cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Rafael Nadal
Playing style
Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-baseline gemme foondit on hivy topspin groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork an tenacious coort coverage, sicweys makin him an aggressive counterpuncher. Kent for his athleticism an speed aroond the court, Nadal is an excellent defender who hits well on the run, biggin winning plays frae seemingly defensive poseetions. He an aa plays very fine dropshots, which wirk especially well acause his hivy topspin eften forces opponents tae the back o the court.
Nadal employs a semi-wastren grip forehand, eften wi a "lasso-whip" follae throu, whaur his left arm hits throu the baw andfinishes abuin his left shouder – as opposed tae a mair traditional finish athort the body or aroond his opposite shouder. Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him tae hit shots wi hivy topspin – mair sae than mony o his contemporaries.
San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell uised a heich-speed video camera an special software tae count the average nummer o revolutions o a tennis ball hit full force bi Nadal. While Nadal's shots tend tae land short o the baseline, the characteristically heich bounces his forehands achieve tend tae mitigate the advantage an opponent wad normally gain frae capitalizing on a short ball. Awtho his forehand is based on hivy topspin, he can hit the ball deep an flat wi a mair orthodox follae throu for clean winners.
Nadal's serve wis initially considered a waik pynt in his gemme, awtho his improvements in baith first-serve pynts won an break pynts saved syne 2005 hae allowed him tae consistently compete for an win major teetles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency o his serve tae gain a strategic advantage in pynts, rather than going for service winners. Houiver, afore the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arrivin in the trophy pose earlier an pullin the racket lawer during the trophy pose. Afore the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip tae a mair continental ane. Thir twa changes in his serve increased his average speed bi aroond 10 mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing oot at 135 mph (217 km), allouin him tae win mair free pynts on his serve. Houiver, syne the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed haes dropped back doun tae previous levels an haes again been citit as a need for improvement.
Nadal is a clay court specialeet in the sense that he haes been extremely successfu on that surface. Syne 2005, he won nine times at Roland Garros, aicht times at Monte Carlo an seiven at Rome. Houiver, Nadal haes shed that label due tae his success on ither surfaces, includin holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament teetles on grass, haurd courts, an clay on twa separate occasions, winning aicht Masters series teetles on hardcourt, an winning the Olympic gowd medal on hardcourt.
Despite praise for Nadal's talent an skill, some hae questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his big an playin style as conducive tae injury. Nadal himsel haes admittit tae the physical toll haurd courts place on ATP Tour players, calling for a reevaluatit tour schedule featurin fewer haurd court tournaments.
Equipment and endorsements
Nadal haes been sponsored bi Kia Motors syne 2006. He haes appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In Mey 2008, Kia released a claymation viral ad featurin Nadal in a tennis match wi an alien. In Mey 2015, Nadal extendit his partnership wi Kia for anither five years.
Nike serves as Nadal's clothing an shae sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety o sleeveless shirts paired wi 3/4 lenth capri pants. For the 2009 saison, Nadal adoptit mair-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal tae update his leuk in order tae reflect his new status as the sport's tap player at that time an associate Nadal wi a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" leuk, wad be mair widely emulatit bi consumers. At warmup tournaments in Abu Dhabi an Doha, Nadal played matches in a polo shirt specifically designed for him bi Nike, paired wi shorts cut abuin the knee. Nadal's new, mair conventional style carried ower tae the 2009 Australian Open, whaur he wis outfittit wi Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee an Nadal Lang Check Shorts. Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shuin, bearing various customizations throughout the saison, includin his nickname "Rafa" on the right shae an a stylized bull logo on the left.
He acame the face o Lanvin's L'Homme Sport cologne in Aprile 2009. Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet wi a 41⁄4-inch L2 grip. , Nadal's racquets are paintit tae resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive wi Cortex GT racquet in order tae mercat a current model which Babolat sells. Nadal uses no replacement grip, an insteid wraps twa overgrips aroond the haundle. He uised Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 saison, whan he switched tae Babolat's new, black-coloured, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are ayeweys strung at 55 lb, regairdless o which surface or conditions he is playin on.
, Nadal is the international ambassador for Quely, a company frae his native Mallorca that manufactures biscuits, bakery an chocolate coatit products; he haes consumed thair products ever syne he wis a young bairn.
In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille annoonced that he haed developed an ultra-licht wristwatch in collaboration wi Nadal cried the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch. The watch is made o titanium an lithium an is valued at US$525,000; Nadal wis involved in the design an testin o the watch on the tennis court. During the 2010 French Open, Men's Fitness reportit that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as pairt o a sponsorship deal wi the Swiss watchmaker.
Nadal replaced Cristiano Ronaldo as the new face o Emporio Armani Underwear an Armani Jeans for the spring/summer 2011 collection. This wis the first time that the label haes chosen a tennis player for the job; association football haes ruled lately prior tae Ronaldo, David Beckham graced the ads syne 2008. Armani said that he selectit Nadal as his latest male unnerwear model acause "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."
In Juin 2012, Nadal jynt the group o sports endorsers o the PokerStars online poker cardroom. In December 2013, Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player Ronaldo an fower ither competitors.
In popular culture
In Februar 2010, Rafael Nadal wis featurt in the muisic video o Shakira's "Gypsy". an pairt o her album release She Wolf. In expleenin why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira wis quotit as saying in an interview wi the Latin American Herald Tribune: "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe."
Asteroid
128036 Rafaelnadal is a main belt asteroid discovered in 2003 at the Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca an named efter Nadal.
Involvement in football
Nadal is an avid fan o association football club Real Madrid. On 8 Julie 2010, it wis reportit that he haed acome a shareholder o RCD Mallorca, his local club bi birth, in an attempt tae assist the club frae debt. Nadal reportedly ains 10 percent an wis offered the role o vice preses, but he rejectit that offer. His uncle Miguel Ángel Nadal, acame assistant coach unner Michael Laudrup. Nadal remains a passionate Real Madrid supporter; ESPN.com writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as Merengue as [Real Madrid icons] Raúl, Iker Casillas and Alfredo Di Stéfano."
Shortly efter acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal cried oot UEFA for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club frae the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League for excessive debts, saying throu a club spokesperson, "Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."
Shaghat
Shaghat (Շաղատ, Romanisit as Shagat) is a veelage an rural commonty (municipality) in the Syunik Province o Armenie. The Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 1,219 in 2010, up frae 1,049 at the 2001 census.
Rafael Nadal
Philanthropy
Nadal teuk pairt in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour o Keeng Bhumibol Adulyadej on a veesit tae Hua Hin during his Thailand Open 2010. "For me it's an honour to part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."
Fundación Rafa Nadal
The creation o the Fundación Rafa Nadal teuk place in November 2007, an its offeecial presentation wis in Februar 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social wirk an development aid parteecularly on childhood an youth. On deciding why tae stairt a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in Chennai, in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal wis inspired bi the Red Cross benefit match against malaria wi Real Madrid goalkeeper Iker Casillas, recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money."
Nadal's mither, Ana Maria Parera, chairs the charitable organisation an faither Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach an uncle Toni Nadal an his agent, umwhile tennis player Carlos Costa, are an aa involved. Roger Federer haes gien Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in Indie struck him parteecularly haurd, Nadal wants tae stairt bi helpin "people close by, in the Balearic Islands, in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."
On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled tae Indie for the first time tae veesit his tennis academy for unnerprivileged childer at Anantapur Sports Village, in the Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh. His foundation haes an aa worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration wi the Vicente Ferrer Foundation.
Personal life
Nadal lived wi his parents an younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment biggin in thair hometown o Manacor, Mallorca. In Juin 2009, Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia, an then The New York Times, reportit that his parents, Ana Maria an Sebastian, haed separated. This news came efter weeks o speculation in Internet posts an message boards ower Nadal's personal issues as the cause o his setback.
Nadal haes revealed himsel tae be agnostic. As a young boy, he wad run home frae schuil tae watch Goku in his favorite Japanese anime, Dragon Ball. CNN released an article aboot Nadal's childhood inspiration, an cried him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due tae his unorthodox style "from another planet."
In addition tae tennis an football, Nadal enjoys golf an an aa poker. In Aprile 2014 he played the warld's nummer 1 female poker player, Vanessa Selbst, in a poker gemme in Monaco. Nadal's autobiography, Rafa (Hyperion, 2012, ISBN 1401310923), written wi assistance frae John Carlin, wis published in August 2011.
Notes
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Karayazı
Karayazı (Kurdish: Qereyazî) is a toun an destrict o Erzurum Province in the Eastren Anatolie region o Turkey. The mayor is Seyfettin Kırık (AKP). The population is 4,724 (as o 2010).
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais is a depairtment in northren Fraunce. Its name is the French equivalent o the Strait o Dover, which it borders.
History
Inhabitit syne prehistoric times, the Pas-de-Calais region wis populatit in turn by the Celtic Belgae, the Romans, the Germanic Franks an the Alemanni. Durin the fowert an fift centuries, the Roman practice o cooptin Germanic tribes tae provide militar an defense services alang the route frae Boulogne tae Cologne creatit a Germanic-Romance linguistic border in the region that persistit till the aicht century.
Saxon colonization intae the region frae the fift tae the aicht centuries likely extendit the linguistic border somewha sooth an wast so that bi the nint century maist inhabitants north o the line atween Béthune an Berck spoke a dialect o Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants tae the sooth spoke Picard, a variety o Romance dialects.
This linguistic border is still evident the day in the toponyms an patronyms o the region. Beginnin in the nint century, the linguistic border began a steady muive tae north an the east, an bi the end o the 15t century Romance dialects haed completely displacit those o Dutch.
Pas-de-Calais is ane o the oreeginal 83 depairtments creatit durin the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the umwhile provinces o Calaisis, umwhile Inglis, Boulonnais, Ponthieu an Artois, this last umwhile pairt o the Spainyie Netherlands.
Some o the costliest battles o Warld War I wur focht in the region. The Vimy Memorial commemorates the Battle o Vimy Ridge an is Canadae's maist important memorial tae its fallen sodgers.
Pas-de-Calais wis the target o Operation Fortitude an aw durin Warld War II, which wis an Allied plan tae deceive the Germans that the invasion o Europe at D-Day wis tae occur here, rather than in Normandy.
Geografie
Pas-de-Calais is in the current region o Nord-Pas de Calais an is surroondit bi the depairtments o Nord an Somme, the Inglis Channel, an the North Sea.
Its principal touns are, on the coast, Calais an Boulogne-sur-Mer, an in Artois, Lens, Liévin, Arras, an Saint-Omer.
The principal rivers are the follaein:
Economy
The economy o the department wis lang dependent on minin, primarily the coal mines. Housomeivver, syne Warld War II, the economy haes become mair diversifee'd.
Laurent Fabius
Laurent Fabius (born 20 August 1946) is a French Socialist politeecian. He served as Prime Meenister frae 17 Julie 1984 tae 20 Mairch 1986. He wis 37 year auld when he wis appyntit an is, sae far, the youngest Prime Meenister o the Fift Republic. He served as Foreign Meenister frae 16 May 2012 tae 11 Februar 2016.
Pas-de-Calais
Demographics
The inhabitants o the depairtment are cried Pas-de-Calaisiens.
Pas-de-Calais is ane o the maist hivily populatit depairtments o Fraunce, an yet it haes nae lairge ceeties. Calais haes anerlie aboot 80,000 inhabitants, follaeed closely bi Arras, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Lens an Liévin. The remainin population is primarily concentratit alang the border wi the depairtment o Nord in the minin destrict, whare a string o sma touns constitutes an urban aurie wi a population o aboot 1.2 million. The center an sooth o the depairtment are mair rural, but still quite hivily populatit, wi mony veelages an sma touns.
Deltarune
Deltarune is a role-playin video gemme creatit bi American indie developer Toby Fox.
Pas-de-Calais
Demographics
Although the depairtment saw some o the hiviest fechtin o Warld War I, its population reboondit quickly efter baith warld wars. Housomeivver, many of the mining towns have seen dramatic decreases in population, some up to half of their population.
Cultur
Although Pas-de-Calais is ane o the maist populous depairtments o Fraunce, it did no contain a university till 1992.
Rocca Sinibalda
It is hame tae the Sforza Cesarini Castle, oreeginally biggit in 1084 but turned intae a mair modren fortress in the 1530s bi Baldassare Peruzzi, commissioned bi Cardinal Alessandro Cesarini. The interior haes frescoes frae the 17t an 18t hunderyears.
The remains o the auncient Sabine toun o Trebula Mutusca are no far.
Rocky Moontains
The Rocky Moontains (Rocky Mountains), commonly kent as the Rockies, are a major moontain range in wastren North Americae.
Priyanka Chopra
Priyanka Chopra (born 18 Julie 1982) is an Indian actress, sangster, philanthropist, an the winner o the Miss World 2000 pageant. Ane o Indie's maist popular celebrities, Chopra haes an aa gained recogneetion for her sense o style. She haes received numerous awairds, includin a Naitional Film Awaird, an five Filmfare Awairds, an wis awairdit the Padma Shri, the fowert heichest ceevilian awaird, bi the Govrenment o Indie in 2016. That same year, Time named her as ane o the 100 maist influential fowk in the warld.
Frank Abagnale
Frank William Abagnale Jr. (born 27 Aprile 1948) is an American umwhile swick, gileynour, an makker o ill siller, an present reder oan siccarness. He haes come ane o the maist kenspeckle gileynours in modren historie, voustin he haed taen oan nae less nor aichteen identities unther a routh o names an professions. He wun oot ower siccar ward twise (firstlins frae a taxi airliner an the twiset a U.S. federal jile) afore he wis 21 year auld. He wis jiled for less nor five yeir o his wardin afore he begoud cosnent wark for the US govrenment, gien rede anent likesome delicks tae his umwhile anes. The nou, he gies rede an leirs at the FBI academy an field offices. Forby, rins a company in Austria cried Abagnale & Associates nor gies rede anent falset affaerin tae siller.
Abagnale's leesomelike pratticks inspired the Academy Awaird-nominatit featur film Catch Me If You Can (2002), starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Abagnale an Tom Hanks as the FBI agent wha ettles tae arreist him. The film wis based oan his autobiografie, itsel cried Catch Me If You Can. Ither warks mainnered efter his autobiographie are a Broadway muisical o the like name, an a TV series cried White Collar.
Sarnakunk
Sarnakunk (Սառնակունք, Romanisit as Sarrnakunk’, Sarnakunq an Sarrnakunk an aw; umwhile, Saybalu) is a veelage an rural commonty (municipality) in the Syunik Province o Armenie. The Naitional Statistical Service o the Republic o Armenie (ARMSTAT) reportit its population wis 519 in 2010, up frae 514 at the 2001 census.
Bryansk Oblast
Bryansk Oblast (Бря́нская о́бласть, Bryanskaya oblast) is a federal subject o Roushie (an oblast). Its admeenistrative center is the ceety o Bryansk. Population: 1,278,217 (2010 Census results).
Demographics
Population: 1,278,217 (2010 Census);
Births increased bi 7.8% an daiths remained the same in 2008 compared tae 2007.
Ethnic composition:
Santa Catarina, Nuevo León
Santa Catarina is a ceety an municipality in the state o Nuevo León, Mexico that is pairt o the Monterrey metropolitan aurie.
History
The name o this ceety comes frae the Catholic Saunt Catherine o Alexandria. The ceety o Santa Catarina wis no "foondit" in a traditional manner; at the beginnin, it wis anerlie a restin point for travelers atween Monterrey an Saltillo. The first recordit name wis "Estancia de Santa Catarina" (Shelter o Santa Catarina).
Durin the French Invasion o Mexico in the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the preses Benito Juárez spent some days in Santa Catarina while travelin tae Monterrey, an it was durin this time that he elevatit its status tae veelage. The category o veelage wis maintained till 1979 when the state govrenment elevatit its status tae Ceety.
Geography
Santa Catarina is locatit aboot 15 kilometers soothwast o central Monterrey. As o the Mexican census o 2005, its population wis 259,202 in the ceety an 259,896 in the municipality. The ceety an municipality baith rank saxt in population in the state. The municipality haes an aurie o 984.5 km² (380.12 sq mi) an includes numerous vera sma localities ootside of the ceety itsel.
Natural Auries
Maist o the Naitional Pairk Cumbres o Monterrey, includin the canyon o La Huasteca is locatit athin Santa Catarina.
Khlong Sam Wa Destrict
Khlong Sam Wa (คลองสามวา; ) is ane o the 50 destricts (Khet) o Bangkok, Thailand. It is boondit bi ither destricts (frae north clockwise): Lam Luk Ka o Pathum Thani Province, Nong Chok, Min Buri, Khan Na Yao, Bang Khen, an Sai Mai o Bangkok.
History
Khlong Sam Wa wis established as a destrict on 21 November 1997 bi splittin oot frae Min Buri. Khlong Sam Wa wis the name o a amphoe in Min Buri an hence the name is uised as the destrict name. In 1947 when the aurie wis still landwart, the farming commonty o Bang Chan wis chosen at the beginnin o wha wis tae become the academic disciple o Thai studies, as centre for a lang-term study.
Admeenistration
The destrict is dividit intae 5 sub-destricts (Kwaeng).
Martí, Cuba
Martí is a toun an municipality in north-eastren section o Cuba's Matanzas Province.
Geografie
The municipality is dividit intae the barrios o Guamutas, Lacret, La Teja, Martí, Máximo Gómez, Motembo an Río de la Palma.
It is locatit on the north-central coast o Cuba, an includes the lagoons Inglés, Bibanasí an Majagüillar, aw extensions o the Bay o Santa Clara (Bahia de Santa Clara). Its territory is crossed bi the rivers La Palma, Júcaro an San Manuel.
Demografics
In 2004, the municipality o Martí haed a population o 23,475. Wi a total area o 1070 km2, it haes a population densitie o 21.9 /km2.
San Antonio Nanahuatipam
San Antonio Nanahuatipam is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 127.58 km². It is pairt o the Teotitlán Destrict in the north o the Cañada Region.
As o 2005, the municipality haed a tot population o 1298.
Blake Lively
Blake Ellender Lively (born Blake Ellender Brown; August 25, 1987) is an American actress, model an celebrity homemaker.
San Francisco Chapulapa
San Francisco Chapulapa is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 19.14 km². It is pairt o Cuicatlán Destrict in the north o the Cañada Region.
Castel
Castel mey refer tae the follaein places:
in France
Castel is the Occitan wird for the French château an occurs vera aften in soothren France toponyms especially mixed wi the adjective nau (which means new written nòu in Occitan).
in Italy
Castel, a short shape o castello (castle), is a vera common component in Italian place names:
Islington
Islington is a destrict in Greater Lunnon, Ingland, an pairt o the London Borough of Islington. It is a mainly residential destrict o Inner Lunnon, extendin frae Islington High Street tae Highbury Fields, encompassin the aurie aroond the busy Upper Street, Essex Road an Southgate Road tae the east.
Modren definition
Islington grew as a sprawlin Middlesex veelage alang the line o the Great North Road, an haes providit the name o the modren burgh. This gae rise tae some confusion, as neebourin destricts mey be said tae be in Islington an aw. This destrict is boondit bi Liverpool Road tae the wast an City Road an Southgate Road tae the sooth-east. Its northmaist pynt is in the aurie o Canonbury. The main north-sooth heich street, Upper Street splits at Highbury Corner tae Holloway Road tae the wast an St. Paul's Road tae the east.
The aurie aroond Angel tube station is kent as Angel. The northren pairt o this aurie (frae the Liverpool Road junction northwairds) is athin the destrict o Islington, while the soothren hauf is in neebourin Finsbury. The aurie belaw Penton Street an east o Pentonville Road is the adjoinin destrict o Pentonville.
Etymology
Islington wis oreeginally namit bi the Saxons Giseldone (1005), then Gislandune (1062). The name means "Gīsla's hill" frae the Auld Inglis personal name Gīsla an dun ("hill", "doun"). The name later mutatit tae Isledon, which remained in uise well intae the 17t century when the modren fuirm arose. In medieval times, Islington wis juist ane of mony smaw manors thereabouts, alang wi Bernersbury, Neweton Berewe or Hey-bury and Canonesbury (Barnsbury, Highbury and Canonbury – names first recorded in the 13t and 14t centuries).
Oreegins
Some roads on the edge o the aurie, includin Essex Road, wur kent as streets bi the medieval period, possibly indicating a Roman oreegin, but little physical evidence remains. Wha is kent is that the Great North Road frae Aldersgate came intae uise in the 14t century, connectin wi a new turnpike (toll road) up Highgate Hill. This wis alang the line o modren Upper Street, wi a toll gate at The Angel definin the extent o the veelage. The Back Road, the modren Liverpool Road, wis primarily a drovers' road whaur cattle wad be restit afore the feenal leg o thair jurney tae Smithfield. Pens an sheds wur erectit alang this road tae accommodate the ainimals.
The first recordit kirk, St Mary's, wis erectit in the twalt century an wis replacit in the fifteent century. Islington lay on the estates o the Bishop o Lunnon an the Dean an Chapter o St Pauls. Thare wur substantial medieval moatit manor hooses in the aurie, principally at Canonbury an Highbury. In 1548, thare wur 440 communicants leetit an the landwart atmosphere, wi access tae the Ceety an Wastmeenster, made it a popular residence for the rich an eminent. The local inns, housomeivver, harboured mony fugitives an recursants.
The Royal Agricultural Hall wis biggit in 1862 on the Liverpool Road steid o William Dixon's Cattle Layers. The haw wis 75 ft heich an the airched gless ruif spanned 125 ft. It wis biggit for the annual Smithfield Shaw in Dizember o that year but wis popular for ither purposes, includin recitals an the Royal Tournament. It wis the primar exhibition steid for Lunnon till the 20t century an the lairgest biggin o its kynd, hauldin up tae 50,000 fowk. It wis requisitioned for uise bi the Mount Pleasant sortin office durin Warld War II an niver re-opened. The main haw haes nou been incorporatit intae the Business Design Centre.
Watter sources
The hill on which Islington staunds haes lang supplee'd the Ceety o Lunnon wi watter, the first projects drawin watter throu firthen pipes frae the mony springs that lay at its fuit, in Finsbury. Thir includit Sadler's Wells, Lunnon Spa an Clerkenwell.
Bi the 17t century thir tradeetional soorces wur inadequate tae supply the growin population an plans wur laid tae big a watterwey, the New River, tae bring fresh watter frae the soorce o the River Lea, in Hertfordshire tae New River Head, belaw Islington in Finsbury. The river wis opened on 29 September 1613 bi Sir Hugh Myddleton, the constructor o the project. His statue still staunds whaur Upper Street meets Essex Road. The course o the river ran tae the east o Upper Street, an hintle o its course is nou covered an forms a linear pairk throu the aurie.
The Regent's Canal passes throu Islington. For hintle o its lenth it travels throu a 886 m tunnel that runs frae Colebrook Row, juist east o the Angel, tae emerge at Muriel Street no far frae Caledonian Road. The subterranean stretch is markit wi a series o pavement plaques sae that canal walkers mey fynd thair wey frae ane entrance tae the ither abuin grund. The aurie o the canal east o the tunnel an north o the City Road wis ance dominatit bi hintle warehoosin an industry surroondin the lairge City Road Basin an Wenlock Basin. Those auld biggins that survive here are nou lairgely residential or smaw creative wirk units. This stretch boasts ane o the few auld canal pubs wi a entrance actually on the tow-path, The Narrowboat.
The canal wis constructit in 1820 tae cairy cargo frae Limehouse intae the canal seestem. Thare is nae tow-path in the tunnel sae bargees haed tae walk thair barges throu, bracit against the ruif. Commercial uise o the canal haes declined syne the 1960s.
Mercat gardens an entertainments
In the 17t an 18t centuries the availability o watter made Islington a guid place for growin vegetables tae feed Lunnon. The manor became a popular resort for Lunnoners due tae this landwart aspect, an mony public hooses wur biggit tae serve the needs o baith visitors an travellers on the turnpike. Bi 1716, thare wur 56 ale-hoose keepers in Upper Street, afferin pleasur an tea gardens an aw, an activities sic as archery, skittle alleys an bowlin. Bi the 18t century, muisic an dancin wur affered, thegither wi billiards, firewirk displays an balloon ascents. The King's Head Tavern, nou a Victorian biggin wi a theatre, haes remained on the same steid, opposite the pairish kirk, syne 1543. The foonder o the theatre, Dan Crawford, who dee'd in 2005, disagreed wi the introduction o decimal coinage. For twinty-plus years efter decimalisation (on 15 Februar 1971), the bar continued tae shaw prices an chairge for drinks in pre-decimalisation currency.
Bi the 19t century mony muisic haws an theatres wur established aroond Islington Green. Ane sic wis Collins' Muisic Hall, the remains o which are nou pairtly incorporatit intae a beukshop. The remainder o the Hall haes been redevelopit intae a new theatre, wi its entrance at the bottom o Essex Road. It stuid on the steid o the Landsdowne Tavern, whaur the landlaird haed biggit an entertainment ruim for customers who wantit tae sing (an later for profeesional enterteeners). It wis foondit in 1862 bi Samuel Thomas Collins Vagg an bi 1897 haed acome a 1,800-seat theatre wi 10 bars. The theatre suffered damage in a fire in 1958 an haes no reopened. Atween 92 an 162 acts wur put on each fore-nicht an performers who stairtit thare includit Marie Lloyd, George Robey, Harry Lauder, Harry Tate, George Formby, Vesta Tilley, Tommy Trinder, Gracie Fields, Tommy Handley an Norman Wisdom.
The Islington Literary and Scienteefic Society wis established in 1833 an first met in Mr. Edgeworth's Academy on Upper Street. Its goal wis tae spread knawledge throu lecturs, discussions, an experiments, politics an theologie bein forbidden. A biggin, the Literary and Scienteefic Institution, wis erectit in 1837 in Wellington (later Almeida) Street, designed bi Roumieu an Gough in a stuccoed Grecian style. It includit a librar (conteenin 3,300 volumes in 1839), readin room, museum, laboratory, an lectur theatre seatin 500. The subscription wis twa guineas a year. Efter the librar wis sauld aff in 1872, the biggin wis sauld or leased in 1874 tae the Wellington Club, which occupee'd it till 1886. In 1885 the haw wis uised for concerts, baws, an public meetins. The Salvation Army bocht the biggin in 1890, renamit it the Wellington Castle barracks, an remained thare till 1955. The biggin became a factory an showroom for Beck's Breetish Carnival Novelties for a few years frae 1956, efter which it stuid empty. In 1978 a campaign began wi the goal tae redevelop the biggin as a theatre. A public appeal wis launched in 1981, an a festival o avant-garde theatre an muisic wis held thare an at ither Islington venues in 1982. Wha haes acome the successfu Almeida Theatre wis foondit.
Hoosin
Some early development teuk place tae accommodate the popularity o the nearbi Sadler's Wells, which became a resort in the 16t century, but the 19t century saw the greatest expansion in hoosin, suin tae kiver the whole pairish. In 1801, the population wis 10,212, but bi 1891 this haed increased tae 319,143. This rapid expansion wis pairtly due tae the introduction o horse-drawn omnibuses in 1830. Lairge well-biggit hooses an fashionable squares drew clerks, airtisans an profeesionals tae the destrict. Housomeivver, frae the middle o the 19t century the poor wur bein displacit bi clearances in inner Lunnon tae big the new railwey stations an guids yards. Mony o the displacit settled in Islington, wi the hooses becomin occupee'd bi mony faimilies. This, combined wi the railweys pushin intae ooter Middlesex, reducit Islington's attraction for the "better aff" as it became "unfashionable". The aurie fell intae a lang decline; an bi the mid-20t century, it wis lairgely run-doun an a biwird for urban poverty. The author K M Warwick, born in 1957 in Islington, recaws it as a place scarred bi bomb damage. He said that hauf o Sonderberg Road wis still a bomb-steid; his faimily left for Essex, tae a new life, alang wi mony ither faimilies.
Warld War II caused hintle damage tae Islington's hoosin stock, wi 3,200 dwellins destroyed. Afore the war a nummer o 1930s council hoosin blocks haed been addit tae the stock. Efter the war, pairtly as a result o bomb steid redevelopment, the cooncil hoosin buim got intae its stride, reachin its peak in the 1960s: several extensive estates wur constructit, bi baith the Metropolitan Borough of Islington an the London County Council. Clearance o the wirst terracit hoosin wis unnertaken, but Islington continued tae be vera densely populatit, wi a heich level o owercroudin.
Frae the 1960s, the remainin Georgian terraces wur rediscovered bi middle-cless faimilies. Mony o the hooses wur rehabilitatit, an the aurie became newly fashionable. This displacement o the poor bi the aspirational haes acome kent as gentrification. Amang the new residents wur a nummer o figurs who became central in the New Labour muivement, includin Tony Blair afore his victory in the 1997 general election. Accordin tae The Guardian, "Islington is widely regardit as the spiritual hame o Breetain's left-wing intelligentsia." The Granita Pact atween Gordon Brown an Tony Blair is said tae hae been made at a nou defunct restaurant on Upper Street.
The destrict haes mony cooncil blocks, an the local authority haes begun tae replace some o them.
The completion o the Victoria line an redevelopment o Angel tube station creatit the conditions for developers tae renovate mony o the early Victorian an Georgian townhooses. Thay biggit new developments an aw. Islington remains a destrict wi diverse indwallers, wi its private hooses an apairtments no far frae social hoosin in immediately neebourin Islington destricts sic as Finsbury an Clerkenwell tae the sooth, Bloomsbury an King's Cross tae the wast, an Highbury tae the north wast, an the Hackney destricts o De Beauvoir an Old Street tae the north east an aw.
Upper Street
Upper Street is the main shoppin street o central Islington, an cairies the A1 road.
Islington High Street
Islington High Street is the umwhile High Street o the veelage o Islington. The earliest reference tae Islington High Street is its appearance on a 1590 cairt o the aurie. At this time, nine inns (includin the famous Angel, which haes subsequently gien its name tae the aurie), as well as hoosin an a public pond wur shawn linin the street. Then as nou, Islington wis an is unuisual in that the veelage kirk, St Mary's, daes no staund on the heich street but is some wey aff on Upper Street.
In 1716 Islington High Street came unner the control o the newly formed Islington Turnpike Trust. The Trust grew rapidly, an suin haed control o maist major roads in the aurie, biggin a nummer o major road arteries throu the expandin residential auries, includin Caledonian Road, Euston Road, City Road an New North Road.
The Peacock Inn at 11 Islington High Street dates frae 1564, awtho the current façade dates frae 1857. It featurt in Tom Brown's Schooldays as the inn at which Tom stays prior tae travellin tae Rugby School. It closed in 1962, awtho the biggin still staunds.
Angel tube station on Islington High Street haes the langest escalator on the London Underground seestem, at 318 steps. In 2006 a Norse man made heidlines efter skiin doun the escalator at the station.
Transport
The aurie is well servit bi bus routes, wi a major bus interchynge locatit near Angel tube station. Red route an residents' pairkin restrictions apply throuoot the aurie.
Govrenment an infrastructur
The Civil Aviation Authority haes its heid office in the CAA House in Islington.
Leetit biggins
Grade II*
English Heritage leet three Grade II* leetit biggins athin Central Islington (an mony mair in surroondin destricts):
Grade II (selectit):
The aurie is aiblins maist notable for its Georgian tounhooses, shops an pubs. Mony whole terraces are leetit includin hintle o Liverpool Road (ane side o which is in Barnsbury) an Islington High Street/Upper Street. Ither multiply leetit streets include Arlington Square, Camden Passage, Compton Terrace, Colebrooke Row, Cross Street, Duncan Terrace, Essex Road, Gibson Square an Milner Square.
Ither Grade II leetit structurs include:
Elio de Angelis
Elio de Angelis (26 Mairch 1958 – 15 Mey 1986) wis an Italian racin driver who pairticipatit in Formula Ane atween 1979 an 1986, racin for the Shadow, Lotus an Brabham teams. He wis killed durin testin at the Paul Ricard circuit at Le Castellet in 1986. Elio de Angelis wis a competitive an hichtlie popular presence durin the Formula Ane circus o the 1980s, an is sometimes referred tae as Formula Ane's "last gentleman player".
Daith an legacy
During tests at the Paul Ricard circuit in Fraunce, the rear wing o his BT55 detached at hicht speed resulting in the caur losin downforce on the rear wheels, which instigated a cartwheel ower a sidetrack barrier and causing the car to catch fire. The impact itself did not kill de Angelis but he was unable to extract himsel from the car unassisted. The situation wis exacerbatit bi the lack o track marshals on the circuit who coud hae providit him wi emergency assistance. A 30 minute delay ensued afore a helicopter arrived an De Angelis dee'd 29 hours later, at the hospital in Marseille where he haed been taken, frae smoke inhalation. His actual crash impact injuries wur ae a broken collar bone an licht burns on his back. The tragic circumstances of his daith weighed heavily on the sport's conscience an radical changes wur introduced bi then Preses Jean-Marie Balestre in the months follaein his accident which ultimately heraldit the end o the turbo pouered era in Formula Ane racin.
De Angelis' place in the Brabham team wis subsequently taken bi Derek Warwick.
De Angelis wis the last driver tae dee in an F1 caur till Roland Ratzenberger at Imola aicht years later. The French-Sicilian driver Jean Alesi - who broke intae the sport three years efter de Angelis dee'd - wore a helmet that exactly matched de Angelis' design, in tribute tae his semi-compatriot.
Formula Ane Warld Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
6t o October Ceety
6t o October Ceety is a satellite ceety o Cairo. It wis the caipital o the 6t o October Govrenorate frae 2008 tae 2011. Population: Aboot 500,000 A new cosmopolitan ceety, it hosts students o mony naitionalities who seek eddication at its private varsities.
It is an aa considered ane o the first generation o new ceeties in Egyp.
Establishment
The ceety wis establisht in 1979 bi the 504t presidential decree o preses Anwar El Sadat. It is 17 km frae the great pyramids o Giza an 32 km frae Cairo dountoun. The ceety haes a tot aurie o 97.4 thoosan feddans (400 km2) an is expectit tae hae 3.7 million indwallers. The ceety wis annoonced as the caipital o the 6t o October Governorate in Aprile, 2008.
The ceety's name commemorates Egyp's military success at the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The 6t o October is an aa Egyp's Airmed Forces Day.
Vital headquarters
6t o October Ceety is the heidquarters o The Confederation o African Fitbaa. 6t of October Ceety, an aa hosts Egyp's Smart Village, the technology pairk an regional hub form mony companies in the IT & Financial Sector.
Education facilities
Thare are 7 private varsities in 6t o October Ceety, includin twa private medical schools at Misr University for Science an Technology an October 6 University.
Health services
The ceety haes several teachin, public, an private hospitals as well as mony smawer clinics.
Clubs
Shooting Club an Wadi degla club opened thair branches in the ceety, Clubs lik Ahly an Zamalek or set tae be constructit in the future. An aa, Egyp's maist acclaimed an elitest Gezira Club is an aa in the construction stages o its 6 October premises.
The ceety haes an airport, railwey station an an extensive industrial pairk.
Catherine Ashton
Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton o Upholland, PC (born 20 Mairch 1956) is a Breetish Labour politeecian who in 2009 acame the Heich Representative o the Union for Foreign Affairs an Security Policy for the European Union. Unner the Treaty o Lisbon, this post is combined wi the post o Vice-Preses o the European Commission. She held this poseetion until November 2014.
Her poleetical career began in 1999 when she wis creatit a Life Peer (Baroness Ashton o Upholland) bi the Labour Govrenment. Unner this govrenment she acame the Parliamentary Unner-Secretar o State in the Depairtment for Eddication an Skills in 2001 an subsequently in the Depairtment for Constitutional Affairs an Meenistry o Justice in 2004. She scame a Privy Councillor (PC) in Mey 2006.
In December 2009, she acame the first person tae tak on the role o Heich Representative o the Union for Foreign Affairs an Security Policy that wis creatit bi the Treaty o Lisbon. As Heich Representative, Baroness Ashton serves as the EU's foreign policy chief.
Ashton teuk a central negotiatin role in the P5+1 talks wi Iran which led tae the 2013 Geneva interim agreement on Iranian nuclear program.
Ōkuma, Fukushima
Ōkuma (大熊町) is a toun locatit near Futaba Destrict, Fukushima, Japan.
As o 2010, the toun haes an estimatit population o 11,511 an a density o 146.26 persons per km². The total aurie is 78.70 km². In Mairch 2011 the toun wis evacuatit by govrenment order due tae the Fukushima I nuclear accident.
Toronto Maple Leafs
The Leafs last won the Stanley Cup in 1967, the year o Canadae's Centennial.
Gatchinsky Destrict
Gatchinsky Destrict (Га́тчинский райо́н) is an admeenistrative an municipal destrict (raion) o Leningrad Oblast, Roushie. Its admeenistrative center is the toun o Gatchina (which is no admeenistratively a pairt o the destrict). Destrict's population:   Aurie: 2868.7 km2.
History
The destrict wis established in 1927 as Krasnogvardeysky Destrict (Красногварде́йский райо́н), which was renamed Gatchinsky in 1944. In 1953, pairts o abolished Pavlovsky Destrict wur mergit intae Gatchinsky Destrict. In 1963—1965, Lomonosovsky Destrict wis mergit intae Gatchinsky Destrict, while at the same time pairts o Gatchinsky Destrict wur transferred tae Luzhsky Destrict. In 1965, housomeivver, Gatchinsky Destrict wis restored in auld borders.
The toun o Kommunar an fower urban-teep dounsets (Druzhnaya Gorka, Siversky, Taytsy, an Vyritsa) are locatit on the destrict's territory.
Mirror of Madness
Mirror of Madness is the seicont full-length studio album bi the Finnish melodic daith metal baund Norther, released on 12 August 2003 bi Spinefarm Records. It featurs a cover sang, "Smash" bi the punk rock baund, The Offspring. It an aw includes the "Mirror of Madness" video anerlie for the US. The bonus tracks; "Frozen Sky" an "Smash" cover are anerlie for the Japanese version o the album.
The sang "Unleash Hell", wis released as a single.
Morbid Visions
Morbid Visions is the debut album bi Brazilian hivy metal baund Sepultura, released in 1986 through Cogumelo Records.
While later albums hae a mair poleetical edge, Morbid Visions (alang wi the Bestial Devastation EP) is notable for "Satanic" themes. The baund said mony leerics wur fashioned efter those o Venom an Celtic Frost, as they coud no write in Inglis at the time; as late as 1987, Max Cavalera wis still translatin his leerics wird-for-wird, as evidencit bi the demo "The Past Reborns The Storms".
The album's soond is daith metal an the production is rather poor. In the liner notes o Roadrunner's reissue o the album (which includes the tracks frae the EP Bestial Devastation), Cavalera admits that the baund neglectit tae tune their guitars durin the sessions. Nanetheless, the collection is fondly regardit bi fans for its unassumin introduction tae wha became an influential baund, an the inclusion o Sepultura's earliest signatur sang, "Troops of Doom".
The oreeginal vinyl pressins o Morbid Visions featured the first muivement o Carl Orff's Carmina Burana ("O Fortuna") as an unnamit introduction. This composition wis left off the CD re-release, probably acause o copyricht issues.
Toronto Argonauts
The Toronto Argonauts are a professional Canadian fitbaa team based in Toronto, Ontario. The Argonauts are memmers o the East Division o the Canadian Football League. The team wis foondit in 1873, an is the auldest existin professional sports team in North Americae still uisin its oreeginal name. The Chicago Cubs (1870) an the Atlanta Braves (1871) of Major League Baseball are aulder, but baith teams hae chynged thair name mair nor ance an in the case o the Braves, chynged ceeties.
The Argos hae played thair hame gemmes at the Rogers Centre syne the stadium opened in 1989 an prior tae that, played in Exhibition Stadium frae 1959 tae 1988. Prior tae 1959, the Argonauts played at Varsity Stadium, on the campus o the University of Toronto.
Leo & Tig
Leo & Tig is a Roushie animatit series. The programme oreeginally aired frae September 17, 2016.
Bobby Brown (fitbawer, born 1923)
Robert Brown (born 19 Mairch 1923; deed 15 Januar 2020) wis a reteert Scots internaitional fitbaw player an manager.
Tosnensky Destrict
Tosnensky Destrict (То́сненский райо́н) is an admeenistrative an municipal destrict o Leningrad Oblast, Roushie. Aurie: 3585.4 km2. Population:
The destrict wis established in 1930 on the territory o abolished Lubansky Destrict an pairts o Detskoselsky an Kolpinsky Destricts.
Twa touns (Nikolskoye an Lyuban) an fower urban-type settlements (Ulyanovka, Krasny Bor, Fornosovo, an Ryabovo) are locatit on the destrict's territory. The toun o Tosno, while serves as the destrict's admeenistrative center, is admeenistratively (but no municipally) separate frae it.
Auld San Juan
Auld San Juan (Viejo San Juan) is the auldest dounset athin Puerto Rico an is the historic colonial section o San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Location
Auld San Juan is locatit on a sma an narrae island which lees in the north coast, aboot 35 mi frae the east end o Puerto Rico, an is unitit tae the mainland o Puerto Rico bi the three brigs. It is bundit bi the Atlantic Ocean to the north an tae the sooth bi San Juan Bay or "Bahia de San Juan" which lees atween the ceety an the mainland. On a bluff aboot 100 ft heich at the wast end o the island an commandin the entrance tae the harbour rise the battlements o Fort San Felipe del Morro, in which thare is a lichthoose.
The "Caño de San Antonio" lees in Sooth Coast an extends tae the sootheast whaur the island o Auld San Juan connects tae the mainland throu Santurce bi three brigs an aw, "Puente Dos Hermanos" (Ave. Ashford), "Puente G. Esteves" (Ave. Ponce de León) an "Puente San Antonio" (Ave. Fernández Juncos).