cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gicumbi Ibiti ibihumbi 12 byatewe mu gukumira isuri n’inkangu
Ibyo Abayobozi bakarere ka Gicumbi babivugaho
Ni ibikorwa dushima biza byiyongera ku bindi Leta yaduhaye.Twabikoze ku bufatanye n’Umushinga Green Gicumbi uterwa inkunga na FONERWA aho umaze gusazura amashyamba kuri hegitari zirenga 600 no guca amaterasi y’indinganire na yo agera kuri hegitari zirenga 600; ibi byanahaye akazi abaturage. Guverineri w’Intara y’Amajyaruguru yasabye abaturage kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge no kujyana abana mu mashuri.Yanashishikarije ubuyobozi gukemura ibibazo bitandukanye by’abaturage birimo gukumira no kurwanya igwingira n’imirire mibi y’abana cyane ko byagaragaye ko igwingira ry’abana mu Karere ka Gicumbi riri hejuru.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Amashyamba
Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo
Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo ni ikiyaga cyo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda. Iherereye hafi yikiyaga cya Bulera mu nkengero za Musanze. Iherereye mu nsi y’ikirunga kinini mu Rwanda, umusozi w’ibirunga wa Kalisimbi.
Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo kandi ni kimwe mu biyaga bibiri byakozwe mu bikorwa by’ibirunga biva ku musozi w’ibirunga wa Sabyinyo byateje isuka ya lava hakurya y’umugezi w’uruzi rukomera kandi rukonja. Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo gitandukanijwe n'ikiyaga cya Burera n'ubutaka bwa kilometero 1. Ibiyaga byombi Ruhondo na Burera biherereye mu majyaruguru yu Rwanda kandi hafi ya Uganda mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda. Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo gikurikirana uturere dutatu aribwo: Burera Musanze na Gakenke. Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo cyakira amazi yacyo mu kiyaga cya Burera mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba. Ifite ubuso bwa ha 2800. Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo cyakira amazi ava mu zindi migezi no mu mazi agana mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba unyuze ku ruzi Mukungwa akaba ari uruzi rwa Nyabarongo. Ikiyaga cya Burera na Ruhondo gitandukanijwe nubutaka bwa kilometero 1. Gutwara amazi ntabwo byateye imbere hamwe nubwato buto bwibiti nkuburyo bwo gutwara. thumb| Iyi ni panoramic yikiyaga cya Ruhondo mumajyaruguru yu Rwanda kuva 2015 thumb|220x220px| Ruhondo izuba rirenze
intangamurongo
2. Ikigo gishinzwe umutungo kamere mu Rwanda, Burera na gahunda yiterambere rya Ruhondo. https://web.archive.org/web/20210914184528/https://rwandalanduse.rnra.rw/portal/sharing/rest/content/items/bdf78d97d2f4446eb973d45fae7a6013/data
Awatef Abdel Karim
Awatef Abdel Karim (8 Gashyantare 1931 - 24 Mata 2021) yari Umunyamisiri wandikaga amanota y'umuziki wa kera wa kontamporere. Karim niwe mugore wa mbere w'umunyamisiri w'umwanditsi w'amanota ya muzika wize ku mugaragaro kwandika amanota ya muzika. Yahimbye amanota ya muzika ya piyano, viyole, korari, na orukesitere, kandi yanditse umuziki w'abana. Mu 1991, yasimbuye Gamal Abdel-Rahim nk'umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe guhimba amanota ya muzika no kuyobora ishami rya Cairo Conservatoire, akora kuri uwo mwanya kugeza mu 1997. Igitabo cyavuguruwe cy’igitabo cye cyitwa, Music Appreciation of Nineteenth Century Music cyasohowe mu 2005 i Cairo. Yahawe igihembo cya Leta cy’icyubahiro muri Kamena 2006. Abanyeshuri be bazwi cyane barimo Ahmed El-Saedi, Ali Osman, na Mohamed Abdelwahab Abdelfattah.
Santos Muntubile
Jean N'diela Muntubile bakunze kwita "Santos Muntubile"( yavutse Ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1958) yavukiye i Léopoldville, akina umupira w'amaguru akaba ari umutoza wa congo.
Ubuzima
Jean N'diela Muntubile uzwi ku izina rya " Santos ", yagaragaje nkushaka akazi muri FC Sochaux muri 1980. Ni umukinnyi ukina kuruhande wihuta, byihuse kandi byiza  Nyuma y'igihembwe cya mbere muri ikipe ya Franche-Comté, yagurijwe muri 1981 - 1982 muri Olympique de Marseille, icyo gihe yakinnye mu cyiciro cya 2. Nyuma asubira i Sochaux, agumaho kugeza muri 1984. Afite imikino 50 n'ibitego 2 yatsinze mu cyiciro cya 1 hamwe na Sochaux. Yakomeje umwuga we mu Budage no mu Bufaransa. Yabaye umukinnyi wa congo hagati ya 1985 na 1990.
Mu myaka ya za 2000, yatangiye umwuga wo gutoza. Yakoze  muri Tout Puissant Mazembe kuva 2005 kugeza 2007 ndetse no muri Daring Club Motema Pembe muri 2009. Ari ku buyobozi bw'ikipe y'igihugu yegukanye igikombe cya Shampiyona Nyafurika muri 2009. Ni umutoza w’igihugu cya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo inshuro nyinshi, cyane  muri 2011 no muri 2013-2014.
Ibihembo
Nkumutoza
Inkomoko
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Igishanga cya Cyabayaga
Ibyo wamenya kugishanga cya Cyabayaga
Igishanga cya Cyabayaga gifite ubuso bwa hegitari zigera kuri 40 ariko zikaba zigabanuka bitewe n’amazi iyo yabaye make. Uretse amarebe ashobora gutuma kigira ikibazo ngo n’abahinga mu nkengero zacyo nabo bahinga bashyiramo ibitaka kimwe n’amatungo acyuhirwaho. Mu mwaka 2014 batewe n’amarebe aturuka mu mugezi w’umuvumba hamwe n’umucanga muri icyoguhe nta musaruro w’amafi bakibonaga kandi imbaraga zabo zari zimaze gukendera.Bavugaga ko bakeneye guterwa inkunga yo gukuramo ayo marebe bakareba ko bakongera kurya ku ifi no kwinjiza amafaranga ayikomokaho. Ubuyobozi bw’akagari ka Cyabayaga bwavugaga ko iki kibazo bwakimenye kandi bwiteguraga kugira icyo bwafasha mu kugikemura.Bavugaga ko bagiye kwifashisha umuganda w’abaturage bagakuramo aya marebe, ariko na none bakanahuza koperative y’abahinzi b’umuceri icunga amazi ajya muri iki kiyaga ndetse na koperative Cyabayaga Fishing y’aborozi b’amafi.Cooperative yakoreragamo ubworozi bw’amafi yari igizwe n’abanyamuryango 72. Mbere ngo amarebe ataraza muri icyo kiyaga bari bageze ku musaruro w’ibiro 400 by’amafi ku kwezi aho ikiro cy’ifi cyagurwaga amafaranga y’u Rwanda hagati Igihumbi magana atanu (1500) n'Iguhumbi magana abiri (1200).
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Inkori
thumb|InkoriInkori ni ibinyamisogwe by’ingenzi biboneka mu bice bya za Toropike bivamo izuba n’imvura biringaniye, bihingwa muri Aziya, Afurika, Uburayi bw’amajyepfo ndetse no muri Amerika yo hagati n’amajyepfo. Inkori zifitemo kuva kuri 23 kugeza kuri 35% bya poroteyine n’ibinure ku gipimo kiri hejuru (guhera kuri 1 kugeza kuri 1,6%), ivu kuva kuri (3,4 kugeza kuri  4,6%); na fiburecyangwa ibikatsi  (19,5). Garama 100 z’ifu y’ inkori zikwije ibipimo bikenewe ku munsi by’imyunyu za Feri, Zenke, Kalisiyumu, Potasiyumu, Manyeziyumu, Manganezi n’Umuringa. (Fontenele et al., 2012). Inkori ni igihingwa cyihanganira ubushyuhe n’ikirere gishyuha, zigakunda uturere twumagaye twa za Toropike mu gihe ibindi bihingwa biribwa by’ibinyamisogwe bidatanga umusaruro mwiza ahantu nk’aho. Inkori kandi zifitemo ubushobozi bwo gukurura Azote yo mu kirere zikoresheje uduheri tuba ku mizi yazo kandi zikura neza mu butaka bwagundutse bufite hejuru ya 85% by’urusenyi no munsi ya 0,2% by’ibinyabutabire n’igipimo kiri hasi cya fosifore. Inkori zihanganira ahantu hari igicucu bityo zishobora kuvangwa n’ibihinga bimwe na bimwe nk’ ibigori, ingano, uburo, amasaka, ibisheke  n’ipamba. Ibyo bituma inkori ziba mu bihingwa byubahiriza uburyo bwa gakondo bwo kuvanga ibihingwa cyane cyane mu buhinzi ngandurarugo bukorwa mu mikenke yumagaye yo muri Afurika yo munsi y’ ubutayu bwa Sahara. thumb|igiti bisoromaho imiteja Inkori zihingirwa cyane cyane umusaruro w’intete n’ ubwo umushogoro wazo ndetse n’imiteja na byo bishobora kuribwa, bityo inkori  zishobora kuribwa mbere y’uko zisarurwa zimaze kuma. Ibishogoshogo by’inkori bikoreshwa nk’ubwatsi bw’amatungo cyane cyane mu gihe cy’impeshyi.
AMOKO Y’INKORI
Hariho amoko menshi y’inkori ahingwa mu mpande zose z’isi harimo izigira amaso y’umukara cyangwa, ubwoko bwa Heiloom (Soma Heyilumu) n’ubwoko bw’ibyimanyi. Mu karere tugira ubwoko buke bw’inkori z’imvange buboneka mu giturage mubice byicyaro.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Imboga Ikiciro:Imbuto Ikiciro:Ibiribwa
Umuryango Nyarwanda w'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutavuga(RNUD)
Amateka
Abatumva bashinze RNUD nyuma yo kubona ko ibyo bakeneye hamwe n’ibibazo byabo birengagijwe n’umuryango mugari. Inshingano y'ibanze ya RNUD ni ukureba inyungu z'abatumva, kuvugana mu rurimi rw'amarenga kugira ngo babaha serivisi, bakemure ibibazo byabo kandi babe nk'inzobere mu kutumva. Icyakora, Ishyirahamwe ryarasenyutse biturutse kuri jenoside yibasiye u Rwanda, mu 1994 aho benshi mu banyamuryango bashinze biciwe.
Abatumva bo mu Rwanda bahura n’urubuga rugoye rw’ibibazo kuva ku mibereho, ubukungu, umuco n’iterambere, imyumvire mibi y’abaturage ku batumva, inzitizi z’itumanaho. Ubukene burusheho gutesha agaciro abatumva kugera ku cyubahiro n’ubumwe no kubona akazi n’uburere aho batuye kandi ibyo bikababuza kwishimira byimazeyo uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu buhabwa abantu bose. RNUD yiyemeje guharanira amahirwe angana y’Abanyatumva batumva ndetse n’uburenganzira bwabo bwa muntu nk'uko bigaragara mu mategeko mpuzamahanga ndetse n’igihugu.
RNUD ni umunyamuryango w’amashyirahamwe y’igihugu y’abafite ubumuga mu Rwanda (NUDOR) kandi yifatanije n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva (WFD). RNUD ikora kandi ku bufatanye na serivisi ishinzwe ubushake mu mahanga (VSO) u Rwanda, Malmo Deaf club - Suwede, Ikigega cy’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga na Fondasiyo ya Kentalis n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Ubuzima Ikiciro:Imiryango idaharanira inyungu
Ibidukikije bikomoka ku bimera
thumb|Ibidukikije bikomoka kubimera Ibidukikije bikomoka ku bimera ni umuco wo kurya ibikomoka ku bimera iyo biterwa no gushaka gukora indyo irambye yirinda ingaruka mbi z’ibidukikije ku musaruro w’inyama. Amatungo muri rusange ateganijwe kuba hafi 15 ku ijana y’ibyuya bihumanya ikirere ku isi.
Usibye imihindagurikire y’ikirere, inganda z’ubworozi nizo ntandaro y’ibanze mu urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no gutema amashyamba, mu gihe bifite akamaro kanini ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije nko gukoresha amazi n’ubutaka, umwanda, ndetse no kutabaho neza.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije ku bikomoka ku nyamaswa
Ibice bine bya gatanu byangiza imyuka iva mu buhinzi biva mu bworozi.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'ikigo cya isi ireba mu 2009 bwavuze ko raporo yasuzuguye ingaruka zijyanye na metani, imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ndetse n'ubuhumekero, bigatuma amatungo agera kuri 51 ku ijana by'ibyuka bihumanya isi thumb|Ibimera by'imusozi n'ibyo kumazi yose.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Ubukerarugendo muri Comoros
Comoros ntabwo ifite inganda zikomeye z'ubukerarugendo.
Umubare w'abakerarugendo
Nubwo Comoros ifite umutungo kamere w'ubukerarugendo, nk'inyanja n’ibidukikije byo mu nyanja, ntabwo ifite inganda zikomeye z’ubukerarugendo nk’abanywanyi bayo bo mu karere nka Réunion, Maurice, na Seychelles. Inganda z’ubukerarugendo zifite intege nke ahanini ziterwa n’imiterere ya politiki idafite umutekano, hamwe n’imivurungano ya politiki mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo
Peter Byaruhanga
Peter Byaruhanga (yavutse 18 Kanama 1979) ni Uganda wahoze akina umupira w'amaguru wa babigize umwuga, ukora muri Amerika, wakinnye nka rutahizamu.
Ubuzima bwite
Byaruhanga yavukiye i Kampala, muri Uganda kandi afite ubwenegihugu bubiri bw'Abanyamerika na Uganda.
Umwuga wa kaminuza
Byaruhanga yakiniye UAB Blazers muri shampiyona ya 1998 na 1999.
Abigize umwuga
Muri Gashyantare 2000, ikipe ya Kansas City bahisemo Byaruhanga mu cyiciro cya kabiri cya 2000 MLS SuperDraft. Yigaragaje inshuro esheshatu mu bihembwe bibiri. Muri Gicurasi 2000, Kansas bohereje Byaruhanga ku ntizanyo muri Raleigh Express mu mikino itanu. Mu 2001, yagiye mu ntizanyo muri Atlanta Silverbacks. Ku ya 18 Kamena 2001, Kansas baretse Byaruhanga. Ku ya 6 Nyakanga 2001, yasinyanye na Richmond Kickers. Mu 2002, yakiniye Cincinnati Riverhawks ndetse na Carolina Dynamo yo muri USL D3-Pro muri shampiyona. Muri 2009, yakiniye Rocket City.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Isosiyete ishinzwe imari muri Afurika
Isosiyete ishinzwe imari muri Afurika (AFC mu icyongereza: African Financial Corporate) ni ikigo cy’imari n’iterambere ry’ibihugu by’imari n’ibihugu by’Afurika byashinzwe mu 2007 n’ibihugu byigenga bya Afurika byigenga kugira ngo bitange ibisubizo bifatika ku gihombo cy’ibikorwa remezo bya Afurika ndetse n’ibidukikije bikora. Isosiyete ikemura icyuho cy’ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo binyuze mu gutanga inguzanyo n’imari ingana, guteza imbere imishinga, serivisi z’ubujyanama n’imari.
IYARWEMA Simon
Ni umwe mu bagize uruhare mu ikorwa rya filime zikomeye zirimo iya Gaël Faye yitwa Petit Pays.
Isosiyete ishinzwe imari muri Afurika
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ikigega Ikiciro:Imari
IYARWEMA Simon
Reba Aha
Ikiciro:Entertainment
Ikoranabuhanga ku icyangobwa cy’ubutaka
Ikigo gishinzwe Ubutaka mu Rwanda (National Land Authority/NLA)cyatangije itangwa ry’ibyangombwa-koranabuhanga by’ubutaka (e-title), bikaba byitezweho kuruhura abaturage mu ngendo bakoraga bajya kubishakira ku Murenge cyangwa ku Karere.
Tumenye Ibyangombwa-koranabuhanga by'ubutaka
Gahunda yo gutangiza itangwa ry’ibyangombwa-koranabuhanga yabereye i Kigali kuri uyu wa Gtanu tariki 6 Mutarama mu mwaka 2023, yitabirwa n’Abayobozi b’inzego zinyuranye barimo ba Guverineri.Akenshi biragoye kugira ngo we gukora byibura ingendo ebyiri, eshatu, kugeza igihe ubonera ibyangombwa by’ubutaka, hari ingendo ukora ujya gushaka umukozi ubishinzwe, izo ukora ujya gushaka umukozi w’Irembo, ibyo byose noneho ubu wabikorera aho wicaye. bavuga ko 80% by’ibibazo abaturage bahura na byo mu nzego z’ibanze bishingiye ku butaka, ndetse ko umuturage yajyaga abona icyangombwa cy’ubutaka akoze ingendo zitari munsi y’eshatu ku Murenge.Umuyobozi Mukuru wa NLA,avuga ko urugendo umuturage azajya akora ari urwo kujya kuzuza impapuro z’ihererekanya gusa, ahasigaye akazajya ategereza ubutumwa kuri telefone bumumenyesha ko ibyangombwa byabonetse.
Icyo byafashije
Ikigo NLA cyishimira kandi ko kitazongera gukoresha impapuro mu gucapa ibyangombwa by’ubutaka, ndetse ko amafaranga 5,000Frw yo kubicapisha umuturage atazongera kuyatanga.Umuturage ashobora kwibonera (download) icyangombwa cye akoresheje telefone igezweho (Smart phone) cyangwa mudasobwa, byaba na ngombwa akajya kugicapisha(printing), udafite ubwo buryo akaba yajya ku bakozi b’Irembo bakabimukorera. Bavuga kandi ko kutajya gufata ibyangombwa by’ubutaka mu nzego za Leta ari igisubizo ku baturage no ku bakozi batabonekeraga igihe, ndetse ko byatangaga icyuho cya ruswa.Ikindi kibazo abayobozi bavuga ko bikemuye, ni ikijyanye n’imanza zishingiye ku butaka, aho abantu ngo bajyaga bigana impapuro z’ubutaka bakagurisha imitungo y’abandi, ba nyirayo batabizi.Kuva aho gahunda yo guca ibibanza no kwandika ubutaka ku bantu cyangwa ku bigo binyuranye itangiriye mu mwaka wa 2013,Mu Rwanda ngo hamaze kugaragara ibibanza birenga miliyoni 11 n’ibihumbi 600.Ikigo cy’Ubutaka kivuga kandi ko imiterere y’ibyangombwa bishya izatuma amabanki yoroherwa no kwandikisha ingwate z’abakiriya bayo, kuko amakuru y’ubutaka yose abasha kuboneka byoroshye.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ubutaka Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
thumb|450x450px| Igipimo cy’uburinganire bw’amashyamba cyerekana ihindura amashyamba asigaye alt=This screen shot shows a map that highlights countries based on their net change rate of forest area. Areas that appear more blue have a higher net change rate than areas that appear tan. Brown areas indicate a net loss of forest area.|thumb| Agace k’amashyamba igipimo cy’imihindagurikire y’igihugu muri 2020 Gutema amashyamba ni uruhare runini mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere, kandi imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka ku mashyamba.
Ihinduka ry'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka, mu buryo bwo gutema amashyamba, ni isoko rya kabiri rinini rya ya karuboni yo mu kirere, nyuma yo gutwikwa na peteroli. Imyuka ya parike isohoka mugihe cyo gutwika biyomasi yishyamba no kubora ibikoresho byi bimera bisigaye hamwe na karuboni yubutaka. Icyitegererezo cyisi yose hamwe nu bubiko bwa parike yi gihugu itanga ibisubizo bisa kubyangiza amashyamba. muri 2019, gutema amashyamba bishinzwe hafi 11 ku ijana mu byuka bihumanya ikirere. Ibyuka byangiza imyuka yo gutema amashyamba birihuta. Gukura amashyamba ni karuboni ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Zimwe mu ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, nk’umuriro mwinshi, zishobora kongera amashyamba.
Gutema amashyamba biza muburyo bwinshi: umuriro w’ishyamba, gutema ubuhinzi, korora amatungo, no gutema ibiti,. Umubare munini wi bikorwa byu buhinzi bivamo amashyamba biterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta. Amashyamba afite 31 ki ijana yubutaka bwisi kandi buri mwaka kilometero kare 75.700 ( bingana na hegitari miliyoni 18.7) zishyamba ziratakara. Nk’uko ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’isi kibitangaza, habayeho kwiyongera kwa 12 ku ijana mu gutakaza amashyamba y’ibanze yo mu turere dushyuha kuva muri 2019 kugeza 2020. Gutema amashyamba menshi bikomeje kubangamira amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, na serivisi y'ibidukikije batanga. Igice nyamukuru gihangayikishijwe no gutema amashyamba ni mumashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha kubera ko atuwe n’ibinyabuzima byinshi ku isi.
Banki ya Equity
Banki ya Equity ifite amashami atandukanye dushobora kubona muri afurika :
Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
Impamvu zitera amashyamba
thumb| Amakamyo yo gutema ibiti bya Moreland
Ubworozi
Ubworozi bw'amatungo busaba igice kinini cy'ubutaka bwo korora amashyo y'amatungo n'ibihingwa by'amatungo kubyo abaguzi bakeneye. Nk’uko ikigega cy'isi cyita ku nyamaswa kibitangaza, "Ubworozi bw'inka nini ni bwo bwa mbere mu guteza amashyamba mu bihugu hafi ya byose bya Amazone, kandi bingana na 80% by'amashyamba muri iki gihe." Ubworozi bw’amatungo bwashinzwe muri Tejas mugihe cya Misiyoni ya Espagne, hagati ya 1820 na 1865 kandi bwari butwarwa ahanini n’inka zo muri Mexico. Nyuma, ubwo ubutumwa bwari bumaze gufungwa maze abapadiri n'abasirikare bava muri ako gace ariko bagasiga inka inyuma, umurimo wafashwe n'abenegihugu ku giti cyabo. Nyuma y'intambara y'abenegihugu, Texans yatangiye gukusanya inka no kugurisha amajyaruguru muri leta nka Kansas na Illinois. Nk’uko bitangazwa na Greenpeace, umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uharanira ibidukikije ku isi, inganda z’inka nizo zifite uruhare runini mu kohereza imyuka ya metani kubera ko 60% by’inyamabere zose ku isi ari inka z’amatungo. Gusimbuza ubutaka bw’amashyamba n’inzuri bitera igihombo cy’amashyamba, ibyo bikaba biganisha ku kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gutwika uburyo bw’ubuhinzi no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka.
Kwagura ubuhinzi
thumb| Amazone yatemye-yaka ubuhinzi, Kolombiya
Magnesium n'akamaro ifitiye umubiri
Magnesium (soma manyeziyumu) nayo iza ku rutonde rw’imyunyu ngugu y’ingenzi umubiri ukenera ku bwinshi kugira ngo ubashe gukora neza. Buri munsi tuba dukeneye hagati ya 350mg na 420mg zayo. Muri zo, 50% bibikwa mu magufa naho ibisigaye bikajya kubikwa mu turemangingo fatizo tw’umubiri wacu.
Ifasha mu kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso, gukomeza amagufa ndetse no gutera neza k’umutima.
Nsanzimana Sabin
Nsanzimana Sabin ni Minisitiri w’ubuzima muri Guverinoma yu Rwanda. Yahoze ayobora ikigo gikuru cy'ubuvuzi mu Rwanda cyitwa (RBC).
Reba
Ikiciro:Minisitiri w'ubuzima
Bouchaib Abdelhadi
Bouchaib Abdelhadi, ukomoka mu mujyi wa Casablanca, muri Maroke, yigaragaje mu mwuga wa muzika ku mpande zombi za Atalantike. Nk'umuyobozi wa Orokesitere yitwa Abdelhadi, yaririmbye mu Bwami bwa Maroke mu myaka ya za 1980. Kuva yagera muri Amerika mu ntangiriro ya za 1990, Abdelhadi yarakenewe cyane nk'umucuranzi w’ibicurangisho byinshi bitandukanye ( oud, inanga ya Maroc, perikushoni) no kuba umuhanzi w'amajwi y'umwimerere mu mico gakondo yo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati no muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru nka al-Ÿqa ( Andalusiyani ), Gnawa (inzira ya Sufi ), na Chaabi ("uzwi cyane").
Umwuga
Ibintu byingenzi byagaragaye mu mwuga harimo gukorana na Pharoah Sanders n'abandi mu muziki wa Alonzo King LINES Ballet Company,  kandi, mu 2001, yagize uruhare kuri CD ya Omar Sosa ya Sentir yagaragaye ku rutonde rw'abahatanira igihembo cya Grammy. Igitaramo cya Abdelhadi yaririmbyemo mu buryo bw'amajwi y'umwimerere n'ibicurangisho byakokanya kuva mu ruzinduko rwo muri Amerika hamwe n'umunyakiba ucuranga piyano, Omar Sosa mu 2002 yaririmbanye na Stephen Kent na Trance Mission mu 2001 na 2007,  ndetse yacuranze mu iserukiramuco ry’imbyino ry’amoko rya San Francisco mu 1998 yahimbye amanota ya muzika aranayacuranga y'indirimbo Heart Song afatanije na Alonzo King hamwe n'Ikinamico y'Abanyamerika Alvin Ailey mu 2004.
Mu bufatanye yagiranye na Alonzo King harimo kandi Salt (2005) hamwe n’imyidagaduro y’imbyino yo muri Carolina y'Amajyaruguru, na Ocean (1994) hamwe The Moroccan Project (2005) hamwe na LINES Ballet. Abdelhadi yafatanije na DJ Chebi Sabbah kuri alubumu La Kahena, kandi yishimira gukorana n'abahanzi bo mu mico itandukanye ya muzika nka klezmer, Hindustani, jazz, na rock.
Ibiti bimaze imyaka irenga 4,000
Muri Amerika hari ubwoko bw’ibiti Yezu/Yesu yavutse biriho ndetse bikiriho kugeza n’ubu cyangwa byatemwe mu myaka ya vuba, bikaba binini mu mubyimba (inganzamarumbo) kandi birebire cyane kugera kuri metero 100.
Imiterere
Hari n’ibiti mu Buhinde no mu Butaliyani bishobora kwimuka bikava aho byari biteye bikitera ahandi, kubera ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kurandaranda.
Muri Nzeri 2021 abashinzwe kurwanya inkongi muri Leta ya California (USA), batangiye kuzengurutsa ibiringiti bidashya ndetse n’ibipfunyika bya alminium ku biti byo muri Pariki ya Sequoia, mu rwego rwo kubirinda inkongi y’umuriro irimo gusatira iyo pariki.
Pariki ya Sequoia
Pariki ya Sequoia (ibiti byayo na byo byitwa sequoias), irimo ibiti bigera ku bihumbi bibiri bikurura ba mukerarugendo kubera kugira umubyimba munini, uburebure no kuramba cyane ku isi.
Muri byo hari ikizwi ku izina rya ‘General Sherman’ gifite uburebure bwa metero 83 n’umubyimba ufite umurambararo(diameter) wa metero 11m (umuntu akaba yagicukuramo inzu y’ibyumba bitatu n’uruganiriro).
N’ubwo General Sherman, bitewe no kwamamara cyane ivugwaho kuba igiti cya mbere ku isi kirambye imyaka irenga ibihumbi bibiri, hari ibindi byo muri Pariki ya Sequoia n’ahandi ngo birengeje imyaka 4,000 bibayeho, kandi birebire kurenza metero 100.
Urubuga https://www.monumentaltrees.com/ruvuga ko sequoia (Sequoia sempervirens) ya mbere ku isi mu burebure ifite metero 115.55, ikaba iri mu ishyamba rya Redwood Mountain muri Pariki ya Kings Canyon muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Ntabwo ari sequoias gusa zikunze kuba ndende cyangwa nini cyangwa kuramba zonyine, kuko hari ibindi biti byo mu bwoko bwa Pseudotsuga menziesii birimo ikizwi nka Brummit fir cyabaye kirekire kugera kuri metero 100.3 ndetse n’inturusu yo muri Australia y’amajyepfo ishobora kurenza metero 97.
Baobab
Urubuga monumentaltrees.com rukomeza ruvuga ko mu bijyanye n’umubyimba munini cyane, ibyitwa ‘Baobab’ byo mu mashyamba ya Afurika ndetse na Cypres zo muri Mexique ngo bishobora guhinguranwa n’umurongo ugororotse unyura hagati muri byo(diameter) ureshya na metero 11.42.
Pinus
Mu burambe na ho, pinusi yitwa Bristlecone cyangwa cyprès byo muri Amerika y’Epfo byo ngo birimo ibishobora kuba bimaze imyaka igera ku 5,000.
Bene ibyo biti byagiye bitemwa mu myaka ya vuba, birimo icyitwaga Mathusalem cyo mu bwoko bwa Pinus Bristlecone cyahoze mu misozi yitwa White Moutains yo muri California, kikaba cyaratemwe muri 2008 cyari kimaze imyaka 4,800 (Yesu yavutse asanga kimaze imyaka irenga 2,800 kibayeho).
Mu bihugu by’i Burayi, nko mu Bwongereza no mu Budage, hari aho abantu bagiye batinya ibiti bya kera bitewe n’imyemerere, bakishyiramo ko baramutse babitemye byabakururira urupfu.
Ibyinshi muri ibyo biti bikaba byaratemwe mu gihe ubukirisitu bwari bwadutse kuri uwo mugabane, kuko byafatwaga nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubuhakanamana nk’uko urubuga monumentaltrees.com rukomeza rubisobanura.
Ibiti bitwikira ubuso bunini cyane
Uretse uburebure buhambaye, ubunini mu mubyimba n’uburambe, hari ibiti bigira amashami maremare yubaka ikimeze nk’igisenge cyangwa umutaka watwikira abantu benshi cyane, mu gihe bugamye izuba.
Ficus benghalensis
Igiti kiza ku isonga mu kugira igisenge kinini ni icyo mu bwoko bwa Ficus benghalensis kiri mu baturage bitwa Howrah bo mu gihugu cy’u Buhinde, igicucu cyacyo kikaba gitwikira ubuso bungana na metero kare 1200 (m2).
Kugira ngo amashami y’ibi biti atavunika, hari aho agera akamanura imizi ishorera mu bitaka ikamera nk’inkingi ziyateze, bikamera nk’aho ya mizi ihinduka nk’uruti (tige).
Hagera n’igihe uruti rwatangiye ari umuzi rwikorera cya giti cyose rugasimbura uruti rwa mbere rwateranywe na cyo (kubera kugenda ruranda,randa), bikaza kurangira igiti cyose cyarimutse aho cyari gitewe.
Bosquet
Mu busitani bwitwa Palerme muri Sicile ho mu Butaliyani igiti cyitwa ‘bosquet’ cyamaze kwimuka kijya hakurya y’akayira kakinyura iruhande, ndetse umubyimba wacyo watangiye ari umuzi ukaba warabaye inganzamarumbo y’ubugari bwa metero 13.5(m).
Ibiti bya kera mu Rwanda
Icyakora i Rutare mu Karere ka Gicumbi ngo haracyari ikigabiro cy’umurehe cyatewe ku ngoma y’umwami Kigeli III Ndabarasa wategetse u Rwanda mu myaka ya 1708 – 1741.
Bugesera Special Economic Zone
thumb|Bugesera District Map Agace kihariye k'ubukungu ka Bugesera kari mu murenge wa Gashora, mu karere ka Bugesera, hafi, urugendo rw'iminota 15 uvuye aho ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera cyari gitegerejwe na benshi kirimo kubakwa.
Amateka
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Adrianople Group ku giti cye bwerekanye ko hubakwa uruganda rukora ibyuma, uruganda rukora ibyuma, hamwe n’ahantu hakorerwa ifumbire. Harimo kandi kubakwa uburyo bwo kweza amazi kugirango akarere gakenewe - metero kibe 26.000 kumunsi nubushobozi buteganijwe. thumb|bugesera Nubwo ako karere kanyuze mu byiciro bitandukanye byo kwiga no kwiteza imbere kuva mu 2015, kuri ubu nta bucuruzi bukorera hanze y’akarere: ako karere nta mazi meza, interineti cyangwa ibikorwa remezo bifite umwanda. Ni ngombwa cyane gushyira byinshi mu bikorera ku giti cyabo mu iterambere rya zone, kubera ko akarere katagikora.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Iterambere ry'u Rwanda Ikiciro:Inganda zo mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Akarere ka Bugesera Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
Florence MUGISHA
Ni umushumba w'ungirije mu itorero rya New Life Bible Church, akaba umugore wa Rev. Dr Charles BUREGEYA MUGISHA. Afatanije n'umugabo we bashinze umuryango Africa New Life Ministries.
Ubuzima bw'ishuri
Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza muri Tewologiya (Theology) yakoreye muri kaminuza ya Multnomah University.
Reba Aha
Ikiciro:Iyobokamana
Lagazane Ouattara
Lagazane Ouattara (yavutse ku ya 1 Mutarama 1963) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ku maguru wavukiye i Bondoukou ho muri Kote Divuwari akaba inararibonye mu kwiruka  metero 200.
Lagazane yabonye umwanya wa karindwi muri metero 4 x 100 mu marushanwa ya Shampiyona y'isi yo mu 1993, ari kumwe na bagenzi be Ibrahim Meité, Jean-Olivier Zirignon na Frank Waota.
Yitabiriye imikino Olempike yo mu 1992, yaviriyemo muri kimwe cya kane.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Ibiryo by’Amatungo
Aborozi mu Karere ka Nyamasheke mu mwaka wa 2022 bari bafite icyizere ko bagiye gukira igihombo baterwaga no gukura kure ibiryo by’amatungo bakabasha guhaza amasoko y’amatungo abahuza n’Abanye Congo.
Ibyo Wamenya
Mu Murenge wa Kanjongo ahazwi nka Kabuga hafunguwe ububiko bw’ibiryo by’amatungo bufite ubushobozi bwo kubika toni zirenga 50. Ibiryo by’inkoko, ingurube, n’inka aba borozi babikuraga mu Mujyi wa Kigali bikabageraho bihenze cyangwa byangiritse kubera gupakiranwa n’ibindi bicuruzwa birimo amavuta n’imisumari. Ubu bubiko bufite ubushobozi bwo kubika toni zirenga 50 z’ibiribwa by’amatungo. Ku ikubitiro hagejejwemo ibiribwa by’ingurube, inkoko n’inka mu minsi iri imbere bateganyaga gushyiramo n’ibiribwa by’amafi.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Gucunga neza (ubuhinzi)
Imicungire yuzuye mu buhinzi ni uburyo bwo gucunga umutungo watunganijwe mbere na Alani mu gucunga ubwatsi. Imicungire ya Holistike yagereranijwe ko uburyo bwa perimaculiture. Imicungire ya Holistike ni ikirango cyanditse.
Ibisobanuro
Ubuyobozi bwuzuye busobanura sisitemu yo gutekereza kuburyo bwo gucunga umutungo. Ubusanzwe byakozwe na Alani, ubu birahuzwa kugirango bikoreshwe mu gucunga izindi sisitemu zifite imibereho iruhanyije nk'ibidukikije n’ubukungu. Ubwatsi buteganijwe kurisha ubusa no kurisha kuzenguruka ariko buratandukanye kubera ko bumenya neza kandi butanga urwego rwo guhuza inzira enye z’ibinyabuzima: uruziga rw’amazi, [ 4 [ 5    Imicungire ya Holisitike yagereranijwe n'uburyo bwa permaculiture.
Urwego
Uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bya Holisitike bukoresha intambwe esheshatu zingenzi zo kuyobora imicungire yumutungo:
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Angelique Umwali
Umwali Angelique ni umunrwandakazi akaba ari umugore,n'umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe iterambere ry’ubukungu mu karere ka Bugesera,, akaba amaze manda ebyili ayobora akarere.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Umuyobozi Ikiciro:Imibereho myiza Ikiciro:Ubuzima Bwiza
Umushinga wa FLR(Mayaga project)
Imiterere
Ni agace gakora ku turere twa Kamonyi, Ruhango, Nyanza na Gisagara, uwo mushinga ukazakorera muri utwo turere twose uko ari tune.
Ibyo biti bizaterwa ku buso bwa Hegitari 5,105 mu gihembwe cy’itera ry’ibiti n’amashyamba cya 2020/2021. Hegitari 516 zizaterwaho amashyamba, izibarirwa muri 4286 ziterweho ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka, mu gihe izigera kuri 303 zizaterwaho ibiti by’imbuto.
Uretse ibiti bizaterwa hanatangiye gucukurwa imirwanyasuri mu mirima y’abaturage, aho umuturage asabwa gucukura imirwanyasuri mu murima we akanahabwa inyunganizi y’amafaranga bitewe n’imirwanyasuri yacukuye.
Juliet Kabera
Umuyobozi w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibidukikije, Juliet Kabera avuga ko uwo mushinga ugamije kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu gace k’Amagaya, agasaba abagatuye kutitesha amahirwe bazaniwe n’umushinga FLR Mayaga Project kuko uretse gusubiza ubuzima agace batuyemo, uzanatanga akazi ku baturage benshi batuye muri ako gace.
Intego
Umushinga FLR Mayaga Project uzafasha abaturage kwiteza imbere binyuze mu mishinga iciriritse y’ubworozi bw’amatungo magufi, ukazanatanga isoko ku batubuzi b’ingemwe z’ibiti mu gace k’Amayaga kuko hazaterwa ibiti bibarirwa mu ma miriyoni mu gihe cy’imyaka itandatu uzamara ukorera mu gace k’Amayaga.
Imbogamizi
Ubuyobozi buvuga ko bugiye gukora ubukangurambaga mu baturage, kugira ngo bitabire ibikorwa by’umushinga kandi babigire ibyabo bizabashe kuramba.
Ibindi
Umushinga FLR Mayaga Project uzamara imyaka itandatu ukorera mu gace k’Amayaga. Uje wiyongera ku yindi mishinga yo kubungabunga ibidukikije ikorera muri REMA, irimo n’uwa LAFREC na NDF yatunganyije agace ka Gishwati na Mukura mu turere twa Ngororero na Rutsiro two mu ntara y’Uburengerazuba.
Ikigega cyo guhindura no guteza imbere inganda muri Afurika
Ikigega cyo guhindura no guteza imbere inganda muri Afurika (Mu icyongereza: Africa Transformation and Industrialisation Fund) ni isosiyete ishora imari igamije kuzana ibisubizo by'ibibazo bibangamira iterambere rya Afurika.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Imishinga Ikiciro:Inganda
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
thumb|ishusho y'ubuttaka Ubutaka, bakunze kwita isi cyangwa umwanda, ni uruvange rw'ibinyabuzima, imyunyu ngugu, imyuka, amazi, n'ibinyabuzima bifasha ubuzima. Ibisobanuro bimwe bya siyansi bitandukanya umwanda nubutaka muguhagarika ijambo ryambere kubutaka bwimuwe.
Ubutaka bugizwe nicyiciro gikomeye cyimyunyu ngugu nibintu kama (matrix yubutaka), hamwe nicyiciro cyinshi gifata imyuka (ikirere cyubutaka) namazi (igisubizo cyubutaka). [1] [2] Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubutaka ni gahunda y’ibihugu bitatu bigize ibintu bikomeye, amazi, na gaze. Ubutaka ni umusaruro wibintu byinshi: ingaruka z’ikirere, ubutabazi (ubutumburuke, icyerekezo, n’imisozi y’ubutaka), ibinyabuzima, hamwe n’ibikoresho by’ubutaka (amabuye y'agaciro y'umwimerere) bikorana igihe. [4] Ihora itera imbere hifashishijwe inzira nyinshi zumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima, harimo n’ikirere hamwe n’isuri bifitanye isano. Bitewe nuko bigoye kandi bifitanye isano ikomeye imbere, abahanga mu bidukikije bafata ubutaka nkibinyabuzima.
Sintex
Urungendo rwa muzika
Sintex yatangiye muzika mu mwaka wa 2012. Aririmba injyana ya Afro music. Kugeza ubu amaze kugira indirimbo nyinshi harimo: Indoro, akabazo, Blessed, Chocolate, African Beauty na Money, hashize imyaka isaga ine ubwo yakoraga indirimbo yise ‘Why’. Yavuze ko yagiye mu muziki abizi neza ko buri kintu kibamo ingorane.
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Ubutaka bwinshi bufite ubwinshi bwumye (ubwinshi bwubutaka hitawe kubusa iyo bwumye) hagati ya 1,1 na 1,6 g / cm3, nubwo ubwinshi bwubutaka bwubutaka buri hejuru cyane, mubirometero 2,6 kugeza kuri 2.7 g / cm3. [7] Hafi yubutaka bwumubumbe wisi buruta Pleistocene kandi ntanumwe uruta Cenozoic, [8] nubwo ubutaka bwa fosile bwabitswe kuva kera kugeza muri Archeya.
Ifashabayo Dejoie Sylvain
Ifashabayo Dejoie Sylvain ( yavutse ku ya 30 Mata 1994) ni rwiyemezamirimo ukomoka mu Rwanda. Yashinze umuryango Hope initiative muri 2016. Ni umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikorwa muri Anidaso.
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Pedosifike ihuza na lithosikori, hydrose, ikirere, hamwe na biosiporo. Hamwe na hamwe, umubiri wubutaka bwisi, witwa pedosifera, ufite imirimo ine yingenzi:
Sintex
Urungendo rwa muzika
Umuhanzi Sintex akaba amaze kwitabira ibitaramo binyuranye harimo na  Kigali Up 2014. Ibitaramo aheruka kwitabira abifashijwemo na Company imutera inkunga ya U5, harimo igitaramo cyabereye mu kabyiniro ka Le Must yahuriyemo n’abahanzi bakomeye ba hano mu Rwanda ndetse n’igitaramo yakoreye I Rubavu cyari kigamije gususurutsa ba mukerarugendo bari baturutse mu bihugu bya Kenya n'Ubugande.
Ifashabayo Dejoie Sylvain
Ubuzima bwo hambere
Dejoie yavukiye mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda, ku Kamonyi akurira mu mujyi wa Kigali. Muri 2015, yimukiye muri Gana mu gukurikirana amashuri makuru muri kaminuza ya Ashesi nk'umuhanga wa MasterCard.
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
nk'uburyo bwo gukura kw'ibimera thumb|Ubutaka ubutunzi bw'isi nk'uburyo bwo kubika amazi, gutanga no kweza
Sintex
References
Ikiciro:Umuhanzi Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda Ikiciro:Rwandan artists
Ifashabayo Dejoie Sylvain
Uburezi
Dejoie yize muri Lycée de Kigali mu mashuri yisumbuye. Kuri ubu ari muri kaminuza ya Ashesi atanga Ubuyobozi n'Ubuyobozi
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
nk'ahantu hatuwe n'ibinyabuzima
Ifashabayo Dejoie Sylvain
Ibihembo no kumenyekana
Yakiriye ibihembo byinshi nka MasterCard bourse Award. Kuri ubu ni mugenzi wa Dalai Lama. Afite kandi ibihembo muri kaminuza ya Ashesi nka, yatsindiye ikibuga kinini.
Reba
Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Iyi mirimo yose, nayo, ihindura ubutaka nibiranga.
Ubumenyi bwubutaka bufite amashami abiri yibanze yubushakashatsi: edaphologiya na pedologiya. Edaphology yiga ingaruka zubutaka ku binyabuzima. Pedologiya yibanda ku miterere, ibisobanuro (morphologie), no gutondekanya ubutaka mu bidukikije. Mu bijyanye n’ubuhanga, ubutaka bushyirwa mubitekerezo byagutse bya regolith, bikubiyemo nibindi bikoresho bitagaragara biri hejuru yigitanda, nkuko ushobora kubisanga ku Kwezi nibindi bintu byo mwijuru. [13]
Inzira
Ubutaka nigice cyingenzi cyibinyabuzima byisi. Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ku isi rwibasiwe mu buryo bugaragara n'inzira zikorwa mu butaka, hamwe n'ingaruka ziva ku kugabanuka kwa ozone ndetse n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi kugeza kwangiza amashyamba n'imvura. Ku bijyanye n’umuzenguruko wa karubone w’isi, ubutaka bukora nk'ikigega gikomeye cya karubone, [14] kandi birashoboka ko ari kimwe mu bitabangamira ihungabana ry’abantu [15] n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Umubumbe ushyushye, byahanuwe ko ubutaka buzongera umwuka wa karuboni mu kirere bitewe n’ibikorwa by’ibinyabuzima byiyongera ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ibitekerezo byiza (amplification). Ubu buhanuzi bwabajijwe hashingiwe ku bumenyi bwa vuba ku bijyanye no guhindura imyuka ya karubone.
Ubutaka bukora nk'ubuhanga bwubuhanga, ubuturo bwibinyabuzima byubutaka, sisitemu yo gutunganya intungamubiri n’imyanda kama, igenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi, ihindura imiterere y’ikirere, hamwe n’uburyo bwo gukura kw'ibimera, bigatuma itanga serivisi zikomeye kuri serivisi z’ibidukikije. [19] Kubera ko ubutaka bufite ahantu hanini cyane haboneka ahantu hamwe n’aho butuye, burimo igice kinini cy’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye by’isi. Garama y'ubutaka irashobora kuba irimo amamiliyaridi y'ibinyabuzima, y'ibinyabuzima ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, cyane cyane mikorobe kandi ahanini bikaba bitaracukumburwa. [20] Ubutaka bufite ubwinshi bwa prokaryyotike y’ibinyabuzima bigera kuri 108 kuri garama, [22] mu gihe inyanja itagira ibinyabuzima birenga 107 kuri mililitiro (garama) y’amazi yo mu nyanja. Carbone organique ifashwe mu butaka amaherezo isubizwa mu kirere binyuze mu nzira yo guhumeka ikorwa n’ibinyabuzima bya heterotropique, ariko igice kinini kiguma mu butaka mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima kama; guhinga ubusanzwe byongera umuvuduko wubuhumekero bwubutaka, bigatuma ibinyabuzima bigabanuka. Kubera ko imizi y'ibimera ikenera ogisijeni, aeration ni ikintu cyingenzi kiranga ubutaka. Uku guhumeka kurashobora kugerwaho hifashishijwe imiyoboro yubutaka bwahujwe nubutaka, nabwo bukurura kandi bugafata amazi yimvura bigatuma byoroha kuboneka kubihingwa. Kubera ko ibimera bisaba amazi hafi ahoraho, ariko uturere twinshi tugwa imvura rimwe na rimwe, ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi bwubutaka ningirakamaro kugirango ibimera bibeho. thumb|ubutaka buri mubitunze isi dutuyyye kuko buhingwa Ubutaka burashobora gukuraho neza umwanda, [26] byica imiti yindwara, [27] no gutesha agaciro umwanda, uyu mutungo wanyuma witwa kwimenyekanisha bisanzwe. Ubusanzwe, ubutaka bukomeza kwinjiza neti ya ogisijeni na metani kandi bigasohora neti ya karuboni na aside nitide. Ubutaka butanga ibimera bifasha umubiri, umwuka, amazi, ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, intungamubiri, no kurinda uburozi. Ubutaka butanga intungamubiri ziboneka byoroshye kubimera ninyamaswa muguhindura
Soil morphology
Imiterere
Ingingo nyamukuru: Imiterere yubutaka
Andi makuru: Ubukanishi bwubutaka § Itangiriro
Ubutaka bivugwa ko bwakozwe mugihe ibinyabuzima byegeranijwe hamwe na colloide yogejwe hepfo, hasigara ububiko bwibumba, humus, oxyde de fer, karubone, na gypsumu, bikabyara urwego rwihariye rwitwa B horizon. Ubu ni ubusobanuro butandukanye uko bivanze n'umucanga, sili, ibumba na humus bizafasha ibikorwa byibinyabuzima n’ubuhinzi mbere yicyo gihe. Ibi bice byimurwa biva murwego rumwe bijya murundi kubikorwa byamazi ninyamaswa. Nkigisubizo, ibice (horizon) bikora mubutaka bwubutaka. Guhindura no kugenda kwibikoresho mubutaka bitera kwibumbira mubutaka butandukanye. Nyamara, ubusobanuro bwa vuba bwubutaka bwakira ubutaka nta kintu na kimwe kama kama, nka za regoliths zabayeho kuri Mars [48] hamwe nuburyo busa nubutayu bwisi. [49]
Urugero rwiterambere ryubutaka bwatangirana nikirere cyigitanda cya lava gitemba, cyabyara gusa imyunyu ngugu ishingiye kubabyeyi biva mubutaka. Iterambere ryubutaka ryagenda ryihuta cyane uhereye ku rutare rwambaye ubusa rutemba ruheruka mu kirere gishyushye, mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi kandi kenshi. Mu bihe nk'ibi, ibimera (mu cyiciro cya mbere cya lisansi itunganya azote na cyanobacteria hanyuma epilithic yo hejuru) bigahinduka vuba cyane kuri lava ya basaltike, nubwo hari ibintu bike cyane. [50] Amabuye y'agaciro ya basaltike ubusanzwe ikirere cyihuta cyane, ukurikije urukurikirane rwa Goldich. Ibimera bishyigikiwe nigitare kinini kuko cyuzuyemo amazi afite intungamubiri zitwara imyunyu ngugu yavuye mu rutare. Crevasses nu mifuka, imiterere yubutaka bwamabuye, byafataga ibikoresho byiza kandi bikabika imizi yibiti. Imizi yibihingwa ikura ifitanye isano nubutaka bwimyororokere ya mycorrhizal [52] ifasha mukumena lava yamenetse, kandi hakoreshejwe ubwo buryo nibintu kama nubutaka bwiza bwegeranya nigihe. Ibyiciro byambere byiterambere ryubutaka byasobanuwe kubirunga, [53] inselbergs, [54] na glacial moraines.
Akamaro ka kalisiyumu mu mubiri
Kalisiyumu ni umunyungugu w’ingenzi cyane ku mikurire y’amagufa mu mubiri, buri munsi umubiri uba ukeneye hagati ya 800mg na 1300mg. Muri zo hafi 99% byayo mu mubiri wacu zibikwa mu magufa no mu menyo. Uburyo bwa mbere bwiza ni ukuyikura mubyo urya buri munsi, ariko iyo bidashobotse ufata inyongera zayo.
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Uburyo imiterere yubutaka igenda iterwa byibura nibintu bitanu bya kera bifitanye isano nihindagurika ryubutaka: ibikoresho byababyeyi, ikirere, imiterere y’imiterere (ubutabazi), ibinyabuzima, nigihe. [56] Iyo byerekeranye nikirere, ubutabazi, ibinyabuzima, ibikoresho byababyeyi, nigihe, bigize incamake CROPT.
Akamaro ka kalisiyumu mu mubiri
Akamaro kayo mu mubiri
Uyu munyu ngugu ufite akamaro gakomeye mu mubiri wacu dore ko ariwo uza ku isonga mu myunyu ngugu umubiri wacu ukenera.
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
IMITERERE Y' UBUTAKA
Scilla
Umuhanzikazi Umuratwa Priscillah uzwi nka Princess Priscilah uba muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za America,
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Ingingo nyamukuru: Imiterere y' ubuutaka
Akamaro ka kalisiyumu mu mubiri
Akamaro kayo mu mubiri
Ku mugore utwite inda iri hejuru y’amezi 3 asabwa kurya ibikungahaye kuri calcium kuko bifasha mu gukomera kw’amagufa y’umwana uri mu nda, no kuzamera amenyo akomeye.
Rwasamanzi Yves
Rwasamanzi Yves ni umutoza w’ikipe y’igihugu AMAVUBI y’abatarengeje imyaka 23. ubusazwe akaba ari umutoza w’ikipe ya Marines FC, Yves Rwasamanzi avuga ko ari amahirwe kuba atoza ikipe iyobowe n’abasirikare kuko ifite uko yubakitse uko byagenda kose itazamo akavuyo. Aba kandi yarigeze nogutoza ikipe ya La Jeunesse Fc.
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Abatoza ba Ruhago
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Kumurongo wamasomo, reba Ubutaka bwa fiziki cyangwa uko buteye.
Scilla
Amateka y'Urungedo rwa Muzika
Uyu mukobwa yamenyekanye mu ndirimbo nka ‘Mbabarira’, ‘Itangazo’, ‘Nkeneye umukunzi’, ‘You and I’ yakoranye na Jay Polly, muri ‘Bagupfusha ubusa’ yagaragayemo aba stars benshi n’izindi. Princess Priscillah amaze “imyaka” icyenda n’imisago muri Amerika, aba i Texas. Yagiyeyo muri Nyakanga mu mwaka 2013 agiye kuhakomereza amasomo ya kaminuza. Priscilla ni umuhanzikazi ufite impano, kandi umaze kumenyekana mu ndirimbo z’urukundo “Icyo ubarusha” n’izindi z’urukundo usanga zikora ku marangamutima y’abafana be cyane cyane abagore.
References
Ikiciro:Umuhanzi Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi
Ubutaka n'ibibugize
Imiterere yubutaka, kugirango hagabanuke akamaro ka serivisi yibidukikije nkumusaruro wibihingwa, ni imiterere, imiterere, ubwinshi bwinshi, ubwinshi, guhoraho, ubushyuhe, ibara no kurwanya. [58] Imiterere y'ubutaka igenwa nuburinganire bugereranije bwubwoko butatu bwubutaka bwubutaka, bwitwa ubutaka butandukanya: umucanga, sili, nibumba. Ku gipimo kinini gikurikiraho, imiterere yubutaka bwitwa peds cyangwa ubusanzwe igiteranyo cyubutaka kiremwa nubutaka butandukana mugihe okiside yicyuma, karubone, ibumba, silika na humus, uduce twikoti kandi bigatuma twizirika mubikorwa binini kandi bihamye. ] Ubwinshi bwubutaka, iyo bugenwe mubihe bisanzwe byubushuhe, ni ikigereranyo cyo guhuza ubutaka. Ubutaka bwubutaka bugizwe nigice cyubusa bwubutaka bwubutaka kandi butwarwa na gaze cyangwa amazi. Guhuza ubutaka nubushobozi bwibikoresho byubutaka bifatanyiriza hamwe. Ubushyuhe bwubutaka namabara birisobanura. Kurwanya bivuga kurwanya imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi kandi bigira ingaruka ku gipimo cyo kwangirika kw'ibyuma na beto bishyingurwa mu butaka. Iyi miterere iratandukanye bitewe nuburebure bwimiterere yubutaka, ni ukuvuga binyuze mubutaka. Inyinshi muri iyo mitungo igena ihindagurika ry'ubutaka n'ubushobozi bw'amazi yo kwinjira no gufatwa mu butaka.
Ubutaka
Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubutaka
Amazi yo mubutaka arashobora gupimwa nkubunini cyangwa uburemere. Ubushuhe bwubutaka, murwego rwo kugabanya ibirimo amazi, ni kwiyuzuzamo, ubushobozi bwumurima, aho uhindukira, umwuka wumuyaga, hamwe nitanura ryumye. Ubushobozi bwumurima busobanura ubutaka butose bwumwanya mugihe amazi arimo agera kuburinganire hamwe nuburemere. Kuvomera ubutaka hejuru yubushobozi bwumurima bishobora gutakaza igihombo. Ingingo ya Wilting isobanura imipaka yumye kubihingwa bikura.
Ubushobozi bwamazi aboneka nubunini bwamazi afashe mubutaka bwubutaka buboneka kubimera. Mugihe amazi agabanutse, ibimera bigomba gukora kugirango birusheho kongera imbaraga zo gufatira hamwe no gukuramo amazi. Gahunda yo kuhira irinda guhangayikishwa no kuzuza amazi yabuze mbere yo guhangayika. [63]
Igikorwa cya capillary gifite inshingano zo kwimura amazi yubutaka ava mu turere dutose twubutaka akajya ahantu humye. Ibishushanyo mbonera (urugero, ibitanda byo kuryamaho, ibiterwa byuhira-byuhira) bishingiye kuri capillarity kugirango itange amazi kumizi. Igikorwa cya capillary gishobora kuvamo imyunyu yumunyu mwinshi, bigatera kwangirika kwubutaka binyuze mumyunyu.
Simbara Maki
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Gasegereti
bimwe mubituma u Rwanda rwihuta mu iterambere harimo no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (Gasegerei) thumb|ubucucuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mbere 'ubukoroni abanyarwanda bari bataramenya ko bafite ubutunzi munsi 'ubutaka bwu Rwanda
ahagana mu mwaka wi 1945 ni abazungu baturutse mugihugu cy'ububirigi batahuye ko mu Rwanda aho kuri
ubu twita mu karere ka kayonza mu murenge wa Rwinkwavu hari amabuye y'agaciro (Gasegereti)
Mbere y'ubwigenge mu Rwanda
thumb|gushongesha amabuye y'agaciro mu myaka yo hambere nko muri 1945 Ababirigi bamaze gutahura ko mu Rwanda hari ubutunzi bukomeye munsi y'ubutaka batangiye gucukura gasegereti mu murenge wa Rwinkwavu gusa icyogihe u Rwanda nabanyarwanda nta nyungu nimwe babiguzemo kuko ababirigi bacukuraga bohereza mugihugu cyabo. gusa nago byatinze u Rwanda ahagana mu mwaka 1962 rwaje kubona ubwigenge byari ibyagaciro gakomeye kubanyarwanda bose kuko ibirombe byeguriwe Leta yu Rwanda batangira gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (Gasegereti) ndetse batangira no kubibonamo inyungu.
Iterambere
kugeza ubu U Rwanda ni igihugu kiri munzira y'iterambere biturutse munzira nyinshi zitandukanye kubaka inganda, Imihanda, imiturirwa, amavuriro,amashuri ndetse ndettse nibindi kugeza ubu mu karere ka Kayonza mu murenge wa Rwinkwavu hari uruganda rwitwa Wolframe Mining and Process LTD rushinzwe gucukura ndetse no guttunganya aya mabuye y'agaciro acukurwa muri aka karere