cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ikiyaga cya Kyoga
Ibinyabuzima n'uburobyi
thumb| Haplochromis latifasciatus ni bumwe mu bwoko bwifi bwa cichilide buboneka gusa mu kiyaga cya Kyoga Ingona muri Nili ni nyinshi, kimwe n’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. Hariho byibura amoko 60 yingona, hamwe nu mubare muto wandi moko y amafi nka saradine yi kiyaga cya Victoria. Byinshi muri cichilide ni ibyorezo, ariko bifitanye isano rya bugufi nu bwoko bwikiyaga cya Victoriya,  kandi byerekana urwego rumwe rutandukanye mubijyanye no kugaburira. Cichilide ya Kyoga irimo amoko yombi yasobanuwe. Nko mu kiyaga cya Victoriya, cichilide ya Kyoga yarimbuwe na Nil yatangijwe kandi amoko amwe yarazimye. Kubera ko muri rusange Kyoga ari ntoya kandi ari igishanga, ibice bimwe -ibiyaga bya satelite - bitandukanijwe na dogere zitandukanye kuva ikiyaga kinini. Umubare wa haplochromine warokotse muri buri gice ufitanye isano itaziguye na status ya Nili. Nubwo ari nini cyane kugeza ubu, amoko atarenga 50 ya haplochromine abaho mu gice kinini aho Nili ikunze kugaragara. Ugereranije, ibiyaga bito cyane bya satelite Lemwa, Nyaguo na Nawampasa ntibibura Nili, ariko byibuze amoko 50 arokoka muri kimwe cya kabiri cyambere, byibuze 60 muri nyuma. Ku rundi ruhande, ibiyaga bito bya satelite Nakuwa na Nyasala aho Nili perch ari nyinshi bifite munsi ya 30 na 5 haplochromine ikomeza kubaho. Ibi bivuze kandi ko uburobyi muri sisitemu yikiyaga cya Kyoga bwagiye buhinduka buhoro buhoro kuva aho bwibasiye amoko menshi kavukire, kugeza ubu byibasiye cyane cyane sardine yo mu kiyaga cya Victoriya kavukire, icyambu cya Nili cyamenyekanye kandi kimenyekanisha Nila tilapiya (tilapiya ebyiri kavukire, Singida na Victoriya, babaye imbonekarimwe, usibye mu biyaga bimwe na bimwe). Muri 2006, 4 ku ijana gusa byafashwe. left|thumb|Ikiyaga
Reba
Ikiciro:Ibiyaga
Kwizera Pierre
Kwizera Pierre uzwi nka Marishalli muri volleyball ni umutoza wa REG VC, akaba yarabaye umukinnyi wa Vollleyball mu Rwanda no mumahanga. Kwizera Pierre Marishall yatoje mbere ikipe ya Gisagara Volleyball Club muri 2020. Kwizera yabaye umukinnyi wa volleyball ku rwego mpuza mahanga mu ikipe zi tandukanye nko muri Aligeriya mu ikipe ya OMK El Milia mu 2013. yatwaranye igikombe cya shampiyona mu ikipe zi tandukanye arimo APR VC, REG VC na Gisagara VC. Kwizera yakiniye kandi Umubano Blue Tigers, Lycée de Nyanza, Rayon Sports na Kigali Volleyball Club. Kwizera yakiniye mu ikipe y’igihugu y’u Rwanda ya Volleyball mu 2017.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa volleyball
Umugezi wa Kerio
Amasomo
Umugezi wa Kerio uzamuka mu majyaruguru y’imisozi ya Amasya mu burengerazuba bw'ikiyaga cya Bogoriya. Itemba yerekeza mu majyaruguru ikanyura mu kibaya cya Kerio hagati ya Tugen Hills na Elgeyo Escarpment. Elgeyo Escarpment yazamutse igera kuri metero zirenga 1.830 (6000 ft) hejuru yikibaya cya Kerio ahantu. Kerio ikomeza mu majyaruguru, akenshi ikanyura mu mibande yimbitse kandi ifunganye, yinjira mu kiyaga cya Turkana muri delta iri mu majyepfo ya delta yakozwe n'inzuzi za Turkwel na Lokichar. Kerio na Turkwel batanga 98% by'amazi yinzuzi atemba mu kiyaga cya Turkana ku butaka bwa Kenya (bingana na 2% gusa byinjira mu ruzi). Mu masomo yabo yo hepfo izi nzuzi zombi ni ibihe [1]
Hafi y’isoko yacyo Umugezi wa Kerio ugaburirwa ninzuzi ebyiri nini zitemba ziva muri Elgeyo Escarpment: Umugezi wa Arror, nUruzi rwa Embobut.
Imikoreshereze y'ubutaka
Ikigega cy'igihugu cy'ikiyaga cya Kamnarok hamwe n'ikigo cy'igihugu cya Kerio kiri mu burasirazuba no mu burengerazuba bw'umugezi wa Kerio mu kibaya cyo hejuru. Ntabwo zateye imbere, ariko zifite inyoni nyinshi kandi zizwiho ibyiza byazo. Inkombe y'ibumoso ya kilometero 25 (16 mi) z'umugezi iri mu Kigo cy'igihugu cya Turkana y'Amajyepfo [4]
Mu 1999 hari ibirego bivuga ko Fluorspar Mines yajugunyaga imyanda y'ubumara mu ruzi. Aba babihakanye na Minisitiri ubishinzwe ushinzwe gucukura amabuye y'agaciro. Ahantu h’ingenzi mu Karere ka Turkana mu buhinzi bwuhira ni ku mugezi wa Turkwel na Kerio. Gahunda yo kuhira Lotubai na Morulem iri kuri Kerio. Ibihingwa nyamukuru ni ibigori n'amasaka, bingana na 80% by'ibihingwa byuhira, hamwe na garama z'icyatsi, inka, ibitoki, imyembe, amacunga na guavas[6]
Bizumuremyi Radjab
Bizumuremyi Radjab ni we wahawe Etincelles Fc nk’Umutoza Mukuru nyuma yokugenda akongera akayigarukamo.
Mountain Ceramic Campany Ltd
Mountain Ceramic Campany Ltd ni uruganda ruri mu Karere ka Muhanga mu ntara y'amajyepfo, hari uruganda rw’amakaro rwuzuye rutwaye amafaranga asaga miliyari 28 z'amafaranga yu Rwanda, aho ruzatangira gusohora amakaro mu kwezi kwa Kanama 2023, aho ruzaba rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora metero kare hafi ibihumbi bine ku munsi.
Bizumuremyi Radjab
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Abatoza ba Ruhago
Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Uburenganzira
bwa muntu ni amahame mbwirizamuco cyangwa amahame [1] ku mahame amwe y’imyitwarire ya muntu kandi akingirwa buri gihe mu mategeko y’amakomine n’amahanga. [2] umuntu asanzwe afite uburenganzira kubera gusa ko ari ikiremwa muntu "[4] kandi" kikaba kavukire mu bantu bose ", [5] hatitawe ku myaka yabo, inkomoko yabo, aho batuye, ururimi, idini, ubwoko, cyangwa ikindi icyo ari cyo cyose imiterere. [3] Zirakoreshwa ahantu hose kandi igihe cyose muburyo bwo kuba rusange, [1] kandi barangana muburyo bwo kuba bamwe kuri bose. Bafatwa nk'ibisaba kwishyira mu mwanya w'abandi no kugendera ku mategeko [6] no gushyiraho inshingano ku bantu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw'abandi, [1] [3] kandi muri rusange bifatwa ko batagomba gukurwaho keretse ari ingaruka. y'ibikorwa bikwiye hashingiwe ku bihe byihariye. [3]
Inyigisho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagize uruhare runini mu mategeko mpuzamahanga ndetse n’inzego z’isi ndetse n’akarere. Ibikorwa byakozwe na leta nimiryango itegamiye kuri leta bigize ishingiro rya politiki rusange kwisi yose. Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyerekana ko "niba disikuru rusange y’umuryango w’amahoro ku isi yose ishobora kuvugwa ko ifite imvugo imwe, ni iy'uburenganzira bwa muntu". [7] uburenganzira bwa muntu bukomeje gutera gushidikanya no kujya impaka ku bikubiyemo, imiterere n’impamvu z’uburenganzira bwa muntu kugeza na nubu. Ibisobanuro nyabyo by'ijambo uburenganzira ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi ni byo bikomeje kugibwaho impaka zishingiye kuri filozofiya; [8], kurinda ubucakara, kubuza jenoside, kuvuga mu bwisanzure [9] cyangwa uburenganzira bwo kwiga, hari ukutumvikana ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bumwe bwihariye bugomba gushyirwa mu rwego rusange rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu; [1] bamwe mu batekereza bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kuba byibuze bisabwa kugirango wirinde ihohoterwa rikabije-mu gihe abandi babibona nk'urwego rwo hejuru. [1] Byaganiriweho kandi ko uburenganzira bwa muntu "butangwa n'Imana", nubwo iki gitekerezo cyanenzwe.
Byinshi mu bitekerezo by’ibanze byerekanaga umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byateye imbere nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose hamwe n’ibyabaye kuri jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi, [6] bikarangira hamenyekanye Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i Paris n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye muri 1948. [12] Abantu ba kera ntibari bafite imyumvire imwe yo muri iki gihe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi hose. [13] mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi hamwe nabafilozofe nka John Locke, Francis Hutcheson na Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui kandi byagaragaye cyane muri disikuru ya politiki ya Revolution y'Abanyamerika na Revolution y'Abafaransa. [6] Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20, [14] intege nke kandi nkibisabwa kugirango umuryango utabera. Guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byakomeje mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, bishingiye ku kugera ku bwisanzure mu bukungu no mu bya politiki.
Amateka
Ingingo nyamukuru: Amateka yuburenganzira bwa muntu
Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ryemejwe na Kongere y’umugabane wa 4 Nyakanga 1776
Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyabayeho mu bihe bya kera na mbere y’iki gihe, nubwo abantu ba kera batatekerezaga ku burenganzira bwa muntu ku isi nk'uko abantu babibona muri iki gihe. [13]
Uyu muco wo mu gihe cyo hagati wagaragaye cyane mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi. Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20. [14]
Magna Carta ni igitabo cy’icyongereza cyatanzwe mbere mu 1215 cyagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’amategeko rusange ndetse n’inyandiko nyinshi z’itegeko nshinga nyuma zijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’icyongereza 1689, 1789 Itegeko Nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, hamwe n’umushinga w’uburenganzira bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika 1791.
Mu kinyejana cya 17, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ubwongereza John Locke yaganiriye ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye, avuga ko ari "ubuzima, umudendezo, n’umutungo (umutungo)", anavuga ko ubwo burenganzira bw’ibanze budashobora gutangwa mu masezerano y’imibereho. Mu Bwongereza mu 1689, umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’Ubwongereza hamwe n’ikirego cy’uburenganzira bwa Ecosse buri wese yakoze ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gukandamiza leta, bitemewe. Impinduramatwara ebyiri zikomeye zabaye mu kinyejana cya 18, muri Amerika (1776) no mu Bufaransa (1789), bituma Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ndetse n’itangazwa ry’Ubufaransa ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umuturage, byombi bikaba byavuzwe. uburenganzira bwa muntu. Byongeye kandi, Itangazo ry’Uburenganzira bwa Virijiniya ryo mu 1776 ryashyizwe mu mategeko uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure bw’abaturage.
Dufashe uku kuri kugira ngo kwigaragaze, ko abantu bose baremwe kimwe, ko bahawe n'Umuremyi wabo uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe budasubirwaho, ko muri ibyo harimo Ubuzima, Ubwisanzure no gukurikirana Ibyishimo.
- Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge muri Amerika, 1776
Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwenegihugu byemejwe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko y'Ubufaransa, 26 Kanama 1789.
Abafilozofe nka Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, na Hegel baguye ku nsanganyamatsiko ya bose mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Mu 1831, William Lloyd Garrison yanditse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa The Liberator ko yagerageje kwandikisha abasomyi be "impamvu ikomeye iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu", [19] bityo ijambo uburenganzira bwa muntu rishobora kuba ryaratangiye gukoreshwa hagati y’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwa Paine. n'igitabo cya Garrison. Mu 1849, umuntu wo mu gihe kimwe, Henry David Thoreau, yanditse ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye kivuga ku nshingano yo kutumvira kw'abaturage nyuma yaje kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no ku batekereza ku burenganzira bwa muntu. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, David Davis, mu gitekerezo cye cyo mu 1867 kuri Ex Parte Milligan, yaranditse ati "Mu rwego rwo kurinda amategeko, uburenganzira bwa muntu burabungabungwa; kuvanaho ubwo burinzi kandi bababajwe n'abategetsi babi cyangwa gutaka kw'abantu bishimye . "[20]
Amatsinda menshi n’imigendekere yabashije kugera ku mpinduka zikomeye mu mibereho mu kinyejana cya 20 mu izina ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu Burayi bw’Uburengerazuba no muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi ryazanye amategeko yemerera abakozi uburenganzira bwo guhagarika akazi, gushyiraho uburyo buke bw’akazi no kubuza cyangwa kugenzura imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore washoboye kubona abagore benshi uburenganzira bwo gutora. Imiryango yo kwibohora mu bihugu byinshi yashoboye kwirukana imbaraga zabakoloni. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini ni ubuyobozi bwa Mahatma Gandhi mu mutwe w’ubwigenge bw’Abahinde. Imyigaragambyo y’amoko mato mato akandamijwe n’amadini yatsindiye mu bice byinshi by’isi, muri byo harimo ihuriro ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’imitwe ya politiki itandukanye iheruka, mu izina ry’abagore n’abato muri Amerika.
Urufatiro rwa komite mpuzamahanga y’umuryango utabara imbabare Croix-Rouge, 1864 Code ya Lieber hamwe n’ambere mu Masezerano y'i Jeneve mu 1864 yashyizeho urufatiro rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, kugira ngo arusheho gutera imbere nyuma y’Intambara ebyiri z'isi yose.
Hagati y'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose n'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose
Umuryango w’ibihugu washinzwe mu 1919 mu mishyikirano y’amasezerano ya Versailles nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye. Intego z’Umuryango w’abibumbye zirimo kwambura intwaro intwaro, gukumira intambara binyuze mu mutekano rusange, gukemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu binyuze mu mishyikirano, diplomasi no kuzamura imibereho myiza y’isi. Bikubiye mu gitabo cyayo cyari inshingano yo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwinshi bwaje gushyirwa mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu.
Umuryango w’ibihugu wari ufite inshingano zo gushyigikira benshi mu bahoze bakolonijwe n’ibihugu by’ibihugu by’Uburayi by’abakoloni mu gihe cyo kuva mu bukoloni bakajya mu gihugu cyigenga.
Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abakozi washyizweho nk’umuryango w’umuryango w’ibihugu, ubu ukaba uri mu Muryango w’abibumbye, wari ufite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe bwaje gushyirwa mu itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR):
intego y'ibanze ya ILO uyumunsi nukuzamura amahirwe kubagore nabagabo kubona akazi keza kandi gatanga umusaruro, mubihe byubwisanzure, uburinganire, umutekano nicyubahiro cya muntu.
- Raporo n’umuyobozi mukuru mu nama mpuzamahanga y’umurimo mu nama ya 87
Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose
Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu
Ingingo nyamukuru: Itangazo rusange ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu
"Ntabwo ari amasezerano ... [Mu bihe biri imbere, ashobora kuzaba mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga ya Magna Carta."
Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR) ni itangazo ridakurikizwa ryemejwe n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye mu 1948, [22] igice gisubiza ibyabaye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. UDHR irasaba ibihugu bigize uyu muryango guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwenegihugu, ubukungu n’imibereho myiza,gushimangira ubwo burenganzira biri mu "umusingi w’ubwisanzure, ubutabera n’amahoro ku isi". Iri tangazo ni ryo tegeko rya mbere mpuzamahanga ryashyizweho mu rwego rwo kugabanya imyitwarire y’ibihugu no kureba niba inshingano zabo ku baturage babo bakurikije icyitegererezo cy’uburenganzira-bw’uburenganzira.
... kumenyekanisha icyubahiro kavukire n'uburenganzira bungana kandi butavogerwa bw'abagize umuryango w'abantu bose ni umusingi w'ubwisanzure, ubutabera n'amahoro ku isi
- Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948
Mu gihe ari ngombwa, niba umuntu adahatirwa kwitabaza, nk'uburyo bwa nyuma, kwigomeka ku butegetsi bw'igitugu no gukandamizwa, uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kurengerwa no kugendera ku mategeko.
Bamwe muri UDHR bakoze ubushakashatsi kandi bandikwa na komite y’impuguke mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, barimo abahagarariye imigabane yose n’amadini yose akomeye, kandi bagirana inama n’abayobozi nka Mahatma Gandhi. [24] Kwinjizamo uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco [23] [25] byavuzwe mbere yo gutekereza ko uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ikiremwamuntu budatandukanijwe kandi ko uburenganzira butandukanye bwashyizwe ku rutonde ntaho buhuriye. Nubwo iri hame ritigeze ryarwanywa n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango igihe byemejwe (iryo tangazo ryemejwe ku bwumvikane, hamwe n’umuryango w’abasoviyeti, Apartheid Afurika yepfo na Arabiya Sawudite), iryo hame ryaje guhura n’ibibazo bikomeye. [25]
Ku kibazo cya "rusange", ayo matangazo ntiyakurikijwe ivangura rishingiye ku ngo cyangwa ivanguramoko. Henry J. Richardson III yagiye impaka: [27]
Guverinoma zose zikomeye mu gihe cyo gutegura amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye n’itangazo ry’isi yose zakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo amategeko yose y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga yose azwi, ko ayo mahame yari afite amahame mpuzamahanga gusa kandi ko nta tegeko ryemewe n'amategeko kuri izo guverinoma zashyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihugu imbere. . Bose babonye mu mutuzo ko kugira ngo rubanda nyamwinshi ivangura rishingiye ku mategeko hashingiwe ku buryo bwemewe n'amategeko ko basaba ko ubwo burenganzira bwagutse bwashyirwaho byateza igitutu cyaba politiki.
Intambara y'ubutita itangiye nyuma gato yuko UDHR itwite yagejejwe ku macakubiri ku bijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage ndetse n'uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki muri iryo tangazo. Ibihugu by’aba capitaliste byakunze kwibanda cyane ku burenganzira bw’abaturage n’ubwa politiki (nk’ubwisanzure bwo kwishyira hamwe no gutanga ibitekerezo), kandi ntibashakaga gushyiramo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho (nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora n’uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu bumwe). Ibihugu by’abasosiyaliste byahaye agaciro kanini uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage kandi bivuguruza cyane ko byashyirwa mu bikorwa.
Kubera amacakubiri yerekeye uburenganzira bwo gushyiramo, kandi kubera ko ibihugu bimwe byanze kwemeza amasezerano ayo ari yo yose harimo no gusobanura mu buryo bwihariye uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, ndetse n’umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bivuguruza cyane ko uburenganzira bwose bwinjizwa muri so- yiswe Ubumwe Icyemezo, uburenganzira buteganijwe muri UDHR bwagabanyijwemo amasezerano abiri atandukanye, bituma ibihugu byemerera uburenganzira bumwe kandi bigasuzugura ibindi. Nubwo ibyo byatumye amasezerano ashyirwaho, yahakanye ihame ryasabwaga ko uburenganzira bwose bufitanye isano n’ibanze mu gusobanura UDHR. [28] [29]
Nubwo UDHR ari icyemezo kidahwitse, ubu gifatwa nkigice cyingenzi cyamategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo ashobora kwifashishwa mugihe gikwiye nubucamanza bwa leta nizindi nzego zubutabera.
Uman Amasezerano y'Uburenganzira
Mu 1966, Umuryango w’abibumbye, amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki (ICCPR) n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ICESCR) yemejwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye, hagati yabo bigatuma uburenganzira bukubiye muri UDHR bugomba kubahiriza ibihugu byose. a] Icyakora, ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1976 gusa, igihe ryemejwe n’ibihugu bihagije (nubwo byageze kuri ICCPR, amasezerano harimo n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu cyangwa imibereho myiza y’Amerika, Amerika yemeje ICCPR gusa mu 1992). ICESCR yiyemeje amashyaka 155 yo guharanira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ESCR) ku bantu ku giti cyabo.
Andi masezerano menshi (ibice byamategeko) yatanzwe kurwego mpuzamahanga. Mubisanzwe bazwi nkibikoresho byuburenganzira bwa muntu. Bimwe mubyingenzi ni:
Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (yemejwe 1948, atangira gukurikizwa: 1951) [1]
Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (ryemejwe 1966, ritangira gukurikizwa: 1969) [2]
Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) (ritangira gukurikizwa: 1981) [3]
Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe 1984, atangira gukurikizwa: 1984) [32]
Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) (yemejwe 1989, atangira gukurikizwa: 1989) [4] Yabitswe 26 Mata 2019 kuri Wayback Machine
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi bose bimukira n’abagize imiryango yabo (ICRMW) (yemejwe 1990)
Sitati y'i Roma y'urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) (gukurikizwa: 2002)
Ingamba zo kuzamura
Inshingano zo kurinda bivuga inyigisho z’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye zigira uruhare mu kurinda abaturage amarorerwa. Byagaragaye ko bifite ishingiro mu gukoresha ibikorwa bya gisirikare biherutse. Urugero rw’ubutabazi bukunze kunengwa ni uko ingabo za 2011 zagize uruhare mu ntambara ya mbere y’abaturage yo muri Libiya na Nato na Qatar aho bivugwa ko intego yo gukumira amarorerwa bivugwa ko yiyemeje inshingano nini yo gukuraho guverinoma yari igamije. [33] 34]
Ibikorwa byubukungu
Reba kandi: Ibihano byubukungu
Ibihano by’ubukungu bikunze gutangwa ku bantu cyangwa ibihugu bibangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihano bikunze kunengwa kubera ko biranga ibihano rusange mu kubabaza abaturage b'igihugu mu bukungu hagamijwe kugabanya uko abaturage babona leta. [35] Bavuga kandi ko, ku buryo budasubirwaho, ibihano byo guhohotera guverinoma z’igitugu bishimangira umwanya wa guverinoma mu gihugu kuko guverinoma yaba igifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kubona inkunga kurusha abayinenga ndetse n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, bakarushaho gucika intege. [37]
Ingamba zamakuru
Ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikurikiranwa na komite z'umuryango w'abibumbye, inzego z'igihugu na guverinoma ndetse n'imiryango myinshi yigenga itegamiye kuri Leta, nka Amnesty International, Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya iyicarubozo, Inzu y'Ubwisanzure, Ubwisanzure mpuzamahanga bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ndetse no kurwanya ubucakara mpuzamahanga. Iyi miryango ikusanya ibimenyetso n’inyandiko z’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi ikoresha igitutu cyo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu.
Ingero nyinshi z’amategeko mu rwego mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n’igihugu zasobanuwe hano hepfo zagenewe kubahiriza amategeko arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu.
Kurinda kurwego mpuzamahanga
Ingingo nyamukuru: Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu
Umuryango w’abibumbye
Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye
Umuryango w’abibumbye (UN) nicyo kigo cyonyine cya leta gifite impande zombi zifite ububasha mpuzamahanga bwemewe na
amategeko rusange y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Inzego zose z’umuryango w’abibumbye zifite inshingano z’ubujyanama mu kanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ndetse n’akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi hari komite nyinshi muri Loni zifite inshingano zo kubungabunga amasezerano atandukanye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Urwego rukuru rwa Loni mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu ni Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru ushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Umuryango w’abibumbye ufite inshingano mpuzamahanga kuri:
... kugera ku bufatanye n’amahanga mu gukemura ibibazo mpuzamahanga by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza, umuco, cyangwa ubumuntu, no guteza imbere no gushishikariza kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze kuri bose nta gutandukanya amoko, igitsina, ururimi, cyangwa idini.
- Ingingo ya 1-3 y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye
Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu
Ingingo nkuru: Akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu
Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kashinzwe mu 2005, gafite inshingano zo gukora iperereza ku ihohoterwa rivugwa ko riharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu. 47 mu bihugu 193 bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye bicaye muri njyanama, batorwa ku bwiganze busanzwe mu majwi y'ibanga y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye. Abanyamuryango bamara imyaka itandatu kandi barashobora guhagarikwa kubanyamuryango kubera ihohoterwa rikabije ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Njyanama ifite icyicaro i Geneve, iterana gatatu mu mwaka; hamwe ninama zinyongera zo gusubiza ibibazo byihutirwa.
Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu gashobora gusaba ko akanama gashinzwe umutekano kohereza imanza mu rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) kabone niyo ikibazo cyoherezwa hanze y’ububasha busanzwe bwa ICC.
Inzego z’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye
Ingingo nyamukuru: Amasezerano yumubiri
Usibye inzego za politiki zifite inshingano ziva mu gitabo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye, Loni yashyizeho inzego nyinshi zishingiye ku masezerano, zigizwe na komite z’impuguke zigenga zikurikirana iyubahirizwa ry’amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amahame aturuka mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bashyigikiwe kandi bashyirwaho n’amasezerano bakurikirana, Usibye CESCR, yashyizweho ku cyemezo cy’Inama y’Ubukungu n’Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage kugira ngo ikore imirimo yo kugenzura yari yahawe urwo rwego mbere y’amasezerano, ni tekiniki yigenga yigenga, yashyizweho namasezerano bakurikirana kandi bakabibazwa n’amashyaka y’ibihugu bigize ayo masezerano - aho kuba ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye, nubwo mu bikorwa bifitanye isano rya bugufi na gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye kandi bashyigikiwe na komiseri mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (UNHCHR) n'ikigo cy'umuryango w'abibumbye gishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. [46]
Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco ikurikirana ICESCR ikanatanga ibisobanuro rusange ku kwemeza imikorere y’ibihugu. Izaba ifite imbaraga zo kwakira ibirego ku bihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse imaze gukurikizwa. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu buryo butandukanye n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano, komite y’ubukungu ntabwo ari urwego rwigenga rushinzwe amashyaka y’amasezerano, ahubwo rushinzwe mu buryo butaziguye Inama y’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage ndetse n’Inteko rusange. Ibi bivuze ko Komite y’Ubukungu ihura n’ibibazo byihariye ifite mu buryo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano. [48], ugereranije no kutagira inyandiko zemewe n’amategeko, kutumvikana kw’ibihugu byinshi mu gukemura uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ugereranije n’imiryango mike itegamiye kuri Leta yibanze ku karere n’ibibazo byo kubona amakuru afatika kandi yuzuye. [48] [citation ntabwo yabonetse] [ 49]
Komisiyo ishinzwe kurandura ivangura rishingiye ku moko ikurikirana CERD ikanasuzuma buri gihe imikorere y’ibihugu. Irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu bigize uyu muryango ubyemerera, ariko ntibyemewe n'amategeko. Itanga umuburo wo kugerageza gukumira ibinyuranyije n’amasezerano.
Komite ishinzwe guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore ikurikirana CEDAW. Yakiriye raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo n'ibitekerezo kuri bo, kandi irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu byahisemo amasezerano yo guhitamo 1999.
Komite ishinzwe kurwanya iyicarubozo ikurikirana CAT kandi ikakira raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo buri myaka ine n'ibitekerezo kuri bo. Komite yayo irashobora gusura no kugenzura ibihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse.
komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’umwana ikurikirana CRC ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Ntabwo ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibibazo.
Komite ishinzwe abakozi bimukira mu mahanga yashinzwe mu 2004 kandi ikurikirana ICRMW ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Izaba ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ihohoterwa rimwe gusa ibihugu icumi bigize uyu muryango ubyemereye.
Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga yashinzwe mu 2008 kugira ngo ikurikirane amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ibihugu byahisemo Amasezerano atemewe y’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.
Komite ishinzwe kubura ku gahato ikurikirana ICPPED. Impande zose z’ibihugu zitegetswe gutanga raporo muri komite zerekana uburyo uburenganzira bushyirwa mu bikorwa. Komisiyo isuzuma buri raporo kandi igakemura ibibazo byayo n'ibyifuzo by’ishyaka rya Leta mu buryo bwo "kurangiza".
Buri rwego rw’amasezerano ruhabwa inkunga y’ubunyamabanga n’inama y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amasezerano y’ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (OHCHR) i Geneve usibye CEDAW, ishyigikiwe n’ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere abagore (DAW). CEDAW yahoze ikora amasomo yayo yose ku cyicaro cy’umuryango w’abibumbye i New York ariko ubu ikunze guhurira ku biro by’umuryango w’abibumbye i Geneve; izindi nzego zamasezerano ziteranira i Geneve. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ubusanzwe ikora inama yayo yo muri Werurwe mu mujyi wa New York.
Uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganijwe muri UDHR, Amasezerano y'i Jeneve hamwe n’amasezerano atandukanye y’umuryango w’abibumbye ashyirwa mu bikorwa. Mu bikorwa, uburenganzira bwinshi buragoye cyane kubahiriza amategeko kubera ko nta bwumvikane buke ku ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe, kutagira amategeko y’igihugu abigenga cyangwa inzego zahawe uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa.
Inkiko mpuzamahanga
Ikirangantego cyemewe cya ICC
Hariho imiryango myinshi yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ifite inshingano cyangwa ububasha ku isi yose ku burenganzira bwa muntu:
Urukiko mpuzamahanga (ICJ) n’urwego rw’ibanze rw’umuryango w’abibumbye. Ifite ububasha ku isi yose. Iyobowe n'akanama gashinzwe umutekano. ICJ ikemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu. ICJ ntabwo ifite ububasha ku bantu.
Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) n’urwego rushinzwe iperereza no guhana ibyaha by’intambara, n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu iyo bibaye mu bubasha bwarwo, rufite inshingano yo gushyikiriza ubutabera abakoze ibyaha nkibi byabaye nyuma y’ishyirwaho ryayo mu 2002. Umubare. y'abanyamuryango ba Loni ntibigeze binjira mu rukiko kandi ICC ntabwo ifite ububasha ku baturage babo, kandi abandi basinye ariko ntibaremeza Sitati y'i Roma yashyizeho urukiko.
ICC hamwe n’izindi nkiko mpuzamahanga (reba uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu mu karere hepfo) zirahari kugira ngo zifate ingamba aho amategeko y’igihugu y’igihugu adashobora kuburanisha urubanza ubwabwo. Niba amategeko y'igihugu ashoboye kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no guhana abica amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, afite ububasha bw’ibanze mu kuzuzanya. Gusa iyo imiti yose yaho yarangiye amategeko mpuzamahanga atangira gukurikizwa.
Ubutegetsi bw'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere
Reba kandi: Urutonde rw’ingingo z’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’igihugu, ibigo by’igihugu bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu
Mu bihugu birenga 110 hashyizweho ibigo by’igihugu by’uburenganzira bwa muntu (NHRIs) mu rwego rwo kurengera, guteza imbere cyangwa kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu bifite ububasha mu gihugu runaka. Nubwo NHRIs zose zidakurikiza amahame y'i Paris, [54] umubare n'ingaruka z'ibi bigo biriyongera. Amahame y'i Paris yasobanuwe mu mahugurwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga y’inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu i Paris ku ya 7-9 Ukwakira 1991, kandi yemejwe n’icyemezo cya komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu 1992/54 cyo mu 1992 n’icyemezo rusange cy’Inteko rusange 48 / 134 ryo mu 1993. Amahame y'i Paris agaragaza inshingano nyinshi ku bigo by'igihugu. [56]
Afurika
Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afrika
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afrika (AU) ni ubumwe bw’umugabane ugizwe n’ibihugu mirongo itanu na bitanu bya Afurika. AU yashinzwe mu 2001, intego ya AU ni ugufasha guharanira demokarasi ya Afurika, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’ubukungu burambye, cyane cyane mu gukuraho amakimbirane hagati y’Afurika no gushyiraho isoko rusange. [58]
Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage (ACHPR) ni urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika rushinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira rusange (abantu) ku mugabane wa Afurika ndetse no gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye abantu na Uburenganzira bw'abaturage no gusuzuma ibirego ku giti cyabo byo kurenga ku Masezerano. Komisiyo ifite ibice bitatu by'inshingano:
Guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Kugira ngo izo ntego zigerweho, komisiyo ishinzwe "gukusanya inyandiko, gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bya Afurika mu bijyanye n’abantu n’abaturage, uburenganzira, gutegura amahugurwa, ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo n’inama, gukwirakwiza amakuru, gushishikariza ibigo by’igihugu ndetse n’ibanze bireba abantu n'uburenganzira bw'abaturage kandi, nibiramuka bibaye, gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo kuri guverinoma "(Amasezerano, ingingo ya 45).
Hashyizweho urukiko nyafurika rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage (hashingiwe ku masezerano y’amasezerano yemejwe mu 1998 atangira gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004), komisiyo izaba ifite inshingano z’inyongera zo gutegura imanza zashyikirizwa ububasha bw’urukiko. . [60] Mu cyemezo cyo muri Nyakanga 2004, Inteko ya AU yemeje ko Urukiko ruzaza ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ruzahuzwa n’urukiko nyafurika.
Urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika rugamije kuba "urwego rw’ubucamanza rukuru rw’Ubumwe" (Porotokole y’urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika, ingingo ya 2.2). [61] N'ubwo itarashyirwaho, igamije gufata inshingano za komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, ndetse no kuba urukiko rukuru rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, isobanura amategeko n'amasezerano yose akenewe. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004 [62] ariko kwishyira hamwe n’urukiko rw’ubutabera byatinze gushingwa. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko rw’Ubutabera azatangira gukurikizwa igihe yemejwe n’ibihugu 15. [63]
Hariho ibihugu byinshi muri Afurika bishinjwa ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta.
Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika (OAS) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga, ufite icyicaro i Washington, D.C., Amerika. Abanyamuryango bayo nibihugu mirongo itatu na bitanu byigenga byo muri Amerika. Mu myaka ya za 90, Intambara y'ubutita irangiye, kugaruka muri demokarasi muri Amerika y'Epfo, no guharanira ko isi ihinduka, OAS yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo yongere kwiyubaka kugira ngo ihuze n'imiterere mishya. Ibyashyizwe imbere ubu birimo ibi bikurikira: [65]
Gushimangira demokarasi
Gukorera amahoro
Kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu
Kurwanya ruswa
Uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka
Guteza imbere iterambere rirambye
Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (IACHR) ni urwego rwigenga rw’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika, rufite icyicaro i Washington, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruherereye i San José, muri Kosta Rika, ni imwe mu nzego zigizwe na gahunda yo muri Amerika yo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. IACHR ni urwego ruhoraho ruterana mu nama zisanzwe kandi zidasanzwe inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka kugira ngo zisuzume ibirego by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cy’isi. Inshingano z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zikomoka ku nyandiko eshatu: [67]
Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu
Itangazo ry'Abanyamerika ry'Uburenganzira n'inshingano z'umuntu
Amasezerano y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika
Urukiko rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu rw’Abanyamerika rwashinzwe mu 1979 hagamijwe kubahiriza no gusobanura ibivugwa mu Masezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Ibikorwa byayo bibiri byingenzi rero ni ugucira urubanza no gutanga inama. Mubya mbere, irumva kandi igenga imanza zihariye zihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu zavuzwe. Mugihe cyanyuma, gitanga ibitekerezo kubibazo byo gusobanura amategeko byagejejweho nizindi nzego za OAS cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango.
Aziya
Nta mashyirahamwe cyangwa amasezerano yo muri Aziya agamije guteza imbere cyangwa kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu biratandukanye cyane muburyo bwita ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no mu bijyanye no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. [69]
Ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya (ASEAN) [71] n’umuryango wa geo-politiki n’ubukungu by’ibihugu 10 biherereye mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya, washinzwe mu 1967 na Indoneziya, Maleziya, Filipine, Singapore na Tayilande. Ubu uyu muryango urimo kandi Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Miyanimari na Kamboje. Mu Kwakira 2009, hatangijwe komisiyo ihuriweho na guverinoma ya ASEAN ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, [73] hanyuma, itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ASEAN ryemejwe ku bwumvikane n’abanyamuryango ba ASEAN ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2012. [74]
Amasezerano y’abarabu y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (ACHR) yemejwe n’inama y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’abarabu ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2004. [75]
Abaturage Ubuzima n’Imiturire
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Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Uburayi
Abaturage Ubuzima n’Imiturire
ABATUYE U RWANDA
left|thumb|imiturire Hakurikijwe ijanisha ry’ubwiyongere bwa 2,9 ku ijana buri mwaka, abaturage b’u Rwanda ubu babarirwa muri miliyoni 9,2 (2006) harimo abatuye mu mijyi bagera kuri 17 ku ijana. Biteganyijwe ko abaturage biyongera kugeza hafi kuri miliyoni 16 mu 2020 keretse nihashyirwa ingufu mu iringanizwa ry’imbyaro, mu burezi no mu ngamba z’ubukangurambaga (ROR 2000). U Rwanda ni igihugu gituwe n’abaturage benshi ku buso kurusha ibindi muri Afurika, kikaba gifite hafi abaturage 397 ku kilometero kare. Guverinoma irifuza ko ibi byazagabanukaho 2,2 ku ijana ahagana mu mwaka w’i 2012.
Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Urukiko rw'u Burayi Ruharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i Strasbourg
Abaturage Ubuzima n’Imiturire
IMICUNGIRE Y'ABATURAGE
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Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Burayi
Reba kandi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti
Abaturage Ubuzima n’Imiturire
IBIKORWA REMEZO
Indengo rusange y’imiryango ni abantu 4,6 naho icyaro n’umujyi bitandukanye mu kigero cya 4,5:4,8. Hakurikijwe Icyerekezo 2020, iterambere ry’imiturire mu mujyi rizatunganywa, bityo iterambere rizagendera ku bwisuganye bw’ibikorwa remezo n’ubwa za serivisi ziboneka mu mijyi (ROR 2000). Ubushakashatsi ku miturire hakurikijwe ahantu bibanze gutura bwerekana ko ubucucike bw’abaturage buri hejuru kurushaho mu mijyi cyangwa mu masanteri (centre) y’ubucuruzi n’ay’ibikorwa remezo by’abaturage.
Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Inama y’Uburayi yashinzwe mu 1949, n’umuryango ushaje cyane ukorera mu Burayi. Ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ufite ubuzimagatozi bwemewe n'amategeko mpuzamahanga kandi ufite status yindorerezi hamwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. Icyicaro cy'Inama ya Uburayi buri i Strasbourg mu Bufaransa. Inama y’Uburayi ishinzwe amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Izi nzego zihuza abagize akanama k’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo akomeye, yoroheje kurusha ay’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Iyi nama kandi iteza imbere Amasezerano y’i Burayi agenga indimi z’akarere cyangwa umubare muto n’amasezerano y’imibereho y’Uburayi. Kuba umunyamuryango byugururiwe ibihugu byose by’Uburayi bishaka kwishyira hamwe kw’Uburayi, kwemera ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko kandi birashoboka kandi byiteguye guharanira demokarasi, uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure.
Abaturage Ubuzima n’Imiturire
VISION 2020
Mu w’i 2003, igihe hashyizwe ahagaragara inyandiko ya Viziyo 2020, abaturage bo mu mujyi bakekwaga kuba ari 10 ku ijana ; ibarurisha mibare riherutse ryakozwe n’Ishuri Rikuru ry’Igihugu ry’Ibarurishamibare rirasanga byari hafi 17 ku ijana mu 2007 (NISR 2007). - Ntibigaragara niba ubwiyongere mu mijyi bushingiye ku ngamba z’iterambere mu bukungu cyangwa ku baturage bava mu cyaro bagana mu mijyi. Byombi bifite ingaruka yihariye ku bidukikije. - Izamuka ry’imiturire mu mijyi bitewe no gushakisha iterambere mu bukungu ritanga inyungu z’inyongera ziyongera ku bihasanzwe kandi rigabanya imbaraga nyinshi cyane zisabwa ibidukikije.Izamuka ry’imiturire mu mijyi bitewe no gushakisha iterambere mu bukungu ritanga inyungu z’inyongera ziyongera ku bihasanzwe kandi rigabanya imbaraga nyinshi cyane zisabwa ibidukikije. thumb|ICYARO|156x156px
Uburenganzira bwa muntu
Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage
Inama y’Uburayi n’umuryango utari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ariko biteganijwe ko uwanyuma azinjira mu Masezerano y’i Burayi kandi birashoboka ko Inama Njyanama ubwayo. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ufite inyandiko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu; Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.