cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
LMFAO
LMFAO are kent fae their sang "Party Rock Anthem", which toppit the chairts in the Unitit Kinrick, Australie, Belgium, Brazil, Canadae, Denmark, Fraunce, Germany, Airlan, New Zealand, Swisserland, an the Unitit States. "Party Rock Anthem" also reachit the top five in Italy an Norrowey and wis the third best-sellin digital single of 2011 with sales of 9.7 million copies warldwide. In September 2012, the duo annooncit they would be takin an indefinite hiatus.
Paedophilia
Condition
Medically, thir condeetion is classifyed bi the American Psychiatric Association as a mental disorder. Some paedophiles hae sex wi bairns or yaise bairns in a sexual wye. Thir is cried sexual maltreatment o childer acause bi law, bairns arena aible tae gree tae sexual acts wi an adult. Antrin adults hae paedophilic feelings but dinna act bi sexually maltreatin bairns, an some adults that arena paedophiles medical-like commeet sexual maltreatment again bairns.
Aw paedophiles dinna feel or act in an alike wye. Syne the 1880s, psychologists hae studiit an shown that different paedophiles might act in different ways:
General
Fur paedophiles that commit sexual maltreatment o childer, some studies hae shawn that paedophiles that are ainlie attractit tae bairns can maltreat mair bairns than paedophiles that forby hae adult sexual partners.
The fowk that maltreat bairns are aft kent tae them—sic as paurents, ither relatives, an freends—an arena strangers. Yin research study foond that hauf the adults convictit o sexual maltreatment o bairns ootwith their familie war forby sexually maltreatin their awn bairns.
Is it common?
Medical researchers dinna ken hou many fowk in the population are paedophiles. Thir is acause it is hard tae study fowk's feelings an desires unless thay actually shaw that thay hae thon feelins. For ordinar, the ainlie paedophiles that can be studied are thon that hae baithraken the law an bin catcht an convictit o sexually maltreatin bairns. A saecon raison is that whan an adult or teenager sexually maltreats a bairn, fowk aft call the abuser a paedophile, but it is possible that the maltreatment happenit fur a sindèrie raison, sic as the unavailabeelity o an adult ipartner. Experts for ordinar define a bodie as a paedophile ainlie gin thay are primarily or ainlie sexually attractit tae pre-pubescent childer. Gin a bodie sexually abuses a pre-pubescent child tae frichten or punish thaim, fur ensample, then it mey na be true paedophile behaviour.
Some soorces, sic as the mayo clinic, report that maist sexual maltreatment o pre-pubescent bairns is committit bi paedophiles, while ither studies report that maist fowk that sexually maltreat bairns arena paedophiles. Accordin tae some studies, aroon 1% o aw adult men micht be paedophiles.
Treatment
Maist doctors believe that paedophilia canna be cuired. The current approach tae deal wi paedophiles that hae bin convictit o sexual maltreatment is tae try tae chynge thair behaviour. It daesna chynge thair sexual attraction. Usin thir treatment, it is believit that a few sex offenders can be hindered fae offendin agin. Medications sic as Pepo-Provera can be usit tae treat paedophilia.
Scotland the Brave
'Scotland the Brave' is a sang which is thocht tae be ane o Scotland's national anthem.
Hark when the night is falling,
''Hear! Hear the pipes a calling.''
Loudly and proudly calling,
Down thro' the glen.
There where the hills are sleeping,
now feel the blood a leaping,
High as the spirits of the old Highland men.
Towering in gallant fame,
Scotland my mountain hame,
High may your proud
standards gloriously wave,
Land of the shining river,
Land of my heart for ever,
Scotland the brave.
High in the misty Highlands,
Out by the purple islands,
Brave are the hearts that beat
Beneath Scottish skies.
Wild are the winds to meet you,
Staunch are the friends that greet you,
Kind as the love that shines
from fair maidens' eyes.
Owerwird
Far off in sunlit places,
Sad are the Scottish faces,
Yearning to feel the kiss
Of sweet Scottish rain.
Where tropic skies are beaming,
Love sets the heart a-dreaming,
Longing and dreaming for the homeland again.
Ither wards
Thare ir ither Inglis wards be John McDermott (also kent as Scotland Forever) takken frae "Let Italy Boast" be James Hyslop, 1821
Let Italy boast of her gay gilded waters,
Her vines and her bowers and her soft sunny skies,
Her sons drinking love from the eyes of her daughters,
Where freedom expires amid softness and sighs.
Scotland's blue mountains wild where hoary cliffs are piled,
Towering in grandeur are dearer tae me,
Land of the misty cloud land of the tempest loud,
Land of the brave and proud land of the free.
The spirit of Scotia reigns fearless and free,
Her green tartan waving o'er blue rock and fountain,
And proudly she sings looking over the sea.
Kamchatka Krai
Kamchatka Krai (Камча́тский край) is a federal subject o Roushie (a krai). It wis formit on 1 Julie 2007, as a result o the merger o Kamchatka Oblast an Koryak Autonomous Okrug, efter a referendum wis held on the issue on 23 October 2005. The krai's admeenistrative center is the ceety o Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The okrug retains the status o a special admeenistrative diveesion o the krai unner the name o Koryak Okrug. Population: 322,079 (2010 Census).
Scotland the Brave
Ither wards
When armies and empires against me were hurled,
Niantic, Inc.
Niantic, Inc. is an American software development company based in San Francisco, California best known for developing and publishing the augmented reality mobile games Ingress and Pokémon Go.
Scotland the Brave
Ither wards
Firm as my native rock I have withstood the shock,
Kamchatka Krai
Vital statistics for 2007
Source:
Scotland the Brave
Ither wards
Of England, of Denmark, of Rome and the world.
Kamchatka Krai
Vital statistics for 2007
efter nearly twa decades, Kamchatka recordit a net naitural population growth instead o decline in 2007. In first hauf o 2008, housomeivver, the trend wis reversed an population decline wis observit again, pairtly due tae an increased mortality rate amang the rural population.
Scotland the Brave
Ither wards
But see how proudly her war steeds are prancing,
Kamchatka Krai
Ethnic composition
Ethnic composition (2010):
Scotland the Brave
Ither wards
Deep groves of steel trodden down in their path,
The eyes of my sons like their bright swords are glancing,
Triumphantly riding through ruin and death.
Bold hearts and nodding plumes wave o'er their bloody tombs,
Deepeyed in gore is the green tartan's wave,
Shivering are the ranks of steel dire is the horseman's wheel,
Victorious in battlefield Scotland the brave.
Victorious in battlefield Scotland the brave,
Baldim
Baldim is a Brazilian municipality locatit in the state o Minas Gerais. Its population as o 2006 is estimatit tae be 7,986, in a total aurie o 554.029 km². The ceety belangs tae the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte an tae the microregion o Sete Lagoas.
Cube
In geometry, a cube is a three-dimensional solid object boondit bi sax squerr faces, facets or sides, wi three meetin at each vertex.
The cube is the anly regular hexahedron an is ane o the five Platonic solids.
The cube is dual tae the octahedron. It haes cubical or octahedral symmetry.
Nova Vas, Sežana
Nova Vas (Nova vas) is a smaw veelage north o Kazlje in the Municipality o Sežana in the Littoral region o Slovenie.
Ibeirien lynx
The Ibeirien lynx (Lynx pardinus) is a endangered species o felid hamelt in the Peninsula o Ibeirie in Soothren Europe. As the maist feck o the Ibeirien lynx's diet is kinnens, it is unable tae signeeficantly alter its diet an, as a result, its population declined shairply whan its main prey wis decimatit bi twa diseases in the 20t century. It wis affectit bi the loss o scrubland, its main habitat, tae human development an aa. It is nou ane o the maist endangered cat species in the warld. Accordin tae the conservation group SOS Lynx, if the Ibeirien lynx dee'd oot, it wad be the first feline species tae acome extinct syne prehistoric times. Captive breedin an reintroduction programs hae boostit thair nummers. As o 2013, Andalusie haes a population o 309 leevin in the wild.
Formerly considered a subspecies o the Euraisien lynx (Lynx lynx), the Ibeirien lynx is nou classified as a separate species. Baith species occurred thegither in central Europe in the Pleistocene epoch, bein separatit bi habitat choice.
Cheesecake
Cheesecake is uisually sert as a dessert.
Gullspång Municipality
Gullspång Municipality (Gullspångs kommun) is a municipality in Västra Götaland Coonty in wastren Swaden. Its seat is locatit in the touns o Gullspång an Hova.
The present municipality wis formit through the amalgamation of the umwhile entities o Amnehärad, Hova an pairt o Visnum. The name wis taken frae the locality Gullspång.
Geography
Gullspång Municipality borders tae Mariestad Municipality an Töreboda Municipality in Västra Götaland Coonty It east-wairds borders tae Laxå Municipality in Örebro Coonty an north-wairds tae Kristinehamn Municipality in Värmland Coonty.
The soothren pairt o the municipality contains the northren pairt o Swadish naitional pairk Tiveden.
Localities
The twa main touns are Hova an Gullspång. The central admeenistration is placit in Hova, thus constitutin the municipal seat, but there are offices in Gullspång an aw. Acause o the rivalry atween Gullspång an Hova the municipality prefers tae caw them the "twa main localities" ("huvudtätorter").
Caracal
The caracal (Caracal caracal) is a middlin wild cat hamelt in Africae, the Middle East, Central Asie, and Indie. <!--It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, lang tufted lugs, and long canine teeth. Its coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy, while the ventral parts are lighter with small reddish markings. It reaches 40 - 50 cm at the shoulder and weighs 8 - 19 kg. It was first scientifically described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1776. Three subspecies are recognised.
Typically nocturnal, the caracal is highly secretive and difficult to observe. It is territorial, and lives mainly alone or in pairs. The caracal is a carnivore that typically preys upon small mammals, birds, and rodents. It can leap higher than 12 ft and catch birds in midair. It stalks its prey until it is within 5 m of it, after which it runs it down and kills its prey with a bite to the throat or to the back of the neck. Both sexes become sexually mature by the time they are one year old and breed throughout the year. Gestation lasts between two and three months, resulting in a litter of one to six kittens. Juveniles leave their mothers at the age of nine to ten months, though a few females stay back with their mothers. The average lifespan of captive caracals is nearly 16 years.
Caracals were tamed and used for coursing in India, Persia and Egypt.
The name 'caracal' was proposed by Georges Buffon in 1761 who referred to its Turkish name 'Karrah-kulak' or 'Kara-coulac', meaning 'cat with black ears'.
Zacapa Depairtment
Zacapa is ane o the 22 depairtments o Guatemala. The caipital is the ceety o Zacapa.
Caracal
Threats
The caracal is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002, as it is widely distributed in over 50 range countries, where the threats to caracal populations vary in extent. Habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, the building of roads and settlements is a major threat in all range countries. It is thought to be close to extinction in North Africa, Critically Endangered in Pakistan, Endangered in Jordan, but stable in central and Southern Africa. Local people kill caracal to protect livestock, or in retaliation for its preying on small livestock. Additionally, it is threatened by hunting for the pet trade on the Arabian Peninsula. In Turkey and Iran, caracals are frequently killed in road accidents. In Uzbekistan, the major threat to caracal is killing by herders in retaliation for livestock losses. Guarding techniques and sheds are inadequate to protect small livestock like goats and sheep from being attacked by predators. Additionally, similarly to Ethiopia, heavy-traffic roads crossing caracal habitat pose a potential threat for the species.
Conservation
African caracal populations are listed under CITES Appendix II, while Asian populations come under CITES Appendix I. Hunting of caracal is prohibited in Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Caracals occur in a number of protected areas across their range.
In South Africa, the caracal is considered Least Concern, as it is widespread and adaptable to a variety of habitats. It is tolerant to human-dominated areas, although it has been persecuted for many decades. Farmers are encouraged to report sightings of caracals, both dead and alive, as well as livestock killed by caracals to the national Predation Management Information Centre.
The Central Asian caracal population is listed as Critically Endangered in Uzbekistan since 2009, and in Kazakhstan since 2010.
In culture
Chinese emperors used caracals as gifts. In the 13th and the 14th centuries, Yuan dynasty rulers bought numerous caracals, cheetahs, and tigers from Muslim merchants in the western parts of the empire in return for gold, silver, cash, and silk. According to the Ming Shilu, the subsequent Ming dynasty continued this practice. Until as recently as the 20th century, the caracal was used in hunts by Indian rulers to hunt small game, while the cheetah was used for larger game. In those times, caracals were exposed to a flock of pigeons and people would bet on which caracal would kill the largest number of pigeons. This probably gave rise to the expression "to put the cat among the pigeons".
The caracal appears to have been religiously significant in the ancient Egyptian culture, as it occurs in paintings and as bronze figurines; sculptures are thought to have guarded the tombs of pharaohs. Embalmed caracals have also been discovered. Its pelt was used for making fur coats. -->
Sexual Offences Act 1967
The Sexual Offences Act 1967 is an Act o Pairlament in the Unitit Kinrick (citation 1967 c. 60). It legalisit homosexual acts, on the condeetion 'at thay gied consentment, an war in private atween twa men who had attainit the age o 21. The act ainlie applee'd tae Inglan an Wales. The law wes extendit tae Scotlan bi the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980 an tae Norlan Airlan bi the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982.
Backgrund
Homosexual activity atween men hadnae bin legal fur yeirhunners. There wes never an explicit ban on homosexual activity atween women. In the 1950s, there wes an increase o prosecutions against homosexual men an a wheen o weil-kent figures haed bin convictit. The govrenment set ap a buird led bi John Wolfenden tae consither the laws on homosexuality. In 1957, the committee furthset the Wolfenden report, whilk recommendit the decriminalisation o homosexual activity atween men abuin the age o 21. The position wes summarisit bi the committee as follaes: "unless a deliberate attempt be made by society through the agency of the law to equate the sphere of crime with that of sin, there must remain a realm of private that is in brief, not the law's business." Houever, the govrenment o Harold Macmillan didna act upon its recommendations, due tae fears o public ootcry.
In 1965, a wheen o politicians sponsorit a Sexual Offences Bill, a private member's bill whilk drew heavily upon the findins o the Wolfenden report. The key sponsors war Humphry Berkeley, a Tory MP, Leo Abse, a Labour MP, an Laird Arran, a Tory peer. Bi that yeir, public opeenion haed shiftit in fauvour. A 1965 opeenion poll commissionit bi the Daily Mail foond that 63% o respondents didna believe that homosexuality shuid be a crime while ainlie 36% gree'd, even tho 93% gree'd that homosexual men war "in need of medical or psychiatric treatment."
Legislation and debate
Bi 1967, the govrenment o Harold Wilson wes shawin support fur the bill. The decriminalisation o homosexuality wes yin o multiple liberal social reforms tae be passit unner Wilson's 1966-70 govrenment an the wider muiv taewarts a "permissive society". Ither reforms o the era includit the legalisation o abortion in Great Bretane the same yeir, the relaxation o divorce laws an the abolition o theatre censorship an caipital punishment. These reforms cam aboot acause o a wheen o separate campaigns benefittin fae growin public support an Labour's lairge majority, raither than fae central govrenment leadership.
The proposal legalisit acts atween twa consentin adults in private. It didna applee tae the Merchant Navy or the Airmt Forces, nor tae Scotlan an Norlan Airlan. As wi the Wolfenden report's owerture, the bill set the age o consent fur homosexual activity tae 21, five years heicher than fur heterosexual activity. It didna delete the offences o buggery an gross indecency. Men could still be prosecutit fur these offences gin their actions didna meet the strict requirements o the bill.
At the time, maist proponents o the bill didna condone homosexuality, but instead argied that it wes na inower the responsibility o the criminal law tae penalise homosexual men, who war awready the object o ridicule an derision. The comments o Roy Jenkins, Hame Secretary at the time, capturit the govrenment's attitude: "those who suffer from this disability carry a great weight of shame all their lives" (quotit durand parliamentary debate bi The Times on 4 July 1967).
Baith the major parties alloued a conscience vote. Labour an Leeberal members war maistlins in favour, while Conservative members war maistlins opposit. The divide cut throu party ranks, wi Margaret Thatcher an Enoch Powell amang the conservative members votin in favour. The coalition in favour o the bill wes later descrieved as "a combination of Gaitskellites and future Thatcherites." The bill wes forby supportit bi the senior leaders o the Kirk o Inglan, includin Michael Ramsey, the Airchbishop o Canterbury.
Accordin tae gay activist Peter Tatchell, dissent again the bill could be summit ap bi the Yerl o Dudley's 16 Juin 1966 statement that "[homosexuals] are the most disgusting people in the world... Prison is much too good a place for them; in fact, that is a place where many of them like to go—for obvious reasons."
Legacy
In BBC History, Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite scrieved "This was a hugely important moment in the history of homosexuality in Britain — but it wasn't a moment of sudden liberation for gay men — and nor was it intended to be." Yin parteecular important consequence wes the increasit freedom o semmlie fur gay richts groups, heidmaist tae an increase in gay richts activism in the 1970s. Conversely, there wes a clampdown on the homosexual activities that warna protectit bi the law in the decade efter prosecutions fur gross indecency involvin males treblit.
Na avisandum o the issue o male homosexuality in statutory law teuk place in Inglan an Wales till the late 1970s. In 1979, the Hame Office Policie Advisory Buird's Wirkin Pairty report Age o Consent in relation tae Sexual Offences recommendit that the age o consent fur homosexual acts shuid be 18. This wes rejectit at the time, in part due tae fears that further decriminalisation wad serve ainlie tae encourage younger men tae experiment sexually with ither men, a choice that some at the time claimit wad place such an individual outwith wider society.
The law wis extended tae Scotlan in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, which teuk effect on 1 February 1981. As a result o the 1981 European Coort o Human Richts case Dudgeon v. United Kingdom, the law wis extended to Norlan Airlan in the Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982.
Tomakivka Raion
Tomakivka Raion (Томаківський район) is a raion (destrict) o Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, sootheastren-central Ukraine. Its admeenistrative centre is locatit at the urban-teep dounset o Tomakivka. The raion covers a aurie o 1200 square kilometres. Population:.
San Martín Huamelulpam
San Martín Huamelulpam is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 29.34 km². It is pairt o the Tlaxiaco Destrict in the sooth o the Mixteca Region.
As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 1012.
Aka-Bo leid
Aka-Bo or Bo is an extinct Great Andamanese leid, o the Northren group. It wis spoken on the wast central coast o North Andaman an on North Reef Island o the Andaman Islands in Indie. The Aka- at the beginning o the leid name is a common Great Andamanese prefix for wirds related to the tongue, which includes leid.
Boa Sr., the last person who remembered any Bo, dee'd on 26 January 2010, at the age o approximately 85.
Caipital
Caipital mey refer tae:
Andrew Pelling
Andrew John Pelling (born 20 August 1959) is an ae-time Inglis politeecian, an a comissioner o the Unitit Kinrick pairlament at Wastmeinster, representin the Conservative Pairty bit left the pairty awin tae expense claims. He representit the Central Croydon consteetuency in the Hoose o Commons as an Unthirlt politeecian bit tint it in the 2010 General Walin.
1945
1945 wis a year stairtin on a Monanday.
Nicholas Soames
Arthur Nicholas Winston Soames (born 12 Februar 1948), kent as Nicholas Soames, is an Inglis politeecian, an a member o the Unitit Kinrick pairlament at Wastmeinster, representin the Conservative Pairty. He represents the Mid Sussex consteetuency in the Hoose o Commons.
Vyacheslav Malafeev
Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Malafeev (Вячеслав Александрович Малафеев; born 4 Mairch 1979) is a Roushie umwhile fitbawer that played as a goalkeeper for Roushie Premier League team Zenit Saunt Petersburg. He wis a ane-club man, haein spent aw 17 o his profeesional saisons wi Zenit.
Zenit
Vyacheslav Malafeev stairtit attendin the Smena football schuil at the age of nine. In 1997, he began tae play for the ferm club o FC Zenit Saunt Petersburg, Zenit-2, in the Third Diveesion. He got the chance tae play for Zenit in the Premier League in 1999 durin the suspension o Roman Berezovsky. Malafeev later became the first choice goalkeeper for Zenit in 2001, efter Berezovsky left the club. Malafeev haes syne been the first choice goalkeeper aheid o Kamil Čontofalský an wan the UEFA Cup in 2008 efter keepin a clean sheet against Rangers F.C..
Internaitional career
On 19 November 2003, Malafeev debuted as a goalkeeper for the naitional team in a Euro 2004 qualifiers play-off against Wales. He wis chosen as the seicont choice goalkeeper behind Sergei Ovchinnikov an ahead of Igor Akinfeev. Malafeev participated in Euro 2004 coming on efter Ovchinnikov's reid card against Portugal an stairtin against Greece.
He wis the stairtin goalkeeper in the gemme that Roushie lost tae Portugal wi a score of 1–7 in the 2006 FIFA Warld Cup qualifier.
He wis confirmed for the finalized UEFA Euro 2012 squad on 25 May 2012. Efter the UEFA Euro 2012 he annoonced that he is retiring frae the national team tae spend mair time wi his childer, but is prepared tae be cried up in case of emergency sic as injuries tae ither tap goalkeepers.
Personal life
Vyacheslav an his wife Marina haed twa childer. Marina Malafeeva dee'd in a caur crash on the fore-nuin o 17 Mairch 2011, agit 37.
Warld War II
Warld War II, or the Seicont Warld War (aften abbreviatit as WWII or WW2), wis a global war that stertit in 1939 an endit in 1945. It inrowed the wappin forces o the warld's naitions—includin aw o the great pouers—at the hinner en formin twa opponin military alliances: the Feres an the Axis. It wis the braidest war in history, an directly inrowed mair nor 100 million fowk frae ower 30 kintras. In a state o "tot war", the major participants funged thair hail economic, industrial, an scienteefic cawpabilities ahint the war brash, erasin the distinction atween ceevilian an militar resoorces. Merkit bi mass daiths o ceevilians, includin the Holocaust (in whilk thareaboot 11 million fowk wis killt) an the strategic bombin o industrial an population centres (in whilk thareaboot ane million fowk wis killt, includin the uise o twa nuclear wappens in combat), it resultit in an estimate 50 million tae 85 million fatalities. Thir made Warld War II the deidliest pingle in human history.
The Empire o Japan ettilt tae dominate Asie an the Paceefic an wis awready at war wi the Republic o Cheenae in 1937, but the warld war is generally said tae hae began on 1 September 1939 wi the invasion o Poland bi Germany an subsequent declarations o war on Germany bi Fraunce an the Unitit Kinrick. Frae late 1939 tae early 1941, in a series o campaigns an treaties, Germany vinkisht or maunt the feck o continental Europe, an formed the Axis alliance wi Italy an Japan. Follaein the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Germany an the Soviet Union pairteetioned an annexed territories o thair European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romanie an the Baltic states. The Unitit Kinrick an the Breetish Commonweel wis the anerly Allied forces continuin the fecht agin the European Axis pouers, wi campaigns in North Africae an the Horn o Africae as weel as the lang-rinnin Battle o the Atlantic. In Juin 1941, the European Axis pouers lencht an invasion o the Soviet Union, appenin the lairgest laund war theatre in history, whilk trappit the feck o the Axis' militar forces intae a attrition war. In December 1941, Japan attackit the Unitit States an European territories in the Paceefic Ocean, an swith vinkisht a fait feck o the Wastren Paceefic.
Qutb Minar
The Qutub Minar (कुतुब मिनार, ) is a minaret that forms a pairt o the Qutab complex, a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid in the Mehrauli aurie o Delhi, Indie.
Warld War II
The Axis forderin hautit in 1942 whan Japan lost the creetical Battle o Midway, near Hawaii, an Germany wis defait in the North Africae an syne, decisively, at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. In 1943, wi a series o German defaits on the Eastren Front, the Allied invasion o Italy whilk rase Italian renooncement, an Allied owerhauns in the Paceefic, the Axis lost the initiative an taen legbail on haun on aw fronts. In 1944, the Wastren Allies invadit German-occupied Fraunce, while the Soviet Union won back aw o its territorial losses an invadit Germany an its feres. Durin 1944 an 1945 the Japanese dreed major reverses in mainland Asie in Sooth Central Cheenae an Burma, while the Allies lamed the Japanese Navy an fangt key Wastren Paceefic islands.
The war in Europe endit wi an invasion o Germany bi the Wastren Allies an the Soviet Union culminatin in the tak o Berlin bi Soviet an Pols truips an the subsequent German uncondeetional surrender on 8 Mey 1945. Follaein the Potsdam Declaration bi the Allies on the 26t Julie 1945 an Japan's refuise o tae renoonce unner its terms, the Unitit States drappit atomic bombs on the Japanese ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki on the 6t August an the 9t August respectively. Wi an invasion o the Japanese airchipelago imminent, the possibility o addeetional atomic bombins, an the Soviet Union's declaration o war on Japan an invasion o Manchuria, Japan renoonced on the 15t August 1945. Sicweys endit the war in Asie, souderin the Allies' tot victory.
Warld War II chynged the warld's poleetical alignment an social structur. The Unitit Naitions (UN) wis estaiblisht fur tae forder internaitional comploutherin an fur tae prevene futur conflicks. The gree-bearin great pouers—the Unitit States, the Soviet Union, Cheenae, the Unitit Kinrick, an Fraunce—became the permanent memmers o the Unitit Naotions Security Cooncil. The Soviet Union an the Unitit States ootcam as rival superpouers, settin the stage fur the Cauld War, whilk lastit fur the neist 46 year. Atween haun, the European great pouers' hank waned, while the decolonisation o Asie an Africae began. Maist kintras whase industries haed been damaged muived taewart economic betterness. Poleetical integration, inspecially in Europe, wis a war ootcome, as pairt o a ettle at endin afore-war laith an creautin a common identity.
Europe
Warld War I haed radically altert the poleetical European map, wi the defeat o the Central Powers—includin Austrick-Hungary, Germany, Bulgarie an the Ottoman Empire—an the 1917 Bolshevik seizur o pouer in Roushie, that hinderly led tae the foondin o the Soviet Union. Atween haun, the veectorious Allies o Warld War I, sic as Fraunce, Belgium, Italy, Romanie an Greece, gained territory, an new naition-states wis creatit oot o the collapse o Austrick-Hungary an the Ottoman an Roushie Empires. Fur tae prevene a futur warld war, the League o Naitions wis creatit in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.
Maugre strang pacifist sentiment efter Warld War I, its eftermath still caused irredentist an revanchist naitionalism in several European states. Thir sentiments wis especially merkit in Germany acause o the signeeficant territorial, colonial, an financial losses incurred bi the Treaty o Versailles. Unner the treaty, Germany lost aroond 13 percent o its hame territory an aw o its owerseas possessions, while German annexation o ither states wis prohibitit, reparations war imposed, an leemits wis placed on the size an capability o the kintra's airmed forces.
The German Empire wis dissolved in the German Revolution o 1918–1919, an a democratic govrenment, later kent as the Weimar Republic, wis creautit. The interwar period saw strife atween supporters o the new republic an hardline opponents on baith the richt an left. Italy, as an Entente ally, haed made some post-war territorial gains; houiver, Italian naitionalists wis angert that the promises made bi Breetain an Fraunce tae siccar Italian entrance intae the war wisnae fulfilt in the peace dounset. Frae 1922 tae 1925, the Fascist muivement led bi Benito Mussolini seized pouer in Italy wi a naitionalist, totalitarian, an cless collaborationist agenda that abolisht representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-weeng an leeberal forces, an pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at makkin Italy a warld pouer, promisin the creaution o a "New Roman Empire".
Adolf Hitler, efter an unsuccessfu attempt tae owerthraw the German govrenment in 1923, eventually acame the Chancellor o Germany in 1933. He abolisht democracy, espoosin a radical, racially motivatit revision o the warld order, an suin begoud a massive reairmament campaign. Meanwhile, Fraunce, tae siccar its alliance, alloued Italy a free haund in Ethiopie, that Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation wis aggravatit in early 1935 whan the Territory o the Saar Basin wis legally reunitit wi Germany an Hitler repudiatit the Treaty o Versailles, acceleratit his reairmament programme, an introduced conscription.
Hitler defee'd the Versailles an Locarno treaties bi remilitarisin the Rhineland in Mairch 1936, encoonterin little opposeetion. In October 1936, Germany an Italy formed the Roum–Berlin Axis. A month later, Germany an Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, that Italy wad jyne in the follaein year.
Asie
The Kuomintang (KMT) pairty in Cheenae launched a unification campaign against regional warlairds an nominally unifee'd Cheenae in the mid-1920s, but wis suin embrulyie'd in a ceevil war against its umwhile Cheenese Communist Pairty allies an new regional warlairds. In 1931, an increasinly militareestic Empire o Japan, that haed lang soct influence in Cheenae as the first step o whit its govrenment saw as the kintra's richt tae rule Asie, uised the Mukden Incident as a pretext tae launch an invasion o Manchurie an establish the puppet state o Manchukuo.
Ower waik tae resist Japan, Cheenae appealt tae the League o Naitions fur help. Japan widrew frae the League o Naitions efter bein condemned fur its incursion intae Manchurie. The twa naitions syne focht several battles, in Shanghai, Rehe an Hebei, till the Tanggu Truce wis signed in 1933. Thareefter, Cheenese volunteer forces conteena'd the reseestance tae Japanese aggression in Manchurie, an Chahar an Suiyuan. Efter the 1936 Xi'an Incident, the Kuomintang an communist forces greed on a ceasefire tae present a unitit front fur tae oppone Japan.
Spaingie Ceevil War (1936–39)
Whan ceevil war ootbrak in Spain, Hitler an Mussolini lent militar uphaudin tae the Naitionalist rebels, led bi General Francisco Franco. The Soviet Union uphaudit the existin govrenment, the Spaingie Republic. Ower 30,000 foreign volunteers, kent as the Internaitional Brigades, forby focht agin the Naitionalists. Baith Germany an the USSR uised this proxy war as an opportunity fur tae test in combat thair maist advanced wappens an tactics. The Naitionalists wan the ceevil war in Apryle 1939; Franco, nou dictator, remeened offeecially neutral in World War II but generally favoured the Axis. His greatest collaboration wi Germany wis the sendin o volunteers tae fecht on the Eastren Front.
Japanese invasion o Cheenae (1937)
In Julie 1937, Japan capturt the umwhile Cheenese imperial caipital o Peking efter instigatin the Marco Polo Brig Incident, that culminatit in the Japanese campaign tae invade aw o Cheenae. The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact wi Cheenae tae lend materiel uphaudin, effectively endin Cheenae's prior comploutherin wi Germany. Frae September tae November, the Japanese attackit Taiyuan, as weel as engagin the Kuomintang Airmy aroond Xinkou an Communist forces in Pingxingguan. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best airmy tae defend Shanghai, but, efter three month o fechtin, Shanghai fell. The Japanese conteena'd tae push the Cheenese forces back, capturin the caipital Nanking in December 1937. Efter the faw o Nanking, tens o thoosands, gif no hunders o thoosands, o Cheenese ceevilians an disairmed combatants wis murthert bi the Japanese.
In Mairch 1938, Naitionalist Cheenese forces wan thair first major veectory at Taierzhuang but then the ceety o Xuzhou wis taken bi Japanese in Mey. In Juin 1938, Cheenese forces stawed the Japanese advance bi fluidin the Yellae River; this manoeuvre bocht time fur the Cheenese tae prepare thair defences at Wuhan, but the ceety wis takken bi October. Japanese militar veectories didnae bring aboot the collapse o Cheenese resistance that Japan haed howpit tae achieve; insteid the Cheenese govrenment relocatit inland tae Chongqing an conteena'd the war.
European occupations an agreements
In Europe, Germany an Italy wis becomin aggressiver. In Mairch 1938, Germany annexed Austrick, again provokin a bittock response frae ither European pouers. Encouraged, Hitler begoud pressin German claims on the Sudetenland, an aurie o Czechoslovakie wi a predominantly ethnic German population; an suin Breetain an Fraunce follaed the coonsel o Breetish Prime Meenister Neville Chamberlain an concedit this territory tae Germany in the Munich Greement, that wis made agin the wishes o the Czechoslovak govrenment, in exchynge fur a promise o nae mair territorial demands. Suin efterwart, Germany an Italy forced Czechoslovakie tae cede addeetional territory tae Hungary an Poland annexed Czechoslovakie's Zaolzie region.
Awtho aw o Germany's statit demands haed been satisfee'd bi the greement, preevatly Hitler wis furious that Breetish interference haed preventit him frae seizin aw o Czechoslovakie in ane operation. In subsequent speeches, Hitler attackit Breetish an Jewish "war-mongers" an in Januar 1939 saicretly ordered a major big-up o the German navy tae challenge Breetish naval supremacy. In Mairch 1939, Germany invadit the remeender o Czechoslovakie an subsequently split it intae the German Pertectorate o Bohemie an Moravie an a pro-German client state, the Slovak Republic. Hitler forby deleevered the 20 Mairch 1939 ultimatum tae Lithuanie, forcin the concession o the Klaipėda Region.
Greatly alairmed an wi Hitler makkin forder demands on the Free Ceety o Danzig, Breetain an Fraunce guaranteed thair uphaudin o Pols unthirldom; whan Italy conquered Albanie in Apryle 1939, the same guarantee wis extendit tae Romanie an Greece. Shortly efter the Franco-Breetish pledge tae Poland, Germany an Italy formalised thair awn alliance wi the Pact o Steel. Hitler accuised Breetain an Poland o tryin tae "encircle" Germany an renoonced the Anglo-German Naval Greement an the German–Pols Non-Aggression Pact.
The situation reakit a general creesis in late August as German truips conteena'd tae mobilise agin the Pols mairch. In August 23, whan tripartite negotiations aboot a militar alliance atween Fraunce, Breetain an USSR stawed, Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact wi Germany. This pact haed a saicret protocol that defined German an Soviet "spheres o influence" (wastren Poland an Lithuanie for Germany; eastren Poland, Finland, Estonie, Latvie an Bessarabie fur the USSR), an raised the quaisten o conteenuin Pols unthirldom. The pact neutralised the possibility o Soviet opposeetion tae a campaign against Poland an assured that Germany wad nae hae tae face the prospect o a twa-front war, as it haed in Warld War I. Immediately efter that, Hitler ordert the attack tae proceed on 26 August, but upon hearin that Breetain haed concludit a formal mutual assistance pact wi Poland, an that Italy wad mainteen neutrality, he decidit tae delay it.
In response tae Breetish requests fur direct negotiations fur tae evit war, Germany made demands on Poland, that anerly served as a pretext tae worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Pols plenipotentiary immediately traivel fur tae Berlin tae negotiate the haundower o Danzig, an tae allou a plebiscite in the Pols Corridor in that the German minority wad vote on secession. The Poles refuised tae complee wi the German demands, an on the nicht o 30–31 August in a veeolent meetin wi the Breetish ambassador Neville Henderson, Ribbentrop declared that Germany conseedert its claims rejectit.
War braks oot in Europe (1939–40)
On 1 September 1939, upon haein staged several mairch incidents, Germany invadit Poland. The Battle o Westerplatte is aften descrived as the first European battle o Warld War II. Breetain respondit wi an ultimatum tae Germany tae cease militar operations, an on 3 September, efter the ultimatum wis ignored, Fraunce, Breetain, Australie, an New Zealand declared a war on Germany. This alliance wis jynt bi Sooth Africae (6 September) an Canadae (10 September). The alliance providit na direct militar support tae Poland, ootside o a cautious French probe intae the Saarland. The Wastren Allies forby begoud a naval blockade o Germany, that aimed tae damage the kintra's economy an war effort. Germany respondit bi orderin U-boat warfare agin Allied merchand an warships, that wad later escalate intae the Battle o the Atlantic.
On 27 September, Warsaw gairison signed a cease-fire an surrendered tae the Germans, an the last lairge operational unit o the Pols Airmy surrendered on 6 October. Maugre a militar defeat, the Pols govrenment niver surrendered; the Pols resistance established an Unnergrund State an a pairtisan Hame Airmy..
Germany annexed the wastren an occupied the central pairt o Poland, an the USSR annexed its eastren pairt; smaw shares o Pols territory war transferred tae Lithuanie an Slovakie. On the 6t October, Hitler made a public peace owertur tae Breetain an Fraunce, but said that the futur o Poland wis tae be determined exclusively bi Germany an the Soviet Union. The proposal wis rejectit, an Hitler ordered an immediate offensive agin Fraunce, that wad be postponed till the ware o 1940 due tae bad wather.
The Soviet Union forced the Baltic kintras—Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie, the states that war in a Soviet sphere o influence"—tae sign "mutual assistance pacts" that stipulatit stationin Soviet truips in thir kintras. Suin efter that, signeeficant Soviet militar contingent wis muived thare.. Finland refuised tae sign a seemilar pact an rejectit tae cede pairt o its territory tae the USSR, thar promptit a Soviet invasion in November 1939, an the USSR wis expelt frae the League o Naitions . Despite owerwhelmin numerical superiority, Soviet militar sonse wis modest, an the Finno-Soviet war endit in Mairch 1940 wi meenimal Finnish concessions.
In Juin 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie, an the disputit Romanie regions o Bessarabie, Northren Bukovina an Hertza. Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet poleetical rapprochement an economic co-operation gradually stawed, an baith states begoud preparations for war.
Wastren Europe (1940–41)
In Apryle 1940, Germany invadit Denmark an Norawa tae pertect shipments o airn ore frae Swaden, that the Allies war attemptin tae cut aff bi unilaterally minin neutral Norse watters. Denmark capitulatit efter a few oors, an mauggre Allied support, in that the important herbour o Narvik temporarily wis recapturt frae the Germans, Norawa wis conquert within twa month. Breetish discontent ower the Norse campaign led tae the replacement o the Breetish Prime Meenister, Neville Chamberlain, wi Winston Churchill on 10 Mey 1940.
Germany launcht an offensive agin Fraunce an, adherin tae the Manstein Plan forby attackit the neutral naitions o Belgium, the Netherlands, an Luxembourg on 10 Mey 1940. That same day, Breetish forces laundit in Iceland an the Faroes tae preempt a possible German invasion o the islands. The US, in close co-operation wi the Dens envoy tae Washington D.C., greed tae pertect Greenland, layin the poleetical framewark for the formal establishment o bases in Apryle 1941. The Netherlands an Belgium wis owerrun uisin blitzkrieg tactics in a few days an weeks, respectively. The French-fortifee'd Maginot Line an the main bouk o the Allied forces that haed muived intae Belgium wae circumventit bi a flankin muivement throu the thickly widdit Ardennes region, mistakenly perceived bi Allied planners as an impenetrable naitural barrier against airmoured vehicles. As a result, the bouk o the Allied airmies foond themsels trappit in an encirclement an war beaten. The majority war takken prisoner, whilst ower 300,000, maistly Breetish an French, war evacuated frae the continent at Dunkirk bi early Juin, awtho abandonin awmaist aw o thair equipment.
Uisin newly capturt French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an ower-extendit Ryal Navy, uisin U-boats agin Breetish shippin in the Atlantic. The Breetish scored a signeeficant veectory on 27 Mey 1941 bi sinkin the German battleship Bismarck. Aiblins maist importantly, in the Battle o Breetain the Ryal Air Force haed successfully reseestit the Luftwaffe's assault, an the German bombin campaign lairgely endit in Mey 1941.
Ootthrou this period, the neutral Unitit States teuk meisurs tae assist Cheenae an the Wastren Allies. In November 1939, the American Neutrality Act wis amendit tae allou "cash an cairy" purchases bi the Allies. In 1940, follaein the German captur o Paris, the size o the Unitit States Navy wis signeeficantly increased. In September, the Unitit States forder greed tae a tred o American destroyers for Breetish bases. Still, a lairge majority o the American public conteena'd tae oppone ony direct militar intervention intae the conflict weel inte 1941. Awtho Roosevelt haed promised tae keep the Unitit States oot o the war, he nivertheless teuk concrete steps tae prepare for war.
At the end o September 1940, the Tripartite Pact unitit Japan, Italy an Germany tae formalise the Axis Pouers. The Tripartite Pact stipulatit that ony kintra, wi the exception o the Soviet Union, no in the war that attacked ony Axis Power wad be forced tae gae tae war agin aw three. The Axis expandit in November 1940 whan Hungary, Slovakie an Romanie jynt the Tripartite Pact. Romanie wad mak a major contreibution (as did Hungary) tae the Axis war agin the USSR, pairtially tae recaptur territory cedit tae the USSR, pairtially tae pursue its leader Ion Antonescu's desire tae combat communism.
Mediterranean (1940–41)
Bi late Mairch 1941, follaein Bulgarie's signin o the Tripartite Pact, the Germans war in poseetion tae intervene in Greece. Plans chynged, houiver, acause o developments in neighbourin Yugoslavie. The Yugoslav govrenment haed signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 Mairch, anerly tae be owerthrawn twa day efter bi a Breetish-encouraged coup. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile an immediately decidit tae eliminate it. On 6 Apryle Germany simultaneously invadit baith Yugoslavie an Greece, makkin rapid progress an forcin baith naitions tae surrender within the month. The Breetish war driven frae the Balkans efter Germany conquered the Greek island o Crete bi the end o Mey. Awtho the Axis veectory wis swift, bitter pairtisan warfare subsequently brak oot agin the Axis occupation o Yugoslavie, whilk conteena'd till the end o the war.
Axis attack on the USSR (1941)
Wi the situation in Europe an Asie relatively stable, Germany, Japan, an the Soviet Union made preparations. Wi the Soviets waurie o moontin tensions wi Germany an the Japanese plannin tae tak advantage o the European War bi seizin resoorce-rich European possessions in Sootheast Asie, the twa pouers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in Apryle 1941. Bi contrast, the Germans war steadily makkin preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massin forces on the Soviet mairch.
On 22 Juin 1941, Germany, supportit bi Italy an Romanie, invadit the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, wi Germany accusin the Soviets o plottin agin them. Thay war jynt shortly bi Finland an Hungary. The primar targets o this surprise offensive war the Baltic region, Moscow an Ukraine, wi the ultimate goal o endin the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line, frae the Caspian tae the White Seas. Hitler's objectives war tae eliminate the Soviet Union as a militar pouer, exterminate Communism, generate Lebensraum ("leevin space") bi dispossessin the native population an guarantee access tae the strategic resoorces needit tae defeat Germany's remeenin rivals.