cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Snooker
History
In 1927 the first Warld Snooker Championship wis organised bi Joe Davis. Davis, a professional English billiards an snooker player, moved the gemme frae a pastime tae a professional activity. Davis won every warld championship until 1946, whan he retired frae the championships. The gemme went inna a decline throu the 1950s an 1960s wi little interest generatit ootside o thae who played. In 1959, Davis introduced a variation o the gemme kent as "Snooker Plus" tae try tae improve the gemme's popularity bi addin twa extra colours, but this failed tae gain interest. In 1969, David Attenborough commissioned the snooker telly series Pot Black tae demonstrate the potential o colour telly, wi the green table an multi-coloured bawls bein ideal fur showin off the advantages o colour broadcastin. The series became a ratings success an wis fur a time the second-maist popular shaw on BBC Twa. Interest i the gemme increased an the 1978 Warld Snooker Championship wis the first tae be fully televised. The gemme quickly became a mainstream gemme i the United Kingdom, Ireland an much o the Commonwealth, an haes enjoyed much success syne the late 1970s, wi maist o the rankin toornaments bein televised. Bi the 1985 Warld Snooker Championship a tot o 18.5 million viewer watched the 1985 Warld Snooker Championship atween Dennis Taylor an Steve Davis, a record viewership fur the United Kingdom fur ony broadcast efter midnight. In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertisin led tae a decrease i the nummer o professional tournamen, wi professional toornaments bein cut tae anly 15 events i 2003, frae 22 i 1999. Houiver, the popularity o the gemme in Asia, wi emergin talents sic as Liang Wenbo an mair established players sic as Ding Junhui an Marco Fu, boosted the sport i the Far East. Bi 2007, the BBC dedicated 400 oors tae snooker coverage, compared tae juist 14 minutes 40 years earlier.
In 2010, promoter Barry Hearn gained a controllin interest in Warld Snooker Ltd. an the Warld Snooker Tour, pledgin tae revitalise the "moribund" professional gemme. Syne this time, the nummer o professional toornaments haes increased, wi 44 events i the 2019/20 season. Events hae been made tae be mair suitable fur telly broadcasts an aw, sic a the Snooker Shoot-Out, a timed, ane- toornament. Prize money fur professional events haes increased an aw, wi tap players makin several million pounds durin thair careers. The winner o the 2020 Warld Snooker Championship will receive £500,000 out o a tot fund o £2,395,000.
Objective
The objective o the gemme i tae score mair pynts than ane's opponent bi pottin bawls in the correct order. At the stairt o a frame, the bawls are poseetioned as shawn i Figure A, an the players then tak turns hittin shots bi strikin the "cue bawl" wi the cue stick, thair aim bein tae pot ane o the reid bawls (or "red") intae a pocket an tharebi score a pynt. Failure tae mak contact wi the reid constitutes a fowl shot. If the striker pots a reid, thay must then pot ane o the sax "colours". If the player successfully pots a colour, the value o that ball i added tae the player's score, an the ball i returned tae its startin poseetion on the table. Efter that, the player must pot anither reid, then anither colour, in sequence. This process continues until the striker fails tae pot the desired ball, at which pynt the opponen comes tae the table tae play the next shot. The act o scorin sequentially in this manner i tae mak a brak (see scorin ablo).
Scorin
Pynts in snooker are gained frae pottin the correct balls in sequence. The tot nummer o consecutive pynts (excludin fouls) that a player amasses durin ane veesit tae the table is kent as a brak. A player attainin a brak o 15, fur ensaumple, coud hae reached it bi pottin a reid then a black, then a reid then a pink, afore failin tae pot the next reid. A maximum brak in snooker is achieved bi pottin all reds wi blacks then all colours, yieldin 147 pynts; this is eften kent as a "147" or juist as a "maximum".
Pynts mey be scored in a gemme whan a player's opponent fouls an aw. A foul can occur fur various reasons, maist commonly fur failin tae hit the correct ball (e.g. hittin a colour first whan the player wis attemptin tae hit a reid), or fur sendin the cue bawl inna pocket. The umwhile mey occur whan the player fails tae escape frae a "snooker" – a situation in that the previous player leaves the cue ball poseetioned sic that no legal bawl can be struck directly withoot obstruction bi an illegal bawl. Pynts gained frae a foul vary frae a minimum o fower tae a maximum o seiven if the black bawl i involved.
A foul shot that leaves no valid shot fur the opponent can leave them a "free bawl". A free bawl allows a player tae uise ony ither coloured ball in place o the shot thay war supposed tae play. Doin sae wi all 15 reid bawls in play can result in a brak exceedin a maximum, wi the heichest possible bein a 155 break, achieved via the opponen leavin a free bawl, wi the black bein potted as the additional colour, an then pottin 15 reds an blacks wi the colours. Jamie Cope haes the distinction o bein the first player in snooker history tae post a verified 155 brak, achieved in a practice frame in 2005, wi ither players sic as Alex Higgins claimin tae hae made a seemilar brak an aw.
Ane gemme, frae the balls in thair startin poseetion until the last bawl i potted, is cried a "frame". A match generally consists o a predetermined nummer o frames an the player who wins the maist frames wins the match. Maist professional matches require a player tae win five frames, an are cried "best-of-nine" in reference tae the maximum possible nummer o frames. toornament finals are uisually best-o-17 or best-o-19, while the warld championship uses langer matches – rangin frae best-o-19 in the qualifiers an the first roond up tae best-o-35 fur the final (first tae 18), an is played ower fower sessions o play held ower twa days.
Governance an tournaments
The Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association (WPBSA, kent as Warld Snooker forby), fountit in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association, i the governin body fur the professional competeetion. The amateur gemme (includin youth competeetion) is governed bi the International Billiards an Snooker Federation (IBSF). Events held specifically fur women an events fur seniors are handled bi warld Snooker unner warld Women's Snooker an the warld Seniors Tour, respectively.
Professional
Professional snooker players play on the Warld Snooker Tour. Events on the Tour are anly open tae players on the Tour an selected amateur players, but maist events require qualification. Players can qualify fur the Tour aither bi bein heich eneuch on the warld rankins frae prior seasons, winnin continental championships, or throu the Challenge Tour or Q School events. Players on the Tour generally gain twa-year participation fur the events.
The Tour haes an offeecial warld rankins scheme an aw, wi anly players on the Tour receivin a rankin. rankin points, earned bi players throu thair performances ower the previous twa seasons, determine the current warld rankins. A player's rankin determines what level o qualification he or she requires fur specific toornaments. The elite o professional snooker are generally regartit as the "top-16" rankin players. Thay are nae required tae pre-qualify fur some o the toornaments, sic as the Shanghai Masters, the Masters an the Warld Snooker Championship. Certaint ither events, sic as thae in the Coral Cup series, uise the ane-year rankin leet tae qualify; thir uise the results o the current season tae denote participants. Currently, the Tour contains 125 players, wi players aither in the tap-64 on the offeecial rankin leet, or finishin as ane o the tap aicht prize money earners durin the maist recent season, guaranteed a tour place fur the next season, this bein assessed efter the Warld Championship.
The Warld Championship i the maist heichly valued prize in professional snooker i terms o financial reward (£500,000 fur the winner, formerly £300,000), rankin pynts an prestige. It is televised extensively in the UK bi the BBC an gains significant coverage in Europe on Eurosport an in East Asia on CCTV-5. The Warld Championships is pairt o the Triple Crown alang wi the UK Championship an the non-rankin Masters. Thir events are valued bi some players as the maist prestigious, an are some o the auldest competitions an aw. Winnin all three events is a difficult task, an haes anly been done bi 11 players.
Wi some events havin been criticised fur matches takin too lang, an alternative series o timed toornaments haes been organised bi Matchroom Sport chairman Barry Hearn. The shot-timed Premier League Snooker wis established, wi seiven players invitit tae compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on Sky Sports. Players haed twinty-five seconds tae tak each shot, wi five time-outs per player per match. While some success wis achieved wi this format, it generally dinna receive the same amount o press attention or status as the regular rankin toornaments. This event haes been taken oot o the tour syne 2013, whan the Champion o Champions wis established. The Champion o Champions sea players qualify bi virtue o winnin ither events in the season, wi 16 champions competin.
In 2015, the Warld Professional Billiards an Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid fur snooker tae be played at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Anither bid haes been put forrit fur 2024 Summer Olympics throu the Warld Snooker Federation, foondit in 2017. A trial fur the format fur cue sports tae be played at the 2024 games wis put forrit at the 2019 Warld Team Trophy, featurin nine-ball an carom billiards an aw. Snooker haes been contested at the Warld Games syne 2001, an wis included as an event at the 2019 Africaen Games.
Criticisms
Some leagues hae allowed clubs tae refuse tae accept women players in toornaments. League committee leadership defended the practice, saying, "If we lose two o these clubs [wi the men-only policies] we would lose four teams an we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would hae no league." A Warld Women's Snooker spokesperson said, "It is disappointin an unacceptable that in 2019 that players such as Rebecca Kenna hae been the victim o antiquated discriminatory practices." The All-Party Parliamentary Group said, "The group believes that bein prevented frae playin in a club because o gender is archaic."
Equipment
The Accessories uised fur snooker include chalk fur the tip o the cue, rests o various sorts uised fur playin shots that canna be played bi haund, a triangle tae rack the reds, an a scoreboard. Ane drawback o snooker on a full-size (12 ×) table i the size o the room (22 x), which i the minimum required fur comfortable cuein room on all sides. This leemits the nummer o locations in which the gemme can easy be played. While puil tables are common tae mony pubs, snooker tends tae be played aither in private surroundins or in public snooker halls. The gemme can be played on smawer tables usin fewer reid bawls an aw. Variant table sizes include 10 ×, 9 ×, 8 ×, 6 × (the smallest fur realistic play) an 4 ×. Smawer tables can come in a variety o styles, sic as fold-away or dining-table convertible.
A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an abacus an records the score fur each frame in units an twenties an the frame scores. Thay are teepically attached tae a wall bi the snooker table. A semple scorin bead is whiles uised an aw, cried a "scorin string", or "scorin wire". Each bead (segment o the string) represents a single pynt. Snooker players teepically muive ane or several beads wi thair cue.
The playin surface, 356.9 cm (11 feet 8.5 inches) bi 177.8 cm (5 feet 10 inches) fur a staundart full-size table, wi sax pocket holes, ane at each corner an ane at the centre o each o the langer side cushions. The fully oo cloth is uisually green, wi a directional nap runnin frae the baulk end o the table towards the end wi the black bawl spot. The cloth is eften cried "baize"; awtho true baize is a lawer quality cloth whiles uised on puil tables. The nap will affect the direction o the cue ball dependin on which direction the cue ball is shot an on whether left or right side (spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue bawl is hit in exactly the same wey, the nap will cause a different effect dependin on whether the bawl is hit doun table (towards the black ball spot) or up table (towards the baulk line). The cloth on a snooker table i nae vacuumed, as this can destroy the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straucht line frae the baulk end tae the far end wi multiple brush strokes that are straucht in direction (i.e. nae across the table). Some table men will then drag a dampened cloth wrapped aroond a short piece o buird (lik a twa bi fower), or straucht back o a brush tae collect ony remainin fine dust an help lay the nap doun. The table is then ironed. Strachan cloth, uised in offeecial snooker toornaments, i 100% oo. Some ither cloths include a smaw percentage o nylon.
Notable players
In the professional era that began wi Joe Davis i the 1930s an continues until the present day, a relatively smaw nummer o players hae succeeded at the tap level. Joe Davis wis warld champion fur twinty years, retirin unbeaten efter claimin his fifteenth warld title in 1946 whan the toornament wis reinstated efter the Second Warld War. Davis wis unbeaten in Warld Championship play, an wis anly ever beaten fower times in his entire life, wi all fower defeats comin efter his Warld Championship retirement an inflicted bi his ain brither Fred Davis. He did lose matches in handicapped toornaments, but on level terms thir fower defeats war the anly losses o his entire career. He wis warld billiards champion an aw. It is regarded as heichly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the gemme tae this level again.
Efter Davis retired frae Warld Championship play, the next dominant force wis his younger brither Fred Davis, who haed lost the 1940 Warld Snooker Championship final tae Joe. Bi 1947, Fred Davis wis deemed ready bi his brither tae tak ower the mantle, but lost the warld final tae the Scotsman Walter Donaldson. Davis an Donaldson wud contest the next fower finals. Efter the abandonment o the Warld Championship in 1953, wi the 1952 final boycotted bi Breetish professionals, the Warld Professional Match-play Championship became the unofficial warld championship. Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate ane, in 1957, which he dinna enter.
John Pulman wis the maist successfu player o the 1960s, whan the warld championship wis contested on a challenge basis. Houiver, whan the toornament reverted tae a knockout formula in 1969, he dinna prosper. Ray Reardon became the dominant force in the 1970s, winnin sax titles (1970, 1973–1976 an 1978), wi John Spencer winnin three.
Steve Davis' first warld title in 1981 made him anly the 11t warld champion syne 1927, includin the winner o the boycotted 1952 title, Horace Lindrum. Davis wad win sax warld Championships (1981, 1983, 1984 an 1987–1989), an competit in the maist watched snooker match ever, the 1985 Warld Snooker Championship final wi Dennis Taylor. Stephen Hendry became the 14t in 1990 an dominated throu the 1990s, winnin seiven titles (1990, 1992–1996 an 1999). Ronnie O'Sullivan is the closest tae dominance in the modren era, havin won the title on five occasions in the 21st century (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 an 2013). Mark Williams haes won three times (2000, 2003 an 2018) an John Higgins fower times (1998, 2007, 2009 an 2011), but syne the beginnin o the century, thare haes nae been a dominant force lik in previous decades, an the modren era haes seen mony players playin tae a seemilar staundart, insteid o ane player raisin the bar. Davis, fur ensaumple, won mair rankin toornaments than the rest o the tap-64 players put thegither bi 1985. Bi retainin his title in 2013, O'Sullivan became the first player tae successfully defend the Warld Championship syne Hendry in 1996 (Mark Selby wad dae this in 2017 an aw).
Sant Andreu
Sant Andreu is ane o the ten destricts intae which Barcelona haes been dividit up syne 1984. It wis namit efter a umwhile municipality in the plain o Barcelona cried Sant Andreu de Palomar, the lairgest in the aurie, which maks up nouadays the bulk o a neebourheid bearin the same name. A separate destrict, Nou Barris, includes some o the umwhile aurie o Sant Andreu de Palomar.
Its size is 653 ha. (third destrict in size) an it haed 142,598 inhabitants in 2005. It is in the northren pairt o the ceety, borderin the river Besòs, twa adjacent touns in the metropolitan aurie, Sant Adrià de Besòs an Santa Coloma de Gramenet, an three ither destricts o Barcelona: Nou Barris, Horta-Guinardó an Sant Martí.
Neebourheids
It is further dividit in seiven neebourheids:
Inverkeithin Heich Schuil
Inverkeithin Heich Schuil, itherwise kent as Divit Hie, is a schuil in Inverkeithin, a toun in wast Fife. Aboot 1500 fowk gangs tae Inverkeithin Heich Schuil. Iain Yuile is Rector. It teaches fowk that hails fae Dalgety Bey, Aberdour, Inverkeithin, Rosyth an Hie Valleyfield as weel as some fowk fae the Auld Toun (Dunfermline) an Burntisland.
Odessa
Odessa or Odesa (Оде́са, ), (Оде́сса), is the third lairgest ceety in Ukraine, wi a population o 1,003,705. At the beginnin o the 20t century it wis the biggest ceety o Ukraine an haed a special unthirlt jurisdiction. The ceety is a major seaport an transportation hub locatit on the northwastren shore o the Black Sea. Odessa is an aa an admeenistrative centre o the Odessa Oblast an major cultural centre o multi-ethnic population. Its alternative Roushie name is the Soothren Palmira.
The predecessor o Odessa, a smaa Tatar dounset, wis foondit bi Hacı I Giray, the Khan o Crimea in 1440. Efter a period o Lithuanie control, it passed intae the domain o the Ottoman Sultan in 1529 an remained in Ottoman haunds till the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkis War o 1792. The ceety o Odessa wis foondit bi a decree o the Empress Catherine the Great in 1794. Frae 1819 tae 1858 Odessa wis a free port. Durin the Soviet period it wis the maist important port o tred in the Soviet Union an a Soviet naval base. On 1 Januar 2000 the Quarantine Pier o Odessa tred sea port wis declared a free port an free economic zone for a term o 25 years.
In the 19t century it wis the fowert lairgest ceety o Imperial Roushie, efter Moscow, Saunt Petersburg an Warsaw. Its historical airchitectur haes a style mair Mediterranean nor Roushie, haein been hivily influencit bi French an Italian styles. Some biggins are biggit in a mixtur o different styles, includin Art Nouveau, Renaissance an Clessicist.
Odessa is a wairm watter port. The ceety o Odessa hosts twa important ports: Port o Odessa itsel an Port Yuzhne (an aa an internaitionally important ile terminal), situatit in the ceety's suburbs. Anither important port, Illichivsk, is locatit in the same oblast, tae the sooth-wast o Odessa. Thegither thay represent a major transport hub integratin wi railways. Odessa's ile an chemical processin facilities are connectit tae Roushie's an EU's respective networks bi strategic pipelines.
Name
The oreegin o the name Odessa is unkent, but it is proponit the ceety wis namit efter the auncient Greek ceety o Odessos (Oδησσός), which wis falsely believit tae hae been foondit at the location o present day Odessa; awtho Odessa is in fact locatit in the aurie atween the auncient Greek ceeties o Tyras (Τύρας) an Olbia (Ὀλβία).
Binoculars
Binoculars are a kynd o tuil that lats fowk see hyne awa things mair clear, uisin a technology cried optics. Thay are makkit frae a pair o tubes that are haudden afore a body's een. The tubes is prospects that haes lenses that focus licht uisin preesms, a process cried magnification. This wey, whan a body leuks throu the binoculars at a hyne awa object, it leuks a hantle closer. Thay are maist aften uised for birdwatchin an amateur astronomy.
Some Scots leid enthusiasts hae cleckit the neologism faur-keekers for binoculars.
Odessa
Frae foondation tae the end o the 19t century
In the AD 15t century, nomadic tribes o the Nogays unner the suzerainty o the Khanate o Crimea inhabitit what is nou the Odessa region. Durin the reign o Khan Haci I Giray, the Khanate wis endangered bi the Golden Horde an the Ottoman Turks an, in sairch o allies, the khan agreed tae cede the aurie tae the Grand Duchy o Lithuanie.
The site o present-day Odessa wis then a toun kent as Khadjibey (an aa spelled as Khadjibei, Khadzhibei, or Gadzhibei; Lithuanian: Chadžibėjus; Crimean Tatar an Turkish: Hacibey) an wis pairt o the Dykra region. Houever, the aurie wis ae sparsely populated wi Turkic tribes an consistit maistly o unpopulatit steppes.
Khadjibey came unner direct control o the Ottoman Empire efter 1529 an wis pairt o a region kent as Yedisan an wis administered in the Ottoman Silistra (Özi) Province. In the mid-18t century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey, which wis named Eni Dunia (Turkish: Yeni Dünya, literally "new warld").
A ceety wis offeecially foondit in 1794 as a Roushie naval fortress on the ruins o Khadjibey an wis renamed Odessa bi Januar 1795 (when its new name wis first mentioned in offeecial correspondence). Neither origin o the new name nor reasons for renamin ar kent, tho etymologies an anecdotes aboond. Accordin tae ane o the stories, when someane suggestit Odessos as a name for the new Roushie port, Catherine II said that aw names in the Sooth o the Empire wur already 'masculine,' an didna want yet anither ane, sae she decidit tae chynge it tae mair 'feminine' Odessa. This anecdote is hichtlie dubious, acause thare wur at least twa ceeties (Eupatoria an Theodosia) which names soond 'feminine' for a Roushie; besides, the Czarina wis no a native Roushie speaker, an finally, aw ceeties ar feminine in Greek (as well as in Latin). Anither legend derives the name 'Odessa' frae the wird-play: in French (which wis then the leid spoken at the Roushie court), 'plenty o watter' is assez d'eau; if said backwards, it soonds seemilar tae that o the Greek colony's name (an watter-relatit pun maks perfect sense, acause Odessa, tho situatit next tae the huge body o watter, haes limitit fresh watter supply). Onyhou, a link wi the name o the ancient Greek colony persists, sae thare might be some truth in the oral tradeetion.
The new ceety quickly became a major success. Its early growthe owed muckle tae the wirk o the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the ceety's governor atween 1803–1814. Haein fled the French Revolution, he haed served in Catherine's airmy against the Turks. He is creditit wit designin the ceety an organisin its amenities an infrastructure, an is considered ane o the foondin faithers o Odessa, thegither wi anither Frenchman, Coont Alexandre Langeron, who succeedit him in office. Richelieu is commemoratit bi a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 tae a design bi Ivan Martos.
In 1819 the ceety wis made a free port, a status it retained till 1859. It became hame tae an extremely diverse population o Roushies, Ukrainians, Jews, Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Armenians, Italians, Frenchmen, Germans an traders representin mony ither European naitionalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the ceety's cairt, e.g., Frantsuszkiy (French) an Italianskiy (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Evreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan naitur wis documented bi the great Roushie poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa atween 1823–1824. In his letters he wrote that Odessa wis a ceety whaur "ye can smell Europe. French is spoken an there ar European papers an magazines tae read".
Odessa's growthe wis interrupted bi the Crimean War o 1853–1856, durin which it wis bombardit bi Breetish an French naval forces. It suin recovered an the growthe in tred made Odessa Roushie's lairgest grain-exportin port. In 1866 the ceety wis linked bi rail wi Kiev an Kharkov as well as Iaşi, Romanie.
Gowden Horde
The Gowden Horde (Tatar: Алтын Урда Altın Urda ; Зүчийн улс, Züchii-in Uls; Золотая Орда) wis a Mongol an efter Turkicized khanate, estaiblisht in the 13t century, whilk compreesed the northwastren sector o the Mongol Empire. The khanate is cried the Kipchak Khanate or Ulus o Jochi an aa.
Odessa
Frae foondation tae the end o the 19t century
The ceety became the hame o a lairge Jewish community durin the 19t century, an bi 1897 Jews wur estimatit tae comprise some 37% o the population. Thay wur, houever, repeatedly subjectit tae severe persecution. Pogroms wur carried oot in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, an 1905. Mony Odessan Jews fled abroad, parteecularly tae Palestine efter 1882, an the ceety became an important base o support for Zionism.
First half o the 20t century
In 1905 Odessa wis the site o a workers' uprisin supportit bi the crew o the Roushie battleship Potemkin (an aa see Battleship Potemkin uprising) an Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemoratit the uprisin an includit a scene whaur hunders o Odessan ceetizens wur murdered on the great stane staircase (nou popularly kent as the "Potemkin Steps"), in ane o the maist famous scenes in motion picture history. At the tap o the steps, which lead doun tae the port, stands a statue o Richelieu. The actual massacre teuk place in streets nearbi, no on the steps themselves, but the movie caused mony tae veesit Odessa tae see the steid o the "slauchter". The "Odessa Steps" continue tae be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film wis made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, ane o the auldest cinema studios in the umwhile Soviet Union.
Follaein the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 durin Warld War I, Odessa wis occupied bi several groups, includin the Ukrainian Tsentral'na Rada, the French Airmy, the Reid Airmy an the White Airmy. Finally, in 1920, the Reid Airmy teuk control o Odessa an unitit it wi the Ukrainian SSR, which later acame pairt o the USSR.
The fowk o Odessa suffered frae a great faimin that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result o the war. Durin Warld War II Odessa wis occupied bi Romanie an German forces frae 1941–1944. The ceety suffered severe damage an mony casualties.
Second half o the 20t century an ayont
During the 1960s an 1970s the ceety grew tremendously. Nivertheless, atween the 1970s an 1990s, the majority o Odessa's Jews emigratit tae Israel, the Unitit States an ither Wastren kintras, domestic migration o Odessan middle an upper classes tae Moscow an Leningrad affered even greater opportunities for career advancement, an aa occurred on a lairge scale. But the ceety's grew rapidly bi filling the void wi new rural migrants elsewhere frae the Ukraine, industrial professionals invitit frae Roushie as well as ither Soviet republics. Despite bein pairt o the Ukraine Socialist Republic, the ceety preserved an somewhit reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix o Roushie/Ukrainian/Mediterranean cultur an a predominantly Russophone environment wi a uniquely accented dialect o Roushie spoken in the ceety. The ceety's Roushie, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenie, Moldovan an Azeri an Jewish communities hae influenced different aspects o Odessa.
In 1991, efter the collapse o Communism, the ceety became pairt o newly independent Ukraine. The day Odessa is a ceety o aroond 1.1 million fowk. The ceety's industries include shipbiggin, ile refinin, chemicals, metalworkin an fuid processin. Odessa is an aa a Ukrainian naval base an hame tae a fishin fleet. It is an aa kent for its huge ootdoor mercat, the Seivent-Kilometer Mercat.
The transportation network o Odessa consists o trams (streetcaurs), trolleybuses, buses; an marshrutkas.
Geography and features
Odessa is situatit (46.46667°N, 30.73333°W) on terraced hills owerleukin a smaa harbor, approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north o the estuary o the Dniester river an some 443 km (275 mi) sooth o the Ukrainian caipital Kiev. The ceety haes a mild an dry climate wi average temperaturs in Januar o -2 °C (29 °F), an Julie o 22 °C (73 °F). It averages anly 350 mm (14 in) o precipitation annually.
The primary leid spoken is Roushie, wi Ukrainian bein less common despite its bein an offeecial leid in Ukraine. The ceety is a mix o mony nationalities an ethnic groups, includin Ukrainians, Roushies, Jews, Greeks, Moldovans, Bulgaries, Armenies, Georgians, Turks, an Vietnamese, amang ithers.
Cultur
Odessa is a popular tourist destination, wi mony therapeutic resorts in and aroond the ceety.
The Tolstoy, Vorontsov, an Potocki families awned pailaces in Odessa, which can still be visitit.
The writer Isaac Babel wis born in the ceety, which haes an aa produced several famous muisicians, includin the violinists Nathan Milstein, Mischa Elman an David Oistrakh, an the pianists Benno Moiseiwitsch, Sviatoslav Richter an Emil Gilels. The chess player Efim Geller wis born in the ceety. (Aw leetit, except for Richter, ar representatives o the ceety's Jewish community.)
The maist popular Roushie shaw-business fowk frae Odessa ar Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as port ingineer) an Roman Kartsev (comedian). Thair success in 1970s contributit tae Odessa's established status o a "caipital o Soviet humour". Later several humour festivals wur established in the ceety, includin the celebration o the Aprile Fool's Day.
See mair fowk born in Odessa in Category:Fowk frae Odessa.
Maist o the ceety's 19t century hooses wur biggit o limestane mined nearbi. Abandoned mines wur later uised an broadened bi local smugglers. This creatit a complicatit labyrinth o unnergrund tunnels aneath Odessa, kent as "catacombs". Thay ar a nou a great attraction for extreme tourists. Sic tours, houever, ar no offeecially sanctioned an ar dangerous acause the layoot o the catacombs haes no been fully mapped an the tunnels themselves ar unsafe. Thir tunnels ar a primary reason why subway wis niver biggit in Odessa.
Twin touns - sister ceeties
Odessa is twinned, haes sister an pairtner relationships wi mony ither ceeties throughoot the Warld:
Claudia Conserva
Claudia Marcela Conserva Pérez (born 12 Januar 1974 in Santiago, Chile,) is a Chilean actress, model an telly presenter o Italian-Albanie (Arbëreshë) strynd.
She studiet ballet an wirkit in publicity an TV programs whain she wis a bairn an in 1990 she wan Miss 17.
She met her husband Juan Carlos Valdivia in Extra Jóvenes (Chilevisión). They hae twa childer, Renato an Matilda.
Baró de Viver
Baró de Viver is a neebourheid in the Sant Andreu destrict o Barcelona, Catalonie (Spain).
Olympic Gemmes
The modren Olympic Gemmes (les Jeux olympiques, JO ) is the leadin internaitional sportin event featurin simmer an winter sports competitions in whilk thoosands o athletes participate in a variety o competitions. The Olympic Gemmes are considered tae be the warld's foremaist sports competeetion wi mair nor 200 naitions participatin. The Olympic Gemmes are held quadrennially, (ilka fower year) wi the Simmer an Winter Gemmes alternatin, meanin ilk o thaim occur ilka fower year but twa year apairt fae ane anither. Thair creation wis inspired bi the auncient Olympic Gemmes, whilk war held in Olympia, Greece, frae the 8t century BC tae the 4t century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin foondit the Internaitional Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the govrening body o the Olympic Movement, wi the Olympic Charter definin its structur an authority.
Host naitions an ceeties
The host ceety for an Olympic Gemmes is uisually chuisen seiven tae aicht year aheid o thair celebration. The process o selection is cairried oot in twa phases that span a twa-year period. The prospective host ceety applies tae its kintra's Naitional Olympic Committee; gif mair nor ane ceety frae the same kintra submits a proposal tae its NOC, the naitional committee teepically hauds an internal selection, syne anly ane ceety per NOC can be presentit tae the Internaitional Olympic Committee for consideration. Ance the deadline for submission o proposals bi the NOCs is reakit, the first phase (Application) begins wi the applicant ceeties asked tae complete a questionnaire regardin several key criteria relatit tae the organisation o the Olympic Gemmes. In this form, the applicants maun gie assurances that thay will comply wi the Olympic Charter an wi ony ither regulations established bi the IOC Executive Committee. The evaluation o the filled questionnaires bi a specialised group provides the IOC wi an owerview o each applicant's project an thair potential tae host the Gemmes. On the basis o this technical evaluation, the IOC Executive Buird selects the applicants that will proceed tae the candidature stage.
Ance the candidate ceeties are selectit, thay maun submit tae the IOC a bigger an mair detailed presentation o thair project as pairt o a candidature file. Ilka ceety is thoroughly analyzed bi an evaluation commission. This commission will veesit the candidate ceeties an aw, interviewin local offeecials an inspecting prospective venue steids, an submit a report on its findins ane month prior tae the IOC's final decision. Durin the interview process the candidate ceety maun an aa guarantee that it will be able tae fund the Gemmes. Efter the wirk o the evaluation commission, a leet o candidates is presentit tae the General Session o the IOC, whilk maun assemble in a kintra that disnae hae a candidate ceety in the runnin. The IOC memmers gathered in the Session hae the final vote on the host ceety. Ance electit, the host ceety bid committee (thegither wi the NOC o the respective kintra) signs a Host Ceety Contract wi the IOC, offeecially becomin an Olympic host naition an host ceety.
Bi 2016, the Olympic Gemmes will hae been hostit bi 44 ceeties in 23 kintras, but bi ceeties ootside Europe an North Americae on anly aicht occasions. Syne the 1988 Simmer Olympics in Seoul, Sooth Korea, the Olympics hae been held in Asie or Oceania fower times, a sharp increase compared tae the previous 92 year o modren Olympic history. The 2016 Gemmes in Rio de Janeiro will be the first Olympics for a Sooth American kintra. No bids frae kintras in Africae hae succeeded.
Galicie fowk
The Galicies (Galegos; Gallegos) are a naitional, cultural an ethnolinguistic group whose historic hameland is Galicie, in the north-wast o the Iberie Peninsula. Twa Romance leids are widely spoken an offeecial in Galicie: the native Galicie, an Castilian.
Olympic Gemmes
Host naitions an ceeties
The Unitit States haes hostit aicht Olympic Gemmes, fower Simmer an fower Winter, mair nor ony ether naition. The Breetish caipital Lunnon haulds the distinction o hostin three Olympic Gemmes, aw Simmer, mair nor ony ether ceety.
Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast (Ленингра́дская о́бласть, Leningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject o Roushie (an oblast). It wis established on 1 August 1927, awtho it wisna till 1946 that the oblast's borders haed been maistly settled in thair present poseetion. The oblast wis namit efter the ceety o Leningrad (nou Saunt Petersburg).
Olympic Gemmes
Host naitions an ceeties
The ether naitions hostin the Simmer Games twice are Germany, Australie, Fraunce an Greece. The ether ceeties hostin the Simmer Gemmes twice are Los Angeles, Paris an Athens.
Leningrad Oblast
The oblast haes mairches wi Finland northwastlins, Estonie wastlins, as weel as five federal subjects o Roushie: the Republic o Karelie northeastlins, Vologda Oblast eastlins, Novgorod Oblast soothlins, Pskov Oblast soothwastlins, an the federal ceety o Saunt Petersburg wastlins.
Olympic Gemmes
Host naitions an ceeties
In addition tae the Unitit States, naitions hostin multiple Winter Gemmes are Fraunce wi three, while Swisserland, Austrick, Norawa, Japan, Canadae an Italy hae hostit twice. Amang host ceeties, Lake Placid, Innsbruck an St. Moritz hae played host tae the Winter Olympic Gemmes mair nor ance, ilkane hauldin that honour twice. The 2010 Winter Gemmes war held in Vancouver, Canadae's third Olympics oweraw, an 2014 teuk place in Sochi, Roushie. The next Winter Gemmes will be in Pyeongchang in 2018, Sooth Korea's first Winter Olympics an seicont Olympics oweraw.
Leningrad Oblast
The first govrenor o Leningrad Oblast wis Vadim Gustov (in 1996–1998). Syne 1999 he haes been succeedit bi Valery Serdyukov.
Olympic Gemmes
Host naitions an ceeties
Notes
References
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Clan Maxwell
Clan Maxwell is a Lawland Scots clan an a minor hoose o the ryal House o Stuart (throu the marriage o John Maxwell, 4t Lord Maxwell tae his wife Lady Agnes Stewart). The clan daes no currently hae a chief therefore it is considered an Armigerous clan. The name Maxwell is the name o a Scotts faimily, members o which hae held the titles as, member o the council o Regency (1536) o the Kinrick o Scotland Regent o Arran, Earl o Morton, Earl o Nithsdale, Lord Maxwell, an Lord Herries.
Granada (disambiguation)
Granada mey refer tae:
Clan Maxwell
Oreegins o the Clan
The name is taken probably frae Maccuswell, or Maxwell, near Kelsae, Scotland, in the barony o Holydean. The name Maxwell oreeginates frae Maccus, a Norman lord an son o Undweyn, who gae his name tae Maccuswell, a puil o the river Tweed near Kelsae brig. A grandson o Maccus, John Maxwell, became chamberlain o Scotland afore dying in 1241, tae be succeeded bi his brither Aylmer. Frae Aylmer sprang mony branches o the faimily throughoot the sooth-wast o Scotland.
Spellin variants include Mackeswal, Makiswel, Makiswell, Makkiswell, Miskill, Maxwaile, Maxwale, Maxweel, Maxwell, Maxuel, Maxvall, Maxvile, an Mescall. Septs include Adair, Blackstock, Dinwiddie, Dinwoddie, Dinwoodie, Dunwoodie, Edgar, Egarr, Halldykes, Herries, Kirk, Kirkdale, Kirkhaugh, Kirkland, Kirko, Latimer, Latimore, Macetterick, Macettrick, Macgetrick, Macgettrich, Macgettrick, Macghittich, Machethrick, Macittrick, Mackethrick, Macketterick, Mackitterick, Mackittrick, Macsata, Macsetree, Maxey, Maxon, Maxton, Monreith, Moss, Nithdale, Paulk, Peacock, Poak, Pogue, Poke, Polk, Pollock, Pollok, Sturgeon, an Wardlaw.
Wars o Scots Unthirldom
Sir Herbert Maxwell wan great fame bi defendin his Caerlaverock Castle against King Edward I o England in 1300. During the Wars o Scots Independence the Clan Maxwell supported King Robert the Bruce an focht at his side at the Battle o Bannockburn in 1314, unner the clan chief o Eustace Maxwell. Herbert, the succeeding clan chief wis knightit bi King James I o Scotland for his services tae the crown. Anither Sir Herbert Maxwell wis made a lord o the Scots parliament afore 1445.
16t-century Anglo-Scots wars an clan conflicts
His great-grandson John, 4t Lord Maxwell, wis killed at the Battle o Flodden Field fightin against the Inglis in 1513 during the Anglo-Scots Wars. The fift Lord Maxwell intrigued wi King Henry VII o Ingland, awtho bi 1542 King James V o Scotland haed appyntit him warden o the marches an an Extraordinary Lord o Session an maist importantly Regent o Arran the lairgest island in the Firth o Clyde. Maxwell wis captured bi the Inglis at the Battle o Solway Moss in the same year.
The Clan Maxwell focht on the side o Mary, Queen o Scots at the Battle o Langside in 1568. Robert's great-grandson John, 7t Lord Maxwell (1553-1593), wis the son o Robert, 6t Lord Maxwell (d. 1554), who wis son o the 5t Earl an his wife Beatrix, dochter o James Douglas, 3rd Earl o Morton. Efter the execution o the regent James Douglas, 4t Earl o Morton, in 1581 this earldom wis bestowed upon Maxwell, but in 1586 the attainder o the late earl wis reversed an he wis deprived o his new title. He haed helped in 1585 tae drive the ryal favorite James Stewart, Earl o Arran, frae pouer, an he made active preparations tae assist the invadin Spaniards in 1588.
Thare haed been a lang runnin feud atween Clan Maxwell an the Clan Johnstone. The feud came tae a heid on 7 December 1593 at the Battle o Dryfe Sands near Lockerbie. The Clan Maxwell airmy approached the Johnstone toun o Lockerbie. Johnston kept maist o his men hidden, juist sendin a handful o men oot on horseback tae taunt an provoke the Maxwells. The Johnstones attacked, takin the Maxwells bi surprise as thay wur attemptin tae ford the river Annan. The Clan Maxwell fared badly that day. In aw, it is said that up tae 700 Maxwells wur killed, but this mey be an exaggerated nummer. Mony wur woundit bi dounward swuird strokes kent as "Lockerbie Licks." An thair chief, Lord Maxwell, who wis ane o the maist pouerful fowk in soothren Scotland, wus slain in cauld bluid bi the Johnstones when he asked for mercy an offered tae surrender. Awtho Sir Johnstone escaped punishment frae the King for his actions, he did no escape the unforgivin haund o the next Lord Maxwell, son o the chief who wis killed at Dryfe Sands. In 1608, Lord Maxwell shot Sir Johnstone in the back durin a meetin held “unner trust,” which rendered him an ootlaw. Lord Maxwell wis later captured an executit bi hangin. The Maxwells wur an aa at feud wi the pouerful Clan Douglas ower the Earldom o Morton, which he regardit as his inheritance. Efter a life o exceptional an continuous lawlessness he escaped frae Scotland an in his absence wis sentenced tae daith for the murder o Lord Johnstone; haein returned tae his native kintra he wis seized an wis beheadit in Edinburgh.
17t Century & Ceevil War
In 1618 John's brither an heir Robert (d. 1646) wis restored tae the lordship o Maxwell, an in 1620 wis creatit Earl o Nithsdale, surrenderin at this time his claim tae the earldom o Morton. He an his son Robert, afterwards the 2nt earl, focht unner James Graham, 1st Marquess o Montrose for King Charles I durin the Wars o the Three Kinricks. Robert dee'd athoot sons in October 1667, an his cousin John Maxwell, 7t Lord Herries (d. 1677), became third earl.
18t Century & Jacobite Uprisins
William, 5t Earl o Nithsdale (1676-1744), a grandson o the third earl, wis lik his ancestor a Roman Catholic an wis attached tae the cause o the exiled House o Stuart. In 1715 he jynt the Jacobites an wis taken preesoner at the Battle o Preston; he wis sentenced tae daith an impreesoned in the Touer o Lunnon. Housomeivver wi the assistance o his wife, he disguised himsel as a servin wumman. The couple fled tae Roum whaur the earl dee'd in 1744.
Bon Pastor
Bon Pastor is a neebourheid in Sant Andreu, a destrict in the ceety o Barcelona. Syne Apryle 2010 it's servit bi the Barcelona Metro station Bon Pastor.
Ned
Ned is a derogatory term applee'd tae certaint yung fowk in Scotland (seemilar tae the terms chav, scanger uised in the Republic o Ireland, an spide/smick in Northren Ireland). The stereoteipical view o a ned is a white adolescent male, o warkin cless backgrund, that weirs fauss Burberry, that taks pairt in hooliganism, petty creiminality, scurrivaigin, unnerage drinkin an smokin or general anti-social behaviour. Thay is aften assumed tae be unemployed.
Etymology
The oreigin o the term isna clear. Accordin tae Rosie Kane, umwhile MSP for the Scots Socialist Pairty ned is an acronym derived frae the phrase "non-eddicated delinquent", awtho for suith this derivation is a backronym. In addition, "uneddicated" is the ordinar term. It micht be that it comes frae an abbreviation o the nou auld farrant phrase "ne'er-dae-weil."
Louis VII o Fraunce
Louis VII (cried the Younger or the Young) (Louis le Jeune) (1120 – 18 September 1180) wis a Capetian Keeng o the Franks frae 1137 till his daith.
Lothair o Fraunce
Lothair (Lothaire; Lothārius; 941 – 2 Mairch 986), sometimes cried Lothair III or Lothair IV, wis the Carolingian king o Wast Francie frae 10 September 954.
Zağulba Bağları
Zağulba Bağları (an aw, Bağlar, Buzovnyneft’, Dacha Zagul’ba, Zagul’ba, an Zyugyul’ba) is a resort in Baku, Azerbaijan, an ane o the main beaches. The ceety hosts a disco club o the same name an aw.
Ford Granada
Ford Motor Company uised the Ford Granada name for twa unrelatit vehicles sauld in different mercats:
Jasim
Jasim (جاسم, spelt Jassem an aw) is a sma ceety in the Izra Destrict o the Daraa Govrenorate in soothren Syria. It is locatit ower 30 kilometres north o Daraa an is near the touns o Nawa tae the sooth, Kafr Shams tae the north, Inkhil tae the northeast an al-Harra tae the northwast. In the 2004 census bi the Central Bureau o Statistics (CBS), Jasim haed a population o 31,683.
Turks in Mexico
Turks in Mexico comprise Turkis fowk livin in Mexico an their Mexican-born stryndants. The Turkis commonty is lairgely made up o immigrants, or the stryndants o immigrants, born in the Ottoman Empire afore 1923, in the Republic o Turkey syne then, or in neebourin kintras ance pairt o the Ottoman Empire that still hae some Turkis population.
Aerotucán
Aerotucán is a Mexican airline based in Oaxaca, Oaxaca.
Zaachila Destrict
Zaachila Destrict is locatit in the wast o the Valles Centrales Region o the State o Oaxaca, Mexico. The destrict includes the municipalities o San Antonio Huitepec, San Miguel Peras, San Pablo Cuatro Venados, Santa Inés del Monte, Trinidad Zaachila an Villa de Zaachila.
Kalbajar
Kalbajar (Քարվաճառ, spelt as Karvachar, Kəlbəcər, spelt as Kelbajar, Kälbäjär, Kelbadzhar, Kelbadshar, Kelbadjar, an Kelbadžar an aw) is the admeenistrative centre o Kalbajar Rayon o Azerbaijan. The ceety alang wi the associatit rayon is unner the control o the unrecognizit Nagorno-Karabakh Republic efter it wis captured bi Armenie forces durin the Battle o Kalbajar, near the end o the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Armenie an Karabakh forces conquered Kalbajar the Nagorno-Karabakh War, due tae its strategic location atween the umwhile Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast an Armenie. Human Rights Watch fyndins concludit that durin the Kelbajar affensive Armenie forces "committit several violations o the rules o war, includin forcit displacement o the civilian population, indiscriminate fire, an the takkin o hostages." This captur wis condemned bi the UN Security Cooncil.
Lakes, rivers, muntains an zones
Thare are 13 lakes in local plains an muntains. Karvachar’s langest river is the Tartar. Its tributaries are the Tutk­hun, Lev, Zaylik, Alolar, Garaarkhaj (Sar­kar) rivers. Thare are 20 well-kent watter springs an aw. 70-80 per cent o the dest­rict is made up o muntains an each o them haes a name. Syne motor traffeck in muntains is limitit, local fowk hae dividit the destrict in different zones: 1. Upper zone – territories stretchin frae the centre wastwairds 2. Ayrim zone – north-wast 3. Gamishli-Lev zone – north-east 4. Tutgu zone – aurie aroond Zulfugarli- Baslibel 5. Sarsang SES zone – forests in the east 6. The Dalidagh-Sariyer-Keyti zone consists o bare muntains an plains
27 Juin
The 27t o Juin is the 178t day o the year (179t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 187 days ti come.
Robert I o Fraunce
Robert I o Fraunce (866–923) wis the keeng o Wast Francie frae 922 tae 923.
Izra
Izra (ازرع Izra') is a toun in Sirie, admeenistratively belangin tae Izra Destrict o the Daraa Govrenorate locatit north o Daraa. Izra' haes an altitude o 599 metres an haed a population o 19,158 in 2004, accordin tae the Sirie Central Bureau o Statistics (CBS). The population is predominantly Christian.