cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Burdett O'Connor Province
Diveesion
In contrast tae the neebourin provinces, the province comprises anerlie ane municipio which is Entre Ríos. It is identical tae the Burdett O'Connor Province.
Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 Mairch 1947), is an Inglis rock sangster-sangwriter, componer, pianist an occasional actor. He haes wirked wi lyricist Bernie Taupin as his sangwriter pairtner syne 1967; thay hae collaboratit on mair nor 30 albums tae date.
Banteay Meanchey Province
Banteay Meanchey (ខេត្តបន្ទាយមានជ័យ, "Fortress o Victory") is a province (khaet) o Cambodie locatit in the far northwast. It borders the provinces o Oddar Meanchey an Siem Reap tae the east, Battambang tae the sooth, an shares an internaitional border wi Thailand tae the wast. Its caipital an lairgest ceety is Serei Saophoan.
Elton John
In his fower-decade career John haes sauld mair nor 250 million records, makin him ane o the maist successfu airtists o aw time. His single "Candle in the Wind 1997" haes sauld ower 33 million copies warldwide, an is the best sellin single in the history o the UK Singles Chart an the US Billboard Het 100. He haes mair nor 50 Tap 40 hits, includin seiven consecutive No. 1 US albums, 56 Tap 40 singles, 16 Tap 10, fower No. 2 hits, an nine No. 1 hits. He heas wan sax Grammy Awairds, fower Brit Awairds, an Academy Awaird, a Golden Globe Awaird an a Tony Awaird. In 2004, Rolling Stone rankit him Nummer 49 on its leet o the 100 greatest airtists o aw time.
Banteay Meanchey Province
Banteay Meanchey is the 13t lairgest province in Cambodie. Wi a population o 678,033, it ranks as the 10t lairgest in the naition. The toun o Poipet in the wastren pairt o the province is an internaitional border crossin intae Thailand. Banteay Meanchey is ane o the nine provinces that is pairt o the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve.
Elton John
John wis inductit intae the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Haein been namit a Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire in 1996, John received a knichtheid frae Queen Elizabeth II for "services tae muisic an charitable services" in 1998. John haes performed at a nummer o ryal events, sic as the funeral o Princess Diana at Westminster Abbey in 1997, an the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert ootside Buckingham Palace in 2012.
Banteay Meanchey Province
Etymology
Banteay Meanchey means "Fortress o Victory" in Khmer. The Chey pairt o its name is derivit frae the Sanskrit wird Jaya (जय) meanin Victory, an Banteay meanin Fortress.
History
The aurie wis pairt o the extensive Khmer Empire. Its maist notable remains is the Banteay Chhmar temple in the north o the province, built in 12t century towards the 13t century. Ither lesser kent temples are the Banteay Neang an Banteay Torp temples.
In the 17t century Siam teuk control ower Cambodie, an made the area o the modren province pairt o Serei Saophoan Province. In 1907 Siam haed tae cede control tae the French, an it wis then includit intae Battambang Province.
Elton John
John entered intae a ceevil partnership wi David Furnish on 21 Dizember 2005 an continues tae be a champion for LGBT social muivements. In 2008, Billboard magazine rankit him as the maist successfu male solo airtist on "The Billboard Het 100 Tap Aw-Time Airtists" (third oweraw, ahint anerly The Beatles an Madonna).
Banteay Meanchey Province
History
In 1988 the province Banteay Meanchey wis split aff frae Battambang, oreeginally consistin o the five destricts Mongkol Borei, Thmar Puok, Serei Saophoan, Preah Net Preah an Phnom Srok.
Geography
Banteay Meanchey is maistly covered bi extensive lawlands, wi a few uplands tae the north an east. The main rivers are the Mongkol Borei an the Sisophon Rivers.
Admeenistration
Geocodes are from the National Institute of Statistics.
San Bernardo Municipality, Durango
San Bernardo is ane o the 39 municipalities o Durango, in north-wastren Mexico. The municipal seat lees at San Bernardo. The municipality covers an aurie o 2078 km².
As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 3,726 but is steadily in decline.
Lycaenidae
Lycaenidae is the seicont-lairgest faimily o butterflees (ahint the Brush-fitit butterflees), wi ower 5,000 species warldwide, whaur the memmers are cried gossamer-winged butterflees an aw.
Govisümber Province
Govisümber (Говьсүмбэр, literally Gobi-Sümber) is ane o the 21 aimags (provinces) o Mongolie. It is locatit in the centre o the kintra. Its caipital is Choir.
Ghat Destrict
Ghat (‏غات‎ Ġāt) is ane o the destricts o Libie. Its caipital is Ghat.
Tae the wast, Ghat borders twa provinces o Algerie: Tamanghasset in the far soothwast, an Illizi Province itherwise. It an aa haes a short border wi the Agadez Depairtment o Niger in the far sooth. Domestically, it borders the follaein destricts:
Dusdeer
Dusdeer (Durisdeer) is a smaw veelage in the historical coonty o Dumfriesshire, in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It lies 6 mile north o Thornhill, abuin the Carron Watter, a watter o the River Nith.
History
A Roman road ance passt throu the site o the veelage as a direct route fae Nithsdale tae Clydesdale, an the remeens o a smaw bit weel-preserved Roman fortlet is locatit aboot ae mile up the Wall Paith (or Wald Paith) til the nor'east; the defensive ditch an rampairt is clear veesible.
Twa temporar Roman camps, lyin til the richt o the loan rinnin up til the veelage, wis identified on RAF aerial photaes, awtho naething remeens veesible tae the nakit ee.
Haein traivelt alang the Wall/Wald Paith, King James IV o Scotland steyed at Dusdeer in 1497 while on a pilgrimage tae Saunt Ringan's kirk at Whithorn.
The first recordit meenister at Dusdeer is John de Cader in 1394, an the oreeginal pairish kirk wis likely dedicatit tae Saunt Mary. Thare wis a buirial aisle for the Menzies faimily, wi thair names, airms, an mottos. In 1607 Sir James Douglas o Drumlanrig exhume't the bouk o William Menzies, the latest buirial, an rebuirit him ootby. The Menzies faimily retourt the bouk til the aisle, bit Douglas threitent William's faither, Adam Menzies o Enoch, an exhume't the bouk a seicont time. The Privy Cooncil o Scotland condammt Douglas's actions in this feid.
The auld kirk is merkit as Dursdyire Kirk in a 1654 map. It wis demolisht tae mak wey for the praisent-day Georgian kirk, a Category-A leetit biggin in the veelage, that serves an aw Drumlanrig Castle, the 17t century hame o the Duke o Queensberry. Dusdeer Kirk wis rebuilt bi the third Duke in the 1720s, tae designs bi James Smith. Neist til the kirk is the slicht earlier Queensberry Aisle, buirial place o the Dukes, by Smith an aw, wi a lairge merble moniment tae James Douglas, 2nt Duke o Queensberry an Mary, his duchess, cairved bi John Nost. The umwhile manse is noo a preevat dwallin.
In 1732 the pairish wis eikit bi the addeetion o aboot hauf o the cried doun pairish o Kirkbride (umwhile Kilbride),
A merkit featur o the kirk complex is the ducal apairtments, that wis later uised as the pairish schuil at the requeest o the Duke. Thir apairtments wis replenisht an in 1968 wis appent again for kirk uiss. Hewison records that the stane uised tae build the new kirk cam fae the demolisht Dusdeer Castle, "famous in the Wars of Independence". The masons wis the same men that built Drumlanrig Castle.
The clock in the kirk tour wis a propine fae the Buccleuch Estates tae merk the Millenium an the tercentenary o Dusdeer Kirk.
Dusdeer veelage mill staunds on the Carron Watter, some distance awa. It is a Category B leetit biggin.
Dusdeer wis includit in the 1978 pictur verson o The Thirty Nine Steps, starnin Robert Powell, an a pictur o John Galt's Annals of the Parish makkit uiss o the inby o the kirk.
Andrew de Durisdeer (or Durisdere) wis a 15t century Bishop o Glesga whase name suggests that he cam fae Dusdeer, possibly wi the faimily name Muirhead.
Toponymy
Dusdeer is recordit in the form Durrysder in 1328. This likely represents the Scots Gaelic dubhros "a daurk wuid" an doire "an aik shaw". The name wad tharefore mean "daurk wuid o the aik shaw".
Auncient Greece
Auncient Greece wis a Greek civilisation belangin tae a period o Greek history that lastit frae the Archaic period o the 8t tae 6t centuries BC tae the end o antiquity (ca. 600 AD).
Aw throu the 18ct century, Auncient Greek an Rouman cultur (affen cryed Clessical Culture) wis muckle admired in Scotland bi the educatit an upper clesses, an thay attemptit tae copy a wheen ideas. This scweel o thocht is mirrart in, for instance, the airchitectur o gran kintra an public biggins that haed intil them Greek columns an Roman facades. The Scots leid wis noo compared wi the ‘Doric’ spik o auncient Greece (spoken in Doria) file Inglis became associate wi ‘Attic’ (the leid o the city states).
Daegu
Daegu, forbye kent as Taegu, an offeecially the Daegu Metropolitan Ceety, is the third lairgest metropolitan aurie in Sooth Korea, an bi ceety leemits, the fowert lairgest wi ower 2.5 million fowk. The ceety is the caipital an principal ceety o the surroondin province, Gyeongsangbuk-do, tho it isnae legally pairt o the province. Thir twa auries are aften cawed Daegu-Gyeongbuk, an hae a population o ower 5 million.
The ceety is locatit in sooth-eastren Korea aboot 80 km inby frae seacoast, near the Geumho River an its mainstream, Nakdong River in Gyeongsang-do, forbye cried the Yeongnam region. The Daegu basin, whaur the ceety lees, is the middle pairt an rare plain o that region. It made the ceety the region's centre o politics, economy, an cultur.
In auncient times, Daegu wis pairt o the Silla Kinrick that unified the Korean Peninsula first, an in the Joseon Dynasty period, it wis the caipital o Gyeongsang-do whilk wis ane o aicht provinces o the kintra. The ceety itsel wis the hame o the regimes in Sooth Korea's swith economic growthe period (1960's–1980's). The day, the ceety haes acome ane o the major ceeties o the kintra an is makkin efforts tae be the centre o the fashion an hie-tech industries. Due tae its status as a cultural center, thare mony eiknames for the ceety includin "Apple's Ceety", "Bonnie's Ceety", "Textile Ceety", an "Fashion Ceety".
Jermuk
Jermuk (Ջերմուկ; an aw Romanizit as Djermuk) is a spa toun in the soothren Vayots Dzor Province, 53 km east o Yeghegnadzor, the caipital o Vayots Dzor. It wis a popular destination durin the Soviet era an thir days is still famous for its het springs an its brand o mineral watter that is bottled in the vicinity. The toun is considered tae be attractive for its huge watterfaw, the naitural brig, the loch, its wids wi its walkin trails an mineral watter puils. Jermuk is currently bein redevelopit tae acome a modren centre o tourism an heal services. The toun is bein set up tae acome a sort o Chess centre an aw, wi numerous chess tournaments hostit or scheduled tae be hostit. Feenally, Jermuk is weel-kent amang the Armenie fowk for its distinctively fresh air.
Etymology
The name derives frae Armenie ջերմուկ jermuk or "jermook," meanin “warm mineral spring”.
History
Durin the 1830s, a Roushie ingineer-geologist cried "Voskoboynikov" arrivit in Armenie an began splorations on Jermuk's geographical depth as well as the contents an characteristics o Jermuk watters. His observations on Jermuk wur published in the "Mountain Magazine" jurnal in 1831, an later in 1855, in the "Caucasian Calenda" magazine. Voskoboynikov’s wirks wur the first scienteefic talks on Jermuk.
In 1860s, aw the historic puils o Jermuk whilk wis biggit bi the Orbelian princes o Syunik, wur renovatit bi "Gevorg Khanagyan", follaein a resolution bi the Roushie govrenment. Thir days, thae baths, whilk is cried "Pristav Pools", is preservit as historical monuments.
The foondation o the modren toun o Jermuk teuk place anerlie in 1940, whan the first sanatorium wis opened tae the public, syne settin for the fertile activity o the Jermuk heal resort centre. Development programmes wur implementit tae turn Jermuk intae a modren resort for aw Soviet naitionals. In 1980 the population o Jermuk reakit 10,000. Efter the collapse o the Soviet Union an as a result o the economic creesis in Armenie in the 1990s, the population drappit tae 7000 in the beginnin o the 21st century. Recently housomeivver, the Armenie authorities teuk steps in order tae further develop the Jermuk toun-resort includin the dounset o Kechut. As a result o thae new resolutions the toun haes experiencit unprecedentit success as a tourist destination.
Geography
The toun is locatit at a hicht o 2080 meter abuin sea level, athin the muntains o Vayots Dzor, amang thick forests, on a plateau dividit intae twa pairts bi the gorge o Arpa River, 170 km sooth-east o Yerevan. Surroondin muntains o Vayots Dzor, Vardenis an Syunik are aw covered wi forests an alpine meadaes at a hicht o 2500–3000 meter.
The wids o Jermuk is rich wi aik an hornbeam trees, as weel as wi dug rose, wild peir, ploum an juniper plants. Ainimals lik tod, rabbit, brock an beir coud be foond thare.
Jermuk is fou o naitural het springs (Geysers). The name itsel is derivit frae this fact, as the wird "jermuk" means "geyser" in the Armenie leid. The watterfaw o Jermuk on Arpa river haes a hicht o 70 meter.
The average temperatur o Jermuk is +15.3C in simmer an -9C in winter wi a level o 800 mm o annual precipitation.
Economy an tourism
The naitural watter bottlin industry haes its deep ruits in the toun as the first factory wis foondit in 1951. Thir days, Jermuk is hame tae mony giant factories whilk produce bottled mineral watter. The skinklin watter o Jermuk is lairgely exportit tae mercats aroond the warld.
The main watter producers o Jermuk is the follaein companies:
Anither key sector in the economy o Jermuk is tourism. The toun is hame tae several heich-quality heal resorts an spas, an it is ane o the main touristic destinations for thaim wha veesit Armenie. Visitors coud enjoy the bonnie natur o Jermuk an the muntains o Vayots Dzor (3000 meters), the watterfaws, the curin watter puils, hotels an heal spas, sanatoriums, the ropeway an alpine sports facilities. Annually in the month o August, the toun hosts the FIDE Grand Prix Jermuk chess tournament. Ane o the maist attractive nearhaun destinations is the Gndevank Monastery, locatit juist 10 km wast o Jermuk. This monastery is mair nor 1000 year auld.
Svoge
Svoge (Своге, read & pronooncit "Svogé") is a toun in wastren Bulgarie, pairt o Sofia Province. It is locatit in the gorge o the Iskar River, at the place whaur the muntains Mala planina, Golema planina an Ponor meet, 40 km north o the caipital Sofia. Svoge is the main town of the Svoge Municipality which is ane o the lairgest municipalities in Bulgarie an includes 37 veelages & the toun o Svoge itsel an aw.
Etymology
Svoge's name comes frae the Bulgarie wird svod (свод), meanin "vault, arch", due tae the toun's location as a vault whaur the rivers Iskar an Iskretska meet. In the local vernacular, svod got transformit tae svoge.
Honour
Svoge Knoll on Livingston Island in the Sooth Shetland Islands, Antarcticae is namit efter Svoge.
Linux
Linux (kent as GNU/Linux an aw) is ae Unix-like computer operatin seestem. It is ane o the maist kenspeckle examplars o open soorce development an free saftware; unlik proprietary operatin seestems sic as Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X, its unnerlyin soorce code is tae haunde for onybody tae uise, chynge, an caw aboot for nae chairge.
First developit an uised tae the maist pairt bi single enthusiasts oan personal computers, Linux haes nou gained the support o muckle companies sic as IBM, Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, an Novell, Inc., an haes risen tae prominence as an operatin seestem for servers; aicht o the ten maist reliable internet hostin companies nou rins Linux oan thair wab servers.
Linux haes been mair widely portit tae deifferent computin platforms nor ony ither operatin seestem. It is uised in devices reengin frae supercomputers tae mobile phones, an is gainin popularity in the personal computer mercat.
History
In 1983, Richard Stallman foondit the GNU Project, wi the ettle o developin ae complete Unix-like operatin seestem composit haily o free saftware. Bi the stairt o the 1990s, GNU haed creatit or collectit maist o the necessar components o this seestem — librars, compilers, text editors, ae Unix shell — except for the core component, the kirnel. The GNU project stairtit developin ae kirnel, the GNU Hurd, in 1990, foodit oan the Mach microkirnel, but the development o this Mach-basit design haes pruiven gey haurd an proceedit slaw.
Salkhad
It is locatit at 1350 metres abuin sea level in the central Jabal el Druze heichlands.
Linux
History
In atween times, in 1991, anither kirnel wis begoud as ae habby bi Finnish varsity student Linus Torvalds while attendin the Varsity o Helsinki. Torvalds oreeginally uised Minix oan his ain computer, ae simplifee'd Unix-like seestem written bi Andrew Tanenbaum for learnin operatin seestem design. Forby thon Tanenbaum didna allou ithers tar rax his operatin seestem, leadin Torvalds tae big ae replacement for Minix.
Salkhad
History
Mentioned several times in the Bible as "Salcah", as a settlement in biblical Baushan. Durin the seicont century BC Salcah wis a flourishin Nabataean ceety, where the gods Dushara an Allat wur worshiped. Efterwards it wis incorporatit intae the Roman province o Arabie, it wis ane o the important ceeties in Hauran durin Roman an later Byzantine epochs, Salkhad is indicatit in the Madaba mosaic map o the saxt century AD.
Due tae the strategic position o the ceety owerleukin Hauran plains tae the wast, the Ayyubid dynasty built a fortress in Salkhad atween 1214 - 1247 tae coonter a possible attack o the Crusades intae inner Hauran. It haes an aa been said that Al-Afdal wis exiled here bi his uncle an brither.
Linux
History
Oreeginally, Torvalds cried his kirnel "Freax" for "free" an "freak" an wi the aften-uised X in the names o Unix-like seestems. The name "Linux" wis cleckit bi Ari Lemmke, wha admeenistert an FTP server aucht the Finnish Varsity Network; he cleckit the name Linux for the directory that Torvalds' project wis first tae hund for dounlade frae.
Salkhad
History
The importance o the ceety decreased efter the Crusades, an it wis occasionally owerrun bi Bedouins seekin pasture in the simmer for their flocks.
Linux
History
At first ae computer rinnin Minix wis necessar for tae confeegur an instaw Linux. Ineetial versions o Linux needit anither operatin seestem tae be present for tae boot frae ae haurd disk, but suin thare war independent boot laders sic as LILO. The Linux seestem quickly surpassed Minix in functionality; Torvalds an ither early Linux kirnel developers adaptit thair wark for the GNU components an uiser-space programmes for tae creaut ae hale, fully functional, an free operatin seestem.
The day, Torvalds conteenas tae guide the oncome o the kirnel, while ither subseestems sic as the GNU components conteeas tae be developit separate (Linux kirnel development isna pairt o the GNU Project). Ither groups an companies combines an distributes thir components wi addeetional application saftware in the form o Linux distributions.
Salkhad
History
Durin Ottoman times the ceety enjoyed a feudal-type autonomy like muckle o the Jabal el Druze aurie unner the chieftaincy o Al-Hamdan family an later Al-Atrash family, mony battles against Ottoman Turks teuk place in this region bi the locals tae maintain their autonomy.
Beit Yashout
Beit Yashout (بيت ياشوط) is a toun in northwastren Sirie, admeenistratively pairt o the Jableh Destrict o the Latakia Govrenorate, an locatit sooth o Latakia. Nearbi localities include Ayn al-Sharqiyah tae the wast an al-Daliyah tae the sooth. Accordin tae the Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics, Beit Yashout haed a population o 6,115 in the 2004 census. The toun is locatit in the An-Nusayriyah muntains at an elevation o aroond 500 m (1,700 ft).
Thiès
Thiès (pronooncit “chess"; Wolof: Cès) is the third lairgest ceety in Senegal wi a population offeecially estimatit at 320,000 in 2005. It lies 60 km east o Dakar on the N2 road an at the junction o railway lines tae Dakar, Bamako an St-Louis. It is the caipital o Thiès Region an is a major industrial ceety.
Linux
Portability
The Linux kirnel wis oreeginally designed anerly for Intel 80386 microprocessors, but nou uphauds ae braid hatter o computer architectures. Linux is ane o the maist waften portit operatin seestems, rinnin oan ae diverse reenge o seestems frae the haund-hauden ARM-basit iPAQ tae the mainframe IBM System z9. Speecialized deestributions exists for less mainstream architectures.
Salkhad
History
In the early 20t century the ceety wis pairt o the 1921-1936 Druze state unner the French Mandate o Sirie, the state wis gradually incorporatit intae Sirie efter the Great Sirian Revolt o 1925-1927 led bi Sultan Al-Atrash.
Linux
Copyricht, licensin, an the Linux tredemerk
The Linux kirnel an maist GNU saftware is licensed unner the GNU General Public License. The GPL requires that aw deestributit soorce code modifications an derived warks be licensed unner the GPL an aw, an is whiles cried a "share an share-alike" or "copyleft" license. Qho Linus Torvalds in 1997 "Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did." Ither saftware micht uise ither licenses; mony librars uises the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), ae mair permissive variant o the GPL, an the X Window System uises the MIT License.
Salkhad
History
The ceety nou is the centre o Salkhad destrict o As Suwayda govrenorate, it is the soothmaist destrict in Sirie.
Thiès
History
The plateau acquired strategic importance when the French embarked upon an expansionist colonial policy. A military post wis creatit in 1864 an the military hae marked the ceety’s development iver syne; it is hame tae a major military base.
Salkhad
Airchaeology
The fortress o Salkhad is the maist important monument locatit in a hill inside the ceety, built atween 1214-1247 bi the Ayyubid dynasty as a pairt o their defences against the crusades. It is said that this fortress wur built in the site o aulder Roman fortifications. A hexagonal basalt minaret still staundin intact in the ceety’s main square. Mony Roman auld time hooses, still partially inhabitit bi locals. Nabatean, Roman an Ayyubid Tombs are an aa there wi decorative motifs.
Thiès
Transport
At first a simple rail stop, or "escale", on the Dakar-Saint Louis line (completit in 1885) Thiès became a rail junction wi the Dakar-Niger line (built 1906-1923). The naitional netwirk o pavit roads creatit efter WWII likewise converged on Thiès, which thus commands nearly aw access tae the Cap-Vert Peninsula (Dakar an Rufisque).
Linux
Pronunciation
In 1992, Torvalds expponed hou he soonds the wird Linux:
Beit Yashout
Beit Yashout is ane o the settlements inhabitit bi the Alawite Hadadeen tribe, tae which umwhile first lady Aniseh Makhluf belangit. Housomeivver, the veelage wis a traditional hame o the Bani Ali clan, Alawite an aw. Beit Yashout is the hametoun o Muhammad al-Khuli, a prominent militar offeecial in Baathist govrenments in the 1960s an throughoot umwhile preses Hafez al-Assad's time in office (1970-2000).
Linux
Pronunciation
Ae soond file o Torvalds sayin "Hello, this is Linus Torvalds, and I pronounce Linux as Linux" can be fund here. Merk that in Inglis, "Linux" an "Minix" is for ordinar soodit wi ae cutty i (IPA: /ɪ/) soond that differs frae Torvalds' Finland-Swedish soondin o thir wirds, seemilar tae the differ atween the Finland-Swadish an Inglis soondins o "Linus." The Finland-Swedish soondin {IPA /'linʌks/} hauds tae Scots phonology an aw.
Linux an the GNU Project
The ettle o the GNU project is tae produce ae Unix-compatible operatin seestem conseestin haily o free saftware, an maist general-purpose Linux distributions relies oan librars an tuils written tae that effect. The Free Software Foundation sees thir Linux distributions as "variants" o the GNU seestem, an asks that sic operatin seestems be referred tae as GNU/Linux or a Linux-basit GNU seestem. While some distributions maks ae pynt o uisin the soudert form - for ordinar Debian GNU/Linux - its uiss ootwi the enthusiast community is leemitit, an Linus Torvalds haes said that he finds cryin Linux in general GNU/Linux "just ridiculous". The disteenction atween the Linux kirnel an distributions foondit oan it is ae soorce o raivelment tae mony newcomers, an the namin bides controversial.
SCO litigation
As per the Utah Destrict Coort rulin oan Juilie 3rd, 2006; 182 claims oot o 294 claims made bi SCO agin IBM haes been dismissed.
SCO's threaps haes varied widely. As o 2006, nae pruif o SCO's claims o copied code in Linux haes been providit.
Development
More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size, ae 2001 study o Red Hat Linux 7.1, foond that this distribution contained 30 million soorce lines o code. Uisin the Constructive Cost Model, the study estimatit that this distribution required aboot aicht thoosand man-years o development time. Accordin tae the study, if aw this saftware haed been developit bi conventional proprietary means, it wad hae cost aboot 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) tae develop in the United States.
The majority o the code (71%) wis written in the C programmin language, but mony ither leids war uised, includin C++, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Fortran, Python an various shell scriptin leids. Slichtly ower hauf o aw lines o code war licensed unner the GPL. The Linux kirnel wis 2.4 million lines o code, or 8% o the total.
Applications
Linux haes historically been uised mainly as ae server operatin seestem, but its law cost, flexibility, an Unix background mak it suitable for ae wide reenge o applications.
Linux is the cornerstone o the "LAMP" server-saftware combination (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) which haes achieved popularity amang developers, an which is ane o the mair common platforms for wabsite hostin.
Due tae its law cost an its heich configurability, Linux is eften uised in embedded seestems sic as telly set-top boxes, mobile phones, an handheld devices. Linux haes acome ae major competitor tae the proprietary Symbian OS foond in mony mobile phones, an it is an alternative tae the dominant Windows CE an Palm OS operatin seestems oan handheld devices. The popular TiVo digital video recorder uises ae customized version o Linux. Several network firewall an router standalone products, includin several frae Linksys, uise Linux internally, uisin its advanced firewallin an routin capabilities.
Linux is increasingly common as an operatin seestem for supercomputers. In the November 2005 TOP500 leet o supercomputers, the twa fastest supercomputers in the warld ran Linux. O the 500 seestems, 371 (74.2%) ran some version o Linux, includin seiven o the tap ten.
The Sony PlayStation 3 video game console, scheduled tae be releasit in November 2006, will rin Linux bi default. Sony haes previously releasit ae PS2 Linux dae-it-yourself kit for thair PlayStation 2 video game console. Game developers like Atari an id Software hae releasit titles tae the Linux desktop. Linux Game Publishing an aw produces gemmes for Linux, licensing an portin them frae thair Windows soorce code.
The One Laptop Per Child project, which aims tae provide computin devices tae aw childer in developin nations, uises Linux as the devices' operatin seestem.
Distributions
Linux is predominantly uised as pairt o ae Linux distribution (commonly cried ae "distro"). Thir are compiled bi individuals, loose-knit teams, an commercial an volunteer organisations. Thay commonly include additional seestem an application saftware, an installer seestem tae ease initial seestem setup, an integrated management o saftware installation an upgradin. Distributions are creatit for mony deifferent purposes, includin computer architecture support, localization tae ae specific region or language, real-time applications, an embedded seestems, an mony deliberately include anly free saftware. Currently, ower three hunder distributions are actively developit, wi aboot ae dozen distributions bein maist popular for general-purpose uise.
Thiès
Economy
Thiès is best kent for its tapestry-makin industry, an exclusive factory haein been set up in 1966, producin wirk designed bi Senegal’s top airtists. The famous Birds o Paradise tapestry wis manufactured in Thiès. The ceety an aa contains a polytechnic schuil.
Linux
Distributions
Ae teepical general-purpose distribution includes the Linux kirnel, some GNU librars an tuils, command-line shells, the graphical X Window Seestem an accompanyin desktop environments sic as KDE or GNOME, thegither wi thoosands o application saftware packages, frae office suites tae compilers, text editors, an scienteefic tuils.
Desktop usage
The heich level o access granted tae Linux's internals haes led tae Linux uisers tradeetionally tendin tae be mair technologically oriented than uisers o Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, whiles revellin in the tag o "hacker" or "geek". Linux an ither free saftware projects hae been frequently criticized for nae goin far enough tae ensure ease o uise.
This stereotype haes begun tae be dispelled in recent years. Linux mey nou be uised wi ae uiser interface that is gey seemilar tae those rinnin oan ither operatin seestems. Uisers mey hae tae switch application saftware, an thare are eften fewer "kent" options (as in the case o computer games) but thare exist replacements for aw general-purpose saftware, an general applications like spreadsheets, wird processors, an browsers are available for Linux in profusion. Additionally, ae growin nummer o proprietary saftware vendors are supportin Linux, and compatibility layers sic as the Wine seestem allou some Windows application saftware an drivers tae be uised oan Linux wioot requirin the vendor tae adapt them.
Linux's roots in the Unix operatin seestem mean that in addition tae graphical configuration tuils and control panels available for mony seestem settins and services, plain-text configuration files are still commonly uised tae configure the OS and can readily be made accesible (or nae) tae uisers, at the administrator's will.
Thiès
Economy
As the transportation hub o a productive agricultural hinterland: rice, peanuts, manioc, millet, an fruit, the ceety is a leadin fermstockin-tradin an meat-packin center. It haes rail yards an repair shops, an alumina phosphate deposits are wirked at nearbi Palo an Taïba.
Linux
Desktop usage
The Berlin-basit organisation Relevantive concluded in 2003 that the usability o Linux for ae set o desktop-relatit tasks wis "nearly equal to Windows XP." Syne then, thare hae been numerous independent studies and articles which indicate that ae modren Linux desktop uisin aither GNOME or KDE is on par wi Microsoft Windows in ae business settin.
Thiès
Economy
The day, Thiès is developin increasingly as an extension o the congestit Cap-Vert Peninsula. It is attractin industrial investments (electrical an mechanical ingineerin) an there are plans tae link it tae Dakar bi heich-gate an commuter train.
Linux
Mercat share and uptake
The Linux mercat is rapidly growin and the revenue o servers, desktops, an packaged saftware rinnin Linux is expected tae exceed $35.7 billion bi 2008. The actual installed uiser base mey be higher than indicated bi this figure, as maist Linux distributions and applications are freely available and redistributable.
Thiès
Twin touns
Thiès is twinned wi:
Linux
Mercat share and uptake
The paper ''Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers!'' identifies mony quantitative studies o open soorce saftware, oan topics includin mercat share and reliability, wi mony studies specifically examinin Linux.
Installation
The maist common method o installin Linux oan ae personal computer is bi bootin frae ae CD-ROM that contains the installation program and installable saftware. Sic ae CD can be burned frae ae downladed ISO image, purchased alone for ae law price, can be obtained as pairt o ae box set that mey an aw include manuals and additional commercial saftware an in ae wheen cases shipped for free bi request. Mini CD images allou Linux tae be installed frae ae disk wi ae small form factor.
Alternatives tae traditional desktop installation include thin client installation, whaur the operatin seestem is laded and rin frae ae centralised machine ower ae netwark connection; and rinnin frae ae Live CD, whaur the computer boots the entire operatin seestem frae CD wioot first installin it oan the computer's haurd disk.
Oan embedded devices, Linux is teepically held in the device's firmware and mey or mey nae be consumer-accessible.
Programmin oan Linux
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is the standard compiler faimily for maist seestems. Amongst ithers, GCC provides frontends for C, C++ and Java. Maist distributions come installed wi interpreters for Perl, Python and ither scriptin languages, and several nou include C# via the Mono project.
Thare are ae nummer o Integrated development environments available includin KDevelop, Anjuta, NetBeans, and Eclipse while the traditional editors Emacs and Vim remain popular.
The twa main widget tuilkits uised for contemporary GUI programmin are Qt and the Gimp Toolkit, kent as GTK+.
As well as thir free and open soorce options, thare are proprietary compilers and tuils available frae ae reenge o companies sic as Intel, PathScale and the Portland Group.
Support
The business model o commercial suppliers is generally dependent oan chargin for support, especially for business uisers. Ae nummer o companies offer ae specialisit business version o thair distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tuils tae administer higher nummers o installations or tae simplify administrative tasks.
Ba'athism
Ba'athism is based on principles o Arab nationalism, pan-Arabism, Arab socialism, as well as social progress. It is a secular ideology. A Ba'athist state supports socialist economics to a varying degree. It supports public awnership ower pairts o the economy but opposes the confiscation o private property. Socialism in Ba'athist ideology does no mean state socialism or economic equality, but modrenisation; the anerlie wey tae develop an Arab society which is truly free an unitit is bi creatin a socialist society first.
Al-Qassabin
Al-Qassabin (القصابين) is a toun in northwastren Sirie, admeenistratively pairt o the Jableh Destrict o the Latakia Govrenorate, an locatit sooth o Latakia. Nearbi localities include Ayn al-Sharqiyah an Beit Yashout tae the east an Siyano, Jableh an Bustan al-Basha tae the northwast. Accordin tae the Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics, al-Qassabin haed a population o 780 in the 2004 census. The toun is notable as the birthplace o the Sirie poet, Ali Ahmed Said, kent as Adonis an aw.
Suchiate
Suchiate is a municipality in the Mexican state o Chiapas, on the border wi Guatemala. It is in the Soconusco region, an is the soothmaist municipality baith in Chiapas an in aw o Mexico. On the eastren edge o the municipality, flowin frae north tae sooth, is the Río Suchiate, which forms the internaitional border. Twa commonties athin the municipality are border crossins wi Guatemala, Ciudad Hidalgo an Talismán. Ciudad Hidalgo is the municipal seat an haes a customs hoose at the border. Suchiate reportit a 2010 census population o 35,056 bodies. It haes a laund aurie o 606.1 km² (234.0 sq mi).
Touns an veelages
The lairgest localities (ceeties, touns, an veelages) are:
Cuadrilla de Ayala
Cuadrilla de Ayala  (Aiarako Koadrila o Aiaraldea)  is a comarca o the province o Álava, Spain. It covers a aurie o 328.12 km² wi a population o 34,231 fowk (2010).
Hildegard von Bingen
Blessed Hildegard o Bingen (German:Hildegard von Bingen; Latin:Hildegardis Bingensis) (1098 – 17 September 1179), also kentn as Saunt Hildegard, an Sibyl o the Rhine, wis a Christian mystic, German Benedictine abbess, visionary, an polymath. Electit a magistra by her fellow nuns in 1136, she foondit the monasteries o Rupertsberg in 1150 an Eibingen in 1165. Ane o her works as a composer, the Ordo Virtutum, is an early example o liturgical drama.
Cuadrilla de Vitoria
Cuadrilla de Vitoria  (Gasteizko Koadrila)  is a comarca o the province o Álava, Spain. It covers a aurie o 277 km² wi a population o 229,080 fowk (2010). It conteens 65 localities.
San Bernardo, Durango
San Bernardo (an aw, Bernardo) is a toun an seat o the municipality o San Bernardo in the state o Durango in Mexico.
Beit Jann
Beit Jann (بيت جن) is a Druze veelage on Mt. Meron, in northren Israel. At 940 meters abuin sea level, Beit Jann is ane o the heichest inhabitit locations in the kintra. In 2007, the population wis 10,300. The mayor o Beit Jann is Youssef Qabalan.
History
Till the 13t or 14t century, Druze families in Israel lived in scattered colonies in the hills near soorces o watter. Accordin tae local legend, twa hunters leukin for hyraxes stumbled upon a cave whaur thay foond an auncient cistern filled wi watter. Concludin that this wis a guid place for permanent dounset, several families settled on the site o wha wad acome Beit Jann.
In Julie 2006, durin the Seicont Lebanon War, Beit Jann wis hit bi Katyusha rackets fired bi Hezbollah. Illegal loggin in the vicinity Beit Jann haes led tae conflicts wi pairk offeecials an rangers.
Geography an climate
Beit Jann haes a cuil climate, even in simmer, an affers panoramic views that stretch as far as the Sea o Galilee an the Mediterranean on a clear day. Several families in the veelage run bed an breakfast facilities. The veelage is locatit inside the Munt Meron nature reserve.
Canindeyú Depairtment
Canindeyú is a department in Paraguay. The caipital is the ceety o Salto del Guairá.
Destricts
The depairtment is dividit in 11 destricts:
The eastren pairt o Canindeyu is vera green; maistly rollin hills an soy bean ferms. A fair portion o the population consists o Brazilian immigrants.
San Bernardo, Durango
References
Fotos de Fotos de San Bernardo, Durango
Hadera
Hadera (, '; الخضيرة, ') is a ceety locatit in the Haifa Destrict o Israel approximately 45 kilometers (28.0 mi) frae the major ceeties o Tel Aviv an Haifa. The ceety is locatit alang 45 kilometers (28.0 mi) aff the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. In it haed a population o, which includes a heich proportion o immigrants syne 1990, notably frae Ethiopie an the Soviet Union.
Hadera wis established in 1891 as a farmin colony bi members o the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, frae Lithuanie an Latvie. Bi 1948, it wis a regional centre wi a population o 11,800. It wis declared a ceety in 1952. Wi an aurie o jurisdiction o 53,000 dunams.
Several projects are unner wey tae improve the quality o life in Hadera, includin regeneratin the ceety center, constructin a hie-tech business pairk, an biggin the warld's lairgest desalination plant.
Early years
Hadera wis foondit in 1891, in the early days modren Zionism bi Eastren European immigrants frae Lithuanie an Latvie on land purchased bi Yehoshua Hankin, kent as the Redeemer o the Valley. The land wis purchased frae Christian effendi Selim Khuri. This wis the lairgest purchase o land in Palestine bi a Zionist group, awtho the land wis o law quality an maistly swampland. The anerlie indwallers prior tae the purchase wur a few families raisin watter buffaloes an sellin reeds. The toun mey derive its name frae the Arabic wird khadra, meanin "green" in reference tae the wild weeds which covered the mairshes on which the toun is biggit.
The first settlers lived in a hoose kent as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue. Initially, Hadera wis a lonely ootpost o 10 families an 4 guards. In its early years, housomeivver, the toun haed issues wi land awnership haein drained the swamps wi the aid o Egyptian wirkers sent tae them bi Baron Edmond de Rothschild.
Auld tombstanes in the local cemetery reveal that oot o a population o 540, 210 dee'd o malaria. Relations atween the residents o Hadera an Bedouins wur poor an guardin o the field wis designatit tae the HaShomer organisation. Bi the early twintiet century, the toun haed acome a regional economic center. Land disputes in the aurie went away till the 1930s, bi which time, the population haed grown tae 2,002 in 1931. Free schoolin wis introduced in the ceety in 1937 in aw schools apairt frae the Histadrut schuil.
After 1948
Hadera's population began tae grow dramatically efter Israeli unthirldom in 1948 as immigrants flocked tae the kintra. Includit in the immigrants tae the ceety wur no anerlie Roushie an ither European immigrants but an aa 40 Yemenite families. In 1952, Hadera wis declared a ceety, an in 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in the ceety. Sponsored bi investors frae athin Israel as well as frae the Unitit States, Brazil, an Australie, the mill wis designed tae meet aw o Israel's paper needs. It wis an aa at this time that the Givat Olga neighborhuid wis constructit on the coast, an Beit Eliezer in the east o the ceety.
Frae the 1990s
The ceety grew dramatically durin the 1990s as it absorbed lairge nummers o Roushie an Ethiopian immigrants. Hadera, considered a safe place bi its indwallers, wis joltit bi several acts o terrorism, includin a suicide bomber who blew hissel up at a falafel staund on October 26, 2005, killin five ceevilians. Housomeivver, syne the construction o the nearbi Wast Bank barrier, the frequency o sic incidents haes dropped drastically. On August 4, 2006, three rockets fired bi Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 mile (80 km) sooth o the Lebanese border an merked the farthest pynt inside Israel hit bi Hezbollah.
Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Hadera is twinned wi:
Kfar Shmaryahu
Kfar Shmaryahu is a local cooncil in Israel, athin the Tel Aviv Destrict. The cooncil wis foondit in 1937, durin the Fift Aliyah tae Israel.
Kfar Shmaryahu is ranked vera heichly on the Israeli socio-economic scale (9 oot o 10). Accordin tae Yedioth Ahronoth, Kfar Shmaryahu's municipality annually spends NIS 8,700 per resident, a figure heicher than Tel Aviv an ower twice as heich as Jerusalem.
Golestan Province
Golestan Province (, Ostān-e Golestān ) is ane o the 31 provinces o Iran, locatit in the north-east o the kintra, sooth o the Caspian Sea. Its caipital is Gorgan.
Golestān wis split aff frae the Mazandaran Province in 1997. It haes a population o 1.6 million (2006) an an aurie o 20,380 km². The major tounships o the province are: Gorgan, Gonbad Kavoos, Bandar Torkaman, Bandar Gaz, Aliabad-e katul, Kord Kooy, Fenderesk an Minoo Dasht. Present-day Gorgan wis cried Esteraba or Astarabad till 1937.
Bullet for My Valentine
Bullet for My Valentine are a Welsh hivy metal baund frae Bridgend, formit in 1998. The baund is componed o Matt Tuck (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Michael Paget (lead guitar, backin vocals), Jason James (bass guitar, backin vocals), an Michael Thomas (drums). Thay wur formit unner the name Jeff Killed John an stairtit thair muisic career bi covering sangs bi Metallica an Nirvana. Jeff Killed John recordit sax sangs which wur no released; twa o thir tracks wur rewirkit later in thair career as Bullet for My Valentine. Financial difficulties dictatit the name chynge, which wis follaeed bi a chynge in muisic direction. In 2002, the baund secured a five-album deal wi Sony BMG. The baund haes statit that thair muisic is influencit bi classic hivy metal acts sic as Metallica, Iron Maiden, an Slayer. The baind is pairt o the Cairdiff muisic scene.
Bullet for My Valentine's debut album, The Poison, wis released on 3 October 2005 in the Unitit Kinrick an on 14 Februar 2006 in the Unitit States tae coincide wi Valentine's Day hence thair baund name. The album entered the Billboard 200 in the US at nummer 128. It wis certifeed Gowd bi the Recording Industry Association of America. The baund made appearances at the Download Festival an Kerrang! XXV, an unnertook a US tour wi Rob Zombie. Bullet for My Valentine's seicont studio album, Scream Aim Fire, wis released on 29 Januar 2008 an debuted at nummer fower on the Billboard 200. The baund's third album, Fever, wis released on 26 Aprile 2010 an debuted at nummer three on the Billboard 200. The baund haes sauld ower ane million albums in the Unitit States an nearly 2,500,000 albums warldwide an are the maist-successfu act in the Kerrang! Awards category o "Best British Band" wi three wins.
The Chasm
The Chasm is a daith metal baund oreeginally frae Mexico Ceety, an currently residin in Chicago. Though their first album wis released in 1994 the baund remained in the unnergrund scene, yet prominent in Laitin Americae an Europe, an reached further audiences efter signin on to UK based Earache Records. Aside frae daith metal, the baund is haes elements o ither metal genres, such as thrash metal, black metal, progressive metal, an doom metal.
The baund formit frae the core members o the nou-defunct Mexican baund Cenotaph.
Île-de-France (region)
Île-de-France (literally Isle o Fraunce) is the walthiest an maist populatit o the twinty-sax admeenistrative regions o Fraunce, composed maistly o the Paris metropolitan aurie. It is often cawed Paris Region (Région Parisienne). It is ane o Fraunce's admeenistrative regions.
Wi 11.7 million inhabitants, Île-de-France is no anerlie the maist populatit region o Fraunce but haes mair residents than Austrick, Belgium, Greece, Portugal or Swaden, an haes a population comparable tae that o either the U.S. state o Ohio or the Canadian province o Ontario. It is the fowert maist populous kintra subdiveesion in the European Union efter Ingland, North Rhine-Westphalie an Bavarie.
Economically, Île-de-France is the warld's 4t an Europe's 1st walthiest an lairgest regional economy: in 2009, its total GDP as calculatit bi Eurostat wis €552 billion (US$768.9 billion) at mercat exchynge rates; it is the walthiest metropolitan aurie in the European Union an - if it wur a kintra, it wad rank as the 15t walthiest in the warld. Île-de-France an aa is, seicont tae the Kantō region, the warld's seicont maist important location for Fortune Global 500 companies' heidquarters.
Creatit as the "Destrict o the Paris Region" in 1961; it wis renamed efter the historic province o "Isle de France" in 1976, when its admeenistrative status wis aligned wi the ither French admeenistrative regions creatit in 1972. Its name literally means "Island o Fraunce", possibly frae auncient Frankish Liddle Franke, "little Fraunce". Despite the name chynge, Île-de-France is still popularly referred tae bu French fowk as the Région Parisienne (the Paris Region) or RP. Housomeivver its inhabitants are mair an mair referred tae as "Franciliens", an adjective creatit in the 80s an successfully uised the day. Ninety percent o its territory is covered bi the Paris aire urbaine (or "metropolitan aurie") which extends ayont its borders in places.
Twin touns - Sister ceeties
Île-de-France is twinned wi:
Podstene pri Kostelu
Podstene pri Kostelu is a smaw veelage in the Municipality o Kostel in soothren Slovenie. The aurie is pairt o the tradeetional region o Lawer Carniola an is nou includit in the Sootheast Slovenie Statistical Region.
Name
The name o the dounset wis chyngit frae Podstene tae Podstene pri Kostelu in 1955.
Kirk
The local kirk is dedicatit tae the Holy Spirit an belangs tae the Pairish o Banja Loka. It dates tae the late 16t or early 17t hunderyear wi some 19t-hunderyear addeetions.
Glencairn
Glencairn is an ecclesiastical an ceevil pairish in the historical coonty o Dumfriesshire, in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.