cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ceevil law (legal seestem)
Ceevil law is the maist uised law seestem in the warld. It is whiles cried Continental law or Romano-Germanic law. It is aye compeart wi common law, but this law pulls unuisual laws frae different cases. The seestem wis based on Roman law that wis uised a while syne.
Muisic
Heistorical idaias an thochts
A muisical tone wes regairdit for common in the aerlie pairt o the 20t Century as bein characterized bi hou aften its dirl wes haerd. This uniformity gied it a fixed pitch at sindered it frae noise.
Bi the saicont hauf o the 20t Century sic a norrie wes conseidered auld farrant hooanevir, an noise, an betimes silence wad becum pairt o the modren composeition.
Forby tone, the'r ither components o muisic, siclike timbre, rythym an texture, an wi the oncome o electronic machinery in muisic allouin some composers tae upmak non tradeitional wirks, soond coud noo be recordit direct like ontil tapes or digital files.Soonds that war aforehaund unbekent an impossible, war noo tae becum reality.
Aerlie Indien an Chinee Conceptions
Muisic haes aye haed the pouer tae kittle up feelins o ecstacy wi fowk throu oot the centuries. Frae heistorical accoonts, we hae this idaias frae Auld Warld Indie.
The uisse o muisic in releigion gies us Vedic Hymns frae the auncient scripturs o Hinduism an is aiblins the auldest Vocal tradeition frae lang syne an gaes back as monie as 3000 year.
Sic an airt haes growne ower monie century intil a profoond an melodic discipline. Melled wi the releigious text an structur bonnielie expressed bi the narrators skeill. Sic vocal skeill staunds peels wi onie ane o the muisical instruments pleyin alangside it.
The'r nae gret sibness here wi Wastren style muisic an the complexity o melody gangs faur abuin onie o wir Wastren models.
Atween the narrator/Sangster an the instrumentalist the'r aften spontaneous mimicin o soond at can staund conter tae the stot an rythym o the drums. This can kittle gret excitement, brocht on bi lealtie tae the rules o Raga, the auncient melodic pattrens o Indien Muisic.
Sib tae Indien muisic is Chinee muisic, at haes tradeitionally been jyned bi Narrative an ceremony alsae.
The faur kent Chinee Philosopher Confucius (541-479 BCE) gied muckle importance tae muisic, athin the morality o wir Universe.
He sayed at Govrenment an muisic stuid aqual wi ither, an onlie fowk wi guid ken o muisic war able for tae Govren fowk. Alsa he believed at muisic gangs in harmony wi the universe, eikin order tae wir physical warld throu sic harmony. He addit, Truelins muisic reflecks character, an maks pretence an swickerie impossible.
Muisical Idaias frae Auncient Greece
Muisic wes o muckle importance in Auncient Greece whaur baith muisicianers an sangsters war aye at the for athin Greek theatre.
In eddication muisic wes alsae important an frae sax year auld boys war leared i the skeill. Sich leiteracy in muisic alloued a fouth o developments.
The day we see baith at Releigous Muisic an Classical Muisic cam frae Greek muisic theory an The Greek muisical modes.
Efterhaund, The Rouman an Byzantine Impires an aa gied influence tae Greek muisic alang wi influence frae Eastren Europe.
The auldest ensaumple o muisical composeition alang wi muisical notation we hae the day is cryed The Seikilos Epitaph.
The auldest screed on the subjeck o muisical theory is cryed Harmonika Stoicheia bi Aristoxenus.
Muisic athin the Bible
Ken o muisic athin the Bible an the Biblical Period is taen maistlins frae leiteral soorces, an aftimes Post Biblical soorces forbye.
Heistorian o Releigion an Muisic Herbert Lockyer Jr tells us o muisic at wes baith vocal an instrumental an wes growthie amang The Hebrews, New Testament Christians an The Christian Kirk oot throu the centuries. Mairatowre, he airts us tae The Auld Testament an hou God's auncient fowk war devote tae baith the study o, an the pleyin o muisic.
Learit scholars o Muisic an Theatre at hiv studied the anthropologie o Semitics an aerlie Judeo Christian cultur hae discuivered common threids atween theatrical an muisical acteivities athin the Classical culturs o The Greeks an The Romans.
For common we finnd performance in a social phenomena cryed Litany. A kinnd o prayer at intaks a series o Invocations or Supplications.
The Jurnal o Releigion an Theatre says that amang the maist aerlie furms o Litany, Hebrew litany wes accompanied bi rowthie muisical tradeition.
Medieval Era 476 til 1400
Durand the Middle ages we hae The Medieval Era at stairts wi the ontak o the singil melodic line, or monophonic chantin oot throu the services bi The Roman Catholic Kirk. Sic muisical notation haed been uised sen lang syne wi Auncient Greek cultur.
It is wi the middle ages houanevir at we hae an innin tae notation bi The Catholic Kirk, allouin for sic chants melodies tae be scrievit doon, an sicwyce forderin the uisse o the selsame melodies oot throu The hail Catholic Impire.
Forbye thir tradeitions o Kirk muisic we hae secular sang, betimes cryed (Non Releigious Sangs).
The maist weill kent composers o the time war Léonin, Perotin, Guillame de Machant an Walter von der Vogelweide.
The Renaissance Muisic o Europe 1400 til 1600
The aforehaund middle ages period wes a time whan The Roman Catholic Kirk haed owerance o awmaist aw o fowks lifes, an maist muisic wes Kirk reekit an thirled tae thon wi maist composeitions based upo the Plain Chairt that haed been uised frae aerlie Christianity.
Tho maistlins The Catholic Kirk haed control o muisic durand the renaissance period, it did lowse poleitical control ower society at wad allou freedom for composers tae tak influence frae The Airts, Classical Mythologie, Astronomie an Mathematics forbye.
Wi the upmak o prentin graith, scrievit muisic wes able for tae be furthset an distribute widely for the first time.
The ettle for maist muisic wes for it tae be sung, aether bi choirs in The Kirks, or wi sangs or Madrigals.
Muisic athoot vocals wes tae flouer an aa, an wi the forderin o technology we hae speceific wrutten muisic for a wheen o mair agile instruments, the like o The Lute.
Efterhaund, sic composin airts war tae spreid oot intil ither pairts o Europe as the success o The Italien Ceitie State taen haud, allouin for monie a Northren Composers tae ventur Sootharts for tae seek oot walth.
A wheen Italien composers haed cam tae Venice at The Basilica o St Marks. Andrea an Giovanni Gabrieli haed furthset braw muisic pieces for muckle choirs an instruments.
Allegri an Palestrina in Roum war tae scrieve whit aiblins wad be conseidered the hinmaist wirk o renaissance composers, wi thair lairge choral wirk at aye kittles the lugs day.
Baroque
Baroque muisic is conseidered a style o muisic at wes tae the fore arween 1600-1750. Maisit weill kent for hits guid gaun speirit an grand dramatic style.
Tho muisic the like o Pachelbel's Canon an Vivaldi's The Four Seasons are kenspeckle tae maist o us the day, monie o the maist faur kent personalities o the first pairt o The Baroque Period cam frae Italie,Monteverdi an Corelli tae nemm juist twa.
A guid nummer o the kent tairms frae Baroque cam frae Italie. Contata, Concerta, Sonata, Oratorio an Opera.
The sindrie styles o soond funnd in Ilk Nation cam frae new thinkin on whit wes a Nation State ,an can be haerd no juist wi hou the muisic wes componed but wi thoct an performance forbye.
Monie muisicianers traivelled ower Europe an wad lug in tae ilkane o the Kintries muisic ,gien them new chuckies tae eik til thair ain cairn.
Kenspeckle nemms o muisicianers frae the period are ablo.
Italie Monteverdi, Frescobald , Corelli, Vivaldi, Domenico an Allessandro Scarlatti.
Fraunce Couperin, Lully , Charpentile an Ramean
Germanie Praetorius, Schein , Scheidt , Schultz , Teleman , Handel an Bach
Classical Period 1730-1820
The texture o classical muisic is thocht o as safter nor Baroque an no sae complex forbye.
Variety an contrast athin a piece are mair noted than in the period aforehaund, wi sic variety o keys,melodies an dynamics uisin crescendo,diminuendo an sforzando alang wi mair aft uised chynges tae muid an timbre.
This wes mair uised in the period nor whit it wes  i the Baroque Period.
The Orchestra wes lairger noo ,an tho melodies war aften shorter, we dae see the dwynin o The Harpsichord an the kythin o a sel staundin Wuidwind section.
As the Harpsichord bacam less popular we hae The Paina brocht intil uisse mair  (Fortepiana).
Muckle importance wes gien tae Instrumental muisic.The main kinnds bein Sonata,Trio, String Quartet,Symphony,Concerto,Serenade an Divertimento.
O maist import wes Sonata, at wes uised tae swall the first muivement o the lairger works ,but alsae ither muivements, forbye singil pieces sic as Overtures.
Ablo is a leet o the heidmaist Composers o the Classical muisic Period.
Romaticism 1830-1900
The Era kent as The Romantic Era taks in the years atween 1830 an 1900 whaur muisic ontaen mair expressive soond.
Lairge symphonies an aesome Piana muisic alang wi dramatic Opera an Passionate sangs forbye aw tuik influence frae Airt an Leiterature. A wheen kent nemms frae the period are Brahms,Tchaikovsky,Verdi an Mahler.
The Romantic era is kent fo hits virr an passion mair nor the aforehaund rigid furms o Classical muisic an hauds closer wi Airt,Leiterature an Theatre. Beethoven wes tae the fore in Romanticism wi eikin til the afore thocht o rigid formulas for symphonies an sonatas ,an gied innin til a new gate wi muisic ,in parteiclar wi ither aspects o life ,ensaumple bein his Pastoral Symphony No. 6 at descrives mair Kintrafie scenes.
Anither kenmerk oThe Romantic Era in Muisic is the Virtuoso wi baith Chopin an Liszt bein twa o the maist fawmous o the time anent Piana Virtuoso.
In the mids o the Romantic era we hae Verdi, wha brocht tae Opera subjecks o social ,poleitical an Naitionalistic themes at fair astoondit Italien Opera.
In Germanie Richard Wagner wes a Composer o ken at wes gey important in the developin o The Operatic Genre. Afore Wagner Opera's war sindert intil cuttie pieces sib til wir modren day muisicals.
The Opera's o Wagner are langer pieces whaur baith characters an idaias war gien short signature melodies cryed Leitmotifs. His norries dominatit the feck o muisic frae muckle symphonies o Mahler an Bruckner tae the mair heroic tone poems an Opera's o Richard Strauss.
His style raxxed the lenth o Italie whaur baith Verdi an Puccini ontaen sic influence. The upmak o mair fantoush composeitions wes tae airt us til the biggest chynge in muisic for monie century wi the oncome o the modren era an the 20t Century.
Mid-Wastren Region, Nepal
Mid-Wastren Region is ane o Nepal's five development regions. Wastward frae the Central region surroondin Kathmandu are the Western, Mid-Wastren an feenally Far-Wastren regions. Coonter-intuitively, Mid-Wastren lies wast o Wastren.
It comprises three zones :
Muisic
Romaticism 1830-1900
Kent nemms frae The Romantic Muisic period are ablo.
Muisic in The 20t Century
The 20t Century haed a rowth o sindrie muisical styles at ordinar fowk wad hae access til. Maistweys this wes acause o the upmak o The Gramaphone Vinyl Records an Radio Braidcasts forbye, allouin The masses tae lug in tae muisic at wes aforehaund onlie haerd bi sillered fowk that coud gang til concerts an Theatres. Thon wes ower expensive for ordinar workin Cless fowk.
The Gramaphone whiles cryed a Phonograph at wes first mass marketit in The 1890's wad gie fowk an innin til monie style o muisic frae athort the Warld. Amateurs haed aye been able for tae perform at hame wi skeilly fowk at coud read muisic alang wi singin an playin thegither forbye.
Wi sic mass productions throu Gramaphone an Radio fowk coud nou coff or lug in tae hamelt or byordinar soonds as weill as ghe kent Classical o Opera an Symphony.
Oot through the 20t Century it wes recordit muisic at wad kittle popular muisic genres, allouin muisicianers an Bands tae hiv thair muisic ditribute athoot gret expence aw aroon their ain Kintrie an whiles aw ower the warld alsae.
Sindrie recordin formats war tae kythe oot throu the 20t year hunders. Vinyl Records, Cassettes an Compact Discs or CD's an bi the mids o the 1990's muisic coud be recordit digitally.
Sic dramatic innovatioun in technology alloued baith Composers an Sang Scrievers tae upmak mair an mair new soonds ,at wad gang conter tae aw kinnd o styles frae previous times.
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (3 Mairch, 1847 – 2 August, 1922) wis a Scots-born scientist, inventor, an foonder o the Bell Canada, that wis kent as the faither o the telephone. As weel as his wark in telecommunications technology, he wis responsible for important advances in aviation an hydrofoil technology. He forby flittit tae Canadae.
Kalateh-ye Mazinan
Kalateh-ye Mazinan (, Romanisit as Kalāteh-ye Mazīnān an Kalāteh Mazīnān an Kalāteh) is a veelage in Mazinan Landwart Destrict, Davarzan Destrict, Sabzevar Coonty, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population wis 503, in 154 faimilies.
Banner o Argentinae
The naitional. banner o Argentinae is a tribaund, componed o three equally wide horizontal baunds coloured licht blue, white an licht blue. The banner wis creatit bi Manuel Belgrano, in line wi the recent creation o the Cockade o Argentinae, an wis first raised at the ceety o Rosario on Februar 27, 1812, durin the Argentine War o Unthirldom. The Naitional Banner Memorial wis later biggit on the site. The First Triumvirate did no approve the uise o the banner, but the Asamblea del Año XIII alloued the uise o the banner as a war banner. It wis the Congress o Tucumán which finally designatit it as the naitional banner, in 1816. In 1818, a yellae Sun o Mey wis addit tae the center.
The full banner featurin the sun is cawed the Offeecial Ceremonial Banner (Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia). The banner athoot the sun is considered the Ornamental Banner (Bandera de Ornato). While baith versions are equally considered the naitional banner, the ornamental version must always be hoistit belaw the Offeecial Ceremony Banner. In vexillological terms, the Offeecial Ceremonial Banner is the ceevil, state an war banner an ensign, while the Ornamental Banner is an alternative ceevil banner an ensign.
Reasons for the colors
Popular belief attributes the colors tae those o the sky, clouds an the sun; some anthems tae the banner lik "Aurora" or "Salute tae the banner" state sae as well. Housomeivver, historians uisually disregard sic idea, an attribute them tae aither the devotion o Virgin Mary or lealtie tae the Hoose o Bourbon.
Virgin Mary is uisually represented dressed in white an wi a licht blue piece o cloth. She wis the patron o the Commerce Consulate o Buenos Aires, directit bi Manuel Belgrano, an it is tho that the Consulate uised a white an licht blue banner. Belgrano hissel haed strang Catholic beliefs. The sodgers o Juan Martín de Pueyrredón mey hae an aa uised white an licht blue ribbons for sel-identification durin the Breetish invasions o the Río de la Plata, which wur taken frae the sanctuary o the Virgin o Luján.
Anither interpretation attributes the colors tae those o the Hoose o Bourbon. Syne the Mey Revolution, the first times o the Argentine War o unthirldom claimed tae be actin in behauf o the Spainyie King Ferdinand VII, who wis prisoner o Napoleón Bonaparte durin the Peninsular War. Whenever sic lealtie wis real or a trick tae conceal independentism is a topic o dispute. The creation o a new banner wi those colors wad hae been then a wey tae denote autonomy, while keepin the relations wi the captive king alive.
First Opium War
The First Anglo-Chinese War (1839–42), kent popularly as the First Opium War or simply the Opium War, wis foucht atween Great Breetain an Qing Cheenae ower thair conflictin viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, an the admeenistration o justice for foreign naitionals.
Mukkoottuthara
Mukkoottuthara is a veelage located in Kottayam destrict o Kerala, Indie. Sabarimala is anerly 16 kilometres frae Erumely, while travellin throu Mukkoottuthara. The roads passin throu Mukkoottuthara are upgradit an maintained as State Heich-gates. The main cultivation is rubber. Mukkoottuthara is famous for bamboo products (Muram, Kutta, Parampu etc.). Ane o the famous tourist spot- Perumthenaruvy (The watterfaw in Pumpa river, whaur the entire river faws tae aboot 20 feet) is juist 1.5 kilometres frae Mukkoottuthara.
Acts o the Apostles
The Acks o the Apostles (aften cried Acks, juist) is the fift beuk in The New Testament o the Christian Bible. It tells o the history o the first thritty or sae year o the Kirk efter the daith an raisin up o Jesus.
(Aw Biblical quotes in this airticle haes been taen frae W.L Lorimer's translate.)
Date an steid o componin
Maist scholars hauds that Luke scrieved baith o his volumms atween 80 an 90 AD, tho it canna be tauld exackly whan. Acks maun hae been wrate efter Festus becam procurator aboot 59 AD (see Acks 24 an 27) an aiblins efter the faw o Jerusalem in 70 an aw. Christian scrievers wis quotin frae an alludin tae Acks bi the meedle o the seicont century AD, sae it maun hae been duin afore then.
There is awmaist naething in Acks tae gie an answer tae the quaisten o whaur it wis componed. Suggeestions that haes been pitten forrit haes includit Achaia, Macedonia, Antioch, Ephesus, Caesarea an Rome.
Luke's soorces
Like as no, Luke drew frae baith written an oral soorces whan he componed Acks. It is implee'd that he vaiged wi Paul due tae his uiss o the wird "we" whan descrivin some pairts o Paul's vaiges, but this coud be a leeterar device, raither nor an actual threap that he wis there. In aither case, he haes aseemilate the styles o whitiver his soorces wis intil his ain disteenctive style that gars it near impossible tae e'en jalouse whit they wis.
Style
Luke scrieves in guid, eddicate Greek that he varies lippenin on context. Fer exemplar, in the first twa chaipters, he scrieves anent the Kirk in a Jewish contex; Luke uises a style o Greek that resemmles that o The Septuagint (the pre-Christian Greek translate o The Auld Testament. Housome'er whan he descrives Paul's speech tae the Athenians, he taks on a mair pheelosophical style, referin tae relevant pheelosophical trends o the day.
Ootline
Acks haes three main pairts tae it that tells o the history o the Kirk as it grew ootward frae Jerusalem in its first thirty year or sae, culminatin in the arrival o Paul in Rome.
The oreegins o the Kirk in Jerusalem
Efter a cutty prologue tae somebody cried Theophilus (ane that luves God - this coud be Luke's patron or a code name for the Kirk), Luke tells o some kythins o Jesus til his follaers efter his raisin up frae the deid, an then o his gangin up tae the lift. Afore he gangs he hechts til thaim that the Haly Speerit will come tae aid thaim in their darg:
The Apostles gangs back til Jerusalem an draws cavels for tae wale Matthias as the replacement for Judas Iscariot, wha wis deid. Whan the Jewish feast o Pentecost cam, the Speerit daes atweel kythe amang the Apostles that spaeks in mony leids, an Peter addresses a fell thrang o fowk. This day is aften seen as merkin the foondation o the Kirk, an it frae this day that the darg o the Apostles stairts. The first twal chaipters o Acks centres on the Kirk in Jerusalem, wi Peter as the heidmaist feegur. Maugre o the opposeetion o the Jewish heidmen, seen in sic pairts o the beuk as the killin o Stephen, the first Christian mairtyr; the Kirk is seen tae growe.
The transeetion tae Gentile meesion
The Kirk begoud as a Jewish muivement, but pairt o Jesus's meenistry haed been amang the Gentiles (nane-Jews), an syne it cam tae pass that the muivement leukit tae rax furth o its Jewish base. Acks records this happenin in chaiper aicht, whan Philip tells the Gospel message tae an Ethiopian offeecial, an bapteezes him in a river.
The transeetion conteenas in chaipter ten, whan Peter is gien a veesion o God tellin him tae eat fuid that unner Jewish law, is unclean. Peter repones:
Than the voive spak til him a saicond time: "What God hes made clean, caana ye profaun!"''
SpongeBob SquarePants
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animatit televeesion series creatit bi marine biologist an animator Stephen Hillenburg for Nickelodeon. The series chronicles the adventures an endeavors o the title character an his various friends in the fictional underwater city o Bikini Bottom. The series' popularity haes made it mak a media franchise, as well as the heichest rated series tae ever air on Nickelodeon, an the maist distributed property o MTV Networks. As of 2015, the media franchise haes generated $12 billion in merchandising revenue for Nickelodeon.
Acts o the Apostles
The transeetion tae Gentile meesion
This incident acks as a catalyst for the mission tae the Gentiles - syne God wis nou jaloused tae hae includit nane-Jews amang his fowk.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Mony of the ideas for the series originated in an unpublished educational comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which Hillenburg creatit in 1989. He began developin SpongeBob SquarePants intae a telly series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, an turned tae Tom Kenny, who haed worked wi him on that series, tae vyce the title character. SpongeBob wis oreeginally going tae be named SpongeBoy, an the series wis tae be cried SpongeBoy Ahoy!, but thir war baith changed, as the name wis already trademarked.
Acts o the Apostles
The meesionary vaiges o Paul
Efter the conversion o Paul, he becam the heidmaist warker in the meesion tae the Gentiles, an ane o the heidmaist leaders o the Kirk. The lave o the beuk is taen up wi upcasts o Paul's three meesionar vaiges. In thir, he aye gaes tae the Jewish community in ilka toun an clachan he veesits, for tae gie thaim the Gospel, an efter gangs til the Gentiles. He seems tae hae haed mair success amang the Gentiles, tho some Jews becam Christians an aw. Maugre o opposeetion frae Jewish an Gentile offeecials, he helps tae stairt an upbig the Kirk in mony airts furth o Jerusalem, an owersees the makkin o a netwark o sorts atween thaim.
SpongeBob SquarePants
The series haes won a variety of awards, includin six Annie Awards, aicht Golden Reel Awards, twa Emmy Awards, 12 Kids' Choice Awards, and twa BAFTA Children's Awards. Despite its widespread popularity, the series haes been involved in several public controversies, includin ane centred on speculation over SpongeBob's intendit sexual orientation, an anither focusing on the perceived declining quality of the show's content syne the release of the first film. In 2011, a newly describit species of fungi, Spongiforma squarepantsii, wis named efter the cartoon's title character.
Characters
The series revolves aroond its title character and his various friends. SpongeBob SquarePants is an energetic and optimistic sea sponge (awtho his appearance more closely resembles a kitchen sponge) who lifes in a sea pineapple and loves his job as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He haes a pet snail, Gary, who meows lik a cat. Livin twa houses down from SpongeBob is his best friend Patrick Star, a dim-witted yet friendly pink starfish who lifes unner a rock. Despite his mental setbacks, Patrick still sees himsel as intelligent. Squidward Tentacles is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor and co-wirker at the Krusty Krab. Squidward is an arrogant and ill-tempered octopus who lifes in an Easter Island moai and dislikes his neighbors (especially SpongeBob) for thair childlike behaviour. He enjoys playin the clarinet and painting self-portraits, but hates his job as a cashier.
Anither close friend of SpongeBob is Sandy Cheeks, a squirrel from Texas. She is a scientist and an expert in karate. She lifes in an oak tree entrapped in a clear gless dome locked by an airtight, haund-turned seal. When ootside of her dwelling, she wears an astronaut-lik suit acause she canna breathe underwater. Mr. Krabs, a miserly crab obsessed wi money, is the ainer of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBob's boss. Krabs haes a teenage whale dochter named Pearl, whom he values equally wi his riches. His rival, Plankton, is a smaw green copepod who ains a law-rank fast-food restaurant cried the Chum Bucket, locatit across the street from the Krusty Krab. Plankton spends maist of his time planning to steal the secret recipe for Mr. Krabs's popular Krabby Patty burgers, sae as to gain the upper haund and put the Krusty Krab out of business. The majority of Plankton's plans come from his intelligent yet sarcastic computer wife Karen, who is more competent and less conceited than him. When SpongeBob is nae wirkin at the Krusty Krab, he can eften be foond at Mrs. Puff's boating schuil (the underwater equivalent o a driver's education course). SpongeBob is perpetually unable to pass Mrs. Puff's exams, which is why he awmaist ayeweys walks aroond toun.
Ither recurring characters appear throughout the series, sic as the muscular lifeguard of Goo Lagoon, Larry the Lobster; a pirate specter kent as the Flying Dutchman; and retired superheroes Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy, who are idolized by SpongeBob and Patrick. Most dooble-lenth episodes of the show are hosted by a live action pirate named Patchy and his pet parrot Potty, whose segments are presented in a dual narrative wi the animated stories.
SpongeBoab
Sister ceety
Twin touns an sister ceeties are twa o mony terms uised tae describe the cooperative agreements atween a toun, ceeties an even coonties in geographically an poleetically distinct auries tae promote cultural an commercial ties.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Characters
Petrick Starn
Saundy Erse
Squeedward
Mister Kruben
Sister ceety
Terminology
Whiles, ither govrenment bodies enter intae a "twinnin" relationship, lik the agreement atween the provinces o Hainan in Cheenae an Jeju-do in the Republic o Korea, or atween Washington, D.C., an Beijing.
The Douzelage is a toun twinnin association wi ane toun frae ilk o the member states o the European Union.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Characters
Wummin hae daes th boatin schuil
Sister ceety
Ither meanins
Whiles, the phrase "sister ceeties" is uised tae refer tae ceeties athout a formal agreement that hae seemilar culturs an/or historical backgrounds, lik Galveston, Texas an New Orleans, twa ceeties that war historically major Southern ports on the Gulf coast.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Setting
The series predominantly taks place in the benthic underwater city o Bikini Bottom which, accordin to some third-party sources, is locatit in the Pacific Ocean beneath the real-life coral reef kent as Bikini Atoll. In 2015, Tom Kenny confirmt that the fictitious city wis named efter Bikini Atoll, but deniet an Internet fan theory that connectit the series' characters to actual nuclear testing that occurred in the atoll.
Sister ceety
Criticism
The concept o sister ceeties haes been criticized as an unnecessary an expensive endeavor for ceeties tae partak in wi nae or naur nae accoontability or obvious signs o economic development resultin frae the arrangement. Politeecians are frequently accuised o uisin sister ceeties as an excuse tae tak a pleasure trip at public expense, commonly referred tae as a junket.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Setting
The ceetizens live in maistly aquatic-themed buildings and uise "boatmobiles", amalgamations of cars and boats, as a mode of transportation. Recurring establishments present in Bikini Bottom include twa competin restaurants, the Krusty Krab an the Chum Bucket; Mrs. Puff's Boating School; and Shady Shoals Rest Home. Goo Lagoon, a popular beach hangout, is within the vicinity of the city, as is Jellyfish Fields. Thare are an aa a few episodes wi businesses sic as the grocery store, joke store, an mattress store.
When the crew began production on the pilot, thay war tasked wi designing the stock locations whaur "the show would return to again and again, and in which most of the action would take place, such as the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob's pineapple house". The idea for the series wis "to keep everything nautical", sae the crew uised a great amount of rope, widden planks, ships' wheels, netting, anchors, boilerplates, an rivets in creautin the show's setting. Bubbles filing up the screen is an aa a nautical technique uised to transition from scene to scene.
The series features "sky flowers" as a main setting material. Thay first appeared in the pilot and hae syne acome a common featur throughout the series. When series background designer Kenny Pittenger wis asked what thay war, he answered, "They function as clouds in a way, but since the show takes place underwater, they aren't really clouds". Syne the series wis influenced by tiki, the background painters hae to uise a lot of pattern. Pittenger said that the sky flouers war meant to "evoke the look of a flower-print Hawaiian shirt".
Early inspirations
Series creautor Stephen Hillenburg first became fascinated wi the ocean as a bairn. An aa at a young age, he began developin his artistic abilities. Houiver, thir twa interests wad nae coincide for a lang time—the idea of drawing fish seemed boring to him. During college, he majored in marine biology and minored in airt. Efter graduatin in 1984, he jynt the Ocean Institute, an organisation in Dana Point, California, dedicated to educating the public about marine science and maritime history.
While Hillenburg wis thare, he creatit a precursor to SpongeBob SquarePants: a comic book titled The Intertidal Zone, which wis uised by the institute to teach veesitin students about the ainimal life of tide pools. The comic starred various anthropomorphic sea lifeforms, mony of which wad evolve intae SpongeBob characters. Hillenburg tried to get the comic professionally published, but none of the companies to which he sent it war interested.
Conception
During his time o' employment at the Ocean Institute, Hillenburg attended an animation festival and determined that he wanted to pursue a career in that field. He haed already been planning on returning to college for a master's degree in airt. Insteid, he chose to study experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts. His thesis film, Wormholes, is about the theory of relativity. It wis screened at festivals, an at ane of thir, Hillenburg met Joe Murray, creautor of the popular Nickelodeon animated series, Rocko's Modern Life. Murray wis impressed by the style of the film and offered Hillenburg a job. Hillenburg jynt the series as a director and later, during the fowert season, he teuk on the roles of producer and creative director.
Martin Olson, ane of the writers for Rocko's Modern Life, read The Intertidal Zone and encouraged Hillenburg to creaut a television series wi a seemilar concept. At that point, Hillenburg haed nae even considered creautin his ain series. Houiver, he realized that if he ever did, this wad be the best approach. He began to faur develop some of the characters from The Intertidal Zone, includin the comic's "announcer", Bob the Sponge. He wanted his series to staund out from maist popular cartoons of the time, which he felt war exemplified by buddy comedies sic as The Ren & Stimpy Show. As a result, Hillenburg decidit to focus on ane main character: the weirdest sea creature that he coud think of. This led him tae the sponge. Bob the Sponge resembles an actual sea sponge, an at first Hillenburg continued this design. In determining the new character's personality, Hillenburg drew inspiration from innocent, childlike figures that he enjoyed, sic as Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Jerry Lewis, and Pee-wee Herman. He then considered modelin the character efter a kitchen sponge and realized that this idea wad perfectly match the character's square personality.
To vyce the central character of the series, Hillenburg turned to Tom Kenny, whose career in animation haed stairtit alongside Hillenburg's on Rocko's Modern Life. Elements of Kenny's ain personality war employed in faur developin the character. Initially, Hillenburg wanted to uise the name SpongeBoy — the character wad hae haed no last name, an the series wad hae been cried SpongeBoy Ahoy! Houiver, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered — efter vyce actin haed been completit for the oreeginal seiven-minute pilot episode — that the name "SpongeBoy" wis already in uise for a mop product. Flaming Carrot Comics creautor Bob Burden an aa owned the trademark to a character of the same name. In choosing a replacement name, Hillenburg felt that he still haed to uise the wird "Sponge", sae that viewers wad nae mistake the character for a "Cheese Man". He settled on the name "SpongeBob". "SquarePants" wis then chosen as a faimily name efter Kenny saw a picture of the character and remarked, "Boy, look at this sponge in square pants, thinking he can get a job in a fast food place." Hillenburg loved the phrase upon hearing Kenny say it and felt that it wad reinforce the character's nerdiness.
Pitching
In 1997, while pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian sark, brocht alang an "underwater terrarium with models of the characters", and played Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup wis describit by Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman as "pretty amazing". When thay war gien money and twa weeks to write the pilot episode "Help Wanted", Derek Drymon, Stephen Hillenburg, an Nick Jennings returned wi what wis describit by Nickelodeon offeecial Albie Hecht as, "a performance [he] wished [he] had on tape". Awtho executive producer Derek Drymon describit the pitch as stressful, he said it went "very well". Kevin Kay and Hecht haed to step ootside acause thay war "exhausted from lauching", which worried the cartoonists.
In an interview, Cyma Zarghami, the current president of Nickelodeon, said, "their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before". Zarghami wis ane of fower executives in the room whan SpongeBob SquarePants wis screened for the first time.
Executive producers and showrunners
Series creautor Stephen Hillenburg haes served as the executive producer over the course of the series' entire history, an functioned as the showrunner from the series' debut in 1999 until 2004. The series went on hiatus in 2002, efter Hillenburg halted production to wirk on a featur film of the series, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. Ance the film wis finalized an the third season finished, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner. Awtho he no langer haes a direct role in the production of the series, he still maintains an advisory role and reviews each episode.
When the film wis completit, Hillenburg intendit for it tae be the series finale, "so [the show] wouldn't jump the shark." Houiver, Nickelodeon wanted more episodes, sae Hillenburg appyntit Paul Tibbitt, who previously served on the show as a writer, director, an storyboard artist, to tak over his role as showrunner and produce faur seasons. Hillenburg considered Tibbitt ane of his favorite members of the show's crew, and "totally trusted him". Tibbitt still holds the showrunner poseetion, an haes an aa functioned as a supervising producer syne 2005 and an executive producer syne 2008.
On December 13, 2014, it wis annoonced that Hillenburg wad return tae the series in an unspecified poseetion.
Writing
For SpongeBob SquarePants a team of five outline and premise writers creates the initial storylines. Writer Luke Brookshier said, "SpongeBob is written differently than many television shows". Writing for an episode of the series starts wi a twa-page outline. A storyboard director then takes the outline and develops it intae a full episode — jokes and dialogue are added during this stage. Anither writer for the series, Merriwether Williams, describit in an interview that she and Mr. Lawrence wad write a draft for an episode in an afternoon and be done at 4 o'clock.
Hillenburg decidit early on, prior to stairtin the production of the series, that he wanted SpongeBob SquarePants tae be storyboard-driven, rather than script-driven. This required an approach in which artists "would take a skeletal story outline and flesh it out with sight gags, dialogue and a structure that would strike a balance between narrative and whimsy". Hillenburg oreeginally wanted "a team of young and hungry people" to wirk on the series. The primary figures, who haed previously worked wi Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life, consisted of Alan Smart, Nick Jennings, an Derek Drymon. Heid writer Steven Banks said, "The writers come up with an idea and write premises and outlines describing the story, and the storyboarders (who are also writers) write the dialogue while they draw the storyboard panels. Most other shows are script-driven. We don't write scripts and that has made all the difference!"
The writing staff eften uised thair individual life experiences for inspirations to come up wi the storylines of the series' episodes. For ensaumple, the episode "Sailor Mouth", in which SpongeBob and Patrick learn profanity, wis inspired by creative director Derek Drymon's experience of getting in trouble as a bairn for uisin the f-wird in front of his mither. Drymon said, "The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle, with SpongeBob chasing him, is pretty much how it happened in real life". The end of the episode, in which Mr. Krabs uses even more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick, wis inspired "by the fact that my [Drymon's] mother has a sailor mouth herself". The idea for the episode "The Secret Box" an aa came from ane of Drymon's childhood experiences. Hillenburg explained, "Drymon had a secret box [as a kid] and started telling us about it. We wanted to make fun of him and use it."
Awmaist every episode is dividit intae twa 11-minute segments. Hillenburg explained that "[I] never really wanted to deliberately try to write a half-hour show". He added, "I wrote the shows to where they felt right". Each 11-minute segment takes about five month to produce.
Voice actors
Kenny provides the vyces of SpongeBob SquarePants, his pet snail Gary, the French Narrator, Harold SquarePants, Patchy the Pirate, an the Dirty Bubble. Kenny previously worked wi Hillenburg on Rocko's Modern Life and, whan Hillenburg creatit SpongeBob SquarePants, he approached Kenny to vyce the character. The vyce of SpongeBob wis oreeginally uised by Kenny for a minor background character in Rocko's Modern Life. Kenny says that SpongeBob's heich-pitched lauch wis specifically creatit tae be unique. Thay wanted an annoying lauch in the tradeetion of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.
Fagerbakke vyces Patrick Star and ither miscellaneous characters. At the same time whan Hillenburg, Derek Drymon, an Tim Hill war writing the pilot "Help Wanted", Hillenburg wis an aa conducting auditions to find vyces for the characters. Fagerbakke auditioned for the role of Patrick efter Kenny haed been cast. In an interview, Fagerbakke compared himsel tae the character and said, "It's extremely gratifying". Fagerbakke modeled his performance whenever Patrick is angry efter that of American actress Shelley Winters.
Lindsay Davenport
Lindsay Ann Davenport (born Juin 8, 1976) is an American umwhile Warld No. 1 professional tennis player.
SpongeBob SquarePants
Voice actors
Bumpass performs the vyce of Squidward Tentacles and ither miscellaneous characters. Arthur Brown, author of Everything I Need to Know, I Learned from Cartoons!, haes compared Squidward's vyce to that of Jack Benny's, a similarity Bumpass says is maistly unintentional. Hillenburg oreeginally haed Mr. Lawrence in mind for the role of voicing Squidward.
Clancy Brown provides the vyce of Mr. Krabs.
Carolyn Lawrence provides the vyce of Sandy Cheeks. Lawrence got the role of Sandy whan she wis in the Los Feliz neighborhood in Los Angeles. She met Donna Grillo, a casting director, on a sidewalk. Lawrence wis wi a friend who knew Grillo, an she said Lawrence haed an interestin vyce. Grillo brocht in Lawrence to audeetion and she got the pairt of Sandy. Lawrence modeled her performance of Sandy efter that of American actress Holly Hunter.
Mr. Lawrence vyces Plankton. Drymon said, "We knew Doug [Lawrence] from Rocko, where he was a storyboard director and where he also did the voice of Filburt. We were showing Doug the storyboard, and he started reading back to us in his Tony the Tiger/Gregory Peck voice. It was really funny, and we wound up having SpongeBob use a deep voice when he entered the Krusty Krab for the first time". Hillenburg loved the vyce and decidit to gie Lawrence the pairt of series villain, Plankton. Aside from Plankton, Mr. Lawrence an aa vyces recurring characters lik Larry Lobster.
Karen, Mrs. Puff, Pearl, an the Flying Dutchman are voiced by Kenny's wife Jill Talley, Mary Jo Catlett, Lori Alan and Brian Doyle-Murray, respectively. Mr. Krabs' mither, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth", wis voiced by writer Paul Tibbitt. Houiver, vyce actress Sirena Irwin owerteuk Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fowert-season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005. Tom Kenny portrays Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, while series creautor Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot. Efter Hillenburg's departure as showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt wis gien the role in voicing Potty the Parrot.
In addition tae the regular cast, episodes featur guest vyces from mony ranges of professions, includin actors, athletes, authors, musicians, an artists. Recurring guest vyces include: Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his daith in 2012; Tim Conway as the vyce of Barnacle Boy; and Marion Ross as Grandma SquarePants. Notable guests who hae providit vocal cameo appearances includes David Bowie as Lord Royal Highness in the television film Atlantis SquarePantis, John Goodman as the vyce of Santa in the episode "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!", Johnny Depp as the vyce of the surf guru, Jack Kahuna Laguna, in the episode "SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One", and Victoria Beckham as the vyce of Queen Amphitrite in the episode "The Clash of Triton".
Voice recording sessions ayeweys include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual". Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded". Series writer Jay Lender said, "The recording sessions were always fun ..." For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio, an thay directed the actors. In the fowert season, Andrea Romano teuk over the role as the vyce director. Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew syne 1999. Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".
Animation
During the first season, the series uised cel animation. A shift wis made the follaein year to digital ink and paint animation. In 2009, executive producer Paul Tibbitt said "The first season of SpongeBob was done the old-fashioned way on cells, and every cell had to be part-painted, left to dry, paint some other colours. It's still a time-consuming aspect of the process now, but the digital way of doing things means it doesn't take long to correct".
In 2008, the crew shifted to uisin Wacom Cintiqs for the drawings insteid of pencils. The fift season episode "Pest of the West" wis the first episode in the series to which the crew applee'd this method. Series background designer Kenny Pittenger said, "The only real difference between the way we draw now and the way we drew then is that we abandoned pencil and paper during the fifth season". The crew began the shift while thay war wirkin on the episode. Pittenger said, "It was while we were working on 'Pest of the West', one of the half-hour specials, that we made the switch ... did you notice?" The shift to Wacom Cintiqs let the designers and animators draw on computer screens and mak immediate changes or undo mistakes. Pittenger said, "Many neo-Luddites—er ... I mean, many of my cohorts—don't like working on them, but I find them useful. There's no substitute for the immediacy of drawing on a piece of paper, of course, but digital nautical nonsense is still pretty fun".