cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Raccoon
Distribution outside North America
Aboot 1,240 ainimals wis released in nine regions o the umwhile Soviet Union atween 1936 an 1958 for the purpose o establishin a population tae be huntit for thair fur. Twa o thir introductions wis sonsie — ane in the sooth o Belaroushie atween 1954 an 1958, an anither in Azerbaijan atween 1941 an 1957. Wi a seasonal hairst o atween 1,000 an 1,500 ainimals, in 1974 the estimate size o the population distributit in the Caucasus region wis aroond 20,000 ainimals an the density wis fower ainimals per square kilometer (10 ainimals per square mile).
Urban raccoons
Due tae its adaptability, the raccoon haes can uise urban areas as a habitat. The first sichtins wis recorded in a suburb o Cincinnati in the 1920s. Syne the 1950s, raccoons hae been present in metropolitan areas lik Washington, DC, Chicago, an Toronto. Syne the 1960s, Kassel haes hosted Europe's first an densest population in a lairge urban area, wi aboot 50 tae 150 ainimals per square kilometer (130 tae 390 ainimals per square mile), a figure comparable tae thae o urban habitats in North Americae. Hame range sizes o urban raccoons is anly 3 tae 40 hectare (7.5 tae 100 acre) for females an 8 tae 80 hectare (20 tae 200 acre) for males. In smaw touns an suburbs, mony raccoons sleep in a naurhaun wid efter foragin in the dounset aurie. Fruit an insects in gairdens an leftowers in municipal waste is easy available fuid soorces. Mair atouer, a lairge nummer o addeetional sleepin auries exist in thir auries, likesuc as howes in auld gairden trees, cots, garages, abandoned houses, an attics. The percentage o urban raccoons sleepin in abandoned or occupied houses varies frae 15% in Washington, DC (1991) tae 43% in Kassel (2003).
Meethology, airts, an entertainment
In Western cultur, several autobiographical novels aboot livin wi a raccoon hae been written, maistly for children. The best-kent is Sterling North's Rascal, whilk recounts hou he raised a kit in Warld War I. In recent years, anthropomorphic raccoons played main roles in the animatit televeesion series The Raccoons, the computer-animatit film Over the Hedge, the live action film Guardians of the Galaxy an the video gemme series Sly Cooper.
The raccoon appears in Native American airt athort a wide geographic range an aa. Petroglyphs wi engraved raccoon tracks wis foond in Lewis Canyon, Texas; at the Crow Hollow petroglyph site in Grayson County, Kentucky; an in river drainages near Tularosa, New Mexico an San Francisco, Californie. A true-tae-detail figurine made o quartz, the Ohio Mound Builders' Stone Pipe, wis foond near the Scioto River. The meanin an signeeficance o the Raccoon Priests Gorget, whilk features a stylized cairvin o a raccoon an wis foond at the Spiro Mounds, Oklahoma, remains unkent.
Social behaviour
Concernin the general behaviour patterns o raccoons, Gehrt pynts oot that "teeepically ye'll find 10 tae 15 percent that will dae the opposite" o whot is expectit.
Health
While nae endemic, the Trichinella worm daes infect racoons, an unnercuiked racoon meat haes caused trichinosis in humans.
Senses
Raccoons is thocht tae be color blind or at least that thay can puirly distinguish colour, tho thair een is weel-adapt for sensin green licht. Awtho thair accommodation o 11 dioptre is comparable tae that o humans an thay see weel in the gloamin acause o the tapetum lucidum ahint the retina, visual perception is o subordinate importance tae raccoons acause o thair poor lang-distance vision. In addition tae bein uisefu for orientation in the dark, thair sense o smell is important for intraspecific communication. Glandular secretions (uisually frae thair anal glands), urine an feces is uised for merkin. Wi thair braid auditory range, thay can perceive tones up tae 50–85 kHz as weel as quiet noises, lik thaim produced bi earthworms unner the grund.
Debbie Macomber
Recognition
Macomber is a three-time winner o the B. Dalton Award, an the inaugural winner o the fan-voted Quill Award for romance (2005, for 44 Cranberry Point). She haes been awairdit the Romantic Times Magazine Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award an haes wan a Romance Writers of America RITA Award, the romance novelist's equivalent o a Academy Award, for The Christmas Basket. Her novels hae regularly appeared on the Waldenbooks an USAToday bestseller leets an hae earned spots on the New York Times Bestseller List an aw. On 6 September 2007 she made Harlequin Enterprises history, bi pullin aff the rarest o triple plays—haein her new novel, 74 Seaside Avenue, appear at the #1 poseetion for paperback feection on the New York Times, USAToday an Publishers Weekly bestseller leets. Thir three heichly respectit bestseller leets are considered the bellwethers for a beuk's performance in the United States.
Career
In general, Macomber's novels focus on deliverin the message o the story an dae no include detailed descriptive passages. Her heroines tend tae be optimists, an the "stories are resolved in a manner that leaves the reader wi a feelin o howp an happy expectation." Mony o the novels tak place in smaw, landwart toun, wi her Cedar Cove series loosely based on her awn hametoun. Acause o her Christian beliefs, Macomber daes no include owerly explicit sexual details in her beuks, awtho thay dae contain some sensuality.
Syne 1986, in maist years Macomber haes released a Christenmas-themit beuk or novella. For several years, thir novels wur pairt o the Angel series, follaein the antics of angels Shirley, Goodness, an Mercy. Macomber, who loves Christenmas, says that she writes Christenmas beuks as well acause "Ivery wumman I ken haes a pictur o the perfect Christenmas in her mind, the same wey we dae romance. Reality rarely lives up tae oor expectations, so the best we can dae is delve intae a fantasy."
Raccoon
Intelligence
Zoologist Clinton Hart Merriam descrivit raccoons as "cliver beists", an that "in certain directions their cunnin surpasses that o the tod." The animal's intelligence provokit the epithet "sleekit coon". Anly a few studies hae been taen on haun tae determine the mental abilities o raccoons, maist o them based on the ainimal's sense o touch. In a study bi the ethologist H. B. Davis in 1908, raccoons coud open 11 o 13 complex locks in fewer than 10 ettles an haed nae problems repeatin the action whan the locks wis rereddit or wis pit tapsalteerie. Davis concludit thay unnerstuid the abstract principles o the lockin mechanisms an thair learnin speed wis equivalent tae that o rhesus macaques. Studies in 1963, 1973, 1975 an 1992 concentrated on raccoon memory shawed thay can mind the solutions tae tasks for up tae three year. In a study bi B. Pohl in 1992, raccoons coud instantly differentiate atween identical an different seembols three year efter the short initial learin phase. Stanislas Dehaene reports in his beuk The Number Sense raccoons can distinguish boxes conteenin twa or fower grapes frae thaim conteenin three.
Distribution in North America
Raccoons is common atouer North Americae frae Canadae tae Panama, whaur the subspecies Procyon lotor pumilus coexists wi the crab-eatin Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). The population on Hispaniola wis sterminate as air as 1513 bi Spainyie colonists wha huntit them for thair meat. Raccoons wis exterminate in Cuba an Jamaica an aa, whaur the last sichtins wis reportit in 1687. Whan thay war still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon an Tres Marias raccoon wis classifee'd as endangered bi the IUCN in 1996.
Conflicts
While owerturned waste conteeners an raided fruit trees is juist a nuisance tae hameawners, it can cost several thoosand dollars tae repair damage caused bi the uise o attic space as dens. Relocatin or killin raccoons wioot a permit is forbidden in mony urban auries on grunds o animal welfare. Thir methods uisually anly solve problems wi parteecularly wild or aggressive individuals, acause adequate dens is aither kent tae several raccoons or will swith be rediskivert. Loud noises, flashin lichts an unpleasant odors haes pruiven parteecularly effective in drivin awa a mither an her kits afore thay wad normally leave the nestin place (whan the kits is aboot aicht week auld). teepically, tho, anly precautionary measures tae restrict access tae fuid waste an den sites is effective in the lang term.
Debbie Macomber
Breaking into Publishing
Wi money that she savit frae her freelance airticles, Macomber attendit a romance writer's conference, whaur ane o her manuscripts wis selectit tae be publicly critiqued bi an editor frae Harlequin Enterprises Ltd. The editor tore apairt her novel an recommendit that she throw it awa. Undaunted, Macomber scrapit thegither $10 tae mail the same novel, Heartsong, tae Harlequin's rival, Silhouette Beuks. Silhouette bocht the beuk, which became the first romance novel tae be reviewed bi Publishers Weekly.
Raccoon
Life expectancy
Captive raccoons haes been kent tae live for mair nor 20 year. Housomiver, the species' life expectancy in the wild is anly 1.8 till 3.1 year, dependin on the local conditions in terms o traffeck volume, huntin, an wather severity. It isnae unuisual for anly hauf o the young born in ae year tae survive a fou year. Efter this pyntin, the annual mortality rate drops tae atween 10% an 30%. Young raccoons is vulnerable tae losin thair mither tae starvation, parteecularly in lang an cauld winters. The maist frequent naitural cause o daith in the North American raccoon population is distemper, whilk can reak epidemic proportions an kill maist o a local raccoon population. In auries wi hivy vehicular traffeck an extensive huntin, thir factors can accoont for up tae 90% o aw daiths o adult raccoons. The maist important naitural predators o the raccoon is bobcats, coyotes, an great hornit houlets, the latter mainly preyin on young raccoons. In thair introduced range in the umwhile Soviet Union, thair main predators is woufs, lynxes an catogles. Housomiver, predation isnae a significant cause o daith, inspecially acause lairger predators haes been exterminated in mony auries whaur raccoons is indwellin.
Debbie Macomber
Breaking into Publishing
Awtho Debbie Macomber is dyslexic an haes anerly a heich schuil eddication, she wis determined tae be a writer. A stay-at-hame mither raisin fower smaw childer, Macomber nanetheless foond the time tae sit in her kitchen in front o a rentit teepewriter an wirk on developin her first few manuscripts. For five years she continued tae write despite mony rejections frae publishers, feenally turnin tae freelance magazine wirk tae help her faimily mak ends meet.
Raccoon
Habitat
Tho thay hae thrived in sparsely widit auries in the last decades, raccoons depend on vertical structures tae clim whan thay feel threatened. Therefore, thay evit open terrain an auries wi heich concentrations o beech trees, as beech baurk is ower smooth tae clim. Tree howes in auld aiks or ither trees an rock clifts is preferred bi raccoons as sleepin, winter an bruid bouries. Gif sic dens is unavailable or accessing them is inconvenient, raccoons uise burrows dug bi ither mammals, dense undergrowth or tree crotches. In a study in the Solling range o hills in Germany, mair nor 60% o aw sleepin places war uised anly ance, but thaim uised at least ten times accountit for aboot 70% o aw uises. For amphibians, crustaceans, an ither ainimals foond aroond the shore o lochs an rivers is an important pairt o the raccoon's diet, lawland deciduous or mixed wids abundant wi watter an marshes susteen the heichest population densities. While population densities range frae 0.5 tae 3.2 ainimals per square kilometer (1.3 tae 8.3 ainimals per square mile) in prairies an dae nae uisually exceed 6 ainimals per square kilometer (15.5 ainimals per square mile) in upland haurdwid wids, mair nor 20 raccoons per square kilometer (51.8 ainimals per square mile) can live in lawland wids an marshes.
Health
Raccoons can cairry rabies, a lethal disease caused bi the neurotropic rabies virus cairried in the slaver an transmittit bi bites. Its spread began in Florida an Georgie in the 1950s an wis facilitated bi the introduction o infectit individuals tae Virginie an North Dakota in the late 1970s. O the 6,940 documentit rabies cases reportit in the United States in 2006, 2,615 (37.7%) wis in raccoons. The U.S. Depairtment o Agricultur, as weel as local authorities in several U.S. states an Canadian provinces, haes developit oral vaccination programs tae fecht the spread o the disease in endangered populations. Anly ae human fatality haes been reportit efter transmission o the rabies virus strain commonly kent as "raccoon rabies". Amang the main symptoms for rabies in raccoons are a generally sickly appearance, impaired mobility, abnormal vocalisation, an aggressiveness. Thare mey be nae visible signs ava, housomiver, an maist individuals disnae shaw the aggressive behaviour seen in infectit canids; rabid raccoons will aften retire tae thair dens insteid. Organisations lik the U.S. Forest Service encourage fowk tae stey awa frae ainimals wi unuisual behaviour or appearance, an tae notify the proper authorities, lik an animal control officer frae the local health department. Syne healthy ainimals, especially nouricin mothers, will occasionally forage in the daytime, daylicht activity isnae a reliable indicator o ailin in raccoons.
Reproduction
Raccoons uisually mate in a period triggered bi increasin daylicht atween late Januar an mid-Mairch. Housomiver, thare lairge regional differences whilk isnae completely explicable bi solar conditions. For insaumple, while raccoons in soothren states teepically mate later than average, the matein saison in Manitoba peaks later than uisual in Mairch an stends till Juin. In the matein saison, males restlessly roam thair hame ranges in rake o females in an attempt tae coort them throu the three- tae fower- day period whan conception is possible. Thir encounters will aften occur at central meetin places. Copulation, includin foreplay, can last over an oor an is repeated over several nights. The waiker members o a male social group is assumed tae get the opportunity tae mate an aa, syne the stranger ones canna mate wi aw available females. In a study in soothren Texas in the matein saisons frae 1990 tae 1992, aboot ae third o aw females matit wi mair nor ae male. Gif a female disnae acome pregnant or gif she loses her kits air, she will whiles acome fertile again 80 till 140 day later.
Slockin
Ane aspect o raccoon behaviour is sae weel kent that it gies the animal pairt o its scienteefic name, Procyon lotor; "lotor" is neo-Latin for "washer". In the wild, raccoons aften daible for unnerwatter fuid naur the shore-line. Thay then aften pick up the fuid item wi thair front paws tae exaimine it an screenge the item, whiles tae remuive unwantit pairts. This gies the appearance o the raccoon "washin" the fuid. The tactile sensitivity o raccoons' paws is increased gif this screengin action is performed unnerwatter, for the watter softens the haurd layer kiverin the paws. Housomiver, the behaviour observed in captive raccoons in whilk thay cairy thair food tae watter tae "wash" or slock it afore eatin haes nae been observed in the wild. Naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, believed that raccoons disnae hae adequate saliva production tae moisten fuid tharebi necessitatin slockin, but this hypothesis is nou considert tae be incorrect. Captive raccoons slock thair food mair aften whan a watterin hole wi a layout seemilar tae a burn isnae farther awa than 3 m. The widely acceptit theory is that slockin in captive raccoons is a fixed action pattern frae the daiblin behaviour performed whan foragin at shores for aquatic foods. This is support bi the observation that aquatic fuids is slockit mair aften. Cleanin clarty fuid disnae seem tae be a raison for "washin". Experts haes cast dout on the veracity o observations o wild raccoons slockin fuid.
Reproduction
Efter uisually 63 till 65 day o gestation (tho onywhaur frae 54 till 70 day is possible), a bruid o teepically twa till five young is born. The average bruid size varies widely wi habitat, rangin frae 2.5 in Alabama tae 4.8 in North Dakota. Lairger bruids is mair common in auries wi a heich mortality rate, due, for insaumple, tae hunting or severe winters. While male yearlins uisually reak thair sexual maturity anly efter the main matein saison, female yearlins can compensate for heich mortality rates an mey be responsible for aboot 50% o aw young born in a year. Males hae nae pairt in raisin young. The kits (cried "cubs" an aa) is blin an deif at birth, but thair mask is awready visible again thair licht fur. The birth wecht o the aboot 10 cm-lang kits is atween 60 and 75 g. Thair lug canals open efter aroond 18 tae 23 days, a few days afore thair een open for the first time. Ance the kits wecht aboot 1 kg, thay begin tae explore ootwi the den, consumin solit food for the first time efter sax tae nine week. Efter this pyntin, thair mither suckles them wi decreasing frequency; thay are uisually weaned bi 16 weeks. In the faw, efter thair mither haes shawn them dens an feedin grunds, the juvenile group splits up. While mony females will stay close tae the home range o thair mither, males can whiles muive mair nor 20 km away. This is considered an instinctive behaviour, preventin inbreedin. Houiver, mither an affspring mey share a den in the first winter in cauld auries.
Perugia
Perugia ( is the caipital ceety o the region o Umbrie in central Italy, crossed bi the river Tiber. The ceety is the caipital o the province o Perugia. Perugia is locatit aboot 164 km north o Roum, an 148 km sooth-east o Florence. It covers a heich hilltop an pairt o the valleys aroond the aurie. The region o Umbrie is bordered bi Tuscany, Lazio an Marche.
The history o Perugia goes back tae the Etruscan period. Perugia wis ane o the main Etruscan ceeties. The ceety is kent as the varsities toun an aw, wi the Varsity o Perugia foondit in 1308 (aboot 34,000 students), the Varsity for Foreigners (5,000 students), an some smawer colleges sic the Academy o Feene Airts "Pietro Vannucci" (Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci") public athenaeum foondit on 1573, the Perugia Varsity Institute o Linguistic Mediation for translators an interpreters, the Muisic Conservatory o Perugia, foondit on 1788, an ithers Institutes. Thare are annual festivals an events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival (Julie), an the International Jurnalism Festival (in Apryle).
Demographics
As o 2006, 90.84% o the population wis Italian. The lairgest immigrant group came frae ither European kintras (pairticularly frae Albanie an Romanie): 3.93%, the Americas: 2.01%, an North African: 1.3%. The majority o indwallers are Roman Catholic.
Eddication
Perugia the day hosts twa main varsities, the auncient Università degli Studi (Varsity o Perugia) an the Foreigners Varsity (Università per Stranieri). Stranieri serves as a Italian leid an cultur schuil for students frae aw ower the warld. Ither eddicational institutions are the Perugia Fene Airts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (foondit in 1573), the Perugia Muisic Conservatory for the study o clessical muisic, an the RAI Public Broadcastin Schuil o Radio-Telly Jurnalism. The ceety is host tae the Umbra Institute an aw, a accreditit varsity program for American students studyin abroad. The Università dei Sapori (Vasity o Tastes), a naitional centre for Vocational Eddication an Trainin in Fuid, is locatit in the ceety as well.
Transport
This wis follaeed bi public escalators:
A electric tramwey operatit in Perugia frae 1901 till 1940. It wis decommissioned in favour o buses, an syne 1943 trolley buses – the latter wur in service till 1975.
Syne 1971 Perugia haes taken several measures against caur traffec, when the first traffec restriction zone wis implementit. Thir zones wur expandit ower time an at certaint oors o the day drivin is forbidden in the ceety centre. Lairge pairkin lots are providit in the lawer toun, frae whaur the ceety can be reached via public transport.
Perugia is a well-kent cultural an airtistic centre o Italy. The famous penter Pietro Vannucci, elknamit Perugino, wis a native o Città della Pieve near Perugia. He decoratit the local Sala del Cambio wi a bonnie series o frescoes; aicht o his picturs can be admired in the Naitional Gallery o Umbrie an aw. Perugino wis the teacher o Raphael, the great Renaissance airtist who producit five pentins in Perugia (the day nae langer in the ceety) an ane fresco. Anither famous penter, Pinturicchio, livit in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the maist famous airchitect frae Perugia. The ceety seembol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form o plaques an statues on biggins aroond the ceety.
History
In 216 an 205 BC it assistit Roum in the Seicont Punic War but efterwairds it is nae mentioned till 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius teuk refuge thare, an wis reducit bi Octavian efter a lang siege, an its senators sent tae thair daith. A nummer o lead bullets uised bi slingers hae been foond in an aroond the ceety. The ceety wis burnt, we are tauld, wi the exception o the temples o Vulcan an Juno— the massive Etruscan terrace-waws, naturally, can hardly hae suffered at aw— an the toun, wi the territory for a mile roond, wis alloued tae be occupeed bi whoiver chose. It must hae been rebuilt amaist at ance, for several bases for statues exist, inscribit Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta; but it did no acome a colonia, till 251-253 AD, when it wis resettled as Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia, unner the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.
On various occasions the papes foond asylum frae the tumults o Roum athin its waws, an it wis the meetin-place o five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), includin those that electit Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), an Clement V (1305); the papal presence wis characterisit bi a pacificatory rule atween the internal rivalries. But Perugia haed nae mind simply tae subserve the papal interests an niver acceptit papal sovereignty: the ceety uised tae exercise a jurisdiction ower the members o the clergy, mairower in 1282 Perugia wis excommunicatit due tae a new militar affensive against the Ghibellines regairdless o a papal prohibition. In the ither haund side bi side wi the 13t century bronze griffin o Perugia abuin the door o the Palazzo dei Priori staunds, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion, an Perugia remained lyal for the maist pairt tae the Guelph pairty in the struggles o Guelphs an Ghibellines. Housomeivver this dominant tendency wis rather a anti-Germanic an Italian poleetical strategy. The Angevin presence in Italy appeared tae affer a coonterpoise tae papal pouers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saunt Louis o Toulouse "Protector o the ceety's sovereignty an o the Palazzo o its Priors" an set his figur amang the ither patron saunts abuin the rich doorwey o the Palazzo dei Priori. Midwey throu the 14t century Bartholus o Sassoferrato, who wis a renouned jurist, assertit that Perugia wis dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support. In 1347, at the time o Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in revivin the Roman republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors tae pey him honour; an, when papal legates socht tae coerce it bi foreign sodgers, or tae exact contreibutions, thay met wi vigorous resistance, which broke intae open warfare wi Pape Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble pairty reached a greement signin the treaty o Bologna an Perugia wis forcit tae accept a papal legate; housomeivver the vicar-general o the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot o Marmoutier an nephew o Gregory IX, wis expelled bi a popular uprisin in 1375, an his fortification o Porta Sole wis razit tae the grund.
Frazioni
The comune includes the frazioni o Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano, Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano. Ither localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe an Monte Morcino.
Transport
Twa elevators wur established syne 1971:
Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria Internaitional Airport is locatit 12 km ootside the ceety.
Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Perugia haes twin an sister ceety greements wi the follaein ceeties:
Transport
Syne 2008, an automatit fowk muiver cried Minimetrò haes been in operation an aw. It haes seiven stations, wi ane terminal at a lairge pairkin lot, an the ither in the ceety centre.
History
It is hardly mentioned except bi the geografers till it wis the anerly ceety in Umbrie tae resist Totila, who captured it an laid the ceety waste in 547, efter a lang siege, apparently efter the ceety's Byzantine garrison evacuatit. Negotiations wi the besiegin forces fell tae the ceety's bishop, Herculanus, as representative o the tounsfowk. Totila is said tae hae ordered the bishop tae be flayed an beheidit. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the ceety's patron saunt.
Frazioni
Collestrada, in the territory o the suburb o Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle atween the indwallers o Perugia an Assisi in 1202.
History
In 1832, 1838 an 1854, Perugia wis hit bi yirdquauks. Follaein the collapse o the Roman republic o 1848-49, when the Rocca wis in pairt demolished, it wis seizit in Mey 1849 bi the Austrians. In Juin 1859 the indwallers rebelled against the temporal authority o the Pape an established a proveesional govrenment, but the insurrection wis quashed bloodily bi Pius IX's troops. In September 1860 the ceety wis unitit feenally, alang wi the rest o Umbrie, as pairt o the Kinrick o Italy.
Airt
The Collegio del Cambio is an extremely well preservit representation o a Renaissance biggin an hooses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco. The newly re-opened Academy o Fine Airts haes a smaw but impressive plaster casts gallery an Perugie pentins an drawins frae the 16t century on.
Perugia haes haed a rich tradeetion o airt an airtists. The Heich Renaissance penter Pietro Perugino creatit some o his maisterpieces in the Perugia aurie. The ither Heich Resaissance maister Raphael wis active in Perugia an an an pentit his famous Oddi Altar thare in 1502-04.
Transport
Perugia railwey station, kent as Perugia Fontivegge an aw, wis opened in 1866. It forms pairt o the Foligno–Terontola railway, which links Florence wi Roum an aw. The station is situatit at Piazza Vittorio Veneto, in the hivily populatit destrict o Fontivegge, aboot 3 km soothwast o the ceety centre.
History
In 1797, the ceety wis conquered bi French troops. On 4 Februar 1798, the Tiberina Republic wis formit, wi Perugia as caipital, an the French tricolour as banner. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic mergit tae the Roman Republic.
Economy
The ceety hosts a chocolate festival ivery October. The suburbs host a lairge nummer o SMEs.
Sport
A.C. Perugia Calcio are the main fitbaa club in the ceety, currently playin in the third-tier Lega Pro Prima Divisione, Group B. The club play at the 28,000-seater Stadio Renato Curi, namit efter a umwhile player who dee'd durin a match. Frae 1983 tae 2001, the stadium held fower matches for the Italy naitional fitbaa team.
Geografie
Ceeties' distances frae Perugia: Assisi 19 km, Siena 102 km, Florence 145 km, Roum 164 km.
Economy
Perugia haes acome famous for chocolate, maistly acause o a single firm, Perugina, whose Baci (kisses) are widely exportit. Perugian chocolate is vera popular in Italy. The company's plant locatit in San Sisto (Perugia) is the lairgest o Nestlé's nine steids in Italy.
Demographics
In 2007, thare wur 163,287 fowk residin in Perugia, locatit in the province o Perugia, Umbrie, o whom 47.7% wur male an 52.3% wur female. Minors (childer ages 18 an younger) totalled 16.41 percent o the population compared tae pensioners who nummer 21.51 percent. This compares wi the Italian average o 18.06 percent (minors) an 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age o Perugia residents is 44 compared tae the Italian average o 42. In the five years atween 2002 an 2007, the population o Perugia grew bi 7.86 percent, while Italy as a whole grew bi 3.85 percent.
Andy Murray
2013: Wimbledon champion and third Australian Open final
At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Juan Martín del Potro in three sets. At the Miami Masters, Murray made it throu his first fower matches wioot droppin a set, an efter overcomin Richard Gasquet in the semifinals, faced David Ferrer in the final. Efter losin the first set, an facin match pynt in the decider at 5–6, Murray eventually teuk the match in a third set tiebreaker tae win his seicont Miami Masters title, an leapfrog Roger Federer intae seicont place in the rankings, endin a near-decade lang time period in which neither Federer or Rafael Nadal war ranked in the tap twa. Murray briefly fell back tae No. 3 in the world, follaein a third roond defeat bi Stanislas Wawrinka in Monte-Carlo, but reclaimed the No. 2 rankin as a result o Federer failin tae defend his title at the Mutua Madrid Open. Later, Murray lost at the quarter-final stage tae Tomáš Berdych in straucht sets. At the Rome Masters, Murray retired due tae a hip injury durin his seicont roond match against Marcel Granollers on his 26t birthday. Murray haed juist battled back tae tie the match at ane set all efter winnin the seicont set on a tiebreak. This left Murray wi anly eleven days tae be fit for the stairt o the French Open.
Murray haes won tae at least the quarterfinals o aw Grand Slam tournaments he haes participate in syne 2011, wi the exception o the 2015 US Open. Murray haes been rankit as British No. 1 syne 27 Februar 2006. He achieved a tap-10 rankin bi the ATP for the first time on 16 Aprile 2007, an reakit a career peak o warld No. 1 on 7t November 2016.
2014: Recovery from surgery and 30th career title
Murray stairtit his saison at the Qatar Open in Doha. In the first roond, he defeatit Mousa Shanan Zayed in straucht sets in 37 minutes wioot droppin a single gemme, but wis defeatit in three sets bi world No. 40 Florian Mayer in the seicont roond, despite bein a set an a break up three gemmes intae the seicont set. He then played a warm-up match at the 2014 AAMI Classic in Kooyong against world No. 43 Lleyton Hewitt, losin in twa close tiebreaks. Murray next heided tae Melbourne for the 2014 Australian Open, whaur he drew the world No. 112, Go Soeda o Japan. Despite worries that he wis nae match-fit, Murray got off tae a strang stairt, dispatchin the Japanese number 2 in under 90 minutes, losin juist 5 gemmes in the process. He next went on tae defeat Vincent Millot an Feliciano López respectively in straucht sets. In the fowert roond, Murray dropped his first set o the tournament on his wey tae beatin Stephane Robert in fower sets tae set up a meetin wi lang-staundin rival Roger Federer in the quarterfinals. Despite savin twa match pynts tae tak the third set, he ultimately went oot in fower, endin his streak o fower consecutive Australian Open semifinals. As a result o losin afore the final, Murray fell tae No. 6 in the world, fallin oot o the tap 5 for the first time syne 2008.
He next heided tae the United States tae compete in the Davis Cup World Group first roond wi Great Britain, who went intae the tie as outsiders. Murray won baith o his ties against Donald Young an Sam Querrey respectively, helpin Britain tae thair first Davis Cup quarterfinal syne 1986. Murray's next tournament wis the Rotterdam Open efter receivin a late wild card, houiver he lost tae Marin Čilić in straucht sets in the quarterfinals. His follaein competeetion, the Mexican Open in Acapulco, ended in a semifinal defeat bi Grigor Dimitrov in a thrillin three-setter that required twa tiebreakers tae decide the final twa sets.
Early and personal life
Murray's parents split up whan he wis anerly 10. He believes the impact this haed on him coud be the reason ahint his competitive spirit. At 15, he wis askit tae train wi Rangers Football Club at thair School o Excellence, but declined, optin tae focus on his tennis career insteid. He then decidit tae flit tae Barcelona, Spain. Thare he studied at the Schiller International School an trained on the clay courts o the Sánchez-Casal Academy, coached bi Pato Alvarez. Murray describit this time as "a big sacrifice". His parents haed tae finn £40,000 tae pey for his 18-month stay thare. While in Spain, he trained wi Emilio Sánchez, umwhile warld No. 1 doubles player.
In Februar 2013, Murray bocht Cromlix House fur £1.8 million whilk appent as a 15-room five-starn hotel in Aprile 2014. Later that month Murray wis awairdit Freedom o Stirlin an received an Honorary Doctorate frae the University of Stirling in recognition o his services tae tennis.
2013: Wimbledon champion and third Australian Open final
Speakin at a press conference efter the match, Murray said, "As it is, I'd be very surprised if I was playing in Paris. I need to make a plan as to what I do. I'll chat with the guys tonight and make a plan for the next few days then make a decision on Paris after the next five days." He wad go on tae withdraw frae Roland Garros later, citin a back injury. Efter a fower-week break due tae injury, Murray made his comeback at the 2013 Aegon Championships, whaur he wis the tap seed. Efter a rain delayed first day, Murray haed tae complete his seicont roond match against Nicolas Mahut, an his subsequent match against Marinko Matosevic on the same day, baith o which he won in straucht sets. Efter beatin Benjamin Becker in the quarterfinals, Murray next faced his first tap ten opponent syne losin tae Tomáš Berdych in Madrid, takin on Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals. Efter droppin the first set against the Frenchman, Murray eventually raised his level an won in three tae set up a final against Marin Čilić o Croatia, his third consecutive final on gress courts. He came frae behind again tae beat Čilić in three sets tae claim his third title at Queen's Club.
Early and personal life
Murray began datin Kim Sears, dochter o player-turned-coach Nigel Sears, in 2005. Thair engagement wis annoonced in November 2014, an thay mairit on 11 Aprile 2015 at Dunblane Cathedral in his home toun. The couple haes a dochter, Sophia Olivia, born on 7 Februar 2016.
Junior tennis
Leon Smith, Murray's tennis coach frae 11 tae 17, describit Murray as "unbelievably competitive", while Murray evens his abeelities tae the motivation gained frae lossin tae his aulder brither Jamie. In 1999, at the age o 12, Murray won his age group at the Orange Bowl, a prestigious event for junior players.
Murray is the reignin Olympic champion, haein defaitit Roger Federer at the 2012 Olympic Gemmes in straucht sets tae win the gowd medal in the men's singles final, acomin the first British singles champion in ower 100 year, an defendit his title in 2016. He forby won a siller medal in the mixed doubles, playin wi Laura Robson.
Junior tennis
For the first sax month o 2004, Murray haed a knee injury an cudnae play.
2013: Wimbledon champion and third Australian Open final
Follaein the Davis Cup, Murray's saison wis cut short bi his decision tae unnergang surgery, in order tae sort oot the lawer back problems that haed caused him problems syne the early stages o the previous saison. Efter bein forced tae withdraw frae the French Open in Mey, the injury flared up again durin the US Open an later durin the Davis Cup World Group Play-offs, Murray made the decision that surgery wis the best wey tae sort the problem oot for the lang-term. Follaein the conclusion o the 2013 saison, Murray wis voted the 2013 BBC Sport Personality of the Year, efter haein been hivy favourite syne the nominees war annoonced.
2005
Mark Petchey greed tae coach Murray for 4 week till the end o Wimbledon, but it metamorphosed intae a fou-time poseetion. Gien a wild card tae Queen's, Murray progressed past Santiago Ventura in straucht sets for his first ATP match win. Follaein a seicont roond win against Taylor Dent, he played umwhile Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in the third roond, losin in three sets efter crampin an twistin his ankle. Follaein his performance at Queen's, Murray received a wild card for Wimbledon. Ranked 312, Murray became the first Scot in the Open Era tae win tae the third roond o the men's singles tournament at Wimbledon. In the third roond, Murray lost tae 2002 Wimbledon finalist David Nalbandian due tae crampin an fatigue, haein led bi twa sets tae luve.
Junior tennis
In Julie 2003, Murray stairtit oot on the Challenger an Futures circuit. In his first tournament, he reached the quarterfinals o the Manchester Challenger. In September, Murray won his first senior title bi takin the Glasgow Futures event. He forby won tae the semi-finals o the Edinburgh Futures event.
Murray haes been the rinner-up in aicht ither singles Grand Slam finals: the 2008 US Open, the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015 an 2016 Australian Opens, the 2012 Wimbledon Championships, an the 2016 French Open lossin three tae Roger Federer an five tae Novak Djokovic. He is the first man in the Open Era tae achieve five rinner-up finishes at the Australian Open, efter losin tae Djokovic in the final o the 2016 Australian Open. In 2011, Murray became anerly the seivent player in the Open Era tae reak the semifinals o aw fower Grand Slam tournaments in ane year. Durin the 2015 saison, he became the fift man in tennis history tae hae won ower $40 million in career prize money. Efter winnin tae the French Open semifinal in 2014, he became the tent man tae win tae twa or mair semifinals at ilkane o the fower Majors. Efter winnin tae the final o the 2016 French Open, Murray became the tent player in the Open Era tae win tae the final o aw fower Grand Slam events an jynt twalt on the leet for finals reakit. He is anly the seicont British player (efter Fred Perry) o aither sex tae hae reached the final o all fower majors.
2014: Recovery from surgery and 30th career title
At Indian Wells, Murray struggled in his first twa matches against Lukáš Rosol an Jiří Veselý respectively, overcomin baith in close three-set encounters tae set up a fowert roond clash wi Canadian Milos Raonic, which he lost in three sets. Murray offered tae play wi 2012 Wimbledon Doubles champion Jonathan Marray, acause Marray wis unable tae convince anyone tae jyne him on court. For Murray an Marray's first competitive match thegither, thay won a doubles clash against Gaël Monfils an Juan Mónaco anly tae lose in the seicont round tae the No 2 seeds Alexander Peya an Bruno Soares.
In Mairch, Murray split wi coach Ivan Lendl, who haed been widely praised for helpin Murray achieve his goal o winnin Grand Slam titles. At the 2014 Miami Masters, Murray defeatit Matthew Ebden, Feliciano López an Jo Wilfried Tsonga but lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals. In the Davis Cup quarterfinals against Italy, he beat Andreas Seppi in his first rubber, then teamed up wi Colin Flemin tae win the doubles rubber. Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davidenko, back in 2009, an sae in his final singles match, wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini in straucht sets, which teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, in this match his compatriot, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi, an aa in straucht sets, knockin Murray an Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup.
2005
Murray began 2005 rankit warld No. 407, but whan he wis in South Americae in Januar, he hurt his back an haed tae tak 3 month aff.
In Mairch, he became the youngest Briton tae play in the Davis Cup. Murray turned professional in Aprile an wis gien a wild card entry tae a clay-court tournament in Barcelona, the Open SEAT, whaur he lost in three sets tae Jan Hernych. In Aprile, Murray parted acrimoniously frae his coach Pato Alvarez, complainin aboot his negative attitude. Murray then won tae the semi-finals o the lads' French Open whaur he lost in straucht sets tae Marin Čilić.
He completit the year rankit 64 an wis named the 2005 BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year.
Endorsements and equipment
In 2009, German manufacturer Adidas an Murray signed a five-year-deal worth £30 million. This included wearin thair range o tennis shoes. The contract wi Adidas allowed Murray tae keep his sark sleeve sponsors Shiatzy Chen, Royal Bank of Scotland an Highland Spring. Afore he wis signed bi Adidas in late 2009, he wore Fred Perry apparel. At the end o thair contract thegither Adidas decidit nae tae re-sign wi Murray, an he began a 4-year partnership wi athletic apparel company Under Armour in December 2014, reportedly worth $25 million. Murray uses Head rackets, an regularly appears in advertisements for the brand. In Juin 2012, the Swiss watch manufacturer Rado annoonced that Murray haed signed a deal tae wear thair D-Star 200 model.
Charitable work
Murray is a foundin member o the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council an helped launch the charity in 2009 wi David Beckham. Footage frae the launch at Wembley Stadium can be seen on YouTube an the charity's website. Murray an aa made 'Nets Needed', a short public service announcement, for the charity tae help raise awareness an funds tae help in the fecht against malaria. Murray haes an aa taken pairt in several charity tennis events, includin the Rally for Relief events that teuk place prior tae the stairt o the 2011 Australian Open.
Junior tennis
As a junior, Murray won up sae heich as No. 6 in the warld in 2003 (and No. 8 in doubles). In the 2004-instated combined rankins, Murray won tae No. 2 in the warld.
Australian Open: -
2010: Australian Open runner-up and two Masters titles
Murray won tae the quarter finals at the BNP Paribas Masters losin tae Gaël Monfils in three sets. Combined wi his exit an Söderling's takin the title, Murray foond himsel pushed doun a spot in the rankings, tae No. 5 frae No. 4. At the Tour finals in London, Murray went 2–1 in roond robin play afore facin Nadal in the semifinal. Thay battled for ower three oors, afore Murray fell tae the Spaniard in a final-set tie-breaker, bringin an end tae his saison.
Early and personal life
Murray wis born in Glesga, Scotland, Judith (Erskine) an William Murray's son. His maternal grandfaither, Roy Erskine, wis a professional footballer in the late 1950s. Murray's elder brither, Jamie, is an aa a professional tennis player, playin on the doubles circuit. Murray wis born wi a bipartite patella, whaur the kneecap remains as twa separate banes insteid o fusin thegither in early bairnheid, but wis nae diagnosed until the age o 16. He is seen tae haud his knee due tae the pain caused bi the condeetion an haes pulled oot o events acause o it. Murray began playin tennis at the age o three whan his mither Judy teuk him tae play on the local courts. He played in his first competitive tournament at age five an bi the time he wis aicht he wis kempin wi adults in the Central Destrict Tennis League.
2012: US Open champion, Wimbledon runner-up and Olympic gold
Murray lost in the openin roond o the Queen's Club Championships tae world No. 65 Nicolas Mahut. At Wimbledon, Murray set the record for the latest finish at the championships when he completit a fower-set veectory ower Marcos Baghdatis at 23:02 BST. Murray beat Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinal in fower sets tae become the first male British player tae reach the final o Wimbledon syne Bunny Austin in 1938. In the final, he faced Federer, but efter takin the first set, he lost the match in fower sets.
2014
Murray haed tae rekiver frae a virus tae play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in Naples efter missin the Thursday draw ceremony. James Ward lost his rain delayed match, while Murray’s match against Andreas Seppi wis halted on Friday evenin due tae fadin licht wi the score at 6–4, 5–5 tae Murray. On Saturday morning, Murray finished his match, winnin 6–4, 7–5, 6–3. Twa oors later, Murray pairtnered Colin Fleming tae win the doubles rubber. Murray haed anly beaten ane tap ten player on clay, Nikolay Davydenko, back in 2009, sae Murray wis stunned bi Fabio Fognini, world No. 13, but a tap ten clay court player, in straucht sets, which teuk Great Britain tae the decidin final rubber. Houiver, James Ward wis defeatit bi Andreas Seppi, an aa in straucht sets, knockin Great Britain oot o the Davis Cup.
Ither
In 2006, thare wis uproar efter a match wi Kenneth Carlsen. Haein been gien a warnin for racket abuse, he went on in the post-match interview tae state that he an Carlsen haed "played like women" durin the first set. Murray wis booed for the remark, but explained later that the comment haed been intendit as a jocular response tae what Svetlana Kuznetsova haed said at the Hopman Cup. A few months later, Murray wis fined for swearin at the umpire durin a Davis Cup doubles rubber wi Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team. Murray refused tae shake haunds wi the umpire at the end o the match.
2009: World No. 2
Murray won for the first time on gress at Queen's an became the first British winner o the tournament syne 1938. In the final, Murray defeatit American James Blake. At Wimbledon, against Stanislas Wawrinka, Murray's fowert roond match wis the first match tae be played entirely under Wimbledon's retractable roof, an aa enablin it tae be the latest finishin match ever at Wimbledon. Houiver Murray lost a tight semifinal tae Andy Roddick.
2011: Second Australian Open final and two Masters titles
Murray an Laura Robson lost in the roond-robin stage 2011 Hopman Cup, lossin aw three ties even tho Murray won aw o his singles matches. Then Murray, alang wi ither stars lik Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, an Novak Djokovic, participatit in the Rally for Relief event fur tae help raise money for the fluid victims in Queensland.
2005
Follaein Wimbledon, Murray won Challengers events on the haurd courts o Aptos an Binghamton, New York. He then experienced his first Masters event at Cincinnati, whaur he beat Taylor Dent, afore losin in three sets tae world No. 4, Marat Safin. Wi a wild card entry, Murray played Andrei Pavel in the openin roond o the US Open, whaur he rekivered frae bein doun twa sets tae ane tae win his first five-set match. Housomiver, he lost in the seicont roond tae Arnaud Clément in anither five set contest. Murray wis again seleckit for the Davis Cup match agin Switzerland. He wis waled for the openin singles rubbers, lossin in straucht sets tae Stanislas Wawrinka. Murray then made his first ATP final at the Thailand Open whaur he faced world No. 1 Roger Federer. Murray lost in straucht sets.
Murray forby featurt in Great Britain's Davis Cup winnin team in 2015, winnin 11 matches (8 singles an 3 doubles) as thay secured thair first Davis Cup title syne 1936. Murray wis votit the 2015 BBC Sports Personality of the Year, while the Davis Cup team won the 2015 BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. He haes scored a tot 34 wins an 7 losses wi the British Davis Cup team.