cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
LGBT richts muivement
Victorian era
Afore the end o the 19th yeirhunner thar wisnae monie muivements fur gay richts. Atweel, in his 1890s poem Twa Luves, Laird Alfred Douglas, luver o Oscar Wilde, declarit homosexuality, "the luve that darena speik its name". This wis popularised bi Wilde when he wis in coort on account o gross indecency, quharby he descrieved the luve that darena speik its name as "...sic a great affection o an elder fur a yunger man as there wes atween David an Jonathan, sic as Plato made the verra basis o his philosophie, an sic as you find in the sonnets o Michelangelo an Shakespeare. ... It is byous, it is fine, it is the noblest kynd o affection. There is nocht unnaitural anent it. It is intellectual, an it aft exists atween an aulder an a yunger man, whan the aulder man haes intellect, an the yunger man haes aw the joy, hope an glamer o lyfe afore him."
John Addington Symonds wus a bard an an aerlie advocate o male luve. In 1873, he wrat A Problem in Greek Ethics, a wark o what woud later be cried pairt o gay historie. Altho the Oxford English Dictionary credits the medical scriever C.G. Chaddock for introducin the wird homosexual inta Ingles in 1892, Symonds haed awready yaised the wird in A Problem in Greek Ethics. Symonds owerset classical poesy on homoerotic themes an aw, an scrieved poesy draeing on auncient Greek imagery and langage sic as Eudiades, which haes been cryed "the maist kenspeckle o his homoerotic poems". The decoded autobiographies o Yorksher heritor Anne Lister are an earlier ensaumple in Ingles.
Anither friend o Ives wis Ingles socialist bard Edward Carpenter. Carpenter thocht that homosexuality wis innate an naitural, an that it shoudna be seen as a sin or a criminal offence. His 1908 beuk on the subject, The Intermediate Sex, becam a foondational text of the LGBT muivements of the 20t yeirhunner. Scots anarchist John Henry Mackay wrat in defens of same-sex luve, androgyny an pederasty.
Storm (Malagasy baund)
Storm is a Malagasy pouer metal baund formed in 1998. They are ane o the few Madagascar-based baunds tae play hivy metal an the first tae play pouer metal. Aw o their leerics are written in the Malagasy leid. They released their self-titled debut album in 2005.
LGBT richts muivement
Inter-weir yeirs
Magnus Hirschfeld based the WKH in his Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute fur Sexual Science) syne the latter's openin in 1919. The Institute makkit the first pro-gay fillum in the warld, Anders als die Anderen (Divers fae the Ithers), tae gie a haund tae thair foremaist activity, a petition tae call fur the owerturn o Paragraph 175 (submittit 1898, 1922, an 1925). The Committee furthset emancipation leeteratur, sponsorit rallies, an campaignit fur legal reform outthroch Alemanie an forby in the Netherlans an Austrick. Bi 1922 it haed developit some 25 local chaipters. Hirschfeld's Institute anticipatit bi decades ither scientific centres (sic as the Kinsey Institute the U.S.) that specialised in sexology an sex research. He forby helpit sponsor the World League of Sexual Reform, whilk wes establishit in 1928 at a conference in Copenhagen.
In the maugre o Paragraph 175 an the failure o the WHK tae win its repeal, homosexual men an women were gied a bit o freedom in Germany, parteecular durand the Weimar speel atween the end o the First Warld Weir an the Nazi seizure o pouer. In monie lairger German cities, gay nicht-lyfe becam tholed, an the nummer o gay publications increased; atweel, accordin tae some historians, the nummer o gay bars an periodicals in Berlin in the 1920s exceedit that in New York Citie sax decades later. Housomiver, Hitler's seizure o pouer in 1933 an the Nazi era endit this. Hitler orderit the re-enforcement o Paragraph 175, an on Mey 6, 1933, German students raidit an ransackt Hirschfeld's archives an burnit the institute's warks in public. Anders als die Anderen still exists in pairt due to Hirchfeld's attempts at rescuin the fillum.
Ootwi Germany, ither gruips war forby creatit. Fur ensample, in 1914 the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology wes foundit bi Edward Wricht an Havelock Ellis fur baith promotional an eddicational purpose. In the Unitit States in 1924 Henry Geber, an Aleman immigrant, foundit the Society fur Human Richts, whilk wes charterit bi the state o Illinois.
Maugre the formation o sic groups, politeical activitie bi gay fowk wes forordinar na verra visible. Atweel, gay fowk war aft harasst bi the polis wheriver thay congregatit. Warld Weir II an its eftermath began tae chynge 'at. The weir brocht monie yung fowk tae cities an broucht visibility tae the gay commonty. In the U.S, mair muckle visibility broucht stramash, parteecular fae the govrenment an polis; ceevil servants war aft fired, the militarie attemptit tae purge its ranks o gay soldiers (a policie enactit durand Warld Weir II), an polis vice squads aft raidit gay bars an arrestit thair patrons. Houever, there wes greater politeical activitie an aw, aimit in lairge meisur at decriminalisin sodomie.
1945-1970s
The Cultuur en Ontspannings Centrum (Cultur an Recreation Centre) wes foondit in 1946 in Amsterdam. In the Unitit States the foremaist major male organisation, foundit in 1950–51 bi Harry Hay in Los Angeles, wes the Mattachine Society, its name reputed derivit fae a mediæval Frainch societie o maskit players, the société mattachine, tae represent the public maskin o homosexuality (the closet). The Dochters o Bilitis, foundit in 1955 bi Phyllis Lyon an Del Martin in San Francisco, wes a heidmaist group fur women. Forby, the Unitit States saw the publication o a naitional gay periodical, ONE, whilk in 1958 won a Supreme Coort rulin that enablit it tae mail the magazine throu the postal service.
In Breetain a commission chairit bi Sir John Wolfenden issuit a gruindbreakin report in 1957, whilk recommendit that private homosexual liaisons atween consentin adults be removit fae creeminal law.
Gay liberation era (1960s-1970s)
The recommendation wes implementit in Inglan an Wales bi Pairlament in the Sexual Offences Act 1967, effectively decriminalisin homosexual relations fur men age 21 or aulder. Legislation in Scotlan (in 1980) an Norlin Airlan (in 1982 follaein a legal case a yeir aforehaund) equalised the age o consent for gay and straicht fowk. Forder legislation louered the age o sexual consent foremaist tae 18 (in 1994) an then tae 16 (in 2000), the latter o whilk equalisit the age o consent fur same-sex an opposite-sex fowk.
The gay richts muivement wes beginnin tae win victories fur legal reform, parteecular in Wastren Europe, but mebbe the single definin event o gay activism occurrit in the Unitit States. In the aerlie mornin hours o Juin 28, 1969, the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York Citie's Greenwich Veelage, wes raidit bi the polis. Nearlins 400 fowk jyned a riot that lastit 45 minutes an resumit on succeedin nichts. The Stonewall riots cam tae be commemoratit yeirlie in Juin wi gay pride athort the warld.
Breetain's foremaist LGBT richts organisation wes the Scottish Minorities Group (later Outright Scotland), formit in Glesca in 1969 bi Ian Dunn. The SMG campaignit fur law reform fur gay men, forby providin sauf auries fur LGBT fowk tae congregate. Dunn later co-foondit the Paedophile Information Exchange (a pro-paedophile group argiein again age o consent laws) as a special interest group inower the SMG.
Elsewhaur in Breetain, the first meetin o the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) wis in 1971. The same yeir, Gay News magazine (co-foondit bi Dunn ) was first furthset, and ran till 1983 wi a circulation o 18,000 at its heicht. Owerseas post tae the magazine wis afttimes intercepted bi HM Customs an Excise.
In 1974, Dunn alangst wi the lawyer Derek Ogg convenit the International Gay Rights Congress in Embro, whilk wes the foremaist post-weir internaitional conference o gay richts muivments. The Congress led tae the foondin o the International Gay Association (IGA) in 1978 in Coventry, Inglan. Heidquarterit in Brussels the nou, it plays a signeeficant role in coordinatin internaitional efforts tae promuiv human richts an fecht discreemination again LGBT fowk.
The foremaist openly gay govrenment officials in the Unitit States war Jerry Degrieck an Nancy Wechsler, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Thay baith war electit in 1972 an cam out while servin on the citie cooncil; Wechsler wes replacit on the cooncil bi Kathy Kozachenko, wha ran openly as a lesbian, in 1974—thus becomin the foremaist openly gay bodie tae win office efter comin oot. In 1977 American gay richts activist Harvey Milk wes electit tae the govrening bodie o San Francisco, the Buird o Supervisors. Milk wes killt bi assassination the follaein yeir.
1980s
In 1981, the fictional buik Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin (Jenny bides wi Eric an Martin) wis furthset bi Dens scriever Susanne Bösche; at the time, her buik was condemned bi the Brits press as homosexual propaganda an led tae the passin o Section 28 o the Local Government Act 1988, prohibitin the 'promotion of homosexuality ' as pairt o a ' pretended family relationship '. Follaein the passage o this act, the UK's maist kenspeckle LGBT richts organisation Stonewall wis co-foondit bi Sir Ian McKellen an 13 ithers.
In the Unitit States, gay activists won support fae the Democrats in 1980, whan the pairty eikit tae its platform nondiscrimination clause a plank includin sexual orientation. Thir support, alangst campaigns bi gay activists urgin gay men an women tae come oot o the closet, encouragit gay men an women tae enter the politeical arena as candidates. In 1983 Gerry Studds, a sittin representative fae Massachusetts, becam the foremaist member o the Unitit States congress tae announce his homosexuality. Barney Frank, forby a member o the U.S. Hoose o Representatives fae Massachusetts, forby cam oot while servin in Congress in the 1980s; Frank wes a pouerfu member o that body an inower the Democratic Pairty intil the 21st yeirhunner. National Coming Out Day began oan 11 October 1988 an is nou celebrated athort the warld.
The issues that gay richts groups emphasised varyt syne the 1970s bi tyme an place, wi sindèrie naitional organisations promuivin policies specifically fur thair kintra's milieu. Fur ensample, quharas in some kintras, parteecular in Scandinavie, antisodomy statutes never existit or war struck doun aerlie, in ither kintras the situation wes mair complex. In the Unitit States, wi its strong federal traddition, the battle fur the repeal o sodomie laws initially wes feucht at the state level. In 1986 the Supreme Coort uphaudit Georgie's antisodomie law (Bowers v. Hardwick); 17 yeir efterhin the Supreme Coort reversit itssel (Lawrence v. Texas), overturnin the antisodomy law in Texas an in 12 ither states.
1990s-the nou
In 10 Mey 1990, OutRage! was formed in the Unitit Kinrick follaein the murther o gay actor Michael Boothe.
Ootwith the Unitit States, openlie gay politeicans forby haed successes. In canada in 1998 Glen Murray acame the Mayor o Winnipeg, Manitoba—the foremaist openlie gay politeican tae leid a lairge citie. Lairge cities in europe forby waur fertile groonds fur success fur openlie gay politeicans—fur ensample, Bertrain Delanoë in Pairis an Klaus Wowereit in Berlin, baith electit mayur in 2001. At the local an naitional levels, the nummer o openlie gay politeicans gey increasit durin the 1990s an 2000s, an in 2009 Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir becam Prime Minister o Iceland—the warld's foremaist openly gay heid o govrenment. She wes followit bi Elio Di Rupo, wha becam Prime Minister o Belgium in 2011.
In Africa, Asie an Laitin Americae, openlie gay politeicians haed nae muckle success in winnin office; elections tae national legislatures wirdy o tent include Patria Jiménez Flores in Mexico (1997), Mike Waters in Sooth Africae (1999), an Clodovil Hernandez in Brazil (2006).
Ither issues o primar importance fur the gay richts muivement include lobbyin govrenment fur nondiscriminatory policies in employment, housing, an ither aspecks o ceevil societie; endin the baurin on military service fur gay an lesbian fowk; expandin hate crimes legislation tae include protection fur LGBT fowk; an securin mairage richts fur same-sex couples.
In Januar 2000, Breetain owerturnt its ban on gay men servin in the militarie an airmed forces. Same-sex mairiage is legal in all airts o the UK; it has been recognised and performed in Inglan an Wales syne Mairch 2014, in Scotlan syne December 2014, and in Norlin Airlan syne January 2020. Same-sex mairiage was later legal in 9 of the 14 Breetish Owerseas Territories an aw the Croun dependencies.
In 2015, Preses o the Unitit States Barack Obama signed legislation that repealit the U.S. military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell (Scots: Dinnae Speir, Dinnae Tell; DADT), policie furthset bi umquhile U.S. Preses Bill Clinton in 1993. DADT alloued gay an lesbian individuals tae serve in the military gin thay didna disclose thair sexual orientation or engage in gay sexual activity; the repeal effectively endit the baurin o homosexuals fae the military. In 2013 the Supreme Coort recognised the richt o same-sex couples tae marry (Obergefell v. Hodges), an in 2020 the coort determinit that firin an employee fur bein gay, lesbian, or transgender wes a violation o Title VII o the Civil Rights Act (1964), whilk prohibitit discrimination on the basis o sex (Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia).
References
"Gay Rights Movement", Encyclopædia Britannica, unless specifieed itherwise ablow:
Brak, Libie
Brak (whiles written Biraq or Birak ) (براك) is a toun in the Wadi Al Shatii Destrict in wast-central Libie. It is the admeenistrative centre o the destrict.
Subaru R2
The Subaru R2 wis announced in Japan on December 8, 2003, an the R2 name wis inspired bi the Subaru R-2, the kei caur model that wis produced atween 1969 tae 1972.
The R2's exterior reflects influence frae Andreas Zapatinas, who workt at Alfa Romeo afore movin tae Subaru. The R2 is the first production Subaru tae sport a new family leuk, includin the aviation-inspired "spread wings grille" that is an aa uised bi Tribeca an Impreza
The R2's exterior dimensions are lairgely similar tae its predecessor, the Subaru Pleo, but unlike the squarish Pleo, the R2 is deliberately roondit, less space efficient form.
Robert Downey Jr.
Robert John Downey Jr. (born Aprile 4, 1965) is an American actor an sangster. His career haes includit creetical an popular success in his youth, follaed bi a period o substance abuiss an legal tribbles, an a resurgence o commercial success in middle age. For three consecutive years frae 2012 tae 2015, Downey tappit the Forbes leet o Hollywood's heichest-paid actors, makkin an estimated $80 million in earnins atween Juin 2014 an Juin 2015.
Subaru R2
Three variations o the 4-cylinder, 658 cc ingine are available:
Unlike ither Subaru models which uised Boxer ingine, the R2 chooses tae uise inline ingine.
Coppa Italia
The Coppa Italia (Italian for Italy Cup, offeecially kent as TIM Cup acause o its sponsorship) is an Italian fitbaw annual cup competeetion. Its first edeetion wis held in 1922, but the seicont champions war nae crouned till 1936. Juventus leads the way wi eleiven wins, follaed bi Roma wi nine. Roma haes contestit mair finals, 17, while Juventus follae wi 16. The haulder can wear a "tricolore" cockade (Italian: coccarda), lik the roondels that appear on militar aircraft, an qualifies for a UEFA Europa League spot for the next saison.
Subaru R2
The two lower ingines are available wi either a manual transmission or a CVT. The superchairged ingine is coupled tae a sportshift version o the CVT ("7 speed iCVT"). Baith front wheel drive an aw wheel drive are available.
Coimbra
Coimbra is a ceety in the municipality o Coimbra in Portugal. Although it served as the naition's caipital durin the Heich Middle Ages, it is better-kent for its university, the University o Coimbra, which, established in 1290, is ane o the auldest in Europe an the auldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speakin warld.
Robert Downey Jr.
Makkin his actin debut at the age o five, appearin in his father's film Pound (1970), Downey Jr. appeared in roles associatit wi the Brat Pack, sic as the teen sci-fi comedy Weird Science (1985) an the drama Less Than Zero (1987). He starned as the teetle chairacter in the 1992 film Chaplin, that earnt him a nomination for the Academy Awaird for Best Actor an wan him the BAFTA Awaird for Best Actor in a Leadin Role. Efter being released in 2000 frae the California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison whaur he wis on drog chairges, Downey jynt the cast o the TV series Ally McBeal playin Calista Flockhart's luve interest. This earnt him a Gowden Globe Awaird. His chairacter wis written oot whan Downey wis fired efter twa drog arrests in late 2000 an early 2001. Efter his last stay in a coort-ordered drog treatment program, Downey achieved sobriety.
Coimbra
There are mony airchaeological structures which date tae the Roman era, when Coimbra wis the settlement o Aeminium, such as its well-preserved aqueduct an cryptoporticus. Similarly, biggins frae the period when Coimbra served as the caipital o Portugal (frae 1139 tae aboot 1260) still remain. Durin the Late Middle-Ages, wi its decline as the poleetical centre o the Kinrick o Portugal, Coimbra began tae evolve intae a major cultural centre, wi the foondation o the University o Coimbra in 1290. The university, ane o the auldest in Europe, apairt frae attractin mony European an internaitional students, is visitit bi tourists for its monuments an history.
Robert Downey Jr.
Downey Jr.'s career prospects impruived whan he featurt in the black comedy crime Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (2005), the meestery thriller Zodiac (2007), an the satirical action comedy Tropic Thunder (2008); for the latter he wis nominatit for an Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actor. Beginnin in 2008, Downey begoud portrayin the role o Marvel Comics superhero Iron Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearin in several films as aither the lead role, member o an ensemble cast, or in a cameo. Ilk o thir films, wi the exception o The Incredible Hulk, haes grossed ower $500 million at the box office warldwide; five o thir—Marvel Avengers Assemble, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Iron Man 3, Captain America: Civil War, an Avengers: Infinity War—earnt ower $1 billion.
Coimbra
Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Coimbra is twinned wi:
Robert Downey Jr.
Downey Jr. haes an aw played the teetle chairacter in Guy Ritchie's Sherlock Holmes (2009), that earned him his seicont Golden Globe win, and its sequel (2011), both of which have earned over $500 million at the box office worldwide.
As of 2018, the U.S. domestic box-office grosses of Downey Jr.'s films total over US $4.6 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $10.5 billion, making Downey Jr. the third highest-grossing U.S. domestic box-office star of all time.
Subaru R2
Initially, the R2 wis available in 11 colors an 3 trim levels (ane for each ingine variation).
On Januar 4, 2005, the Subaru R1 wis introduced, a 2-door version o the R2 wi a shorter body an wheelbase.
In 2006, the R2 got a facelift that is similar design tae Subaru Legacy's grille, removin Tribeca-style front grille.
The Subaru R2 is an' a' a playable secret caur in Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune.
The R2 wis discontinued in Mairch 2010.
Pedro Betancourt
Pedro Betancourt is a municipality an ceety in the Matanzas Province o Cuba. It is locatit in the centre o the province, wast o Jagüey Grande an east o Unión de Reyes.
The municipality is dividit intae the barrios o Cabecera Norte, Cabecera Sur, Ciego, Linche, Navajas, Platanal, Punta Brava, Torriente an Tramojos.
It wis foondit in 1833.
Demografics
In 2004, the municipality o Pedro Betancourt haed a population o 32,218. Wi a tot aurie o 388 km2, it haes a population densitie o 83.0 /km2.
Windir
Windir (gaes ower intae Scots as "Warrior") wis a Fowk metal/ Black metal baund frae Sogndal, Norawa. The baund jyned thegither black metal wi Norse fowk muisic an meethology.
History
Windir stairtit oot in 1994, but didna set furth an album till 1997. As is aften the case in Black metal, the baund wis essentially the project o the ae man, Terje "Valfar" Bakken that wrate the leerics an tukk owerins ower the baund's muisical airt. Thay set furth fower albums in awmaist ten year o existence, ilkane mair muisically compticate an successfu nor the last, but a promisin career wis tragically cut scort in Januar 2004, whan Valfar dee'd o hypothermia whan he wis taigelt in a snaw storm whan he wis walkin in the hills o Sogndal tae his familie's hoose at Fagereggi. Efter his daith, the ither members o the baund held a tribute concert for tae mynd him, that wis filmed an setten furth on DVD. Efter the baund spleet, three o the ither members stairtit a baund cried Vreid that conteenas wi a seemilar kynd o thocht tae Windir.
Leerics
As wi awmaist aw Black metal baunds, Windir's leerics wis for ordinar anent hatred, iil etc. but thay wrate anent history as weel as Norse meethology an fowklair. The maist kenspeckle thing anent thair leerics is that thay war for the maist pairt in Sognamål, the auld-farrant byleid o thair region (tho maist o the leerics on the 1184 album wis in Inglis).
Robin van Persie
Robin van Persie (born 6 August 1983) is a Dutch umwhile fitbawer that played as a striker.
Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (27 September 1783 – 19 Julie 1824), kent as Augustine o Mexico an aw, wis a Mexican airmy general an politeecian.
Bilal Ag Acherif
Bilal Ag Acherif (born 1977, last name alternatively spelled Cherif ) is the Secretar-General o the Naitional Muivement for the Leeberation o Azawad.
On 26 Juin 2012, he wis woondit in clashes atween MNLA fechters an the Islamist Movement for Aneness an Jihad in Wast Africae, an MNLA ally durin the northren Mali conflict. Accordin tae an MNLA spokesperson, he wis taken tae Burkina Faso for medical care.
Subaru R1
The Subaru R1 wis introduced bi the Japanese caurmaker Subaru on Januar 4, 2005. It wis designed tae fit athin the Japanese kei caur tax bracket.
The R1 is a twa-door version o the Subaru R2, but wi a shorter body an wheelbase. The R1 is unuisual in that it daes no uise up the maximum lenth alloued for bi the kei caur regulations—the ae ither kei caurs tae hae done this syne the 1989 Autozam Carol wur the Suzuki Twin an the European Smart Fortwo.
In its promotional materials, the R1 is frequently compared tae the Subaru 360, the first production Subaru automobile.
Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico Ceety
Gustavo A. Madero is ane o the 16 delegaciones (burghs) intae which Mexico's Federal Destrict is dividit.
Oreegins
Foondit as "Villa de Guadalupe" in 1563, it became the ceety of "Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo" in 1828, an finally a delegación in 1931; as sic, it wis named efter Gustavo A. Madero, the brither an fellae revolutionar o Preses Francisco I. Madero.
Lellapere
Lellapere is a veelage in Kehtna Pairish, Rapla Coonty in northren-central Estonie.
Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico Ceety
Characteristics
The aurie hooses the Basílica de Guadalupe, the shrine o Oor Lady o Guadalupe at the fuit o Tepeyac Hill, whaur Roman Catholics believe the Virgin Mary appeared tae the indigenous Mexican Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin in 1531.
Bein the north-maist burgh, the Northren Central Bus Station (Terminal Central del Norte) is locatit here, providin constant bus runs tae aw major ceeties in the northren an wastren pairt o the kintra.
History
The Treaty o Guadalupe Hidalgo, endin the Mexican-American War o 1846–48 wis signed here.
Geoffrey Clifton-Brown
Geoffrey Robert Clifton-Brown (born 23 Mairch 1953) is an Inglis politeecian, an a member o the Unitit Kinrick pairlament at Wastmeinster, representin the Conservative Pairty. He represents the Cotswold consteetuency in the Hoose o Commons.
Corrour railwey station
Corrour railwey station is on the Crianlarich-Fort William/Mallaig brainch o the West Highland Line. It is situatit naur Loch Ossian on the Corrour Estate, Hieland Region (umwhile Inverness-shire), Scotland. It is the highest mainline railwey station in the Unitit Kinrick. Its Scottis Gaelic name, displayed on signs at the station, is Coire Odhar, whit means dun-coloured corrie.
Jutiapa Depairtment
Jutiapa is a depairtment o Guatemala that borders alang El Salvador an the Paceefic Ocean. The caipital is the ceety o Jutiapa. It haes a population o aboot 400,000, primarily o European an Indigenous extractions. The population is ethnically "ladinos" or "mestizos" (i.e. no Indians) in its majority. Jutiapa is the anerlie depairtment in Guatemala whose offeecial leid is Spainyie, wi nae indigenous indwallers. The depairtment is dividit intae seiventeen municipalities. Jutiapa is the kintra's sootheastmaist department. The main crops are sorghum, tobacco, ingan an corn. The climate is dry. An important attraction is the cattle fair. It is at 405 m abuin sea level.
The coat o airms contains the cornucopia seembolisin Jutiapa as the barn o the East, supplyin Guatemala wi maist o the grain consumit bi the fowk. The horse an the cow represent the cattle; the beuks staund for educational an cultural advances. In the backgrund sits La Cruz hill, the firm guardian o the depairtmental chief toun, wi the touer or antenna o a Jutiapa radio station. Ahint the hill float the clouds, the sky an the sun o Jutiapa, "The Sun Ceety". This coat o airms is placit on the banner atween twa laurel branches seembolisin the daily triumphs o the sons o Jutiapa. The banner is mainly white, showin in its centre the coat o airms adaptit an adroned, atween twa laurel branches.
Battle o the Boyne
The Battle o the Boyne (1690) wis atween Prince William o Orange an James II o Ireland, wi a victory o William celebratit bi the twelft o Julie.
Australie Democrats
The Australian Democrats is an Australian political party espousing a socially liberal ideology. It wis formed in 1977, by a merger o the Australia Party an the New LM, efter principals o those minor parties secured the commitment o umwhile Liberal meenister Don Chipp, as a heich profile leader. The party's 30-year representation in the Parliament of Australia ended on 30 Juin 2008, efter the loss o its fower remainin Senate seats; twa o the senators haed retired frae politics an the ither twa war defeatit at the 2007 election, in which the party polled anly 1.29% o the naitional Senate vote.
The party is based on the principles o honesty, tolerance, compassion an direct democracy throu postal ballots o aw members, sae that "there should be no hierarchical structure ... by which a carefully engineered elite could make decisions for the members." Frae the outset, members' participation wis fiercely pertected in naitional an divisional constitutions prescribing internal elections, regular meetin protocols, annual conferences—and monthly journals for open discussion an balloting. Dispute resolution procedures war established, wi final recourse tae a party ombudsman an membership ballot.
Policies determined bi the unique participatory method promoted environmental awareness an sustainability, opposition tae the primacy o economic rationalism (Australian neoliberalism), preventative approaches tae human heal an welfare, ainimal rights, rejection o nuclear technology an wappens.
The Australian Democrats war the first representatives o green politics at the federal level in Australia. Thay played a key role in the cause célèbre o the Franklin River Dam.
The party's centrist role maks it subject tae criticism frae baith the right an left o the political spectrum. In parteecular, Chipp's umwhile conservative affiliation wis frequently recalled by opponents on the left. This problem wis tae torment later leaders an strategists who, by 1991, war proclaiming "the electoral objective" as a higher priority than the rigorous participatory democracy espoused bi the party's founders.
In 2009, the party attempted tae reconstruct by reducing membership fees. Houiver, at the Mairch 2010 election held in South Australia (the party's registered home state<ref Registered parties at Australian Electoral Commission, 2010 ), the Australian Democrats attracted less nor ane percent o the Upper House vote.
1977–79
On the evening o 29 Apryle 1977, Don Chipp addressed an overflowing Perth Town Hall meetin which unanimously passed a resolution tae form a Centre-Line Party, which Chipp wis invited tae lead —but he firmly declined tae reverse his avowed decision tae quit politics, haein resigned frae the Liberal Party an been offered a lucrative poseetion as a radio public affairs commentator. Houiver, at a meetin in the Melbourne Town Hall on 9 Mey, Chipp received a staundin ovation frae ower 3,000 fowk, includin umwhile Prime Meenister John Gorton, an decidit tae commit himself tae leadin the new party which wis already bein biggit by a naitional steering committee. The name "Australian Democrats", already in informal currency, wis confirmed bi the membership, bein the maist favoured o 56 alternative names on the postal ballot paper.
The grassroot support attracted by Chipp's leadership wis measurable at the party's first electoral test at the 1977 federal election on 10 December, when 9.38 per cent o the tot Lawer House vote wis polled an 11.13 per cent o the Senate vote. At that time, wi five Senate seats bein contested in each state, the required quota wis a daunting 16.66 per cent. Houiver, the first 6-year-term seats war won by Don Chipp (Vic) an Colin Mason (NSW).
1980–82
At a Melbourne media conference in 1980, Chipp describit his party's aim as tae "keep the bastards honest"—the "bastards" bein the major parties and/or politicians in general. This became a lang-lived slogan for the Democrats.
The Australian Democrats' first naitional conference, on 16–17 Februar 1980, wis opened bi the distinguished nuclear physicist an umwhile governor o South Australia, Sir Mark Oliphant, who said: "I was privileged to be in the chair at the public meeting in Melbourne when [Don Chipp] announced formation of a new party, dedicated to preserve what freedoms we still retain, and to increase them. A party in which dictatorship from the top was replaced by consensus. A party not ordered about by big business and the rich, or by union bosses. A party where a man could retain freedom of conscience and not thereby be faced with expulsion. A party to which the intelligent individual could belong without having to subscribe to a dogmatic creed. In other words, a democratic party. " At the October 1980 election, the Democrats polled 9.25 per cent o the Senate vote, electing Janine Haines (SA) an twa new senators Michael Macklin (Qld) an John Siddons (Vic), bringin the party's strength tae five Senate seats frae 1 Julie 1981.
A South Australian by-election in the state seat o Mitcham (nou Waite) in 1982 saw Heather Southcott retain the seat for the Democrats frae Robin Millhouse syne 1955 (Democrat syne 1977), houiver it wis lost later that year at the 1982 state election. Mitcham wis the anly single-member lawer hoose seat anywhere in Australia tae be won bi the Democrats.
1987–90
It haed been expected that the Democrats wad find it difficult tae win seats at the next Senate election due in 1987. Houiver, thair task wis assisted bi the calling o a double dissolution election by Prime Meenister, Bob Hawke. This reduced the quota necessar tae win a seat tae 7.7%. In NSW (Paul McLean), Victoria (Janet Powell) an South Australia (Janine Haines), 6 year terms war won. In South Australia, a seicont senator (John Coulter) wis elected tae 3 year term, an short terms war an aa won Michael Macklin in Queensland an Jean Jenkins in Western Australia.
1990–91
1990 saw the courageous voluntary departure frae the Senate o Janine Haines (a step wi which nae aw Democrats agreed) an the narrow failure o her strategic goal o winnin the House o Representatives kent as the seat o Kingston.
Her casual vacancy wis filled by Meg Lees several months afore the arrival o Cheryl Kernot, elected tae replace the retiring deputy leader Michael Macklin. The ambitious Kernot immediately contested the Senate leadership. Bein unemployed at the time, she requested an obtained party funds tae pey for her traivel tae address members in aw seiven divisions. In the event, Victorian Janet Powell wis elected as leader an John Coulter wis chosen as deputy leader.
Despite the loss o Haines an the WA Senate seat (throu an inconsistent naitional preference agreement wi the ALP), the 1990 federal election heralded something o a rebirth for the party, wi a dramatic rise in primary vote. This wis at the same time as an economic recession wis building, an events sic as the Gulf War in Kuwait war beginnin tae shepherd issues o globalisation an transnational tred on tae naitional government agendas.
Virtually alone on the Australian political landscape, Janet Powell consistently attacked baith the government an opposition which haed closed ranks in support o the Gulf War. Whereas the House o Representatives wis sicweys able tae avoid ony debate aboot the war an Australia's participation, the Democrats teuk full advantage o the opportunity tae muive for a debate in the Senate.
Possibly acause o the party's opposition tae the Gulf War, thare wis mass-media antipathy an negative publicity which some construed as poor performance by Janet Powell. She wis criticised for the party's staundin appearin stalled at aboot 10%, which in licht o future performance can nou be seen as heichly creditable. Afore 12 month o her leadership haed passed, the South Australian an Queensland divisions war circulating the party's first-ever petition tae criticise an oust the parliamentary leader. The explicit grunds relatit tae Powell's alleged responsibility for poor AD ratings in Gallup an ither media surveys o potential voting support. When this charge wis deemed insufficient, interested party officers an senators reinforced it wi negative media 'leaks' anent her openly established relationship wi Sid Spindler an exposure o administrative failings resultin in excessive overtime tae a staff member. Wi Naitional Executive blessing, the party room pre-empted the ballot by replacing the leader wi deputy John Coulter. In the process, severe internal divisions war generated. Ane major collateral casualty wis the party whip Paul McLean who resigned an quit the Senate in disgust at what he perceived as in-fechtin atween close friends. The casual NSW vacancy creatit by his resignation wis filled by Karin Sowada. Powell duly left the party, alang wi mony leadin figures o the Victorian branch o the party, an unsuccessfully stood as an Independent candidate when her term expired. In later years, she campaigned for the Australian Greens.
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Australie Democrats
Policy
The party haes a platform o participatory democracy, wi policies supporting proportional representation an citizen-initiated referenda. Mony important internal issues (sic as electoral preselection an leadership) are decidit by direct postal ballot o the membership. Awtho policies are theoretically set in a seemilar fashion, Australian Democrats parliamentarians generally haed extensive freedom in interpreting them.
Houiver, by 1980, the Australian Democrats haed employed the postal-ballot method at baith naitional at state levels tae develop an extensive body o written policy covering nae anly the political agendas o the day but an aa innovative an far-sighted policies for environmental an economic sustainability, watter an energy conservation, e.g., throu development o alternative energy soorces, expanded public transport, etc. Tae the community's growin concerns aboot human rights, the Australian Democrats added finely detailed policies on ainimal welfare an species preservation. The material is available in election manifestos an copies o the party's journals, obtainable in major public libraries.
In 2009, as pairt o the Rebuild process, the party annoonced a comprehensive review o aw policies.
Electoral fortunes
During the Hawke an Keating Labor Governments (1983–96), the Australian Democrats held a theoretical balance o power in the Senate: the nummers war sic that thay coud team wi Labor tae pass legislation, or team wi the Coalition tae block legislation on occasions when the Coalition decidit tae oppose a government bill.
Thair power wis weakened in 1996 efter the Howard Government wis elected, an a Labor senator, Mal Colston, resigned frae the Labor party. This meant that the Australian Democrats nou shared the parliamentary balance o power wi twa Independent senators. As a result, the Coalition government coud eften bypass the Australian Democrats, an pass legislation by negotiating wi Colston an Brian Harradine. Follaein the 1998 election the Australian Democrats again held the balance o power, until the Coalition gained a Senate majority at the 2004 election.
The Hawke an Keating governments pursued economic policies that drew on economic rationalist an neo-liberal thocht, an the Australian Democrats poseetioned themselves tae the left o the ALP government, an sicweys at the left end o mainstream Australian politics. Thair appeal (and focus on issues beyond the uisual "economic" ones that monopolised major party attention) wis always greatest amongst tertiary-educated voters. Houiver, the party's progressive politics an aa remained attractive tae a sizeable section o mainly middle class ("wet") Liberal supporters – eften female, an eften disparagingly describit on the right o the Liberal Party as "Soccer Mums" or "Doctor's Wives" – who war turned off bi the Liberal party's social conservatism an "Reagonomic/Thatcherite" economic policies. Mony Liberals saw thair support o the Australian Democrats in the Senate as haein "an each way bet", ameliorating the effect o thair support for the Liberals in the House o Representatives – an attitude positively fostered, nae unsurprisingly, by Democrat politicians an campaigners.
Cheryl Kernot became leader in 1993. She haed strong media appeal, which increased media an public awareness o hersel an the party. She wis kent tae hae interests in industrial relations an wis able tae cultivate solit relationships wi Labor government frontbenchers, which an aa added tae her credibility in the press gallery.
Lack o clear direction ither than, possibly, senators' common ambition tae play a mair productive role in government manifested itself in tensions ower Cheryl Kernot's policy on industrial relations (see the Workplace Relations Act 1996). Unner Kernot, efter negotiations an some compromises frae the government, the Australian Democrats voted for the Howard Government's right-leaning industrial relations legislation which decreased union power an allowed a lairger role for individual employer-employee contracts.
Kernot, houiver, remained broadly opposed tae the Liberal government. This, thegither wi her personal ambition for a role in government, led her tae defect tae the ALP in 1997. In the 1998 federal election, the Democrats' candidate John Schumann came within 3 per cent o takkin Liberal Foreign Meenister Alexander Downer's seat o Mayo in the Adelaide Hills unner Australia's preferential voting seestem.
Internal conflict an leadership tensions frae 2000 tae 2002, blamed on the party's support for the Government's Goods and Services Tax (GST), wis damaging tae the Democrats.
In 1998 the Australian Democrats campaigned on supporting taxation reform an a modified GST platform, opposing the GST on fuid an beuks.
In 1999, efter negotiations wi Prime Meenister Howard, Meg Lees an Andrew Murray agreed tae support the A New Tax seestem (ANTS) legislation wi exemptions frae GST for maist fuid an some medicines, as well as mony environmental an social concessions. Five Australian Democrats senators voted in favour. Houiver, twa dissident senators on the party's left Natasha Stott Despoja an Andrew Bartlett voted against the GST.
In 2001, a leadership spill saw Meg Lees replaced as leader by Natasha Stott Despoja efter a very public an bitter leadership battle. Despite criticism o Stott Despoja's youth an lack o experience, the 2001 election saw the Democrats receive seemilar media coverage tae the previous election. Despite the internal divisions, the Australian Democrats' election result in 2001 wis quite good. Houiver, it wis nae enough tae prevent the loss o Vicki Bourne's Senate seat in NSW.
Ongoing tensions atween Stott Despoja an Lees led tae Stott Despoja staundin doun frae the leadership. It led tae a protracted leadership battle in 2002, which eventually led tae the election o Senator Andrew Bartlett as leader. Houiver, the tension led tae Meg Lees leaving the party in 2002, acomin an independent an forming the Australian Progressive Alliance.
On 6 December 2003, Andrew Bartlett stepped aside temporarily as leader o the party, efter an incident in which he assaulted Liberal Senator Jeannie Ferris on the floor o Parliament while intoxicated. The party issued a statement statin that Deputy Leader Lyn Allison wad serve as the Actin Leader o the party. Bartlett apologised tae the Democrats, Jeannie Ferris an the Australian public for his behaviour an assured aw concerned that it wad never happen again. On 29 Januar 2004, efter seeking medical treatment, Bartlett returned tae the Australian Democrats leadership, vowing tae abstain frae alcohol.
2004
Support for the Australian Democrats fell significantly at the 2004 federal election in which thay achieved anly 1.24 per cent o the naitional vote. Nowhere wis this mair noticeable than in thair key support base o suburban Adelaide in South Australia, whaur thay received atween 7 an 31 per cent o the Lawer House vote in 2001, an atween 1 an 4 per cent in 2004. Three incumbent senators war defeatit—Aden Ridgeway (NSW), Brian Greig (WA) an John Cherry (Qld). Follaein the loss, the customary post-election leadership ballot installed Lyn Allison as leader an Andrew Bartlett as her deputy.
Frae 1 Julie 2005 the Australian Democrats lost offeecial parliamentary party status, bein represented by anly fower senators while the governing Liberal-Naitional Coalition gained a majority an potential control o the Senate—the first time this advantage haed been enjoyed by ony government syne 1980.
2006
On 5 Januar 2006, the ABC reportit that the Tasmanian Electoral Commission haed de-registered that division o the party for failing tae provide a leet containing the required nummer o members tae be registered for Tasmanian state an local elections.
On 18 Mairch 2006, at the 2006 South Australian state election, the Australian Democrats war reduced tae 1.7 per cent o the Legislative Council (upper hoose) vote. Thair sole councillor up for re-election, Kate Reynolds, wis defeatit.
Efter the election, South Australian senator Natasha Stott Despoja denied rumours that she wis considering quitting the party.
In early Julie, Richard Pascoe, naitional an South Australian party preses, resigned, citing slumping opinion polls an the poor result in the 2006 South Australian election as well as South Australian parliamentary leader Sandra Kanck's comments regarding the drog MDMA which he saw as damaging tae the party.
On 28 August 2006, the founder o the Australian Democrats, Don Chipp, died. Former prime meenister Bob Hawke said: "... there is a coincidental timing almost between the passing of Don Chipp and what I think is the death throes of the Democrats. "
On 22 October 2006, Australian Democrats Senator Natasha Stott Despoja annoonced her intention nae tae seek re-election at the 2007 federal election due tae heal concerns. Her term ended on 30 Juin 2008.
2007
In the New South Wales state election o Mairch 2007, the Australian Democrats lost thair last remainin NSW Upper House representative, Arthur Chesterfield-Evans. The party fared poorly, gaining anly 1.8 per cent o the Legislative Council vote. A higher vote wis achieved in some o the Legislative Assembly seats selectively contested as compared tae 2003. Houiver, the statewide vote share fell acause the party wis unable tae field as mony candidates as in 2003.
In the Victorian state by-election in Albert Pairk District the Australian Democrats stood candidate Paul Kavanagh, who polled a respectable 5.75 per cent o the primary vote, despite a lairge nummer o candidates, an aw media attention focusing on the battle atween Labor an Greens candidates.
On 13 September 2007, the ACT Democrats (Australian Capital Territory Division o the party) wis deregistered bi the ACT Electoral Commissioner, bein unable tae demonstrate a minimum membership o 100 electors.
As wis widely expected, the Democrats haed no success at the 2007 federal election. Twa incumbent senators, Lyn Allison (Victoria) an Andrew Bartlett (Queensland), war defeatit, thair seats baith reverting tae major parties. Thair twa remainin colleagues, Andrew Murray (WA) an Natasha Stott Despoja (SA), did nae run for new terms. Aw fower senators' terms expired on 30 Juin 2008—leaving the Australian Democrats wi no federal representation for the first time syne its founding in 1977. An ABC report noted that "on the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) website the party is now referred to just as 'other'".
2008
The party achieved anly 1.24% o the vote at the federal 2008 Mayo by-election in South Australia. At the Australian Capital Territory general election, 2008, the party's ungrouped candidates obtained 0.3% o the vote for Ginninderra (Darren Churchill) an 0.2% in Molonglo (Greg Tannahill).
2009
In Julie 2009, the party's sole remainin parliamentarian, David Winderlich, annoonced he wad leave the party an sit as an independent unless the South Australian Democrats coud recruit 1,000 new members by November 2009. When this clearly coud nae eventuate, he resigned frae the party on 7 October 2009, continued tae sit as an independent an wis defeatit at the 2010 election.