cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
San Juan Cotzocón
Fowk
As o 2005, the municipality haed 5,030 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 22,478 o whom 10,712 spoke an indigenous leid. The main toun is nou María Lombardo de Caso, locatit at a hicht o 140 metres abuin sea level. Although in a Mixe aurie, mony o the fowk in this toun are Mazatec or Chinantec who muivit here efter bein displacit bi the Miguel Alemán Dam in the 1960s. In the 1950s the remote municipality, accessible anerlie via dirt track, drew visitors frae the USA investigatin uise o hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms in the traditional Mixe ceremonies.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
11. forewing
Mexicans
The maist spoken leid bi Mexicans is Mexican Spaingie, but mony speak leids frae 62 unalike indigenous linguistic groups an ither leids brocht tae Mexico bi recent immigration or learnt bi Mexican immigrants bidin in ither naitions. Ower 78% o the Mexican fowk bide in Mexico but thare is a sizable diaspora wi naurly 22% bidin in the Unitit States.
San Juan Cotzocón
Economy
The main economic activity is coffee cultivation, follaeed bi livestock raisin. Some o the Mixe weemen o the veelage o San Juan Cotzocon uise back strap looms tae weave tradeetional huipil, rebosos, napkins, table cloths an ither textile crafts. The Union of Indigenous Communities of the Isthmus Region, a cooperative foondit in 1982, assists in production an distribution o the local products, notably coffee, unner a fair trade label.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
12. hindwing
Mexicans
History
Efter the conquest o the Aztec empire, the Spaingie re-admeenistered the laund an expandit their awn empire ayont the umwhile boondaries o the Aztec, addin mair territory tae the Mexican sphere o influence which remained unner the Spaingie Croun for 300 years. Cultural diffusion an intermixin amang the Amerindian populations wi the European creatit the modren Mexican identity which is a mixtur o regional indigenous an European culturs that evolvit intae a naitional cultur durin the Spaingie Colonial period. This new identity wis defined as "Mexican" shortly efter the Mexican War o Unthirldom an wis mair invigoratit an developit efter the Mexican Revolution whan the Constitution o 1917 offeecially establisht Mexico as an indivisible pluricultural naition foondit on its indigenous ruits.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
13. mid-gut (painch)
14. dorsal tube (Hert)
15. ovary
16. hind-gut (thairm, rectum & anus)
17. anus
18. oviduct
19. nerve chord (abdominal ganglia)
20. Malpighian tubes
21. pulvilli (feet)
22. cleuks
23. tarsus
24. tibia (shank)
25. femur (hunker)
26. trochanter
27. fore-gut (crap, gizzern)
Mexicans
1921 Census
This wis the last Mexican Census which asked fowk sel-identifee thairsels wi a racial group.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
28. thoracic ganglion
Mexicans
The day
Ethnic relations in modern Mexico hae grown oot o the historical context o the arrival o Europeans, the subsequent colonial period o cultural an genetic miscegenation athin the frame wirk o the castas seestem, the revolutionar periods focus on incorporatin aw ethnic an racial group intae a common Mexican naitional identity an the indigenous revival o the late 20t century. The resultin pictur haes been cried ""a peculiar form o multi-ethnic naitionalism".
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
29. coxa (hurdy)
Mexicans
The day
Vera generally speakin ethnic relations can be arrangit on an axis atween the twa extremes o European an Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant o the colonial Spainyie caste seestem which categorisit individuals accordin tae their perceivit level o biological mixtur atween the twa groups. Addeetionally the presence o considerable portions o the population wi pairtly African an Asie heritage further complicates the situation. Even tho it still arranges bodies alang the line atween indigenous an European, in practice the classificatory seestem is nae langer biologically based, but rather mixes socio-cultural traits wi phenoteepical traits, an classification is lairgely fluid, allouin individuals tae muive atween categories an define their ethnic an racial identities situationally.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
30. salivar gland
Mexicans
The day
The lairge majority o Mexicans can be considered as "Mestizos", meanin that they neither identifee fully wi ony indigenous cultur or wi a pairticular nan-Mexican heritage, but rather identifee as haein cultural traits an heritage that is mixed bi elements frae indigenous an European traditions. Bi the deliberate efforts o post-revolutionar govrenments the "Mestizo identity" wis constructit as the base o the modren Mexican naitional identity, throu a process o cultural synthesis referred tae as mestizaje. Mexican politeecians an reformers such as José Vasconcelos an Manuel Gamio wur instrumental in biggin a Mexican naitional identity on the concept o mestizaje.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
31. subesophageal ganglion
Mexicans
The day
The category o "indigena" (indigenous) can be defined narraely accordin tae linguistic criteria includin anerlie bodies that speak ane o Mexico's 62 indigenous leids, this is the categorisation uised bi the Naitional Mexican Institute o Statistics. It can be defined broadly tae include aw bodies who selidentifee as haein an indigenous cultural backgrund an aw, whether or no they speak the leid o the indigenous group they identifee wi. This means that the percentage o the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies accordin tae the definition appleed, cultural activists hae referred tae the uisage o the narrae definition o the term for census purposes as "statistical genocide".
Storm (Norse baund)
Storm wis a Norse fowk black metal baund that oreeginally includit Fenriz o Darkthrone an Satyr o Satyricon. Later on, Kari Rueslåtten, umwhile o the baund The 3rd and the Mortal, an aa joined them on vocals. The project ae released ane album, titled Nordavind.
Insect
Morphology an pheesiology
32. mouthpairts ]]
Mexicans
The day
The term "Mestizo" is no in wide uise in Mexican society the day an haes been droppit as a category in population censuses, it is housomeivver still uised in social an culural studies whan referrin tae the nan-indigenous pairt o the Mexican population. The wird haes somewha pejorative connotations an maist o the Mexican citizens who wad be defined as mestizos in the sociological leeteratur wad probably sel-identifee primarily as Mexicans. In the Yucatán peninsulae the wird Mestizo is even uised aboot Maya speakin populations livin in tradeetional commonties, acause durin the caste war o the late 19t century those Maya who did no join the rebellion wur classifee'd as mestizos. In Chiapas the wird "Ladino" is uised insteid o mestizo.
Insect
Freemit
Beastie bouks is sindert intae three main pairts, the heid, thorax, an abdomen. The heid is enclosed in a haurd, gey sclerotised, unsegmentit, exoskeletal heid capsule, or epicranium, that haes the feck o the sensin organs, includin the antennae, ocellus or een, an the moothpairts. The thorax is a tagma componed o three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax an the metathorax. The anterior segment, nearest tae the heid, is the prothorax, wi the major featurs bein the first pair o legs an the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, wi the major featurs bein the seicont pair o legs an the anterior weengs. The third an maist posterior segment, abuttin the abdomen, is the metathorax, that featurs the third pair o legs an the posterior wings. The abdomen is the lairgest tagma o the beastie, an that for ordinar haes 11–12 segments an isna sae strangly sclerotised as the heid or thorax. Ilka segment o the abdomen is representit bi a sclerotised tergum an sternum.
The beastie ooter skelet, the cuticle, is made up o twa layers: the epicuticle, that is a thin an wauxy watter reseestant ooter layer an haes nae chitin, an a lawer layer cried the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous an faur thicker nor the epicuticle an haes twa layers: an ooter layer kent as the exocuticle an an inner layer kent as the endocuticle. The teuch an flexible endocuticle is biggit frae numerous layers o feebrous chitin an proteins, criss-crossin ither, while the exocuticle is rigid an haurdened.
Mexicans
The day
Sometimes, pairticularly ootside o Mexico, the wird "mestizo" is uised wi the meanin o a body wi mixed Indigenous an European blood. This uisage does no conform tae the Mexican social reality whaur a body o maistly indigenous genetic heritage wad be considered Mestizo either bi rejectin his indigenous cultur or bi no speakin an indigenous leid, an a body wi a vera law percentage o indigenous genetic heritage wad be considered fully indigenous either bi speakin an indigenous leid or bi identifyin wi a pairticular indigenous cultural heritage.
Insect
Internal
The nervous system o an beastie can be sindert intae a harn an a ventral nerve cord. The heid capsule is made up o sax fused segments, ilka ane wi aither a pair o ganglia, or a cluster o nerve cells ootby the harn. At least a twa-three beasties haes nociceptors, cells that detects an sends signals responsible for the sensation o pyne. Forby, beasties can learn things.
Mexicans
Definitions
Mexicano (Mexican) is derivit frae the wird Mexico itsel. In the principal model tae create demonyms in Spaingie, the suffix -ano is addit tae the name o the place o oreegin. The term Mexicano as a wird tae describe the different fowks o the region o Mexico as a single group emergit in the 16t century. In that time the term did no apply tae a naitionality nor to the geografical limits o the modren Mexican Republic. The term wis uised for the first time in the first document printit in Barcelona in 1566 which documentit the expedition which launched frae the port in Acapulco tae fynd the best route which wad favor a return journey frae the Spainyie East Indies tae New Spain. The document statit: "el venturoso descubrimiento que los Mexicanos han hecho" (the venturous discovery that the Mexicans hae made). That discovery led tae the Manila galleon trade route an those "Mexicans" referred tae Criollos, Mestizos an Amerindians alludin tae a plurality o bodies who pairticipatit for a common end: the conquest o the Philippines in 1565. (Gómez M., et al. 56)
Insect
Internal
A beastie uises thair digeestive seestem tae extract nutrients an ither substances oot the meat it eats. Maist o this meat is ingeestit in the form o macromolecules an ither complex substances lik proteins, polysaccharides, fats an nucleic acids. The main structur o an beastie's digeestive seestem is a lang enclosed tube cried the alimentary canal that rins langwyse throu the bouk. The alimentary canaul airts meat unidirectionally frae the mooth tae the anus.
Mexicans
Leids
Mexicans are linguistically diverse, wi mony speakin European leids as well as various Indigenous Mexican leids. Spaingie is spoken bi approximately 92.17% o Mexicans as their first leid makkin thaim the lairgest Spaingie speakin group in the warld follaeed bi Colombie (45,273,925), Spain (41,063,259) an Argentinae (40,134,425). Awtho the great majority speak Spaingie de facto the seicont maist populous leid amang Mexicans is Inglis due tae the regional proximity o the Unitit States which caws for a bilingual relationship in order tae conduct business an trade as well as the migration o Mexicans intae that kintra who adopt it as a seicont leid.
Far Eastren Federal Destrict
The Far Eastren Federal Destrict (Дальневосто́чный федера́льный о́круг, Dalnevostochny federalny okrug) is the lairgest o the aicht federal destricts o Roushie, while bein the least populatit an aw, wi a population o 6,291,900 (74.8% urban). The Far Eastren Federal Destrict wis established in 2000 bi then-Preses Vladimir Putin an is currently bein govrened bi presidential envoy Viktor Ishayev. The Far Eastren Federal Destrict lees entirely athin the northmaist pairt o the Asie continent an covers the territory o the Roushie Far East.
Lairgest ceeties
Populations are gien as o the 2002 Census:
Pando Depairtment
Pando is a department o Bolivie, wi an aurie o 63,827 km2, adjoinin the mairch wi Brazil. Pando haes a population 75.335 (2011). Its caipital is the ceety o Cobija.
Mexicans
Leids
Mexican Spaingie is distinct in dialect, tone an syntax tae the Peninsular Spaingie spoken in Spain. It contains a lairge amoont o loan wirds frae indigenous leids, maistly frae the Nahuatl leid such as: "chocolate", "tomate", "mezquite", "chile", an "coyote".
Insect
Internal
The reproductive seestem o female beasties haes a pair o ovaries, accessory glands, ane or mair spermathecae, an ducts connectin thir pairts. The ovaries is made up o a nummer o egg tubes, cried ovarioles that varies in size an nummer bi species. The nummer o eggs that the beastie can mak varies bi the nummer o ovarioles wi the rate that eggs can develop bein influenced bi ovariole design and aa. For males, the reproductive seestem is the testis, hingin in the bouk cavity bi tracheae an the fat bouk.
Pando Depairtment
The depairtment, which is namit efter umwhile preses Jose Manuel Pando (1899–1905), is dividit intae five provinces.
Insect
Internal
Beastie respiration is duin withoot buffs. Insteid, the beastie respiratory seestem uises a seestem o internal tubes an sacs that gases aither diffuises or is pumped throu active-like, deliverin oxygen directly tae tishies that needs it by wey o thair trachea (element 8 in nummered diagram). Syne oxygen is deleevered directly, the circulatory seestem is nae uised tae cairy oxygen, an is tharefore greatly reduced. The beastie circulatory seestem haes nae veins or arteries, an insteid haes a bittie mair nor the ae, perforatit dorsal tube that pulses peristaltically. Taewart the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) sinders intae chaumers an acts lik the beastie's hert. The ither end o the dorsal tube is lik the aorta o the beastie circulatin the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog o bluid, in the bouk cavity. Air is taen in throu openins on the sides o the abdomen cried spiracles.
Mexicans
Leids
Mexico haes nae offeecial de jure leid, but as o 2003 it recognises 62 indigenous Amerindian leids as "naitional leids" alang wi Spainyie which are protectit unner Mexican Naitional law givin indigenous fowks the entitlement tae request public services an documents in their native leids. The law includes ither Amerindian leids regardless o oreegin an aw, that is, it includes the Amerindian leids o ither ethnic groups that are nan-native tae the Mexican naitional territory. As such, Mexico's Naitional Commission for the Development o Indigenous Fowks recognises the leid o the Kickapoo who immigratit frae the Unitit States, an recognises the leids o Guatemalan Amerindian refugees. The maist numerous indigenous leid spoken bi Mexicans is Nahuatl which is spoken bi 1.7% o the population in Mexico ower the age o 5. Approximately 6,044,547 Mexicans (5.4%) speak an indigenous leid accordin tae the 2000 Census in Mexico. Thare are Mexicans livin abroad which speak indigenous leids maistly in the Unitit States an aw but their nummer is unkent.
Pando Depairtment
Awtho Pando is rich in naitural resoorces, the poverty level o its indwallers is heich, due lairgely tae a lack o roads effectively linkin the province tae the rest o the kintra an the presence o tropical diseases teepical o life in the Amazonie rain forest. The main economic activities are agricultur, timmer an cattle.
At an altitude o 280 meters abuin sea level in the northwastren jungle region, Pando is locatit in the rainiest pairt o Bolivie. Pando haes a het climate, wi temperaturs commonly abuin 26 degrees Celsius (80 Fahrenheit).
Pando is the least populous department in Bolivie, the maist tropical (lying closest tae the Equator in the Amazonie Basin), an the maist isolatit, due tae an absence o effective roads linkin it tae the rest o the kintra. It wis organizit at the beginnin o the 20t century frae wha wis left o the Acre Territory, lost tae Brazil as a result o the sae-cried Acre War (1903). Its caipital ceety o Cobija (the smawest o aw the Bolivie depairtmental caipitals) wis namit efter the hintle-lamentit Bolivie port o the same name on the Paceefic Ocean, pairt o an aurie lost tae Chile follaein the War o the Paceefic.
Insect
Senses an communication
A twa-three beasties, siclike as memmers o the faimilies Poduridae an Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) an the clock faimilies Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae an Staphylinidae is bioluminescent. The maist faimiliar group is the fireflees, clocks o the faimily Lampyridae. Some species can control this licht generation tae produce flashes. The function varies wi some species uisin them tae attract mates, while ither anes uises thaim tae lure prey. Maist beasties, ither nor a twa-three species o cove cheepers, can perceive licht an daurk.
Beasties wis the earliest organisms tae mak an sense soonds. Beasties maks soonds maistly bi mechanical action o appendages. In gresslowpers an cheepers, this is gotten at bi stridulation. Cicadas maks the loodest soonds amang the beasties bi makkin an amplifeein soonds wi special modifications tae thair bouk an musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis haes been meisurt at 106.7 decibels at a distance o 50 cm. Twa-three beasties, siclike as the Helicoverpa zea mochs, hawk mochs an Hedylid butterflees, can hear ultrasoond an tak evasive action whan thay sense that thay hae been detectit bi baukies.
Pando Depairtment
Culturally, the Pandinos are considered pairt o the sae-cried Camba cultur o the Bolivie lawlands, seemilar tae the fowk o the kintra's ither twa tropical depairtments, Beni an Santa Cruz. Mony o Pando's oreeginal settlers muivit frae nearbi Beni.
Insect
Social behaviour
Social beasties, siclike as termites, eemocks an a wheen o bees an wasps, is the maist familiar species o eusocial ainimal. Thay bide thegither in big weel-organised colonies that can be that strang integratit an genetically alike that the colonies o some species is whiles conseedert superorganisms. It is whiles argied that the various species o hinnie bee is the anely invertebrates (an indeed ane o the few non-human groups) tae hae evolved a seestem o abstract seembolic communication whaur a behaviour is uised tae represent an convey parteecular information aboot something in the environment.
Locomotion
Beasties is the anely group o invertebrates tae hae developed flicht. Beastie flicht haes been a topic o great interest in aerodynamics pairtly cause o the inabeelity o steady-state theories tae expone the lift generatit bi the tottie weengs o beasties. But beastie weengs is in motion, wi flappin an vibrations, resultin in churnin an eddies, an the misconception that pheesics says "bumbees canna flee" held forrit ootthrou maist o the twintiet century. Unlik birds, a wheen smaa beasties is swept alang bi the prevailin winds awtho a lot o the bigger beasties is kent tae mak migrations.
Pando Depairtment
Autonomy muivement
Far frae the centers o pouer in Bolivie society, Pando haes recently linkit its fate wi that o Santa Cruz an Beni, which (alang wi Tarija an Chuquisaca) are demandin increased autonomy for the depairtments at the expense o the central govrenment. The govrenment o Leopoldo Fernández strangly backit autonomy for the depairtment, in alliance wi ither govrenors o the eastren media luna (hauf-muin, sae kent for thair combined geographic shape). Naitionwide referenda on autonomy held on 2 Julie, 2006, wur appruivit in aw fower depairtments. A seicont referendum tae appruive a statute o autonomy wis held bi each depairtment in mid-2008, despite bein declared illegal bi the Naitional Electoral Court in Mairch. Left-wing an pro-Morales social muivements boycottit the votes. Pando's referendum, held on 1 Juin 2008, wan 82% appruival amang those who votit, but 46.5% o the registered electorate did vote, the heichest abstention rate in the fower depairtments hauldin sic referenda. Considerable social unrest teuk place in 2008, culminatin in the spectacular reest in September o Prefect Leopoldo Fernández, stemmin frae the massacre at El Porvenir o anti-autonomy backers o Preses Evo Morales.
Insect
Locomotion
A wheen adult beasties uises sax legs for walkin an haes adoptit a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allous for fest walkin while ayeweys haein a stable stance an haes been studied extensively in cockroaches.
A wheen o beasties leeves aither pairt or aa o thair lifes unnerwatter. In a lot o the mair primitive orders o beastie, the immatur stages is spent in a aquatic environment. Some groups o beasties, lik certain watter clocks, haes aquatic adults as weel.
Pando Depairtment
Leids
The predominat leid in the depairtment is Spaingie. The follaein table shows the nummer o those belangin tae the recognizit group o speakers.
Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau
Freguesia de Nossa Senhora de Fátima is the northmaist an lairgest freguesia in Macau Peninsula, Macau. It haes a aurie o 2.7 km2 an a population o 126,000, which constitutes aboot 40.3% o the peninsula's laund mass an ane-third o the population. It consists maistly o laund reclaimit frae the sea. It wis developit frae fermlands in the 1970s. Mair recently it haes acome industrial; 41% o the factories are here.
It is northeast o Freguesia de Santo António an Freguesia de São Lázaro.
The follaein places an attractions are in the pairish:
North Hamgyong Province
Hamgyongbuk-do (North Hamgyong) is the northmaist province o North Korea. The province wis formed in 1896 frae the northren hauf o the umwhile Hamgyong Province.
Geography
The province is bordered bi Cheenae on the north, Hamgyongnam-do on the soothwast, an Ryanggang on the wast. On the east is the Sea o Japan (East Sea o Korea). There is an aw a short border wi Roushie. The province is hame tae the Musudan-ri rocket launchin steid, an wis umwhile the steid o the Onsong concentration camp. In 2004 Rason wis reabsorbed back intae the province, an syne 2010 Rason is again a Directly Govrened Ceety.
Admeenistrative diveesions
Hamgyongbuk-do is dividit intae three ceeties (si) an 12 coonties (kun). These are further dividit intae veelages (ri) in rural auries an dong (neighborhuids) in ceeties, which are detailed on each coonty’s individual page. Some ceeties are an aw dividit intae wards kent as "kuyŏk", which are admeenistered juist belaw the ceety level an an aw leetit on its individual page.
Genetics
Genetics (frae the Auncient Greek γενετικός genetikos meanin "genitive"/"generative", in turn frae γένεσις genesis meanin "oreegin"),  a field in biology, is the science o genes, heredity, an variation in livin organisms.
The faither o genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19t-century scientist an Augustinian freear. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the wey traits are haundit doun frae paurents tae affspring. He observed that organisms (pease plants) inherit traits bi wey o discrete "units o inheritance". This term, still uised the day, is a somewhit ambiguous definition o whit is referred tae as a gene.
Trait inheritance an molecular inheritance mechanisms o genes are still primar principles o genetics in the 21st century, but modren genetics haes expaundit ayont inheritance tae studyin the function an behaviour o genes. Gene structur andfunction, variation, an distribution are studied within the context o the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), an within the context o a population. Genetics haes gien rise tae a nummer o subfields, includin epigenetics an population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domeen o life, includin bacteria, plants, ainimals, an humans.
Genetic processes wark in combination wi an organism's environment an experiences tae influence development an behaviour, eften referred tae as naitur versus nurtur. The intracellular or extracellular environment o a cell or organism mey switch gene transcription on or off. A clessic ensaumple is twa seeds o genetically identical maize, ane placed in a temperate climate an ane in an arid climate. While the average hicht o the twa maize stauks mey be genetically determined tae be equal, the ane in the arid climate anerly growes tae hauf the hicht o the ane in the temperate climate due tae lack o watter an nutrients in its environment.
Etymology
The wird genetics stems frae the auncient Greek γενετικός genetikos meanin "genitive"/"generative", that in turn derives frae γένεσις genesis meanin "oreegin".
History
The observation that leevin things faw heir tae traits frae thair parents haes been uised syne prehistoric times tae impruive crap plants an ainimals throu selective breedin. The modren science o genetics, seekin tae unnerstaund this process, begoud wi the wark o the Augustinian freear Gregor Mendel in the mid-19t century.
Prior tae Mendel, Imre Festetics, a Hungarian noble, wha lived in Kőszeg afore Mendel, wis the first wha uised the wird "genetics." He descrived several rules o genetic heirship in his wirk The genetic law o the Naitur (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His seicont law is the same as whit Mendel published. In his third law, he developed the basic principles o mutation (he can be conseedert a forerunner o Hugo de Vries).
The importance o Mendel's wirk did nae gain wide unnderstaundin till 1900, efter his daith, whan Hugo de Vries an ither scientists rediscovered his resairch. William Bateson, a proponent o Mendel's wark, mentioned the wird genetics in 1905 (the adjective genetic, derived frae the Greek wird genesis—γένεσις, "oreegin", predates the noun an wis first uised in a biological sense in 1860 ).
North Pyongan Province
Geography
The Yalu River forms the northren border wi Cheenae. The province is an aw bordered on the east bi Chagang an on the sooth bi Pyongannam-do. Sinŭiju Special Admeenistrative Region (Sinŭiju T'ŭkpyŏl Haengjŏnggu) is locatit in the wastren corner o the province, an wis creatit as an admeenistrative entity separate frae Pyonganbuk-do in 2002. Pyonganbuk-do is bundit bi watter on the wast wi Korea Bay an the Yellae Sea (cried the Wast Sea bi Koreans).
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Awtho genes war kent tae exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are componed o baith protein an DNA, an scientists did nae ken that o the twa is responsible for heirship. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon o transformation (see Griffith's experiment): deid bacteria coud transfer genetic material tae "transform" ither still-leevin bacteria. Saxteen years later, in 1944, the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment identifee'd DNA as the molecule responsible for transformation.
North Pyongan Province
Admeenistrative diveesions
Pyonganbuk-do is dividit intae 3 ceeties ("Si") an 22 coonties ("Kun").
Genetics
Discrete heirship an Mendel's laws
At its maist fundamental level, heirship in organisms occurs bi passin discrete heritable units, cried genes, frae paurents tae affspring. This property wis first observed bi Gregor Mendel, wha studied the segregation o heritable traits in pease plants. In his experiments studyin the trait for flouer colour, Mendel observed that the flouers o ilk pease plant war aither purpie or white—but niver an intermediate atween the twa colours. Thir different, discrete versions o the same gene are cried alleles.
In the case o the pease, that is a diploid species, ilk individual plant haes twa copies o ilk gene, ane copy inheritit frae ilk parent. Mony species, includin humans, hae this pattern o heirship. Diploid organisms wi twa copies o the same allele o a gien gene are cried homozygous at that gene locus, while organisms wi twa different alleles o a gien gene are cried heterozygous.
The set o alleles for a gien organism is cried its genoteep, while the observable traits o the organism are cried its phenoteep. When organisms are heterozygous at a gene, eften ane allele is cried dominant as its qualities dominate the phenoteep o the organism, while the ither allele is cried recessive as its qualities recede an are nae observed. Some alleles dae nae hae complete dominance an insteid hae incomplete dominance bi expressin an intermediate phenoteep, or codominance bi expressin baith alleles at ance.
Multiple gene interactions
Organisms hae thoosands o genes, an in sexually reproducin organisms thir genes generally assort independently o ilk ither. This means that the inheritance o an allele for yellae or green pease colour is unrelatit tae the inheritance o alleles for white or purpie flouers. This phenomenon, kent as "Mendel's seicont law" or the "law o independent assortment," means that the alleles ofdifferent genes get shuffled atween paurents tae form affspring wi mony different combinations. (Some genes dae nae assort independently, demonstratin genetic linkage, a tapic discussed later in this airticle.)
North Ayrshire
The cooncil area wis shapit in 1996 as an eftirganger til the destrik o Cunninghame, whilk haed the same mairches. The cooncil heidsteid is in Irvine, whilk is the mukkilest toun. Anaw, North Ayrshire inhauds the touns o Ardrussan, Beithe, Dawry, Kilbirnie, Kilwinnin, Lairgs, Saulcoats, Skelmorlie, Stinson, an Wast Kilbride.
Genetics
Multiple gene interactions
Eften different genes can interact in a wey that influences the same trait. In the Blue-eed Mary (Omphalodes verna), for ensaumple, thare exeests a gene wi alleles that determine the colour o flouers: blue or magenta. Anither gene, houever, controls whither the flouers hae colour at aw or are white. Whan a plant haes twa copies o this white allele, its flouers are white—regairdless o whither the first gene haes blue or magenta alleles. This interaction atween genes is cried epistasis, wi the seicont gene epistatic tae the first.
Mony traits are nae discrete featurs (e.g. purpie or white flouers) but are insteid conteenous featurs (e.g. human hicht an skin colour). Thir complex traits are products o mony genes. The influence o thir genes is mediatit, tae varyin degrees, bi the environment an organism haes experienced. The degree tae which an organism's genes contreibute tae a complex trait is cried heritability. Meisurment o the heritability o a trait is relative—in a mair variable environment, the environment haes a bigger influence on the tot variation o the trait. For ensaumple, human hicht is a trait wi complex causes. It haes a heritability o 89% in the Unitit States. In Nigerie, houever, whaur fowk experience a mair variable access tae guid nutreetion an heal care, hicht haes a heritability o anerly 62%.
DNA an chromosomes
The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is componed o a cheen o nucleotides, o that thare are fower teeps: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), an thymine (T). Genetic information exeests in the sequence o thir nucleotides, an genes exeest as stretches o sequence alang the DNA cheen. Viruses are the anerly exception tae this rule—whiles viruses uise the verra seemilar molecule RNA insteid o DNA as thair genetic material. Viruses canna reproduce withoot a host an are unaffectit bi mony genetic processes, sae tend nae tae be conseedert leevin organisms.
DNA normally exeests as a dooble-straundit molecule, cyled intae the shape o a dooble helix. Ilk nucleotide in DNA preferentially pairs wi its pairtner nucleotide on the opposite straund: A pairs wi T, an C pairs wi G. Sicweys, in its twa-straundit form, ilk straund effectively conteens aw necessar information, redundant wi its pairtner straund. This structur o DNA is the pheesical basis for heirship: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information bi splittin the straunds an uisin ilk straund as a template for synthesis o a new pairtner straund.
Genes are arranged linearly alang lang cheens o DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, ilk cell uisually conteens a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (sic as plants an ainimals) hae thair DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. Thir DNA strands are eften extremely lang; the lairgest human chromosome, for ensaumple, is aboot 247 million base pairs in lenth. The DNA o a chromosome is associatit wi structural proteins that organize, compact, an control access tae the DNA, formin a material cried chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is uisually componed o nucleosomes, segments o DNA woond aroond cores o histone proteins. The full set o hereditary material in an organism (uisually the combined DNA sequences o aw chromosomes) is cried the genome.
While haploid organisms hae anerly ane copy o ilk chromosome, maist ainimals an mony plants are diploid, conteenin twa o ilk chromosome an sicweys twa copies o ivery gene.
Mony species hae sae-cried sex chromosomes that determine the gender o ilk organism. In humans an mony ither ainimals, the Y chromosome conteens the gene that triggers the development o the speceefically male chairactereestics.
Reproduction
When cells divide, thair full genome is copied an ilk dauchter cell inherits ane copy. This process, cried mitosis, is the semplest form o reproduction an is the basis for asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can an aa occur in multicellular organisms, producin affspring that inherit thair genome frae a single paurent. Affspring that are genetically identical tae thair paurents are cried clones.
Eukaryotic organisms eften uise sexual reproduction tae generate affspring that conteen a mixtur o genetic material inheritit frae twa different paurents. The process o sexual reproduction alternates atween forms that conteen single copies o the genome (haploid) an dooble copies (diploid).
Genetic code
Genes generally express thair functional effect throu the production o proteins, that are complex molecules responsible for maist functions in the cell. Proteins are made up o ane or mair polypeptide cheens, ilk o that is componed o a sequence o amino acids, an the DNA sequence o a gene (throu an RNA intermediate) is uised tae produce a speceefic amino acid sequence. This process begins wi the production o an RNA molecule wi a sequence matchin the gene's DNA sequence, a process cried transcription.
This messenger RNA molecule is then uised tae produce a correspondin amino acid sequence throu a process cried translation. Ilk group o three nucleotides in the sequence, cried a codon, corresponds aither tae ane o the twinty possible amino acids in a protein or an instruction tae end the amino acid sequence; this correspondence is cried the genetic code.
Mutations
In the process o DNA replication, errors occasionally occur in the polymerisation o seicont strand. Thir errors, cried mutations, can affect the phenoteep o an organism, especially if thay occur within the protein codin sequence o a gene. Error rates are uisually verra law—1 error in ivery 10–100 million bases—due tae the "pruifreadin" ability o DNA polymerases. Processes that increase the rate o cheenges in DNA are cried mutagenic: mutagenic chemicals promote errors in DNA replication, eften bi interferin wi the structur o base-pairin, while UV radiation induces mutations bi causin damage tae the DNA structur. Chemical damage tae DNA occurs naiturally as well an cells uise DNA repair mechanisms tae repair mismatches an breaks. The repair daes nae, houever, alweys restore the oreeginal sequence.
Ower mony generations, the genomes o organisms can cheenge signeeficantly, resultin in evolution. In the process cried adaptation, selection for beneficial mutations can cause a species tae evolve intae forms better able tae survive in thair environment.
Rivas-Vaciamadrid
Rivas-Vaciamadrid is the seivent richest municipality o Spain (accordin tae a recent market study datit in 2014) an is situatit at the meetin point o the Jarama an Manzanares rivers in the Alcalá comarca in the autonomous Commonty o Madrid. It is locatit approximately 20 kilometres frae central Madrid.
It haes been ane o the fastest growin municipalities in Spain in recent years, growin frae 500 inhabitants in the 1980s tae its current figur o 70,000, the population is projectit tae rise tae 100,000 bi 2014. It is bordered tae the north bi Madrid an San Fernando de Henares, tae the sooth bi Arganda del Rey an San Martín de la Vega, tae the east bi Mejorada del Campo an Velilla de San Antonio, an tae the wast bi Getafe an Madrid (the destrict o Villa de Vallecas.)
Despite the heich urban growthe, amaist three quairters o the municipality shape pairt o the sooth eastren regional pairk, makkin it a important ecological centre wi numerous lochs an various species o wildlife an fauna.
History
In 1845, the aurie o Vaciamadrid, previously pairt o Villa de Vallecas, wis jyned tae the toun o Rivas, wi the unifee'd municipality oreeginally cried Ribas de Jarama. The aurie wis devastatit durin the Spanish Ceevil War an haed tae be rebuilt in the post-ceevil war period. In 1954 the name wis chyngit tae its current title. At the end o the 1980s the aurie wis designatit as a futur nucleus for new urbanisation projects unner a project titled Rivas-Urbanizaciones (Rivas-Urbanisations). The first developments wur those in the current destricts o Pablo Iglesias an Covibar.
In 2004 the municipal boondar wi the ceety o Madrid wis altered. This involvit the transfer o auries kent as Covibar-Madrid tae Rivas-Vaciamadrid. In exchynge, some uninhabitit auries in Los Berrocales destrict wur transferred tae Madrid in order tae allou the construction o a new hoosin project.
Local politics
Thegither wi San Fernando de Henares an Casarrubuelos, it haes been ane o the best auries for Unitit left in the Madrid commonty. In 2007, the pairty wan twal o the twenty five cooncil seats available, wi the Spainyie Socialist Wirkers' Pairty an the Fowkpairty each winnin sax seats. In the 2011 elections Unitit Left wan a majority o seats on the cooncil.
Source:
Transport
Bi road, it is linkit tae Madrid bi the A-3: exits 12 (Urbanisations), 17 (City Centre) an 19 (Historic Aurie). Numerous buses serve the aurie an aw: 330, 331, 332, 333, 334 lines.
Festivals
The main festivals are the festival o Romería del Cristo de Rivas (29 September), San Isidro (15 May), the popular festivals o Rivas-Urbanizaciones (seicont weekend o September) an the festivals o the Urbanisation La Partija on the 15 Juin.
Eddication
Locally thare are 15 kindergartens (6 public an 9 private), 13 public primar eddication schuils, 5 seicontar eddication institutions an ane private schuil.
Kemerovo
Kemerovo (Кемерово) is an industrial ceety an the admeenistrative centre o Kemerovo Oblast, Roushie, locatit on the Tom River, east-northeast o Novosibirsk, in the major coal minin region o the Kuznetsk Basin. Population: 532,981(2010 Census); 484,754 (2002 Census); 520,263 (1989 Census).
Geografie
The ceety is locatit 3482 km east o Moscow at the confluence o the Iskitim an Tom Rivers.
History
Kemerovo is an amalgamation o, an successor tae, several aulder Roushie dounsets. A weypoint namit Verkhotomsky ostrog wis establisht nearbi in 1657 on a road frae Tomsk tae Kuznetsk fortress. In 1701, the dounset o Shcheglovo wis foondit on the left bank o the Tom; suin it became a veelage. Bi 1859, seiven veelages existit whaur modren Kemerovo is nou: Shcheglovka (or Ust-Iskitimskoye), Kemerovo (namit in 1734), Yevseyevo, Krasny Yar, Kur-Iskitim (Pleshki), Davydovo (Ishanovo), an Borovaya. In 1721, coal wis discovered in the area. The first coal mines wur establisht in 1907, later a chemical plant wis establisht in 1916. By 1917, the population o Shcheglovo haed grown tae aroond 4,000 fowk.
The aurie's further development wis boostit bi the construction a railwey atween Yurga an Kolchugino (nou Leninsk-Kuznetsky) with a connection atween Topki an Shcheglovo. Shcheglovo wis grantit toun status in 1918, which is nou considered tae be the date o Kemerovo's foondin. In 1932, Shcheglovsk wis renamit Kemerovo an became the admeenistrative centre o Kemerovo Oblast in 1943.
Admeenistrative an municipal status
Kemerovo is the admeenistrative centre o the oblast an, athin the framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions, it serves as the admeenistrative centre o Kemerovsky Destrict an aw, even tho it is no a pairt o it. As a admeenistrative diveesion, it is incorporatit separately as Kemerovo Ceety Unner Oblast Jurisdiction—a administrative unit wi a status equal tae that o the destricts. As a municipal diveesion, Kemerovo Ceety Unner Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporatit as Kemerovsky Urban Okrug.
Economie
Kemerovo is an important industrial ceety that developit durin Soviet times wi important chemical, fertilizer, an manufacturin industries. Syne the disintegration o the Soviet Union, the ceety's industries hae experiencit a severe decline, creatin heich levels o unemployment. Major companies based in the ceety include Siberian Business Union.
Transportation
Kemerovo is linkit tae wastren Roushie bi a branch o the Trans-Siberie Railwey. The ceety is servit bi the Kemerovo Internaitional Airport.
Education
Five heicher education institutions are locatit in Kemerovo: Kemerovo State University, Kuzbass State Technical University, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo State Art Institute, Kemerovo Agricultural Institute an Kuzbass Economie an Juistice Institute.
Sports
The public interest for bandy is widespread in Roushie. 26,000 watched the openin game o the 2011-2012 Roushie Bandy League against Dynamo Moscow an Kuzbass is amang the vera best in the Roushie Bandy League. The 2007 Bandy World Championship wis held in the ceety. Female bandy anerlie exists in a few places in Roushie. Nou Kemerovo is aboot tae stairt it up. Kemerovo haes the first indoor arena in Roushie anerly uised for bandy. Kuzbass plays the matches in the league at Khimik Stadium acause o the big public interest. That arena haes a capacity o 32000.
Marketin
Concepts an Marketin
The notion o marketin summarizes the business philosophy o the enterprise, institution or individual, which is characterizit bi concentration, A.e. focus on the consumer, expressit throuch the permanent an harmonious effort o the entire enterprise i the process o fulfillin the needs an wishes o the consumer, an aw as its own realization o company objectives.
The marketin concept is the philosophy on the basis o which the company's profit goals can best be realisit throuch recognizin the wants an needs o target groups o consumers an fulfillin thae needs throuch activities an relatit commitments o aw structures an levels. O the organization o the enterprise. I 1954, Peter Drucker very clearly emphasize the role o marketin for the success o the company. E'en today, his concept on marketin has indisputable value an durability:
"If we want tae know whit our job is, then we have tae start wi the mission... Thare is only ane correct definition for the mission o the enterprise: customer satisfaction. Whit the enterprise intends tae produce is no o primary importance— especially no tae its future an success. Decisive is whit the consumer thinks tae buy, respectively whit represents value tae him - this determines whit yer company is, whit it shoud produce an whether it will prosper".
Durin their development, enterprises have implementit different concepts i their business, dependin on time, conditions an opportunities. The very understandin o the marketin concept is ane o the most relevant dimensions i the company's business.
Tae properly understand the key concept o marketing, it shoud be emphasisit thon the company's activities start an end wi the consumer. Throuch marketing, the company identifies needs an requirements, analyzes an follows thaim up tae their fulfillment. Accordin tae the marketin concept, the focus o aw the company's commitments is the market, namely the consumer. The company will no be successful i its business, gin it daes no perform the research, research-studies for the market an the consumer beforehand. I today's conditions o technical-technological development an a hich level o development perfection, it is possible tae produce anythin. A particular problem is where an hou the products an services will be distributit. Undoubtedly, marketin has its primary role an function i solvin this problem.
Marketin begins its activities i the market an ends i the market. Initial marketin activities are concernit wi research an market research, identifyin competition an findin customers. Usin the relevant information, decisions are made: whit tae produce, at whit cost, for which market an for whit time? i the enterprise, it is no allowit tae work wi assumptions an fundamental judgments thon must be derivit i support o the information thon comes from the market an the consumer. Gin ye work without these data, the company will be destroyit very quickly because it is no clear whit the market, the consumer wants an hou the competition works. Throuch the information, the preparations o the offer are stable, for the benefit o the consumers but also i the service o the achievement o the company's own objectives.
As the customer remains satisfiit wi whit they boucht, they will no forget tae buy the same or similar types o products or services again because they have creatit satisfaction, conviction an trust for the values ​​they boucht before. It is no important thon the customer buys only once, but it is beneficial for the company thon he is a regular an loyal customer for a longer time.
For this purpose, experts, marketin specialists or businessmen themselves follow the state o demand i the market tae be able tae make the necessary an dictatit changes i the quality an prosperity o the offer.
From the fact thon the understandin o the key concept o marketin focuses on the consumer, any business entity thon deals wi the production o products an services, i order tae be successful, niver dare tae forget thon:
However, i the contemporary economy, it is very difficult tae achieve the fulfillment o aw consumer needs an tae create a sense o satisfaction for thaim.
Moreover, it shoud be borne i mind thon the wishes, needs an demands o the consumer are dynamic an changin phenomena an are no given once an for aw. On the other hand, until now thare is na regulator which wad avoid the appearance o unwantit products an services i the market.
The correlation between marketin an consumer needs is no simple but a very complex relationship. It is essential tae make a clear distinction between the needs, wants an demands o consumers. This distinction, o course, often initiates the well-known criticism o marketing, accordin tae which marketin designs an shapes needs or thon marketin leads consumers tae buy products or services thon they dae no really neit.
I the modern economy, the business o enterprises thon ignore the business philosophy basit on the key postulates o marketin an thon are orientit only on sales, are threatenit wi an unenviable financial situation. Only companies thon position themselves on the basis o a genuine marketin strategy an compile a clear marketin plan can have:
From this elaboration comes the conclusion thon "marketin leads the enterprise".
Rafael Pereira da Silva (fitbawer, born 1980)
Career
In Julie 2004 he wis signed bi Serie A team Messina.