cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Reid tod
Fur
The winter fur is dense, saft, silky an relatively lang. For the northren tods, the fur is verra lang, dense an fluffy, but is shorter, sparser an coarser in soothren forms. Amang northren tods, the North American varieties generally hae the silkiest guard hairs, while maist Eurasian reid tods hae coarser fur. Thare are three main colour morphs; reid, siller/black an cross (see Mutations). In the teepical reid morph, thair coats are generally bricht reiddish-rusty wi yellowish tints. A stripe o waik, diffuse patterns o mony broun-reiddish-chestnut hairs occurs alang the spine. Twa additional stripes pass doun the shouder blades, which, thegither wi the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lawer back is eften a mottled sillery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lawer lips, throat an front o the chest are white. The remainin lawer surface o the bouk is daurk, broun or reiddish. Durin lactation, the belly fur o vixens mey turn brick reid. The upper pairts o the limms are rusty reiddish, while the paws are black. The frontal pairt o the face an upper neck is bricht brounish-rusty reid, while the upper lips are white. The backs o the lugs are black or brounish-reiddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The tap o the tail is brounish-reiddish, but lichter in colour than the back an flanks. The unnerside o the tail is pale grey wi a strae-coloured tint. A black spot, the location o the supracaudal gland, is uisually present at the base o the tail. The tip o the tail is white.
Mutations
Atypical colourations in reid tods uisually represent stages taewart fou melanism, an maistly occur in cauld regions.
Senses
Reid tods hae binocular veesion, but thair sicht reacts mainly tae muivement. Thair auditory perception is acute, bein able tae hear black grouse changin roosts at 600 paces, the flicht o craws at 0.25 – an the squeakin o mice at aboot 100 m. Thay are capable o locatin sounds tae within ane degree at 700–3,000 Hz, tho less accurately at higher frequencies. Thair sense o smell is guid, but waiker than that o specialised dogs.
Scent glands
Reid tods hae a pair o anal sacs lined bi sebaceous glands, baith o which open throu a single duct. The anal sacs act as fermentation chaumers in that aerobic an anaerobic bacteria convert sebum intae odorous compounds, includin aliphatic acids. The oval-shaped caudal gland is 25 mm lang an 13 mm wide, an reportedly smells o violets. The presence o fit glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, wi a reiddish tinge an smell strangly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle o the jaw an mandible.
Social an territorial behaviour
Reid tods aither establish stable hame ranges within parteecular auries or are itinerant wi no fixed abode. Thay uise thair urine tae merk thair territories. A male tod raises ane hint leg an his urine is sprayed forrit in front o him, whauras a female tod squats doun sae that the urine is sprayed in the grund atween the hint legs. Urine is an aw uised tae merk emptie cache steids, uised tae store foond fuid, as reminders nae tae waste time investigatin them. The uise o up tae 12 different urination posturs allous them tae precisely control the poseetion o the scent merk. Reid tods live in faimily groups sharin a jynt territory. In favourable habitats an/or auries wi law huntin pressur, subordinate tods mey be present in a range. Subordinate tods mey nummer ane or twa, whiles up tae aicht in ane territory. Thir subordinates coud be umwhile dominant ainimals, but are maistly young frae the previous year, that act as helpers in rearin the breedin vixen's kits. Alternatively, thair presence haes been explained as bein in response tae temporary surpluses o fuid unrelated tae assistin reproductive success. Non-breedin vixens will guard, play, gruim, provision an retrieve kits, an ensaumple o kin selection. Reid tods mey leave thair families ance thay reach adultheid if the chances o winnin a territory o thair ain are heich. If nae, thay will stay wi thair paurents, at the cost o postponin thair ain reproduction.
Reproduction an development
Reid tods reproduce ance a year in ware. Twa month prior tae oestrus (teepically December), the reproductive organs o vixens chynge shape an size. Bi the time thay enter thair oestrus period, thair uterine horns dooble in size, an thair ovaries grow 1.5–2 times lairger. Sperm formation in males begins in August–September, wi the testicles attainin thair greatest wecht in December–Februar. The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks, durin which the dog-tods mate wi the vixens for several days, eften in burraes. The male's bulbus glandis enlairges durin copulation, formin a copulatory tie which mey last for mair nor an oor. The gestation period lasts 49–58 days. Tho tods are lairgely monogamous, DNA evidence frae ane population indicated lairge levels o polygyny, incest an mixed paternity litters. Subordinate vixens mey acome pregnant, but uisually fail tae whelp, or hae thair kits killed postpartum bi aither the dominant female or ither subordinates.
The average litter size conseests o fower tae sax kits, tho litters o up tae 13 kits hae occurred. Lairge litters are teepical in auries whaur tod mortality is heich. Kits are born blind, deif an tuithless, wi daurk broun fluffy fur. At birth, thay wecht 56 – an meisur 14.5 cm in body lenth an 7.5 cm in tail lenth. At birth, thay are short-legged, lairge-heidit an hae braid chests. Mothers remain wi the kits for 2–3 weeks, as thay are unable tae thermoregulate. Durin this period, the faithers or barren vixens feed the mithers. Vixens are very protective o thair kits, an hae been kent tae even fecht off terriers in thair defence. If the mither dies afore the kits are independent, the faither taks ower as thair provider. The kits' een open efter 13–15 days, durin which time thair ear canals open an thair upper teeth erupt, wi the lawer teeth emergin 3–4 days later. Thair een are initially blue, but chynge tae lammer at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins tae chynge at three weeks o age, whan the black ee streak appears. Bi ane month, reid an white patches are apparent on thair faces. Durin this time, thair lugs erect an thair muzzles elongate. Kits begin tae leave thair dens an experiment wi solit fuid brocht bi thair parents at the age o 3–4 weeks. The lactation period lasts 6–7 weeks. Thair ooie coats begin tae be coatit bi shiny guard hairs efter 8 weeks. Bi the age o 3–4 month, the kits are lang-legged, narrow-chested an sinewy. Thay reach adult proportions at the age o 6–7 month. Some vixens mey reach sexual maturity at the age o 9–10 month, sicweys bearin thair first litters at ane year o age. In captivity, thair langevity can be as lang as 15 years, tho in the wild thay teepically dae nae survive past 5 years o age.
Body language
Red tod body leid conseests o movements o the lugs, tail an postures, wi thair body markings emphasisin certaint gestures. Postures can be dividit intae aggressive/dominant an fearful/submissive categories. Some postures mey blend the twa thegither. Inquisitive tods will rotate an flick thair lugs whilst sniffin. Playfu individuals will perk thair lugs an rise on thair hind legs. Male tods courtin females, or efter successfully evictin intruders, will turn thair lugs outwardly, an raise thair tails in a horizontal poseetion, wi the tips raised upward. When afraid, reid tods grin in submission, archin thair backs, curvin thair bouks, crouchin thair legs an lashin thair tails back an forth wi thair lugs pyntin backwards an pressed against thair skults. When merely expressin submission tae a dominant ainimal, the postur is seemilar, but wioot archin the back or curvin the bouk. Submissive tods will approach dominant ainimals in a law posture, sae that thair muzzles reach up in greetin. Whan twa evenly matched tods confront each ither ower fuid, thay approach each ither sideways an push against each ither's flanks, betrayin a mixture o fear an aggression throu lashin tails an arched backs wioot crouchin an pullin thair lugs back wioot flattenin them against thair skults. When launchin an assertive attack, reid tods approach directly rather than sideways, wi thair tails aloft an thair lugs rotated sideways. Durin sic fechts, reid tods will staund on each ither's upper bodies wi thair forelegs, uisin open mouthed threats. Sic fights teepically anly occur amang juveniles or adults o the same sex.
Vocalisations
Reid tods hae a wide vocal range, an produce different soonds spannin five octaves, which grade intae each ither. Recent analyses identify 12 different soonds produced bi adults an 8 bi kits. The majority o sounds can be dividit intae "contact" an "interaction" calls. The umwhile vary accordin tae the distance atween individuals, while the latter vary accordin tae the level o aggression.
Anither caw that daes nae fit intae the twa categories is a lang, drawn oot, monosyllabic "waaaaah" sound. As it is commonly heard durin the breedin saison, it is thocht tae be emittit bi vixens summonin males. When danger is detectit, tods emit a monosyllabic berk. At close quarters, it is a muffled coch, while at lang distances it is shairper. Kits mak warblin whimpers when nouricin, thir calls bein espeicially lood whan thay are dissatisfied.
Diet, huntin an feedin behaviour
Reid tods are omnivores wi a heichly varied diet. Research conducted in the umwhile Soviet Union showed reid tods consuming ower 300 ainimal species an a few dozen species o plants. Thay primarily feed on smaw rodents lik voles, mice, grund squirrels, hamsters, gerbils, widchucks, pocket gophers an deer mice. Seicontar prey species include birds (wi passeriformes, galliformes an watterfoul predominatin), leporids, porcupines, raccoons, opossums, reptiles, insects, ither invertebrates an flotsam (marine mammals, fish an echinoderms). On very rare occasions, tods mey attack young or smaw ungulates. Thay teepically target mammals up tae aboot 3.5 kg in wecht, an thay require 500 g o fuid daily. Reid tods readily eat plant material, an in some auries fruit can amoont tae 100% o thair diet in hairst. Commonly consumed fruits include blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, persimmons, mulberries, aiples, ploums, grapes, an aicorns. Ither plant material includes gresses, sedges an tubers.
Reid tods are implicatit in the predation o gemme an sang birds, hares, rabbits, muskrats, an young ungulates, parteecularly in preserves, reserves, an huntin farms whaur grund nestin birds are pertectit an raised, as weel as in poutrie ferms.
While the popular consensus is that olfaction is verra important for huntin, twa studies that experimentally investigated the role o olfactory, auditory, an visual cues foond that visual cues are the maist important ones for huntin in reid tods an coyotes.
Reid tods prefer tae hunt in the early morn oors afore sunrise an late even. Awtho thay teepically forage alone, thay mey aggregate in resoorce-rich environments. When huntin moose-lik prey, thay first pinpynt thair prey's location bi soond, then leap, sailin heich abuin thair quarry, steerin in mid-air wi thair tails, afore laundin on target up tae 5 m awey. Thay teepically anly feed on carrion in the late even oors an at nicht. Thay are extremely possessive o thair fuid an will defend thair catches frae even dominant ainimals. Reid tods mey occasionally commit acts o surplus killin; in ane breeding season, fower tods war recordit tae hae killed aroond 200 pirr-maws ilk, wi peaks during dark, windy oors when fleein conditions war unfavorable. Losses tae poultry an penned gemme birds can be substantial acause o this. Reid tods seem tae dislik the taste o moles but will nanetheless catch them alive an present them tae thair kits as playthings.
A 2008–2010 study o 84 reid tods in the Czech Republic an Germany foond that successfu huntin in lang vegetation or unner snaw appeared tae involve an alignment o the tod wi the Yird's magnetic field.
Enemies an competitors
Reid tods teepically dominate ither tod species. Arctic tods generally escape competeetion frae reid tods bi leevin forder north, whaur fuid is too scarce tae support the lairger-bodied reid species. Awtho the reid species' northren leemit is linked tae the availability o fuid, the Arctic species' soothren range is leemitit bi the presence o the umwhile. Red an Arctic tods war baith introduced tae awmaist every island frae the Aleutian Islands tae the Alexander Archipelago during the 1830s–1930s bi fur companies. The reid tods invariably displaced the Arctic tods, wi ane male reid tod haein been reportit tae hae killed aff aw resident Arctic tods on a smaw island in 1866. Whaur thay are sympatric, Arctic tods mey an aw escape competeetion bi feedin on lemmings an flotsam, rather than voles, as favoured bi reid tods. Baith species will kill ilk ither's kits, gien the opportunity. Reid tods are serious competitors o corsac tods, as thay hunt the same prey aw year. The reid species is an aw stranger, is better adapted tae huntin in snaw deeper than 10 cm an is mair effective in huntin an catching medium tae lairge-sized rodents. Corsac tods seem tae anly outcompete reid tods in semi-desert an steppe auries. In Israel, Blanford's tods escape competeetion wi reid tods bi restricting themselves tae rocky cliffs an actively avoiding the open plains inhabited bi reid tods. Reid tods dominate kit an swift tods. Kit tods uisually avyde competeetion wi thair lairger cousins bi livin in mair arid environments, tho reid tods hae been increasin in ranges umwhile occupied bi kit tods due tae human-induced environmental changes. Reid tods will kill baith species, an compete for fuid an den sites. Grey tods are exceptional, as thay dominate reid tods whauriver thair ranges meet. Historically, interactions atween the twa species war rare, as grey tods favoured hivily widdit or semiarid habitats as opponed tae the open an mesic ones preferred bi reid tods. Houiver, interactions hae acome mair frequent due tae deforestation allouin reid tods tae colonise grey tod-inhabitit auries.
Woufs mey kill an eat reid tods in disputes ower carcasses. In auries in North America whaur reid tod an coyote populations are sympatric, tod ranges tend tae be locatit ootside coyote territories. The principal cause o this separation is believed tae be active avoidance o coyotes bi the tods. Interactions atween the twa species vary in naitur, ranging frae active antagonism tae indifference. The majority o aggressive encounters are initiated bi coyotes, an thare are few reports o reid tods actin aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when thair kits war approached. Tods an coyotes hae whiles been seen feedin thegither. In Israel, red tods share thair habitat wi golden jackals. Whaur thair ranges meet, the twa canids compete due tae near identical diets. Tods ignore jackal scents or tracks in thair territories, an avyde close physical proximity wi jackals themselves. In auries whaur jackals acome very abundant, the population o tods decreases significantly, apparently acause o competitive exclusion.
Reid tods dominate raccoon dogs, whiles killin thair kits or bitin adults tae daith. Cases are kent o tods killin raccoon dogs entering thair dens. Baith species compete for mouse-lik prey. This competeetion reaches a peak during early spring, when fuid is scarce. In Tartaria, red tod predation accounted for 11.1% o daiths amang 54 raccoon dogs, an amounted tae 14.3% o 186 raccoon dog daiths in north-wastren Roushie.
Reid tods mey compete wi striped hyenas on lairge carcasses. Reid tods mey gie wey tae hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stranger jaws can easy tear open flesh that is too tough for tods. Tods mey harass hyenas, uisin thair smawer size an greater speed tae avyde the hyena's attacks. Whiles, tods seem tae deliberately torment hyenas even when thare is no fuid at stake. Some tods mey mistime thair attacks, an are killed. Fox remains are eften foond in hyena dens, an hyenas mey steal tods frae traps.
In Eurasia, red tods mey be preyed upon bi leopards, caracals an Eurasian lynxes. The lynxes chase reid tods intae deep snaw, whaur thair langer legs an lairger paws gie them an advantage ower tods, especially when the depth o the snaw exceeds ane metre. In the Velikoluki district in Roushie, red tods are absent or are seen anly occasionally whaur lynxes establish permanent territories. Researchers consider lynxes tae represent considerably less danger tae reid tods than wolves dae. North American felid predators o reid tods include cougars, Canadian lynxes an bobcats. Occasionally, lairge raptors sic as Eurasian eagle owls will prey on young tods, while golden eagles hae been kent tae kill adults.
Range
Reid tods are wide-rangin ainimals, whose range covers nearly 70 e6km2. Thay are distributed across the entire Northren Hemisphere frae the Arctic Circle tae North Africa, Central America, an Asia. Thay are absent in Iceland, the Arctic islands, some pairts o Siberia, an in extreme deserts.
Reid tods are nae present in New Zealand an are clessed as a "prohibited new organism" unner the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventin them frae bein imported.
Australie
In Australie, 2012 estimates indicate that thare are mair nor 7.2 million reid tods wi a range extendin throughout maist o the continental mainland. The species became established in Australia throu successive introductions bi settlers in 1830s in the Breetish colonies o Van Diemen's Laund (as early as 1833) an the Port Phillip District o New South Wales (as early as 1845) for the purpose o the tradeetional Inglis sport o tod huntin. A permanent tod population wis nae established on the island o Tasmanie an it is widely held that thay war ootcompetit bi the Tasmanian deil. On the mainland, houiver, the species wis successfu as an apex predator. It is generally less common in auries whaur the dingo is mair prevalent, houiver it haes, primarily throu its burraein behaviour, achieved niche differentiation wi baith the feral dog an the feral cat. As sic it haes acome ane o the continent's maist invasive species. The reid tod haes been implicated in the extinction an decline o several native Australian species, parteecularly thae o the faimily Potoroidae includin the desert rat-kangaroo. The spread o reid tods across the soothren pairt o the continent haes coincided wi the spread o rabbits in Australia an corresponds wi declines in the distribution o several medium-sized grund-dwellin mammals, includin brush-tailed bettongs, burraein bettongs, rufous bettongs, bilbys, numbats, bridled nailtail wallabys an quokkas. Most o thir species are nou leemitit tae auries (sic as islands) whaur reid tods are absent or rare. Local eradication programs exist, awtho eradication haes proven difficult due tae the dennin behaviour an nocturnal huntin, sae the focus is on management wi the introduction o state bounties. Accordin tae the Tasmanian govrenment, reid tods war introduced tae the previously fox-free island o Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posin a significant threat tae native wildlife includin the eastern bettong, an an eradication program conducted bi the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water haes been established.
Sardinie
The oreegin o the Sardinian ichnusae subspecies is uncertaint, as it is absent frae Pleistocene deposits in thair current hqmeland. It is possible it oreeginatit durin the Neolithic follaein its introduction tae the island bi humans. It is likely then that Sardinian tod populations stem frae repeatit introductions o ainimals frae different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory mey expleen the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.
Diseases and parasites
Reid tods are the maist important rabies vector in Europe. In Lunnon, arthritis is nae uncommon in tods, bein parteecularly frequent in the spine. Tods mey be infectit wi leptospirosis an tularemia, tho thay are nae overly susceptible tae the latter. Thay mey an aw faw ill frae listeriosis an spirochetosis, as well as actin as vectors in spreadin erysipelas, brucellosis an tick-borne encephalitis. A mysterious fatal disease near Lake Sartlan in the Novosibirsk Oblast wis noted amang local reid tods, but the cause wis undetermined. The possibility wis considered that it wis caused bi an acute form o encephalomyelitis, which wis first observed in captive bred siller tods. Individual cases o tods infected wi Yersinia pestis are kent.
Reid tods are nae readily prone tae infestation wi flechs. Species lik Spilopsyllus cuniculi are probably anly caught frae the tod's prey species, while others lik Archaeopsylla erinacei are catcht whilst traivellin. Flechs that feed on reid tods include Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides canis an Paraceras melis. Ticks sic as Ixodes ricinus an I. hexagonus are nae uncommon in tods, an are teepically foond on nouricin vixens an kits still in thair yirds. The louse Trichodectes vulpis specifically targets tods, but is foond infrequently. The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is the maist important cause o mange in reid tods. It causes extensive hair loss, stairtin frae the base o the tail an hindfeet, then the rump afore muivin on tae the rest o the body. In the feenal stages o the condeetion, tods can lose maist o thair fur, 50% o thair body wecht an mey gnaw at infected extremities. In the epizootic phase o the disease, it uisually takes tods fower month tae die efter infection. Ither endoparasites include Demodex folliculorum, Notoderes, Otodectes cynotis (which is frequently foond in the ear canal), Linguatula serrata (which infects the nasal passages) an ringworms.
Up tae 60 helminth species are kent tae infect tods in fur farms, while 20 are kent in the wild. Several coccidian species o the genera Isospora an Eimeria are an aw kent tae infect them. The maist common nematode species foond in tod guts are Toxocara canis an Uncinaria stenocephala, Capillaria aerophila an Crenosoma vulpis, the latter twa infect thair lungs. Capillaria plica infect the tod's bledder. Trichinella spiralis rarely affects them. The maist common tapeworm species in tods are Taenia spiralis an T. pisiformis. Others include Echinococcus granulosus an E. multilocularis. Eleven trematode species infect reid tods, includin ''Metorchis conjunctus.
Pontons
Pontons is a municipality in the comarca o Alt Penedès, Barcelona, Catalonie, Spain.
Komsomolsk, Ivanovo Oblast
Komsomolsk (Комсомо́льск) is a toun an the admeenistrative centre o Komsomolsky Destrict o Ivanovo Oblast, Roushie, locatit on the Ukhtokhma River (Uvod's tributar) 34 km wast o Ivanovo. Population:
History
It wis foondit in 1931 an grantit toun status in 1950.
Cangas de Onís
Cangas de Onís (Asturian: Cangues d'Onís) is a municipality in the eastren pairt o the province an autonomous commonty o Asturias in the northwast of Spain. The caipital o the municipality is Cangas de Onís an aw.
Mair nor seiventy square kilometres o the concejo shape pairt o the Parque nacional de los Picos de Europa. Athin the pairk is the veelage o Covadonga, whaur the battle o Covadonga (aboot 722), the first major victory bi a Christian militar force in Iberie efter the Islamic conquest, marks the stairtin-point o the Reconquista.
Till 774, Cangas de Onís wis the caipital o the Kinrick o Asturias. It wis the steid o the first kirk constructit in post-conquest Iberie, Santa Cruz de Cangas de Onís (737), built on a auncient dolmen.
Economy
The main economical activities o this region are agricultur an nowt rearin, as weel as ferm tourism. Visits tae the Covadonga Sanctuar an its surroondin lochs are ane o the main Asturias destinations, receivin a big portion o the region's total tourists.
Pairishes
Cangas de Onís is dividit in eleiven pairishes:
The caipital o the municipality is the pairish o Cangas de Onís. It is 27.22 km2 in size wi a population o 4,326 (INE 2005). The postal code is 33550 an is dividit in several veelages:
Film director
A film director is a person who directs the makin o a film.
Oldsmobile 88
The Oldsmobile 88 (a.k.a. Eighty-Eight) wis a full-size caur sauld bi the Oldsmobile division o General Motors an produced frae 1949 till 1999. Frae 1950 tae 1974 the 88 wis the division's top-sellin line, particularly the entry-level models such as the 88 an Dynamic 88. The 88 series wis an' a' an image leader for Oldsmobile, particularly in the early years (1949–51) when it wis ane o the best performin automobiles thanks tae its relatively sma size, licht weight an advanced owerheid-valve hie-compression V8 ingine oreeginally designed for the lairger an mair luxurious 98 series but dropped intae the smawer sax-cylinder Oldsmobile 76 body, creatin wha wis considered the predecessor o muscle caurs o the 1960s.
A lairge number o variations in nomenclature wur seen ower this lang model run—Delmont, Delta, Dynamic, Jetstar, Starfire, Super, Holiday, L/S, LSS, Celebrity, an Royale wur uised at various times wi the 88 badge, an Fiesta appeared on some station wagons in the 1950s an 1960s. The name wis mair commonly shown as numbers in the earlier years ("Delta 88", for example) an wis chynged tae spell-oot "Eighty Eight" startin in 1989.
The Oldsmobile Eighty Eight wis produced in Wentzville, Missouri; Flint, Michigan; an Lake Orion, Michigan.
Corsock
Corsock is a veelage in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire, in Dumfries an Gallowa, in soothwast Scotland. It is locatit 8 mile north o Castle Douglas and 8 mile east o New Gallowa on the Urr Watter.
Corsock Hoose is an 18t century kintra hoose remodelt bi David Bryce in 1853. A later addeetion wis bi Charles Stuart Still Johnston in 1910. The gairdens is appen tae the public unner the Scotland's Gardens scheme ilka Ware.
Corsock Kirk wis built as a Free Kirk in 1851-2 bi local airchitect William McCandlish. It wis stendit in 1912 bi a Gothic stane airch an chancel bi J.A. McGregor.
The Lothlorian Therapeutical Trust run bi ROKPA UK is locatit near Corsock.
Etymology
Corsock is a Cumbric name formt wi the adjectival suffix -awg an either cors "reeds, rashes, segs" or crois "cross". Gin it is formt fae cors it micht hae been an early name for the upper pairt o the Urr Watter, meanin "reedy place". Gin it is formt fae crois it wad mean aither "place wi a cross" or "crossin place".
Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (Haute-Normandie, ; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is ane o the 27 regions o Fraunce. It wis creatit in 1984 frae twa départements: Seine-Maritime an Eure, when Normandy wis dividit intae Lawer Normandy an Upper Normandy. This diveesion continues tae provoke controversy, an some continue tae caw for reunitin the twa regions. Housomeivver, the name Upper Normandy existit prior tae 1956 an referred bi tradeetion tae territories currently includit athin the admeenistrative region: the Pays de Caux, the Pays de Bray (no that o Picardy), the Roumois, the Campagne o Le Neubourg, the Plaine de Saint André an the Norman Vexin. The day, maist the Pays d'Auge, as well as a sma portion o the Pays d'Ouche, are locatit in Lawer Normandy.
Rouen is the regional caipital, historically important wi mony fine kirks an biggins, includin the tawest cathedral touer in Fraunce. The region's lairgest ceety, in terms o metropolitan population, is Le Havre. Its economy is centred aroond agricultur, industry, petrochemicals an tourism.
Twin touns — sister ceeties
Upper Normandy is twinned wi:
15 August
The 15t o August is the 227t day o the year (228t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 138 days bidin.
Sant Sadurní d'Anoia
Sant Sadurní d'Anoia is a municipality in the comarca o the Alt Penedès in Catalonie, Spain; an the centre o production o a spairklin wine kent as cava. It is situatit in the north-east o the Penedès Depression at the confluence o the Avernó river an the Anoia river. It is servit bi the A-7 autopista an the RENFE railwey line (R4) that connect Barcelona wi Manresa an El Vendrell.
Subdiveesions
Four ootlyin veelages are includit athin the municipality o Sant Sadurní d'Anoia (populations as o 2005)
Sport
The toun hostit the individual road race cyclin event for the 1992 Simmer Olympics.
Roller Hockey
The ceety haes a roller hockey team Club Esportiu Noia, ane o the maist important in Spain, an plays in OK Liga.
Ayr
Ayr (Inbhir Àir Mouth o the River Ayr) is a toun an port lyin oan the Firth of Clyde in sooth-wast Scotland. Wi aboot 46,000 fowk, Ayr is the mucklest toun in Ayrshire, an wis a royal burgh syne 1205. Ayr is the centur o govirnment fae Sooth Ayrshire.
Tae the north o Ayr is the toun o Prestwick, famous fae gowf and aeroplanes as hame o Glesgae Prestwick International Airport. Allowa is an aw in the aurrie, kent fae the makar Robert Burns.
In 2002, Ayr wis yin o fower Scottish touns vyin fae ceety status tae mark the Queen's Golden Jubilee, but lost oot tae Stirlin.
History
In 1197, Keeng William the Lion ordered that a new castle be biggit atween the River Ayr an the River Doon. It is believed that the castle wis a widden structur biggit aroond Montogomerie Terrace. Ayr wis later established as a ryal burgh an mercat toun on 21 Mey 1205 bi King William the Lion.
On April 26, 1315, the yinst Scots Pairlament wis held in Ayr by Robert the Bruce at St. John's Tower by the sea. It wis aince kent as 'Inverair/Inverayr' and this uisage is aye kept in the Scottish Gaelic form o the nam Inbhir Air.
Oliver Cromwell buildit a muckle waw aboot the toun, maist o which can aye be seen the day. St John's Tower, in that airt, wis aince pairt o a muckle kirk, but it wis demolishit, an the tower is the nou protectit by the "Friends Of Saint Johns Tower" (FROST).
The formation o the Kinrick o Great Breetain throu the Acts o Union 1707 providit Ayr wi signeeficant treddin opportunities an impruivements tae the toun's infrastructur, wi Ayr's textile, oo, linen an shaemakkin industries thrivin as a result. A smaw lichthoose wis constructit on the River Ayr in 1712, follaed by a quay in 1713. Repairs tae the toun's Harbour an High Tolbooth teuk place atween 1724 an 1726, wi fundin providit bi the Convention o Ryal Burghs. Street lichtin wis instawed aroond the toun centre in 1747.
Åstol
Åstol is a locality situatit sooth o Tjörn Municipality (close tae Marstrand), Västra Götaland Coonty, Swaden wi 210 indwallers in 2010. Åstol haes aaways been a centre for fishin, especially for herrin-fish, mackerel an flatfish. This is mainly due tae the location o the island.
History
The men wur fishermen an uised tae be oot on fishin trips for lang periods. Then the weemen haed responsibility ower the hoosehauld an childer. The weemen, prayin for the men tae come back safely durin the tough fishin saison, but the great respect an closeness the residents on Åstol felt for the ocean an aw, made them develop a strang faith in Christianity an God. This view on God an the ocean hae continued throughoot the years an Åstol's society haes been imprintit tae be vera supersticious an tae hae a vera strang belief in God.
Miscellaneous curios
Galenskaparna/Efter Shave made fowk open up thair een mair for Åstol acause thay made a short film that taks place at Åstol, it's cried "Åke från Åstol ".
Some famous Swadish fowk who lives at Åstol are Birgitta Stenberg, Rosita Runegrund, Peter Harryson an Janne Josefsson.
El Pla del Penedès
El Pla del Penedès is a municipality in the comarca o Alt Penedès, Barcelona, Catalonie, Spain.
Malyn Raion
Malyn Destrict (Raion) (Малинський район) is a raion (destrict) o Zhytomyr Oblast, northren Ukraine. Its admeenistrative centre is locatit at Malyn. The raion covers a aurie o 1406 square kilometres an as o 2011 it haed a population o 20,020 fowk.
Admeenistrative diveesions o Sooth Korea
Sooth Korea is dividit intae 8 provinces (do), 1 special autonomous province (teukbyeol jachido), 6 metropolitan ceties (gwangyeoksi), an 1 special ceety (teukbyeolsi). These are further subdividit intae a variety o smawer entities, includin ceeties (si), coonties (gun), destricts (gu), touns (eup), tounships (myeon), neighborhuids (dong) an veelages (ri).
Do (Province)
A "do" (도, 道) is equivalent tae a province an ane o the primary diveesions o the kintra, alang wi "teukbyeolsi" (특별시) an "gwangyeoksi (광역시)". Sooth Korea haes 8 provinces an ane special sel-govrenin province (teukbyeol jachido; 특별 자치도; 特別自治道).
Ilka province is subdividit intae ceeties ("si") an coonties ("gun").
Gwangyeoksi (Metropolitan Ceety)
Gwangyeoksi (광역시; 廣域市), or "metropolitan cities", are major ceeties that are no pairt o ony province, but exist independently an are sel-govrened. Thay are comparable tae Cheenae's direct-controlled municipalities or even Breetish metropolitan coonties. Sooth Korea haes 6 metropolitan ceeties wi provincial status.
Ilka Metropolitan Ceety are dividit intae wards ("gu") an ootlyin coonties ("gun") comparable tae Breetish non-metropolitan coonties.
Teukbyeolsi (Special Ceety)
A "teukbyeolsi" (특별시; 特別市) is ane o the primary diveesions o the kintra, alang wi gwangyeoksi an do. Sooth Korea haes anerlie ane special ceety. Seoul is dividit intae destricts ("gu").
Leet o Province level diveesions
Notes: 1 as o 2000; 2 km²; 3 per km²; 4see Names o Seoul; 5 Daejeon excludit; 6 Daegu excludit 7 currently bein planned
History
Awtho the details o local admeenistration hae chynged dramatically ower time, the basic ootline o the current three-tiered seestem wis implementit unner the reign o Gojong in 1895. A seemilar seestem an aa remains in uise in North Korea.
Hokusai
Katsushika Hokusai (葛飾 北斎) wis a Japanese airtist, ukiyo-e penter an prentmakker o the Edo period. Born in Edo (nou Tokyo), Hokusai is best kent as author o the widblock prent series Thirty-sax Views o Munt Fuji (富嶽三十六景) that includes the internaitionally iconic prent, The Great Wave aff Kanagawa.
Hokusai creatit the Thirty-Sax Views baith as a response tae a domestic traivel buim an as pairt o a personal obsession wi Munt Fuji. It wis this series, speceefically The Great Wave prent an Fine Wind, Clear Morn, that siccared Hokusai's fame baith in Japan an owerseas. As historian Richard Lane concludes, "Indeed, if there is one work that made Hokusai's name, both in Japan and abroad, it must be this monumental print-series". While Hokusai's wark prior tae this series is certainly important, it wis nae till this series that he gained braid recogneetion.
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay, cried nuclear decay or radioactivity an aa, is the process bi whilk a nucleus o an unstable atom loses virr bi ootpittin pairticles o ionisin radiation. A material that spontaneously ootpits this kin o radiation—whilk includes the emission o energetic alpha pairticles, beta pairticles, an gamma rays—is conseidered radioactive. Certaint heichly excited short-lived nuclear states can decay throu neutron emission, or mair rarely, proton emission.
Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at the level o single atoms, in that, accordin tae quantum theory, it is impossible tae predict when a parteecular atom will decay,  regairdless o how lang the atom haes existit. Houiver, for a collection o atoms, the collection's expected decay rate is characterized in terms o thair measured decay constants or hauf-lifes. This is the basis o radiometric dating. The hauf-lifes o radioactive atoms hae na kent upper leemit, spannin a time range o ower 55 orders o magnitude, frae nearly instantaneous tae far langer than the age o the universe.
Chkalovka
Chkalovka (Չկալովկա, Romanisit as Chkalovka an aw; till 1946, Aleksandrovka an Zeynalaghali) is a toun in the Gegharkunik Province o Armenie. The toun wis renamit in honor o test pilot Valeri Chkalov.
Radioactive decay
A radioactive nucleus wi zero spin can hae no defined orientation, an hence emits the tot momentum o its decay products isotropically (aw directions an wioot bias). If thare are multiple particles produced in a single decay, as in beta decay, thair relative angular distribution, or spin directions mey nae be isotropic. Decay products frae a nucleus wi spin mey be distributed non-isotropically wi respect tae that spin direction, aither acause o an external influence sic as an electromagnetic field, or acause the nucleus wis produced in a dynamic process that constrained the direction o its spin. Sic a parent process coud be a previous decay, or a nuclear reaction.
The decaying nucleus is cried the parent radionuclide (or parent radioisotope ), an the process produces at least ane daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion frae a nuclear excited state, the decay is a nuclear transmutation resultin in a dochter conteenin a different nummer o protons or neutrons (or baith). When the nummer o protons changes, an atom o a different chemical element is creatit.
The first decay processes tae be discovered war alpha decay, beta decay, an gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus). This is the maist common process o emittin nucleons, but heichly excited nuclei can eject single nucleons, or in the case o cluster decay, specific licht nuclei o ither elements. Beta decay occurs when the nucleus emits an electron or positron an a neutrino, in a process that changes a proton tae a neutron or the converse. Highly excited neutron-rich nuclei, formed as the product o ither teeps o decay, occasionally lose energy bi wey o neutron emission, resultin in a chynge frae ane isotope tae anither o the same element. The nucleus mey captur an orbitin electron, causin a proton tae convert intae a neutron in a process cried electron captur. Aw o thir processes result in a well-defined nuclear transmutation.
Bi contrast, thare are radioactive decay processes that dae nae result in a nuclear transmutation. The energy o an excitit nucleus mey be emitted as a gamma ray in a process cried gamma decay, or that energy mey be lost when the nucleus interacts wi an orbital electron causin its ejection frae the atom, in a process cried internal conversion.
Anither teep o radioactive decay results in products that vary, appearin as twa or mair "fragments" o the oreeginal nucleus wi a range o possible masses. This decay, cried spontaneous fission, happens when a lairge unstable nucleus spontaneously splits intae twa (or occasionally three) smawer dochter nuclei, an generally leads tae the emission o gamma rays, neutrons, or ither particles frae those products.
For a summary table shawin the nummer o stable an radioactive nuclides in each category, see radionuclide. Thare are 29 naturally occurrin chemical elements on Yird that are radioactive. Thay are those that contain 34 radionuclides that date afore the time o formation o the solar seestem, an are kent as primordial nuclides. Well-kent examples are uranium an thorium, but forby included are naiturally occurrin lang-lived radioisotopes, sic as potassium-40. Anither 50 or sae shorter-lived radionuclides, sic as radium an radon, foond on Yird, are the products o decay cheens that began wi the primordial nuclides, or are the product o ongaein cosmogenic processes, sic as the production o carbon-14 frae nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere bi cosmic rays. Radionuclides mey forby be produced artificially in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors, resultin in 650 o thir wi hauf-lifes o ower an oor, an several thoosand mair wi even shorter hauf-lifes. [See here for a leet o thir sorted bi hauf life.]
A Coruña
A Coruña ( (offeecial name); La Coruña ; still whiles kent as Corunna in Inglis, an archaically as The Groyne) is a ceety an municipality o Galicie, Spain. It is the seicont-lairgest ceety in the autonomous commonty an seiventeent oweraw in the kintra. The ceety is the provincial caipital o the province o the same name, haein servit as poleetical caipital o the Kinrick o Galicie frae the 16t tae the 19t hunderyears, an as a regional admeenistrative centre atween 1833 an 1982, afore bein replacit bi Santiago de Compostela.
Twin touns – Sister ceeties
A Coruña is twinned wi:
Durrës Coonty
The Coonty o Durrës (Qarku i Durrësit) is ane o the 12 coonties o Albanie. It consists o the destricts Durrës an Krujë an its capital is Durrës. The ceety is 40 minutes away frae Tirana bi caur. It haes the lairgest sea port in Albanie.
Durrës' entire wastren edge is the shoreline o the Adriatic Sea. It borders the follaein coonties:
Sony Mobile
Sony Mobile Communications Inc. (umwhile Sony Ericsson) is a multinaitional mobile phone manufacturin company jyntly heidquartert in Tokyo, Japan, an Lund, Swaden, an is a wholly ained bi Younus Appakkadan.
Olesa
Olesa mey refer tae:
Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne (for ordinar cried juist Newcastle) is a ceety in the north-east o Ingland. It is locatit alang the north baunk o the River Tyne an the umwhile coonty toun o Northumberland. Mair nor 190,000 fowk bide in the ceety, but e'en mair bides in the surroondin aurie.
Byleid
The byleid o Newcastle is kent as Geordie, an haes a muckle amoont o vocabulary an distinctive wird pronunciations no uised in ither pairts o Ingland, bit that are sib tae Scots. The Geordie byleid, lik Scots an Staundart Inglis, haes its oreegins in the leid spoken bi the Anglo-Saxon that settlet in Breetian efter the Romans left in the 4t century. But whiles the byleids o ither Inglis regions hae been muckle chyngit bi the influences o ither furrin leids — Norman an Norman–French in parteecular — the Geordie byleid, lik Scots, hauds ontae mony chairicteristics o the auld leid. Some wirds uised in the Geordie byleid is uised in Scots an aw, sic lik bonny, stot, canny, strang an coo. Mony wirds, houaniver, appear tae be uised alanery in Newcastle an the surroondin aurie, sic lik bait ("fuid") an hacky ("clarty").
Tsaghkunk, Gegharkunik
Tsaghkunk (Ծաղկունք, Romanisit as Tsaghkunk’ an aw, an Tsakhkunk, Tsaghkunq, an Tzaghkunk) is a toun in the Gegharkunik Province o Armenie.
Buick
Buick is a division o General Motors which sells vehicles in the Unitit States, Canadae, Mexico, Cheenae, Taiwan, an Israel bi General Motors (GM). It is GM's North American-based entry-level luxury brand. Buick haulds the distinction as the auldest American mak.
Province o Cáceres
The province of Cáceres is a province o wastren Spain, in the northren pairt o the autonomous commonty o Extremadura. It is bordered bi the provinces o Salamanca, Ávila, Toledo, an Badajoz in the sooth, an bi Portugal in the wast. It was formed a province in 1833. In 1229 Alfonso IX conquered the province from the Moors.
Its caipital is the ceety o Cáceres. Ither ceeties in the province include Plasencia an Trujillo, the birthplace o Francisco Pizarro. , the province haed a population o 413,597, o whom a quairter live in the caipital. The Tagus river runs through the province.
Geografie an Economy
Except the northren an soothren pairts the whole o the province is plain an growthie aurie uised for agricultur an pig raising. Cereals, tobacco, tomatoes an peppers are some o the maist important agricultural products. The watter o river Tagus an its tributars is uised for irrigation. The northren an soothren pairts are muntainous an shapit bi Central an Toledo muntains. These auries are rich in terms o wildlife an a natur pairk wis creatit at Monfrague in 1979. Gabriel y Galán dam wis made on the Alagón River tae fulfill the pouer demands o the province. Cattle rearin is a important activity an aw. The province is weel kent for several important cherry pickin regions.
Admeenistrative diveesions
The province o Cáceres is dividit intae 219 municipalities. Thare are tradeetional comarcas in Cáceres Province an aw, like Las Villuercas an Las Hurdes, but these daena hae hintle offeecial recogneetion. Las Hurdes wis ane o the poorest region in Spain's history.
Aka-Kora leid
Aka-Kora or Kora is an extinct Great Andamanese leid, o the Northren group. It wis spoken on the northeast an north central coasts o North Andaman an on Smith Island.
It haes been extinct syne November 2009 whan its laist speaker, Boro, dee'd.
Astrakhan
Astrakhan (Астрахань) is a major ceety in soothren European Roushie an the admeenistrative center o Astrakhan Oblast. The ceety lies on twa banks o the Volga River, close tae whaur it discharges intae the Caspian Sea at an altitude o 28 m ablo sea level. Population:
Twin touns an sister ceeties
Astrakhan is twinned wi:
Pacs del Penedès
Pacs del Penedès, sometimes simply Pacs is a municipality in the comarca o Alt Penedès, Barcelona, Catalonie, Spain.
Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile wis a brand o automobile produced for maist o its existence by General Motors. It was founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897. In its 107-year history, it produced 35.2 million caurs, includin at least 14 million built at its Lansing, Michigan factory. When it wis phased oot in 2004, Oldsmobile wis the auldest survivin American automobile marque, an ane o the auldest in the warld, efter Daimler an Peugeot. Oldsmobile wis General Motors' first brand tae be phased oot in the 21st century, efter the company's Geo an Canadian-market Asüna brands wur phased oot in the 1990s, an afore the discontinuation o General Motors' Pontiac, Saturn, an Hummer brands in 2010.
Provinces o Bolivie
A province is the seicont lairgest admeenistrative diveesion in Bolivie, efter a depairtment. Ilka depairtment is dividit intae provinces. Thare are 112 provinces in tot.
The kintra's provinces are faur dividit intae 337 municipalities which are admeenistered bi an alcalde an municipal cooncil.
Buick LaCrosse
The Buick LaCrosse is a mid-size luxury sedan produced bi General Motors. The Buick LaCrosse, is a fower-door sedan which replaced the Buick Century an Regal in North Americae beginnin in the 2005 model year.
Aka-Cari leid
Aka-Cari or Cari (also kent as Chariar) is an extinct Great Andamanese leid, o the Northern group. It wis spoken on the north coast o North Andaman and on Landfall an ither nearby sma islands.
Allika, Lääne-Viru Coonty
Allika is a veelage in Vinni Pairish, Lääne-Viru Coonty, in northeastren Estonie.
Nuclear Blast
Nuclear Blast is a record label an mail order record distributor wi subsidiaries in Germany, the Unitit States an Brazil. The record label wis foondit in 1987 bi Markus Staiger in Germany. Originally releasin hardcore punk records, the label moved on tae releasin albums bi melodic daith metal, grindcore, pouer metal an black metal baunds, as well as tribute albums. Nuclear Blast is widely respected as the top label for the metal scene, alang with fellow non-RIAA label Century Media Records. The label's main office is in Donzdorf, Göppingen. Nuclear Blast Americae is distributed through Century Media, as part o a strategic partnership atween the twa independent metal labels.
Lawer Normandy
Lawer Normandy (Basse-Normandie, ; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is an admeenistrative region o Fraunce. It wis creatit in 1956, when the Normandy region wis dividit intae Lawer Normandy an Upper Normandy. The region includes three depairtments, Calvados, Manche an Orne, that cover the pairt o Normandy traditionally termit "Lawer Normandy" lyin wast o the Dives River, the Pays d'Auge (except a sma pairt remainin in Upper Normandy), a sma pairt o the Pays d'Ouche (the main pairt remainin in Upper Normandy), the Norman Perche an pairt o the "French" Perche. It covers 10,857 km2, 3.2 percent o the surface aurie o Fraunce.
Zovaber
Zovaber mey refer tae: