cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Abbasid Caliphate
Fractur tae autonomous dynasties (861–945)
Al-Mustakfi haed a short ring frae 944–946, an it wis in this period that the Persie faction kent as the Buyids frae Daylam swept intae pouer an assumed control ower the bureaucracy in Baghdad. Accordin tae the history o Miskawayh, thay begoud distributin iqtas (fiefs in the form o tax ferms) tae thair supporters. This period o localised secular control wis tae last nearly 100 years. The loss o Abbasid pouer tae the Buyids wad shift as the Seljuks wad tak ower frae the Persies.
At the end o the aicht century the Abbasids foond thay coud na langer keep a huge polity lairger nor that o Roum thegither frae Baghdad. In 793 the Zaydi-Shia dynasty o Idrisids set up a state frae Fez in Morocco, while a faimily o govrenors unner the Abbasids becam increasinly independent till thay foondit the Aghlabid Emirate frae the 830s. Al-Mu'tasim stairtit the dounwart slide bi utilisin non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal airmy. An aw in this period officers stairtit assassinatin superiors wi that thay fawed oot wi, in pairteecular the caliphs.
Bi the 870s Egyp becam autonomous unner Ahmad ibn Tulun. In the East as weel, govrenors decreased thair ties tae the centre. The Saffarids o Herat an the Samanids o Bukhara haed braken awey frae the 870s, cultivatin a muckle mair Persianate cultur an statecraft. Bi this time anerly the central launds o Mesopotamie war unner direct Abbasid control, wi Palestine an the Hijaz eften managed bi the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, haed begun tae push Arab Muslims faur east in Anatolie.
Bi the 920s, the situation haed chynged faur, as North Africae wis lost tae the Abbasids. A Shia sect anerly recognisin the first five Imams an tracin its ruits tae Muhammad's dochter Fatima teuk control o Idrisid an then Aghlabid domeens. Cried the Fatimid dynasty, thay had advanced tae Egyp in 969, establishin thair caipital near Fustat in Cairo, that thay biggit as a bastion o Shia learin an politics. Bi 1000 thay haed acome the chief poleetical an ideological challenge tae Sunni Islam in the form o the Abbasids. Bi this time the latter state had fragmentit intae several govrenorships that, while recognisin caliphal authority frae Baghdad, did maistly as thay wantit, fechtin wi ilk ither. The Caliph himsel wis unner 'pertection' o the Buyid Emirs that possessed aw o Iraq an wastren Iran, an war quietly Shia in thair sympathies.
Ootside Iraq, aw the autonomous provinces slawly teuk on the chairactereestic o de facto states wi hereditary rulers, airmies, an revenues an operatit unner anerly nominal caliph suzerainty, that mey nae necessarily be reflectit bi ony contreibution tae the thesaury, sic as the Soomro Emirs that haed gained control o Sindh an ruled the entire province frae thair caipital o Mansura. Mahmud o Ghazni teuk the teetle o sultan, as opponed tae the "amir" that haed been in mair common uissage, seegnifeein the Ghaznavid Empire's unthirldom frae caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays o Sunni orthodoxy an reetual submission tae the caliph. In the 11t century, the loss o respect for the caliphs conteena'd, as some Islamic rulers na langer mentioned the caliph's name in the Fryday khutba, or struck it aff thair coinage.
The Isma'ili Fatimid dynasty o Cairo contestit the Abbasids for even the teetular authority o the Islamic ummah. Thay commandit some support in the Shia sections o Baghdad (sic as Karkh), awtho Baghdad wis the ceety maist closely connectit tae the caliphate, even in the Buyid an Seljuq eras. The Fatimids' green banners contrastit wi Abbasids' black, an the challenge o the Fatimids anerly endit wi thair dounfaw in the 12t century.
Buyid an Seljuq control (945–1118)
Despite the pouer o the Buyid amirs, the Abbasids reteened a heichly reetualised coort in Baghdad, as descrived bi the Buyid bureaucrat Hilal al-Sabi', an thay retained a certain influence ower Baghdad as weel as releegious life. As Buyid pouer waned efter the daith o Baha' al-Daula, the caliphate wis able tae regain some meisur o strenth. The caliph al-Qadir, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia wi writins sic as the Baghdad Manifesto. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itsel, attemptin tae prevent the ootbreak o fitnas in the caipital, eften contendin wi the ayyarun
Ance again, the Abbasids war forced tae deal wi a military pouer that thay coud nae match, tho the Abbasid caliph remeened the teetular heid o the Islamic commonty. The succeedin sultans Alp Arslan an Malikshah, as weel as thair vizier Nizam al-Mulk, teuk up residence in Persie, but held pouer ower the Abbasids in Baghdad. Whan the dynasty begoud tae waiken in the 12t century, the Abbasids gained greater unthirldom ance again.
Revival o militar strenth (1118–1258)
While the Caliph al-Mustarshid wis the first caliph tae big an airmy capable o meetin a Seljuk airmy in battle, he wis nanetheless defeatit in 1135 an assassinatit. The Caliph al-Muqtafi wus the first Abbasid Caliph tae regain the full militar unthirldom o the Caliphate, wi the help o his vizier Ibn Hubayra. Efter nearly 250 years o subjection tae furrin dynasties, he successfully defendit Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the siege o Baghdad (1157), sicweys siccarin Iraq for the Abbasids. The ring o al-Nasir (d. 1225) brocht the caliphate back intae pouer ootthrou Iraq, based in lairge part on the Sufi futuwwa organisations that the caliph heidit. Al-Mustansir biggit the Mustansiriya Schuil, in an attempt tae eclipse the Seljuq-era Nizamiyya biggit bi Nizam al-Mulk.
Mongol invasion (1206–1258)
In 1206, Genghis Khan established a pouerfu dynasty amang the Mongols o central Asie. In the 13t century, this Mongol Empire conquered maist o the Eurasie laund mass, includin baith Cheenae in the east an muckle o the auld Islamic caliphate (as weel as Kievan Rus') in the wast. Hulagu Khan's destruction o Baghdad in 1258 is tradeetionally seen as the approximate end o the Golden Age. Mongols feared that a supernaitural disaster wad strick if the bluid o Al-Musta'sim, a direct descendant o Muhammad's uncle Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, an the last ringin Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, wis spilled. The Shia o Persia statit that na sic calamity haed happened efter the daith o Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle o Kerbala; nivertheless, as a precaution an in accordance wi a Mongol taboo that forbade spillin ryal bluid, Hulagu haed Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a cairpet an trampled tae daith bi horse on 20 Februar 1258. The Caliph's immediate faimily wis an aw executit, wi the lone exceptions o his youngest son that wis sent tae Mongolie, an a dochter that becam a sclave in the harem o Hulagu.
Abbasid Caliphate o Cairo (1261–1517)
In the 9t century, the Abbasids creatit an airmy leal anerly tae thair caliphate, componed o non-Arab oreegin fowk, kent as Mamluks. This force, creatit in the ring o al-Ma'mun (813–33) an his brither an successor al-Mu'tasim (833–42), preventit the forder disintegration o the empire. The Mamluk airmy, tho eften viewed negatively, baith helped an hurt the caliphate. Early on, it providit the govrenment wi a stable force tae address domestic an furrin problems. Houiver, creaution o this furrin airmy an al-Mu'tasim's transfer o the caipital frae Baghdad tae Samarra creatit a diveesion atween the caliphate an the fowks thay claimed tae rule. In addeetion, the pouer o the Mamluks steadily grew till al-Radi (934–41) wis constrained tae haund ower maist o the ryal functions tae Muhammad ibn Ra'iq.
Islamic Gowden Age
The Abbasid historical period lastin tae the Mongol conquest o Baghdad in 1258 CE is conseedert the Islamic Gowden Age. The Islamic Gowden Age wis inauguratit bi the middle o the 8t century bi the ascension o the Abbasid Caliphate an the transfer o the caipital frae Damascus tae Baghdad. The Abbassids war influenced bi the Qur'anic injunctions an hadith sic as "the ink o a scholart is mair haly nor the bluid o a mairtyr" stressin the vailyie o knawledge. In this period the Muslim warld becam an intellectual centre for science, filosofie, medicine an eddication as the Abbasids championed the cause o knawledge an established the Hoose o Wicedom in Baghdad; whaur baith Muslim an nan-Muslim scholarts socht tae translate an gaither aw the warld's knawledge intae Arabic. Mony clessic warks o antiquity that wad itherwise hae been lost war translatit intae Arabic an Persie an later in turn translatit intae Turkis, Ebreu an Laitin. In this period the Muslim warld wis a caudron o culturs that collectit, synthesized an signeeficantly advanced the knawledge gained frae the auncient Roman, Cheenese, Indie, Persie, Egyptian, North African, Greek an Byzantine ceevilisations. "In virtually ivery field o endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics an so forth—the Caliphate's scientists war in the forefront o scienteefic advance."
Science
The rings o Harun al-Rashid (786–809) an his successors fostered an age o great intellectual achievement. In lairge part, this wis the result o the schismatic forces that haed unnermined the Umayyad regime, that relied on the assertion o the superiority o Arab cultur as pairt o its claim tae legitimacy, an the Abbasids' welcomin o support frae nan-Arab Muslims. It is weel established that the Abbasid caliphs modeled thair admeenistration on that o the Sassanids. Harun al-Rashid's son, Al-Ma'mun (that's mither wis Persie), is even quotit as sayin: "The Persies ruled for a thoosand years an did nae need us Arabs even for a day. We hae been rulin them for ane or twa centuries an canna dae withoot them for an oor."
A nummer o medieval thinkers an scientists leevin unner Islamic rule played a role in transmittin Islamic science tae the Christian Wast. In addeetion, the period saw the rekivery o muckle o the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric an astronomical knawledge, sic as that o Euclid an Claudius Ptolemy. Thir rekivert mathematical methods war later enhanced an developit bi ither Islamic scholarts, notably bi Persie scientists Al-Biruni an Abu Nasr Mansur.
Christians (pairteecularly Nestorian Christians) contreibutit tae the Arab Islamic Ceevilisation in the Ummayads an the Abbasids bi translatin warks o Greek filosofers tae Syriac an efterwart tae Arabic. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation o Arab cultur, wi the Jundishapur schuil bein prominent in the late Sassanid, Umayyad an early Abbasid periods. Notably, aicht generations o the Nestorian Bukhtishu faimily served as preevat doctors tae caliphs an sultans atween the aicht an elevent centuries.
Algebra wis signeeficantly developit bi Persie scientist Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in this time in his laundmerk text, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala, frae that the term algebra is derived. He is sicweys conseedert tae be the faither o algebra bi some, awtho the Greek mathematician Diophantus haes an aw been gien this teetle. The terms algorism an algorithm are derived frae the name o al-Khwarizmi, that wis an aw responsible for introducin the Arabic numerals an Hindu-Arabic numeral system ayont the Indie subcontinent.
Arab scientist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) developed an early scienteefic method in his Beuk o Optics (1021). The maist important development o the scienteefic method wis the uise o experiments tae distinguish atween competin scienteefic theories set within a generally empirical orientation, that begoud amang Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's empirical pruif o the intromission theory o licht (that is, that licht rays entered the een raither than bein emittit bi them) wis pairteecularly important. Alhazen wis signeeficant in the history o scienteefic method, pairteecularly in his approach tae experimentation, and has been referred to as the "world’s first true scientist".
Medicine in medieval Islam wis an aurie o science that advanced pairteecularly in the Abbasids' ring. In the 9t century, Baghdad conteened ower 800 doctors, an great diskiveries in the unnerstaundin o anatomy an diseases war made. The clinical distinction atween maisles and smawpox wis descrived in this time. Famous Persie scientist Ibn Sina (kent tae the Wast as Avicenna) produced treatises an warks that summarised the vast amoont o knawledge that scientists haed accumulatit, an wis verra influential throu his encyclopaedias, The Canon o Medicine an The Beuk o Healin. The wark o him an mony ithers directly influenced the resairch o European scientists in the Renaissance.
Muslim alchemists influenced medieval European alchemists, pairteecularly the writins attributit tae Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber). A nummer o chemical processes sic as distillation techniques ear developed in the Muslim warld an then spreid tae Europe.
Leeteratur
The best kent feection frae the Islamic warld is The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts, a collection o fantastical fowk tales, leegends an parables compiled primarily in the Abbassid era. The collection is recordit as haein oreeginatit frae an Arabic translation o a Sassanian era Persie prototeep, wi likely oreegins in Indie leeterar tradeetions. Stories frae Arabic, Persie, Mesopotamie, an Egyptian fowklair an leeteratur war later incorporatit. The epic is believed tae hae taken shape in the 10t century an reached its feenal form bi the 14t century; the nummer an teep o tales hae varied frae ane manuscript tae anither. Aw Arabian fantasie tales war eften cried "Arabian Nichts" whan translatit intae Inglis, regairdless o whether thay appeared in The Beuk o Ane Thoosand an Ane Nichts. This epic haes been influential in the Wast syne it wis translatit in the 18t century, first bi Antoine Galland. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various chairacters frae this epic hae themsels acome cultural icons in Wastren cultur, sic as Aladdin, Sinbad an Ali Baba.
A famous example o Islamic poetry on romance wis Layla an Majnun, an oreeginally Arabic story that wis faur developed bi Iranian, Azerbaijani an ither poets in Persian, Azerbaijani, Turkis leids. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet.
Arabic poetry reached its greatest hicht in the Abbasid era, especially afore the loss o central authority an the rise o the Persianate dynasties. Writers lik Abu Tammam an Abu Nuwas war closely connectit tae the caliphal coort in Baghdad in the early 9t century, while ithers such as al-Mutanabbi received thair patronage frae regional coorts.
Filosofie
Ane o the common defineetions for "Islamic filosofie" is "the style o filosofie produced within the framewark o Islamic cultur." Islamic filosofie, in this defineetion is naither necessarily concerned wi releegious issues, nor is exclusively produced bi Muslims. Thair warks on Aristotle wis a key step in the transmission o learnin frae auncient Greeks tae the Islamic warld an the Wast. Thay eften correctit the filosofer, encouragin a lively debate in the speerit o ijtihad.
Three speculative thinkers, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, an Avicenna, combined Aristotelianism an Neoplatonism wi ither ideas introduced throu Islam, an Avicennism wis later established as a result. Ither influential Abbasid filosofers include al-Jahiz, an Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen).
Airchitectur
As the pouer shiftit frae the Umayyads tae the Abbasids, the airchitectur styles chynged an aw. The Christian styles evolved intae a style based mair on the Sasanian Empire utilisin mud bricks an baked bricks wi cairved stucco. Anither major development wis the creaution or vast enlairgement o ceeties as thay war turned intae the caipital o the empire. First, stairtin wi the creaution o Baghdad, stairtin in 762, that wis planned as a wawed ceety wi a mosque an pailace in the centre. The waws war tae hae fower gates tae exit the ceety. Al-Mansur, that wis responsible for the creaution o Baghdad, an aw planned the ceety o Raqqa, alang the Euphrates. Feenally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim muived the caipital tae a new steid that he creatit alang the Tigris, cried Samarra. This ceety saw 60 years o wark, wi race-coorses an gemme preserves tae add tae the atmosphere. Due tae the dry remote naitur o the environment, some o the pailaces biggit in this era war isolatit havens. Al-Ukhaidir Fortress is a fine ensaumple o this teep o biggin that haes stables, leevin quarters, an a mosque, aw surroondin inner coortyairds. Ither mosques o this era, sic as the Mosque o Ibn Tulun, in Cairo, an the Great Mosque o Kairouan in Tunisie while ultimately biggit in the Umayyad dynasty, it wis substantially renovatit in the 9t century. This renovation wis sae extensive as tae ostensibly be a rebig, wis in the faurest reaches o the Muslim warld, in an aurie that the Aghlabids controlled; houiver the styles utilized war mainly o the Abbasids. Mesopotamie anerly haes ane survivin mausoleum frae this era, in Samarra. This octagonal dome is the feenal restin place o al-Muntasir. Ither airchitectural innovations an styles war few, sic as the fower-centred arch, an a dome erectit on squinches. Unfortunately, muckle wis lost due tae the ephemeral naitur o the stucco an luster tiles.
Technology
In technology, the Abbasids adoptit papermakkin frae Cheenae. The uise o paper spreid frae Cheenae intae the caliphate in the 8t century CE, arrivin in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) an then the rest o Europe in the 10t century. It wis easier tae manufactur nor pairchment, less likely tae crack nor papyrus, an coud resorb ink, makkin it ideal for makkin records an makkin copies o the Koran. "Islamic paper makkers devised assemmly-line methods o haund-copyin manuscripts tae turn oot edeetions faur lairger nor ony available in Europe for centuries." It wis frae the Abbasids that the rest o the warld learned tae mak paper frae linen. The knawledge o gunpouder wis an aw transmitted frae Cheenae via the caliphate, whaur the formulas for pure potassium nitrate an an explosive gunpouder effect war first developed.
Advances war made in irrigation an fermin, uisin new technology sic as the windmill. Craps such as awmonds an citrus fruit war brocht tae Europe throu al-Andalus, an succar cultivation wis gradually adoptit bi the Europeans. Apairt frae the Nile, Tigris an Euphrates, navigable rivers war uncommon, sae transport bi sea wis verra important. Navigational sciences war heichly developed, makkin uise o a rudimentary sextant (kent as a kamal). Whan combined wi detailed maps o the period, sailors war able tae sail athort oceans raither nor skirt alang the coast. Abbasid sailors war an aw responsible for reintroducin lairge three mastit merchant veshels tae the Mediterranean. The name caravel mey derive frae an earlier Arab ship kent as the qārib. Arab merchants dominatit tred in the Indie Ocean till the arrival o the Portuguese in the 16t century. Hormuz wis an important centre for this tred. Thare wis an aw a dense netwark o tred routes in the Mediterranean, alang that Muslim kintras treddit wi ilk ither an wi European pouers sic as Venice or Genoa. The Silk Road crossin Central Asie passed throu Abbasid caliphate atween Cheenae an Europe.
Lithium
Lithium (frae λίθος) is a chemical element wi symbol Li an atomic nummer 3. It is a saft, siller-white metal belangin tae the alkali metal group o chemical elements. Unner staundart condeetions, it is the lichtest metal annthe lichtest solit element. Lik aw alkali metals, lithium is heichly reactive an flammable, an is stored in mineral ile. Whan cut, it exhibits a metallic luster, but weet air corrodes it quickly tae a dull sillery gray, then black tarnish. It niver occurs freely in naitur, but anly in (uisually ionic) compoonds, sic as pegmatitic minerals, that war ance the main soorce o lithium. Due tae its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean watter an is commonly obteened frae brines. Lithium metal is isolatit electrolytically frae a mixtur o lithium chloride an potassium chloride.
The nucleus o the lithium atom verges on instability, syne the twa stable lithium isotopes foond in nature hae amang the lawest bindin energies per nucleon o aw stable nuclides. Acause o its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar seestem nor 25 o the first 32 chemical elements even tho its nuclei are verra li ht: it is an exception tae the trend that hivier nuclei are less common. For relatit raisons, lithium haes important uises in nuclear physics. The transmutation o lithium atoms tae helium in 1932 wis the first fully man-made nuclear reaction, an lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear wappens.
Lithium an its compoonds hae several industrial applications, includin heat-resistant gless an ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for airn, steel an aluminium production, lithium batteries, an lithium-ion batteries. The uises consume mair nor three quarters o lithium production. Lithium is present in biological seestems in trace amoonts; its functions are uncertaint. Lithium sauts hae pruiven tae be uisefu as a muid-stabilising drog in the treatment o bipolar disorder in humans.
Boniches
Boniches is a municipality locatit in the province o Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It haes a population o 145 (2014).
Legnano
Thanks tae the historic Battle o Legnano, Legnano is the anerly toun, in addeetion tae Roum, namit in the Italian naitional anthem. Ivery year Legnanesi remember this battle wi the Palio delle contrade.
The toun is servit bi Legnano railwey station.
Territory
Legnano is situatit alang the river Olona. The grund is mainly componit o pebbles, gravel, saund an clay. It wis ance covered bi a thin layer o humus, unsuitable for the gowin o firths, sae it wis maistly heathland.
History
The maist auncient proofs a dounset in Legnano dates tae pre-historic times, tae the sae-cried Remedello cultur (21st-19t centuries BC). Later it wis a Celtic centre, conquered bi the Romans in the 1st century BC.
In the Middle Ages, Legnano wis the location o the battle in which Emperor Frederick I wis defeatit bi the Lombard League (1176).
Frae 1820 tae 1915, wi the introduction o numerous textile an mechanical companies, the toun grew frae an agricultural tae an industrial centre. Maist o the textile industries closed in the 1960s: the day the services sector is the maist thrivin ane.
Cultur
Thegither wi Roum, Legnano is the anerly ither ceety mentioned in the Italian naitional anthem bi Goffredo Mameli.
"Legnano" is a famous buist o lichtwicht racin bicycles, namit for the ceety in which thay wur producit. Notably, celebratit racers Gino Bartali an Fausto Coppi rode Legnano bicycles.
Achladokampos
Ahladokambos (Αχλαδόκαμπος) is a veelage an a umwhile commonty in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece. Syne the 2011 local govrenment reform it is pairt o the municipality Argos-Mykines, o which it is a municipal unit. Population 654 (2001). It is locatit on a muntainside approximately midwey atween Argos an Tripoli (~30 km frae each) at an elevation o approximately 450 metres.
The commonty haes, throu a project wi the Meenistry o Development an EEN Hellas SA (a subsidiar o the French energy hauldin company EDF Energies Nouvelles), instawed 10 Vestas V90-3MW wind turbines on the muntain abuin the veelage.
A significant nummer o emigrants frae Achladokampos hae settled in the Unitit States syne the early 20t century an hae formit the Brotherhood of Achladokambiton as a means o keepin in touch.
San Lucas Camotlán
San Lucas Camotlán is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 127.58 km². It is pairt o the Sierra Mixe destrict athin the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca Region.
Croun dependencies
The Croun dependencies (Inglis: Crown dependencies) are three islands aff the coast o Great Breetain whit are sel-govrenin haudins o the Croun: the Bailiwick o Guernsey, the Bailiwick o Jersey an the Isle o Man. Thay are nae pairt o the Unitit Kinrick or the Breetish Owerseas Territories. Thay are conseedert "territories fur whit the Unitit Kinrick is pensie" bi the internaitional community, insteid o soverane states or kintras. Acause o this, thay are nae member states o the Commonweel o Nations. Houaniver, thay dae hae relationship wi the Commonweel, European Union, an ither internaitional organisations, an are members o the Breetish-Erse Cooncil. Thay hae thair ain teams at the Commonweel Gemmes. Thay are nae pairt o the European Union, awtho thay are in the EU's customs aurie.
San Lucas Camotlán
As o 2005, the municipality haed 518 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 2,524 o whom 2,168 spoke a indigenous leid. Aboot 90% o the population is engagit in agricultur, an 10% in ainimal husbandry. The Union o Indigenous Commonties o the Isthmus Region, a cooperative foondit in 1982, assists in production an distribution o the local products, notably coffee, unner a fair trade label.
Langbank railwey station
Langbank railwey station serves the veelage o Langbank in Renfrewshire, Scotland. The station is on the Inverclyde Line, 16 mi wast o Glesga Central station.
Ruidera
Ruidera is a municipality locatit in the province o Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It haes a population o 596.
It is locatit close tae the Lagunas de Ruidera natural lochs.
Cartsdyke railwey station
Cartsdyke railwey station serves pairt o the toun o Greenock, Scotland. The station is on the Inverclyde Line, 22 mi wast o Glesga Central station.
Zhigulyovsk
Etymologie
The name Zhigulyovsk is taken frae the Zhiguli Muntains, but they are namit for an earlier dounset o Zhigulyovka, itsel probably namit for an early inhabitant, Zhegul (Жегуль).
History
The toun occupees the territories o umwhile veelages o Otvazhnoye (Отва́жное, kent syne 1840) an Morkvashi (Моркваши, kent syne 1647). The wirk dounset o Otvazhny (Отва́жный) wis built here tae develop the ile deposits. In 1949, it wis mergit wi the veelages an renamit Zhigulyovsk. It wis grantit toun status in 1952.
Admeenistrative an municipal status
Athin the framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions, it is, thegither wi five landwart localities, incorporatit as the toun o oblast significance o Zhigulyovsk—a admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the destricts. As a municipal diveesion, the toun o oblast significance o Zhigulyovsk is incorporatit as Zhigulyovsk Urban Okrug.
Economy
Besides ile, the toun develops limestane deposits an aw.
Villa La Florida
Villa La Florida is a toun in Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae. It is locatit in the Quilmes Partido in the sooth o the Greater Buenos Aires agglomeration.
William IV o the Unitit Kinrick
William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 Juin 1837) wis Keeng o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland an o Hanover frae 26 Juin 1830 till his daith. The third son o George III, William succeedit his elder brither George IV, as the last king an penultimate monarch o Breetain's Hoose o Hanover.
William served in the Ryal Navy in his youth an wis, baith in his ring an afterwards, nicknamed the "Sailor Keeng". He served in North Americae an the Caribbean. In 1789, he wis creatit Duke o Clarence an St Andras. Syne his twa aulder brithers dee'd withoot leavin legitimate issue, he inheritit the throne whan he wis 64 year auld. His ring saw several reforms: the puir law wis updatit, child labour restrictit, sclavery abolished in nearly aw o the Breetish Empire, an the Breetish electoral seestem refashioned bi the Reform Act 1832. Awtho William did nae engage in politics as muckle as his brither or his faither, he wis the last monarch tae appynt a prime meenister contrar tae the will o Pairlament. Throu his brither Adolphus, the Viceroy o Hanover, he grantit his German kinrick a short-leeved leeberal constitution.
Greenock Central railwey station
Greenock Central station is ane o aicht railwey stations servin the toun o Greenock in wastren Scotland, an is the nearest tae the toun centre. This station, which is staffed, is on the Inverclyde Line, 37 km wast o Glesga Central station towards Gourock. It haes three platforms, twa o which are in uise, wi ane disuised bay platform. This disuised platform is still connectit tae the main line.
Liv and Maddie
Liv and Maddie, teetled Liv and Maddie: Cali Style in its fowert series, is an American teen sitcom creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart that oreeginally aired on Disney Channel frae Julie 19, 2013 tae Mairch 24, 2017. The series starns Dove Cameron in a dual role as identical twin sisters wi entirely different personalities wha are best freends, wi Liv bein an actress wha haes returned tae her home efter fower years o livin in Hollywood starnin in a popular telly series cried Sing It Loud!, an Maddie bein a basketbaw prodigy. The series revolves aroond Liv readjustin tae normal faimily life efter production on Sing It Loud! ended, as well as the twa sisters bein best freends despite thair opposin personalities an different interests. The series stars Joey Bragg, Tenzing Norgay Trainor, Kali Rocha, an Benjamin King as weel, that portray Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, an Pete Rooney, respectively. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's final series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series.
Plot
Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried Sing It Loud!, actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o Stevens Point, Wisconsin tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come home acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, wha is her best friend. Liv is a girly girl wha enjoys anytime someone mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a tomboy wi a facility for basketbaw wha is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a teepical awkward teen wha is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team wha eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in Beloit, Wisconsin, while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series.
In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie, Joey, an later Parker, due tae bein a child prodigy, aw attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose collapses due tae a series o tunnels creatit bi Parker an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in Los Angeles, California. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete wha remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae Malibu, California, tae tak up residence wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby, whaur the series' fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt ways. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried Double Duchess on Broadway, Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in New Orleans, Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi Jim Breuer, an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a biodome in the salt flats o Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia tae study life on Maurs.
A significant featur o the series are documentary-style cutaways whaur major chairacters an the supportin chairacters speak tae the viewers tae expleen various things an thair opinions on the situations in which thay are featurt in each episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried Bits and Pieces, a reference tae Liv and Maddie's workin teetle.
Development
In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed shopped a script o a project cried Bits and Pieces which featurt a blended faimily seemilar tae series lik The Brady Bunch an Step by Step. The series follaed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), who mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal (Cozi Zuehlsdorff) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o Bits and Pieces intae ane aboot a pair o twins. Nou teetled Liv and Maddie, the series began production in Apryle 2013.
The series wis producit unner a jynt ventur atween Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an It's a Laugh Productions. The series' creautors John D. Beck an Ron Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include According to Jim, Hey Arnold!, an Shake It Up!. Thay serrt as executive producers alangside Andy Fickman an aa, that wis the anerly director that pairteecipatit in aw fower series o the series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as well as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series.
Henry VIII o Ingland
Domestically, Henry is kent for his radical chynges tae the Inglis Constitution, usherin in the theory o the divine richt o keengs tae Ingland. Besides assertin the sovereign's supremacy ower the Kirk o Ingland, sicweys initiatin the Inglis Reformation, he greatly expanded ryal pouer. Charges o treason an heresy war commonly uised tae quash dissent, an those accuised war eften executit wioot a formal trial, bi means o bills o attainder. He achieved mony o his poleetical aims throu the wirk o his chief meenisters, some o whom war banished or executit when thay fell oot o his favour. Figurs sic as Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich, an Thomas Cranmer figurt prominently in Henry's admeenistration. An extravagant spender, he uised the proceeds frae the Dissolution o the Monasteries an acts o the Reformation Pairlament tae convert money umwhile peyed tae Roum intae ryal revenue. Despite the influx o money frae thir soorces, Henry wis continually on the verge o financial ruin due tae his personal extravagance as well as his numerous costly continental wars.
Liv and Maddie
Development
On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed Liv and Maddie for a 13-episode seicont series slated tae premiere in faw 2014. The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes. The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel. The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up Liv and Maddie for a fowert series. On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creautor Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016. On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode. On August 19, 2016, it wis annoonced bi the series' creautors, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, that the final series wad be cried Liv and Maddie: Cali Style. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.
Henry VIII o Ingland
His contemporaries considert Henry in his prime tae be an attractive, eddicatit an accomplished king, an he haes been describit as "ane o the maist charismatic rulers tae sit on the Inglis throne". Besides rulin wi considerable pouer, he wis an aa an author an componer. His desire tae provide Ingland wi a male heir – which stemmed pairtly frae personal vanity an pairtly frae his belief that a dauchter wad be unable tae consolidate Tudor pouer an maintain the fragile peace that existit follaein the Wars o the Roses – led tae the twa things for which Henry is maist remembered: his sax marriages an his break wi the Pape (who wad nae allae an annulment o Henry's first marriage). As he aged, Henry acame severely obese an his heal suffered, contreibutin tae his daith in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his later life as a lustfu, egotistical, harsh, an insecur king. He wis succeedit bi his son Edward VI.
Liv and Maddie
Castin
Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012; houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily name o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the Pittsburgh Steelers, a team owned bi the Rooney faimily.
Muisic
A full version o the Liv and Maddie theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013. A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013. The sang wis featurt twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "Californi-A-Rooney", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "End-A-Rooney".
In the pilot, "Twin-A-Rooney", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the Sing It Loud! finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o On Top of the World bi Imagine Dragons. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.
In "Song-A-Rooney", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.
In "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014.
In "Rate-A-Rooney", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin Christina Grimmie an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the Liv and Maddie soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the oreeginal version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015. On Mairch 17, 2015, the Liv and Maddie soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" an aa, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available.
In "Band-A-Rooney", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015.
In "Video-A-Rooney", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series.
In "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016.
In "Falcon-A-Rooney", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017.
In "Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney, Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the point o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017.
Broadcast
Liv and Maddie airs on Disney Channel in the United States an Family Channel in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the Disney Channel Original Movie Teen Beach Movie. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts. The series offeecially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013. The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on Disney Channel on September 5, 2015. La Chaîne Disney in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the US an Canada airin on Apryle 10, 2016. In the UK an Ireland, the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013. In Australia an New Zealand, the series premiered on October 11, 2013. The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015. The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015. The series premiered in Southeast Asia on Januar 10, 2014. In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014. The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015. In India, the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on Disney International HD.
Critical reception
Emily Ashby o Common Sense Media gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik sibling rivalry, statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids." Neil Genzlinger o The New York Times compared the series tae The Patty Duke Show while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."
Port Glesca
Port Glesca (Port Ghlaschu,, Port Glasgow) is the seicont lairgest toun in the Inverclyde cooncil aurie o Scotland. The population accordin tae the 1991 census for Port Glesga wis 19,426 persons an in the 2001 census wis 16,617 persons. It is locatit immediately tae the east o Greenock an wis previously a burgh in the umwhile coonty o Renfrew.
Santo Domingo Ingenio
Santo Domingo Ingenio is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. It is pairt o the Juchitán Destrict in the wast o the Istmo de Tehuantepec region.
Environs
The municipality covers a aurie o 354.68 km² at a average elevation o 40 metres abuin sea level. The laund is generally flat, pairt o the Paceefic coastal plain o the Isthmus, wi some hills in the northren pairt. Some streams flow northwaird, feedin the Coatzacoalcos River, while the Chicapa River flows sooth towards the Laguna Superior. The climate is wairm, wi annual rainfaw averagit 1050 mm, maistly fawin in the simmer. Flora include Guanacaste, ceiba, teposcohuite, kapok tree, an fruit trees an pasturs. Wild fauna include armadillo, rabbit, coyote, opossum an birds common tae the region.
Economy
The toun lees on the Pan-American heich-gate, connectin it tae Santiago Niltepec an Juchitán de Zaragoza. As o 2005, the municipality haed 2,033 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 7,299 fowk o whom 465 spoke a indigenous leid. The main economic activity is agricultur, wi crops such as maize, sorghum, peanuts, watermelon, melon, sweet potato, cucumber, pumpkin, sesame and succar cane. The commonty haes a succar mill. Fermers raise cattle, goats, pigs an aw.
Capital Depairtment, Córdoba
Capital Depairtment is a depairtment o Córdoba Province in Argentinae.
The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 1,284,582 inhabitants in a aurie o 562 km². Its caipital ceety is Córdoba, which is the caipital ceety o Córdoba Province. It is locatit aroond 710 km frae Capital Federal.
Karamyshevo
Karamyshevo (Карамышево) is the name o several landwart localities in Roushie:
George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 Juin 1738 – 29 Januar 1820) wis King o Great Breetain an Ireland frae 25 October 1760 til the union o the twa kintras on 1 Januar 1801, efter whilk he wis King o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland till his daith. He wis concurrently Duke an prince-elector o Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") in the Hsly Roman Empire afore becomin King o Hanover on 12 October 1814. He wis the third Breetish monarch o the Hoose o Hanover, but unlik his twa predecessors, he wis born in Ingland, spake Inglis as his first leid, an niver veesitit Hanover.
His life an wi it his ring, that war langer than thon o ony o his predecessors, war merked bi a series o militar conflicts involvin his kinricks, muckle o the rest o Europe, an places forder afield in Africae, the Americaes an Asie. Early in his ring, Great Breetain defeatit Fraunce in the Seiven Years' War, becomin the heichmaist European pouer in North Americae an Indie. Houiver, mony o Britain's American colonies war suin lost in the American War o Unthirldom. Forder wars agin revolutionary an Napoleonic Fraunce frae 1793 endit in the defeat o Napoleon at the Battle o Waterloo in 1815.
In the later pairt o his life, George III haed recurrent, an eventually permanent, mental illness. Awtho it haes syne been suggestit that he haed the bluid disease porphyria, the cause o his illness remains unkent. Efter a final relapse in 1810, a regency wis established, an George III's auldest son, George, Prince o Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's daith, the Prince Regent succeedit his faither as George IV.
Historical analysis o George III's life haes gane throu a "kaleidoscope o cheengin views" that have dependit hivily on the prejudices o his biographers an the soorces available tae them. Till it wis reassessed in the seicont hauf o the 20t century, his reputation in the Unitit States wis ane o a teerant; an in Breetain he becam "the scapegait for the failyie o imperialism".
Šumskas
Šumskas is a toun in Vilnius Destrict Municipality, in Vilnius Coonty, in sootheast Lithuanie. Accordin tae the 2001 census, the toun haes a population o 998 fowk.
Dunuin
Dunuin (Scots Gaelic: Dùn Omhain) is a toun situatit on the Cowal Peninsula in Argyll an Bute, Scotland. It sits on the Firth o Clyde tae the sooth o Holy Loch an tae the wast o Gourock.
Iriondo Depairtment
The Iriondo Depairtment (Departamento Iriondo) is a admeenistrative subdiveesion (departamento) o the. It is located in the sooth o the province. It limits wi the departments of San Jerónimo in the north, San Lorenzo in the east, Caseros in the sooth, an Belgrano in the wast. It is ane o anerly three depairtments in Santa Fe that dae no border anither province.
The department haes a population o ower 65,000 inhabitants. Its heid toun an maist populatit urban centre is Cañada de Gómez (population 30,000). Ither ceeties an touns are Bustinza, Carrizales, Classon, Correa, Lucio V. López, Oliveros, Pueblo Andino, Salto Grande, Serodino, Totoras, and Villa Eloísa.