cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Abagabo bapfa cyane kurusha Abagore
Ibyo Wamenya
thumb|Ishusho igaragaza ubushakashatsi bwerekana icyizere cy'ubuzima ku bagabo bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu mwaka wa 2009. Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko n’ubwo ku Isi yose abagore ari bo bibasirwa cyane n’ibibazo bitandukanye birimo agahinda gakabije, umunaniro, birangira abagabo bari mu myaka imwe n’abo bagore, ari bo benshi bapfa bakiri bato.Zimwe mu mpamvu bwagaragaje nk’izitera abagabo gupfa ari bo benshi, harimo kuba ari bo baza imbere mu kwirengera ingaruka mbi z’ibikorwa runaka, no gukora akazi karimo ibyago byinshi ugereranyije n’abagore.ubwakozwe n’Ikigo Gishinzwe Ibarura muri Australia, bugaragaza ko hagati yu mwaka 2017 nu mwaka wa 2019, ikizere cyo kubaho ku bagabo bari batuye muri icyo gihugu cyari imyaka 89.9 na 85.0 ku bagore, bivuze ko harimo ikinyuranyo cy’imyaka 4.1. Ikindi ni uko bwagaragaje ko abagabo ari bo benshi bakunda gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri y’umurengera bakanatwara ibinyabiziga ku muvuduko wo hejuru, bikabaviramo impanuka zibasigira ubumuga cyangwa gupfa bakiri mu myaka mike.Australian Bureau of Statistics yagaragaje ko hagati y’umwaka wa 2013 na 2018, impanuka zabereye mu muhanda zigateza imfu, 77% mu baziguyemo ni abagabo.
Ibindi Wamenya
thumb|Ishusho igaragaza ubushakashatsi bwerekana icyizere cy'ubuzima ku bagore bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu mwaka wa 2009. thumb|Abagore thumb|Abagabo Indwara zibasira umutima nazo ziri mu zashyizwe ku rutonde rw’izihitana abagabo benshi ugereranyije n’abagore.Urubuga rwa Harvad Medical rugaragaza ko nko muri Norvège, abagabo 34,000 bagaragaje ibibazo by’uburwayi bwibasira umutima hagati ya 1979 na 2012, bari bakubye inshuro zigera kuri ebyiri abagore bafite ikibazo nk’icyo.Ikindi cyagaragajwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ni uko imibiri y’abagore yirwanaho ikagira ubudahangarwa cyane ndetse igakora n’abasirikare benshi ugereranyije n’iy’abagabo.Ibi bisobanuye ko imibiri y’abagabo ifite ibyago byo kuba yakwibasirwa n’uburwayi runaka ikazahazwa na bwo, bikaba byanaviramo umugabo gupfa, mu gihe iy’abagore yo igerageza guhangana n’ubwo burwayi.Ikindi kandi ni uko bwagaragaje ko abagore ari bo bagira ubwira bwo kwihutira kujya kwivuza igihe bafite uburwayi runaka, mu gihe abagabo benshi bo babikerensa bakabifata nk’ibisanzwe kugeza barembye. Kimwe mu bindi byagaragajwe n’ubushakashatsi, ni uko umubare w’abagabo bishora mu biyobyabwenge bikangiza imibiri yabo ari bo benshi, ugererenyije n’abagore babinywa.Nko muri Australia, abaturage baho bari mu kigero cy’imyaka 18 kuzamura, ab’igitsinagabo bagera kuri 50% banyweye ibiyobyabwenge muri 2020, mu gihe ab’igitsinagore bari muri iyo myaka babinyweye ari 26%.Ni mu gihe umubare w’abagabo biyahuye bo bari bakubye inshuro eshatu abagore babikoze.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Ubuzima Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Kigali Boyz (KGB)
KGB ni impine y’amagambo Kigali Boys. Ryari itsinda rigizwe n’abasore babatu ari bo Skizzy, MYP na Henry. Itsinda KGB rigizwe na Mister Skizzy, Henry na MYP rikaba rizwi ku ndirimbo nyinshi cyane harimo “Arasharamye”, “Abakobwa b’i Kigali”, “Ibiremwa by’umwijima”, “Byasaze” n’izindi.
urugendo rwa muzika
Itsinda rya KGB ryabayeho kuva mu ntangiroro z’umwaka wa 2000 kugera mu 2012. Ryarakunzwe cyane mu ndirimbo zitandukanye nka “Arasharamye”, “Warukurahe”, “Abakobwa b’i Kigali”, “Ndagukunda” n’izindi. KGB mu bihe byabo bakoze umuziki mwiza ndetse babera urugero abandi binjiye mu muziki nyuma yabo. Niryo tsinda ryabashije kwegukana igihembo cya PAM Awards byatangirwaga muri Uganda. Idirimbo yabo ya mbere nyuma y’uko bagarutse bayise Ruhurura ivuga ku buzima bw’abana bo mu muhanda.
Uko byarangiye
Hari ku wa Gatandatu tariki 1 Ukuboza 2012, niubwo inkuru itari nziza yageraga ku bakunzi b’umuziki ndetse n’Abanyarwanda muri rusange ko uwahoze ari umuhanzi ndetse akaba ikirangirire Hirwa Henry wamenyekanye muri KGB yitabye Imana arohamye muri Muhazi. Iby’iri tsinda byarangiye ubwo umwe mu bari barigize Hirwa Henry yitabaga Imana mu Ukuboza 2012 arohamye mu kiyaga cya Muhazi. Abandi bahise bacika intege umuziki bawureka gutyo.
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
thumb| Icyapa gisukura umugi Kurengera ibidukikije nigikorwa cyo kurengera ibidukikije kubantu, imiryango na leta.
ubwiyongere bwabaturage n’ikoranabuhanga, ibidukikije bigenda byangirika, rimwe na rimwe burundu. Ibi byaramenyekanye, kandi guverinoma zatangiye gushyiraho imipaka ku bikorwa byangiza ibidukikije. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960, ibikorwa by’ibidukikije byatumye abantu bamenya ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije.
Amasezerano y’ibidukikije ku bushake
Mu bihugu by’inganda, amasezerano y’ibidukikije ku bushake akenshi atanga urubuga ku masosiyete Urugero, mu Buhinde, Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ibidukikije (EIT) cyakoraga mu kurengera ibidukikije n’amashyamba kuva mu 1998. Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, nka Amerika y'Epfo, aya masezerano akoreshwa cyane mu gukemura urwego rukomeye rwo kutubahiriza amabwiriza ateganijwe.
Ibinyabuzima byegereye
Byaba byiza, inzira yo gufata ibyemezo muri ubwo buryo yaba inzira yo gufatanya mugutegura no gufata ibyemezo birimo uruhare runini rwabafatanyabikorwa mu nzego zose za leta zibishinzwe, ndetse n’abahagarariye inganda, amatsinda y’ibidukikije, n’abaturage. Ubu buryo bushyigikira cyane guhanahana amakuru, guteza imbere ingamba zo gukemura amakimbirane no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu karere. Amadini nayo agira uruhare runini mu kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije
thumb|321x321px| Ikarita yo Kwiyemeza Amasezerano ya Kyoto 2010 Impamvu, ibihugu byinshi bigerageza gukora amasezerano asinywa na guverinoma nyinshi zo gukumira ibyangiritse cyangwa gucunga ingaruka z’ibikorwa by’abantu ku mutungo kamere. Ibi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo amasezerano agira ingaruka nkikirere, inyanja, inzuzi n’umwanda. Aya masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije rimwe na rimwe ni itegeko ryubahiriza amategeko rifite aho rihurira n’amategeko iyo ridakurikijwe, kandi mu bindi bihe. Aya masezerano afite amateka maremare hamwe n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yashyizweho kuva mu 1910 mu Burayi, Amerika na Afurika.
Umwuzure wa Hobart mu wa 2018
Mu mwaka wa 2018 Umwuzure wa Hobart wari ibihe bikomeye by’ikirere mu karere ka Hobart muri Tasmaniya, Ositaraliya byangije byinshi n’umwuzure ku ya 11 Gicurasi 2018.
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije
Ku ya 8 Ukwakira 2021, Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu cyemezo 48/13, Inama Njyanama yahamagariye ibihugu byo ku isi gukorera hamwe, hamwe n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa, gushyira mu bikorwa uburenganzira bushya bwemewe.
Umwuzure wa Hobart mu wa 2018
Batangajwe ko ari ibiza, biturutse ku byangiritse.
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Guverinoma
right|thumb|400x400px| Ibihugu bitanu byambere ukurikije ibinyabuzima bitandukanye
Umwuzure wa Hobart mu wa 2018
Ibihe byakurikiyeho nyuma y'icyumweru nabyo byateje ibibazo.
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Tanzaniya
Amategeko shingiro menshi yemera ko Tanzaniya ifite bimwe mu binyabuzima binini by’ibihugu byose bya Afurika. Hafi 40% yubutaka bwashyizweho murusobe rwibice bikingiwe, harimo na parike nyinshi zigihugu. Impungenge z’ibidukikije zirimo kwangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no gutakaza aho gutura biturutse ku bwiyongere bw’abaturage, kwagura ubuhinzi butunzwe n’umwanda,
right|thumb| Zebrasi mu kibaya cya Serengeti savana mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya
Ubushinwa
right|thumb| Pariki y’ishyamba ya Longwanqun ni agace karinzwe n’igihugu mu ntara ya Huinan, Jilin, mu Bushinwa. kubunga bunga ibidukikije mugihugu cy'ubushinwa byatewe inkunga bwa mbere n’inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’ibidukikije ku 1972 yabereye i Stockholm, muri Suwede.Inama y’igihugu yatangaje ko kurengera ibidukikije bizaba imwe muri politiki y’ibanze y’Ubushinwa maze mu 1984 hashyirwaho ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (NEPA). Nyuma y’umwuzure ukabije w’ikibaya cy’uruzi rwa Yangtze mu 1998, NEPA yazamuwe mu kigo cya Leta gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (SEPA) bivuze ko kurengera ibidukikije ubu byashyizwe mu bikorwa ku rwego rwa minisitiri. Muri 2008, SEPA yamenyekanye ku izina ryayo rya Minisiteri ishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (MEP).
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi
Kurengera ibidukikije byabaye umurimo w'ingenzi ku bigo by’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nyuma y’amasezerano ya Maastricht yo kwemeza Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n’ibihugu byose bigize uyu muryango. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ukora cyane mu bijyanye na politiki y’ibidukikije.
Irilande
(EPA)ni ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije mur Irilande gifite imirimo myinshi yo kurengera ibidukikije, hamwe n’inshingano z’ibanze zirimo:
Uburasirazuba bwo hagati
Ibihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati bihinduka mu bikorwa bihuriweho n’ibidukikije bya kisilamu, byatangijwe mu 2002,ibihugu bigize uyu muryango byinjira mu nama y’abaminisitiri b’ibidukikije bya kisilamu mu myaka ibiri, byibanda ku kamaro ko kurengera ibidukikije n’iterambere rirambye.
Uburusiya
Mu Burusiya, kurengera ibidukikije ni bimwe mubigize umutekano w'igihugu. Minisiteri y’umutungo kamere n’ibidukikije n’urwego rwa Leta rwemewe rushinzwe gucunga ibidukikije. Icyakora, mu Burusiya hari ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije.
Amerika y'Epfo
Umuryango w'abibumbye(UNEP) yagaragaje ibihugu 17 bitandukanye. Urutonde rurimo ibihugu bitandatu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo: Burezili, Kolombiya, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru na Venezuwela. Mexico na Berezile. Ibi bihugu byerekana impungenge zikomeye zo kurengera ibidukikije kuko bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutema amashyamba, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, umwanda, no kwiyongera kwabaturage. right|thumb| Panorama ya Iguazu igwa muri Berezile
Australiya
right|thumb| Ikibaya kinini cyo muri Ositaraliya nicyo kibaya kinini kinini ku isi. guhera mu mwaka wa 2008, hari ha 98.487.116 z'ubuso burinzwe ku isi, bingana na 12.8% by'ubutaka bwa Ositaraliya. Imibare yo mu 2002 ingana na 10.1% by'ubutaka ku isi na 64,615.554 z'ubutaka bwo mu nyanja zirinzwe byagaragaye ko bidahagije hafi kimwe cya kabiri cya bioregioni 85 za Ositaraliya.
Ibiro bishinzwe kwita ku bana
thumb| Ibiro bishinzwe kwita ku bana, guhera muri 2018 Ibiro bishinzwe kwita ku bana (OCC) ni igice cy’ishami nyobozi ry’Amerika riyobowe n’ubuyobozi bw’abana n’imiryango hamwe n’ishami ry’ubuzima n’ibikorwa bya muntu. : 597 Ryashinzwe ku mugaragaro mu mwaka wa 2010 risimbye ibiro  byita ku bana, ubwacyo kikaba cyarashinzwe kubera ubuyobozi bushinzwe abana, urubyiruko n'imiryango mu 1995 n'ubuyobozi bwa Clinton. : 275 OCC yari yarashinzwe mbere nk'umuryango utemewe mu biro bishinzwe kwita ku bana na umuhanga muby'imitekerereze y'abantu Edward Zigler, wari ugizwe mbere n'abakozi babiri gusa. : 275
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Nouvelle-Zélande
Minisiteri y’ibidukikije ishinzwe politiki y’ibidukikije rikemura ibibazo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ku rwego rw'akarere njyanama z'akarere ziyobora amategeko kandi zigakemura ibibazo by'ibidukikije byo mu karere.
Ibiro bishinzwe kwita ku bana
OCC iyobora Ikigega Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Abana (CCDF), "gutera inkunga imiryango yita ku bana bari munsi y'imyaka 13", byongeyeho guhuza leta, ubutaka, na leta z'amoko ku bijyanye no kwita ku bana, gutera inkunga uburenganzira bwo kwita kubana, no gutanga ubuyobozi nubufasha bwa tekiniki. Guhera 2015 yatanze miliyoni 10 z'amadorali yo gutera inkunga ubushakashatsi, kwerekana no gusuzuma bijyanye no kwita ku bana, no gushyigikira ububiko bwa murandasi, Kwita ku Bana n' ubushakashatsi k'uburezi bw'ibanze. Nkibisabwa muri 2014 hongera gutangwa uburenganzira bwaCCDF, OCC nayo ikora  urubuga ChildCare.gov, rutanga uburezi b'ugurwa ku babyeyi, kandi rukoresha umurongo wa telefoni w’ababyeyi, kugira ngo rutange amakuru ku ihohoterwa ry’ubuzima n’umutekano.
As of 2018[update] the OCC was headed by Director Shannon Christian, and employed 67 full time staff. : 366
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Busuwisi
Kurengera ibidukikije mu Busuwisi bishingiye ahanini ku ngamba zafatwa mu rwego rwo kurwanya ubushyuhe bw’isi. Umwanda mu Busuwisi ahanini ni umwanda uterwa n’imodoka hamwe n’imyanda ikorwa na ba mukerarugendo.
Ubuhinde
Ubuhinde bufite ingingo nyinshi zerekana inshingano za guverinoma yo hagati na Leta mu kurengera ibidukikije.Ibihugu bihatira kurengera no guteza imbere ibidukikije no kubungabunga amashyamba n’ibinyabuzima by’igihug
African youth charter
African youth charter
African youth charter(AYC) N'umuryango washinzwe 02 july 2006 ukaba warashizweho n'abakuru bibihugu n'umuryango wunze ubumwe bw'african mu nama yabereye BANJUL (GAMBIA) ukababa waratangiye gushyirwa mubikorwa 2009
AFRICAN CHARTER bizwi nka BANJUL CHARTER uba ari umuryango washizweho ugamije guha abanyafurika uburenganzira bwabo kdi bakira bakizana ntawubahutaje.
Kandi ukaba ugamije no guteza imbere abanyafurika bishize hamwe cyane cyane binyuze mu rubyiruko rw'afrika.
Umudendezo wa gatanu (Fifth Freedom)
(Fifth Freedom) ni Ubwisanzure bwa gatanu bushobora kwerekeza kuri kuri ibi :
Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
African youth charter
The African Youth Charter akamaro no gushiraho amategeko
African youth charte r 06 july 2015 yashyizeho amahame ngenderwaho nimyaka iranga urubyiruko aho bemejeko urubyiruko arukuva kumyaka 15 kugeza kuri 35
Aho ibihugu by'African yunze ubumwe 36 bwabyemeje aho  hashiriweho namategeko aharanira uburenganzira bw'urubyiruko muri African bityo bikaba byarafashije urubyiruko
Kumenya uburenganzira bwabo.
Skol mu rwanda
Skol Lager ni yatunganijwe mbere n’inzoga zikorwa na Ind Coope breweries  i Alloa, muri ekosse yo hagati. Muri 1958, Continental Graham yatangije (ishingiye ku nzoga yaho yitwa Graham's Gorden) ihita ihinduka Skol ya Graham kugirango itange igitekerezo cyo muri Scandinaviya ( uruganda rwose rwatumijwe muri Suwede ). Izina ryaje kuvugururwa ubu ni Skol gusa.
Allied Breweries ( UK ), Labatt ( Kanada ), Pripps-Bryggerierna ( Suwede ), na Unibra ( Ububiligi ) bashinze isosiyete nshya yitwa Skol International muri 1964. Intego yacyo kwari ugushiraho ikirango cy’inzoga kuri isi, Skol, gishobora gutangwa, gukora no gucuruzwa ku isi hose. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya z 1960, ryamamajwe cyane kuri Radiyo pirate yo mu Buholandi yitwa Veronica nka Skol International, hamwe n'ijwi ryamamaza ryaririmbwe na Patrica Paay, waje kuba umuririmbyi wa pop mu Buholandi akaba n'umunyamakuru wa TV. Kuva icyo gihe kwitabira isosiyete byahindutse ku buryo bugaragara.
Amateka
Kuva muri 1973 kugeza 1982, byeri munsi yikirango cya Skol yatekwaga n’inzoga yo mu Buholandi Oranjeboom, ariko ntibyagenze neza ku isoko ry’Ubuholandi.
Muri 1980, Skol yari umuterankunga mukuru wa Automotive ya Fittipaldi, nyuma yuko inkunga ya Copersucar irangiye shampiyona irangiye. Ikirango kandi cyateye inkunga marushanwa y’igikombe cya Scottish League kuva 1984 - 1992, igikombe cya kabiri Skol Cup gihabwa abatsinze hamwe n'igikombe gisanzwe cya shampiyona muri iki gihe.
Carlsberg afite uruhushya rwo guteka no gucuruza inzoga ku isi hose, usibye Afurika na Amerika y'Epfo. Unibra ifite uruhushya rwa Afurika. Mu Burayi, byeri nayo ikorerwa kandi igacuruzwa muri Rumaniya na Turukiya. Muri Aziya, ikwirakwizwa muri Maleziya, Ubushinwa, Hong Kong, na Singapore. Muri Afurika, iri muri Angola, u Burundi, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Gineya, Madagasikari, n'u Rwanda. Izina ni ururimi rw'icyongereza ruhindura ibinyobwa bya Scandinaviya skål. Mu gihe runaka, Hägar the cartrible cartoon character yakoreshejwe mu kuzamurwa.
Ku isoko rya Berezile Skol yongeyeho ibinyobwa bishya ku kirango cyabo cyitwa Skol Beats gifite uburyohe bwa citrus hamwe nuburyohe bwinshi, harimo ubururu, umutuku, n'icyatsi, hiyongereyeho umurongo mushya wa gin ya Skol Beats n'ibinyobwa bya tonike byose birimo hafi 7.9% inzoga.
Ibihembo
Ikirango cyahawe igihembo cya Zahabu mu guhitamo ubuziranenge bw’isi 2012, cyateguwe na Monde Selection. Iki cyari igihembo cya kabiri mpuzamahanga Skol yatsindiye. Inzoga yahawe kandi umudari wa zahabu wo gupakira ndetse n’umudari wa feza mu cyiciro cy uburyohe mu bihembo mpuzamahanga by’inzoga bya Ositaraliya 2005.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Kibeho amakimbirane mu ngo no kutaboneza urubyaro
Ibyo Wamenya
I Kibeho hari abagore benshi usanga batarageze mu ishuri, ubujiji bugatuma batabasha gukorana n’ibigo by’imari kugira ngo babashe kwikura mu bukene.”Ikindi ngo n’ubwo nta bushakashatsi yabikozeho, yasanze hari abagore bataboneza urubyaro, ugasanga barabyaye abana barindwi, umunani icyenda. Ibi kandi ngo bituma iterambere ry’umuryango risubura inyuma.Ikindi, ingo zimwe na zimwe zigiye zifite amakimbirane, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bagore no ku muryango muri rusange.”Ku bijyanye no kutaboneza urubyaro, ahanini ngo bigaragara ku bagore bo mu miryango ikennye cyane, ihabwa ubufasha bwo kurinda abana kugwingira. Mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ubujiji butuma abagore batabasha kwikura mu bukene, Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Nyaruguru wungirije ushinzwe ubukungu,avuga ko bagenda babegera bakabashishikariza kwibumbira mu bimina, ariko ko hari n’imiryango itari iya Leta ibubakira ubushobozi ikanabatera inkunga.
Gahunda yo guha amafaranga Ababyaye
Hari gahunda yaje yo guha amafaranga ababyaye, byatumye n’abari baritabiriye kuboneza urubyaro babireka. Yewe hari n’abadatuma umwana abanza kuzuza imyaka n’ibiri, kugira ngo bakomeze kubona utwo dufaranga. Njyewe mbona ari utwo dufaranga twabashituye. Umugore wo mu giturage utarigeze atunga ifaranga yumvise ngo azajya abona ibihumbi 20, yumva ari amafaranga menshi.ukuriye inama y’igihugu y’abagore mu Karere ka Nyaruguru, avuga ko ifu n’amafaranga bihabwa ababyeyi b’amikoro makeya batwite, kugeza umwana afite imyaka ibiri ari ibyo gufasha kurinda abana igwingira, ariko ko ababyeyi bakwiye kuzirikana ko nyuma y’imyaka ibiri nta bundi bufasha bazahabwa. Avuga ko n’umubyeyi uzi ubwenge igihe barimo barayamuha yakaguze nk’itungo, rizamufasha kurera wa mwana mu gihe cya gikoma n’amafaranga bizaba bitakiboneka. Rwose ababyeyi bazirikane ko ibihumbi 21 mu gihembwe bitangana no kuzita ku mwana nyuma y’imyaka ibiri.”Naho abagabo bahohotera abagore bo abasaba kuzirikana ko imbaraga z’umugore zifite uruhare runini mu myumbakire y’urugo.Ati “Wa mugabo we jya uzirikana ko ubwiza bw’umugore wawe ari agaciro kawe. Umugabo ushaka kugira agaciro mu ruhame rw’abandi bagabo akwiye guha agaciro umugore we n’abana be.”Asaba n’abagore kubanira neza abagabo babo, ariko babona byanze bakisunga ubuyobozi bubegereye kugira ngo ejo batazahasiga ubuzima.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ubuzima
Gukurikirana inyoni
Gukurikirana inyoni bitanga uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiturire n’imyitwarire y’inyoni bitagusabye kubona inyoni. Gukurikirana inyoni biri mu cyiciro cyo gukurikirana amakuru yaho umuntu cyangwa ikintu giherereye kandi bifitanye isano no gukurikirana inyamaswa. Imfashanyigisho yo gukurikirana inyoni yashyizwe ahagaragara. Gukurikirana inyoni n'igikoresho gikoreshwa n'abantu bakurikirana ibintu kamere kugirango basuzume icyo inyoni ziri gukora aho ziba ziherereye mu rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima kabone nubwo inyoni yaba itagaragara.
Ikusanyamakuru
Muri pasifika y’amajyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, porogaramu yitwa NatureMapping ikusanya amakuru yigisha abaturage ndetse ikanabasaba guhuza amakuru yabo bakusanyije bakayashyira muri porogaramu ya siyanse y'abenegihugu. Amakuru ashobora gukusanyirizwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho wafata mu kiganza yitwa handhhld palm pilot amwe na sisitemu ya GPS yerekana uburyo bwo gukusanya. Iyi gahunda yu'buntu yitwa CyberTracker. Kugirango tumenye neza ko amakuru yizewe, hashyizweho sisitemu yo gusuzuma amakuru binyuze mu muryango wa CyberTracker.
Gasenyi
Gasenyi ni gice cya Congo Nile Crest gihereye muri Kibuye mu Karere ka Karongi, Intara y’iburengerazuba. Girereye hagati y’umurenge wa Gitesi na Mutuntu. Abaturage mu ibarura ryo mu 2012 bari barenga 3000. Hari uruganda rw'icyayi rwa Karongi Tea Factory ruri hafi nurwa Rugabano Tea Company Hari Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Musango. Hari ishuri ryitwa ES Gasenyi.
Umwuzure wo muri Koreya ya Ruguru mu wa 2018
[[Dosiye:North Korea (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Aho Koreya ya ruguru iherereye Itariki: 28 Kanama 2018 - ??
Impanuka: 76 bishwe, 75 baburiwe irengero]] Umwuzure wo muri Koreya ya Ruguru mu mwaka wa 2018 watangiye ku ya 28 Kanama 2018, uhitana byibuze abantu 76, abandi bagera kuri 75 baburirwa irengero, usenya amazu arenga 800, bituma abantu bagera 10,700 batagira aho baba.
Agace kibasiwe cyane ni intara ya Hwanghae y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo, aho abakorana bushake ba Croix-Rouge y'igihugu bakoze ibikorwa byo gushakisha no gutabara. Inkangu nazo zabaye nyuma y’umwuzure, kandi abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bari bakeneye serivisi z’ubuzima, aho kuba, ibiryo, amazi meza yo kunywa n’isuku.
Moses Waiswa
Moses Waiswa Ndhondhi (wavutse ku ya 20 Mata 1997) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru uri mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri Uganda ukinira ikipe ya SuperSport United, nk'umukinnyi wo hagati utera.
Umwuga wa ikipe
Yavukiye i Kampala, yakinnye umupira w'amaguru mu ikipe ya Växjö United hamwe na Vipers. Yasinyiye Vipers muri Mutarama 2017. Yatsindiye Shampiyona yo muri Uganda muri 2017–18 hamwe niyi kipe. Muri Mutarama 2020 yasinyiye ikipe ya SuperSport United yo muri Afrika yepfo. Ku ya 25 Mutarama 2020 yatangiye gukinira SuperSport United na Chippa United.
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Yatangiye gukinira ari mpuzamahanga muri Uganda muri 2017. Yatsinze igitegocya mbere nyuma yo guhamagarwa mu ikipe yi gihugu.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Imyuzure muri Sudani mu wa 2018
Kuva muri Nyakanga kugeza Ugushyingo 2018, Sudani yahuye n’umwuzure mwinshi kubera imvura ikabije. Leta zibasiwe cyane ni Kassala, Kordofan y'Iburengerazuba, na Khartoum. Kugeza ku ya 16 Kanama, byibuze abantu 23 barapfuye abandi barenga 60 barakomereka. Kugeza ku ya 5 Ugushyingo, amazu arenga 19,640 yari amaze gusenywa, kandi abantu bagera 222,275 ni bo bibasiwe.
Isoko rimwe rya afurika ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu kirere
Isoko rimwe ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu kirere ( Single African Air Transport Market ( SAATM) ) ni umushinga w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika yo gushyiraho isoko rimwe ryo gutwara indege muri Afurika. Iyo isoko rimwe imaze gukurikizwa, isoko rimwe rigomba kwemerera ubwisanzure bukomeye bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri Afurika, igateza imbere gahunda ya AU 2063.
Icyambere, intego ya SAATM ni ugushyira m'ubikorwa by'imazeyo Icyemezo cya Yamoussoukro muri 1999. Ibi bivuze ko abitabiriye amahugurwa bose bemeye gukuraho imipaka y’isoko ry’indege, kuvanaho imipaka ku nyungu zabo, guha buri wese uburenganzira bwo kugenda mu kirere ( mbere y’ubwisanzure bwa gatanu, ntibibangamira uburenganzira bwa cabotage ), no guha uburenganzira bwo kuguruka no kugabanya ubushobozi. Indege zombi zitwara abagenzi n'imizigo zirimo. Irashaka kandi guhuza amabwiriza y’umutekano n’umutekano mu ndege, ishingiye ku bisabwa na ICAO. Kugenzura SAATM bikorwa n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, Umuryango w’ubukungu w’akarere, na komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe indege za gisivili ( AFCAC ).
Amateka
Inyungu yo kwishyira ukizana mu kirere, cyane cyane umudendezo wa gatanu, yemejwe bwa mbere mu itangazo rya Yamoussoukro ryo mu 1988. Iri tangazo ryongeye gushimangirwa mu 1999, igihe Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika watoye icyemezo cya Yamoussoukuro. Icyakora, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'icyemezo ryahuye n'inzitizi, kubera ko inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa zitatangiye gukora nk'uko biteganijwe mu masezerano. Ibihugu byinshi bigize uyu muryango ntabwo byahaye uburenganzira bwa gatanu ubwisanzure ku ndege zituruka mu bindi bihugu.
Mu mwaka wo muri 2015, Declaration for the Establishment of a Single African Air Transport Market ryashyizeho urwego rwi soko rimwe rishyira mu bikorwa icyemezo cya Yamoussoukro kizashyirwaho muri 2017. Iki gihe ntarengwa cyongerewe gahunda yo gutangiza isoko rimwe mu nama ya 30 y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika yabereye i Addis Abeba. Aho, itangizwa rya SAATM ryashyizwe ku mugaragaro ku ya 28 Mutarama 2018 na Perezida w’u Rwanda, Paul Kagame, nk'umuyobozi mushya w’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika. Uyu muryango washatse kugira abanyamuryango 40 mu mpera za 2019.
Uruhare
Ibihugu 23 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika byabanje kwemera kwinjira muri SAATM nkabitabira gutangira. Nyakanga 2022 hari ibihugu 34 byitabiriye :
Isuzuma
Bamwe muri guverinoma n’indege za Afurika banenze umushinga. By'umwihariko indege ntoya, kimwe na guverinoma ya Uganda, bavuga ko ayo masezerano yatuma indege nke nini ziganje ku isoko, bityo bikazimya amarushanwa.
Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu kirere ryashimye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika gutangiza isoko rimwe, ariko uraburira ko hazakenerwa byinshi kugira ngo iyi politiki ishyirwe mu bikorwa neza.
Abdérahmane Berthé, umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyirahamwe ry’indege ny'afurika, yavuze ko icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyafashije ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya SAATM.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Umuyaga utandukanya imisozi
Umuyaga utandukanya imisozi, umuyaga utandukanyijwe n'imisozi cyangwa icyuho ni umuyaga waho uhuha mu cyuho kiri hagati yimisozi.
Umuyaga w'icyuho ni umuyaga wo mu rwego rwo hasi kandi urashobora guhuzwa n'umuyaga ukomeye w'amapfundo 20-40 kandi rimwe na rimwe ukarenga ipfundo 50. Umuyaga w'icyuho muri rusange urakomeye cyane hafi yo gusohoka.
Ingero zitemba zirimo umuyaga wo hejuru uhuha unyuze mu nzira ya Gibraltar - umwe mu muyaga ukomeye muri kano karere witwa Levanter. Umuyaga nk'uwo uboneka ku bindi byuho biri mu misozi, nka tehuantepecer na jochwinde, no mu miyoboro miremire, nk'inzira ya Juan de Fuca hagati y'imisozi ya Olempike ya Washington n'ikirwa cya Vancouver, Columbiya y'Ubwongereza, Inzira ya Hinlopen hafi ya Spitsbergen. Mu ruzi rwa Columbia ruzwi ku mupaka wa Washington na Oregon, inshuro nyinshi z’umuyaga w’icyuho zatumye hashyirwaho imirima y’umuyaga, hamwe n’umuyaga mwinshi uturuka ku muyaga ubera ku ruzi rwa Columbia.
Urundi rugero ni umuyaga wa Koshava muri Seribiya uhuha ku ruzi rwa Danube. Imisozi ya Karipati y'Amajyepfo n'imisozi ya Balkan irimo kunyura mu kibaya cy'umugezi wa Danube muri Rumaniya kandi indege isohoka ku marembo y'icyuma azwi ku izina ry'umuyaga wa Koshava. Ibintu nyamukuru biranga umuyaga wa Koshava ni umuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga, icyerekezo cyamajyepfo yuburasirazuba, gutsimbarara, no gukomera.
Muri rusange, umuyaga wa koridor ugira ingaruka ku kirere cy’akarere (mu majyepfo y’Ubufaransa), ndetse n’ibimera. Nibice byumuriro ukaze mubice byibasiwe. Inkubi y'umuyaga ishobora kugera kuri kilometero zirenga 100/h kandi bigatera kwangiza umutungo.
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
thumb|Interineti mu itumanaho ritandukanye. Murandasi (Internet) yatangiye hagati mu myaka ya 1960-1970, ubwo ibyogajuru (satellites) byari bitangiye koherezwa mu kirere(mu isanzure), hagamijwe gufasha abasirikare kuvugana bakoresheje itumanaho rigendanwa(mobile telecommunication).
Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange
thumb| Uruhererekane rw'urusobe rw'amakuru kuri murandasi. Murandasi (internet) ni kimwe mu bintu bifite uruhare runini mu iterambere rya tekinologi kwisi. Bimwe mu bibazo wakibaza ni inkomoko yayo, uko yavumbuwe, uwayivumbuye, n’ibindi bibazo byinshi umuntu yakwibaza. uyu munsi twakusanyirije hamwe bimwe mu bibazo mwibaza ku nkomoko ya murandasi(internet) n’ibisubizo byabyo.
Minisiteri ishinzwe imicungire y'ibiza n'impunzi
Minisiteri ishinzwe imicungire y’ibiza n’impunzi ( MIDIMAR) ; French   ) ni ministeri muri Guverinoma y'u Rwanda, ishinzwe imicungire y'ibiza n’impunzi.
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange
Murandasi(Internet) ni urusobe runini rw’imiyoboro, n’ibikorwa remezo. Ihuza amamiriyoni ya mudasobwa hamwe kwisi yose, ikora umuyoboro ku buryo  mudasobwa iyo ari yo yose ishobora kuvugana n’izindi mudasobwa byose kandi byifashishije murandasi(internet).Murandasi(Internet) yatangiye nk’umuyoboro w’ishami ry’ingabo z’Amerika kugira ngo uhuze abahanga n’abarimu ba kaminuza ku isi.
Minisiteri ishinzwe imicungire y'ibiza n'impunzi
iyi ministeri yayobowe na Minisitiri  Marcel Gatsinzi watangiye imirimo ku ya 12 Mata 2010. Icyicaro cyayo kiri i Kigali.
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange
Nkuko tubizi ikoranabuhanga ryaragutse kandi rihora rihinduka, ntibishoboka gushimira igihangano cya murandasi(internet) ku muntu umwe. Murandasi(Internet) yari umurimo w’ubumenyi bw’abapayiniya benshi, abategura porogaramu naba injeniyeri buri wese yateje imbere ibintu bishya n’ikoranabuhanga byaje guhuzwa no kuba “amakuru super highway” tuzi uyumunsi.
Kera cyane mbere yuko tekinoroji ibaho kugirango yubake murandasi(internet), abahanga benshi bari bamaze kumenya ko hariho imiyoboro y’amakuru ku isi. Nikola Tesla yagerageje igitekerezo cya “sisitemu idafite isi” mu ntangiriro ya za 1900, afatanya n’umuhanga Paul Otlet na Vannevar Bush batekereje uburyo bwo kubika imashini zikoreshwa mu bubiko bw’ibitabo n’itangazamakuru mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1940.
Pariki yo kubungabunga Umucanga ya Leven
thumb|Pariki yo kubungabunga umucanga ya Leven Pariki yo kubungabunga umucanga ya Leven ni agace karinzwe muri leta ya Ositaraliya yepfo ya Ositaraliya, iherereye ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru y’igice cyo hepfo y’igice cya Yorke mu mbibi zizwi byashyizwe ahagaragara na Point Souttar na Pines nko mu 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) mu burengerazuba bw'amajyaruguru. -Uburengerazuba bwa Point Turton.
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange
Mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, ubwo MIT ya J.C.R. Licklider yakwirakwije igitekerezo cya “Intergalactic Network” ya mudasobwa. Nyuma yaho gato, abahanga mu bya mudasobwa bateje imbere igitekerezo cyo “guhinduranya paki,” uburyo bwo kohereza neza amakuru ya elegitoroniki nyuma bikaza kuba imwe mu nyubako zikomeye za murandasi(internet).
Porotipi ya mbere ikora ya murandasi(internet) yaje mu mpera za 1960 hashyizweho ARPANET, cyangwa Urwego Rushinzwe Ubushakashatsi. Ubusanzwe yatewe inkunga na Minisiteri y’ingabo z’Amerika, ARPANET yakoresheje guhinduranya paki kugirango yemere mudasobwa nyinshi kuvugana ku murongo umwe. Ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1969, ARPAnet yatanze ubutumwa bwayo bwa mbere: itumanaho rya “node-to-node” riva kuri mudasobwa imwe ijya mu rindi. (Mudasobwa ya mbere yari muri laboratoire y’ubushakashatsi muri UCLA naho iya kabiri yari i Stanford; buri imwe yari ingana n’inzu nto). Ubutumwa – “LOGIN” – bwari bugufi kandi bworoshye, ariko bwasenyutse umuyoboro wa ARPA wari umaze igihe gito.: Mudasobwa ya Stanford yakiriye gusa inyuguti ebyiri za mbere.
Ikoranabuhanga ryakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka ya za 70 nyuma y’uko abahanga Robert Kahn na Vinton Cerf bakoze porotokore yo kugenzura imiyoboro ya murandasi(internet) na Porotokole ya interineti, cyangwa TCP / IP, uburyo bw’itumanaho bwashyizeho ibipimo byerekana uburyo amakuru ashobora koherezwa hagati y’imiyoboro myinshi.
ARPANET yemeye TCP / IP ku ya 1 Mutarama 1983, maze kuva aho abashakashatsi batangira guteranya “urusobe rw’imiyoboro” rwahindutse murandasi(internet) igezweho. Isi yo kuri murandasi(internet) yahise ifata imiterere yamenyekanye cyane mu 1990, ubwo umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa Tim Berners-Lee yahimbaga Urubuga mpuzamahanga. Nubwo bikunze kwitiranywa na murandasi(internet) ubwayo, urubuga mu byukuri n’uburyo busanzwe bwo kubona amakuru ku murongo mu buryo bw’urubuga na hyperlinks.
Urubuga rwafashaga kumenyekanisha murandasi(internet) mu baturage, kandi rwabaye intambwe yingenzi mu guteza imbere amakuru menshi benshi muritwe tubona buri munsi. Sinasoza ntabibukije ko murandasi(internet) ari kimwe mu bintu byavumbuwe n’umuntu. kandi ifite byinshi imaze kutujyezaho bitangaje cyane. N’igikoresho gikomeye rwose cyo kwiga ibintu byinshi bitandukanye  ndetse no mu buryo bw’itumanaho ikaba ingenzi cyane.
Inkomoko ya 1G kugeza kuri 5G
thumb|Imiterere y'uruhererekane rwa interrineti. Umuyobozi w’ishami ry’Urwego Ngenzuramikorere (RURA) rishinzwe Ikoranabuhanga, Charles Gahungu, avuga ko uko kuvugana kwatangiriye mu gisirikare cy’Abanyamerika, ariko nyuma y’imyaka mike kwaje gusakara no mu baturage basanzwe b’abasivili.
Icyo gihe hakoreshwaga telefone nini za Motorola zabaga zifite antenne, abantu bakavugana hagenda amajwi gusa, ari na cyo cyiciro cya mbere cya murandasi cyitwa 1G(generation).
Gahungu avuga ko icyo gihe amajwi yagendaga acikagurika ku buryo abavugana batumvikanaga neza kugeza ahagana mu 1990, ubwo haje icyiciro cya kabiri(2G) cy’amajwi avuguruye yumvikana neza, ndetse abantu batangira no kwandikirana ubutumwa bugufi.
Hashize imyaka mike Internet ya 2G ivugururwa hashakwa uko amakuru ahererekanywa yagenda ari menshi mu buryo bw’inyandiko n’amajwi, ari bwo haje icyiciro cya 2.75G cyo kohererezanya amajwi, inyandiko(text nini hakoreshejwe email) ndetse n’amafoto mato.
Mu cyiciro cya gatatu(3G) havuguruwe uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru menshi cyane kurushaho mu buryo bw’amajwi, inyandiko, amafoto n’amashusho, kandi bikagenda cyangwa bigafunguka hashize igihe gito, ku muvuduko urushijeho kuba munini urengeje kilobytes 400 ku isegonda(kbps).
Iki cyiciro gituma abantu bashobora kuvugana barebana cyangwa umuntu agakurikirana imbonankubone ibintu birimo kubera ahandi, n’ubwo biba bigenda gahoro kandi bicikagurika, kuko ngo amakuru aba asakazwa n’ibyogajuru biri kure cyane kandi anyura mu miyoboro mito.
Gahungu avuga ko ibi bigereranywa n’impombo cyangwa amatiyo atwara amazi, kuko ngo iyo abantu bakoresha agatiyo gato ari benshi, babona amazi make, ndetse abenshi bakayabura.
Nk’uko habaho kwagura imiyoboro y’amazi cyangwa kuyongera kugira ngo abantu babone menshi, ni na ko hakenerwa kubaka ibikorwaremezo bya Internet bitwara amakuru menshi ku muvuduko ugenda nk’urumuri.
Gahungu avuga ko Internet ya 4G yihuta gutwara amashusho y’ibibera ahantu hatandukanye ku Isi muri ako kanya, itashobokaga u Rwanda rutarashyira imiyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ mu butaka, ari na cyo gikorwa cyatangiranye n’umwaka wa 2008.
Izi ntsinga zitwara Internet ziyihawe n’ibyogajuru, ikamanuka mu kirere yinjira mu minara miremire yahujwe na byo, bakazitaba mu butaka ku buryo zigenda nk’amatiyo atwara amazi, zagezwa n’ahari inyanja ngari bakazitaba hasi mu mazi, zikambuka zigafata no ku yindi migabane.
Fibre optique zimaze kugera mu Rwanda hahise haza Internet ya 4G ’Long Term Evolution (LTE)’, igenda ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri ’Gigabyte imwe’ mu isegonda(gbps), ariko na yo ikarushwa na 5G itaragezwa mu Rwanda, yo ikaba igenda ku muvuduko wa ’gigabytes’ zirenze 10 mu isegonda.
Kugira ngo Internet igere mu gikoresho cy’itumanaho (telefone, mudasobwa, televiziyo, radiyo...) bisaba kugicomeka ku rutsinga ruva ku muyoboro mugari wa fibre optique, rugera mu nzu ituwemo cyangwa ikorerwamo.
Icyakora bitewe n’uko ya telefone cyangwa mudasobwa abantu baba bakeneye kuyigendana, hitabazwa utwuma bita "Router" cyangwa "Switch" dutangwa mu Rwanda n’ibigo nka KtRN, Liquid Terracom, Canal Box n’ibindi.
Utu twuma ducomekwa kuri rwa rutsinga rwa ’fibre optique’ rugarukira mu nzu cyangwa ku munara, tukaba ari two dusakaza Internet kuri telefone na mudasobwa biri muri ibyo bice, igendeye mu mwuka (wireless) aho kuba mu rutsinga.
Gahungu akomeza agira ati "Iyo Internet itarimo kwihuta kandi ukeneye kureba wenda nk’ikibanza cyawe aho giherereye ku ikarita, ureba kuri ’Google Earth’, wajya gufungura bigatindaaa(bikarangira itanafungutse), ariko iyo ari 4G, ukozaho gusa."
Byagera kuri 5G ho bikaba akarusho kuko porogaramu (applications) zayo zikoresha ’Camera’ zibasha kugenzura ibintu byinshi icyarimwe, kandi bigatangira kwikoresha (automation na robotism).
Gahungu atanga urugero ku ruganda runini rwenga ibinyobwa, aho amacupa aba ari ku mirongo myinshi agenda apfundikirwa.
Ubusanzwe abantu ni bo bashyirwa kuri iyo mirongo yose bakagenzura buri cupa, ku buryo iyo ridapfundikiwe neza cyangwa rihangutse, bahita barikuramo bakarishyira ku ruhande. thumb|5G interineti iri ku muvuduko ugezweho. Gahungu ati "Reba amacupa ari kunyuraho yihuta, ntabwo ari ibintu umuntu yagenzura n’amaso anakoresha amaboko ngo bishoboke! Ibyo ari byo byose hari iriguca mu maso ntunabimenye, mu nganda zikora ibintu bihambaye haba hakoreshwa uburyo bwikora kandi mudasobwa zaho zikoresha Internet ya 5G."
Aha hose haba hakoreshwa ‘camera’ zigereranywa n’amaso y’umubiri w’umuntu, ibyuma bizifite bimwe bigakora nk’amaboko n’amaguru, ibindi byitwa ‘censors’ bigakora nk’ibyumviro mu kumenya urusaku, gukorwaho(toucher),...
Gahungu avuga ko ubu buryo bwitwa ‘robotisme’ ari bwo bukoreshwa mu kugenzurira kuri mudasobwa ibinyabiziga bigera muri za miliyoni mu mihanda itandukanye, hifashishijwe za ’camera’, ku buryo bidasaba ko abapolisi baba bari ahantu hose.
Internet yihuta cyane ya 5G ikaba ari na yo ikoreshwa mu kwerekana muri ako kanya(live), imikino n’ibindi bikorwa birimo kubera hirya no hino ku Isi, kandi bikaza ari amashusho akeye cyane.
Politiki nshya y’u Rwanda y’umwaka wa 2022-2027, igamije guha Abaturarwanda bose Internet yihuse binyuze mu miyoboro migari ya ’fibres optiques’, iteganya ko hazatangwa internet ya 4G, 5G n’ibindi byiciro bizakurikiraho.
Iyi Politiki ubu yemerera ibigo by’Itumanaho bya MTN, Airtel, KtRN Liquid Terracom, BsG n’ibindi, gutangira gucuruza murandasi ya 5G isakazwa n’intsinga za fibre optique n’iminara ubu bigenda bikwirakwizwa hirya no hino mu Gihugu.
Guhinduka kw’imikorere no koroshya ubuzima
Mu myaka 20 ishize ubwo Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (Rwanda Revenue Authority/RRA) cyari kigikorera ahitwa ku Kinamba, ngo yabonaga imirongo miremire y’abantu birirwa aho bagiye kumenyekanisha imisoro ndetse no gusora.
Kuri ubu umuntu wiryamiye mu cyumba iwe akanda kuri ’application’ ya banki muri telefone ye akishyura ya misoro, ubundi agahita yikomereza kuryama.
Umuyobozi wa rimwe mu mashami ya Banki ya Kigali, Nzabandora Noel, we avuga ko imirongo miremire yari ikigaragara kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, ubwo ’applications’ zo muri telefone na programu za ’Internet banking’ zari zitaraza.
Nzabandora ati "Ubu ikoranabuhanga kuri telefone rikwereka ko wahembwe, ukaba ushobora guhita wishyura fagitire y’amazi, umuriro, imisoro,...Ushobora no guhita uyakurura ukayashyira kuri Mobile Money, ugahinira hafi ukayabikuza, muri make akazi Banki yajyaga ikora umuntu ni we ubasha kukikorera atavuye aho."
Nzabandora avuga ko imashini za ATM na zo ziri mu byagabanirije imvune abakozi ba za banki, kuko abagombaga kujyayo kubikuza bagana ibyo byuma bifite ikoranabuhanga rya 4G ryikoresha(automation) bikabaha amafaranga.
Ntabwo bikiri ngombwa ko umuturage uhabwa amafaranga na VUP ahaguruka i Kinyamakara ngo ajye mu Mujyi i Huye cyangwa i Nyamagabe kubikuza kuri banki, kuko abakozi b’umurenge SACCO bahita bashyira ayo mafaranga kuri Mobile Money y’uwo muturage.
Nzabandora avuga ko mu myaka yo hambere abantu babitsaga muri banki bikandikwa mu gatabo, umuntu ngo yabaga ashobora kugata, kukamburwa cyangwa kwibwa, ndetse n’abakozi ba Banki ubwabo ngo bashoboraga kunyereza ya mafaranga bakigendera ntibakurikiranwe.
Imiyoboro ya fibre optique ubu igeza murandasi muri mudasobwa z’uturere, imirenge n’utugari, ku buryo umuturage ugannye serivisi z’Irembo gusaba icyemezo, cyangwa akoresheje mudasobwa ye aho yaba aherereye hose ku Isi, ahita akibonera kuri telefone cyangwa mudasobwa imwegereye bitamusabye kujya ku buyobozi aho yagisabiye.
Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi
Gahungu avuga ko mu mwaka wa 2006 ubwo Internet yari igishingiye kuri Satellite n’iminara gusa(fibre optique zitaraza), Leta yaguraga megabyte imwe/isegonda amadolari ya Amerika 2500 ku kwezi, kuri ubu ahwanye n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi 500.
Icyo gihe itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ngo ryaharirwaga ubuyobozi bw’inzego zo hejuru gusa, bitewe n’uko nta miyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ n’ibyogajuru byari bwasakare henshi ku Isi.
Kuri ubu umuntu umwe abasha kwigurira megabytes 7000 za 3G mu cyumweru kimwe mu bigo bya MTN na Airtel atanze amafaranga 5000Frw gusa, cyangwa GB(Gigabytes) 30 za 4G muri Airtel n’ahandi, aziguze amafaranga ibihumbi 16,000Frw.
Kugeza ubu mu bigo no mu ngo ahenshi mu mijyi hamaze kugezwa intsinga za fibre optique zitanga murandasi ya 4G, aho zitaragera hakaba hifashishwa iminara y’itumanaho yahujwe na fibre optique, ikabasha gusakaza murandasi ku ntera ndende irenga ibirometero bitatu.
Abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga bakavuga ko bene iyi Internet ya wireless, iyo ituruka kure cyane iba ishobora kudakora neza kuko haba hari inzitizi mu nzira inyuramo, cyangwa imikorere ituzuye y’ibyuma biyisakaza.
Uwitwa Munyeshyaka uzobereye ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ati “Internet ya wireless ntabwo ishobora kuba 100% wireless, hari aho igera ikanyura mu ntsinga, mu minara no muri routers ziri aho.
Sisitemu ikomatanyije yo kubika amakuru y'ahateza ibiza
thumb| Guhuza hagati yisuzuma rya IRIS, Isuzuma ryibyago no gucunga ibyago Sisitemu ikomatanyije y'amakuru y'ahateza ibiza (IRIS) ni gahunda yo gusuzuma ibidukikije ikorwa n’ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA). Gahunda ya IRIS yibanze ku gusuzuma ingaruka, kandi ntabwo ari ugucunga ibyago (izo nzira zifata ibyemezo zirimo gusesengura ibitekerezo, amategeko, imibereho myiza nubukungu bijyanye ningaruka zirimo kwigwa).
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi
Imbogamizi abakoresha murandasi bagifite kugeza ubu
Ishyirahamwe ryo gucunga ikirere n'imyanda
Ishyirahamwe rishinzwe gucunga ikirere n’imyanda (mu magambo ahinnye AWMA ) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga udaharanira inyungu wibanda ku kurengera ibidukikije no kunoza ibyemezo by’ibidukikije. Kugeza mu 2021, ifite abanyamuryango babigize umwuga barenga 5.000 mu bihugu 65, kandi ifite ibice 34 n'imitwe 65 ku isi. Yashinzwe muri Kamena 1907 n'itsinda ry'abagenzuzi b'umwotsi i Milwaukee, muri Wisconsin. Izina ryayo ryambere ryari Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga rishinzwe gukumira umwotsi, hanyuma izina ryaryo ryahinduwe inshuro nyinshi kugirango ryerekane impinduka mubyifuzo byabanyamuryango. By'umwihariko, ryiswe Ishyirahamwe rishinzwe gukumira umwotsi muri Amerika mu 1915, Ishyirahamwe rishinzwe kurwanya umwanda mu 1950, kandi ryabonye izina ryaryo muri 1988.
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi
N’ubwo u Rwanda ruvuye kure, hari bamwe mu bakoresha Internet cyane cyane iya 4G inyura mu ntsinga, bavuga ko ihenze kandi yihuta gushira, ku buryo hari ingo zinubira kuba ziyitangaho amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 27 ku kwezi, kandi yaba itarashira muri uko kwezi bakayisubiza.
Sisitemu ikomatanyije yo kubika amakuru y'ahateza ibiza
Amateka
Ku ikubitiro, mu myaka ya za 1980, gahunda ya IRIS yashyizeho ububiko bw’isuzuma ry’ubuzima bw’abantu ku bijyanye n’ingaruka z’imiti mu bidukikije. EPA yashyizeho ububikoshingiro kugirango itange uburyo buhamye bwo gusuzuma ingaruka mu mategeko atandukanye y’ibidukikije Ikigo cyashyize mu bikorwa kandi kigashyira mu bikorwa.
Porogaramu yashizweho na EPA mu 1985. Ku ikubitiro, intego ya gahunda kwari ugutezimbere ubudahwema mu isuzuma ry’ikigo cy’uburozi bw’imiti. Ububiko bwa IRIS bwashyizwe ahagaragara bwa mbere mu 1987. Mu 1996, EPA yashyize mu bikorwa inzira nshya yo kubaka ubwumvikane hagati y’ibigo no kunoza imikorere muri data base ya IRIS. Muri uwo mwaka, EPA yashyizeho isuzuma ry’uburozi bwa IRIS, ryerekanye inyandiko ya mbere y’isuzuma ry’ubuzima ku kigo. Muri Werurwe 1997, ububiko bwa IRIS bwashyizwe kuri interineti. Mu 2004, gahunda ya IRIS yarahinduwe kugirango hongerwemo inzego ziyobowe n’ibiro bishinzwe imiyoborere n’ingengo y’imari (OMB) no gushimangira cyane urungano rw’urungano rw’isuzuma rya IRIS.
Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze
Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi
Ibi ni amakosa abakiriya b’ibigo by’Itumanaho binubira bavuga ko byagakwiye kuyahanirwa, kuko umuntu waguze Internet ngo atagombye guhabwa igihe agomba kuba yayimaze, ngo nidashira bayisubize.