cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho
Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
Bitewe n’amateka y'ubwami bwaOmani n’ubutaka bw’abakoloni b'abongereza bwo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika ndetse n’Ubudage bw’Uburasirazuba, ijambo Afurika y’iburasirazuba rikunze gukoreshwa (cyane cyane mu rurimi rw’icyongereza) ryakoreshwaga ryerekeza ku gace ubu kagizwe n’ibihugu bitatu ari byo Kenya, Tanzaniya, na Uganda. Icyakora, ntabwo bigeze bashyiraho izindi ndimi nyinshi, aho iryo muri rusange hari rifite imiterere yagutse, bityo rikaba ryarimo Djibouti, Eritereya, Etiyopiya, ndetse na Somaliya.
Imiterere n'ikirere
Imiterere y'Afrika y'uburasirazuba ikunze kuba myiza Yakozwe cyane cyane n'imbaraga za tectonic y'isi yose yashyizeho ibibaya bya  Afurika yuburasirazuba, Afrika y'uburasirazuba niho hari umusozi wa Kilimanjaro nu musozi wa Kenya, impinga ebyiri ndende muri Afrika. Harimo kandi ikiyaga cya kabiri kinini ku isi gifite amazi meza, ikiyaga cya Victoria, n’ikiyaga cya kabiri cyimbitse ku isi, ikiyaga cya Tanganyika.
Iburengerazuba bw'imisozi miremire ya Rwenzori na Etiyopiya, imiterere y'imvura ikunze kuba mu turere dushyuha, imvura ikagwa umwaka wose mu nkengero za ekwateri ndetse n'igihe kimwe cy'imvura mu bice bikunze kubamo imisozi miremire ya Etiyopiya kuva muri Kamena kugeza muri Nzeri buri mwaka - imvura iboneka kugeza muri Nyakanga na Kanama hafi ya Asmara. Imvura mu mwaka igwa muri ako gace iri hagati ya 1,600 mm (63) muri) kumusozi w'iburengerazuba kugera kuri 1,250 mm (49) muri) i Addis Abeba na 550 mm (22) in) kuri Asmara. Ku misozi miremire imvura ishobora kurenga 2,500 mm (98) in).
Imvura muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba irangwa n'ibihe bibiri by'imvura, imvura nyinshi igwa kuva muri Werurwe kugeza Gicurasi n'imvura nkeya igwa kuva Ukwakira kugeza mu kwezi kw'Ukuboza. ibi bihindagurika ahanini bitewe n'ibyabaye muri El Niño hamwe na Dipole nziza yo mu nyanja y'Abahinde. Ibikorwa bya El Nino bikunze kongera imvura usibye mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bw'imisozi miremire ya Etiyopiya na Eritereya, aho bitera amapfa n'umwuzure muke wa Nili. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Dipole nziza yo mu nyanja y'Abahinde itera ubushyuhe bwo hejuru y’inyanja ku nkombe za Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kandi bigatuma imvura yiyongera cyane cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ubushyuhe muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, usibye ku mukandara ushyushye kandi usanzwe ufite ubushuhe bwo ku nkombe, biringaniye, hagati ya ya dogere z'ubushyuhe igera kuri 25 (77) ° F) na dogere z'ubushyuhe ya 15 ° C (59) ° F) ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,500 (4,921 ft). Ku butumburuke buri hejuru ya metero 2,500 (8,202 ft), ubukonje burasanzwe mugihe cy'izuba na maxima mu bisanzwe nka 21 ° C (70 ° F) cyangwa munsi yayo.
Ubutaka budasanzwe kandi bigaragara ko bukwiye guhingwa bwatumye Afurika y'Iburasirazuba iba intandaro yo gushakishwa, gukoreshwa no gukolonizwa byakozwe n'ibihugu byo mu Burayi mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda. Muri iki gihe, ubukerarugendo ni igice cy'ingenzi mu bukungu bwa Kenya, Tanzaniya, Seychelles, na Uganda. Ahantu h'iburasirazuba cyane ku mugabane, ni Ras Hafun muri Somaliya, ni ngombwa mu bucukumbuzi, amateka n'ubukungu.
Imbanzirizamateka
Dukurikije inyandiko zivuga kunkomoko ya Afurika iheruka y’abantu b'iki gihe, imyizerere yiganjemo abantu benshi mu bushakashatsi mu by'ibisigaramatongo, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari by'Afurika niho abantu ba none bagaragaye bwa mbere. Hariho ibitekerezo bitandukanye byagaragaje ko niba habayeho intangiriro imwe cyangwa nyinshi; icyitegererezo cyo gutatanya kirimo ibitekerezo byo mu majyepfo. Bamwe mu bashakashatsi bavuze ko Afurika y'Amajyaruguru ari akarere k'Afurika aho abantu ba none bava mu mugabane wa mbere.
Dukurikije ibimenyetso biranga uturemangingo tw'umuntu n’ibinyabuzima muri rusange, hagaragajwe ko kera mbere ya Homo sapiens yihinduranyije abantu bariho ubu mu buryo bwa anatomique mu ihembe ry'Afurika mu myaka 200.000 ishize maze itatana aho. Kumenyekanisha Homo sapiens idaltu na Omo Kibish nkabantu bagezweho muri anatomique byaba bifite ishingiro ibisobanuro byabantu bo muri iki gihe hamwe nizina ryitwa Homo sapiens sapiens. Kuberako bakundana hakiri kare nibiranga umubiri bidasanzwe idaltu na kibish byerekana abakurambere b'abantu ba kijyambere nkuko bigaragazwa ni igitekerezo cyo hanze y' Afrika. left|thumb| Kwambuka Bab-el-Mandeb mu nyanja Itukura : ubu ibirometero 12 (20) km) ubugari, bugufi mu mateka. Mu mwaka wa 2017, habonetse ibisigazwa by’abantu bigezweho, byanditswe mu myaka 300.000 ishize i Jebel Irhoud muri Maroc, byerekana ko abantu ba none bavutse kare kandi bishoboka ko mu gace kanini ka Afurika kuruta uko babitekerezaga.
Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ni kamwe mu turere twa mbere aho Homo sapiens ikekwa kuba. Ibimenyetso byabonetse mu mwaka wa 2018, guhera mu myaka igera ku 320.000 ishize, ku rubuga rwa Kenya rwa Olorgesailie, hagaragaye hakiri kare imyitwarire igezweho ifitanye isano na Homo sapiens, harimo: imiyoboro y'ubucuruzi ndende (irimo ibicuruzwa nka obsidian), ikoreshwa pigment, hamwe nibishoboka byo gukora ingingo. Byagaragajwe n’abanditsi b’ubushakashatsi butatu bwa 2018 kuri uru rubuga, ko ibimenyetso by’imyitwarire bigereranywa n’ibisigazwa bya kera bya Homo sapiens bizwi kuva muri Afurika (nko kuri Jebel Irhoud na Florisbad ), kandi bavuga ko bigoye kandi bigezweho imyitwarire yari imaze gutangira muri Afrika mugihe cyo kuvuka kwa Homo sapiens.
Muri Nzeri 2019, abahanga bavuze ko biyemeje gukoresha mudasobwa, bashingiye kuri 260 CT, yerekana ishusho ya gihanga ya ba sekuruza ba nyuma basanzwe ku bantu ba none / H. sapiens, uhagarariye sapiens ya mbere ya Homo, maze bavuga ko Homo sapiens yavutse hagati ya 350.000. n'imyaka 260.000 ishize binyuze mu guhuza abaturage muri Afrika yepfo nuburasirazuba.
Inzira yo kwimuka yigitekerezo cya "Hanze ya Afrika" birashoboka ko yabereye muri Afrika yuburasirazuba ariko binyuze kuri Bab el Mandeb
Uyu munsi ku kirwa cya Bab-el-Mandeb, Inyanja Itukura ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 20, ariko mu myaka 50.000 ishize yari ndende cyane kandi inyanja yari munsi ya metero 70. Nubwo inzitizi zitigeze zifungwa burundu, hashobora kuba hari ibirwa hagati yabyo byagerwaho hakoreshejwe ibiti byoroshye.
Bimwe mu bisigazwa bya skelete ya hominin byavumbuwe mu karere kanini, harimo ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe mu kibaya cya Awash muri Etiyopiya, ndetse no muri Koobi Fora muri Kenya na Gorge ya Olduvai muri Tanzaniya.
Igice cyo mu majyepfo ya Afurika y’iburasirazuba cyigaruriwe kugeza mu bihe byashize abahinzi-borozi bahiga Khoisan, mu gihe mu misozi ya Etiyopiya indogobe n’ibiti by’ibihingwa nka teff byatumye itangira ry’ubuhinzi ahagana mu 7000 mbere ya Yesu Inzitizi zo mu bibaya n’indwara ziterwa na isazi ya tsetse ariko, yabujije indogobe n'ubuhinzi gukwira mu majyepfo. Gusa mu bihe bya vuba aha ubuhinzi bwakwirakwiriye mu turere twinshi two mu majyepfo ya ekwateri, binyuze mu gukwirakwiza inka, intama n'ibihingwa nka shitingi. Ikwirakwizwa ry’indimi ryerekana ko ibyo bishoboka cyane ko byaturutse muri Sudani bikinjira mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika, kubera ko indimi za Nilotic zavuzwe n’aba bahinzi babanjirije Bantu zifite bene wabo ba hafi mu kibaya cya Nili rwagati.
Amateka ya kera
Ubwami bwa Aksum bwari ubwami bw'ubucuruzi bushingiye muri Eritereya no mu majyaruguru ya Etiyopiya. Yabayeho kuva mu 100-940 nyuma ya Yesu, ikura kuva muri proto-Aksumite Iron Iron c. Ikinyejana cya 4 mbere ya Yesu kugira ngo tugere ku kinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu. Ubu bwami buvugwa muri Periplus yo mu nyanja ya Erythraean nk'ahantu h'isoko rikomeye ry’inzovu, zoherejwe mu isi ya kera. Aksum icyo gihe yategekwaga na Zoskales, wanayoboraga icyambu cya Adulis. Abategetsi ba Aksumite borohereje ubucuruzi bahindura ifaranga ryabo rya Aksumite. Leta kandi yashyizeho umutegetsi ukomeye ku Bwami bwa Kush bwagabanutse kandi buri gihe yinjiraga muri politiki y’ubwami ku kirwa cy’Abarabu, amaherezo ikagura ubutegetsi bwayo muri ako karere hamwe n’ubwami bwa Himyarite.
Kwaguka kwa Bantu
Nyuma yo kwimuka bava mu gihugu cyabo cya mbere muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, Bantus yanahuye no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati bwa Afurika abantu bakomoka muri Cushitike. Nkuko ijambo ry’inka rikoreshwa mu matsinda mato y’abashumba ya Bantu ya none abigaragaza, abimukira ba Bantu bari kubona inka mu baturanyi babo bashya ba Cushitike. Ibimenyetso by’indimi byerekana kandi ko Bantus ashobora kuba yaratijwe umuco wo koroza inka abaturage bo muri Cushitike bo muri ako karere.
Ku gice cyo ku nkombe z'akarere k'ibiyaga bigari byo muri Afurika, undi muryango wavanze wa Bantu wateye imbere binyuze mu guhura n'abacuruzi b'Abarabu n'Abaperesi b'Abayisilamu, biganisha ku iterambere ry’ibihugu bivangwa n'Abarabu, Abaperesi n'Abanyafurika b'Abaswahili. Umuco w'igiswahiri wagaragaye muri uku kungurana ibitekerezo ugaragaza ingaruka nyinshi z'Abarabu n'Abisilamu zitagaragara mu muco gakondo wa Bantu, kimwe n'abayoboke benshi b'Abanyafurika n'Abarabu bo mu bwoko bw'Abaswahili. Hamwe n’umuryango wambere w’ijambo ryibanze ku bice byo ku nkombe za Tanzaniya (cyane cyane Zanzibar ) na Kenya - inyanja y’inyanja yiswe inkombe y’igiswahiri - ururimi rw’igiswahiri rukubiyemo amagambo menshi y’inguzanyo y’icyarabu nk’imikoranire.
Abaturage ba mbere ba Bantu bo mu nkombe z’iburasirazuba bwa Kenya na Tanzaniya bahuye n’aba nyuma b’abimukira b’Abarabu n’Abaperesi bamenyekanye mu buryo butandukanye hamwe n’imidugudu y’ubucuruzi ya Rhapta, Azania na Menouthias ivugwa mu nyandiko za mbere z’Abagereki n’Ubushinwa kuva mu mwaka wa 50 kugeza mu wa 500 AD,       amaherezo bituma izina rya Tanzaniya. Izi nyandiko zo hambere wenda zerekana umuraba wambere wabimukira Bantu bageze muri Afrika yuburasirazuba bwo hagati mugihe bimukiye.
Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 14 na 15, havutse ubwami n’ibihugu binini byo mu biyaga bigari byo muri Afurika, nk'ubwami bwa Buganda na Karagwe bwa Uganda na Tanzaniya.
Amateka ahari ubu
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.
Repubulika ya Venise yari imaze kugenzura inzira nyinshi z'ubucuruzi hagati y'Uburayi na Aziya. Nyuma y’inzira gakondo z’ubutaka zerekeza mu Buhinde n’Abanyaturukiya ba Ottoman, Porutugali yizeye gukoresha inzira y’inyanja yabanjirijwe na da Gama kugira ngo icike monopole y’ubucuruzi ya Venetiya. Ubutegetsi bw'igiportigale mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika byibanze cyane cyane ku nkombe z'inyanja zishingiye kuri Mombasa. Kuba Abanyaportigale bari muri ako gace byatangiye ku mugaragaro nyuma ya 1505, igihe ibendera ryayoborwaga na Don Francisco de Almeida ryigarurira Kilwa, ikirwa giherereye mu majyepfo ya Tanzaniya.
Muri Werurwe 1505, amaze guhabwa na Manuel wa mbere wa Porutugali ishyirwaho rya viceroy ku butaka bushya bwigaruriwe mu Buhinde, yafashe ubwato ava i Lisbonne ayobora amato manini kandi akomeye, maze agera muri Nyakanga i Quiloa ( Kilwa ), aremera. we hafi nta rugamba. Imyigaragambyo ikomeye cyane yatanzwe naba Moors ba Mombasa. Icyakora, umujyi wafashwe urasenywa, kandi ubutunzi bunini bwawo bwagiye gushimangira umutungo wa Almeida. Ibitero byakurikiye kuri Hoja (ubu bizwi ku izina rya Ungwana, biherereye ku nkombe y’umugezi wa Tana ), Barawa, Angoche, Pate ndetse n’indi mijyi yo ku nkombe kugeza igihe inyanja y’Ubuhinde yari ahantu hizewe hagamijwe inyungu z’ubucuruzi bwa Porutugali. Ahandi hantu yari mu nzira, nk'izinga rya Angediva, hafi ya Goa, na Cannanore, Abanyaportigale bubatse ibihome, kandi bafata ingamba zo kurinda ubutegetsi bwa Porutugali.
Hannington Kalyesubula
Hannington Kalyesubula (yavutse ku ya 28 Mutarama 1982) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Uganda, kuri ubu ukinira ikipe ya Rwenshama FC muri shampiyona ya Uganda.
Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho
Amateka ahari ubu
Abarabu bo muri Omani bahanganye n’ingutu n’igiporutugali mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika. Kugeza magingo aya, Ingoma ya Porutugali yari imaze gutakaza inyungu zayo mu bucuruzi bw’ibirungo by’inyanja kubera kugabanuka kw’ubucuruzi. Abarabu bigaruriye byinshi mu bucuruzi bw’inyanja y’Ubuhinde, bahatira Abanyaportigale gusubira mu majyepfo aho bagumye muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bwa Porutugali (Mozambike) nkabategetsi bonyine kugeza Mozambike yigenga mu 1975.
Hannington Kalyesubula
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Umunyezamu yari umunyamuryango wa Uganda.
Inyandiko
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho
Amateka ahari ubu
Abakoloni b'Abarabu bakolonije ku nkombe za Kenya na Tanzaniya byatumye ibihugu byahoze byigenga bigenzurwa n’amahanga kandi bigategekwa kuruta uko byari bimeze mu gihe cya Porutugali. Kimwe nabababanjirije, abarabu ba Omani bashoboye cyane cyane kugenzura uturere two ku nkombe, ntabwo imbere. Icyakora, ishyirwaho ry’ibihingwa, kongerera ingufu ubucuruzi bw’abacakara no kwimura umurwa mukuru wa Omani muri Zanzibar mu 1839 na Seyyid Said byagize ingaruka zo gushimangira ingufu za Omani mu karere.
Igihe cyubwami bw'abami bw'iburayi
thumb| Ikarita ya Afrika y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubwongereza mu 1911 Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 19 na 20, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yabaye ikinamico yo guhatana hagati y'ibihugu bikomeye by'iburayi by'iburayi by'icyo gihe. Amabara atatu yingenzi yigihugu cya Afrika yari beige, umutuku, nubururu. Umutuku wagereranya Abongereza, ubururu bugereranya Abafaransa, naho beige igereranya Ubudage mugihe cyabakoloni. Mugihe cya Scramble for Afrika, ibihugu hafi ya byose byo mukarere kanini kurwego rutandukanye byabaye igice cyubwami bwabakoloni bwi Burayi.
Porutugali yari yabanje kwerekana igihagararo gikomeye mu majyepfo ya Mozambike no mu nyanja y'Abahinde kuva mu kinyejana cya 15, mu gihe muri icyo gihe imitungo yabo yagendaga yiyongera harimo ibice byo mu majyaruguru ya Mozambike, kugeza i Mombasa muri Kenya y'ubu. Ku kiyaga cya Malawi, amaherezo bahuye n’uburinzi bwa Nyasaland bw’Abongereza buherutse gushingwa (muri iki gihe Malawi ), buzengurutse ikiyaga kitazwi ku mpande eshatu, bituma Abanyaportigale bagenzura inkombe z’iburasirazuba. Ingoma y'Ubwongereza yakandagiye mu bihugu bikoreshwa cyane muri ako karere kandi bitanga icyizere bigura ubu Uganda, na Kenya. Protectorate ya Uganda na Koloni ya Kenya yari iherereye mu butaka bukize cyane bukenewe mu guhinga ibihingwa ngengabukungu nka kawa n'icyayi, ndetse n'ubworozi bukomoka ku nka n'ihene, nk'inyama z'ihene, inyama z'inka na amata. Byongeye kandi, kariya gace kari gafite amahirwe yo kwaguka gutuwe cyane, gakwiranye no kwimura umubare munini w’abenegihugu b’abongereza muri ako karere. Ikirere cyiganje hamwe n’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’akarere byatumye hashyirwaho imidugudu y’iterambere ry’iburayi nka Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques na Entebbe.
Ingoma y'Ubudage yigaruriye agace kanini kitwa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bw'Ubudage, igizwe n'u Rwanda, Uburundi ndetse n'umugabane wa Tanzaniya witwa Tanganyika. Mu 1922, Abongereza babonye manda y’umuryango w’ibihugu kuri Tanganyika wayoboraga kugeza ubwigenge bwahawe Tanganyika mu 1961. Nyuma y’impinduramatwara ya Zanzibar yo mu 1965, leta yigenga ya Tanganyika yashinze Repubulika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya ishyiraho ubumwe hagati y’umugabane w’umugabane wa Zanzibar. Ubu Zanzibar ni leta yigenga yunze ubumwe ku mugabane w’umugabane rusange hamwe bakunze kwita Tanzaniya. Ubudage bw’iburasirazuba bw’Ubudage, nubwo bwagutse cyane, ntabwo bwari bufite akamaro gakomeye nk’abakoloni b’abongereza bo mu majyaruguru: gutura muri ibyo bihugu byari bigoye bityo bikaba bike cyane, bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere na geomorphologiya yaho. Ubutaliyani bwigaruriye ibice bitandukanye bya Somaliya mu myaka ya 1880. Amajyepfo ya bitatu bya kane bya Somaliya byabaye uburinzi bwabataliyani ( Somaliya yu Butaliyani ).
Hagati aho, mu 1884, agace gato ka Somaliland kari ku nkombe kayobowe n’abongereza ( Abongereza Somaliland ). Ubu burinzi bwa Somaliland bwari butandukanye cyane na koloni y'Ubwongereza ya Aden ku gice cy'Abarabu. Hamwe n'utwo turere dufite umutekano, Ubwongereza bwashoboye kuba umurinzi w'irembo ry'inyanja igana mu Buhinde bw'Ubwongereza. Mu 1890, guhera ku kugura umujyi muto w’icyambu wa ( Asseb ) kwa sultan waho muri Eritereya, Abataliyani bakolonije Eritereya yose.
Mu gihe cya nyuma y'ubukoloni
Hano hari firime zerekana Afrika yuburasirazuba muburyo butandukanye. Iminsi 7 muri Entebbe, Umwami wanyuma wa Scotland, Hanze ya Afrika, Umwamikazi wa Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, Ikinyoma Cyiza, na Kapiteni Phillips ni zimwe muri firime zamamaye cyane. Mu mikino yo kuri videwo Halo 2 na Halo 3, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ni hamwe mu turere two hagati twiyamamaza.
Indimi zivugwa
Mu ihembe rya Afurika no mu kibaya cya Nili, indimi za Afroasiatic ziriganje, harimo indimi z'Abashushitike b'umuryango (nka Beja, Oromo na Somali ), Abasemite (nka Amharic, Icyarabu na Tigrinya ), n'amashami ya Omotic (nka Wolaytta ).
Mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika, indimi za Nigeriya-Congo zo mu ishami rya Bantu zivugwa cyane. Muri izo ndimi harimo Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda n'izindi nyinshi. Igiswahiri, byibuze 80 miliyoni y'abavuga  nk'ururimi rwa mbere cyangwa urwa kabiri, ni ururimi rukomeye rw'ubucuruzi mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari. Ifite statut yemewe muri Tanzaniya, Kenya na Uganda.
Indimi za Nilotic, nka Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai na Nuer, zivugwa mu mubare muto, cyane cyane mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika no mu kibaya cya Nili.
Indimi z'Ubuhinde n'Uburayi, nk'Icyongereza, Igifaransa n'Igiporutugali, zikomeje kuba ingenzi mu mashuri makuru mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'akarere kanini.
Imibare y'abaturage
Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 260 mu 2000. Biteganijwe ko mu 2050 bizagera kuri miliyoni 890, ikigereranyo cyo kwiyongera kigera kuri 2,5% ku mwaka. Biteganijwe ko abaturage 2000 bazikuba kabiri mu kinyejana cya 21, bagera kuri 1.6 miliyari guhera mu 2100 (umuryango w'abibumbye ugereranya guhera 2017). Muri Etiyopiya, habarurwa abaturage 102 miliyoni guhera mu 2016.
imyubakire
Andi makuru mu bice byubwubatsi bwa Afrika :
Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga
Andi makuru mu bice byamateka yubumenyi nikoranabuhanga muri Afrika :
Amakimbirane
Kuva ubukoloni bwarangira, ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byari byuzuyemo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko hamwe n'igitugu gikandamiza. Aka karere kihanganiye amakimbirane akurikira nyuma y'ubukoloni:
Kenya yishimiye imiyoborere ihamye. Icyakora, rimwe na rimwe politiki yagiye ihungabana, harimo no gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi mu 1982 ndetse n’imvururu z’amatora yo mu 2007.
Tanzaniya na Uganda barwanye mu ntambara ya Uganda - Tanzaniya mu 1978–1979, bituma Idi Amin umuyobozi w’igitugu wa Uganda akurwaho.
Kuva mu bwigenge, u Burundi, u Rwanda, na Uganda byahuye n’ihungabana n’amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko, cyane cyane Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi Rwanda mu 1994 na jenoside yo mu Burundi yo mu 1993 ndetse n’intambara yo mu Burundi yakurikiye. U Rwanda na Uganda bikomeje kugira uruhare mu makimbirane afitanye isano n'akarere.
Djibouti, kimwe n'uturere twa Puntland na Somaliland muri Somaliya, na byo byabonye umutekano muke.
Sudani y'Amajyepfo yitandukanije mu mahoro na Sudani mu mwaka w'2011, hashize imyaka itandatu n'igice nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro arangije Intambara ya kabiri y'Abanyasudani. Ubwigenge bwa Sudani y'Amajyepfo bwateshutse hafi kubera amakimbirane ya Kordofan y'Amajyepfo, cyane cyane amakimbirane ashingiye ku gace ka Abyei, kandi imisozi ya Nuba ya Abyei na Kordofan y'Amajyepfo ikomeje kuba intandaro y’amakimbirane hagati ya Juba na Khartoum as of 2011.
Ibihugu, umurwa mukuru n'imijyi minini
ugendeye ku mibare itengwa na CIA ivuga ko kugeza mu 2017, ibihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika bifite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 537.9.
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amasomero
Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba
Ubuhinzi karemano
right|thumb| Masanobu Fukuoka, uwatangije uburyo bwo guhinga bisanzwe Sisitemu ikorana ni binyabuzima bitandukanye bya buri gace ka hinzwe, ishishikariza ibinyabuzima bifite ubuzima, ibimera ni nyamaswa, bigira uruhare runini mu binyabuzima kugira ngo bitere imbere hamwe ni bimera. Fukuoka yabonaga guhinga ari uburyo bwo gutanga ibiryo ndetse nku buryo bwiza cyangwa ubwumwuka mu buzima, intego nya mukuru yari iyo, guhinga no gutungana kwa bantu. Yasabye ko abahinzi bashobora kungukirwa no gukurikiranira hafi imiterere yaho. Ubuhinzi karemano ni uburyo bufunze, busaba ko nta nyongeramusaruro zitangwa n'abantu kandi bigana kamere.
Fukuoka yavuze ko uburyo bwe bukumira umwanda w’amazi, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’isuri y’ubutaka, mu gihe bitanga ibiribwa byinshi, kandi ko hari ibikorwa byinshi bya siyansi bigenda byiyongera mu bijyanye n’ubuhinzi n’ubuhinzi bushya, ibyo bikaba bishyigikira ibyo birego.
Amahame ya Masanobu Fukuoka
alt=A young man helps harvest rice by hand at a natural farm in a production still from the film "Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness"|thumb| Umusore afasha gusarura umuceri n'intoki mu murima karemano, muri uyu musaruro uracyari muri firime thumb| Yoshikazu Kawaguchi ku ishuri rya Akame Kamere Kamere
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Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Celestine Donkor
Musical artist
Celestine Donkor ni umuhanzi w'indirimbo zihimbaza Imana wo mu gihugu cya Gana akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo. Muri Werurwe 2021, yari umwe mu bagore 30 ba mbere bakomeye muri muzika binyuze muri 3Music Awards mu cyiciro cy'abagore. Yashinze Celestial Praise, igitaramo ngarukamwaka cya muzika yo guhimbaza Imana.
Ubuzima bwo mugihe cya mbere n'uburere
Donkor yavutse mu muryango wa Bwana na Madamu Akakpo, bombi bakomoka mu karere ka Volta muri Gana. Amashuri abanza yayize mu ishuri ritegura rya St Augustine i Abeka Lapaz akomereza ku ishuri ryisumbuye ry’ubucuruzi rya Nsaaniya i Kasoa aho yize amashuri yy isumbuye. Yakomereje muri kaminuza ya Gana, muri Legon aho yakuye impamyabumenyi ya yicyubahiro y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bw'imibanire y'abantu n'amasomo yo gucunga amakuru.
Umwuga wa muzika
Donkor yakoranye n'abahanzi benshi b'injyana ihimbaza Imana, barimo Joe Mettle, Joyce Blessing, Ceccy Twum, Mkhululi Bhebhe, Edem, Philipa Baafi, Funny Face. Afite indirimbo nyinshi zamenyekanye, zirimo "Turning around", "Bigger", "Okronkronhene", "Manim Nguase", "Boobobo". Album ye aheruka Agbebolo yamuhesheje igihembo cyo kuba Umuhanzi w'umwaka muri National Gospel Music Awards mu bih.mbo by'indirimbo zihimbaza Imana mu gihugu
Ubuzima bwite
Yashakanye na Bwana Donkor bafitanye abana ba bakobwa batatu.
Henri Kalungi
thumb|Henri Henry Kalungi (wavutse ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 1987) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru uvuka i Kampala muri Uganda.
Ishuri Rikuru
Kalungi yavuye mu gihugu  cya Uganda yerekeza muri Amerika mu 2006 kugira ngo yige kandi akina umupira w'amaguru muri kaminuza ya Winthrop. Yakinnye imikino 56 muri Winthrop mu myaka itatu yamaze muri yo kaminuza, yiswe ikipe ya MVP yo mu 2006, kandi ahabwa Ikipe ya Big South All-Tournament Team na NSCAA / adidas All-South Atlantic Region Team.
Kalungi yakinnye na Hampton Roads Piranhas na Fredericksburg Gunners muri USL Premier Development League, yashyizwe mu itsinda rya makipe yabaye aya mbere muri 2008.
Baraka Hussein
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Umutoza Ikiciro:Umuyobozi muri Siporo
Henri Kalungi
umwuga
Kalungi yatoranijwe mu cyiciro cya kane (53 muri rusange) ya MLS SuperDraft yo mu 2009 na Colorado Rapids, ariko ntabwo yahawe amasezerano niyi kipe. Nyuma yaje gusinyana na Richmond Kickers yo mu cyiciro cya kabiri muri USL, maze atangira umwuga we ku ya 18 Mata 2009 mu mukino wa Richmond wabahuje urangira ari 2-2 na Harrisburg City Island. Yagumanye na Richmond mu bihe byo uri 2009, 2010, na 2011. Iyi kipe yongeye kumusinyisha muri shampiyona yo muri 2012 ku ya 22 Nzeri 2011.
Kalungi yatijwe muri Proline FC yo muri shampiyona yaUganda   ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2011. Azasubira i Richmond muri Gashyantare 2012. aho yari aherutse gusinywa na Charlotte Independence.
Mpuzamahanga
Kalungi yagaragaye mu ikipe y'igihugu ya Uganda yabatarengeje imyaka 20 ndetse n'ikipe nkuru y'igihugu.
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Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Ikiyaga cya Victoriya
Ikiyaga cya Victoriya ni kimwe mu biyaga bigaze afurika. ifite ubuso bungana na kilometero care na 59,947,   Ukurikije ingano, ikiyaga cya Victoriya nicyo kiyaga cya cyenda kinini ku isi ku mugabane wa Afurika, kirimo abagera ku kilometero 2,424 amazi. Ikiyaga cya Victoriya gifite umuyaga udakabije muri Afurika. Ikiyaga gifite ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 40 m n'uburebure ntarengwa bwa metero 80 kugeza metero 84. Agace kayo kageraho abantu gafite kilometero 169,858. Ikiyaga gifite inkombe za kilometero 7,142  hamwe nibirwa bigize 3,7% byuburebure. thumb|Ikiyaga cya Victoriya Agace kicyi kiyaga kagabanijwemo ibihugu bitatu: Kenya ifata 6 ku ijana na kilometero 4,100, Uganda 45 ku ijana na kilometero 31,000, na Tanzaniya 49 ku ijana na kilometero 33,700.
Rufite amazina menshi yi ndimi zaho mukarere nka Dholuo mu  Luganda; mu Kinyarwanda Ukerewe; [   Ikiyaga kibamo amoko menshi y’amafi ataba ahandi, nka cichilide. Amafi atera amagi, nka Nili perichi, yatumye amoko menshi y’icyorezo azimira.
Imirasire Y' Izuba
thumb|Imashini yifashishwa mu kureba imirasire y'izuba mu buryo butangiza amaso. Imirasire y'izuba ni igice cy'imirasire ya electromagnetiki itangwa n'izuba, cyane cyane urumuri rutagaragara, rugaragara, n'umucyo ultraviolet. Ku isi, urumuri rw'izuba runyanyagiye kandi rukayungururwa mu kirere cy'isi, kandi bigaragara nk'izuba ryo ku manywa iyo izuba riri hejuru y'izuba. Iyo imirasire y'izuba itaziguye idahagaritswe n'ibicu, iba ifite nk'izuba, ikomatanya ry'umucyo mwinshi n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Iyo uhagaritswe n'ibicu cyangwa ukagaragaza ibindi bintu, urumuri rw'izuba rurakwirakwira. Inkomoko zigereranya impuzandengo yisi yose iri hagati ya watt 164 na 340 watt kuri metero kare kumunsi wamasaha 24; mibare igereranywa na NASA ko igera kuri kimwe cya kane cy'isi yose igereranya imirasire y'izuba.
Ikiyaga cya Victoriya
Inyamaswa z’inyamabere
thumb| Bitandukanye nizindi cichlide yikiyaga cya Victoria, Haplochromis nyererei ikomeje kuba rusange. Ugereranije nandi moko menshi ya cichlide, amaso yayo yunvikana cyane cyane kumucyo, cyane cyane umutuku, utagerwaho cyane no kugabanuka kwamazi meza yatewe na eutrophasiya kuruta [[Ibara|amabara maremare yumuraba ]]
Imirasire Y' Izuba
Imirasire y'izuba ifata hafi 8.3 iminota yo kugera Isi uhereye hejuru yizuba. Foton itangirira hagati yizuba no guhindura icyerekezo igihe cyose ihuye nikintu cyashizwemo byatwara hagati yimyaka 10,000 na 170.000 kugirango igere hejur.
Ikiyaga cya Victoriya
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Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Imirasire Y' Izuba
Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis, the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be used to synthesize carbohydrates and to fuel the organisms' activities.
Uko Ikpmwa thumb|Imirasire y'izuba hamwe n'ibicu. Abashakashatsi barashobora gupima ubukana bw'urumuri rw'izuba bakoresheje icyuma cyerekana izuba, pyranometero, cyangwa pyrheliometero. Kugirango ubare urumuri rw'izuba rugera ku butaka, byombi bigomba kwitabwaho ku buryo butandukanye bwo kuzenguruka isi ya elliptike y'isi ndetse no kwiyongera kw'ikirere cy'isi. Imirasire y'izuba idasanzwe ( E ext ), yakosowe kuri orbit ya elliptike ukoresheje umubare wumunsi wumwaka (dn), ihabwa ikigereranyo cyiza na
"aho dn = 1 ku ya 1 Mutarama; dn = 32 ku ya 1 Gashyantare; dn = 59 ku ya 1 Werurwe (usibye imyaka isimbuka, aho dn = 60), nibindi Muri iyi formula dn - 3 irakoreshwa, kubera ko mugihe cya none isi ya perihelion yisi, inzira yegereye izuba bityo rero, E ntarengwa ibaho hafi ya 3 Mutarama buri mwaka. Agaciro ka 0.033412 kagenwe uzi ko ikigereranyo kiri hagati ya perihelion (0.98328989 AU) kwaduka hamwe na aphelion (1.01671033 AU) kwaduka igomba kuba hafi 0.935338."
Ingano yingufu zose zakiriwe kurwego rwubutaka kuva izuba kuri zenith biterwa nintera igana izuba bityo mugihe cyumwaka. Ni hejuru ya 3,3% ugereranije no muri Mutarama na 3,3% munsi ya Nyakanga (reba hano hepfo). Niba imirasire y'izuba idasanzwe ku isi ari watt 1367 kuri metero kare (agaciro iyo intera y'isi - izuba ni 1 yubumenyi bw'ikirere ), noneho urumuri rw'izuba rutaziguye ku isi iyo izuba rigeze kuri zenith ni 1050 W / m 2, ariko Uwiteka umubare wose (utaziguye kandi utaziguye uva mu kirere) gukubita hasi ni 1120 W / m 2. Ku bijyanye n’ingufu, urumuri rwizuba hejuru yisi ni hafi ya 52 kugeza 55% infragre (hejuru ya 700 nm ), 42 kugeza 43% bigaragara (400 kugeza 700) nm), na ultraviolet 3 kugeza kuri 5 ku ijana (munsi ya 400 nm). Hejuru yikirere, urumuri rwizuba rugera kuri 30% cyane, rufite ultraviolet (UV) hafi 8%, hamwe na UV nyinshi ziyongereye zigizwe na biologiya yangiza ibinyabuzima bigufi byangiza ultraviolet.
has a luminous efficacy of about 93 lumens per watt of radiant flux. This is higher than the efficacy (of source) of artificial lighting other than LEDs, which means using sunlight for illumination heats up a room less than fluorescent or incandescent lighting. Multiplying the figure of 1050 watts per square meter by 93 lumens per watt indicates that bright sunlight provides an illuminance of approximately 98 000 lux (lumens per square meter) on a perpendicular surface at sea level. The illumination of a horizontal surface will be considerably less than this if the Sun is not very high in the sky. Averaged over a day, the highest amount of sunlight on a horizontal surface occurs in January at the South Pole (see insolation).
Ikigo gishinzwe gucunga ibidukikije muri Gujarat
Ikigo gishinzwe imicungire y’ibidukikije (GEMI) ni Ikigo cyigenga gishinzwe ishami ry’amashyamba n’ibidukikije muri guverinoma ya Gujarat. GEMI yashinzwe mu 1999 kandi ifite icyicaro i Gandhinagar, yagize uruhare mu kubungabunga muri rusange kubungabunga, kurengera no gucunga ibidukikije kandi ikora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi butandukanye.
Cyrille Mubiala Kitambala
Cyrille Mubiala Kitambala (Yavutse Ku ya 7 Nyakanga 1974 i Kinshasa )ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru muri congo (DRC).
Yitabiriye igikombe cy’ibihugu by’Afurika muri 2006 hamwe n’ikipe ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo aho yatsinze igitego ku gihugu cyatsinze na Misiri, nubwo igihugu cye cyatsinzwe ibitego 4-1.
Umwuga
Yatangiye umwuga we muri 1998 muri CS Style du Congo, nyuma yinjira muri AS Dragons.
AS Vita Club
Mu 2000 yinjiye muri imwe mu makipe akomeye mu gihugu AS Vita Club imyaka itatu.
Muri 2003, yari afite ibyifuzo bya makipe nka Ajax Cape Town, Mamelodi Sundowns, n'izindi.
Ajax Cape Town
Amaherezo yaje gusinyira Ajax Cape Town aho yakinnye imikino 69 atsinda ibitego 7.
Bloemfontein Celtic FC
Muri 2009, yasinyanye na Bloemfontein Celtic FC muri shampiyona imwe, akina imikino 13 atsinda ibitego 3.
Guhitamo igihugu
Yitabiriye Igikombe cya Afurika cyo muri 2004 aho yaje ku mwanya wa gatatu mu itsinda.
Muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza hagati ya DR Congo na Misiri. Yatsinze igitego kimwe nubwo yatsinzwe 4–1.
Nyuma ya marushanwa yarangije umwuga we mpuzamahanga yari yarakinnye mu mikino 21 yose nigitego 1. Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Gutunganya amazi y’ubuhinzi
Abahinzi barashobora gu shiraho ibikorya birwanya isuri nziza kugirango bagabanye imigezi kandi bagumane ubutaka mu mirima yabo. Ubuhanga busanzwe burimo guhinga konteri, guhinga ibihingwa, guhinduranya ibihingwa, gutera ibihingwa bimaze igihe no gushyiraho imigezi yinzuzi. Abahinzi barashobora kandi guteza imbere no gushyira mubikorwa gahunda yo gucunga intungamubiri kugirango bagabanye gukoresha intungamubiri zikabije no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kwanduza intungamubiri. Kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa nudukoko, abahinzi barashobora gukoresha uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza (bushobora no kurwanya udukoko twangiza ) kugirango bakomeze kurwanya udukoko, kugabanya kwishingira imiti yica udukoko, no kurinda ubwiza bw’amazi.
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Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Urusengero rw'ubutabera (Liberiya)
Urusengero rw'ubutabera ni inyubako nini yubatswe mu buryo bugezweho yateguwe na Tommaso Valle mu myaka ya za 1960 ikaba iherereye ku musozi wa Capitol mu murwa mukuru wa Monrovia, mu gihugu cya Liberiya. Yeguriwe mu mwaka wa 1965, ibamo Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Liberiya, ibyumba by'inkiko byunganira, n'ibiro byemewe n'amategeko. Hangiritse cyane mu ntambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri z'abenegihugu zabayeho kuva mu mwaka wa 1989 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2003, ariko kubera kutarwitaho ndetse no kubura amashanyarazi byatumye urusengero rutishimirwa kurukoreramo.
Ibijyanye na Fonetike
Muri fonetike no mu ndimi ibijyanye na fonetike bisobanuye amajwi aturi hafi y'ikintu washatse kumva, cyangwa turebe phone, mu ijambo. Ibijyanye na fonetike ya phone bishobora rimwe na rimwe gushaka umwimerere wa allophonic cyangwa phonemic mu ijwi mururimi runaka.
Urusengero rw'ubutabera (Liberiya)
Umushinga wo kuvugurura watangiye mu mwaka wa 2008; mubisubizo byawo harimo guhindura interuro y'inyubako ngo "REKA UBUTABERA BUKORERWE BOSE" bakuraho ijambo ryanyuma, "ABAGABO".
Ibijyanye na Fonetike
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Ikiyaga cya Bisina
thumb|Ikiyaga Ikiyaga cya Bisina, kizwi ki kiyaga cya Salisaburiya, ni ikiyaga cy'amazi meza mu burasirazuba bwa Uganda. Nicyo kiyaga cya satelite yi kiyaga cya Koyoga, kijyamo, kandi byombi bigahuzwa kuburyo butaziguye nigishanga cya papirusi. Mu gihe cyi mvura nyinshi, ikiyaga cya Bisina gishobora kugera kuri metero 6 m ubujyakuzimu kandi akenshi buhuzwa neza n'ikiyaga gito cya Opeta, ariko mugihe cyizuba byombi biratandukanye.
Kubungabunga ibidukikije
Ikiyaga cya Bisina ni kamwe mu turere 33 tw’ingenzi tubamo inyoni kandi kuva mu 2006 igishanga cyanditswe na Ramusaru gifitiye akamaro mpuzamahanga.
Ikiyaga ni ingenzi ku mafi, nka cichilide, H. argenteus (bigaragara ko yazimiye mu gice kinini cyayo mu kiyaga cya Victoria),  Nubwo Nil perichi yagejejwe ku kiyaga cya Bisina mu ntangiriro ya za 70, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ntabwo bwerekanye ubu bwoko, bwagize uruhare mu kuzimya cichilide nyinshi na handi. Ubwoko buke bwa tilapiya nabwo bwamenyekanye ku kiyaga cya Bisina kandi buracyahari, hamwe na kavukire ya Singida na Victoriya kavukire. Andi moko menshi y’amafi aboneka mu kiyaga cya Bisina arimo amafi y’ibihaha ya marble, n’ubwoko butandukanye bw’amafi, tetras nyafurika n’inzovu.
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Ikiciro:Ibiyaga
Uruganda rwa Volkswagen
Uruganda rwa Volkswagen Rwanda,ni ishami ryo mu Rwanda ry’Uruganda rw’Abadage rukora imodoka za Volkswagen, rimaze guteranyiriza mu gihugu imodoka 2300 nyuma y’imyaka 3 ruhakorera mu gihugu cyu Rwanda.
I Masoro
Uruganda rwa Volkswagen ruri mu cyanya cyahariwe inganda i Masoro, mu mujyi wa Kigali, akaba ariho hakomerehe imirimo yo guteranyiriza imodoka z'uruganda rwa Volkswagen muri afurika, zimwe za maze kuzura zitegereje kujya ku isoko mu gihe izindi zigiteranywa, aho zigizwe n'amoko agera kuri 7.
Amashanyarazi
Uruganda rwa Volkswagen hamwe n'ubuyobozi bw'uruganda kandi buvuga ko bwatangiye igerageza ku modoka zitangiza ikirere aho izigera kuri 30 zikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi zimaze umwaka zikoreshwa n'uru ruganda, zikaba zitaratangira kugurishwa. Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
APR VC
APR VC ( Armee Partriotique Rwandaise  Volleyball Club ) cyangwa APR Volleyball Club  ni ikipe ya basirikare yu Rwanda ya bagabo. ikina imukino ya maboko wa volleyball muri shampiyona itegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda mu bagabo (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation, FRVB). APR VC yatwaye ibikombe bitandukanye nkaho iherutse gutwara :
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball
Sitade y'igihugu ya Somhlolo
Sitade y'igihugu ya Somhlolo ni stade ifite intego nyinshi i Lobamba, Eswatini. Yubatswe mu mwaka wa 1968, mu kibuga rwagati ifite ibyatsi by'ibihimbano kandi yakira abafana 20,000 (bose bahagaze). Ikoreshwa mumikino y'umupira w'amaguru na rugby.
Iyi sitade yitiriwe Umwami Somhlolo, wimuye abaturage be mu karere ubu niho hitwa muri Eswatini (Swaziland) mu myaka 200 ishize, akaba afatwa nka se w'igihugu.
Ihuza ryo hanze
26°26′34.44″S 31°12′20.23″E﻿ / ﻿26.4429000°S 31.2056194°E﻿ / -26.4429000; 31.2056194 Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Swazilande
Patiyo Tambwe
Patiyo Tambwe, (yavutse Ku ya 2 Mutarama 1986 i Beni muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo) mu birometero bike uvuye mu mujyi wa Goma, ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru muri congo ukina nka rutahizamu.
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Patiyo Tambwe yari afite amahitamo 4 hamwe nitsinda rya DR Congo hagati yo muri 2004 na 2008.
Diaz Kambere
Diaz Kambere ni umukinnyi w'umugande ukina umupira w'amaguru muri Kanada. Kugeza ubu akina muri Afurika United FC muri Multicultural Soccer League ya British Columbia. Akora nk'umutoza mukuru w abakobwa muri Delview Secondary
Ishuri Rikuru
Kambere yavukiye muri Uganda, ariko yimukira i Surrey, muri Columbiya yu bwongereza n'umuryango we akiri umwana. Yabaye umunyeshuri mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Centennial i Coquitlam n’ishuri ribanza rya John Norquay i Vancouver, yakinnye umupira mu rubyiruko mu ishyirahamwe ry’imikino rya kanada na bataliyani ryi Vancouver (ICSF) ndetse na Eagle Ridge Rogue Selects i Coquitlam, BC, kandi yari umunyamuryango wa Columbiya yu bwongereza. itsinda ry'intara k'urwego rwa bari munsi yimwaka 15, 16, na 18. Amaze kwimuka n'umuryango we mu majyepfo ya Mainland muri 1992 yize muri Langara College no muri Trinity Western University, aho yize Kinetics na Psychology.
Ababigize umwuga
Kambere yasinyiye Vancouver Whitecaps yo mu cyiciro cya mbere cya USL muri 2006, nyuma akina imikino 28 mu myaka ibiri hamwe niyi kipe. Ku ya 6 Nzeri 2008, yasinye amasezerano y’umunsi umwe na Toronto FC kugira ngo abashe gukina umukino na Chivas USA, kubera ko iyo kipe yabuze abakinnyi icyenda mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga.
Mpuzamahanga
Kambere yahgarariye kanada muri 2008 mumarushanwa ya  CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying tournament.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Amafaranga y'u Burundi
Amafaranga y'u Burundi, afite code ya ISO 4217, hamwe na code ni BIF) nifaranga ryu Burundi. Igabanijwe ku izina mu bice 100, nubwo ibiceri bitigeze bisohoka mu binyejana kuva u Burundi bwatangira gutanga ifaranga ryabwo. Gusa m'ugihe Uburundi bwakoreshaga amafaranga ry'ububiligi bwa congo ni biceri byatanzwe.
Amateka
Amafaranga yabaye ifaranga ry’Uburundi kuva muri 1916, igihe Ububiligi bwigarurira icyahoze ari ubukoloni bw’Ubudage bugasimbuza iryo bakoreshaga rya rupie y’Abadage yi burasirazuba ndetse ni faranga bwa Kongo. Uburundi bwakoresheje ifaranga rya Kongo mu Bubiligi kugeza muri 1960, igihe hatangizwaga amafaranga y'u Rwanda n'Uburundi. U Burundi yatangiye gutanga amafaranga yayo muri 1964.
Hariho gahunda yo kwinjiza ifaranga rimwe, i shitingi rishya ryo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, mu bihugu bitanu bigize Umuryango w’Afurika y'Iburasirazuba guhera mu mpera zo muri 2015. Kuva muri Werurwe 2023, gusa iyi gahunda ntirasohora.
Ibiceri
Muri 1965, Banki y'Ubwami bw'Uburundi yatanze ibiceri 1 by'umuringa. Mu 1968, Banki ya Repubulika y’Uburundi yafashe itangwa ry’ibiceri maze itangiza, ifaranga rya aluminiyumu 1 na 5 na cupro-nikele ryi 10. Amafaranga 5 na 10 afite impande zombi zisa. Ubwoko bwa kabiri bwi biceri 1 na 5 by'amafaranga yatangijwe muri 1976, hagaragaramo ikirango. Muri 2011 hashyizweho ibiceri bishya 10 na 50.
Inoti
Kuva muri Gashyantare 1964 kugeza ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1965, inoti za Banki yu Rwanda nu Burundi (Gutanga Banki y'u Rwanda n'Uburundi), mu madini ya 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 na 1.000, zacapishijwe hejuru umwobo wa diagonali "BURUNDI" kugirango ukoreshwe mu gihugu. Ibyo byakurikiranwe muri 1964 na 1965 n’ibibazo bisanzwe mu madini amwe na Banki yu bwami yu Burundi (Banki y'Ubwami bw'Uburundi).
Muri 1966, inoti y’amafaranga 20 no hejuru yayo yacapishije na Banki ya Repubulika y’Uburundi, maze isimbuza ijambo "Ubwami" na "Repubulika". Ibibazo bisanzwe by'iyi banki byatangiriye mu madorari nka10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1.000 na 5.000. Amafaranga 10 yasimbuwe n’ibiceri muri 1968. Inoti 2000 zashyizweho muri 2001, zikurikirwa n’amafaranga 10,000 muri 2004. Umufotozi Kelly Fajack ishusho yabana b’ishuri mu Burundi yakoreshejwe inyuma y’inoti y’amafaranga 10,000. Muri 2015 u Burundi bwatangije urukurikirane rushya rw'inoti. Inoti ya 10, 20, na 50 franc yatakaje ubuzima gatozi kandi inoti ya mafaranga 100 niyo nyandiko yonyine yavuye murukurikirane rwa kera.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha cya mateka
Ku ya 3 Mutarama 2006, amafaranga yari afite agaciro ka 925 ku idorali 1. Ku 2008, amafaranga yari afite agaciro ka 1,129.40 ku madorari y'Abanyamerika. Ku 2009, amafaranga yari afite agaciro ka 1.234.33 ku madorari y'Abanyamerika. Ku ya 10 Nyakanga,  amafaranga yari afite 1.587.60 ku madorari y'Abanyamerika.
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
UBURINGANIRE
Ihame ry'uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda rimaze gushinga thumb|WE ARE THE SAME imizi kuburyo budasubirwaho mu gihe hakiri ibihugu bimwe kw'isi
aho usanga havugwa ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by'abagabo bakavivuga
Barthélémy Attisso
Ubuzima
Attisso, wavutse mu 1944 cyangwa 1945, yimukiye i Dakar mu 1966 yiga amategeko muri kaminuza ya Dakar. Yafashe gitari kugira ngo abone amafaranga, acuranga mu tubyiniro maze yinjira muri Star Band. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1970 yinjiye muri Orchestre Baobab, maze ageza iryo tsinda ku ntsinzi mu myaka ya za 1980. Igihe iryo tsinda ryatandukanaga mu 1987, Attisso yasubiye muri Togo gukora umwuga w'amategeko. Ntiyigeze acuranga gitari kugeza ubwo yongeye gusubirana n'itsinda rye mu 2001, ndetse yafashe amajwi y'indirimbo kuva icyo gihe kandi akora ibitaramo azengurukana na Orchestre Baobab, nubwo yakomeje inganzo i Lomé.
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
UBURINGANIRE
imyato, Gusa kandi hari n'Abagore b'intwari bakoze ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa
ibikorwa by'ikitegererezo muri sosiyete.
INTEGO
Intego ya PNUD mu Rwanda itangirira ku kwemera ko abantu bose bareshya.
Amababi yangiza
thumb| (algae yubururu-icyatsi kibisi) irabya ku kiyaga cya Erie (Amerika) mu 2009. Ubu bwoko bwa algae burashobora gutera uburabyo bwangiza. Rimwe na rimwe nti bisobanutse icyateye HABs yihariye kuko ibibera ahantu hamwe bigaragara ko ari ibintu bisanzwe, mu gihe ahandi bigaragara ko ari ibisubizo byi bikorwa bya bantu. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe hari aho uhurira na bashoferi nki ntungamubiri, ariko nazo zabayeho kuva mbere yuko abantu batangira kugira ingaruka kubidukikije. HABs iterwa na eutrophication, ikaba ari intungamubiri nyinshi mu mazi. Intungamubiri ebyiri zikunze kugaragara ni azote ( nitirate, ammonia, na urea ) na fosifate. Intungamubiri zirenze urugero zitangwa n'ubuhinzi, umwanda w’inganda, gukoresha ifumbire ikabije mu mijyi / mu mijyi, hamwe no gutemba kw'imijyi. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwamazi no gutembera gake nabyo bigira uruhare. thumb|Amababi
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
INTEGO
u Rwanda rwiyemeje no gukomeza gushira mu bikorwa politiki na gahunda
Amababi yangiza
Ibisobanuro no kubiranga
Irashobora kugaragara nkifuro, ibibyimba, cyangwa mateli hejuru cyangwa munsi yubutaka bwamazi kandi irashobora gufata amabara atandukanye bitewe nibibara. ibiro byimshwe irabya mu biyaga cyangwa imigezi y'amazi meza bishobora kugaragara nk'icyatsi kibisi, akenshi gifite imirongo igaragara isa n'irangi ireremba. Indabyo za Cyane bacteriya nikibazo cyisi yose.
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
INTEGO
zafasha mu iterambere ry'abanyarwanda bose harebwa neza kurushaho ko
Amababi yangiza
Ubwoko
thumb| Ishusho ya satelite yikiyaga cya Erie mugihe cya algal yangiza muri 2011.
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
INTEGO
ntanumwe wa tereranwe. ibitsins byombi kugipimo kimwe, ubwuzuzanye
Amababi yangiza
Ubwoko
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
INTEGO
bwa nyabwo nu bufatanye hagati y'abantu bose aho usanga abagabo n'abagore
Milton Karisa
Milton yakiniye ikipe ya Jinja Municipal Council Football Club kuva 2011 kugeza 2013,  muri Bul FCkuva 2013 kugeza muri 2016, ubu akina muri Vipers S.C.
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima
INTEGO
babigiramo uruhare rungana.
Milton Karisa
BUL FC
Milton muri 2013 yinjiye muri Bul FC avuye mu ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Jinja. Yatangiye gukinira iyi kipe yakinnye na Kansai Plascon FC (yahoze yitwa Sadolin Paints FC) muri 2013, yatsinze igitego cye cya mbere kuri Bul yakinnye na Kiira Young FC kuri Stade Namboole.
Uruganda Afrinest Engineering
Uruganda Afrinest Engineering ni uruganda rukora amato, aho rwubaka ubwato buzaba burimo hoteli buzwi nka Mantis Kivu Queen Uburanga. Ni ubwato bufite uburebure bwa metero 35, bukagira ibyumba 11, restaurants, akabari, ubwogero, Jacuzzi.