cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Chess
The first offeecial Warld Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886; the current Warld Champion is Indian chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand. In addeetion tae the Warld Championship, thare the Weemen's Warld Championship, the Junior Warld Championship, the Warld Senior Championship, the Correspondence Chess Warld Championship, the Warld Computer Chess Championship, an Blitz an Rapid Warld Championships. The Chess Olympiad is a popular competeetion amang teams frae different nations. Online chess haes opened amateur an professional competeetion tae a wide an varied group o players. Chess is a recognised sport o the Internaitional Olympic Committee an internaitional chess competeetion is sanctioned bi the Warld Chess Federation (FIDE), which adoptit the nou-standard Staunton chess set in 1924 for uise in aw offeecial gemmes. Thare mony chess variants an aa, wi different rules, different pieces, an different boords.
Neep
A neep or tumshie is the ruit crap brassica rapa var. rapa that's aft growen in maumie climates athort the warld for its white, bulbous tapruit. Smaw, neshy kynds is growen for human consumption, while lairger kynds is growen as feed for stock. Neeps is weel-likit in Europe, parteecular in caulder airts, sith they growe weel in cauld climates an can be keepit for mony months efter the hairst.
Chess
Syne the seicont hauf o the 20t century, computers hae been programmed tae play chess wi increasin success, tae the pynt whaur hame computers can play chess at a vera heich level. In the past twa decades computer analysis haes contributit significantly tae chess theory, parteecular in the endgemme. The computer Deep Blue wis the first machine tae owercome a reignin Warld Chess Champion in a match, whan it defeatit Garry Kasparov in 1997.
Neep
Descreeption
The commonest kynd o neep sellt as a vegetable in Europe an North Americae is maistlins white-skint apairt frae the tap 1–6 centimetres that growes abuin the grund an is purpie, reid, or greenish whauriver sunlicht has fawen. This pairt abuin the grund growes frae stem tissue, but is jyned wi the ruit. The hale inner meat is white an the hale ruit is rochly baw-shaped aboot 5–20 centimetres ower, an wants side ruits. The tapruit (the raiglar ruit ablo the swallt hain ruit) is thin an 10 centimetres or mair lang; it is takken aff afore the neep is sellt. The leafs growes richt frae the shouder o the ruit, wi little or nae croun or hause (like that fund in swades). Neep leafs is chawed times, an leuks like mustart greens; kynds growen juist for the greens leuks like mustart greens mair nor them growen for the ruits, wi smaw or nae hain ruits. Kynds o B. rapa that haes been developit juist for uiss as leaf vegetables is cried Chinese cabbitch. Baith the leafs an ruit haes a spicy taste seemlar tae raw kail or reeforts that turns maumie efter ceukin. Neeps wyes sae muckle as 1 kilogram or thereaboots, tho they can be hairstit whan smawer. Size is in pairt adae wi the kynd an in pairt adae wi the lenth o time that the neep haes growen. Maist richt wee neeps is specialty kynds. The ae time they can be gotten is whan juist hairstit an they dinna keep weel. Maist wee neeps can be eaten hale, leafs an aw. Wee neeps come in yellae-, orange-, an reid-fleshed kynds as weel as white-fleshed. Their taste is maumie, sae they can be eaten raw in salads like reeforts.
Neeps is the swallt stock o the plant an nae the swallt ruit, as mony fowk thinks.
Oreegin
Tho the neep wis a weel-estaiblished crap in Hellenistic an Roman times, an syne fowk jalouse that it was brocht intae cultivation afore that, Zohary an Hopf merkit that "there are almost no archeological records available" tae help wirk oot its earlier history an domestication. Wild forms o the neep an its kin, the mustarts an the reefort can be fund aw ower wast Asie an Europe, makkin fowk think that their domestication teuk place somewey in that airt. Housomiver Zohary an Hopf concludes, "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on linguistic considerations."
Evidents frae aboot 1500 BC shaws fermers o Indie growin kynds o wild neep for the ile frae its seeds. Neolithic evidents shaws it growein its lane in northren climes an frae B. campestris ruits. Thae fermers cultivatit the roond "ruits" we ken the day.
Gorgoch
Gorgoch (Գոռգոչ); umwhile kent as Korchlu, is a veelage in the Kotayk Province o Armenie. It is includit in the commonty o Meghradzor veelage.
Cabbitch
Cabbitch (comprising several cultivars o Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green, reid (purpie), or white (pale green) biennial plant growed as an annual vegetable crap for its dense-leafit heids.
Andalen
Andalen is a locality situatit in Gothenburg Municipality, Västra Götaland Coonty, Swaden. It haed 2,188 indwallers in 2010.
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism (Arabic: usul, the "fundamentals") is a term uisit tae describe releegious ideologies seen as advocatin a return tae the "fundamentals" o Islam: the Quran an the Sunnah. Definitions o the term vary. Accordin tae Christine L. Kettel, it is deemit problematic bi those who suggest that Islamic belief requires aw Muslims tae be fundamentalists, an bi ithers as a term uisit bi ootsiders tae describe perceivit trends athin Islam. Exemplary figures of Islamic fundamentalism who are also termed Islamists are Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi and Israr Ahmad. Economist Eli Berman argues that Radical Islam is a better term for mony post-1920s muivements stairtin wi The Muslim Britherhuid, acause these movements are seen tae practice "unprecedentit extremism", thus no qualifyin as return tae historic fundamentals.
Pueblo Nuevo Municipality, Durango
Pueblo Nuevo is ane o the 39 municipalities o Durango, in north-wastren Mexico. The municipal seat lees at El Salto. The municipality covers an aurie o 6178.3 km².
The veelage o Pueblo Nuevo which wis the seat o govrenment o the municipality afore the 1920s haed a total population o 2,837. El Salto which is closer tae wha wis at the time the new twa-lane main pavit road then wis made the new caipital. El Salto grew ower the follaein decades tae the point whaur the population is nou ower 20,000. The municipality as a whole haes a population o amaist 50,000. The veelage is on the new fower-lane heich-gate route atween Durango, Durango an Mazatlan, Sinaloa an is likely tae see expandin tourist traffic due tae its proximity tae the Baluarte Brig.
Depairtments o Bolivie
Bolivie is dividit intae nine depairtments (departamentos). Ilka ane o the depairtments is subdividit intae provinces (provincias), which are further subdividit intae municipalities (municipios).
Bompietro
Bompietro (Sicilian: Bompietru) is a comune (municipality) in the Province o Palermo in the Italian region Sicily, locatit aboot 80 km sootheast o Palermo. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 1,640 an a aurie o 42.4 km2.
The municipality of Bompietro conteens the frazione (subdiveesion) Locati.
Depairtments o Bolivie
Bolivia's nine depairtments receivit greater autonomy unner the Admeenistrative Decentralization law o 1995. Depairtmental autonomy further increased wi the first popular elections for depairtmental govrenors, kent as prefects, on 18 December 2005. Fower depairtments (Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando an Tarija) votit for greater autonomy in 2005, an athoot constitutional authorization, passed statutes o autonomy in 2008. The remainin five depairtments appruivit depairtmental autonomy in the general elections o 2009.
Bompietro
Bompietro borders the follaein municipalities: Alimena, Blufi, Calascibetta, Gangi, Petralia Soprana, Resuttano, Villarosa.
Jason Scotland
Jason Scotland is a fitbaa player that hails frae the Trinidad an Tabago. He plays his gemme wi St. Johnstone F.C. He haes been taen in bi the fowk o Scotland due tae his name an the fact he will play agin Ingland in the Warld Cup. He has taen pairt in a series o Irn-Bru adverts for the Warld Cup an haes a sang makkit for him cried "Scotland, Scotland, Jason Scotland".
Marib
Ma'rib (مأرب) or Marib is the caipital toun o the Ma'rib Govrenorate, Yemen an wis the caipital o the Sabaean kinrick, which some scholars believe tae be the auncient Sheba o biblical fame.<ref name=Sheba-01> > It is locatit at 15.41667°N, 45.35°W, approximately 120 kilometers east o Yemen's modren caipital, Sana'a. It haes a current population o 16,794.
History
The Sabaean kinrick wis locatit in wha is nou Marib in soothwastren Yemen. The Sabaean keengs made thair caipital at Ma'rib, an biggit great irrigation wirks sic as the Ma'rib dams, whose ruins are still visible. The Marib Dam supportit a flourishin cultur for mair nor a thoosan years; its collapse in 575 C.E., a few years efter the birth o Muhammad, mey be ane o the main raisons that Arabie did no acome Christian. Thay an aw biggit castles an temples in the aurie, an wur kent for tradin the valuable frankincense an myrrh. Thay wur a seafarin fowk an kent tae hae influence an a population in the Northeast African kinrick o Dʿmt, athort the Red Sea in Eritrea an aiblins Ethiopie, the anerlie ither soorce o baith frankincense an myrrh.
In 25 B.C., Aelius Gallus led "an expedition tae Ma'rib (Yemen)."
The steid o Auncient Ma'rib wis lairgely abandoned durin the 20t century. Awtho a sma veelage remains, the multi-story mud-brick biggins o the historic ceety are lairgely in ruins. The modren ceety o Ma'rib is locatit aboot 3.5 kilometers north o the centre o the auncient ceety.
Ile Refinery
The Yemen Oil Refining Company opened an ile refinery in Ma'rib in 1986, which produces 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) o ile per day (2009). In November 2009, the company annooncit a greement wi Korea's Shinhan tae expand an upgrade the refinery tae produce 25,000 barrels (4,000 m3)/day.
Ma'rib is the stairt o the 438 km (272 mi) Marib-Ra's Isa ile pipeline, wi a capacity o 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day.
Wanlockheid
Wanlockheid is a veelage in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland, nestlin in the Lowther Hills an 1 mile sooth o Leidhills at the heid o the Minnock Pass, that forms pairt o the Soothren Uplands. It is Scotland's heichest veelage,  at an altitude o 1,350 fit, an can be aiccesst via the B797 road, that connects it til the A76 road near Sanchar an the A74 (M) motorwey at Aibintoun.
History
The veelage wis cried Winlocke until 1566, derived fae the Gaelic Cuingealach (the narirae pass).
Wanlockheid awes its presence tae leid an ither meeneral poses in the surroondin hills. Thir poses wis first howkit by the Romans, an fae the 13t century thay begoud tae be wrocht again in the simmer. The veelage wis foondit permanent in 1680 whan the Duke o Buccleuch built a leid-meltin warks an wirker's cots.
Leid, zinc, capper, an siller wis howkit nearby, as weel as some o the warld's purest gowd at 22.8 carats, that wis uised tae mak the Scots Croun. Wanlockheid becam kenned as "God's treisur hoose" fae the riches o its meeneral resoorces.
In maugre o the brainch railwey, the Leadhills and Wanlockhead Railway, the heichest in Scotland an aw, that served the veelage fae 1901 tae 1939, the leid minin industry dwyne't in the 20t century an finisht in the 1950s. Fae 1850 the Glasgow and South Western Railway hid providit sidins at Mennock Lye Goods Depot for the uiss o the Wanlockhead and Leidhills mines.
The veelage hid a curlin club that wis formt in 1777 an the war an aw quoits, boulin clubs, a drama group, an a siller baund that hid instruments purchased for thaim by the Duke o Buccleuch.
Brännö
Brännö is an island in the Soothren Gothenburg Airchipelago an a locality situatit in Gothenburg Municipality, Västra Götaland Coonty, Swaden. It haed 708 indwallers in 2010. It belangs tae the parish o Styrsö athin Gothenburg Municipality.
Wanlockheid
History
William Symington wis fae Leidhills, bit bade and wrocht in Wanlockheid. His fame lies in the fact that he designt the ingine uised tae pouer the warld's first steamboat. This boat wis testit successfu on Dalswintoun Loch near Ellisland on 14 October 1788. Dalswintoun wis the hame o Robert Burns's laird, Patrick Miller.
Brännö
History
Due tae its geographical location, Brännö haes throughoot the centuries been a strategic location for seafarers an chieftains, frae baith Swaden an the adjacent Norawa an Denmark.
Wanlockheid
Robert Burns
Robert Burns an a companion, Thomas Sloane, veesitit Wanlockheid in the winter o 1789-90. The wather wis verra icy an thay decidit tae hae thair horse's shuin 'frostit', that is shairpit sae as tae increase thair grip. Thay hid tae wait thair turn an sheltert at Ramage's Inn, whaur Burns wrate a poem entitle't Pegasus at Wanlockhead. Pegasus wis the name o Burns's horse. Burns an aw veesitit Wanlockheid in Januar 1792 sae as tae explore the leid mines. He wis accompanit by Maria Riddell, the sister o Robert Riddell o Freers Carse. Thay brakfastit at Sanchar an than teuk a chaise til the mines. Thay gaed a conseederable wey intil the mines, gainstaundin the daurk, weet, an scrimpit condeetions at first; houiver thay hid tae retour as Burns fand the puir air verra distressin. Burns didna record this veesit, bit Maria includit the details in a letter.
Brännö
History
It is believit that its indwallers are the same as the Brondings who are referred tae in the Anglo-Saxon poems Beowulf an Widsith. Beowulf, Ingland's naitional epic, relates that Breca the Bronding wis the childhuid friend o the hero Beowulf an Widsith tells that Breca later wis the laird o the Brondings.[1]
Brännö is mentioned in the Icelandic Sagas as the location o several important thing assemblies in the Viking Age an later.[2] The Laxdaela saga relates that the bonnie Erse princess Melkorka wis sauld as a thrall tae the Icelandic chieftain Höskuld Dalakollson, durin a fair on Brännö, in the 10t century.
Wanlockheid
Climate
Wanlockheid his a moist Oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), wi cuil tae airish wather oothrou the year, awmaist a Subpolar Oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfc). This toun his cuil simmers an airish winters, wi snawfaws. It is yin o the cauldest bidden-in places in the Unitit Kinrick.
Faceelitys
The veelage noo featurs a leid-minin museum an industrial gear fae the 18t century an is a popular tourist destination.
Wanlockheid is on the Soothren Upland Wey, a walkin trail that tradeetional stairts at Portpaitrick on the wast coast, in Dumfries an Gallowa, and finishes some 212 mile awa at Cockburnspaith in The Mairches.
The veelage is the settin for the BBC televeesion drama Hope Springs.
Wanlockheid leebrary
Wanlockheid Pickmen's Leebrary is the seicont-auldest stent leebrary in Great Breetain an wis estaiblisht on 1 November 1756 wi 32 male members that mainly fondit the purchase o the beuks, etc; a contreebution was an aw made by minin companies that wis ettlesome tae forder sic acts o "sel-impruivement" amang the pickmen. The Duke o Buccleuch, as the laird, wis a major patron o the leebrary. The leebrary wis necessar in forderin a level o eddicational achievement that alloued some pickmen an thair childer tae escape the brastle o mine wirkin.
Donsö
Donsö is a sma island in the Soothren Gothenburg Airchipelago an a locality situatit in Gothenburg Municipality, Västra Götaland Coonty, Swaden. It haed 1,407 inhabitants in 2010.
Wanlockheid
Wanlockheid leebrary
The schuil hoosed the leebrary at first; bit as the nummer o beuks increased, it becam necessar in 1787 tae flit the leebrary til a cot gien for this purpose by the mine owersmen. Houiver the cot wis a smaw yin an it wis fund tae be necessar tae build a lairger biggin. The nummer o beuks purchased throu stents hinderly rase tae 2,000 an in 1851 a new leebrary wis built an endures tae this day. In 1974 the Wanlockhead Museum Trust teuk ower the rinnin o the leebrary.
Donsö
Sports
The follaein sports clubs are locatit in Donsö:
Wanlockheid
Meadowfoot seemetry
This seemetry lies aboot 1 mile fae the veelage an dates fae 1751. Afore Wanlockheid hid its ain haly-muild, coffins hid tae be transportit alang a teepical corp road the 8 mile til the nearest haly-muild, that wis at Sanchar. William Philip Minder that deed on 2 Apryle 1751 aged juist 10 month wis the first buirial at the new-appent buirial site.
Château de Lunéville
The Château de Lunéville which haed belonged tae the Dukes o Lorraine since the 13t century, wis rebuilt as “the Versailles o Lorraine” bi Duke Léopold frae 1703 tae 1723, frae designs o Pierre Bourdict an Nicolas Dorbay an then o the architect Germain Boffrand, whose masterwork it became. It became the home o King Stanisław Leszczyński, last duke o Lorraine an Bar. In Januar 2003, a fire destoyed much o the structure but it is being restored. It is sometimes cried the Pailace o Lunéville. an is home o the Musée lorrain a museum.
Wanlockheid
Geeg Ingine
The geeg ingine an watter bucket pumps wis introduce't intae Wanlockheid in 1745. The history o the geeg ingine isna certaint, bit accoonts o seemilar ingines hae been recordit on a coal mine at Canonbie, Dumfriesshire, in the 1790s. The Wanlockheid Geeg Ingine wis built supposed in the mid o the 19t century an is the anely lastin example o a watter bucket pumpin ingine tae be seen on a mine in the UK nouadays.
The geeg ingine alloued pickmen tae conteena wirkin in the Straitsteps mine, an estimatin that the war twa blauds o the bauk per meenit, this ingine wad hae been able tae lift aroond 1,600 gallon per oor an requirin a bit attention it wad hae been left tae dae this 24 oor a day. The widden bucket wis fed fae a cistren abuin an ance the wecht o the watter wis greater nor water abuin the pump piston the bauk wis liftit, cairyin watter fae up tae 92 fit belaw grund intil a timmer-line't cundie that cairit it aff til the nearby burn.
Château de Lunéville
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Wanlockheid
Geeg Ingine
Raiglar the wecht o the piston wis tiftit sae that it remeent mair hivy nor the empie bucket, enshuirin that the bauk fell tae stairt the cycle again.
The Secretar o State for Scotland in 1972 teuk on the gairdianship o the geeg ingine, makin it Scotland's third Industrial Monument. Historic Scotland awns an mainteens the the ingine. A wirkin model o the ingine is locatit in the Musem of Scottish Lead Mining.
Lowther Hills Ski Centre
Wanlockheid is yin o the birthplaces o Scots winter sports. Curlin in Wanlockheid can be trackit back tae 1777, what the Wanlockheid Curling Society - yin o Scotland's first Curlin societys - wis creatit. Scotland's first boys' Curlin club wis estaiblisht in Wanlockheid in 1883. Sport remeent popular in the aurie until the 1930s, what the mines closed.
Syne the 1920s skiin in the Wanlockheid aurie his been guidit aff an on by a succession o loccal woners as weel as several no-for-profit sports clubs. Lowther Hill, abuin the veelage, is hame til the anely ski aurie in the sooth o Scotland, and Scotland's anely community-awnt ski centre. Admeenistert by the Lowther Hills Ski Club, the ski centre rins three ski lifts abuin the veelages o Leidhills and Wanlockheid for beginners an middlin skiiers.
Iğdır Province
Iğdır Province (Iğdır ili) is a province in eastren Turkey, locatit alang the border wi Armenie, Azerbaijan (the aurie o Nakhchivan), an Iran. Its adjacent provinces are Kars tae the northwast an Ağrı tae the wast an sooth. It occupees an aurie o 3,587 km² an population o 184,418 (2010 est.), it wis 168,634 in 2000 (up frae 142,601 in 1990).
Turkey's heichest muntain, Munt Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) is in Iğdır, but hintle o the land is a wide plain far below the muntain. The climate is the warmest in this pairt o Turkey, cotton can be grown in Iğdır. Iğdır is where Noah is said tae hae thrived follaein the flood. The border wi Armenie follaes the Aras River.
The provincial caipital is the ceety o Iğdır.
Etymology
The aurie is named efter a wastren Turkish clan Iğdıroğlu belonging to a branch of the Oghuz Turks. They spread throughoot Anatolie an there are touns an veelages named Iğdır in Malatya an ither pairts o Turkey today.
History
Archaeological research has uncovered Hurrian settlements in the Iğdır region goin back tae 4000 BC. The aurie wis pairt o the Urartu kinrick circa 800 BC. There is a Urartu statuary in the aurie. It remained unner Urartian control till its transition tae the Median Empire, Persian Empire, Alexander The Great, Orontid Dynasty o the Kinrick o Armenie. Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, Sassanid an Byzantine forces wur prominent frae the 4t century BC, follaeed bi the Arab airmies o Islam in 646. Turks, Georgians an Mongols fought through here for 400 years frae 1064 onwards till the aurie wis settled bi Kara Koyunlu an then Ak Koyunlu Turkic tribes in the early 15t century.
A warfare ensued atween Ottoman Empire an the Persian Empire frae 1534 til 1746. In 1746, maist o the land athin the province o Iğdır the day wis cedit tae Persie an became pairt o the Erivan khanate, a Muslim principality in Persie. The northren pairt o the province remained in Persian haunds till efter the Russo-Persie War, 1826-1828 when it became pairt o the Roushie Empire unner the Treaty o Turkmenchay. Unner Roushie admeenistration, the aurie became the Surmalu uyezd (wi its caipital at the ceety o Iğdır) o the Armenian Oblast an later the Erivan Govrenorate. The soothren hauf o the province remained in Ottoman hands through maist o the 19t century but wis an aa brocht athin the Roushie Empire bi Russo-Turkis War o 1877-78.
By the end o Warld War I, the whole aurie wis unner Roushie control an Iğdır came unner the admeenistration o the Democratic Republic o Armenie as pairt o the Ararat province but upon the arrival o the newly foondit Turkis airmy, Iğdır wis cedit tae Turkey bi the Soviet Union in the Treaty o Kars. A substantial Armenian population remained in the aurie throughoot this history o struggle atween great pouers. Armenians formed the ethnic majority in the ceety o Iğdır itsel till 1919-1920 when maist either dee'd or fled due tae starvation an Turkis–Armenian War.
Demographics
The day, Iğdır haes a mixed population o Azeris an Kurds, baith o whom compromise roughly hauf o the population, the umwhile primarily inhabitin the north an east o the province an the latter inhabitin the sooth an wast o the province. The auncient Iranian New Year kent as Newroz tae Kurds an Novruz tae Azeris an aa is widely celebratit in Iğdır. The rural auries o Iğdır province hae a heicher population density (30 inhabitants/km²) than those o neighbourin provinces.
Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is ane o twa extant subspecies o Equus ferus. It is an odd-taed ungulate mammal belangin tae the taxonomic faimily Equidae. Accordin tae scienteefic consensus, the horse hae evolvit ower the past 45 tae 55 million years fae a wee multi-taed craitur, Eohippus, intae the muckle single-taed ainimal o the day. Humans begane tae domesticate the horse aroond 4000 BC, an thair domestication is believed tae hae been widespread bi 3000 BC. Horse in the subspecies caballus are domesticatit, awtho some domesticatit populations leeve in the wild as feral horse. Thir feral populations are no true wild horse, as this term is uised tae descrive horse that hae niver been domesticatit, sic as the endangered Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, an the anerly remeenin true wild horse. Thare is an extensive, specializit vocabulary uised tae descrive equine-relatit concepts, cowerin iverything fae anatomy tae life stages, size, colours, merkins, breeds, locomotion, an behaviour.
Horse anatomy enables them tae mak uise o speed tae escape predators an thay hae a well-developit sense o balance an a strang fecht-or-flicht response. Relatit tae this need tae flee frae predators in the wild is an unuisual trait: horse are able tae sleep baith staundin up an leein doun. Female horse, cried meirs, cairy thair young for approximately 11 months, an a young horse, cried a foal, can staund an run shortly follaein birth. Maist domesticatit horse begin trainin unner saidle or in harnish atween the ages o twa an fower. Thay reach full adult development bi age five, an hae an average lifespan o atween 25 an 30 years.
Biology
Specific terms an specialised leid are uised tae descrive equine anatomy, different life stages, colours an breeds.
Lifespan an life stages
Dependin on breed, management an environment, the modren domestic horse haws a life expectancy o 25 tae 30 years. Uncommonly, a few ainimals live intae thair 40s an, occasionally, ayont. The auldest verifiable record wis "Old Billy", a 19t-century horse that lived tae the age o 62. In modren times, Sugar Puff, wha haed been leetit in Guinness World Records as the warld's auldest leevin pownie, dee'd in 2007 at age 56.
Regairdless o a horse or pownie's actual birth date, for maist competeetion purposes a year is addit tae its age ilk Januar 1 o ilk year in the Northren Hemisphere an ilk August 1 in the Soothren Hemisphere. The exception is in endurement ridin, whaur the meenimum age tae compete is based on the ainimal's actual calendar age.
The follaein terminology is uised tae descrive horse o various ages:
In horse racin, thir defineetions mey differ: For example, in the Breetish Isles, Thoraebred horse racin defines cowts an fillies as less nor five year auld. Houiver, Australie Thoraebred racin defines cowts an fillies as less nor fower year auld.
Size an meisurment
The hicht o horse is uisually meisurt at the heichest pynt o the withers, whaur the neck meets the back. This pynt is uised acause it is a stable pynt o the anatomy, unlik the heid or neck, that muive up an doun in relation tae the bouk o the horse.
The lairgest horse in recordit history wis probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, wha wis born in 1848. He stuid heich an his peak wecht wis estimatit at 1524 kg. The current record hauder for the warld's smawest horse is Thumbelina, a fully matur miniature horse affectit bi dwarfism. She is 17 in taw an wechts 57 lb.
Pownies
Pownies are taxonomically the same ainimals as horse. The distinction atween a horse an pownie is commonly drawn on the basis o hicht, especially for competeetion purposes. Houiver, hicht alone is nae dispositive; the difference atween horse an pownies mey include aspects o phenoteep an aw, includin conformation an temperament.
The tradeetional staundart for hicht o a horse or a pownie at maturity is. An ainimal 14.2 h or ower is uisually conseedert tae be a horse an ane less nor 14.2 h a pownie, but thare are mony exceptions tae the tradeetional staundart. In Australie, pownies are conseedert tae be thae unner. For competeetion in the Wastren diveesion o the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutaff is. The Internaitional Federation for Equestrian Sport, the warld govrenin bouk for horse sport, uises metric meisurments an defines a pownie as bein ony horse measurin less nor 148 cm at the withers withoot shaes, that is juist ower 14.2 h, an 149 cm, or juist ower 14.2½ h, wi shaes.
Hicht is nae the sole criterion for distinguishin horse frae pownies. Breed registries for horse that teepically produce individuals baith unner an ower 14.2 h conseeder aw ainimals o that breed tae be horse regairdless o thair hicht. Conversely, some pownie breeds mey hae featurs in common wi horse, an individual ainimals mey occasionally matur at ower 14.2 h, but are still conseedert tae be pownies.
Pownies eften exhibit thicker manes, tails, an oweraw coat. Thay forby hae proportionally shorter legs, wider baurels, hivier bane, shorter an thicker necks, an short heids wi braid foreheids. Thay mey hae caumer temperaments nor horse an a heich level o intelligence that mey or mey nae be uised tae cooperate wi human haundlers an aw. Smaw size, bi itsel, is nae an exclusive determinant. For ensaumple, the Shetland pownie that averages, is conseedert a pownie. Conversely, breeds sic as the Falabella an ither miniatur horse, that can be na tawer nor 30 in, are clessifee'd bi thair registries as verra smaw horse, nae pownies.
Colours an merkins
Horse exhibit a diverse array o coat colours an distinctive merkins, descrived bi a specialised vocabulary. Eften, a horse is clessifee'd first bi its coat colour, afore breed or sex. Horse o the same colour mey be distinguished frae ane anither bi white merkins, that, alang wi various spottin patterns, are inheritit separately frae coat colour.
Mony genes that creaut horse coat colours an patterns hae been identifee'd. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencin coat colour, an resairch conteenas tae discover new genes airtit tae speceefic traits. The basic coat colours o chestane an black are determined bi the gene controlled bi the Melanocortin 1 receptor, forby kent as the "extension gene" or "reid factor", as its recessive form is "reid" (chestane) an its dominant form is black. Addeetional genes control suppression o black colour tae pynt colouration that results in a bay, spottin patterns sic as pinto or leopard, dilution genes sic as palomino or dun, as well as graying, an aw the ither factors that creaut the mony possible coat colours foond in horse.
Horse that hae a white coat colour are eften mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is uisually a middle-aged or aulder gray. Grays are born a daurker shade, get lichter as thay age, but uisually keep black skin aneath thair white hair coat (wi the exception o pink skin unner white merkins). The anerly horse properly cried white are born wi a predominantly white hair coat an pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. Different an unrelatit genetic factors can produce white coat colours in horse, includin several different alleles o dominant white an the sabino-1 gene. Houever, thare are na "albino" horse, defined as haein baith pink skin an reid een.
Reproduction an development
Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, wi an average range 320–370 days, an uisually results in ane foal; twins are rare. Horse are a precocial species, an foals are capable o staundin an runnin within a short time follaein birth. Foals are uisually born in the ware. The oestrus cycle o a mare occurs aboot ivery 19–22 days an occurs frae early ware intae hairst. Maist mares enter an anoestrus period in the winter an sicweys dae nae cycle in this period. Foals are generally weaned frae thair mithers atween fower an sax month o age.
Horse, pairticularly cowts, whiles are pheesically capable o reproduction at aboot 18 months, but domesticatit horse are rarely alloued tae breed afore the age o three, especially females. Horse fower year auld are conseedert matur, awtho the skelet normally conteenas tae develop till the age o sax; maturation depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, an quality o care an aw. Lairger horse hae lairger banes; tharefore, nae anerly dae the banes tak langer tae form bane tishie, but the epiphyseal plates are lairger an tak langer tae convert frae cartilage tae bane. Thir plates convert efter the ither pairts o the banes, an are crucial tae development.
Dependin on maturity, breed, an wirk expectit, horse are uisually put unner saidle an trained tae be ridden atween the ages o twa an fower. Awtho Thoraebred race horse are put on the track as young as the age o twa in some kintras, horse speceefically bred for sports sic as dressage are generally nae pit unner saidle till thay are three or fower year auld, acause thair banes an muscles are nae solitly developed. For endurement ridin competeetion, horse are nae deemed matur enough tae compete till thay are a full 60 calendar months (five years) auld.
Skeletal seestem
The horse skelet averages 205 banes. A signeeficant difference atween the horse skelet an that o a human is the lack o a hausebane—the horse's forelimms are attached tae the spinal column bi a pouerfu set o muscles, tenons, an ligaments that attach the shoulder blade tae the torso. The horse's legs an huifs are unique structurs an aw. Thair leg banes are proportioned differently frae thae o a human. For ensaumple, the bouk pairt that is cried a horse's "knee" is actually made up o the carpal banes that correspond tae the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contens banes equivalent tae thae in the human ankle an heel. The lawer leg banes o a horse correspond tae the banes o the human haund or fit, an the fetlock (incorrectly cried the "anklet") is actually the proximal sesamoid banes atween the cannon banes (a single equivalent tae the human metacarpal or metatarsal banes) an the proximal phalanges, locatit whaur ane finds the "knuckles" o a human. A horse haes na muscles in its legs ablo the knees an hocks, anerly skin, hair, bane, tenons, ligaments, cartilage, an the assortit specialised tishies that mak up the huif.
Huifs
The creetical importance o the feet an legs is summed up bi the tradeetional adage, "na fit, na horse". The horse huif begins wi the distal phalanges, the equivalent o the human fingertip or tip o the tae, surroondit bi cartilage an ither specialised, bluid-rich saft tishies sic as the laminae. The exterior huif waw an horn o the sole is made o keratin, the same material as a human fingernail. The end result is that a horse, wechtin on average 500 kg, traivels on the same banes as wad a human on tiptoe. For the pertection o the huif unner certain condeetions, some horse hae horseshaes placed on thair feet bi a perfaisional ferrier. The huif conteenually growes, an in maist domesticatit horse needs tae be trimmed (an horseshaes reset, if uised) ivery five tae aicht weeks, tho the huifs o horse in the wild wear doun an regroweat a rate suitable for thair terrain.
Teeth
Horse are adaptit tae grazin. In an adult horse, thare are 12 incisors at the front o the mooth, adaptit tae bitin aff the gress or ither vegetation. Thare are 24 teeth adaptit for chewin, the premolars an molars, at the back o the mooth. Cousers an libbins hae fower addeetional teeth juist ahint the incisors, a teep o canine teeth cried "tushes". Some horse, baith male an female, will develop ane tae fower verra smaw vestigial teeth in front o the molars, kent as "wouf" teeth, that are generally remuived acause thay can interfere wi the bit. Thare is an emptie interdental space atween the incisors an the molars whaur the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" o the horse's mooth whan the horse is bridled.
Digeestion
Horse are yerbivores wi a digeestive seestem adaptit tae a forage diet o gresses an ither plant material, consumed steadily ootthrou the day. Tharefore, compared tae humans, thay hae a relatively smaw painch but verra lang thairms tae facilitate a steidy flow o nutrients. A 450 kg horse will eat 7 to 11 kg o fuid per day an, unner normal uise, drink 38 to 45 L o watter. Horse are nae ruminants, thay hae anerly oane painch, lik humans, but unlik humans, thay can utilize cellulose, a major component o gress. Horse are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation bi symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "watter gut", that fuid gaes throu afore reachin the lairge intestine. Horse canna vomit, sae digeestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leadin cause o daith.
Senses
The horse' senses are based on thair status as prey ainimals, whaur thay maun be awaur o thair surroondins at aw times. Thay hae the lairgest een o ony laund mammal, an are lateral-eed, meanin that thair een are poseetioned on the sides o thair heids. This means that horse hae a range o veesion o mair nor 350°, wi approximately 65° o this bein binocular veesion an the remainin 285° monocular veesion. Horse hae excellent day an nicht veesion, but thay hae twa-colour, or dichromatic veesion; thair color veesion is somewhit lik reid-green colour blindness in humans, whaur certain colours, especially reid an relatit colours, appear as a shade o green.
A horse's hearin is guid, an the pinna o ilk lug can rotate up tae 180°, giein the potential for 360° hearin withoot haein tae muive the heid. Noise impacts the behaviour o horse an certain kinds o noise mey contreibute tae stress: A 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horse war caumest in a quiet settin, or if listenin tae country or clessical muisic, but displayed signs o nervishness whan listenin tae jazz or rock muiic. This study recommended keepin muisic unner a vollum o 21 decibels an aw. An Australie study foond that stabled racehorse listenin tae talk radio haed a heicher rate o gastric ulcers nor horse listenin tae muisic, an racehorse stabled whaur a radio wis played haed a heicher oweraw rate o ulceration nor horse stabled whaur thare wis na radio playin.
Horse hae a great sense o balance, due pairtly tae thair abeelity tae feel thair fittin an pairtly tae heichly developed proprioception—the unconscious sense o whaurethe bouk an limms are at aw times. A horse's sense o titch is well developed. The maist sensitive auries are aroond the een, lugs, an neb. Horse are able tae sense contact as subtle as an insect laundin onywhaur on the bouk.
Horse hae an advanced sense o taste, that allous them tae sort throu fother an chuise whit thay wad maist lik tae eat, an thair prehensile lips can easily sort even smaw grains. Horse generally will nae eat pushionous plants, houiver, thare are exceptions; horse will occasionally eat toxic amoonts o pushionous plants even whan thare is adequate halthy fuid.
Muivement
Aw horse muive naiturally wi fower basic gangs: the fower-beat walk, that averages 6.4 km/h; the twa-beat trot or jog at 13 to 19 km/h (fester for harness racin horse); the canter or lope, a three-beat gang that is 19 to 24 km/h; an the gallop. The gallop averages 40 to 48 km/h, but the warld record for a horse gallopin ower a short, sprint distance is 70.76 km/h. Besides thir basic gangs, some horse perform a twa-beat pace, insteid o the trot. Thare are several foweur-beat "amblin" gangs that are approximately the speed o a trot or pace an aw, tho smuither tae ride. Thir include the lateral rack, runnin walk, an tölt as well as the diagonal tod trot. Amblin gangs are eften genetic in some breeds, kent collectively as gangit horse. Eften, gangit horse replace the trot wi ane o the amblin gangs.
Behaviour
Horse are prey ainimals wi a strang fecht-or-flicht response. Theair first reaction tae threat is tae stairtle an uisually flee, awtho thay will staund thair grund an defend themsels whan flicht is impossible or if thair young are threatened. Thay tend tae be curious an aw; whan stairtled, thay will eften hesitate an instant tae ascertain the cause o thair fricht, an mey nae ayeweys flee frae something that thay perceive as non-threatenin. Maist licht horse ridin breeds war developed for speed, agility, alertness an endurement; naitural qualities that extend frae thair wild auncestors. Houiver, throu selective breedin, some breeds o horse are quite docile, pairticularly certain draucht horse.
Horse are herd ainimals, wi a clear hierarchy o rank, led bi a dominant individual, uisually a meir. Thay are social craiturs that are able tae form companionship attachments tae thair awn species an tae ither ainimals, includin humans. Thay communicate in various weys, includin vocalisations sic as nickerin or whinnyin, mutual gruimin, an bouk leid. Mony horse will acome difficult tae manage if thay are isolatit, but wi trainin, horse can learn tae accept a human as a companion, an sicweys be comfortable awey frae ither horse. Houiver, whan confined wi insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals mey develop stable vices, an assortment o bad habits, maistly stereotypies o psychological oreegin, that include wid chewin, waw kickin, "weavin" (rockin back an forth), an ither problems.
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Horse
Intelligence an learnin
Studies hae indicatit that horse perform a nummer o cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meetin mental challenges that include fuid procurement an identification o individuals within a social seestem. Thay hae guid spatial discrimination abeelities an aw. Studies hae assessed equine intelligence in auries sic as problem solvin, speed o learnin, an memory. Horse excel at semple learnin, but are able tae uise mair advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorisation an concept learnin an aw. Thay can learn uisin habituation, desensitisation, clessical condeetionin, an operant condeetionin, an positive an negative reinforcement. Ane study haes indicatit that horse can differentiate atween "mair or less" if the quantity involved is less nor fower.
Domesticatit horse mey face greater mental challenges nor wild horse, acause thay live in artifeecial environments that prevent instinctive behaviour whilst learnin tasks that are nae naitural. Horse are ainimals o habit that respond well tae regimentation, an respond best whan the same routines an techniques are uised consistently. Ane trainer believes that "intelligent" horse are reflections o intelligent trainers wha effectively uise response condeetionin techniques an positive reinforcement tae train in the style that best fits wi an individual ainimal's naitural inclinations.
Sleep patterns
Unlik humans, horse dae nae sleep in a solit, unbroken period o time, but tak mony short periods o rest. Horse spend fower tae fifteen oors a day in staundin rest, an frae a few meenits tae several oors leein doun. Tot sleep time in a 24-oor period mey range frae several meenits tae a couple o oors, maistly in short intervals o aboot 15 meenits ilk. The average sleep time o a domestic horse is said tae be 2.9 oors per day.
Horse maun lee doun tae reach REM sleep. Thay anerly hae tae lie doun for an oor or twa ivery few days tae meet thair meenimum REM sleep requirements. Houiver, if a horse is niver alloued tae lie doun, efter several days it will acome sleep-deprived, an in rare cases mey suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips intae REM sleep while still staundin. This condeetion differs frae narcolepsy, awtho horse mey suffer frae that disorder an aw.
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Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu
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Súchil Municipality
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As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 6,928.
Luuk, Sulu
Luuk is a 4t cless municipality in the province o Sulu, Philippines. Accordin tae the 2010 census, it haed a population o 29,897 fowk in 5,186 hoosehaulds. On 14 Julie 2007, 8 o its barangays wur constitutit intae the separate municipality o Omar, Sulu.
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Ramiseto
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Geografie
The municipality o Ramiseto conteens the frazioni (subdiveesions, mainly veelages an hamlets) Braglie, Camporella, Canova, Casalobbio, Castagneto, Cecciola, Cerreggio, Enzano, Fornolo, Gazzolo, La Costa, Lugolo, Masere, Miscoso, Montedello, Montemiscoso, Pieve San Vincenzo, Poviglio, Succiso, Succiso Nuovo, Taviano, Tegge, Temporia, an Ventasso.
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Ramiseto
Geografie
Ramiseto borders the follaein municipalities: Busana, Castelnovo ne' Monti, Collagna, Comano, Monchio delle Corti, Palanzano, Vetto.
Rotterdam
Internaitional relations
Rotterdam haes the follaein ceety an port connections throughoot the warld:
The Breetish baund The Beautiful South recordit a sang named efter this region.
Twin touns – sister ceeties
Rotterdam is twinned wi:
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Bi some measures, Hinduism is practised bi a lairger majority o fowk in Nepal than in ony ither naition. Buddhism, tho a minority faith in the kintra, is linkt historically wi Nepal as the birthplace o the Buddha. Thare are 3 different buddhist tradeetions: Himalayan Buddhism, Buddhism o Kathmandu Valley (maistly Mahayana an Vajrayana), an an aa the Theravada Buddhism.
Aboot hauf o the population live belaw the internaitional poverty line o $1.25 a day.
A monarchy throughoot maist o its history, Nepal wis ruled bi the Shah dynasty o keengs frae 1768, when Prithvi Narayan Shah unified its mony sma kinricks. In 2006, housomeivver, a decade-lang Fowkrevolution bi the Communist Pairty o Nepal (Maoist) alang wi several weeks o mass protests bi aw major poleetical pairties o Nepal culminatit in a peace accord, an the ensuin elections for the constituent assembly votit owerwhelmingly in favor o the abdication o the last Nepali monarch Gyanendra Shah an the establishment o a federal democratic republic in 28 Mey 2008. The first Preses o Nepal, Ram Baran Yadav, wis sworn in on 23 Julie 2008.
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The Björlanda Kirk wis biggit in the 14t century.
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Tonshayevsky Destrict
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