cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ring-tailed lemur
Anatomy an physiology
Unalike maist diurnal primates, but lik aw strepsirhine primates, the ring-tailed lemur haes a tapetum lucidum, or reflective layer ahint the retina o the ee, that enhances night vision. The tapetum is heich visible in this species acause the pigmentation o the ocular fundus (back surface o the eye), which is present in—but varies atween—aw lemurs, is vera spotty. The ring-tailed lemur haes a rudimentary foveal depression on the retina. Anither shared characteristic wi the ither strepsirrhine primates is the rhinarium, a moist, naked, glandular neb supported bi the upper jaw an protruding awa fae the chin. The rhinarium continues doun whaur it divides the upper lip. The upper lip is attached tae the premaxilla, preventin the lip frae protrudin an requirin the lemur tae lap watter rather than uisin suction.
The skin o the ring-tailed lemur is dark gray or black in colour, even in places whaur the fur is white. It is exposed on the neb, palms, soles, eyelids, lips, an genitalia. The skin is smooth, but the leathery texture o the haunds an feet facilitate terrestrial movement. The anus, locatit at the jynt o the tail, is covered when the tail is lowered. The aurie aroond the anus (circumanal aurie) an the perineum is kivered in fur. In males, the scrotum lacks fur, is covered in smaw, horny spines, an the twa sacs o the scrotum are dividit. The penis is near cylindrical in shape an is covered in smaw spines, as weel as haein twa pairs o lairger spines on baith sides. Males haes a relatively smaw baculum (penis bane) compared tae thair size. The scrotum, penis, an prepuce is uisually coated wi a foul-smelling secretion. Females haes a thick, elangatit clitoris that protrudes frae the labia o the vulva. The openin o the urethra is closer tae the clitoris than the vagina, formin a "drip tip."
Females haes twa pairs o mammary glands (fower nipples), but anly ane pair is functional. The anterior pair (closest tae the heid) is vera close tae the axillae (oxter). Furless scent glands are present on baith males an females. Baith genders hae wee, dark antebrachial (forearm) glands meisurin 1 cm lang an locate on the inner surface o the forearm nearly 25 cm abuin the wrist jynt. (This trait is shared atween the Lemur an Hapalemur genera.) The gland is saft an compressible, bears fine dermal ridges (lik fingerprints), an is connect tae the palm bi a fine, 2 mm–heich, hairless strip. Housomiver, anly the male haes a horny spur that owerlays this scent gland. The spur develops wi age throu the accumulation o secretions frae an unnerlyin gland that mey connect throu the skin throu sae mony as a thoosand minuscule ducts. The males hae brachial (arm) glands on the axillary surface o thair shouders (near the oxter) an aa. The brachial gland is lairger than the antebrachial gland, kivered in short hair aroond the periphery, an haes a naked crescent-shaped orifice near the centre. The gland secretes a foul-smelling, brown, sticky substance. The brachial gland is barely developed if present at aw in females. Baith genders hae apocrine an sebaceous glands in thair genital or perianal regions an aa, which are covered in fur.
Its fingers are slender, padded, maistly lackin wabbin, an semi-dexterous wi flat, human-lik nails. The thumb is baith short an widely separated frae the ither fingers. In maugre o bein set at a richt angle tae the palm, the thumb is nae opposable syne the ball o the jynt is fixed in place. As wi aw strepsirrhines, the haund is ectaxonic (the axis passes throu the fowert deegit) rather than mesaxonic (the axis passin throu the third deegit) as seen in monkeys an apes. The fowert deegit is the langest, an anly slichtly langer than the seicont deegit. Likwise, the fift deegit is anly slichtly langer than the seicont. The palms are lang an leathery, an lik ither primates, thay hae dermal ridges tae improve grip. The feet are semi-digitigrade an mair specialised than the haunds. The muckle tae is opposable an is smawer than the muckle tae o ither lemurs, that is mair arboreal. The seicont toe is short, haes a wee terminal pad, an haes a toilet-claw (whiles referred tae as a gruimin claw) specialised for personal gruimin, specifically tae rake throu fur that is unreakable bi the mooth. The toilet-claw is a trait shared amang near aw livin strepsirrhine primates. Unlik ither lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur's heel isnae covered bi fur.
Denteetion
Its lawer incisors (i1 an i2) is lang, narra, an finely spaced while pynt naur straucht forwart in the mooth (procumbent). Thegether wi the incisor-shaped (incisiform) lawer canines (c1), that is slichtly lairger an procumbent, form a structur cried a tuithcomb, a trait unique tae near aw strepsirrhine primates. The tuithcomb is uised in oral gruimin, that involves lickin an tuith-scrapin. It can be uised for graspin wee fruit, remuivin leafs frae the stem whan eatin, an possibly scrapin sap an gum frae tree bark. The tuithcomb is kept clean uisin a sublingual organ—a thin, flat, fibrous plate that kivers a lairge pairt o the base o the tongue. The first lawer premolar (p2) follaein the tuithcomb is shaped lik a canine (caniniform) an occludes the upper canine, essentially fillin the role o the incisiform lawer canine. Thare is a diastema (gap) atween the seicont an third premolars (p2 an p3) an aa.
The upper incisors is smaw, wi the first incisors (I1) space widely frae ilkane ither, yet closely tae the seicont incisors (I2). Baith o thaim is compressed buccolingually (atween the cheek an the tongue). The upper canines (C1) are lang, hae a braid base, an curve doun an back (recurved). The upper canines exhibit slicht sexual dimorphism, wi males exhibitin slichtly lairger canines than females. Baith sexes uise them in combat bi sleeshin wi them. Thare is a wee diastema atween the upper canine an the first premolar (P2), that is smawer an mair caniniform than the ither premolars. Unalike ither lemurs, the first twa upper molars (M1 an M2) hae prominent lingual cingulae, yet dae nae hae a protostyle.
Ecology
The ring-tailed lemur is diurnal an semi-terrestrial. It is the maist terrestrial o lemur species, spendin as much as 33% o its time on the grund. Houiver it is still considerably arboreal, spendin 23% o its time in the mid-level canopy, 25% in the upper-level canopy, 6% in the emergent layer an 13% in smaw bushes. Troop traivel is 70% terrestrial.
Troop size, home range, an population density vary bi region an fuid availability. Troops teepically range in size frae 6 tae 25, tho troops wi ower 30 individuals hae been recorded. The average troop contains 13 tae 15 individuals. Hame range size varies atween 6 and 35 ha. Troops o the ring-tailed lemur will maintain a territory, but owerlap is aften heich. Whan encounters occur, thay are agonistic, or hostile in naitur. A troop will uisually occupy the same pairt o its range for three or fower day afore flittin. Whan it flits, the average traivelin distance is 1 km. Population density ranges frae 100 individuals per 1 km2 in dry forests tae 250–600 individuals per km2 in gallery an seicontar forests.
The ring-tailed lemur haes baith native an introduced predators. Native predators include the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), the Madagascar harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus), the Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus) an the Madagascar grund boa (Boa madagascariensis). Introduced predators include the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), the domestic cat an the domestic dog.
Geografic range an habitat
Endemic tae soothren an soothwastren Madagascar, the ring-tailed lemur ranges further intae highland auries than ither lemurs. It indwells deciduous wids, dry scrub, montane humid wids, an gallery wids (wids alang riverbanks). It strangly favours gallery wids, but siclike fwids haes nou been cleared frae the feck o Madagascar in order tae creaut pastur for livestock. Dependin on location, temperaturesathin its geographic range can vary frae -12 °C at Andringitra Massif tae 48 °C in the jaggy wids o Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve.
This species is foond sae far east as Tôlanaro, inland taewart the mountains o Andringitra on the sootheastren plateau, amang the spiny forests o the soothren pairt o the island, an north alang the wast coast tae the toun o Belo sur Mer. Historically, the northren leemits o its range in the wast stendit tae the Morondava River near Morondava. It can still be foond in Kirindy Mitea National Park, juist sooth o Morondava, tho at very law densities. It disnae occur in Kirindy Forest Reserve, north o Morondava. Its distribution outower the rest o its range is vera spotty, wi population densities varyin widely.
The ring-tailed lemur can be easy seen in five naitional pairks in Madagascar: Andohahela Naitional Pairk, Andringitra Naitional Park, Isalo National Park, Tsimanampetsotse National Park, an Zombitse-Vohibasia Naitional Pairk. It can be foond in Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, Kalambatritra Special Reserve, Pic d'Ivohibe Special Reserve, Amboasary Sud, Berenty Private Reserve, Anja Community Reserve, an marginally at Kirindy Mitea Naitional Park. Unpertected forests that the species haes been reportit in include Ankoba, Ankodida, Anjatsikolo, Anbatotsilongolongo, Bereny, Mahazoarivo, Masiabiby, an Mikea.
Athin the pertected regions, it is kent tae inhabit, the ring-tailed lemur is sympatric (shares its range) wi as mony as 24 species o lemur, kivering ilka livin genus cep Allocebus, Indri, an Varecia. Historically, the species uised tae be sympatric wi the critically endangered soothren black-an-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata editorum), whilk wis ance foond at Andringitra National Park; housomiver, nae sichtins o the ruffed lemur hae been reportit in recent years.
In wastren Madagascar, sympatric ring-tailed lemurs an red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) hae been studied thegether. Little interaction taks place atween the twa species. While the diets o the twa species owerlap, thay eat in different proportions syne the ring-tailed lemur haes a mair varied diet an spends mair time on the grund.
Diet
The ring-tailed lemur is an opportunistic omnivore primarily eatin fruits an leafs, parteecularly thaim o the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica), kent natively as kily. Whan available, tamarind maks up 50% o the diet, enspecially throu the dry, winter saison. The ring-tailed lemur eats frae sae mony as three dozen different plant species, an its diet includes flouers, yerbs, bark an sap. It haes been observed eatin decayed wid, earth, speeder webs, insect cocoons, arthropods (spiders, caterpillars, cicadas an grasshoppers) an smaw vertebrates (birds an chameleons). In the dry saison, it becomes increasingly opportunistic.
Social seestems
Troops are classifee'd as multi-male groups, wi a matriline as the core group. As wi maist lemurs, females socially dominate males in aw circumstances, includin feedin priority. Dominance is enforced bi lunging, chasin, cuffin, grabbin an bitin. Young females dinnae aye inherit thair mither's rank an young males leave the troop atween three an five year o age. Baith sexes hae separate dominance hierarchies; females hae a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlatit wi age. Ilka troop haes ane tae three central, heich-ranking adult males wha interact wi females mair nor ither group males an lead the troop procession wi heich-ranking females. Recently transferred males, auld males or young adult males that hinnae yet left thair natal group is aften lawer rankin. Stayin at the periphery o the group, thay tend tae be marginalised frae group activity.
For males, social structur chynges can be seasonal. Throu the sax-month period atween December an Mey, a few males immigrate atween groups. Established males transfer on average ilka 3.5 year, tho young males mey transfer thareby ilka 1.4 year. Group fission occurs whan groups get too lairge an resoorces acome scarce.
In the mornings, the ring-tailed lemur sunbathes tae warm itsel. It faces the sun sitting in what is frequently describit as a "sun-worshipping" posture or lotus position. Housomiver, it sits wi its legs extendit outward, nae cross-leggit, an will aften support itsel on nearby branches. Sunnin is aften a group activity, parteecularly in the cauld mornings. At nicht, troops will split intae sleepin parties huddlin close thegether tae keep warm.
Despite bein quadrupedal the ring-tailed lemur can rear up an balance on its hind legs, uisually for aggressive displays. When threatened the ring-tailed lemur mey jump in the air an strike oot wi its short nails an sharp upper canine teeth in a behaviour termed jump fighting. This is extremely rare ootside o the breedin saison when tensions are heich an competeetion for mates is intense. Ither aggressive behaviours include a threat-stare, uised tae intimidate or stairt a fecht, an a submissive gesture kent as pulled-back lips.
Border disputes wi rival troops occur occasionally an it is the dominant female's responsibility tae defend the troop's home range. Agonistic encounters include staring, lunging approaches an occasional physical aggression, an conclude wi troop members retreating toward the centre o the home range.
Olfactory communication
Olfactory communication is critically important for strepsirrhines lik the ring-tailed lemur. Males an females scent merk baith vertical an horizontal surfaces at the owerlaps in thair home ranges uisin thair anogenital scent glands. The ring-tailed lemur will perform a haundstaund tae merk vertical surfaces, graspin the heichest pynt wi its feet while it applies its scent. Uise o scent marking varies bi age, sex an social status. Male lemurs uise thair antebrachial an brachial glands tae demarcate territories an maintain intragroup dominance hierarchies. The thorny spur that overlays the antebrachial gland on ilka wrist is scraped against tree trunks tae creaut grooves anointed wi thair scent. This is kent as spur-marking.
In displays o aggression, males engages in a social display behaviour cried stink fichtin, whilk involves impregnating thair tails wi secretions frae the antebrachial an brachial glands an wavin the scented tail at male rivals.
Ring-tailed lemurs haes been shawn tae merk uisin urine. Behaviorally, thare is a difference atween regular urination, whaur the tail is slichtly raised an a stream o urine is produced, an the urine marking behaviour, whaur the tail is held up in display an anly a few draps o urine are uised. The urine-marking behavior is teepically uised bi females tae merk territory, an haes been observed primarily at the edges o the troop's territory an in auries whaur ither troops mey frequent. The urine marking behavior is maist frequent in the matein saison, an mey play a role in reproductive communication atween groups.
Auditory communication
The maist common heard vocalisations is the moan (law-tae-moderate arousal, group cohesion), early-heich wail  (moderate-tae-heich arousal, group cohesion), an clicks  ("location marker" tae draw attention).
Breedin an reproduction
The ring-tailed lemur is polygynandrous, tho the dominant male in the troop teepically breeds wi mair females than ither males. Fighting is maist common during the breedin saison. A receptive female mey initiate matein bi presenting her backside, liftin her tail an leukin at the desired male ower her shouther. Males mey inspect the female's genitals tae determine receptiveness. Females teepically mate athin thair troop, but mey seek males fae ootwi the troop.
The breedin saison rins frae mid-Aprile tae mid-Mey. Estrus lests 4 tae 6 oors, an females mate wi multiple males in this period. Athin a troop, females stagger thair receptivity sae that ilka female comes intae saison on a different day in the breedin saison, reducin competeetion for male attention. Gestation lests for aboot 135 days, an parturition occurs in September or occasionally October. In the wild, ane affspring is the norm, awtho twins mey occur. Ring-tailed lemur infants hae a birth wecht o 70 g an are carried ventrally (on the chest) for the first 1 tae 2 weeks, then dorsally (on the back).
The young lemurs begin tae eat solit fuid efter twa month an is fou weaned efter five month. Sexual maturity is reakit atween 2.5 an 3 year. Male involvement in infant rearin is leemit, awtho the entire troop, regairdless o age or sex, can be seen carin for the young. Alloparenting atween troop females haes been reportit. Kidnappin bi females an infanticide bi males occurs occasionally. Due tae harsh environmental conditions, predation an accidents lik faws, infant mortality can be sae heich as 50% athin the first year an sae few as 30% mey reach adultheid. The langest-lived ring-tailed lemur in the wild wis a female at the Berenty Reserve wha lived for 20 year. In the wild, females rarely live past the age o 16, whaur the life expectancy o males isnae kent due tae thair social structur. The langest-lived male wis reportit tae be 15 year auld. The maximum lifespan reportit in captivity wis 27 years.
Cognitive abilities an tuil uise
The notion that lemurs isna intelligent haes been perpetuate bi the view that the neocortex ratio (as a meisur o harn size) indicates intelligence. In fact, primatologist Alison Jolly noted early in her academic career that some lemur species, lik the ring-tailed lemur, hae evolved a social complexity seemilar tae that o cercopithecine monkeys, but nae the correspondin intelligence. Efter years o observations o wild ring-tailed lemur populations at the Berenty Reserve in Madagascar as weel as baboons in Africae, she mair recently concluded that this heich social lemur species disnae demonstrate the equivalent social complexity o cercopithecine monkeys, in maugre o the general appearances.
Regairdless, research haes continued tae illuminate the complexity o the lemur mind, wi emphasis on the cognitive abilities o the ring-tailed lemur. Sae early as the mid-1970s, studies haed demonstrated that thay coud be trained throu operant conditioning uisin standard schedules o reinforcement. The species haes been shawn tae be capable o learnin pattern, brightness an object discrimination, skills common amang vertebrates. The ring-tailed lemur haes been shawn tae lear a variety o complex tasks eften equaling, if nae exceedin, the performance o simians an aa.
Mair recently, research at the Duke Lemur Center haes shawn that the ring-tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory an retrieve ordered sequences wioot language. The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs war uisin internal representation o the sequence tae guide thair responses an nae simply follaein a trained sequence, whaur ane item in the sequence cues the selection o the next. But this isnae the leemit o the ring-tailed lemur's reasoning skills. Anither study, performed at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve, suggests that this species alang wi several ither closely relatit lemur species unnerstaun semple arithmetic operations.
Syne tuil uise is considered tae be a key featur o primate intelligence, the apparent lack o this behaviour in wild lemurs, as weel as the lack o non-fuid object play, haes helped reinforce the perception that lemurs is less intelligent than thair simian cousins. Housomiver, anither study at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation o tuil functionality in baith the ring-tailed lemur an the common brown lemur an diskivered that, lik monkeys, thay uised tuils wi functional properties (e.g., tuil orientation or ease o uise) instead o tuils wi nonfunctional features (e.g., colour or texture). Tho the ring-tailed lemur dinnae aye uise tuils in the wild, it cannae jist be trained tae uise a tuil, but will preferentially select tuils based on thair functional qualities. The conceptual competence tae uise a tuil mey hae been present in the common primate ancestor, even tho the uise o tuils mey nae hae appeared til a while later.
Conservation status
In addition tae bein listed as endangered in 2014 bi the IUCN, the ring-tailed lemur haes been listed syne 1977 bi CITES unner Appendix I, that maks tred o wild-caught specimens illegal. Tho thare mair endangered species o lemur, the ring-tailed lemur is considered a flagship species due tae its recognisability.
Three factors threaten ring-tailed lemurs. First an foremost is habitat destruction. Stairtin nearly 2,000 years ago wi the introduction o humans tae the island, wids hae been cleared tae produce pastur an agricultural land. Extraction o haurdwids for fuel an lummer, as weel as minin an owergrazin, hae takken thair toll. Thir days, it is estimatit that 90% o Madagascar's oreeginal forest civer haes been lost. Rising populations hae creaut even greater demand in the southwest portion o the island for fuel wid, charcoal, an lummer. Fires frae the clearin o grasslands, as weel as sleesh-an-burn agriculture destroy wids. Anither threat tae the species is hairstin aither for fuid (bush meat) or pets. Finally, periodic drocht common tae soothren Madagascar can impact populations awready in decline. In 1991 an 1992, for ensample, a severe drocht caused an abnormally heich mortality rate amang infants an females at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. Twa year later, the population haed declined bi 31% an teuk near fower year tae stairt tae rekiver.
The ring-tailed lemur bides in several pertected auries athin its range, ilkane o thaim offerin varyin levels o pertection. At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, a holistic approach tae in-situ conservation haes been takken. No anly daes field research an resoorce management involve international students an local fowk (includin schuil childer), livestock management is uised at the peripheral zones o the reserve an ecotourism benefits the local fowk.
Ootwi its diminishin habitat an ither threats, the ring-tailed lemur reproduces readily an haes fared weel in captivity. For this reason, alang wi its popularity, it haes acome the maist populous lemur in zoos warldwide, wi mair nor 2500 in captivity as o 2009. It is the maist common o aw captive primates. Ex situ facilities actively involved in the conservation o the ring-tailed lemur include the Duke Lemur Center in Durham, NC, the Lemur Conservation Foundation in Myakka City, FL an the Madagascar Fauna Group headquartered at the Saint Louis Zoo. Due tae the heich success o captive breedin, reintroduction is a possibility if wild populations war tae crash. Tho experimental releases hae met success on St. Catherines Island in Georgia, demonstratin that captive lemurs can readily adapt tae thair environment an exhibit a fou range o naitural behaviours, captive release isnae currently bein considered.
Ring-tailed lemur populations can benefit frae drocht intervention, due tae the availability o watterin troughs an introduced fruit trees, as seen at the Berenty Private Reserve in soothren Madagascar. Housomiver, thir interventions arenae ay seen favorably, syne naitural population fluctuations are nae permitted. The species is thocht tae hae evolved its heich fecundity due tae its harsh environment.
Cultural references
The first mention o the ring-tailed lemur in Western literature came in 1625 whan Inglis traiveler an writer Samuel Purchas descrivit them as bein comparable in size tae a monkey an haein a tod-lik lang heich wi black an white rings.
It haes been popularized in Western culture bi the Animal Planet televeesion series Lemur Street, as weel as bi the character King Julien in the animatit Madagascar film an TV franchise. The ring-tailed lemur wis the focus o the 1996 Nature documentary A Lemur's Tale, whilk wis filmed at the Berenty Reserve an follaed a troop o lemurs. The troop included a special infant named Sapphire, wha wis near albino, wi white fur, bricht blue een, an the characteristic ringed tail.
This species played a role in the 1997 comedy film Fierce Creatures, starring John Cleese, who haes a passion for lemurs. Cleese later hosted the 1998 BBC documentary ''In t tracked the progress o a reintroduction o black-an-white ruffed lemurs back intae the Betampona Reserve in Madagascar. The project haed been partly funded bi Cleese's donation o the proceeds frae the Lunnon premier o Fierce Creatures.
AvtoVAZ
AvtoVAZ (АвтоВАЗ) is the Roushie automobile manufacturer umwhile kent as VAZ: Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod (ВАЗ, Во́лжский автомоби́льный заво́д), but better kent tae the warld unner the tred name Lada. The company wis established in the late 1960s in collaboration wi Fiat. The current company name contains the semantic pleonasm "AvtoVAZ", which staunds for "Avtomobilniy Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod" ("Automobile Volga Automobile Plant"). AvtoVAZ is the lairgest company in the Roushie automotive industrie. It is 25% awned bi French carmaker Renault.
El Chapo
Chapo or El Chapo mey refer tae:
David Guetta
Pierre David Guetta (, ; born 7 November 1967), commonly kent as David Guetta, is a French house muisic producer an disc jockey (DJ). Oreeginally a DJ at nichtclubs durin the 1980s an 1990s, he co-foondit Gum Productions an released his first album, Just a Little More Love, in 2002. Later, he released Guetta Blaster (2004) an Pop Life (2007).
Guetta achievit mainstream success wi his 2009 album One Love which includit the hit singles "When Love Takes Over", "Gettin' Over You", "Sexy Bitch", aw three o which reached #1 in the UK, an "Memories". The 2011 follaeup album, Nothing but the Beat, continued this success, conteenin the hit singles "Where Them Girls At", "Little Bad Girl", "Without You", "Titanium" an "Turn Me On".
David Guetta haes sauld ower sax million albums an 15 million singles warldwide. In 2011 Guetta wis voted as the #1 DJ in the 'DJ Mag Tap 100 DJs' fan poll.
Biografie
In the mid-1990s, Guetta played in clubs includin Le Centrale, the Rex, Le Boy, an Folies. Released in 1994 Guetta's seicont single, a collaboration with American hoose vocalist Robert Owens titled "Up & Away", wis a minor club hit. In 1994, David Guetta became the manager o Le Palace nichtclub an he continued tae organise pairties thare an in ither clubs, sic as the "Scream" pairties in Les Bains Douches.
2001–2006: Just a Little More Love an Guetta Blaster
In 2001, David Guetta alang wi Joachim Garraud foondit Gum Productions, an in the same year Guetta's first hit single, "Just A Little More Love", featurin American sangster Chris Willis wis released. Willis wis vacationin in Fraunce when he met Guetta. Guetta's debut album Just A Little More Love wis released in 2002 on Virgin Records an sold over 300,000 copies. The follae-up singles, ("Love Don't Let Me Go", "People Come People Go" an "Give Me Something"), wur released in 2002. Guetta released a compilation, Fuck Me I'm Famous, in 2003, namit efter his pairty in Ibiza. It includit "Just for One Day (Heroes)", a remix o David Bowie's song "Heroes". Later in his career, Guetta continued recordin compilations unner that title.
Guetta's seicont album, Guetta Blaster, wis released in 2004. It released fower singles: "Money" an "Stay" featurin Chris Willis an "The World Is Mine" an "In Love With Myself" featurin JD Davis. In 2006 the Just a Little More Love single "Love Don't Let Me Go" wis re-released as a mash-up wi the Tocadisco remix o "Walking Away" bi The Egg. The mash-up single entitled "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)" wis chairtit heicher than the oreeginal release o the sang.
2007–09: Pop Life
"Delirious" featurt the vocals o Tara McDonald who co wrote the record an aw. The sang wis released as the album's fowert single on 31 Januar 2008. The sang chairtit #27 Austrian singles chairt, #17 Belgian (Flanders) chairt, #2 Belgian (Wallonie) singles chairt. #12 Dutch singles chairt, #16 French singles chart, #16 Swiss singles chairt, #36 Hungary singles chairt, #29 Romanie singles chairt, #51 Swadish singles chairt. The remixes o the sang, includin mixes bi Fred Rister, Marc Mysterio, Laidback Luke, an Arno Cost an Norman Doray wur released. A video clip for the sang wis filmit bi Denys Thibaut in Montreal, featurin David Guetta an Tara McDonald, picturin an executive assistant throwin paint aw ower her boss's office. Tara McDonald wis the iver vocalist that David Guetta iver featurt in the video clip. Tara McDonald sang "You're Not Alone" frae this album an aw.
He played in mony kintras aroond the warld tae promote the album. He played in Mauritius in Januar 2008, accompaniet bi French rapper JoeyStarr. In the same year, he an his wife Cathy planned a new event which teuk place in the Stade de France on 5 Julie 2008 an aw. The event wis cried "UNIGHTED", he performit wi Tiësto, Carl Cox, Joachim Garraud an Martin Solveig in front o a croud o 40,000.
In 2009, he wis placit third in the "Top 100 DJs" poll bi DJ Magazine, an wis electit "Best House DJ" bi DJ Awards in 2008. Syne Apryle 2009, Guetta haed his awn radio show on the internet radio station RauteMusik on Seturday fore-nicht. The show wis efterwards muivit intae Radio 538, bein aired ivery Friday foreinicht efter Tiësto's Club Life. Its name is DJ Mix. Guetta performs a ane-hoor set o hoose muisic, presentin mainly new talents inside.
2009–2010: One Love an internaitional breakthrou
David Guetta's fowert studio album, One Love, wis released in August 2009. Its first single "When Love Takes Over", which featurt Kelly Rowland, peakit at #1 on the UK Singles Chart and topped mony ither kintras warldwide. His seicont single frae the album, "Sexy Bitch" featurin Akon, became his seicont #1 in the UK. "One Love" featurin Estelle, "Memories" featurin Kid Cudi, "Revolver" featurin Madonna an Lil Wayne, and "Gettin' Over You" featurin Chris Willis, Fergie an LMFAO follaeed. As o Mey 2011 the album haed sauld three million copies warldwide. Guetta's fowert studio album One Love wis nominatit as "Best Electronic/Dance Album" at the 52nd Grammy Awards. His sang "When Love Takes Over" featurin American R&B sangster Kelly Rowland receivit twa nominations; Best Dance Recording an Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical, an wan the latter. Efter conflicts ower whether or no a album re-issue shoud go aheid, One More Love wis released on 29 November 2010. First single, titled "Who's That Chick?" featurin Rihanna wis released a few weeks prior.
On 16 Juin 2009, The Black Eyed Peas released the David Guetta-producit "I Gotta Feeling" as thair seicont single frae thair fift studio album, The E.N.D.. It became a warldwide hit toppin the chairts in seiventeen kintras. It became the maist dounloadit sang o aw-time in the Unitit States wi amaist 7.5 million dounloads an in the Unitit Kinrick sellin mair nor 1 million copies. He wis nominatit twice for his wirk wi The Black Eyed Peas at the 52nd Grammy Awards; in the category Record o the Year for "en:I Gotta Feeling" an Album o the Year for thair album The E.N.D.. In 2010, David Guetta co-wrote an producit Kelly Rowland's "Commander" frae her third album Here I Am. It peakit at nummer ane on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs chairt in the Unitit States, an reached tap ten poseetions in Belgium an the Unitit Kinrick. Guetta haes co-producit "Forever and a Day", which wis Kelly's next UK single frae that album. Guetta producit the singles "Acapella" an "Scream" for American sangster-sangwriter Kelis's fift studio album, Flesh Tone an aw, released on 14 Mey 2010. "Acapella" wis released as the lead single on 23 Februar 2010 an toppit the dance chairts in the Unitit Kinrick an Unitit States. On 28 Juin 2010 American rapper Flo Rida released the single "Club Can't Handle Me" featurin David Guetta. The sang is includit on the soundtrack album tae the American 3D dance film Step Up 3D.
2011–13: Nothing but the Beat & Jack Back Records
Guetta's fift studio album, Nothing But The Beat wis released on 30 August 2011. It wis released as a dooble-disc album; ane disc bein vocal an the ither bein electronic. Guetta wis inspired bi rock baunds sic as Kings of Leon an Coldplay tae add rock influences tae his dance productions. "Where Them Girls At" featurin Flo Rida an Nicki Minaj, the first single aff the album, wis released warldwide on 2 Mey 2011. "Little Bad Girl", wi Taio Cruz an Ludacris, wis released as the seicont single on 28 Juin 2011. The third single, "Without You" wi Usher, wis released on 27 September 2011. David haes released fower promotional singles for Nothing But the Beat which war "Titanium" wi Sia an aw, "Lunar" wi Afrojack, "Night of Your Life" wi Jennifer Hudson an The Alphabeat (song). The album featurs the hit singles "Sweat" wi Snoop Dogg an "Turn Me On" wi Nicki Minaj an aw.
An aw last year, Guetta teamit up wi Afrojack an Tara McDonald again tae release "Pandemonium" on his FMIF Ibiza Mix 2011 compilation throu EMI records.
Guetta performit alangside Nicky Romero an Nervo at Lunnon's Alexandra Palace on 1 Juin 2012 an aw.
A re-release o Nothing but the Beat, titled Nothing but the Beat 2.0, wis released on 7 September 2012. The first single frae the album, "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)", which saw Guetta collaborate wi Sia yet again, wis released in support o the album. The next single aff Nothing But The Beat 2.0 haes been confirmed bi Guetta as "Just One Last Time" which features vocals frae Swadish duo Taped Rai. In 2012, Guetta made an album namit Nothing But The Beat: Ultimate an aw, which combined the twa albums Nothing But The Beat an Nothing But The Beat 2.0 thegither. In Simmer 2012 David Guetta played in Finland in Weekend Festival an he wis the festival's heidliner for year 2013 an aw. The third single frae Nothing but the Beat 2.0 is "Play Hard"
Nothing But the Beat is a featur-lenth biographical documentar aboot David Guetta an his rise tae fame an aw, featurin mony o his collaborators, includin Kelly Rowland, will.i.am an Snoop Dogg. It wis made in collaboration wi the energy drink, burn, wi whom Guetta became a buist ambassador frae 2011. Thegither wi burn, Guetta providit support an mentorin for the burn-sponsored "burn studios residency" program an aw for up-an-comin DJs.
Guetta haes creatit a new record label kent as Jack Back Records (namit efter whom he haes collaboratit wi in the sang "Wild One Two"), whaur he intends tae focus anerly on electronic releases. The first release o this new label is his collaboration wi Nicky Romero, "Metropolis", which is a track frae Nothing but the Beat 2.0. Aw releases can be foond on Beatport. Whilst on tour wi Rihanna, he debuted his new track at Twickenham Stadium on 15 Juin 2013. David Guetta statit "Twickenham, I hope you like this new track, it's brand new and you're the first people in the world to hear it." The single, cried "Ain't a Party", an it wis released on 8 Julie 2013. It is a collaboration atween GLOWINTHEDARK an Harrison. Guetta released the airtwirk for his new single on his Instagram profile on 19 Juin 2013.
On 26 September 2013, Guetta unveiled the muisic video for new track "One Voice" featurin indie sangster Mikky Ekko. It wis released on 4 November as pairt o the UN's humanitarian campaign cried The World Needs More.
On Lady Gaga's new album ARTPOP, he wrote an producit the sang "Fashion!"
He haed sangwritin an production contreibutions tae Britney Spears' aicht studio album Britney Jean an aw.
Personal life
His faither wis a restaurateur o Moroccan Jewish strynd, an his mither is o Belgian strynd. He is marriet tae socialite an nicht club manager Cathy Guetta syne 1992; thay celebratit thair 20t weddin anniversary in 2010 an thay hae twa childer, Tim Elvis Eric (born 9 Februar 2004) an Angie Guetta (born 23 September 2007).
Cuenca, Batangas
Cuenca is a fowert cless municipality in the province o Batangas, Philippines. Accordin tae the 2010 census, it haes a population o 31,236 fowk.
Ance a pairt o San Jose, it became an independent toun unner the name o "Cuenca" in 1876. Its famous tourist attraction is the 600 m heich Munt Maculot.
The Patron o Cuenca is Saunt Isidore the Laborer, the patron o fermers celebrates his feast day durin 15 Mey.
Barangays
Cuenca is poleetically subdividit intae 21 barangays. Don Juan wis constitutit as a barrio in 1954 frae the sitios o Lungos ng Parang, Kulit, Lumampao, Pisa, Napapanayam an Lagundian.
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate (الخلافة العباسية al-Khilāfah al-‘Abbāsīyah) wis the third o the Islamic caliphates tae succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It wis foondit bi a dynasty descendit frae Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), frae that the dynasty taks its name. Thay ruled as caliphs for maist o the caliphate frae thair caipital in Baghdad in modren-day Iraq, efter haein owerthrawn the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution o 750 CE (132 AH).
The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its govrenment in Kufa, modren-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur foondit the ceety o Baghdad, near the auncient Sasanian caipital ceety o Ctesiphon. The Abbasid period wis merkit bi reliance on Persie bureaucrats (notably the Barmakid faimily) for govrenin the territories as weel as an increasin inclusion o non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (naitional commonty). Persianate customs war braidly adoptit bi the ruling elite, an thay begoud patronage o airtists an scholarts. Baghdad becam a centre o science, cultur, filosofie an invention in whit becam kent as the Gowden Age o Islam.
Despite this ineetial cooperation, the Abbasids o the late 8t century haed alienated baith non-Arab mawali (clients) an Iranian bureaucrats. Thay war forced tae cede authority ower Al-Andalus an the Maghreb tae the Umayyads in 756, Morocco tae the Idrisid dynasty in 788, Ifriqiya tae the Aghlabids in 800 an Egyp tae the Isma'ili-Shia caliphate o the Fatimids in 969.
Santiago Suchilquitongo
Santiago Suchilquitongo is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wast Mexico. The municipality kivvers an area o 44.65km². It is pairt o the Etla Destrict in the Valles Centrales region. As o 2005, the municipality haes a tot population o 8,518.
Abbasid Caliphate
The poleetical pouer o the caliphs lairgely endit wi the rise o the Iranian Buyids an the Seljuq Turks, that ilk capturt Baghdad in 945 an 1055 respectively. Awtho Abbasid leadership ower the vast Islamic empire wis gradually reduced tae a ceremonial releegious function, the dynasty retained control ower its Mesopotamian domeen. The Abbasids' period o cultural frueetion endit in 1258 wi the sack o Baghdad bi the Mongols unner Hulagu Khan. The Abbasid line o rulers, an Muslim cultur in general, re-centred themsels in the Mamluk caipital o Cairo in 1261. Tho lackin in poleetical pouer, the dynasty conteena'd tae claim releegious authority till efter the Ottoman conquest o Egyp in 1517.
Abbasid Revolution (750–751)
The Abbasid caliphs war Arabs descendit frae Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, ane o the youngest uncles o Muhammad an o the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids claimed tae be the true successors o Prophet Muhammad in replacin the Umayyad descendants o Banu Umayya bi virtue o thair closer bluidline tae Muhammad.
In the ring o Marwan II, this opposeetion culminatit in the rebellion o Ibrahim the Imam, the fowert in strynd frae Abbas. Supportit bi the province o Khorasan (Eastren Persie), even tho the govrenor opponed them, an the Shia Arabs, he achieved conseederable success, but wis capturt in the year 747 an dee'd, possibly assassinated, in preeson.
On 9 Juin 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), Abu Muslim, risin frae Khorasan, successfully ineetiatit an appen revolt against Umayyad rule, that wis cairied oot unner the sign o the Black Staundart. Close tae 10,000 sodgers war unner Abu Muslim's command whan the hostilities offeecially begoud in Merv. General Qahtaba follaed the fleein govrenor Nasr ibn Sayyar wast defeatin the Umayyads at the Battle o Gorgan, the Battle o Nahāvand an feenally in the Battle o Karbala, aw in the year 748. The quarry wis taken up bi Ibrahim's brither Abdallah, kent bi the name o Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, that defeatit the Umayyads in 750 in the battle near the Great Zab an wis subsequently proclaimed caliph. Efter this loss, Marwan fled tae Egyp, whaur he wis subsequently assassinatit. The remainder o his faimily, baurin ane male, war an aw eliminatit.
Immediately efter thair veectory, As-Saffah sent his forces tae Central Asie, whaur his forces fecht against Tang expansion in the Battle o Talas. The noble Iranian faimily Barmakids, that warinstrumental in biggin Baghdad, introduced the warld's first recordit paper mill in the ceety, sicweys beginnin a new era o intellectual rebirth in the Abbasid domain. As-Saffah focused on pittin doun numerous rebellions in Sirie an Mesopotamie. The Byzantines conducted raids in these early distractions.
Pouer (752–775)
The first chynge the Abbasids, under Al-Mansur, made wis tae muive the empire's caipital frae Damascus, in Sirie, tae Baghdad in Iraq. This wis tae baith appease as weel tae be closer tae the Persie mawali support base that existit in this region mair influenced bi Persie history an cultur, an pairt o the Persie mawali demand for less Arab dominance in the empire. Baghdad wis established on the Tigris River in 762. A new poseetion, that of the vizier, wis an aw established tae delegate central authority, an even greater authority wis delegatit tae local emirs.
This eventually meant that mony Abbasid caliphs war relegatit tae a mair ceremonial role than unner the Umayyads, as the viziers begoud tae exert greater influence, an the role o the auld Arab aristocracy wis slawly replaced bi a Persie bureaucracy. In Al-Mansur's time control o Al-Andalus wis lost, an the Shia revoltit an war defeatit a year later at the Battle o Bakhamra.
The Abbasids haed dependit hivily on the support o Persies in thair owerthraw o the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, Al-Mansur welcomed nan-Arab Muslims tae his coort. While this helped integrate Arab an Persie culturs, it alienatit mony o thair Arab supporters, pairteecularly the Khorasanian Arabs that had supportit them in thair battles against the Umayyads.
Thir fissurs in thair support led tae immediate problems. The Umayyads, while oot o pouer, war nae destroyed. The anerly survivin member o the Umayyad ryal faumily, that haed been aw but annihilatit, ultimately made his way tae Spain whaur he established himsel as an independent Emir (Abd ar-Rahman I, 756). In 929, Abd ar-Rahman III assumed the teetle o Caliph, establishin Al Andalus frae Córdoba as a rival tae Baghdad as the legitimate caipital o the Islamic Empire.
Abbasid Gowden Age (775–861)
The Abbasid leadership haed tae wirk haurd in the last hauf o the 8t century (750–800), unner several competent caliphs an thair viziers tae owercome the poleetical challenges creatit bi the faur flung naitur o the empire, an the leemitit communication athort it an usher in the admeenistrative chynges needit tae keep order. It wus an aw in this early period o the dynasty, in pairteecular in the govrenance o al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, an al-Ma'mun, that the reputation an pouer o the dynasty wis creatit.
Al-Mahdi restairtit the fechtin wi the Byzantines an his sons conteena'd the conflict till Empress Irene pushed for peace. Efter several years o peace, Nikephoros I brak the treaty, then fendit aff multiple incursions in the first decade o the 9t century. Thir attacks pushed intae the Taurus Muntains culminatin wi a veectory at the Battle o Krasos an the massive invasion o 806, led bi Rashid himsel.
Rashid's navy an aw pruived successfu as he teuk Cyprus. Eventually, the momentum turned an muckle o the laund gained wis lost. Rashid decidit tae focus on the rebellion o Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khorasan an dee'd while there. While the Byzantine Empire wis fechtin Abbasid rule in Sirie an Anatolie, militar operations in this period war meenimal, as the caliphate focused on internal maiters, its govrenors exertin greater autonomy an uisin thair increasin pouer tae mak thair poseetions hereditary.
At the same time, the Abbasids faced challenges closer tae hame. Harun al-Rashid turned on the Barmakids, a Persie faimily that haed grawn signeeficantly in pouer within the admeenistration o the state an killt maist o the faimily. In the same period, several factions begoud aither tae leave the empire for ither launds or tae tak control o distant pairts o the empire awey frae the Abbasids. The ring o al-Rashid an his sons war conseedert tae be the apex o the Abbasids.
Efter Rashid's death, the empire wis split bi a ceevil war atween the caliph al-Amin an his brither al-Ma'mun that had the support o Khorasan. This war endit wi a twa-year siege o Baghdad an the eventual daith o al-Amin in 813. Al-Ma'mun ruled for 20 years o relative caum interspersed wi a rebellion supportit bi the Byzantines in Azerbaijan bi the Khurramites. Al-Ma'mun wis an aw responsible for the creaution o an autonomous Khorasan, an the conteena'd repulsin o Byzantine forays.
Al-Mu'tasim gained pouer in 833 an his rule merkit the end o the strang caliphs. He strenthened his personal airmy wi Turkis mercenaries an promptly restairtit the war wi the Byzantines. His militar excursions war generally successfu culminatin wi a resoondin veectory in the Sack o Amorium. His attempt at seizin Constantinople failed whan his fleet wis destroyed bi a storm. The Byzantines restairtit the fechtin bi sackin Damietta in Egyp. Al-Mutawakkil respondit bi sendin his truips intae Anatolie again, sackin an maraudin till thay war eventually annihilatit in 863.
Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945)
Even bi 820, the Samanids had begun the process o exercisin independent authority in Transoxiana an Greater Khorasan, as haed the Twaler-Shia Hamdanids in Northren Sirie, an the succeedin Tahirid an Saffarid dynasties o Iran. The Saffarids, frae Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, an the Tulunids teuk control o maist o Sirie. The trend o waikenin o the central pouer an strenthenin o the minor caliphates on the periphery conteena'd.