cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Silves, Portugal
History
The toun wis feenally taken frae the last Muslim king Ibn Afan bi Paio Peres Correia, Grand-Maister o the Order o Santiago in 1242, efter the Alentejo an maist o the coast haed already fawen in 1238. The great mosque wis chyngit intae Silves Cathedral (Sé Catedral). Silves declined in importance thareefter an wis eclipsed in the region bi Faro durin the colonial period. In 1491, the toun wis gien tae queen Leonora bi King João.
Pairts o the Almohad toun waw, constructit frae poured concrete, hae been preservit, as well as the Almedina-gate (Porta de Loulé). Ither sichts include the Santa Misericórdia Kirk wi a fine door in Manueline style (the main bouk o the kirk wis biggit in 1727-28); a museum for cork an the production o bottle corks in a defunct factory which is nou a centre for cultural events cried "Fábrica do Inglês (The Inglisman's Factory) an aw; an the municipal museum (Museu Municipal de Arqueologia) wi fyndins frae the palaeolithic onwairds.
Geografie
The municipality is crossed bi the Arade River, which wis navigable in historical times an wis key tae the prosperity o the ceety o Silves. The watters o the river shape the dams o Arade an Funcho. The landscape o the municipality is generally hilly. Tae the sooth the municipality borders the Atlantic Ocean.
Silves is built on tap o ane o the lairgest unnergrund aquifers in the sooth o Portugal, The Querença-Silves Aquifer, an haes mony orange groves, a fruit introducit bi the Moors.
Human geografie
Admeenistratively, the municipality is dividit intae 6 ceevil pairishes (freguesias):
Viti Levu
Viti Levu (pronoonced ) is the mucklest island in the Republic o Fiji, the steid o the naition's caipital, Suva, an hame tae a muckle feck o Fiji's population.
San Andrés Paxtlán
San Andrés Paxtlán is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 77.83 km². It is pairt o the Miahuatlán Destrict in the sooth o the Sierra Sur Region.
As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 4066.
2013–14 UEFA Champions League
The 2013–14 UEFA Champions League wis the 59t saison o Europe's premier club fitbaa toornament organisit bi UEFA, an the 22nt saison syne it wis renamit frae the European Champion Clubs' Cup tae the UEFA Champions League.
Blue jay
The Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) is a passerine bird in the faimily Corvidae, native tae North Americae. It bides throu maist o eastren an central Unitit States an soothren Canadae, altho wastren populations mey be migratory. It breeds in baith deciduous an coniferous forests, an is common near an in settlements. It is maistly blue wi a white breist an unnerparts, an a blue crest. It haes a black, U-shapen collar aroond its neck an a black mairch ahint the crest. Size atween sexes ar alike, an plumage disnae chynge throu the year. Thar Blue Jay haes fower unco subspecies.
2013–14 UEFA Champions League
The 2014 UEFA Champions League Feenal wis played atween Real Madrid an Atlético Madrid at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, markin the fift feenal tae featur twa teams frae the same association, an the first time in toornament history that baith feenalists are frae the same ceety. Real Madrid, who eliminatit the title haulders, Bayern Munich, in the semi-feenals, wan in extra time, giein thaim a record-extendin tent European Cup/Champions League title.
Blue jay
The blue jay maistly baits on nits an seeds siclik acorns, saft fruits, arthropods, an betimes smaa vertebrates. It teepically gleans fuid frae trees, shrubs, an the grund, tho it whiles hawks insects frae the air. It bigs an appen cup nest in beuchs o trees, that baith sexes skairs in biggin. Thair clatch can hae twa tae seiven eggs, that are blueish or licht broun wi broun spots. Progeny ar altricial, an bruidit bi the female for 8–12 days efter hatchin. Thay mey bide wi thair parents for ane or twa month.
2013–14 UEFA Champions League
For the first time, the clubs who qualifeed for the group stage qualifeed for the newly formit 2013–14 UEFA Youth League an aw, a competeetion available tae players agit 19 or unner.
Blue jay
Descrievin
The Blue Jay meisurs 22 - 30 cm frae bill tae tail an wechts 70 - 100 g, wi a wingspan o 34 - 43 cm. Jays frae Connecticut averaged 92.4 g in mass, whiles jays frae soothren Floridae averaged 73.7 g. Thare is a pronoonced crest on the heid, a croun o feathers, that mey be raised or lawered accordin tae the bird's muid. Whan excitit or aggressive, the crest mey be fu raised. When feartit, the crest bristles ootwards, brushlik. Whan the bird is feedin amang ither jays or restin, the crest is flat tae the heid.
Its plumage is lavender-blue tae mid-blue in the crest, back, wings, an tail, an its face is white. The unnerside is aff-white an the neck is collared wi black that extends tae the sides o the heid. The wing primaries an tail are strangly barred wi black, sky-blue an white. The bill, legs, an een are aw black. Males an females ar near identical, but the male is a little muckler.
As wi maist ither blue-hued birds, the Blue Jay's colouration isnae derived frae pigments but is the result of licht interference due tae the internal structur o the feathers; gif a blue feather is crushed, the blue disappears as the structur is destroyed. This is referred tae as structural coloration.
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen ) is a wee island in the Paceefic Ocean locatit atween Australie, New Zealand an New Caledon, 1412 km directly east o mainland Australie's Evans Head, an aboot 900 km frae Lord Howe Island. The island is pairt o the Commonwalth o Australie, but it enjoys a lairge degree o self-govrenance. Thegither wi twa neighbourin islands, it furms ane o Australie's freemit territories. It haes 2,300 fowk livin on 35 km2. Its caipital is Kingston.
Akina Nakamori
Akina Nakamori (中森明菜) is a Japanese female pop sangster an actress. She wis ane o the maist popular sanger o the 1980s in Japan. She is kent for her deep, powerful vyce.
Norfolk Island
Oreeginally settled bi East Polynesies, Norfolk Island wis colonised bi Great Britain as pairt o its dounset o Australie in 1788. The island served as a convict penal dounset till Mey 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus atween 1814 an 1825, when it wis abandoned. In 1856 permanent ceevilian residence on the island began when it wis settled frae Pitcairn. In 1901, the island acame a pairt o the Commonweel o Australie which it haes remained till this day.
The evergreen Norfolk Island pine is a seembol o the island an thus pictured on its banner (see illustration). Native tae the island, the pine is a key export industry for Norfolk Island, bein a popular ornamental tree on mainland Australie, whaur twa relatit species grow, an an aa in Europe.
Alexandre de Beauharnais, Viscoont o Beauharnais
Alexandre de Beauharnais, Viscoont o Beauharnais (Alexandre François Marie; 28 Mey 1760 – 23 Julie 1794) wis a French nobleman wha wis also made a general. He wis the first husband o Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie, later the wife io Napoleon. He wis executit in the French Revolution. Through his son, he is an ancestor o the current monarchs o Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, an Luxembourg.
Blue jay
Distribution an habitat
The blue jay occurs frae soothren Canadae throu the eastren an central USA sooth tae Florida an northeastren Texas. The wastren edge o the range staps whaur the arid pine forest an scrub habitat o the close relatit Steller's jay (C. stelleri) begins. O recent, the range o the Blue Jay haes extendit northwastwards sae that it is nou a rare but regular seen winter veesitor alang the northren US an soothren Canadian Pacific Coast. As the twa species' ranges nou owerlap, C. cristata mey whiles hybridize wi Steller's jay.
The northrenmaist subspecies C. c. bromia is migratory, subject tae necessity. It mey withdraw several hundrit kilometres sooth in the northrenmaist pairts o its range. Thoosands o blue jays hae been observed tae migrate in flocks alang the Great Lochs an Atlantic coasts. It migrates durin the daytime, in loose flocks o 5 tae 250 birds. Muckle aboot thair migratory behaviour remains a mystery. Some ar present throuoot winter in aw pairts o thair range. Young jays mey be mair likely tae migrate nor adults, but mony adults migrate an aa. Some individual jays migrate sooth ane year, stay north the neist winter, an then migrate sooth again the neist year. Tae date, naebody haes concretely wirkit oot hou thay migrate whan thay dae. Likely, it is relatit tae wather condeetions an hou abundant the winter fuid soorces are, that can determine whather ither northren birds will flit sooth.
The blue jay occupies a variety o habitats athin its muckle range, frae the pine wids o Florida tae the spruce-fir forests o northren Ontario. It is less abundant in denser forests, preferrin mixed widlands wi aiks an beeches. It haes expertly adaptit tae human activity, occurrin in pairks an residential areas, an can adapt tae halesale deforestation wi relative ease gif human activity creates ither means for the jays tae get bi.
Subspecies
Fower subspecies are generally acceptit, tho the variation athin this species is rather subtle an essentially clinal. Nae firm boundaries can be drawn atween the inland subspecies. The ranges o the coastal races are better deleemitit.
Behaviour
The blue jay is a noisy, bold an aggressive passerine. It is a moderately slow flier (roughly 32 - 40 kph) whan unprovoked. It flies wi body an tail haudit level, wi slaw wing beats. Due tae its slaw flyin speeds, this species maks easy prey for hawks an houlets whan flyin in appen areas. Virtually aw the raptorial birds sympatric in distribution wi the blue jay mey predate it, espeicial swift bird-huntin speicialists siclik the Accipiter hawks. Diverse predators mey predate jay eggs an young up tae thair fledgin stage, includin tree squirrels, snakes, cats, crows, raccoons, opossums, ither jays an possibly mony o the same birds o prey that atteck adults.
The blue jay can be beneficial tae ither bird species, as it mey chase predatory birds, siclik hawks an houlets, an will scream gif it sees a predator athin its territory. It haes been kent tae soond an alarm cry whan hawks or ither dangers are near an aa, an smawer birds eften recognise this cry an hide thairsels awa accordinly. It mey occasionally impersonate the cries o raptors, especial thon o the Reid-tailed an Reid-shouldered Hawks, possibly tae test gif a hawk is in the vicinity, tho possibly tae scare aff ither birds that mey compete for fuid soorces an aa. It mey be aggressive tae humans that come ower close tae its nest an aa, an gif an houlet roosts near the nest durin the daytime the blue jay mobs it till it taks a new roost. Houaniver, blue jays hae been kent tae attack or kill ither smawer birds an sleepin, foliage-roostin bat species sic as Lasiurus borealis an aa. Jays ar verra territorial birds, an thay will chase ithers frae a feeder for an easier meal. Addeetionally, the blue jay mey raid ither birds' nests, stealin eggs, chicks, an nests. Houiver, this mey nae be as common as is teepically thocht, as anerly 1% o fuid matter in ane study wis compromised bi birds. Despite this, ither passerines mey still mob jays that come athin thair breedin territories.
Blue jays, lik ither corvids, are heichly curious an ar considert intelligent birds. Young individuals playfully snatch brichtly coloured or reflective objects, siclik bottle caps or pieces o aluminium foil, an haul them aroond till thay lose interest. Whiles nae confirmt tae hae engaged in tuil uise in the wild, blue jays in captivity hae been observed uisin strips o newspaper as tuils tae obtain fuid, whiles captive fledglins hae been observed attemptin tae appen the duir tae thair cages.
Diet
Blue jays hae strange black bills that thay uise for crackin nuts an acorns, fir uisual whiles haudin them wi thair feet, an for eatin corn, grains an seeds. Its fuid is soucht baith on the grund an in trees an includes virtually aw kent types o plant an ainimal soorces, sic as acorns an beech mast, weed seeds, grain, fruits an ither berries, peanuts, breid, meat, smaa invertebrates o mony types, scraps in toun pairks, bird-table fuid an rarely eggs an nestlins. Blue jays will whiles cache fuid, tho tae whit extent differs widely amang individuals. Altho seemingly contentious in thair general behaviour, blue jays are frequently subservient tae ither medium-sized birds that veesit bird-feeders. In Florida, blue jays wis dominatit at feeders bi Eastren gray squirrels, Florida Scrub-Jays, Common Grackles an Reid-heidit Widpeckers, aw o that wis occasionally observed tae aggressively prevent the jays frae feedin.
Reproduction
The matin saison begins in mid-Mairch, peaks in mid-Aprile tae Mey, an extends intae Julie. Ony suitable tree or muckle bush mey be uised for nestin, tho an evergreen is preferred. The nest is preferentially biggit at a heicht in the trees o 3 to 10 m. It is cup-shaped an componed o twigs, smaa ruits, bark strips, moss, ither plant material, cloth, paper, an feathers, wi occasional mud addit tae the cup.
Blue jays arnae owerly picky anent nestin locations. Gif nae better place is available – e.g. in a hivily deforestit area – thay will even uise places lik the muckle mailboxes teepical o the rural Unitit States. Thay appropriate nests o ither mid-sized sangbirds as lang as thay ar placed in suitable spots an aa; American robin nests are fir uisual uised bi blue jays, for ensaumple. Blue jays typically form monogamous pair bonds for life. Baith sexes big the nest an rear the young, tho anely the female bruids them. The male feeds the female whiles she is bruidin the eggs. Thare are fir uisual atween 3 an 6 (averagin 4 or 5) eggs laid an incubatit ower 16–18 days. The young fir uisual fledge atween 17–21 days efter hatchin.
Efter the juveniles fledge, the faimily travels an forages thegither till early faw, whan the young birds disperse tae jouk competeetion for fuid during the winter. Sexual maturity is reached efter ane year o age. Blue jays hae been recordit tae live for mair nor 26 years in captivity an ane wild jay wis fand tae hae been aroond 17 an a hauf year auld. A mair common lifespan for wild birds that survive tae adultheid is aroond 7 years. Ayont predation an the occasional collision wi man-made objects, a reglar cause o mortality in recent tenyeirs haes been the Wast Nile Virus, that corvids as a hale seem espeicial susceptible tae. Houaniver, despite several major local declines, oweraw Blue Jays hinna seemt tae hae been depletit bi the disease.
Vocalisations
Blue jays can mak a lairge variety o soonds, an individuals mey vary perceptibly in thair cryin style. Lik ither corvids, thay mey learn tae mimic human speech. Blue jays can copy the cries o local hawks an aa, sae well that it is whiles difficult tae tell whit it is. Thair vyce is teepical o maist jays in bein varied, but the maist reglar recognised soond is the alairm cry, that is a lood, almaist gull-lik scream. Thare is a heich-pitched jayer-jayer cry that increases in speed as the bird becomes mair agitatit as weel. This parteecular cry can be easily confused wi the chickadee's sang acause o the slaw stairtin chick-ah-dee-ee. Blue jays will uise thair cries tae baund thegither tae mob potential predators sic as hawks an drive them awa frae the jays' nests.
Blue jays hae quiet, almist subliminal calls an aa, that thay uise amang themselves in proximity. Ane o the maist distinctive cries o this teep is eften referrt tae as the "rusty pump" awin tae its squeaky resemblance tae the soond o an auld haund-operatit watter pump. The blue jay (an ither corvids) ar distinct frae maist ither sangbirds for uisin thair cry as a sang.
Cultural depiction an interpretation
In auld African-American folklore o the soothren Unitit States the blue jay wis haudit tae be a servant o the Deil, an "wis nae encoontered on a Friday as he wis fetchin sticks doun tae Hell; forby, he wis sae happy an chirpy on a Setturday as he wis relieved tae return frae Hell".
The blue jay wis adoptit as the team seembol o the Toronto Blue Jays Major League Baseball team, as weel as some o thair minor-league affiliates. Thair mascot is Ace, a blue jay.
Jerry Springer
Gerald Norman "Jerry" Springer (Februar 13, 1944 - Aprile 27, 2023) wis an English-born American talk show host, movie, television, radio, an stage actor. He is host for The Jerry Springer Show. He servit as Mayor of Cincinnati frae 1977 to 1978 as a Democrat.
Blue jay
Cultural depiction an interpretation
The blue jay is the offeecial bird o the province o Prince Edward Island in Canadae.
Jerry Springer
Springer wis born in Februar 13, 1944 in Highgate, London to Jewish parents frae Germany. He wis raisit in London until he and his parents movit to New York Ceety in 1949. He wis the Mayor o Cincinnati frae 1977 through 1978. He wis marrit to Vicki Melton since 1973. He maist recently lived in Cincinnati, Ohio an in Chicago, Illinois.
Blue jay
Cultural depiction an interpretation
Mordecai, an anthropomorphic blue jay, is ane o the main chairacters o the cartuin series Regular Show.
The Shard
The Shard, referred tae as the Shard o Glass, Shard Lunnon Brig an umwhile Lunnon Brig Touer,  is an 87-storey skyscraper in Lunnon that forms pairt o the Lunnon Brig Quarter development. The Shard's construction began in Mairch 2009; it wis tappt oot on 30 Mairch 2012 an inaugurated on 5 Julie 2012. Practical completion wis achieved in November 2012.
Blue jay
Cultural depiction an interpretation
The Blue Jay is featurt in Mark Twain's "A Tramp Abroad", Chapter 3 "Baker's Blue-Jay Yarn".
Honiara
Honiara is the caipital ceety o Solomon Islands, admeenistered as a provincial toun on the northwastren coast o Guadalcanal Island. As o 2017 it haed a population o 84,520 fowk. The ceety is served bi Honiara Internaitional Airport an the sea port o Point Cruz, an lies alang the Kukum Highway.
Villar de Plasencia
Villar de Plasencia is a municipality locatit in the province o Cáceres, in the autonomous commonty o Extremadura, Spain. The municipality covers a aurie o 24.99 km2 an as o 2011 haed a population o 243 fowk.
Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин; 9 Mairch 1934 – 27 Mairch 1968) wis a Soviet pilot an cosmonaut. He wis the first human tae jurney intae ooter space whan his Vostok spacecraft completit an orbit o the Yird on 12 Apryle 1961.
Gagarin becam an internautional celebrity an wis awairdit mony medals an teetles, includin Hero o the Soviet Union, the naition's heichest honour. Vostok 1 merked his anerly spaceflicht, but he served as backup crew tae the Soyuz 1 mission (that endit in a fatal crash). Gagarin later becam depute trainin director o the Cosmonaut Trainin Centre ootside Moscow, that wis later named efter him. Gagarin dee'd in 1968 whan the MiG-15 trainin jet he wis pilotin crashed. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale awairds the Yuri A. Gagarin Gowd Medal in his honour.
Monreal del Llano
Monreal del Llano is a municipality in locatit in the province o Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It haes a population o 74 (2014).
Forth Brig
The Forth Brig is a cantilever railwey brig ower the Firth o Forth in the east o Scotland, 9 mi wast central Edinburgh. It wis appened on 4 Mairch 1890 an spans a tot lenth o 2528.7 m. It is whiles refert tae as the Forth Rail Brig fur tae distinguish it frae the Forth Road Brig, tho this haes neiver been an offeecial title.
War o 1812
The War o 1812 wis a militar conflict that lastit frae Juin 18, 1812, tae Februar 18, 1815, focht atween the Unitit States o Americae an the Unitit Kinrick, its North American colonies, an its North American Indian allies.
Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (Februar 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) wis an Austrick pheesicist an filosofer whose greatest achievement wis in the development o stateestical mechanics, which explains an predicts hou the properties o atoms (sic as mass, charge, an structur) determine the pheesical properties o matter (sic as viscosity, thermal conductivity, an diffusion).
Edward Snowden
Edward Joseph Snowden (born 21 June 1983) is an American computer professional, with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, as an independent contractor for the United States Government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 without prior authorization. His disclosure revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA an the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies an European governments.
Olha Bohomolets
Olga Bogomolets, MD (Ольга Богомолець; born March 22, 1966) is a Ukrainian sangster, sangwriter an physeecian, Honoured Doctor o Ukraine, professor o the Bogomolets National Medical Varrsity (namit efter her great-grandfaither, Oleksandr Bohomolets), the foonder an chief doctor o the Institute o Dermatology an Cosmetology.
Career
In 1989, she graduatit frae Kyiv Medical Institute (nou the Bogomolets Naitional Medical Varsity, Kyiv). In 1993-1994, studiet in Pennsylvania Medical Varsity (Pennsylvanie, US) an the Bernard Ackerman’s Institute o dermatopathology (Philadelphia, US).
Efter the return frae US, she haed stairtit aff her awn Clinic o Laser Medicine, nou kent as the Dr. Bogomolets’ Institute o Dermatology an Cosmetology. Syne 2003 till nouadays – the chief doctor o the Institute o Dermatology an Cosmetology. Frae Dizember 2004 tae October 2005, Bogomolets wis the personal physeecian o the Preses o Ukraine.
She is the author o mair nor 70 research wirks on dermatology an awner o 9 patents for inventions in this branch o medicine. Bogomolets is a member o the American Academy of Dermatology, European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology, an a member o New York Academy of Sciences.
Airts
Bogomolets is kent as a sangster performin modren an auld Ukrainian romances on leerics bi Ukrainian poets (Lina Kostenko, Olena Teliga etc.) an her awn an aw. She is the winner o Aw-Ukrainian singin poetry contest "Oberig" (The Gairding Sign) an internaitional sang contests "Sopot" (Poland) an "White Sails" (Ukraine). The winner o the Special Awaird o “Radio Liberty” (1991). She plays heidlines in Ukraine, USA, Fraunce, Swaden, Germany, Poland an in the kintras o Central Europe. Aw her concerts are charitable an aimit tae support socially unprotectit fowk an Ukrainian cultural heritage. Syne 2004, Bogomolets haes been arrangin exhibitions o Ukrainian hame icons frae her collection in order tae spread the Ukrainian cultur an make it popular – both in Ukraine and abroad.
Bogomolets is the foonder o the historical an cultural complex "Radomysl Castle" (2007), comprisin the Museum o Ukrainian hame icons - the first an anerly o its kynd in the warld. She haed foondit airt-haw Kairos in the centre o Kyiv.
Bogomolets is kent as a active organizer an pairticipant o ceevic campaigns against illegal biggin wirks ruinin historical an cultural relics an monuments o Ukraine an aw. In November 2013 she encouragit her students tae tak pairt in the Euromaidan protests.
Personal
Olga Bogomolets haes fower childer – a son an three dochters.
Roman legion
A Roman legion (frae Laitin legio "militar levy, conscription", frae legere "to choose") normally indicates the basic auncient Roman airmy unit recruited specifically frae Roman citizens. The organization o legions varied greatly ower time but thay were typically componed o up tae 5,400 sauldiers, oreeginally dividit intae 10 maniples an later intae cohorts, ilka ane wi 480 sauldiers. Maniples or cohorts wur dividit intae 6 centuries, wi 80 men in ilka ane.
Pertinax
Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus; 1 August 126 – 28 Mairch 193) wis Roman Emperor for three month in 193. He is kent as the first emperor o the tumultuous Year o the Five Emperors. A heich-rankin militar an Senatorial figure, he tried tae restore discipline in the Praetorian Guards, whaurupon thay rebelled an killed him. Upon his daith he wis succeedit bi Didius Julianus, whose reign wis similarly short.
Alexander Severus
Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus; 1 October 208 – 18 or 19 Mairch 235) wis Roman Emperor frae 222 tae 235. Alexander wis the last emperor o the Severan dynasty. He succeedit his cousin Elagabalus upon the latter's assassination in 222, an wis ultimately assassinatit himsel, markin the epoch event for the Creesis o the Third Century — nearly fifty years o ceevil wars, foreign invasion, an collapse o the monetary economy.
Domitian
Domitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) wis Roman emperor frae 81 tae 96. Domitian wis the third an last emperor o the Flavian dynasty. In his ring, the authoritarian naitur o his rule put him at shairp odds wi the senate, that's pouers he drastically curtailed.
Domitian haed a minor an lairgely ceremonial role in the rings o his faither an brither. Efter the daith o his brither, Domitian wis declared emperor bi the Praetorian Gaird. His 15-year ring wis the langest syne that o Tiberius. As emperor, Domitian strenthened the economy bi revaluin the Roman coinage, expandit the mairch defenses o the empire, an ineetiatit a massive biggin programme tae restore the damaged ceety o Roum. Signeeficant wars war focht in Breetain, whaur his general Agricola attemptit tae conquer Caledonie (Scotland), an in Dacia, whaur Domitian wis unable tae procure a decisive veectory against keeng Decebalus. Domitian's govrenment exhibitit strang authoritarian chairactereestics; he saw himsel as the new Augustus, an enlichtened despot destined tae guide the Roman Empire intae a new era o brilliance. Releegious, militar, an cultural propaganda fostered a cult o personality, an bi nominatin himsel perpetual censor, he socht tae control public an private morals. As a consequence, Domitian wis popular wi the fowk an airmy, but conseedert a tyrant bi members o the Roman Senate.
Domitian's ring cam tae an end in 96 whan he wis assassinatit bi coort offeecials. He wis succeedit the same day bi his advisor Nerva. Efter his daith, Domitian's memory wis condemned tae oblivion bi the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors sic as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, an Suetonius propagatit the view o Domitian as a cruel an paranoid tyrant. Modren reveesionists insteid hae chairacterised Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat that's cultural, economic, an poleetical programmes providit the foondation o the peacefu seicont century.
Dalmeny
Dalmeny (Dail Mheinidh) is a rural veelage an ceevil parish in Scotland. It is locatit on the sooth side o the Firth o Forth, 1 mi east-sootheast o Sooth Queensferry an 8.3 mi wast-northwast o central Edinburgh. It is pairt o the tradeetional region o Lowden, an faws unner the local govrenance o the Ceety o Edinburgh Cooncil.
La Zarza
La Zarza mey refer tae:
Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 Mairch 43 BC – AD 17/18), kent as Ovid in the Inglis-speakin warld, wis a Roman poet best kent for the Metamorphoses, a 15-beuk conteenous meethological narrative screivit in the meter o epic, an for collections o luve poetry in elegiac couplets, especially the Amores ("Love Affairs") an Ars Amatoria ("Airt o Love"). His poetry wis much imitatit durand Late Antiquity an the Middle Ages, an greatly influenced Wastren airt an leeteratur. The Metamorphoses remains ane o the maist important soorces o classical meethology.
The Ferry
The Ferry, kent as North Queensferry an aw, is a veelage in Fife, Scotland, on the Firth o Forth, atween the Forth Brig an the Forth Road Brig, an 10 mi frae Edinburgh. Accordin tae the 2008 population estimate, the veelage haes a population o 1,150. It is the soothrenmost settlement in Fife.
Villar
Villar can refer tae:
The name o several places in Piemont, Italy:
The name o several places in Spain:
Man of Steel (film)
Man of Steel is a 2013 American superhero film directit bi Zack Snyder, produced bi Christopher Nolan, an written bi David S. Goyer. Based on the DC Comics character Superman, the film is a reboot o the Superman film series that portrays the character's origin story. The film starns Henry Cavill in the title role, wi Amy Adams as Lois Lane, Michael Shannon as General Zod, Diane Lane as Martha Kent, Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent, Laurence Fishburne as Perry White, an Russell Crowe as Jor-El.
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (Roberts; 13 October 1925 – 8 Apryle 2013) wis a Breetish stateswumman, wha sert as Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1979 tae 1990 an as Leader o the Conservative Pairty frae 1975 tae 1990. She wis the langest-serrin Breetish prime meenister o the 20t yearhunner, an the first wumman tae haud the office. A Soviet jurnalist cried her The Airn Leddy, an eik-name that becam associatit wi her uncompromisin politics an leadership style. As Prime Meenister, she implementit policies that hae come tae be kent as Thatcherism.
A resairch chemist afore acomin a barrister, Thatcher wis electit Memmer o Pairlament for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appyntit her Secretar o State for Eddication an Science in his 1970 govrenment. In 1975, Thatcher defeatit Heath in the Conservative Pairty leadership election tae acome Leader o the Opposeetion an acame the first wumman tae lead a major poleetical pairty in the Unitit Kinrick. She acame Prime Meenister efter winnin the 1979 general election.
On muivin intae 10 Downing Street, Thatcher introduced mony poleetical an economic initiatives intendit tae reverse heich unemployment an Breetain's struissles in the wauk o the Winter o Discontent an an ongangin recession. Her poleetical filosofie an economic policies emphasised deregulation (parteecularly o the financial sector), flexible labour mercats, the privatisation o state-awned companies, an reducin the pouer an influence o tred unions. Thatcher's popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession an heich unemployment, till veectory in the 1982 Falklands War an the recoverin economy brocht a resurgence o support, resultin in her decisive re-election in 1983. She narraely escapit an assassination attempt in 1984.
Thatcher wis re-electit for a third term in 1987. In this period her support for a Community Charge (referred tae as the "poll tax") wis widely unpopular, an her views on the European Commonty war nae shared bi ithers in her Caibinet. She resigned as Prime Meenister an pairty leader in November 1990, efter Michael Heseltine lencht a challenge tae her leadership. Efter reteerin frae the Commons in 1992, she wis gien a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher (o Kesteven in the Coonty o Lincolnshire) whilk enteetlt her tae sit in the Hoose o Lairds. Efter a nummer o wee straiks in 2002, she wis advised tae reteer frae public speakin. Nanetheless, she managed tae pre-record a eulogy tae Ronald Reagan afore his daith, whilk wis braidcast at his funeral in 2004. In 2013, she dee'd o anither straik in Lunnon, at the age o 87. Ayeweys a controversial feegur, she haes been laudit as ane o the greatest an maist influential politeecians in Breetish historie, even as arguments ower Thatcherism perseest.
Early life an eddication
Thatcher wis born Margaret Hilda Roberts on 13 October 1925, in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Her faither wis Alfred Roberts, oreeginally frae Northamptonshire, an her mither wis Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson) frae Lincolnshire. She spent her bairnheid in Grantham, whaur her faither awned twa grocery shaps.
Margaret Roberts attendit Huntingtower Road Primary School an wan a bursary tae Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School. Her schuil reports shawed haurd wark an continual impruivement; her extracurricular activities includit the piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, soummin an walkin. In her upper saxt year she applee'd for a bursary tae study chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, a weemen's college at the time, but she wis ineetially rejectit an wis offered a place anerly efter anither candidate widrew. Roberts arrived at Oxford in 1943 an graduatit in 1947 wi Seicont-Cless Honours in the fower-year Chemistry Bachelor o Science degree, specialisin in X-ray crystallography unner the superveesion o Dorothy Hodgkin.
Roberts jyned the local Conservative Association an attendit the pairty conference at Llandudno in 1948, as a representative o the University Graduate Conservative Association. Meanwhile she acame a heich-rankin member o the Vermin Club, a group o gressruits Conservatives formed in response tae a derogatory remerk aboot the pairty.
Ane o her Oxford friends wis an aa a friend o the Chair o the Dartford Conservative Association in Kent, wha war leukin for candidates. Offeecials o the association war sae impressed bi her that thay askit her tae applee, even tho she wis nae on the Conservative Pairty's approved leet: she wis selectit in Januar 1951, aged 25, an addit tae the appruived leet post ante. At a dinner follaein her formal adoption as Conservative candidate for Dartford in Februar 1951 she met Denis Thatcher, a successfu an walthy divorced businessman, wha drave her tae her Essex train. In preparation for the election Roberts muived tae Dartford, whaur she supportit hersel bi wirkin as a resairch chemist for J. Lyons and Co. in Hammersmith, pairt o a team developin emulsifiers for ice cream. Shortly efter her mairiage, she an her husband begoud attendin Anglican services an wad later convert tae Anglicanism.
Early political career
In the 1950 an 1951 general elections, Roberts wis the Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat o Dartford. The local pairty selectit her as its candidate acause, tho nae a dynamic public speaker, Roberts wis well-prepared an fearless in her answers. She attractit media attention as the youngest an the anerly female candidate. She lost on baith occasions tae Norman Dodds, but reduced the Labour majority bi 6,000, an then a further 1,000. During the campaigns, she wis supportit bi her parents an bi Denis Thatcher, wha she mairied in December 1951.
Member o Pairlament: 1959–1970
In 1954, Thatcher wis defeatit whan she socht selection tae be the Conservative pairty candidate for the Orpington bi-election o Januar 1955. She chuise nae tae staund as a candidate in the 1955 general election, in later years statin: "I really just felt the twins were ... only two, I really felt that it was too soon. I couldn't do that." Efterwart, Thatcher begoud leukin for a Conservative sauf seat an wis selectit as the candidate for Finchley in Apryle 1958 (narraely beatin Ian Montagu Fraser). She wis electit as MP for the seat efter a haurd campaign in the 1959 election. Benefitin frae her fortuinate result in a lottery for backbenchers tae propone new legislation, Thatcher's maiden speech wis in support o her private member's bill (Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960), requirin local authorities tae hauld thair cooncil meetins in public.
Thatcher's talent an drive caused her tae be mentioned as a futur Prime Meenister in her early 20s awtho she hersel wis mair pessimistic, statin as late as 1970: "There will not be a woman prime minister in my lifetime – the male population is too prejudiced." In October 1961 she wis promotit tae the frontbench as Pairlamentar Unnersecretar at the Meenistry o Pensions an Naitional Insurance bi Harold Macmillan. Thatcher wis the youngest wumman in history tae receive sic a post, an amang the first MPs electit in 1959 tae be promotit.
Bi 1966, pairty leaders viewed Thatcher as a potential Shaidae Cabinet member. James Prior suggestit her as a member efter the Conservatives' 1966 defeat, but pairty leader Edward Heath an Chief Whip Willie Whitelaw insteid chuise tae promote Mervyn Pike as the Shaidae Cabinet's anerly wumman member. At the Conservative Pairty conference o 1966 she criticised the heich-tax policies o the Labour govrenment as bein steps "not only towards Socialism, but towards Communism", arguin that lawer taxes served as an incentive tae haurd wark. Thatcher wis ane o the few Conservative MPs tae support Leo Abse's Bill tae decriminalise male homosexuality. She an aa votit in favour o David Steel's bill tae legalise abortion,
Efter Pike's reteerment, Heath appyntit Thatcher tae the Shaidae Cabinet as Fuel an Pouer spokesman. Shortly afore the 1970 election, she wis promotit tae Shadow Transport spokesman an later tae Eddication.
Eddication Secretar: 1970–1974
The Conservative Pairty unner Edward Heath wan the 1970 general election, an Thatcher wis subsequently appyntit tae the Cabinet as Secretar o State for Eddication an Science. In her first months in office she attractit public attention as a result o the govrenment's attempts ae cut spendin. She gae priority tae academic needs in schuils. She imponed public expenditur cuts on the state eddication seestem, resultin in the aboleetion o free milk for schuilchilder aged seiven tae eleiven. She held that few childer wad thole if schuils war chairged for milk, but agreed tae provide younger childer wi a third o a pint daily, for nutreetional purposes. Cabinet papers later revealed that she opponed the policy but haed been forced intae it bi the Thesaury. Her deceesion provoked a storm o protest frae Labour an the press, leadin tae the moniker "Margaret Thatcher, Milk Snatcher". She reportitly conseedered leavin politics in the eftermath an later wrate in her autobiografie: "I learned a valuable lesson [from the experience]. I had incurred the maximum of political odium for the minimum of political benefit."
Leader o the Opposeetion: 1975–1979
The Heath govrenment continued tae experience difficulties wi ile embargoes an union demands for wage increases in 1973 an lost the Februar 1974 general election. Labour formed a minority govrenment an went on tae win a narrae majority in the October 1974 general election. Heath's leadership o the Conservative Pairty leukit increasinly in dout. Thatcher wis nae ineetially the obvious replacement, but she eventually acame the main challenger, promisin a fresh stairt. Her main support came frae the Conservative 1922 Committee, but Thatcher's time in office gae her the reputation o a pragmatist instead o an ideologue. She defeatit Heath on the first ballot an he resigned the leadership. In the seicont ballot she defeatit Whitelaw, Heath's preferred successor. The vote polarised alang richt–left lines, wi the region, experience an eddication o the MP an aa haein thair effects. Thatcher's support wis stranger amang MPs on the richt, thae frae soothren Ingland, an thae wha haed nae attendit public schuils or Oxbridge.
Thatcher acame Conservative Pairty leader an Leader o the Opposeetion on 11 Februar 1975; she appyntit Whitelaw as her depute. Heath wis niver reconciled tae Thatcher's leadership. In addeetion tae opposeetion tae Keynesian ecenomics, Thatcher wantit tae prevent the creaution o a Scots assembly. She tauld Conservative MPs tae vote against the Scotland and Wales Bill in December 1976, which wis defeatit, an then whan new Bills war proponed she supportit amendin the legislation tae allae the Inglis tae vote in the 1979 referendum on devolution.
Breetain's economy during the 1970s wis sae waik that Foreign Meenister James Callaghan wairned his fellae Labour Cabinet members in 1974 o the possibility o "a breakdown of democracy", tellin them: "If I were a young man, I would emigrate." In mid-1978, the economy begoud tae impruive an opeenion polls shawed Labour in the lead, wi a general election bein expectit later that year an a Labour win a sairious possibility. Nou Prime Meenister, Callaghan surpreesed mony bi annooncin on 7 September that thare wad be na general election that year an he wad wait till 1979 afore gangin tae the polls. Thatcher reactit tae this bi buistin the Labour govrenment "chickens", an Leeberal Pairty leader David Steel jyned in, criticisin Labour for "running scared". The Conservatives attacked the Labour govrenment's unemployment record, uisin advertisin wi the slogan "Labour Isn't Working". A general election wis cried efter Callaghan's govrenment lost a motion o na confidence in early 1979. The Conservatives wan a 44-seat majority in the Hoose o Commons an Thatcher acame the first female Breetish prime meenister.
Elizabeth City, North Carolina
Elizabeth City is a ceety in Pasquotank Coonty, North Carolina, in the Unitit States. As o the 2010 census it haed a population o 18,683. Elizabeth City is the county seat an lairgest ceety o Pasquotank County.
Margaret Thatcher
Domestic affairs
Thatcher wis Leader o the Opposeetion an Prime Meenister at a time o increased racial tension in Breetain. Commentin on the local elections o Mey 1977, The Economist notit "The Tory tide swamped the smaller parties. That specifically includes the National Front, which suffered a clear decline from last year". Her staundin in the polls rose bi 11% efter a Januar 1978 interview for World in Action in which she said "the British character has done so much for democracy, for law and done so much throughout the world that if there is any fear that it might be swamped people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in", as well as "in many ways [minorities] add to the richness and variety of this country. The moment the minority threatens to become a big one, people get frightened". In the 1979 general election, the Conservatives attracted voters frae the Naitional Front, whose support awmaist collapsed. In a meetin in Julie 1979 wi Foreign Secretar Lord Carrington an Hame Secretar Willie Whitelaw she objectit tae the nummer o Asie immigrants, in the context o leemitin the tot o Vietnamese boat fowk allaed tae settle in the UK tae less nor 10,000.
Elizabeth City, North Carolina
Elizabeth City is the centre o the Elizabeth City Micropolitan Statistical Area, wi a population o 64,094 as o 2010, an is pairt o the lairger Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area. The ceety is the economic centre o the region, as well as home tae mony historic sites an cultural tradeetions.
Margaret Thatcher
Domestic affairs
As Prime Meenister, Thatcher met weekly wi Queen Elizabeth II tae discuss govrenment business, an thair relationship came unner close scrutiny. Biografer John Campbell says thair relations war "punctiliously correct but there was little love lost on either side". The Queen's press secretar leaked anonymous rumours o a rift, which war offeecially denee'd bi the Palace. Campbell concludes that Thatcher haed "an almost mystical reverence for the institution of the monarchy" despite "trying to modernise the country and sweep away many of the values and practices which the monarchy perpetuated". Thatcher later wrate: "I always found the Queen's attitude towards the work of the Government absolutely correct ... stories of clashes between 'two powerful women' were just too good not to make up."
Economy an taxation
Thatcher's economic policy wis influenced bi monetarist thinkin an economists sic as Milton Friedman an Alan Walters. Thegither wi Chancellor o the Exchequer Geoffrey Howe, she lawered direct taxes on income an increased indirect taxes. She increased interest rates tae slaw the growthe o the money supplee an tharebi lawer inflation, introduced cash leemits on public spendin, an reduced expenditur on social services sic as eddication an hoosin. Her cuts in heicher eddication spendin resultit in her bein the first Oxford-eddicatit post-war Prime Meenister nae tae be awairdit an honorar doctorate bae the Varsity o Oxford, efter a 738 tae 319 vote o the govrenin assembly an a student peteetion.
Some Heathite Conservatives in the Cabinet, the sae-cried "wets", expressed dout ower Thatcher's policies. The 1981 Ingland riots resultit in the Breetish media discussin the need for a policy U-turn. At the 1980 Conservative Pairty conference, Thatcher addressed the issue directly, wi a speech written bi the playwricht Ronald Millar that included the lines: "You turn if you want to. The lady's not for turning!"
Thatcher's job appruival ratin fell tae 23% bi December 1980, lawer nor recordit for ony previous Prime Meenister. As the recession o the early 1980s deepened she increased taxes, despite concerns expressed in a statement signed bi 364 leadin economists issued taewart the end o Mairch 1981. Bi 1982, the UK begoud tae experience signs o economic recovery; inflation wis doun tae 8.6% frae a heich o 18%, but unemployment wis ower 3 million for the first time syne the 1930s. Bi 1983 oweraw economic growthe wis stranger an inflation an mortgage rates war at thair lawest levels syne 1970, awtho manufacturin employment as a share o tot employment fell tae juist ower 30%, wi tot unemployment remeenin heich, peakin at 3.3 million in 1984.
Bi 1987, unemployment wis fawin, the economy wis stable an strang an inflation wis law. Opeenion polls shawed a comfortable Conservative lead, an local cooncil election results haed an aa been successfu, promptin Thatcher tae cry a general election for 11 Juin that year, despite the deidline for an election still bein 12 month awey. The election saw Thatcher re-electit for a third successive term.
Industrial relations
Thatcher wis committit tae reducin the pouer o the tred unions, whase leadership she accused o unnerminin pairlamentar democracy an economic performance throu strick action. Several unions lenched stricks in response tae legislation introduced tae crib thair pouer, but reseestance eventually collapsed. Anerly 39% o union members votit for Labour in the 1983 general election. The miners' strick o 1984–85 wis the biggest confrontation atween the unions an the Thatcher govrenment.
Privatisation
The policy o privatisation haes been cried "a crucial ingredient o Thatcherism". Efter the 1983 election the sale o state utilities acceleratit; maur than £29 billion wis raised frae the sale o naitionalised industries, an anither £18 billion frae the sale o cooncil hooses. The process o privatisation, especially the preparation o naitionalised industries for privatisation, wis associatit wi merked impruivements in performance, pairteecularly in terms o labour productivity.
Northren Ireland
In 1980 an 1981, Proveesional Erse Republican Airmy (IRA) an Erse Naitional Leeberation Airmy (INLA) preesoners in Northren Ireland's Maze Prison cairied oot hunger stricks in an effort tae regain the status o poleetical preesoners that haed been remuived in 1976 bi the precedin Labour govrenment. Bobby Sands begoud the 1981 strick, sayin that he wad fest till daith unless preeson inmates wan concessions ower thair leevin condeetions. Thatcher refuised tae coontenance a return tae poleetical status for the preesoners, declarin "Crime is crime is crime; it is not political", but nivertheless the UK govrenment privately contactit republican leaders in a bid tae bring the hunger stricks tae an end. Efter the daiths o Sands an nine ithers, the strick endit. Some richts war restored tae paramilitar preesoners, but nae offeecial recogneetion o poleetical status. Violence in Northren Ireland escalatit signeeficantly during the hunger stricks; in 1982 Sinn Féin politeecian Danny Morrison descrived Thatcher as "the biggest bastard we have ever known".