksan
The ceety centre an railway junction wis ance cried "Iri", but merged wi Iksan Coonty (Iksan-gun) in 1995.
Chromosome
DNA packagin
Prokaryotes dae nae possess nuclei. Insteid, thair DNA is organised intae a structur cried the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structur an occupies a defined region o the bacterial cell. This structur is, houiver, dynamic an is mainteened an remodeled bi the actions o a range o histone-lik proteins, that associate wi the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even mair organised, wi the DNA packaged within structurs seemilar tae eukaryotic nucleosomes.
Iksan
The railway junction is located at the point whaur Jeolla, Janghang Line an Gunsan Lines meet the Honam Line, an is served bi frequent train service tae/frae Seoul, Daejeon, Gwangju, Mokpo, Jeonju, Suncheon, an Yeosu.
Friederike o Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Friederike o Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Friederike Louise Caroline Sophie Charlotte Alexandrine; 3 Mairch 1778 – 29 Juin 1841)
Chromosome
DNA packagin
Certaint bacteria an aw conteen plasmids or ither extrachromosomal DNA. Thir are circular structurs in the cytoplasm that conteen cellular DNA an play a role in horizontal gene transfer. In prokaryotes an viruses, the DNA is eften densely packed an organised; in the case o archaea, bi homology tae eukaryotic histones, an in the case o bacteria, bi histone-lik proteins.
Preston, Georgie
Preston is a toun in Webster Coonty, Georgie, Unitit States. The population wis 453 at the 2000 census. The toun is the coonty seat o Webster Coonty.
Iksan
Iksan Naitional College, Won Buddhism Graduate Schuil, Wonkwang Health Science College, an Wonkwang University are aw locatit in Iksan.
Chromosome
DNA packagin
Bacterial chromosomes tend tae be tethered tae the plasma membrane o the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allous for its isolation frae plasmid DNA bi centrifugation o lysed bacteria an pelletin o the membranes (an the attached DNA).
Preston, Georgie
Geografie
Accordin tae the Unitit States Census Bureau, the toun haes a total area o 4.5 sqmi, aw o it laund.
Iksan
Iksan is cried “The ceety o Jewelry” an haes a Jewelry museum which opened in Mey 2002.
Chromosome
DNA packagin
Prokaryotic chromosomes an plasmids are, lik eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA maun first be released intae its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, an replication.
Preston, Georgie
Demografics
As o the census o 2000, thare wur 453 fowk, 190 hoosehaulds, an 129 faimilies residin in the toun. The population densitie wis 100.1 fowk per square mile (38.6/km²). There were 205 hoosin units at an average densitie o 45.3 per square mile (17.5/km²). The racial makup o the toun was 67.77% White, 28.26% African American, 0.22% Native American, 3.53% frae other races, an 0.22% frae twa or mair races. Hispanic or Latino o ony race wur 3.75% o the population.
Iksan
In late November 2006, Korean authorities quarantined a ferm in Iksan an began cullin poultry an livestock athin 3 kilometers radius, tae contain an ootbreak o the H5N1 bird flu virus.
Chromosome
Eukaryotes
Chromosomes in eukaryotes are componed o chromatin feebre. Chromatin feebre is made o nucleosomes (histone octamers wi pairt o a DNA straund attached tae an wrappit aroond it). Chromatin feebres are packaged bi proteins intae a condensed structur cried chromatin. Chromatin conteens the vast majority o DNA and a smaw amoont inheritit maternally, can be foond in the mitochondria. Chromatin is present in maist cells, wi a few exceptions, for ensaumple, reid bluid cells.
Preston, Georgie
Demografics
Thare wur 190 hoosehaulds oot o which 30.0% haed childer unner the age o 18 livin wi thaim, 50.0% wur marriet couples livin thegither, 15.3% haed a female hoosehaulder wi nae husband present, and 31.6% wur nan-faimilies. 30.5% o aw hoosehaulds wur made up o individuals an 19.5% haed someane livin alane who wis 65 years o age or aulder. The average hoosehauld size wis 2.37 an the average faimily size wis 2.93.
Iksan
Iksan that haes been haundit doun the story o Seodong an Seonhwa will be the 'Paradise in Autumn Festival'
Preston, Georgie
Demografics
In the toun the population wis spread oot wi 24.5% unner the age o 18, 7.9% frae 18 tae 24, 27.2% frae 25 tae 44, 22.3% frae 45 tae 64, an 18.1% who wur 65 years o age or aulder. The median age wis 39 years. For ivery 100 females thare wur 89.5 males. For ivery 100 females age 18 an ower, thare wur 84.9 males.
Chromosome
Eukaryotes
Chromatin allous the verra lang DNA molecules tae fit intae the cell nucleus. In cell diveesion chromatin condenses forder tae form microscopically veesible chromosomes. The structur o chromosomes varies throu the cell cycle. In cellular division chromosomes are replicatit, dividit, an passed successfully tae thair dauchter cells sae as tae ensur the genetic diversity an survival o their progeny. Chromosomes mey exeest as aither duplicatit or unduplicatit. Unduplicatit chromosomes are single dooble helixes, whauras duplicatit chromosomes conteen twa identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) jynt bi a centromere.
Iksan
Festivals wi various themes are held in Iksan. Each o these festivals is themed wi a pairticular product an relatit tae the local history.
Chromosome
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes (cells wi nuclei sic as thae foond in plants, fungi, an ainimals) possess multiple lairge linear chromosomes conteened in the cell's nucleus. Ilk chromosome haes ane centromere, wi ane or twa airms projectin frae the centromere, awtho, unner mist circumstances, thir airms are nae veesible as sic. In addeetion, maist eukaryotes hae a smaw circular mitochondrial genome, an some eukaryotes mey hae additional smaw circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.
Preston, Georgie
Demografics
The median income for a hoosehauld in the toun wis $29,750, an the median income for a faimily wis $37,083. Males haed a median income o $25,313 versus $19,464 for females. The per caipita income for the toun wis $14,779. Aboot 19.6% o faimilies an 24.9% o the population wur belaw the poverty line, includin 37.3% o those unner age 18 an 32.9% o those age 65 or ower.
Webster County School District
The Webster County School District haulds grades pre-schuil tae grade twal, that consists o ane elementar-middle schuil an a heich schuil. The destrict has 23 full-time teachers and over 405 students.
Galicie leid
Galicie (galego) is a leid o the Wastren Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicie, an autonomous commonty locatit in northwastren Spainie, as well as in sma borderin zones in the neighbourin autonomous communities o Asturias an Castile an León an in Northren Portugal.
Galicie an Portuguese wur, in medieval times, a single leid which linguists caw Galicie-Portuguese, Medieval Galicie, or Auld Portuguese, spoken in the territories initially ruled bi the medieval Kinrick o Galicie.
Chromosome
Eukaryotes
In the nuclear chromosomes o eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structur, whaur it is wrapped aroond histones (structural proteins), formin a composite material cried chromatin.
Human chromosomes
Chromosomes in humans can be dividit intae twa teeps: autosomes (bouk chromosome(s)) an allosome (sex chromosome(s)). Certaint genetic traits are airtit tae a person's sex an are passed on throu the sex chromosomes. The autosomes conteen the rest o the genetic hereditary information. Aw act in the same wey in cell diveesion. Human cells hae 23 pairs o chromosomes (22 pairs o autosomes an ane pair o sex chromosomes), giein a tot o 46 per cell. In addeetion tae thir, human cells hae mony hunders o copies o the mitochondrial genome. Sequencin o the human genome haes providit a great deal o information aboot ilk o the chromosomes. Ablo is a table compilin stateestics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database. Nummer o genes is an estimate, as it is in pairt based on gene predeections. Tot chromosome lenth is an estimate as weel, based on the estimatit size o unsequenced heterochromatin regions.
Tixover
Tixover is a hamlet an ceevil parish in Rutland.
Chromosome
Karyotype
In general, the karyotype is the chairactereestic chromosome complement o a eukaryote species. The preparation an study o karyotypes is pairt o cytogenetics.
Tixover
The parish kirk, St Luke's, near the River Welland, nou staunds aboot 3/4 mile frae the veelage.
Tixover Grange, wast o the A47 road, wis hame tae the residential schuil namit efter Wilfred Pickles frae 1955 tae the 1980s. Tixover House is nou a care hame, run bi Barchester Healthcare.
Iksan
The names are as follaes:
Tixover
Ane o the kintra's maist popular aff-road drivin centres is at Tixover Quarry, which is uised bi mony Land Rover clubs for days oot, an bi Land Rover Owner Magazine for vehicle tests an photo shuits.
Chromosome
Aberrations
The gain or loss o DNA frae chromosomes can lead tae a variety o genetic disorders. Human ensaumples include:
Iksan
History
Iksan wis ance the caipital o an auncient kintra, Baekje Kinrick. The temples built then are still staundin nou. Iksan haes awways been an important transport centre. Efter the "Iri train station explosion", Iksan ceety fell intae a state o decline. Housomeivver, Iksan's train station wis later rebuilt an it became the junction o three rail lines, the Jeolla Line, Honam Line an Janghang Line. It nou services KTX an Saemaul trains as well as frequent buses services. The day, Iksan is ance again a thrivin ceety.
Geography
Iksan's geographical location is situatit on the Okgu an Keumman Plains which lead tae the Wast Sea Yellae Sea. As it is locatit vera near the sea whaur ships can transport a wide variety o products, Iksan haes played a role as a central aurie o logistics as well as traffic for a lang time.
Iksan is situatit in the northwastren pairt o Jeollabuk-do. In the east o Iksan are the rugged muntains of Mt. Cheonho an Mt. Mireuk at the edge o the Noryeong Muntains, an in the northwast the range o Mt. Hamra leadin tae a series o hills an a great stream, which hae formed a fertile plain, towards the wast. Iksan borders Nonsan-gun an Buyeo-gun, Chuncheongnam-do, dividit bi Keum-gangriver in the north. It faces the Okgu Plains in the wast an the Kimje Plains dividit bi Mankyeong-gang in the sooth.
PFC Ludogorets Razgrad
PFC Ludogorets Razgrad (ПФК Лудогорец Разград) or simply Ludogorets is a Bulgarie fitbaw club based in Razgrad.
Honours
Bulgarian A Group:
Bulgarian B Group:
Bulgarian Cup:
Bulgarian Supercup:
European toornaments
UEFA Europa League UEFA Champions League
Otzolotepec
Otzolotepec is a toun an municipality in the State o Mexico in Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 127.95 km².
As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 67,611.
Mongolien leid
The Mongolien leid (, Mongγol kele; Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, Mongol khel ) is the best-kent member o the Mongolic leid family. It haes aboot 5.7 million speakers, includin ower 90% o the residents o Mongolie an mony o the Mongolien residents o the Inner Mongolie autonomous region o Cheenae. In Mongolie, the Khalkha dialect o Mongolien, written in Cyrillic, is predominant; in Inner Mongolie, the leid is mair dialectally diverse an written in the traditional Mongolien script.
Mongolien haes vouel hermony an a complex seellabic structure for a Mongolic leid that allous up tae three seellable-final consonants. It is a typical agglutinative leid that relies on suffix chains in the verbal an nominal domains. While the basic wird order is subject–object–predicate, the noun phrase order is relatively free, so functional roles are indicatit bi a seestem o aboot aicht grammatical cases. Thare are five voices. Verbs are marked for voice, aspect, tense, an epistemic modality/evidentiality. In sentence linkin, a special role is played bi converbs.
The Trial
Lik Kafka's ither novels, The Trial wis never completit, altho it daes include a chapter which brings the story tae an end. Acause o this thair are certain inconsistencies which exist within the novelle, such as disparities in timin in addition tae ither discontinuities in narration.
Efter Kafka's daith in 1924, his friend an leeterar executor Max Brod editit the text for publication.
Goi, Rode, Goi!
The album haes a lairge cast o guest vocalists an muisickers, most notably on the track "Na Moyey Zemle" which featurs vocalists frae Månegarm o Swaden, Obtest o Lithuanie, Menhir o Germany, Skyforger o Latvie, an Heidevolk o the Netherlands. Each sings in their native leid, playing the role o warriors frae that region describin their hameland tae a traveler.
Reception
The album receivit positive internaitional reviews. About.com markit a combination o pouerful vocals wi deep an dynamic compositions but observit a maistly light-hertit atmosphere reminiscent o Finnish humppa metal acts like Finntroll an Korpiklaani. The reviewer ratit Arkona as ane the best pagan baunds. The German Sonic Seducer wrote that this album wis mair epic an mair orchestral but mair playful than previous releases. Metal Hammer Germany lauded singer Arkhipova's vocal range and the consequent traditionally Russian melody lines.
Alushta
Alushta (Ukrainian an Roushie: Алу́шта; Aluşta; Alouston) is a ceety o regional signeeficance on the soothren coast o the Autonomous Republic o Crimea in Ukraine claimed bi Roushie as the Republic o Crimea.
Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Alushta is twinned wi:
Guddock
A guddock  is a furm o wird puzzle designed tae test a body's ingenuity in arriving tae its solution.
Guddocks haes a lang historie gaun back tae Anglo-Saxon poetry an e'en Norse times. The Exeter Beuk, a manuscript in Anglo-Saxon, preserrs naur-haund saxtie versifee'd guddocks fae Anglo-Saxon leeteratur. A saumple is:
The answer wantit bi the poem is beukwirm.
Sakaume-gumi
The Sakaume-gumi is an auld-established, sma group that focuses primarily on gamblin, an no on ither activities lik extortion an drogs. Aiblins acause o this, it haes haed relatively guid relations wi the local polis.
History
The Sakaume-gumi wis registered as a designatit yakuza group unner the Organisit Creeme Coontermeasurs Law in Mey 1993.
Condition
The Sakaume-gumi is ane o the tw designatit yakuza groups based in the Osaka Prefectur, alang wi the Azuma-gumi, an maintains its heidquairters office in Nishinari, Osaka.
Ane umwhile memmer o the Sakaume-gumi haes achievit a measur o fame in anither field: born-again Christianity. Rev Hiroyuki Suzuki, a tattooed, pinky-missin umwhile Sakaume-gumi gangster, haes acome Japan's maist colourful evangelical Christian preacher.
Varagavan
Varagavan (Վարագավան) is a toun in the Tavush Province o Armenie.
Zelzate
Zelzate is a municipality locatit in the Belgian province o East Flanders. The municipality anerlie comprises the toun o Zelzate proper. On Januar 1, 2006 Zelzate haed a total population o 12,176. The total aurie is 13.71 km² that gies a population density o 888 inhabitants per km².
Zelzate is dividit intae twa pairts bi the Ghent-Terneuzen Canal. There a concrete drawbridge an a tunnel tae connect the twa sides. Zelzate is kent for the naurhaun pollutin industry, that gars it the veelage wi the lawest air quality in the kintra. Recently ArcelorMittal Ghent (Sidmar) makkit a major investment that resultit in an emission decrease o 90%.
Sister ceeties
The toun is twinned wi:
Benoît Paire
Benoît Paire (born 8 May 1989) is a French professional tennis player.
He reached the 1st roond o a Grand Slam event for the first time at the French Open in 2010 an haes syne gone on tae mak aicht appearances at Grand Slam level, his best result comin at Wimbledon in 2012 an in the French Open in 2013, reachin the third roond. Ither notable achievements include a final appearance in Belgrade at the Serbian Open. Paire's career-heich singles rankin is Warld No. 25, achieved in Juin 2013.
Doubles performance timeline
''Current as far as 2012 US Open (tennis).
Europium
Europium is a chemical element wi the seembol Eu an atomic nummer 63. It is named efter the continent Europe. It is a moderately haird, sillery metal whilk readily oxidizes in air an watter. Bein a teepical member o the lanthanide series, europium uisually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is common an aa: aw europium compoonds wi oxidation state +2 are slichtly reducing. Europium haes na signeeficant biological role an is relatively non-toxic compared tae ither hivy metals. Maist applications o europium exploit the phosphorescence o europium compoonds.
Eddie Van Halen
Edward Lodewijk Van Halen (26 Januar 1955-6 October 2020) wis a Dutch-American guitarist, keybuirdist an sangwriter. He is best kent for bein the heid guitarist o the 1970s and 80s Haurd rock/hivy metal muisic baund Van Halen. His son, Wolfgang, played bass efter the baund’s oreeginal bassist, Michael Anthony, left. He plays a Frankenstrat guitar, that he designed in 1978, sax year efter Van Halen wis formed. He played the solo for Michael Jackson’s biggest hit “Beat it”. Rolling Stones ranked him the aicht greatest guitarist in 2015.
Sayyidah Zaynab
Sayyidah Zaynab (السيدة زينب, meanin Lady Zaynab) commonly kent as Set Zaynab, is a Sirie toun in the Rif Dimashq Govrenorate. Wi a population o 136,427 (2004 census), Sayyidah Zaynab is the 10t lairgest ceety in Sirie. Admeenistratively, the toun is locatit in Markaz Rif Dimashq destrict an belangs tae Babbila nahiyah. The municipality o Sayyidah Zaynab is still considered a rural commonty bi the Rif Dimashq govrenorate.
Eddie Van Halen
Early Life
Eddie wis born Edward Lodewijk Van Halen tae clarinetist an saxophonist Jan Van Halen an mither Eugenia Van Halen on 26 Januar 1955 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. His brither Alex wis born twa year earlier in 1953. The faimily flittit to Nijmegen a few year later afore muivin tae Pasedena, Californie, Unitit States whan Eddie wis seiven.
Teenage years
Throuoot his teenage years, Eddie began playin wi his brither Alex an faither Jan. He waled tae play guitar but he didna hiv enouch money tae buy ane, or e'en an amp or pedal. In 2015, he said he cudnae afford pedals durin his teenage years, but in 1978, he bought a $50 guitar body, an $80 neck an a set o strings. Eddie biggit his ain guitar oot o the equipment he bocht. It wis pentit red, white an a few pairts wis black. The guitar wis kent as Frankenstein, or Frankenstrat, accordin tae YouTube musicker information channel Grunge.
Van Halen
Van Halen oreeginally formed in 1972 unner the name Genesis. In 1977, Kiss bassist Gene Simmons flichtit the baund tae New York, an booked em intae Jimi Hendrix’s Electric Lady Studios tae play some demos. The follaein year, they lowsed their first album entitled Van Halen, that includit sangs sic as Eruption, Ain’t Talkin’ ‘Bout Love an Runnin’ With the Devil. In 1979, the band lowsed their seicont album Van Halen II, that includit sangs sic as Light Up the Sky. Mair albums sic as 1984, lowsed in 1984, 5150, lowsed in 1986 an mony mair.
Health
In 1995, Eddie wis diagnosed wi Avascular Necrosis in the hip, an wis telt tae hae hip replacement surgery, but didnae hae the procedure until 1999 whan the necrosis began provin ower muckle. Van Halen haed a bionic hip efter the surgery, acause o bone daith in the femoral baa pairt o his hip. In 2000, he wis diagnosed wi tongue cancer, that he didnae pit on his years o smokin, but o haudin guitar picks in his mouth, tellin Billboard in 2019 “I used metal picks. They’re brass and copper, which I always held in my mouth. Plus, I live in a recording studio that’s filled with electromagnetic energy.” In 2002, he wis declared cancer free efter he haed a third o his tongue taen oot. In 2012, Eddie unnerwent an emergency surgery efter a bout of diverticulitis, that he recovered frae. He deet on 6 October 2020 o cancer o the throat.
Lázaro Cárdenas Municipality, Quintana Roo
Lázaro Cárdenas is ane o the ten municipalities that mak up the Mexican state o Quintana Roo. Its municipal seat is the toun o Kantunilkín, which wis foondit on 10 October 1859. Its borders are, tae the wast, the municipalities o Tizimín an Chemax in the state o Yucatán, tae the east the municipalities o Isla Mujeres an Benito Juárez, an tae the sooth Solidaridad.
It is namit efter Lázaro Cárdenas who wis Preses o Mexico frae 1934 tae 1940.
Orografie an hydrografie
Lik maist o the Yucatan Peninsula Lázaro Cárdenas is entirely flat wi a gentle slope towards the sea, sae frae wast tae east.
Lik the rest o the peninsula's surface the laund haes a limestane base that daes no allou the formation o surface watter flows such as rivers an streams, the watter insteid forms flows in unnergrund rivers that whiles rise tae the surface in the cenotes. Lochs an cenotes are the major bouks o watter in the municipality.
Ot Serdtsa K Nebu
Ot Serdtsa K Nebu (От Сердца к Небу) is the fowert full-length album bi the Roushie fowk metal baund Arkona. It wis released on 31 October 2007 through Sound Age Production an later through Napalm Records. The name translates tae "Frae The Hert Tae The Sky".
Reception
The album receivit a positive review frae the Canadian Exclaim! magazine. The author notit the album's variations in tone an structur an wrote that Arkona haed "achievit the haurder task" o integratin haurd modren soonds an traditional tunes. The German edition o Metal Hammer awairdit 5 oot o points tae the album. About.com wrote that sangster Maria "Masha" Arkhipova wis an "excellent vocalist" who wis capable o performin baith soft sang an hairsk screamin an growlin wi a heich staundart.
Muin
The Muin is an astronomical bouk that orbits planet Yird, bein Yird's anerly permanent naitural satellite. It is the fift-lairgest naitural satellite in the Solar Seestem, an the lairgest amang planetar satellites relative tae the size o the planet that it orbits (its primar). Follaein Jupiter's satellite Io, the Muin is seicond-densest satellite amang thae whase densities are kent.
The Muin is thocht tae hae formed aboot 4.51 billion year ago, nae lang efter Yird. The maist widely acceptit explanation is that the Muin formed frae the debris left ower efter a giant impact atween Yird an a Maurs-sized bouk cried Theia.
The Muin is in synchronous rotation wi Yird, ayeweys shawin the same face, wi its near side merked bi daurk volcanic maria that fill the spaces atween the bricht auncient crustal hielands an the prominent impact craters. As seen frae the Yird, it is the seicont-brichtest regularly veesible celestial object in Yird's sky, efter the Sun. Its surface is actually daurk, awtho compared tae the nicht sky it appears verra bricht, wi a reflectance juist slichtly heicher nor that o worn asphalt. Its gravitational influence produces the ocean tides, bouk tides, an the slicht lenthenin o the day.
The Muin's current orbital distance is 384400 km, or 1.28 licht-seiconts. This is aboot thirty times the diameter o Yird, wi its apparent size in the sky awmaist the same as that o the Sun, resultin in the Muin coverin the Sun nearly precisely in tot solar eclipse. This matchin o apparent veesual size will nae conteena in the faur futur, acause the Muin's distance frae Yird is slawly increasin.
The Soviet Union's Luna programme wis the first tae reach the Muin wi uncrewed spacecraft in 1959; the Unitit States' NASA Apollo program achieved the anerly crewed missions tae date, beginnin wi the first crewed lunar orbitin mission bi Apollo 8 in 1968, an sax crewed lunar laundins atween 1969 an 1972, wi the first bein Apollo 11. Thir missions returned lunar rocks that hae been uised tae develop a geological unnerstaundin o the Muin's oreegin, internal structur, an later history. Syne the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the Muin haes been veesitit anerly bi uncrewed spacecraft.
Athin human cultur, baith the Muin's naitural prominence in the yirdly sky, an its regular cycle o phases as seen frae the Yird hae providit cultural references an influences for human societies an culturs syne time immemorial. Sic cultural influences can be foond in leid, lunar based calendar seestems, airt, an meethologie.
Internal structur
The Muin is a differentiatit bouk: it haes a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, an core. The Muin haes a solit airn-rich inner core wi a radius o 240 km an a fluid ooter core primarily made o liquid iron wi a radius o aboot 300 km. Aroond the core is a pairtially mowten boondary layer wi a radius o aboot 500 km. This structur is thocht tae hae developed throu the fractional creestallisation o a global magma ocean shortly efter the Muin's formation 4.5 billion year ago. Creestallisation o this magma ocean wad hae creatit a mafic mantle frae the precipitation an sinkin o the minerals olivine, clinopyroxene, an orthopyroxene; efter aboot three-quarters o the magma ocean haed creestallised, lawer-density plagioclase meenerals coud form an fleet intae a crust atap. The feenal liquids tae crystallise wad hae been ineetially sandwiched atween the crust an mantle, wi a heich abundance o incompatible an heat-producin elements. Conseestent wi this perspective, geochemical mappin made frae orbit suggests the crust o maistly anorthosite. The Muin rock samples o the fluid lavas that erupted ontae the surface frae pairtial meltin in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composeetion, that is mair airn rich nor that o Yird. The crust is on average aboot 50 km thick.
The Muin is the seicont-densest satellite in the Solar Seestem, efter Io. Houiver, the inner core o the Muin is smaw, wi a radius o aboot 350 km or less, aroond 20% o the radius o the Muin. Its composeetion is nae well defined, but is probably metallic airn alloyed wi a smaw amoont o sulfur an nickel; analyses o the Muin's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least pairtly mowten.
Surface geology
The topografie o the Muin haes been meisurt wi laser altimetry an stereo eemage analysis. Its maist veesible topografic featur is the giant far-side Sooth Pole–Aitken basin, some 2240 km in diameter, the lairgest crater on the Muin an the seicont-lairgest confirmed impact crater in the Solar Seestem. At 13 km deep, its fluir is the lawest pynt on the surface o the Muin. The heichest elevations o the Muin's surface are locatit directly tae the northeast, an it haes been suggestit micht hae been thickened bi the oblique formation impact o the Sooth Pole–Aitken basin. Ither lairge impact basins, sic as Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Smythii, an Orientale, an aa possess regionally law elevations an elevatit rims. The faur side o the lunar surface is on average aboot 1.9 km heicher nor that o the near side.
The discovery o faut scarp cliffs bi the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter suggest that the Muin haes scrinkit athin the past billion year, bi aboot 90 metres (300 ft). Seemilar scrinkage featurs exist on Mercur.
Volcanic featurs
The daurk an relatively featurless lunar plains, clearly seen wi the nakit ee, are cried maria (Latiin for "seas"; seengular mare), as thay war ance believed tae be filled wi watter; thay are nou kent tae be vast solitifee'd puils o auncient basaltic lava. Awtho seemilar tae terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts hae mair airn an no minerals altered bi watter. The majority o thir lavas eruptit or flawed intae the depressions associatit wi impact basins. Several geologic provinces conteenin shield volcanoes an volcanic domes are foond within the near side "maria".
Awmaist aw maria are on the near side o the Muin, an civer 31% o the surface o the near side, compared wi 2% o the faur side. This is thocht tae be due tae a concentration o heat-producin elements unner the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obteened bi Lunar Prospector's gamma-ray spectrometer, that wad hae caused the unnerleein mantle tae heat up, pairtially melt, rise tae the surface an erupt. Maist o the Muin's mare basalts eruptit in the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5 billion year aby, awtho some radiometrically datit samples are as auld as 4.2 billion year. Till recently, the youngest eruptions, datit bi crater coontin, appeared tae hae been anly 1.2 billion year aby. In 2006, a study o Ina, a tottie depression in Lacus Felicitatis, foond jagged, relatively dust-free featurs that, due tae the lack o erosion bi infawin debris, appeared tae be anly 2 million year auld. Muinquakes an releases o gas an aa indicate some continued lunar acteevity. In 2014 NASA annoonced "widespread evidence o young lunar volcanism" at 70 irregular mare patches identifee'd bi the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, some less nor 50 million year auld. This raises the possibeelity o a muckle wairmer lunar mantle nor previously believed, at least on the near side whaur the deep crust is substantially waurmer due tae the greater concentration o radioactive elements. Juist prior tae this, evidence haes been presentit for 2–10 million years younger basaltic volcanism inside Lowell crater, Orientale basin, locatit in the transeetion zone atween the near an faur sides o the Muin. An ineetially hetter mantle and/or local enrichment o heat-producin elements in the mantle coud be responsible for prolanged acteevities an aa on the faur side in the Orientale basin.
The lichter-coloured regions o the Muin are cried terrae, or mair commonly highlands, acause thay are heicher nor maist maria. Thay hae been radiometrically datit tae haein formed 4.4 billion year aby, an mey represent plagioclase cumulates o the lunar magma ocean. In contrast tae Yird, na major lunar moontains are believed tae hae formed as a result o tectonic events.
The concentration o maria on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust o the helands o the Faur Side, that mey hae formed in a slaw-velocity impact o a seicont muin o Yird a few tens o millions o years efter thair formation.
Impact craters
The ither major geologic process that haes affectit the Muin's surface is impact craterin, wi craters formed whan asteroids an comets collide wi the lunar surface. Thare are estimatit tae be aboot 300,000 craters wider nor 1 km on the Muin's near side alane. The lunar geologic timescale is based on the maist prominent impact events, includin Nectaris, Imbrium, an Orientale, structurs chairacterised bi multiple raings o upliftit material, atween hunders an thoosands o kilometres in diameter an associatit wi a braid apron o ejecta deposits that form a regional stratigraphic horizon. The lack o an atmosphere, wather an recent geological processes mean that mony o thir craters are well-preserved. Awtho anly a few multi-raing basins hae been definitively datit, thay are uisefu for assignin relative ages. Acause impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, coontin the nummer o craters per unit area can be uised tae estimate the age o the surface. The radiometric ages o impact-meltit rocks collectit in the Apollo missions cluster atween 3.8 an 4.1 billion year auld: this haes been uised tae propone a Late Heavy Bombardment o impacts.
Comparison o heich-resolution eemages obteened bi the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter haes shawn a contemporary crater-production rate signeeficantly heicher nor previously estimatit. A seicontar craterin process caused bi distal ejecta is thocht tae churn the tap twa centimetres o regolith a hunder times mair quickly nor previous models suggestit–on a timescale o 81,000 year.
Lunar swirls
Lunar swirls are enigmatic featurs foond across the Muin's surface, which are chairacterised bi a heich albedo, appearin optically immatur (i.e. the optical chairactereestics o a relatively young regolith), an eften displayin a sinuous shape. Thair curvilinear shape is eften accentuated bi law albedo regions that wind atween the bricht swirls.
Presence o watter
Liquid watter canna persist on the lunar surface. Whan exposed tae solar radiation, watter quickly decompones throu a process kent as photodissociation an is lost tae space. Houiver, syne the 1960s, scientists hae hypothesized that watter ice mey be depositit bi impactin comets or possibly produced bi the reaction o oxygen-rich lunar rocks, an hydrogen frae solar wind, leavin traces o watter that coud possibly survive in cauld, permanently shaidaed craters at aither pole on the Muin. Computer simulations suggest that up tae 14000 km2 o the surface mey be in permanent shaidae. The presence o uisable quantities o watter on the Muin is an important factor in renderin lunar habitation as a cost-effective plan; the alternative o transportin watter frae Yird wad be prohibitively expensive.
In years syne, seegnaturs o watter hae been foond tae exeest on the lunar surface. In 1994, the bistatic radar experiment locatit on the Clementine spacecraft, indicatit the existence o smaw, frozen pockets o watter close tae the surface. Houiver, later radar observations bi Arecibo, suggest thir findings mey rather be rocks ejectit frae young impact craters. In 1998, the neutron spectrometer on the Lunar Prospector spacecraft shawed that heich concentrations o hydrogen are present in the first meter o deepth in the regolith near the polar regions. Volcanic lava beads, brocht back tae Yird abuird Apollo 15, shawed smaw amounts o watter in thair interior.
The 2008 Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft haes syne confirmed the existence o surface watter ice, uisin the on-buird Moon Mineralogy Mapper. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common tae hydroxyl, in reflected sunlicht, providin evidence o lairge quantities o watter ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft shawed that concentrations mey possibly be as heich as 1,000 ppm. In 2009, LCROSS sent a 2300 kg impactor intae a permanently shaidaed polar crater, an detectit at least 100 kg o watter in a plume o ejectit material. Anither examination o the LCROSS data shawed the amoont o detectit watter tae be closer tae 155 ±.
In Mey 2011, 615–1410 ppm watter in melt inclusions in lunar saumple 74220 wis reportit, the famous heich-titanium "orange gless sile" o volcanic oreegin collectit during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The inclusions war formed in explosive eruptions on the Muin approximately 3.7 billion year aby. This concentration is comparable wi that o magma in Yird's upper mantle. Awtho o considerable selenological interest, this announcement affords little comfort tae wad-be lunar colonists—the sample oreeginatit mony kilometres ablo the surface, an the inclusions are sae difficult tae access that it teuk 39 year tae find them wi a state-o-the-airt ion microprobe instrument.
Gravitational field
The gravitational field o the Muin haes been meisurt throu trackin the Doppler shift o radio signals emittit bi orbitin spacecraft. The main lunar gravity featurs are mascons, lairge positive gravitational anomalies associatit wi some o the giant impact basins, partly caused bi the dense mare basaltic lava flaws that fill thae basins. The anomalies greatly influence the orbit o spacecraft aboot the Muin. Thare are some puzzles: lava flaws bi themsels canna expleen aw o the gravitational signatur, an some mascons exist that are nae linked tae mare volcanism.
Magnetic field
The Muin haes a freemit magnetic field o aboot 1–100 nanoteslas, less nor ane-hundert that o Yird. It daes nae currently hae a global dipolar magnetic field an anly haes crustal magnetisation, probably acquired early in lunar history whan a dynamo wis still operatin. Alternatively, some o the remnant magnetization mey be frae transient magnetic fields generatit in lairge impact events throu the expansion o an impact-generatit plasma clood in the presence o an ambient magnetic field. This is supportit bi the apparent location o the lairgest crustal magnetisations near the antipodes o the giant impact basins.
Dist
A permanent asymmetric muin dist clood exists aroond the Muin, creatit bi smaw particles frae comets. Estimates are 5 tons o comet pairticles strike the Muin's surface ilk 24 oors. The pairticles strike the Muin's surface ejectin muin dist abuin the Muin. The dist stays abuin the Muin approximately 10 meenits, takkin 5 minutes tae rise, an 5 minutes tae faw. On average, 120 kilogrammes o dist are present abuin the Muin, rising tae 100 kilometers abuin the surface. The dist meisurments war made bi LADEE's Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), atween 20 an 100 kilometres abuin the surface, in a sax-month period. LDEX detectit an average o ane 0.3 micrometer muin dist pairticle ilk meenit. Dist pairticle coonts peaked during the Geminid, Quadrantid, Northren Taurid, an Omicron Centaurid meteor shawers, whan the Yird, an Muin, pass throu comet debris. The clood is asymmetric, mair dense near the boondary atween the Muin's dayside an nichtside.
Saisons
The Muin's axial tilt wi respect tae the ecliptic is anly 1.5424°, muckle less nor the 23.44° o Yird. Acause o this, the Muin's solar illumination varies muckle less wi saison, an topografical details play a crucial role in saisonal effects. Frae eemages taken bi Clementine in 1994, it appears that fower moontainous regions on the rim o Peary Crater at the Muin's north pole mey remeen illuminatit for the entire lunar day, creautin peaks o eternal licht. No sic regions exist at the sooth pole. Seemilarly, thare are places that remeen in permanent shaidae at the bottoms o mony polar craters, an thir dark craters are extremely cauld: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter meisurt the lawest simmer temperaturs in craters at the soothren pole at 35 K an juist 26 K close tae the winter solstice in north polar Hermite Crater. This is the cauldest temperatur in the Solar Seestem iver meosurt bi a spacecraft, caulder oven than the surface o Pluto. Average temperaturs o the Muin's surface are reportit, but temperaturs o different areas will vary greatly dependin upon whether thay are in sunlicht or shaidae.
Orbit
The Muin maks a complete orbit aroond Yird wi respect tae the fixed starns aboot ance ivery 27.3 days (its sidereal period). Houiver, acause Yird is muivin in its orbit aroond the Sun at the same time, it takes slichtly langer for the Muin tae shaw the same phase tae Yird, which is aboot 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlik maist satellites o ither planets, the Muin orbits closer tae the ecliptic plane nor tae the planet's equatorial plane. The Muin's orbit is subtly perturbed bi the Sun an Yird in mony smaw, complex an interactin weys. For ensaumple, the plane o the Muin's orbit gradually rotates ance ivery 18.61 years, that affects ither aspects o lunar motion. Thir follae-on effects are mathematically describit bi Cassini's laws.
Relative size
The Muin is exceptionally lairge relative tae Yird: a quarter its diameter an 1/81 its mass. It is the lairgest muin in the Solar Seestem relative tae the size o its planet, tho Charon is lairger relative tae the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto's mass. Yird an the Muin are nivertheless still conseederit a planet–satellite seestem, raither nor a dooble planet, acause thair barycentre, the common centre o mass, is locatit 1700 km (aboot a quarter o Yird's radius) aneath Yird's surface.
Appearance frae Yird
The Muin is in synchronous rotation: it rotates aboot its axis in aboot the same time it takes tae orbit Yird. This results in it ayeweys keepin nearly the same face turned taewart Yird. Houiver, due tae the effect o libration, aboot 59% o the Muin's surface can actually be seen frae Yird.
The Muin uised tae rotate at a fester rate, but early in its history, its rotation slawed an becam tidally locked in this orientation as a result o freectional effects associatit wi tidal deformations caused bi Yird. Wi time, the energy o rotation o the Muin on its axis wis dissipatit as heat, till thare wis no rotation o the Muin relative tae the Yird. The side o the Muin that faces Yird is cried the near side, an the opposite the faur side. The far side is eften inaccurately cried the "daurk side", but it is in fact illuminatit as eften as the near side: ance per lunar day, in the new muin phase we observe on Yird whan the near side is daurk. In 2016, planetary scientists, uisin data collectit on the muckle earlier Nasa Lunar Prospector mission, foond twa hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides o the Muin, probably in the form o watter ice. It is speculatit that thir patches war the poles o the Muin billions o years aby, afore it wis tidally locked tae Yird.
The Muin haes an exceptionally law albedo, giein it a reflectance that is slichtly brichter nor that o worn asphalt. Despite this, it is the brichtest object in the sky efter the Sun. This is pairtly due tae the brichtness enhancement o the opposeetion effect; at quarter phase, the Muin is anly ane-tent as bricht, raither nor hauf as bricht, as at full muin.
Addeetionally, colour constancy in the visual seestem recalibrates the relations atween the colours o an object an its surroondins, an acause the surroondin sky is comparatively daurk, the sunlit Muin is perceived as a bricht object. The edges o the full muin seem as bricht as the centre, wi no limm daurkenin, due tae the reflective properties o lunar sile, that reflects mair licht back taewart the Sun nor in ither directions. The Muin daes appear lairger whan close tae the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, kent as the Muin illusion, first descrived in the 7t century BC. The full muin subtends an arc o aboot 0.52° (on average) in the sky, aboot the same apparent size as the Sun (see ).
Origanum
Origanum is a genus o aboot 20 species o yerbaceous perennials an subshrubs in the faimily Lamiaceae, native tae the Mediterranean an sooth eastren Asie, whaur thay are foond in open or muntainous habitats.
Muin
Appearance frae Yird
The heichest altitude o the Muin in the sky varies wi the lunar phase an the saison o the year. The full muin is heichest in winter. The 18.61-year nodes cycle an aa haes an influence: whan the ascendin node o the lunar orbit is in the vernal equinox, the lunar declination can gae as far as 28° ilk month. This means the Muin can gang owerheid at latitudes up tae 28° frae the equator, insteid o anerly 18°. The orientation o the Muin's crescent an aa depends on the latitude o the observation steid: close tae the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent muin.
The distance atween the Muin an Yird varies frae aroond 356,400 km tae 406,700 km at perigees (closest) an apogees (faurthest), respectively. On 14 November 2016, it wis closer tae Yird whan at full phase than it haes been syne 1948, 14% closer than its faurthest poseetion in apogee. Reportit as a "super muin", this closest pynt coincides within an oor o a full muin, an it wis 30% mair luminous than whan at its greatest distance due tae its angular diameter bein 14% greater, acause. At lower levels, the human perception o reduced brightness as a percentage is providit bi the follaein formula:
Whan the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is aboot 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gies a maximum perceived increase o 14% atween apogee an perigee muins o the same phase.
Thare haes been historical controversy ower whether featurs on the Muin's surface chynge ower time. The day, mony o thir claims are thocht tae be illusory, resultin frae observation unner different lichtin condeetions, puir astronomical seein, or inadequate drawins. Houiver, ootgassin daes occasionally occur, an coud be responsible for a minor percentage o the reportit lunar transient phenomena. Recently, it haes been suggestit that aboot a 3 km diameter region o the lunar surface wis modified bi a gas release event aboot a million years aby. The Muin's appearance, lik that o the Sun, can be affectit bi Yird's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° halo ring formed whan the Muin's licht is refractit throu the ice creestals o heich cirrostratus cloud, an smawer coronal rings whan the Muin is seen throu thin cloods.
The illuminatit area o the veesible sphere (degree o illumination) is gien bi, whaur e is the elongation (i.e., the angle atween Muin, the observer (on Yird) an the Sun).
Tidal effects
The gravitational attraction that masses hae for ane anither decreases inversely wi the square o the distance o thae masses frae ilk ither. As a result, the slichtly greater attraction that the Muin haes for the side o Yird closest tae the Muin, as compared tae the pairt o the Yird opposite the Muin, results in tidal forces. Tidal forces affect baith the Yird's crust an oceans.
The maist obvious effect o tidal forces is tae cause twa bulges in the Yird's oceans, ane on the side facin the Muin an the ither on the side opposite. This results in elevatit sea levels cried ocean tides. As the Yird spins on its axis, ane o the ocean bulges (heich tide) is held in place "unner" the Muin, while anither sic tide is opposite. As a result, thare are twa heich tides, an twa law tides in aboot 24 oors. Syne the Muin is orbitin the Yird in the same direction o the Yird's rotation, the heich tides occur aboot ivery 12 oors an 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due tae the Muin's time tae orbit the Yird. The Sun haes the same tidal effect on the Yird, but its forces o attraction are anerly 40% that o the Muin's; the Sun's an Muin's interplay is responsible for ware an neap tides. If the Yird war a watter warld (ane wi no continents) it wad produce a tide o anly ane meter, an that tide wad be verra predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified bi ither effects: the freectional cooplin o watter tae Yird's rotation throu the ocean fluirs, the inertia o watter's muivement, ocean basins that graw shallaer near laund, the sloshin o watter atween different ocean basins. As a result, the timing o the tides at maist pynts on the Yird is a product o observations that are explained, incidentally, bi theory.
In a lik manner, the lunar surface experiences tides o aroond 10 cm amplitude ower 27 days, wi twa components: a fixed ane due tae Yird, acause thay are in synchronous rotation, an a varyin component frae the Sun. The Yird-induced component arises frae libration, a result o the Muin's orbital eccentricity (if the Muin's orbit war perfectly circular, thare wad anerly be solar tides). Libration an aa cheenges the angle frae that the Muin is seen, allouin a tot o aboot 59% o its surface tae be seen frae Yird ower time. The cumulative effects o stress biggit up bi thir tidal forces produces muinquauks. Muinquakes are muckle less common an waiker nor are yirdquauks, awtho muin quauks can last for up tae an oor—a signeeficantly langer time than terrestrial quauks—acause o the absence o watter tae damp oot the seismic vibrations. The existence o muinquauks wis an unexpectit discovery frae seismometers placed on the Muin bi Apollo astronauts frae 1969 throu 1972.