cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Añana
Añana is baith a valley an municipality locatit in the province o Álava, in the Basque Kintra, northren Spain, wi the main population nucleus bein the veelage o Salinas de Añana. The toun is renouned for its auld salt flats, which wur shapit at the beginnin in the Triassic period. Ower 5,000 pans hae been biggit syne the Roman times, wi exportation o its salt a major business. Nou, the aurie haes focused on spa tourism tae bring needed income tae the aurie.
Duncol
Duncol (English: Duncow) is a clachan in the ceevil pairish o Kirkmahoe in the historical coonty o Dumfriesshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. Locatit in the centre o the pairish, Duncol wis a veelage in the 18t an 19t centurys, an wis umwhile its maist populous sattlement. At the time whan the First Statistical Account of Scotland wis written the veelage haed atween 150 an 200 residenters. By the time o the Third Statistical Account thare wis anely five hooses in the veelage. It haes haed a schuil syne at least in appent in 1878 an haes a roll o 24. The veelage post office closed in 1952.
The name Duncol, first recordit in 1250, is o Celtic oreegin, representin either the Cumbric dīn + coll or the Scots Gaelic dùn-choll, baith meanin "fort o hazels".
Al-Qabu, Sirie
Al-Qabu (القبو, an aw spelt Kabu) is a toun in central Sirie, admeenistratively part o the Homs Govrenorate, northwast o Homs. Nearbi localities include Taldou an Kafr Laha tae the northeast an Fahel tae the wast. Accordin tae the Central Bureau o Statistics (CBS), al-Qabu haed a population o 4,870 in the 2004 census. The inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.
Rincón de Romos
The ceety reportit a 2005 census population o 25,815 indwallers, the fowert-lairgest community in the state. Maist o the indwallers o Rincón de Romos are Catholic. Rincón de Romos celebrates a "Fiesta" tae the Señor de las Angustias on Januar wi dances an pyrotechnic gemmes. Thare is a kirk tae him dountoun. Maist o the locals wirk as teachers. The ceety wis ance hame tae a priest namit Padre Nieves who fowk believit made miracles. He haes a kirk in the ceety, an mony fowk go tae Rincón de Romos tae pray for miracles. Rincón de Romos haes the biggest landwart hospital ruled bi the govrenment o Aguascalientes.
Givat Washington
Givat Washington (, lit. Washington Hill), kent as Beit Raban (, lit. Hoose o Raban) an aw, is a releegious youth veelage in central Israel. Locatit near Kvutzat Yavne, it faws unner the jurisdiction o Hevel Yavne Regional Cooncil. In 2006 it haed a population o 670.
The veelage wis established in 1946 bi the Jewish community o Washington D.C., an initially served as an educational establishment for young Holocaust survivors. It nou haes a seicontary schuil, a midrasha, an ulpan an an academic college. Bi 2005 maist o the residents wur immigrants frae Fraunce an Colombie.
Kenneth MacAlpin
Kenneth MacAlpin or Cináed mac Ailpín (Modren Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein), an is kent in maist modren regnal lists as Kenneth I (dee'd 13 Februar 858) wis king o the Pechts an, gaun bi naitional meeth, first king o Scots, earnin him the eikname o An Ferbasach, "The Subdewer" lang syne. . He sicceded Drest the Ninth i' Pechtland an wis the first king i' Pechtland an Scotland. He ws sicceded bie' Donald I, king o Scots. Some fowk consider him tae be thi first king o Caledonia but the first king ti rule aw o' Scotland wis in the 900's.His reign might i' staerted in 843 but is disputed syne he wis King o Pechtland an Scotland. Sae some fowk state his reign staerted in 848.
Kenneth wis' weel keent fir' uniting mony Pechtish tribes tae form Unitit Pechtland an Caledonia.
Preiceded bi: Drest X (King o Pictland)
Sucedded bi: Donald I (King o Scotland & Pictland)
Cardona, Spain
Cardona is a toun ìn Catalonie, Spain, in the province o Barcelona; aboot 90 km northwast o the ceety o Barcelona, on a hill amaist surroondit bi the river Cardoner, a branch o the Llobregat. Tae the east o the toun, the river haes been divertit throu a tunnel haes been dug throu a spur, leavin a loop o dry river bed near the saltmine. Near the toun is an extensive deposit o rock salt. The salt shapes a muntain mass (cried Muntanya de Sal) covered bi a thick bed o a reddish-broun clay, an apparently restin on a yellaeish-grey saundstane. It is generally mair or less translucent, an muckle masses o it are quite transparent. The hill haes been wirkit lik a mine syne Roman times; pieces cut frae it hae been carvit bi airtists in Cardona intae images, crucifixes an mony airticles o a ornamental kynd.
Notes
The movie Chimes at Midnight, bi Orson Welles, wis filmit at the castle in Cardona.
Ford
The Ford Motor Company (nyse: F) is a American multinaitional corporation based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb o Detroit. It wis foondit bi Henry Ford an incorporatit on 16 Juin 1903. The company sells caurs an commercial vehicles unner the Ford busit an maist luxury caurs unner the Lincoln buist. Ford ains Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, an Australie performance caur manufacturer FPV. In the past it haes producit tractors an automotive components an aw. Ford ains a 2.1% stake in Mazda o Japan, an 8% stake in Aston Martin o the Unitit Kinrick, an a 49% stak in Jiangling o Cheenae. It haes a nummer o jynt-venturs an aw, twa in Cheenae (Changan Ford Mazda an Ford Lio Ho), ane in Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), ane in Turkey (Ford Otosan), an ane in Roushie (Ford Sollers). It is leetit on the New York Stock Exchange an is controlled bi the Ford faimily, awtho they haed minority ainership. It is describit bi Forbes as "the maist important industrial company in the history o the Unitit States."
History
The Anna Matthews Motor Company was launched in a convertable factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash frae twal investors, maist notably John an Horace Dodge (who wad later fuid thair awn caur company). Henry's first attempt unner his name wis the Henry Ford Company on November 3, 1901, which became the Cadillac Motor Company on August 22, 1902. Durin its early years, the company produced juist a few caurs a day at its factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups o twa or three men wirkt on each caur frae components made tae order bi ither companies. Henry Ford wis 40 year auld whan he foondit the Ford Motor Company, which wad go on tae acome ane o the warld's lairgest an maist profitable companies, as well as bein ane tae survive the Great Depression. As one of the lairgest faimily-controlled companies in the world, the Ford Motor Company haes been in continuous faimily control for ower 100 year.
Naitional emblem
A naitional emblem seembolically represents a kintra. Maist naitional emblems come frae the naitral warld, (as ainimals or flouers), but it micht can be onything.
Naitional emblems can kythe on mony things siclike the naitional banner, coat o airms, or ither patriotic stuffs. Ye shoudna confuise a formal naitional emblem wi less formal seembols potentially tae dae wi tourism or clichés, for ensaumple windmills in the Netherlands. E'en tho, mony unoffeecial seembols is as important as the offeecial anes - or e'en mair, sin some o thaim are recognised as "seembols" bi fowk that micht no ken the offeecial seembols.
Pinós
Pinós is a veelage an municipality in the province o Lleida an autonomous commonty o Catalonie, Spain. The municipality includes a smaw exclave tae the north-east. The veelage is regardit as the geographical centre o Catalonie, an thare is a plaque set in the grund at its claimit location.
Khankaysky Destrict
Khankaysky Destrict (Ханка́йский райо́н) is an admeenistrative an municipal destrict (raion) o Primorsky Krai, Roushie; ane o the twinty-twa in the krai. It is locatit in the wastren portion o the krai on the wastren bank o Khanka Lake an borders wi Pogranichny Destrict in the soothwast, Khorolsky Destrict in the sootheast, an Heilongjiang Province o Cheenae in the wast. The aurie o the destrict is 2689.0 km2. Its admeenistrative centre is the landwart locality (a selo) o Kamen-Rybolov. Destrict's population: Population o Kamen-Rybolov accoonts for 40.7% o the destrict's population.
Khankaysky Destrict is ane o the lairgest agricultural regions o the krai. The aurie o agricultural grunds totals 1230 km2. Soybeans, rice, buckwheat, an vegetables are cultivatit. Meat, milk, an honey are producit in the destrict an aw. Fish breedin is cultivatit in ponds.
Anither featur o this destrict is a customs point, Tury Rog, which is locatit on the Roushie-Cheenese border. Hivy track traffec passes throu this point. Close tae the customs point is a lairge Cheenese coal minin basin, Jixi.
Thare are nae lairge industrial enterprises in this aurie, which helps keep the recreational zones ecologically clean.
Harf al-Musaytirah
Harf al-Musaytirah (حرف المسيترة) is a toun in locatit in the Qardaha Destrict, Latakia Govrenorate in northwast Sirie.
Joanésia
Joanésia is a toun an municipality in the state o Minas Gerais in the Sootheast region o Brazil.
Zacualpan de Amilpas
Zacualpan de Amilpas is a ceety in the Mexican state o Morelos.
The ceety serves as the municipal seat for the surroondin municipality, wi which it shares a name. The municipality reportit 7,962 inhabitants in the year 2000 census.
The toponym Zacualpan comes frae a Nahuatl name an means "atop that which is covered".
Ames
Ames mey refer tae:
Places in the US:
Places in Europe:
Ither:
Acronyms:
Smolyan Province
Smolyan Province (Област Смолян - Oblast Smolyan, former name Smolyan okrug) is a province in soothren-central Bulgarie, locatit in the Rhodope Muntains, neebourin Greece tae the sooth. It is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o Smolyan. The province embraces a territory o 3,192.8 km² that is dividit intae 10 municipalities wi a total population o 124,795 inhabitants, as o December 2009.
Municipalities
The Smolyan province (Област, oblast) contains 10 municipalities (singular: община, obshtina - plural: Общини, obshtini). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an Cyrillic, the main toun or veelage (touns are shown in bauld), an the population o each as o December 2009.
Demografiek
The Smolyan province haed a population o 140,066 accordin tae the 2001 census, o which 48% wur male an 51% wur female. As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 124,795 of which 23% are inhabitants aged over 60 years.
The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter Warld War II:
Releegion
The Smolyan province alang wi the Kardzhali Province is a province whare the predominant releegion is Islam. Housomeivver, unlike Kardzhali whare the majority o the population is Turkis, the Muslim population o the Smolyan province is made up amaist entirely o Muslim Bulgaries.
Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:
Leid
In the 2001 census, 135,761 fowk frae the Smolyan province identifee'd ane o the follaein as their mither tongue (wi percentage o total population): 129,181 Bulgarie (92%), 5,782 Turkis (4%), 532 Roma (Gypsy) (0%) an 266 ither (0%).
Ethnic groups
In the 2001 census, 132,654 fowk frae the Smolyan province identife'd thairsels as belangin tae ane o the follaein ethnic groups (wi percentage o total population):
Wastren European Simmer Time
Wastren European Simmer Time (WEST) is a simmer daylicht savin time schame, 1 oor aheid o Coordinatit Universal Time. It is uised in the follaein places:
Smolyan Province
Economy
Nouadays, tourism is the backbane o the economy, especially in winter due tae the excellent ski resorts o Pamporovo an Chepelare; haein been completely renovatit an modrenizit. The anerlie factory for skiin equipment is locatit in Chepelare an employs 400 fowk. The mineral springs in Devin an Beden are vera popular amang tourists. The bonnie, unspoilt natur an the spectacular gorges, rock brigs an caves attract mony fowk frae aroond the kintra as well as foreign tourists, while the numerous dams are popular wi campers an fishermen.
Wastren European Simmer Time
Wastren European Simmer Time is kent by ither names: The scheame rins frae the last Sunday in Mairch to the last Sunday in October ilka year. At baith the stairt an end o the schames, knock chynges taks place at 01:00 UTC. Durin the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is uised.
Chemolgan
Chemolgan, or whiles Shamalgan, (, Чемолган) is a landwart commonty near Almaty in Kazakhstan. It is notable as the birthplace o current Kazakhstani preses, Nursultan Nazarbayev
Triumph TR4A
The Triumph TR4A wis biggit atween 1965 an 1968 bi the Triumph Motor Company in the Unitit Kinrick.
The TR4A wis an evolution o the TR4, updatit wi a new chassis. It wis hoped the new, but mair complex independent rear suspension wad address the buyin publics' desire for mair comfortable ridin sports caurs. This version haes an "IRS" badge on the rear. It's estimatit 75% o TR4A wur biggit wi IRS. In 1965, the TR4A IRS sauld in the Unitit Kinrick for approximately £968, wi wire wheels bein anither £36, owerdrive £51, heater £13 an seat belts £4 each. In the Unitit States the model sauld for juist unner $2500 an accessory prices includit: heater, $64; seat belts, $17; A.M. radio; $?; toneau civer, $35, W/S washer; $10. ootside mirror;$5.50 an battery box; $5.95
In response tae dealer requests, approximately 25% o TR4As wur produced wi a solit rear axle option (cried a live axle an aw), seemilar tae the earlier TR4. The TR4A wis the first vehicle tae ever offer an option for axle type.
The new suspension eventually proved itself wi the buyin public an in racin, wi three TR4A IRS models postin a team win an finishin 1st, 2nt an 3rd in cless at the Sebring 12-oor race o 1966. Albeit nou the live axle is superior in racin due tae its muckle better pouer tae wecht ratio, bestin the TR6 an aw.
In 1968 the TR4A wis replaced bi the 6-cylinder TR5 (European model wi fuel injection) an TR250 (U.S. model wi twin carburetors), baith o which continued tae uise the same body design.
Specifications
Ingine: 2138 cc, 4 cylinder, 86 mm bore, 92 mm stroke, 9:1 compression ratio, 104 bhp (78 kW). The lang stroke gie this ingine muckle o its torque.
Raduzhny
Raduzhny (masculine), Raduzhnaya (feminine), or Raduzhnoye (neuter) mey refer tae:
Chiapas
Chiapas, offeecially Free an Sovereign State o Chiapas (Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is ane o the 31 states that, wi the Federal Destrict, comprise the 32 Federal Entities o Mexico. It is dividit in 118 municipalities an its caipital ceety is Tuxtla Gutierrez. Ither important ceeties in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, an Tapachula. Locatit in Soothwastren Mexico, it is the soothmaist State o Mexico. It is bordered bi the states o Tabasco tae the north, Veracruz tae the northwast an Oaxaca tae the wast. Tae the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, an tae the sooth the Paceefic Ocean.
Chiapas is hame tae the auncient Mayan ruins o Palenque, Yaxchilán, Bonampak, an Chinkultic. It is hame tae ane o the lairgest indigenous populations in the kintra wi twal federally recognizit ethnicities an aw. Hintle o the state’s history is centred on the subjugation o thir fowks wi occasional rebellions. The last o thir rebellions wis the 1994 Zapatista uprisin, which succeedit in obtainin new richts for indigenous fowk but dividit hintle o the indigenous fowks o the state an aw.
Dakar
Dakar is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Senegal, locatit on the Cap-Vert Peninsula, on the kintra's Atlantic coast. Its position, on the wastren edge o Africae (it is the wastrenmaist ceety on the African mainland), is an advantageous departure point for trans-Atlantic an European trade; this fact aidit its growth intae a major regional port.
Accordin tae December 31, 2005 offeecial estimates, the ceety o Dakar proper haes a population o 1,030,594, whereas the population o the Dakar metropolitan aurie is estimatit at 2.45 million fowk.
Dakar is a major administrative centre, hame tae the Naitional Assembly o Senegal an Senegal's Preses's Palace.
Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Dakar is twinned wi:
14 Mey
The 14t o Mey is the 134t day o the year (135t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 231 days ti come.
Aiberdeenshire
Aiberdeenshire (Siorrachd Obar Dheathain, Aberdeenshire) is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland an a lieutenancie area anaw.
Aiberdeenshire cooncil area disna kiver the Ceitie o Aiberdeen. Hit is nou a sindert cooncil area. Thegither, the modren cooncil area an the ceitie mad up historic Aiberdeenshire - ane o the coonties o Scotland umwhyl bruikit for local govrenment. Athin thir borders, the Coontie o Aiberdeen byds as a registration coontie.
Aiberdeenshire Cooncil haes its heidsteid at Woodhill Houss in Aberdeen; makkin it the anerlie Scots cooncil thats heidsteid ligs ootwi its area's border. Aiberdeenshire haes mairches wi Angus an Perth an Kinross til the sooth, an Hieland an Moray til the wast.
Historie
Aiberdeenshire haes a rich prehistoric an historic heritage. It is the locus o monie Neolithic an Bronze Age airchaeological steids, sic as Langman Hill, Kempstane Hill, Catto Lang Barrae an Cairn Lee. Syn medieval tyms thar hae been a nummer o crossins o the Mounth (a spur o muntainous laund that stents frae the heicher inland reenge til the German Ocean slichtlie north o Stanehyve) throu the-day's Aiberdeenshire frae the Scots Lawlands til the Hielands. Sum o the maist weil-kent an historicalie important trakweys ar the Causey Mounth an Elsick Mounth.
The cooncil area is named eftir the historic coontie o Aiberdeen that haed unalyk bundaries an wis abolisht in 1975 unner the Local Govrenment (Scotland) Act 1973 ti be replaced bi Grampian Regional Cooncil, an five destrik cooncils; Banff an Buchan, Gordon, Kincairdine an Deeside, Moray an the Ceitie o Aiberdeen, wi local govrenment functions skared atwein the twa levels. In 1996, unner the Local Govrenment etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, the Banff an Buchan destrik, the Gordon destrik an the Kincairdine an Deeside destrik war merged ti furm the-day's Aiberdeenshire cooncil area, wi the ither twa destriks becumin sindert cooncil areas.
Demografie
The cooncil area haes aboot 226,871 indwallers, representin 4.5% o Scotland's total, an a 20% eik syn 1981, 50% syn 1971. The ten mukkilest touns in Aiberdeenshire (wi 2004 population estimates) ar:
The population haes a heicher proportion o yunger age groups as the lave o Scotland, reflectin employment-driven immigration in recent decades.
Hydrologie an climate
Thar ar monie rivers an burns in Aiberdeenshire, includin Cowie Wattir, Carron Wattir, Burn o Muchalls, River Dee, River Don, River Ury, River Ythan, Wattir o Feugh, Burn o Myrehouse, Laeca Burn an Luther Wattir. Monie bays an estuaries ar foond alang the sie-coast o Aiberdeenshire, includin Banff Bay, Ythan Estuarie, Stanehive Bay an Thornyhive Bay. Simmers are myld an winters ar forordnar cauld in Aiberdeenshire. Coastal temperatures ar moderatit bi the German Ocean sic that coastal areas ar forordnar cuiler in the simmer an wairmer in winter than inland steids. Coastal areas ar subjek til haar, or coastal fog.
Steids o interest
The follaein significant biggins or steids ar athin Aiberdeenshire:
Jaguaraçu
Jaguaraçu is a toun an municipality in the state o Minas Gerais in the Sootheast region o Brazil.
Zambrana
Zambrana is a toun an municipality locatit in the province o Álava, in the Basque region o northren Spain. It mey be the oreegin o the popular Hispanic surname Zambrano.
Lion
Lions lives fur 10–14 year in the wild, awbesit in captivity thay can be livin mair nor 20 year. In the wild, males seendle lives langer than 10 years, as injuries sustained frae continual fechtin wi rival males greatly reduce thair longevity. Thay teepically inhabit savanna an grassland, awbesit thay mey tak tae bush an wid. Lions is unuisually social compared wi ither cats. A lion pride consists o sib females an affspring an a smaw nummer o adult males. Groups o female lions teepically hunt thegither, preying maistly on lairge ungulates. Lions is apex an keystone predators, awbesit thay are forby expert scavengers obteenin ower 50 percent o thair fuid bi scavengin as opportunity allows. While lions dae nae teepically hunt humans, some hae been kent tae dae sae. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily nocturnal, awbesit bordering on crepuscular in naitur.
Heichly distinctive, the male lion is easy recognised bi its mane, an its face is ane o the widest recognised ainimal seembols in human cultur. Depictions hae existit frae the Upper Paleolithic period, wi carvins an pentins frae the Lascaux an Chauvet Caves, throu virtually aw auncient an medieval culturs whaur thay ance occurred. It haes been extensively depicted in sculpturs, in pentins, on naitional banners, an in contemporary films an leeteratur. Lions hae been kept in menageries syne the time o the Roman Empire, an hae been a key species socht fur exhibeetion in zoos ower the warld syne the late aichteent century. Zoos is cooperatin warldwide in breedin programs fur the endangered Asiatic subspecies.
Etymology
The lion's name, seemilar in mony Romance leids, is derived frae the Laitin leo, an the Ancient Greek λέων (leon). The Hebrew wird לָבִיא (lavi) mey be sib an aw. It wis ane o the species oreeginally describit bi Linnaeus, wha gae it the name Felis leo, in his aichteent-century wirk, Systema Naturae.
Characteristics
Ahind anerly the trrger, the lion is the seicont mucklemaist livin felid in lenth an wecht. Its harnpan is verra seemilar tae that o the teeger, awbesit the frontal region is uisually mair depressed an flattened, wi a slichtly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull haes braider nasal appenins than the tiger, housamiver, due tae the amoont o skull variation in the twa species, uisually, anly the lawer jaw structur can be uised as a moleskin indicator o species. Lion colouration varies frae licht buff tae yellowish, reiddish, or dark ochraceous broun. The unnerpairts are generally lichter an the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs is born wi broun rosettes (spots) on thair body, rather lik thaim o a leopard. awbesit thir spots fade as lions reak adultheid, faint spots eften mey still be seen on the shanks an unnerpairts, parteecularly on lionesses.
Lions is the anerly memmers o the cat faimily tae be displayin obvious sexual dimorphism – that is, males an females leuk distinctly different. Thay forby hae specialised roles that ilka gender plays in the pride. Fur instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour o the male's mane varies frae blond tae black, generally becomin darker as the lion grows aulder. The maist distinctive characteristic skared bi baith females an males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a haurd "spine" or "spur", thareaboot 5 mm lang, formed o the feenal sections o tail bane fused thegither. The lion is the anly felid tae hae a tufted tail – the function o the tuft an spine are unkent. Absent at birth, the tuft develops aroond 5½ months o age an is readily identifiable at 7 months.
Adult lion size varies athort thair range wi thaim frae the soothren African populations in Zimbabwe, the Kalahari an Kruger Pairk averagin aroond 189.6 kg an 126.9 kg in males an females respectively compared tae 174.9 kg an 119.5 kg o male an female lions frae East Africae. Reportit body measurements in males are heid-body lenths rangin frae 170 to 250 cm, tail lenths o 90 –. In females reportit heid-body lenths range frae 140 to 175 cm, tail lenths o 70 –, houiver, the aften citit maximum heid an body lenth o 250 cm fits rather tae extinct Pleistocene forms, lik the American lion, wi even lairge modren lions meisurin several centimetres less in lenth. Record measurements frae huntin records are supposedly a tot lenth o naur 3.6 m for a male shot naur Mucsso, soothren Angolae in October 1973 an a wecht o 313 kg for a male shot ootside Hectorspruit in eastren Transvaal, Sooth Africae in 1936. Anither notably outsized male lion, that wis shot naur Moont Kenyae, wiched in at 272 kg.
Almaty Region
Geografie
Almaty Province is the province which surroonds the ceety o Almaty. The province borders Kyrgyzstan an Xinjiang in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. The province touches three ither Kazakh provinces an aw: Jambyl Province tae the wast, Karagandy Province tae the northwast an East Kazakhstan Province tae the north. Almaty Province haes a aurie o 224,000 square kilometres.
Lion
Mane
The adult male lion's mane, unique amang cats, is ane o the maist distinctive characteristics o the species. It mey provide an excellent intimidation display; aidin the lion durin confrontations wi ither lions. The presence, absence, colour, an size o the mane is associatit wi genetic precondeetion, sexual maturity, climate, an testosterone production; the rule o thumb is the darker an fouer the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection o mates bi lionesses favors males wi the densest, darkest mane. Research in Tanzanie an aa suggests mane lenth signals fechtin success in male–male relationships. Darker-maned individuals mey hae langer reproductive lives an higher affspring survival, awbesit thay suffer in the hettest months o the year.
Almaty Region
Geografie
Loch Balkhash (Balqash Koli in Kazakh) taks up pairt o the northwast o the province. The Trans-Ili Alatau branch o Tian Shan Muntains extend frae Cheenae an Kyrgyzstan intae Almaty Province, alang its soothren border wi Kyrgyzstan.
Lion
Mane
Scientists ance believed that the distinct status o some subspecies coud be juistified bi morphology, includin the mane size. Morphology wis uised tae identifee subspecies lik the Barbary lion an Cape lion. Research haes suggestit, houiver, that environmental factors influences the colour an size o a lion's mane, lik the ambient temperatur. The cuiler ambient temperatur in European an North American zoos, fur ensaumple, mey result in a hivier mane. Sicweys, the mane isnae an appropriate merker for identifyin subspecies. The males o the Asiatic subspecies, housomiver, is characterised bi sparser manes nor average African lions.
In the Pendjari Naitional Pairk area, awmaist aw males is maneless or hae verra waik manes. Maneless male lions haes forby been reportit frae Senegal, frae Sudan (Dinder Naitional Pairk), an frae Tsavo East Naitional Pairk in Kenyae, an the oreeginal male white lion frae Timbavati wis maneless an aa. The testosterone hormone haes been linked tae mane growthe, therefore castratit lions eften hae minimal tae no mane, as the removal o the gonads inhibits testosterone production.
Almaty Region
Geografie
Charyn Canyon, Ili River, Bartogai an Kapshagay lochs, Loch Kaindy an Loch Kolsai, Loch Issyk are locatit in the province.
Lion
Mane
Cave pentins o extinct European cave lions awmaist exclusively shaw ainimals wi no manes, suggestin that thay war aither athoot manes, or that the pentins depict lionesses as seen huntin in a group.
Almaty Region
History
Alma-Ata Province, the predecessor o the day's Almaty Province, wis creatit frae the historical region o Zhetysu on 10 Mairch 1932. Its caipital wis Alma-Ata (Almaty). Several times durin the Soviet period, the north-eastren pairt o the province, centred on Taldykorgan, wis separatit frae Alma-Ata Province, formin a separate Taldy-Kurgan Province, anerly tae be mergit intae Alma-Ata Province again several years later.
Lion
Behaviour
Lions spends a feck o thair time restin an is inactive fur aboot 20 oor per day. awbesit lions can be active at ony time, thair activity generally peaks efter dusk wi a period o socialisin, gruimin, an defecatin. Intermittent bursts o activity follae throu the nicht oors till dawn, whan huntin maist eften taks place. Thay spend an average o twa oors a day walkin an 50 minutes eatin.
Almaty Region
Admeenistrative diveesions
The province is admeenistratively dividit intae saxteen destricts an the ceeties o Kapchagay, Taldykorgan, an Tekeli.
Lion
Group organization
Lions is the maist socially inclined o aw wild felids, maist o thaim remainin quite solitar in naitur. The lion is a predatory carnivore wi twa teeps o social organisation. Some lions is indwallers, livin in groups centerin aroond relatit lionesses, cried prides. Females form the stable social unit in a pride an dinnae tolerate ootside females. Membership anly chynges wi the births an daiths o lionesses, awbesit some females dae leave an become nomadic. awbesit extremely lairge prides, consistin o up tae 30 individuals, hae been observed, the average pride consists o five or sax females, thair cubs o baith sexes, an ane or twa males (kent as a coaleetion if mair nor ane) wha mate wi the adult females. The nummer o adult males in a coaleetion is uisually twa but mey increase tae as mony as fower afore decreasin again ower time. The sole exception tae this pattern is the Tsavo lion pride that aye haes juist ane adult male. Male cubs are excluded frae thair maternal pride whan thay reach maturity at aroond 2–3 years o age. The seicont organisational behaviour is labeled nomads, wha range widely an muive aboot sporadically, aither singularly or in pairs. Pairs is mair frequent amang sib males that haes been excludit frae thair birth pride. Note that a lion mey switch lifestyles; nomads mey become indwallers an vice versa. Males, as a rule, live at least some portion o thair lifes as nomads, an some can neir jyne anither pride. A female wha becomes a nomad haes a fair feck greater difficulty jynin a new pride, as the females in a pride is sib, an thay reject maist attempts bi an unrelated female tae jyne thair faimily group.
The area a pride occupies is cried a pride area, whauras that bi a nomad is a range. The males associated wi a pride tend tae stay on the fringes, patrollin thair territory. Why sociality – the maist pronoonced in ony cat species – haes developed in lionesses is the subject o much debate. Increased huntin success appears an obvious reason, but this is less nor sure upon examination: coordinated huntin daes allou for mair successfu predation but an aa ensurs that non-huntin memmers reduce per capita calorific intake; housomiver, some tak a role raisin cubs, wha mey be left alane for extendit periods o time. Memmers o the pride regularly tend tae play the same role in hunts an hone thair skills. The heal o the hunters is the primary need for the survival o the pride, an thay are the first tae consume the prey at the site it is taen. Ither benefits include possible kin selection (better tae share fuid wi a relatit lion than wi a stranger), pertection o the young, maintenance o territory, an individual insurance against injury an hunger.
Lionesses dae maist o the huntin for thair pride. Thay are mair effective hunters, as thay are smawer, swither, an mair agile than the males an unencumbered bi the hivy an conspicuous mane, that causes owerheatin during exertion. Thay act as a coordinatit group wi members wha perform the same role consistently fur tae stalk an bring doun the prey sonsie-like. Smawer prey is eaten at the location o the hunt, tharebi bein shared amang the hunters; whan the kill is muckler it eften is dragged tae the pride area. Thare is mair sharin o muckler kills, awbesit pride members aften behave aggressively toward ane anither as ilkane ettles at consumin sae muckle a hantle o fuid as possible. Naur the conclusion o the hunt, males hae a tendency tae dominate the kill ance the lionesses hae succeeded. Thay are mair lik tae share this wi the cubs as wi the lionesses, but males rarely share fuid thay hae killt bi thairsels.
Baith males an females can defend the pride agin intruders, but the male lion is better-suitit for this purpose due tae its stockier, mair powerful big. Some individuals consistently lead the defence against intruders, while ithers lag behind. Lions tend tae assume speceefic roles in the pride. Those laggin behind mey provide ither valuable services tae the group. An alternative hypothesis is that thare is some reward associated wi bein a leader wha fends aff intruders, an the rank o lionesses in the pride is reflectit in thir responses. The male or males associatit wi the pride must defend thair relationship tae the pride frae ootside males wha attempt tae tak ower thair relationship wi the pride.
Huntin an diet
Lions prefer tae scavenge whan the opportunity presents itsel wi carrion providin mair nor 50% o thair diet. Thay scavenge ainimals aither deid frae naitural causes (disease) or killt bi ither predators, an keep a constant lookout for circlin vultures, bein keenly aware that thay indicate an ainimal dead or in distress. In fact, maist deid prey on whilk baith hyenas an lions feed upon are killt bi the hyenas insteid o the lions.
Lions uisually hunts in coordinatit groups an stalk thair chosen prey. Housomiver, thay arnae parteecularly kent fur thair stamina – fur instance, a lioness' hert maks up anly 0.57% o her body wecht (a male's is aboot 0.45% o his body wecht), whauras a hyena's hert is close tae 1% o its body wecht. Sicweys, thay anly run fast in short bursts, an need tae be close tae thair prey afore stairtin the attack. Thay tak advantage o factors that reduce veesibility; mony kills tak place naur some form o civer or at nicht. Thay sneak up tae the victim till thay reach a distance o approximately 30 m or less.
The prey consists mainly o medium-sized mammals, wi a preference fur wildebeest, zebras, buffalo, an warthogs in Africae an nilgai, wild boar, an several deer species in Indie. Mony ither species are huntit, based on availability, mainly ungulates wichin atween 50 and 300 kg lik kudu, hartebeest, gemsbok, an eland. Occasionally, thay tak relatively smaw species lik Thomson's gazelle or springbok. Lions huntin in groups is capable o takkin doun maist ainimals, even adults in guid heal, but in maist pairts o thair range thay rarely attack verra lairge prey lik fully grown male giraffes due tae the danger o injury. Giraffes an buffaloes are awmaist invulnerable tae a solitary lion as well.
Extensive studies shaws that lionesses normally preys on mammals wi an average wecht o 126 kg, while kills made bi male lions average 399 kg. In Africae, wildebeest rank at the tap o preferred prey (makin nearly hauf o the lion prey in the Serengeti) follaed bi zebra. Lions dinnae prey on fou grown adult elephants; maist adult hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, an smawer gazelles, impala, an ither agile antelopes are generally excludiy. Houiver, giraffes an buffaloes are eften taken in certaint regions. For instance, in Kruger Naitional Pairk, giraffes is regularly huntit. In Manyara Pairk, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% o the lion's diet, due tae the heich nummer density o buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is an aa taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoidit. Warthogs are eften taken dependin on availability. The lions o Savuti, Botswana, hae adaptit tae huntin young elephants during the dry saison, an a pride o 30 lions haes been recordit killin individuals atween the ages o fower an eleven years. In the Kalahari desert in Sooth Africae, black-maned lions mey chase baboons up a tree, wait patiently, then attack them whan thay try tae escape:
Lions forby attack domestic livestock an in Indie cattle contribute signeeficantly tae thair diet. Lions is capable o killin ither predators lik leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, an wild dugs, awbesit (unlik maist felids) thay seldom devour the competitors efter killin them. A lion mey gorge itsel an eat up tae 30 kg in ane sittin; if it is unable tae consume aw the kill it will rest for a few oors afore consumin mair. On a het day, the pride mey retreat tae shade leavin a male or twa tae staund guard. An adult lioness requires an average o aboot 5 kg o meat per day, a male aboot 7 kg.
Acause lionesses hunt in open spaces whaur thay are easy seen bi thair prey, cooperative huntin increases the likelihood o a sonsie hunt; this is especially true wi lairger species. Teamwork an aa enables them tae defend thair kills easier against ither lairge predators lik hyenas, that mey be attractit bi vultures frae kilometres away in open savannas. Lionesses dae maist o the huntin; males attacht tae prides dae nae uisually pairteecipate in huntin, except in the case o lairger quarry lik giraffe an buffalo. In teepical hunts, ilka lioness haes a favored poseetion in the group, aither stalkin prey on the "weeng" then attackin, or muivin a smawer distance in the centre o the group an capturin prey in flicht frae ither lionesses. Thare is evidence that male lions are juist as successfu at huntin as females; thay are solo hunters wha ambush prey in smaw bush. Young lions first display stalkin behaviour aboot three month o age, awbesit thay dae nae pairteecipate in huntin till thay are awmaist a year auld. Thay begin tae hunt effectively whan thay are naur twa yeir auld.
Predator competeetion
Lions an spottit hyenas occupy the same ecological niche, meanin thay compete for prey an carrion in the areas whaur thay coexist. A review o data across several studies indicates a dietary owerlap o 58.6%. Lions teepically ignore spottit hyenas unless the lions are on a kill or are bein harassed bi the hyenas, while the latter tend tae visibly react tae the presence o lions whether thare is fuid or nae. Lions seize the kills o spottit hyenas: in the Ngorongoro crater, it is common for lions tae subsist largely on kills stolen frae hyenas, causin the hyenas tae increase thair kill rate. On the ither haund, in Northren Botswana's Chobe Naitional Pairk, the situation is reversed: hyenas frequently challenge lions an steal thair kills: thay obtain fuid frae 63% o aw lion kills. whan confrontit on a kill bi lions, spottit hyenas mey aither leave or wait patiently at a distance o 30 – till the lions hae finished, but thay are forby bauld eneuch tae feed alangside lions, an even force the lions aff a kill. The twa species mey attack ane anither even whan thare is nae fuid involved for nae apparent reason. Lion predation can accoont for up tae 71% o hyena daiths in Etosha. Spottit hyenas hae adaptit bi frequently mobbin lions that enter thair territories. Experiments on captive spottit hyenas revealed that specimens wi no prior experience wi lions act indifferently tae the sicht o them, but will react fearfully tae the scent. The size o male lions allows them occasionally tae confront hyenas in itherwise evenly matched brawls an sae tae tip the balance in favour o the lions.
Lions tend tae dominate smawer felines lik cheetahs an leopards whaur thay co-occur, stealin thair kills an killin thair cubs an even adults whan gien the chance. The cheetah haes a 50% chance o losin its kill tae lions or ither predators. Lions are major killers o cheetah cubs, up tae 90% o thaim are lost in thair first weeks o life due tae attacks bi ither predators. Cheetahs evit competeetion bi huntin at different times o the day an hide thair cubs in thick brush. Leopards forby uise siclike tactics, but hae the advantage that thay can tae subsist a fair bit better on smaw prey nor on aither lions or cheetahs. Wanlik cheetahs, leopards can clim trees an uise them tae haud thair cubs an kills awa frae lions; housomiver, lionesses will occasionally be sonsie in climmin tae retrieve leopard kills. Seemilarly, lions dominate African wild dugs; thay nae juist tak thair kills but preying on young an (rarely) adult dugs an aa. Population densities o wild dugs are laich in areas whaur lions are mair abundant. Houiver, thare are a few reportit cases o auld an woondit lions fawin prey tae wild dugs.
The Nile crocodile is the anly sympatric predator (aside humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Dependin on the size o the crocodile an the lion, aither can lose kills or carrion tae the ither. Lions haes been kent tae kill crocodiles venturin ontae laund, while the reverse is true for lions enterin watterways, as evidenced bi the occasional lion claw foond in crocodile stomachs.
Man-eatin
In thair analysis o Tsavo an general man-eatin, Kerbis Peterhans an Gnoske acknowledge that sick or injurt ainimals mey be mair prone tae man-eatin, but that the behaviour is "nae unuisual, nor necessarily 'aberrant'" whaur the opportunity exists; if inducements lik access tae livestock or human corpse are present, lions will regularly prey upon human beins. The authors note that the relationship is well-attestit amang ither pantherines an primates in the paleontological record.
The lion's proclivity fur man-eatin haes been seestematically examined. American an Tanzanian scientists report that man-eatin behaviour in rural areas o Tanzanie increased a fair bit frae 1990 tae 2005. At least 563 veelagers war attacked an mony eaten ower this period – a nummer far exceedin the mair famed "Tsavo" incidents o a century earlier. The incidents occurred naur aboots Selous Naitional Pairk in Rufiji Destrict an in Lindi Province near the Mozambican border. While the expansion o villagers intae bush kintra is ane concern, the authors argues that conservation policy maun mitigate the danger acause, in this case, conservation contreibutes directly tae human daiths. Cases in Lindi hae been documentit whaur lions seize humans frae the centre o substantial veelages. Anither study o 1,000 fowk attacked bi lions in soothren Tanzanie atween 1988 an 2009 foond that the weeks follaein the full muin (whan thare wis less muinlight) war a strang indicator o increased nicht attacks on fowk.
Author Robert R. Frump wrote in The Man-eaters of Eden that Mozambican refugees regularly crossin Kruger Naitional Pairk at nicht in Sooth Africae is attacked an eaten bi the lions; pairk offeecials hae concedit that man-eatin is a problem thare. Frump believes thoosands mey hae been killt in the decades efter apartheid sealed the pairk an forced the refugees tae cross the pairk at nicht. Fur naur a century afore the mairch wis sealed, Mozambicans haed regularly walked athort the pairk in daytime wi little harm.
Packer estimates mair nor 200 Tanzanians is killt ilka year bi lions, crocodiles, elephants, hippos, an snakes, an that the nummers coud be dooble that amount, wi lions thocht tae kill at least 70 o thaim. Packer haes documented that atween 1990 an 2004, lions attacked 815 fowk in Tanzanie, killin 563. Packer an Ikanda are amang the few conservationists wha believe wastren conservation efforts maun tak accoont o thir matters nae juist acause o ethical concerns aboot human life, but fur the lang term success o conservation efforts an lion preservation an aw.
A man-eatin lion wis killt bi gemme scouts in Soothren Tanzanie in Aprile 2004. It is believed tae hae killt an eaten at least 35 fowk in a series o incidents coverin several veelages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region. Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commentit that it wis likely that the lion preyed on humans acause it haed a lairge abscess unnerneath a molar that wis cracked in several places. He faur commentit that "This lion probably experienced a lot o pain, pairteecularly whan it wis chewin." GTZ is the German development cooperation agency an haes been wirkin wi the Tanzanian govrenment on wildlife conservation for nearly twa decades. As in ither cases this lion wis lairge, lacked a mane, an haed a tuith problem.
Reproduction an life cycle
Maist lionesses will hae reproduced bi the time thay are fower years o age. Lions dae nae mate at ony speceific time o year, an the females are polyestrous. As wi ither cats' penises, the male lion's penis haes spines that pyntin backward. During penis widrawal, the spines rake the waws o the female's vagina, that mey cause ovulation. A lioness mey mate wi mair nor ane male whan she is in heat.
The average gestation period is aroond 110 days, the female giein birth tae a litter o ane tae fower cubs in a secluded den (that mey be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some ither sheltered area) uisually awa frae the rest o the pride. She will eften hunt bi hersel while the cubs is still helpless, stayin relatively close tae the thicket or den whaur the cubs are kept. The cubs themsels is born blind – thair een dae nae open till roughly a week efter birth. Thay wecht 1.2 – at birth an is awmaist helpless, beginnin tae crawl a day or twa efter birth an walkin aroond three weeks o age. The lioness muives her cubs tae a new den steid several times a month, carrying them ane bi ane bi the nape o the neck, tae prevent scent frae biggin up at a single den steid an sicweys avoidin the attention o predators that mey harm the cubs.
Apan
Apan is a ceety an ane o the 84 municipalities o Hidalgo, in central-eastren Mexico. The municipality covers an aurie o 346.9 km².
Lion
Reproduction an life cycle
Uisually, the mither daes nae integrate hersel an her cubs back intae the pride until the cubs are sax tae aicht weeks auld. Whiles this introduction tae pride life occurs earlier, houiver, parteecularly if ither lionesses hae gien birth at aboot the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride eften synchronise thair reproductive cycles sae that thay cooperate in the raisin an souklin o the young (ance the cubs are past the initial stage o isolation wi thair mither), wha suckle indiscriminately frae ony or aw o the nouricin females in the pride. In addition tae greater pertection, the synchronization o births an aa haes an advantage in that the cubs end up bein roughly the same size, an sicweys hae an equal chance o survival. If ane lioness gies birth tae a litter o cubs a couple o months efter anither lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, bein much smawer than thair aulder brethren, uisually are dominatit bi lairger cubs at mealtimes – consequently, daith bi starvation is mair common amang the younger cubs. In addition tae stairvation, cubs an aa face mony ither dangers, lik predation bi jackals, hyenas, leopards, mairtial eagles, an snakes. Even buffaloes, should thay catch the scent o lion cubs, eften stampede toward the thicket or den whaur thay are bein kept, daein thair best tae trample the cubs tae daith while wardin ff the lioness. Furthermair, whan ane or mair new males oust the previous male(s) associatit wi a pride, the conqueror(s) eften kill ony existin young cubs, aiblins acause females dinnae become fertile an receptive till thair cubs mature or dee. Aw in aw, as mony as 80% o the cubs will dee afore the age o twa.
whan first introduced tae the rest o the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence whan confrontit wi adult lions ither than thair mither. Thay suin begin tae immerse thairsels in the pride life, houiver, playin amang thairsels or attemptin tae initiate play wi the adults. Lionesses wi cubs o thair ain are mair likely tae be tolerant o anither lioness's cubs than lionesses wioot cubs. The tolerance o the male lions toward the cubs varies – whiles, a male will patiently let the cubs play wi his tail or his mane, whauras anither mey snarl an bat the cubs away.
Apan
As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 39,247.