cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Jesesi Mungoshi
Umwuga
Mu rwego rwo gushimira uruhare rwe mu nganda za firime Zimbabwe, yahawe igihembo cya Lifetime Achievement Award na Kaminuza Nkuru ya Zimbabwe muri Gicurasi 2017 i Masvingo. Filime ya 2020, Shaina, aho afatanije nabandi bakinnyi ba Zimbabwe nka: Marian Kunonga, Charmaine Mujeri nabandi bagaragaye, bakiriwe neza mumahanga.
Ubuzima bwite
Yashakanye n'umwanditsi, umukinnyi n'umusizi wa Zimbabwe, Charles Mungoshi, nk'uko ikinyamakuru The Zimbabwe Mail na Uyu ari abanyamakuru bo muri Afurika, yapfuye ku ya 16 Gashyantare 2019 i Harare, muri Zimbabwe nyuma y'uburwayi yari amaze imyaka 10 afite imyaka 71. Ubukwe bwahiriwe n’abana batanu: Farai, Graham, Nyasha, Charles, na Tsitsi, kandi igihe yapfaga bari bafite abuzukuru barindwi. Abashakanye bari kumwe numuhungu wabo, Farai bose bari gukina film.
references
Ikiciro:Filimi Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime
Umusigiti wa Garki International
thumb|Umusigiti wa Garki International uherereye hafi n'isoko rinini riri mu mujyi wa Abuja thumb|Garki International mosque Umusigiti wa Garki international uherereye mu mujyi munini wa Abuja mu igihugu cya Nijeriya
Kasule Owen
Kasule Owen (wavutse ku ya 3 Werurwe 1989 i Kampala) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Uganda, ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati mu ikipe yo muri shampiyona ya Uganda super league muri URA SC.
Umwuga wo hambere
Owen yatangiye umwuga we wo gukina muri Nakawa United, mbere yo kwinjira muri Kampala City Council FC
Bunamwaya FC
Muri 2008, Owen yinjiye muri Bunamwaya SC, aho yatsindiye igikombe cya Shampiyona hamwe nabo muri 2009–10, atsinda ibitego 12 avuye mu gikombe cyo muri Afurika.
URA SC
Mu mpeshyi ya 2012, Owen yinjiye muri Uganda mu ikipe ya URA SC.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Umusigiti wa Emir Sultan
thumb|umusigiti wa Emir Sultan Umusigiti wa Emir Sultan (izina mu gituruki: Emir Sultan Camii) ni umusigiti i Bursa muri Turukiya.
Goma
thumb|Goma Goma ni umurwa mukuru w'intara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Iherereye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru y'Ikiyaga cya Kivu, iruhande rw'umujyi wa Gisenyi wo mu Rwanda. Ikiyaga hamwe ni mijyi yombi iri muri Albertine Rift, ishami ryiburengerazuba bwa sisitemu yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba. Goma iri muri km 13–18 gusa majyepfo yikirunga cya Nyiragongo. Amateka ya vuba ya Goma yiganjemo ikirunga na jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994, ari na yo yongereye Intambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri ya Congo. Nyuma yibi bintu byari bikigira ingaruka ku mujyi no kuwukikije mu 2010. Uyu mujyi wafashwe n’inyeshyamba zo ku March 23 Movement mu gihe cyo kwigomeka kwa M23 mu mpera za 2012, ariko kuva icyo gihe zasubijwe inyuma n’ingabo za leta.
Umupasitori wanduye mu cyorezo cya Ebola cya Kivu kiri cya 2018–2020 muri ako karere byamenyekanye ko hagati muri Nyakanga 2019 ariho yagiye i Goma.
Intambara ya mbere ya congo
Imitwe yitwara gisirikare y'Abahutu ndetse n'abagize guverinoma y'agateganyo y'Abahutu bari mu mpunzi, maze bagaba ibitero mu nkambi zikikije Goma bagaba igitero ku bwoko bw'Abatutsi bo mu moko ya leta ya Kivus n'u Rwanda ku mupaka. Kubera impamvu za politiki, guverinoma ya Kinshasa y’icyo gihe cya Zayire iyobowe na Joseph Mobutu ntiyigeze ibuza ibyo bitero, bityo leta y’u Rwanda n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo ba Uganda batera inkunga inkunga y’ubumwe bw’ingabo za demokarasi zo kubohoza Zayire, umutwe w’inyeshyamba uyobowe na Laurent Kabila kurwanya Mobutu. Ingabo z'u Rwanda zagabye igitero mu nkambi za Goma, bituma hapfa abantu ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, kandi babifashijwemo n'iza Uganda, Kabila yagiye guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu mu ntambara ya mbere ya Kongo, yarangiye mu 1997.
Intambara ya kabiri ya congo
Mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe, Kabila yari yatonganye n'abahoze ari inshuti ze, maze mu 1998 guverinoma y'u Rwanda ishyigikira umutwe w'inyeshyamba zishingiye muri Goma urwanya Kabila, imyigaragambyo y'Abanyekongo iharanira demokarasi (RCD, rimwe na rimwe bita RCD-Goma ) ikozwe n'abaturage ba Banyamulenge, ifitanye isano n'Abatutsi. . Bafashe Bukavu n'indi mijyi, Intambara ya Kongo ya kabiri iratangira. Inkambi z'impunzi za Goma, aho Abahutu bari barashinze umutwe witwaje intwaro witwa FDLR (Force Democratic for Liberation of Rwanda), bongeye kwibasirwa n'ingabo za leta y'u Rwanda na RCD.
Intambara ya kabiri ya Kongo ntiyari yarigeze ibaho muri Afurika kubera gutakaza ubuzima bw'abasivili mu bwicanyi n'amahano. Kugeza 2003 Banyamulenge yari yarambiwe intambara kandi amakimbirane yagaragaye hagati yabo nu Rwanda. Mu 2002 na 2003 hagaragaye amahoro yoroheje yumushyikirano hagati yimpande nyinshi zagize uruhare muntambara. Kuva mu 2003 hagaragaye ihohoterwa ryinshi. Abahutu FDLR bagumye mu mashyamba no mu misozi mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bwa Goma, bagaba ibitero ku mupaka w'u Rwanda no ku Banyamulenge. Ingabo z’ingabo z’igihugu cya Kongo ntizishobora cyangwa ntizishaka kubahagarika, kandi kubera iyo mpamvu u Rwanda rukomeje gushyigikira inyeshyamba za Banyamulenge nka RCD na Jenerali Nkunda, no kugaba ibitero muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru zikurikirana FDLR.
Muri Nzeri 2007, imirwano nini yatewe ubwoba ko izongera gutangira kubera ko umutwe w'ingabo 8000 w’ingabo za Jenerali Nkunda, ukikije Rutshuru, witandukanije no kwishyira hamwe n’ingabo za Kongo maze utangira kubatera mu mujyi wa Masisi uherereye mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Goma. MONUC ( Inshingano z'umuryango w'abibumbye muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ) yatangiye gutwara indege ingabo za Kongo muri Goma no kuzimura na kajugujugu kuva ku kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Goma i Masisi.
Ku ya 27 Ukwakira 2008, Intambara ya Goma yatangiye mu mujyi hagati y’ingabo za Kongo, zishyigikiwe na MONUC, n’inyeshyamba za CNDP za Nkunda; Impunzi 200.000 zahunze umujyi. Ku ya 3 Ugushyingo 2012 habaye imirwano hagati y'ingabo z'Abanyekongo n'u Rwanda ku mupaka uherereye mu majyaruguru ya Goma. Goma yaje gufatwa n’umutwe wa M23 ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2012. "Ibihumbi mirongo" by'abasivili bahunze ako karere. Muri Kanama 2019, Minisitiri w’ubuzima Diane Gashumba wo mu Rwanda yatangaje ko abanyeshuri bazahagarika kujya mu ishuri i Goma, umujyi wo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo wegereye umupaka kubera ubwoba bwa Ebola.
Ibikorwa byibirunga bikikije Goma
Ikibaya kinini cya Rift kirimo gukururwa, biganisha ku nyamugigima no gushiraho ibirunga muri ako gace. Muri Mutarama 2002, Nyiragongo yaradutse, yohereza umugezi wa lava 200 metres (219 yd) kugeza kuri one kilometre (1,100 yards) z'ubugari no kugera kuri metero ebyiri (6½)ft) byimbitse unyuze hagati mu mujyi kugera ku nkombe z'ikiyaga. Inzego zikurikirana ikirunga zashoboye gutanga umuburo kandi abaturage benshi ba Goma bimukiye i Gisenyi. Lava yashenye 40% yumujyi (amazu ninyubako zirenga 4.500). Hariho impfu zimwe na zimwe zatewe na lava no gusohora imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone, itera guhumeka . Lava nayo yitwikiriye amajyaruguru 1☃☃km ya kilometero 3-kilometre (9,800 ft)kiriye amajyaruguru 1 km ya kilometero 3-kilometre (9,800 ft) umuhanda wikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Goma, utandukanya terminal na apron byari kuri iyo mpera. Lava irashobora kugaragara byoroshye mumafoto ya satelite, nindege irashobora kuboneka ukoresheje kilometero 2 (6.500-ft) igice cyamajyepfo yumuhanda ugaragara neza.
Mu 2005, ibikorwa by'ibirunga byongeye kubangamira umujyi.
Kugeza ubu abahanga muri Goma barimo gukurikirana Nyiragongo.
Iterabwoba ryatewe n'ikiyaga cya Kivu
Ikiyaga cya Kivu ni kimwe mu biyaga bitatu byo muri Afurika byagaragaye ko gifite gaze nyinshi zashushe zifata igitutu mu burebure bwacyo. Babiri mu bandi, ikiyaga cya Monoun n'ikiyaga cya Nyos, bahuye n'ikibazo cyo guturika kwa limnic cyangwa 'kurenga ikiyaga', irekurwa rikabije rya dioxyde de carbone ihumeka ishobora kuba yaratewe n'inkangu. Ihirikwa ry'ikiyaga cya Nyos ryishe cyane, ryahitanye abantu bagera ku bihumbi bibiri mu gace gakikije ikiyaga. Kivu iruta inshuro 2000 kurenza ikiyaga cya Nyos kandi irimo na metani yashonze nk'ikindi cyago - nubwo kwibumbira hamwe kwa dioxyde de carbone biri hasi cyane ugereranije n'ikiyaga cya Nyos. Abantu bagera kuri miriyoni ebyiri, harimo n’abaturage ba Goma, batuye hafi y’ikiyaga cya Kivu kandi bashobora guhura n’akaga ko guturika kwatewe na kimwe mu birunga byegeranye ndetse na nyamugigima bifitanye isano nayo.
Ikintu kizwi nka ' mazuku ' cyahitanye abana vuba aha.
Ubwikorezi
Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Goma gitanga ingendo zo mu gihugu kandi, guhera mu 2016, indege imwe mpuzamahanga ( Ethiopian Airlines ). Uyu mujyi uri ku mupaka w’u Rwanda kandi umuturanyi wa Gisenyi uhuza Kigali, umurwa mukuru w’u Rwanda, ku mihanda na bisi zisanzwe zigenda hagati yiyi mijyi mu masaha ane. Goma ihujwe na Bukavu na feri, i Butembo, Beni, Bunia na Kisangani haba mu ndege zo mu gihugu cyangwa mu muhanda, kandi bisi zisanzwe ziva Goma zijya muri iyi mijyi. Bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri y'urugendo (muri bisi) kugirango ugere muri iyo mijyi.
Ikirere
Sisitemu yo gushyira mu kirere ikirere cya Köppen-Geiger ishyira ikirere cyayo nk'ikirere gishyuha gishyuha (Aw).
Reba
Amerekezo: 1°41′S 29°14′E﻿ / ﻿1.683°S 29.233°E﻿ / -1.683; 29.233
Mara Group
thumb|Telefoni zigendanwa (Mara phones) 04 Mara Group n'isosiyeti nini itanga serivisi zitandukanye zirimo ubucuruzi bw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byiganjemo telefoni zigendanwa (Mara phones), banki ndetse no gutunganya ibikomoka k'ubuhinzi. thumb|271x271px|Mara smartphone
Mara phones
Mara group yatangije uruganda rutunganya telephone nini za Smartphone mu mugi wa Kigali-Rwanda mu kwezi kwa cumi 2019. Izo telefoni ni MaraZ1, MaraX1 na Mara S zikoranye ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ririmo irya finger print sensor, triple rear camera. Sosiyeti ya Mara group mu Rwanda ikorera mu icyanya cyahariwe inganda imasoro mu mugi wa Kigali, aho itangiririye imirimo yo gukora telephone zigendanwa yahaye akazi abanyarwanda 200 bangana na 90% aho abagore bihariye 60% byabakozi bose ndetse ikaba ifite intego yo kongera umubare w'abakozi kugera nibura kuri 300.
Ubucuruzi
Mara phone izwi nka Mara X igura amadorari y'amerika $130 ahwanye Rwf120,250 naho Mara Z igura amadorari y' amerika $190 (or Rwf175,750). Izi telephone ziboneka ku kicaro cya sosiyeti Kigali Business Centre ndetse no muyandi masoko atandukanye yo mugihugu. AShish J. Thakkar nkuko yabitangarije ikinyamakuru the newtimes, ayugako bashaka kwagura amasoko y'ibikoresho bikorerwa mu Rwanda bikagera mu bihugu byo hanze birimo Angola, Kenya na DRC congo.
Amashakiro
__INDEX__ __NEWSECTIONLINK__ Ikiciro:Inganda Ikiciro:Inganda zo mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
Umusigiti wa Abuja Banner
thumb|Umusigiti wa Abuja Banner thumb|umusigiti wa Abuja Banner Umusigiti wa Abuja banner uri mu mujyi wa abuja mu igihugu cya Nijeriya
Itegeko ngenga rirengera ibidukikije mu Rwanda
ITEGEKO NGENGA N° 04/2005 RYO KUWA 08/04/2005 RIGENA UBURYO BWO KURENGERA, KUBUNGABUNGA NO GUTEZA IMBERE IBIDUKIKIJE MU RWANDA
Twebwe, KAGAME Paul,
INTEKO ISHINGA AMATEGEKO YEMEJE, NONE NATWE DUHAMIJE, DUTANGAJE ITEGEKO NGENGA RITEYE RITYA KANDI DUTEGETSE KO RYANDIKWA MU IGAZETI YA LETA YA REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA.
Umutwe w’Abadepite, mu nama yawo yo kuwa 23 Ukuboza 2004;
Umutwe wa Sena, mu nama yawo yo kuwa 15 Gashyantare 2005;
Ishingiye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, ryo kuwa 4 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, cyane cyane mu ngingo zaryo iya 29, iya 30, iya 49, iya 62, iya 88, iya 90, iya 93, iya 108, iya 118, iya 190, iya 191 n’iya 201 ;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo gufata neza Urusobe rw’Ibinyabuzima n’aho ruba yashyiriweho umukono i RIO DE  JANEIRO muri BRESIL, kuwa 5 Kamena 1992, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 017/01 ryo kuwa 18 Werurwe 1995;
Yibukije Amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yerekeye Imihindagurikire y’Ibihe yashyiriweho umukono i RIO DE JANEIRO muri BRESIL, kuwa 5 Kamena 1992, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 021/01 ryo kuwa 30 Gicurasi 1995;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i ROTTERDAMyerekeye Gushyiraho Uburyo Bwumvikanyweho n’Ibihugu mu Bucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Imiti Ikoreshwa mu Buhinzi n’Ibindi Bintu Bishobora Guhumanya, yashyiriweho umukono i ROTTERDAM kuwa 11 Nzeri 1998, n’i New York kuva kuwa 12 Ugushyingo 1998 kugeza kuwa 10 Nzeri 1999 nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 28/01 ryo kuwa 24/08/2003 ryemeza ko u Rwanda rubaye Umunyamuryango;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i BALE yerekeye Imicungire y’ Imyanda Irenga Imipaka kandi Ihumanya ndetse n’uko ivanwaho, nk’uko yemejwe i Bâle kuwa 22 Werurwe 1989 ndetse n’Iteka rya Perezida n° 29/01 ryo kuwa 24 Kanama 2003 ryemeza ko u Rwanda rubaye Umunyamuryango ;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i MONTRÉALyerekeye Imyuka Ihumanya Akayunguruzo k’Imirasire y’Izuba yashyiriweho umukono i LONDRES (1990), COPENHAGUE (1992), MONTRÉAL (1997), BÉIJING (1999), cyane cyane mu ngingo yayo ya 2 y’Ubugororangingo bw’i LONDRES n’ingingo ya 3 y’Ubugororangingo bw’i COPENHAGUE, MONTRÉAL na BÉIJING, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 30/01 ryo kuwa 24 Kanama 2003 ryerekeranye no kuba Umunyamuryango kwa Leta y’u Rwanda ;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’Inyongera ya CARTAGENA  yerekeye Umutekano w’Urusobe rw’Ibinyabuzima yashyiriweho umukono i Nairobi guhera tariki ya 15 kugeza ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2000 n’i New York guhera tariki ya 5 Kamena 2000 kugeza ku ya 4 Kamena 2001 nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 38/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003 ;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i KYOTO yo kuwa 6 Werurwe 1998 ashamikiye ku Masezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye ihindagurika ry’ibihe nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 36/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003 ;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i RAMSAR yo kuwa 2 Gashyantare 1971 yerekeye Kubungabunga Ahantu Hahehereye Hafite Akamaro ku Rwego Mpuzamahanga ku bw’umwihariko Indiri y’Inyoni zo mu Mazi nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 37/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003;
Yibukije Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga y’i BONN yo kuwa 23 Kamena 1979 Agamije Kubungabunga Inyamaswa z’Agasozi Zihora Zimuka nk’uko yemerewe kwemezwa burundu n’Itegeko nº 35/2003 ryo kuwa 29/12/2003;
Yibukije ubwemeranye bwabereye i WASHINGTON kuwa 3 Werurwe 1973, bwerekeye Icuruzwa rikorerwa hagati y’Ibihugu ku bwoko bwenda gucika bw’Inyamaswa n’Ibimera mu gasozi, nk’uko bwemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida no 211 ryo kuwa 25 Kamena 1980 ;
YEMEJE :
Heart of Men
Heart of Men (Yongeye gusubizwa muri Nollywood nka Forbidden Fruits na Henrikesim Multimedia Concept for International distribution) ni filime ishimishije yo muri Gana no muri Nijeriya yo mu 2009 yakozwe & iyobowe na Frank Rajah Arase, ikinwamo na Majid Michel, John Dumelo, igikomangoma David Osei na Yvonne Nelson. Yakiriye nomination eshanu muri Awards ya 6 ya Afrika Movie Academy Awards.
== Abakinnyi ==
Kwakira
Muri rusange iyi filime yanenzwe guteza imbere ubwambure muri firime no kumenyekanisha amashusho yoroheje kuri Nigeriya na Gana yo mu rugo. Yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'inyenyeri 3 kuri 5 kuri Nollywood Reinvented yashimye ubuziranenge, imiterere n'amanota ya muzika, ariko ugasanga umugambi utoroshye kandi amashusho yimibonano mpuzabitsina yarenze.
References
Ikiciro:Filimi Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Nijeriya
Itegeko ngenga rirengera ibidukikije mu Rwanda
INTERURO YA MBERE :INGINGO RUSANGE, IBISOBANURO BY’AMWE MU MAGAMBO AKORESHWA, AMAHAME REMEZO N’AHO IRI  TEGEKO NGENGA RIKORESHWA.
UMUTWE WA MBERE : INGINGO RUSANGE
Ingingo ya mbere:
Iri tegeko ngenga rigena uburyo bwo kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije mu Rwanda.
Iri tegeko ngenga  rigamije:
1° kubungabunga ibidukikije, abantu n’aho baba;
2° gushyiraho amahame remezo yerekeranye no kurinda ibidukikije uburyo bwose
bwabihungabanya hagamijwe guhesha agaciro umutungo kamere, kurwanya uburyo bwose
buhumanya n’ubwangiza;
3° guteza imbere imibereho y’abaturage hazirikanwa uburinganire ku mutungo uriho;
4° kwita ku burambe bw’umutungo hitaweho cyane cyane uburenganzira bungana ku bisekuru biriho
ndetse n’ibizaza;
5° kwizeza abaturarwanda bose amajyambere arambye, atabangamiye ibidukikije ndetse n’imibereho
y’abaturage;
6° gushyiraho ingamba zo kurinda no kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije kandi hakitabwaho
gusubiranya ibyangiritse.
Ingingo ya 2:
Ibidukikije mu Rwanda bigize umutungo rusange w’Igihugu; bikaba ari na bimwe mu bigize umutungo w’isi.
Ingingo ya 3 :
Umuntu wese afite inshingano yo kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije. Leta yishingira kurengera, kubungabunga no guteza imbere ibidukikije.
UMUTWE WA II : IBISOBANURO BY’AMWE MU MAGAMBO AKORESHWA MURI IRI TEGEKO NGENGA
Ingingo  ya 4 :
Ibidukikije ni urusobe rw’ibintu bigizwe n’ibidukikije kamere n’ibiva ku bikorwa bya muntu. Birimo imiti y’ubutabire, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ibikorwa by’ubukungu n’imibereho y’abantu, ibirebana n’umuco, ubwiza, ndetse n’ubumenyi bishobora kugira ingaruka ziziguye cyangwa zitaziguye, z’ako kanya cyangwa zitinda, ku majyambere y’ahantu, ku binyabuzima no ku bikorwa by’umuntu.
'''A-. Ibidukikije kamere'''
Ibidukikije kamere bigizwe n’ubutaka n’ikuzimu, amazi, umwuka, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, imisozi n’ibibaya, ahantu nyaburanga n’inyubako karemano.
10 Ubutaka ni ubuso buriho ibinyabuzima nk’ibimera, inyamaswa n’abantu, inyubako izo ari zo zose kimwe n’ibintu byose biri ikuzimu. Ikuzimu ni mu nsi y’ubutaka.
20 Amazi ni umwe mu mitungo kamere y’isi. Uko agenda yirema harimo areka, akora ibidendezi,
Shadia Uwamahirwe
'''Shadia umwana w' umukobwa ukinira AS Kigali akaba ari umwataka, shadia akomoka mu muryango w 'abayisilamu wa Janvier Swaibu na Mwapili Mundanikure. Shadia aturuka mu karere ka Rubavu, akaba ari umwana wa gatatu mu muryango wa bana barindwi.'''
SIDA
Iriburiro kuri Virusi Itera SIDA
Virusi itera SIDA ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa. Virusi ya SIDA ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw’indwara. Iyo itavuwe hakiri kare Virusi itera SIDA itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k’umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n’indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye SIDA. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa. Iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera SIDA afashwe n’izindi ndwara z'ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa, icyizere cy’ubuzima ni umwaka umwe. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba. Nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo, cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk'ibicurane (grippe). Ubusanzwe, ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza. Iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri, bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk'igituntu, kimwe n'izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse n'ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo. Ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye SIDA kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho.
Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo n'ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w'umurwayi, umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe, iyo umubyeyi abyaye, cyangwa binyuze mu konsa. Amatembabuzi asanzwe nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo byanduza virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry'amavirusi azwi ku izina rya "retrovirus".
Uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye, gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge, kuvura abanduye, hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka "prophylaxis" mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera SIDA we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera SIDA ruhari; ariko, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk'abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye. Nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka 11.
Muri 2018, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 37.9 babanaga na virusi itera SIDA bituma hapfa abantu 770.000. Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika. Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro ya za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 32 ku isi hose. Virusi itera SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo - icyorezo cy’indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira.
Virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri Afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Ubwandu bwa SIDA bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi hamenyekana igitera SIDA - ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA - byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y’imyaka icumi ya mbere y'uwo mwaka.
Virusi itera SIDA yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete, iba indwara ndetse n'isoko y'ivangura. Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu. Hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na Virusi itera SIDA, nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe. Iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini, harimo n’umwanya wa Kiliziya Gatolika yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda. Yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga, ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n'inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za 1980.
Ibimenyetso biranga agakoko gatera SIDA
Hariho ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: kuremba bikabije, kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira, no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije.
kuremba bikabije
Mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa "Acute HIV/igihe virusi itera SIDA iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri" cq kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose. Abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na "mononucleose" nyuma y'ibyumweru 2-4 nyuma yo kuyandura, naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite. Ibimenyetso bibaho muri 40-90% byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya, ibibyimba mu kanwa, kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo, guhubuka, kubabara umutwe, kunanirwa, cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu/ku gitsina. Indwara z'uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri 20-50% y'abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw'uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe. Abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro. Ibimenyetso byo mu gifu, nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho. Ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi, ingingo zigacika inege. Igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye, ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri.
Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo idasanzwe, ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa. Niyo mpamvu, birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n'ingaruka zo kwandura.
kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira
Ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa "clinical latency" cyangwa virusi idakira. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka 20 (ugereranije, imyaka umunani). Mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere, hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe, guta ibiro, ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi. Hagati ya 50% na 70% byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana, ibice by'umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse, kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw'imyanya ndangagitsina (uretse mu kibuno) mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu.
Nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera SIDA (kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw'umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara), umubare muto (hafi 5%) ugumana urugero rwinshi rw'utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri w'umuntu twitwa CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (T Helper Cells) udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA irenze imyaka itanu. Abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa "HIV Controllers" cyangwa "long-term nonprogressors" (LTNP). Irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa "elite controllers" cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri 1 kugeza kuri 300 y'abanduye.
Shadia Uwamahirwe
AMATEKA
'''Shadia yize amashuri abanza ahitwa Ubumwe Primary school ,akomereza ahitwa ESIG Gisenyi aho yize akanakorera ikizamini cy'Urwego rusanzwe ibizwi nka (O'level).shadia yaje kurangiriza amashuri ye ahitwa Solidarity Academy ,iryo shuri rikaba riherereye mu karere ka Nyarugenge. '''
SIDA
Umubiri kubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije
"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS/SIDA)" bisobanuye icyiciro aho umubiri w'uwanduye virusi itera SIDA yaba yageze aho abura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri mu buryo bukabije kugeza aho abasirikare barinda umubiri we indwara bitwa "CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T" baba bari munsi ya 200 ku gipimo gikoreshwa cya µL cyangwa kuba hari indwara zihariye ziterwa no kwandura virusi itera SIDA zamaze kwigaragaza mu buryo bufatika. Mugihe hatabayeho ubuvuzi bwihariye, ibi nibyo byigaragaza hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyabantu banduye virusi itera sida mu myaka icumi ya mbere. Ibintu byambere bikunze kugaragara byerekana ko umurwayi yageze muri iki cyiciro cyaho umuntu afatwa ko arwaye SIDA harimo "pneumocystis pneumonia" / UMUSONGA (40%), gutakaza ibiro byinshi mu buryo budasanzwe "cachexia" (20%), na "candidiasis esophageal" / indwara nutubyimba no kubabara mu kanwa ndetse no mu muhogo. Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo kwandura indwara zifata imyanya y'ubuhumekero.
Shadia Uwamahirwe
AMATEKA
'''Shadia yatangiye umwuga w ' umupira w ' amaguru hamwe n' itsinda ry' umupira ry' abagore mu karere ka Rubavu muri 2006 ; nyuma y' umwaka umwe yagiye muri Gakenke team aho yakinnye shampiyona imwe ubundi agahita ajya muri AS kigali y ' umupira w' amaguru w' abagore. '''
SIDA
Umubiri kubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije
Ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n'indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n'udukoko nka bacteria, virusi, ibihumyo, n'udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw'umubiri mu bantu bazima. Indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n’ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by’umuntu. Izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege.
Shadia Uwamahirwe
AMATEKA
'''shadia yafashije AS Kigali mu mwaka 2008 gutsindira shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru y'abategarugori mu gihe byari bimenyerewe ko APR ko ariyo itsinda shampiyona; shadia yafshije AS Kigali gutsinda shampiyona mu bihe bitanu bikurikiranye.shadia yafashije ikigo yigagaho Solidarity Academy gutsindira igikombe cy' umupira w'amaguru cy'abakobwa hagati y'amashuri kuva 2011.Bituma aza kumwanya wagatatu (2011) n kumwanya wa kabiri (2012) mu cyiciro cy'umupira w'amagurumu mikino yamberenya Afrika y' uburasirazuba (FEASSA). '''
SIDA
Umubiri kubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije
Ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kanseri zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi, harimo na sarcoma ya Kaposi, lymphoma ya Burkitt, lymphoma y'ibanze yo hagati, na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura. Sarcoma ya Kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara, iboneka ku 10% kugeza kuri 20% by'ababana na virusi itera SIDA. Kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma, ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w'urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri 16% babana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya SIDA muri 3% kugeza kuri 4%. Izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya 8 (HHV-8). Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na "papillomavirus" ya muntu (HPV). Kanseri ifata (ya layer/urububi ruhuza igice cy'imbere cy'amaso n'igice cyera cy'ijisho) nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera SIDA.
Byongeye kandi, ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n'umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka, ibyuya byinshi (cyane cyane nijoro), kubyimba "lymph node" / utubyimba two mu kwaha n'amabinga, guhorana ubukonje bukabije (imbeho, gutitira), intege nke, no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane. Indwara y'impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara, kiboneka ku bantu 90% barwaye SIDA. Bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n'ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n'ubwandu bwa kanseri.
Shadia Uwamahirwe
IBYO YIFUZA MU MUPIRA W'AMAGURU
'''shadia kuva akira umwana byari indoto ze kuba umukinnyi w'umupira w'amaguru, yifuzaga kumera nk'abavandimwe be babiri(Abouba(akina muri Police FC) na Djouma(akinira AS Muhanga)). shadia yifuza kuzaba umukinnyi ukira kurwego mpuzamahanga. '''
SIDA
Uburyo virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwamo
Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa n'inzira eshatu z'ingenzi: guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye, ibice by'umubiri w'uwanduye indwara ya SIDA twahungabanye nk'ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n'amaraso, ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite; ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza, mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n'amaraso y'umwana binyuze ku mukonda/ikiriri, cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye. Nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki, ururenda rw'amazuru/ibimyira, amacandwe, ibyuya, amarira, inkari, cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA. Birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y'ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa "HIV superinfection".
Imibonano mpuza bitsina
Uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Icyakora, umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire, nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry’Ubusuwisi ryo mu 2008 biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe, kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka.
Ku isi hose, uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y’abadahuje igitsina; ariko, uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu. Kugeza mu 2017, abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA muri Amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n'abagabo (82% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA ku bagabo bafite imyaka 13 n'abayirengeje na 70% by'indwara nshya). Muri Amerika, abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka 13 kugeza kuri 24 bangana na 92% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na 27% by'indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n'ibitsina byombi. Abagabo bagera ku 15% b’abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera SIDA, mu gihe 28% by’abagore bahindura ibitsina "transgender" banduye muri Amerika.
Ku bijyanye n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye, ibigereranyo by’ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi. Mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na 0.38% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,30% kuri buri gikorwa; ibigereranyo bihwanye n'ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni 0,04% ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo, na 0.08% kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n'abagore. Ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane, bivugwa ko 1,4-1.7% kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana bahuje igitsina. Nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike, biracyahari. Ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari "hafi NTABYO"; ariko, byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo. Ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri 0-0.04% ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa "oral sex". Mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,05% kuri buri gikorwa.
Ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n’ibisebe byo mu gitsina. Ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu. Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, nka mburugu, kilamidiya, tirikomunasi, na vaginose ya bagiteri, zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura.
Muyombo thomas
Muyombo Thomas umuhanzi ny'a Rwanda uzwi kwizina rya TOM CLOSE yavutse tariki ya 28 kanama 1986, avukira ahitwa masindi muri Uganda arinaho yashoye kwigira amashuri yikiburamwaka(NURSERY SCHOOL). Nyuma yaho aba byeyi be baje kwimukira mu Rwanda arinaho yahise atangirira amashuri ye abanza muri Remera academy, hanyuma ajya kuri LA colombiere ari nahoyasoreje amashuriye abanza.
SIDA
Imibonano mpuza bitsina
Ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri w'uwayanduye "viral load" ni ikintu cy’ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y'umwana na nyin/umubyeyi we. Mu mezi 2.5 y'ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ubwandu bw'umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n'ibiri bitewe (n'ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwiyo virusi itera SIDA afite mu mubiri we) - "VIRAL LOAD". Niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera SIDA, ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani.
Itegeko ngenga rirengera ibidukikije mu Rwanda
atemba n’ ay’ikuzimu. Bitewe n’aho ari n’uko yirema, ashobora guhindura inyito ku buryo
Muyombo thomas
UBUZIMA BWE BWAMASHURI
Nyuma yo gusoza amashuri ye abanza muri LA colombiere Muyombo Thomas yakomereje amashuri ye yisumbuye muri kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda(UR) aho yize ubuganga kwisezerano yari yarahaye nyina mbere y'uko mama we yitaba Imana.yasoje amasomo y'i sumbuye muri kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda muri 2013.
Itegeko ngenga rirengera ibidukikije mu Rwanda
bukurikira:
b.​amazi atemba y’imvura;
c.​amazi atemba y’inzuzi n’imigezi;
d.​amazi acengera mu butaka;
e.​amazi y’ikuzimu.
30 Umwuka ni uruvange rwa gazi ruba mu kirere cy’isi kandi ruhumekwa n’ibinyabuzima ariko rushobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho yabyo ndetse n’ibidukikije muri rusange. Muri gazi dusangamo umwuka duhumeka cyangwa umwuka kamere nka gazi metani.
Muyombo thomas
UKO YAZAMUWE MUNTERA MUKAZI
Umuhanzi DR Muyombo Thomas uzwi nka Tom close yazamuwe muntera mukazi nyuma yaho inama y'a ba minisitiri yateranye ikamugira umuyobozi w'ishami ry'igihugu rishinzwe gutanga amaraso mu kigo cy'igihugu cy'ubuzima (RBC). Tom close yashyizwe muri uyu mwanya nyuma yuko muri Mata 2019 inama yaba minisitiri yari yaramugize umuyobizu w'i kigo gishinzwe gutanga amaraso, ishami ry'a Kigali (RCBT-Kigali).
Itegeko ngenga rirengera ibidukikije mu Rwanda
40 Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ni uruvange rw’ ibinyabuzima by’ubwoko bwose, harimo umuntu, inyamaswa z’amoko yose, ibimera by’amoko yose, byaba ibiri ku butaka, mu butaka, mu mazi ndetse no mu kirere hamwe n’ubugirirane hagati yabyo. Ibinyabuzima ni ibihumeka byose.
a. Indiri y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ni ahantu hihariye h’ubutaka cyangwa amazi usanga
ibinyabuzima biriho kandi byuzuzanya;
b. Indiri y’ibinyabuzima ni ahantu usanga imiterere yaho y’ibidukikije ku binyabuzima
idahinduka cyane;
c. Ubumenyi bw’indiri y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ni ukwiga ahantu haba, hororokera
cyangwa hapfira ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ubugirirane hagati yabyo.
50 Imisozi n’ibibaya ni imbonerahamwe y’ahantu hagizwe n’imisozi, amashyamba, ibibaya, imibande, ibishanga, ibiyaga, inzuzi n’imigezi.
a.​Umusozi ni ahantu hatumburutse h’isi, hasumba ibibaya n’ibishanga;
SIDA
Amatembabuzi
Uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye. Kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi, gukomeretswa n'inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye, cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n’ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge "bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda "sterilizers". Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y'abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya 0,63% na 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati "average" ni 0.8%. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k'urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari 0.3% (hafi 1 kuri 333) kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku rurenda rw'amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA ni 0.09% (hafi 1 kuri 1000) kuri buri gikorwa. Izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri 5% mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw'amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA n'umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri 12% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu 2009, ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga 80% bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera SIDA.
Yuhi V Musinga
Yuhi V Musinga (1883 - 1944), amazina ye y'amavuko Musinga, yari umwe mu bategetsi ba nyuma b'ubwami bw'u Rwanda. Yabaye mwami (nyuma y’iyicwa rya murumuna we basangiye nyina Mibambwe IV mu 1896, yashyigikiye kungurana ibitekerezo n’abakoloni b’Abadage, ariko ahura n’ubuyobozi bw’abakoloni bw’Ababiligi igihe bwakiraga manda y’Umuryango w’ibihugu mu gutsindwa n’Ubudage mu gihe intambara ya mbere y'isi yose.
Umusigiti wa Yeşil
thumb|249x249px| Umusigiti wa Yeşil thumb|250x250px| Umusigiti wa Yeşil thumb|umusigiti wa Yesil Umusigiti wa Yeşil (izina mu gituruki: Yeşil Camii) ni umusigiti i Bursa muri Turukiya.
Yuhi V Musinga
Buhoro buhoro yambura mwami uburenganzira bwe, ashaka gushyira idini Gatolika mu rukiko rwa Nyanza, Ababiligi barangije kwirukana umwami ku ya 12 Ugushyingo 1931 bashinjwa "kwikunda no kwifuza".
Ku ya 14 Ugushyingo, umwami yirukanywe mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Kongo mu Bubiligi, azarangiza iminsi ye i Moba, naho umuhungu we, igikomangoma Charles Rudahigwa, yitwa mwami wo mu Rwanda ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 1931 ku izina rya Mutara III Rudahigwa. center|thumb|520x520px|ingoro yumwami
SIDA
Amatembabuzi
Virusi itera SIDA yanduza hafi 90% binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye "blood transfusion". Mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ni bike cyane (munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni) aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa "blood donations"; urugero, mu Bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri Amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni 1.5 muri 2008. Mu bihugu bikennye cyane, kimwe cya kabiri cy’amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye (guhera mu 2008), kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri 15% banduye virusi itera SIDA muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye, bigereranywa kuri 5% na 10% byanduye kwisi. Birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z'umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga "implants", nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa.
Abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo "tattooing", gutobora ibice by'umubiri bitandukanye, no gukomeretsa ibice by'umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago "scarification" bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza. Imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.
Umubyeyi kwanduza umwana
Virusi itera SIDA irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite, igihe cyo kubyara, cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa, bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008, kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwiswe "verticle transmission" binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni 90% by'abana bayandura. Mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera SIDA ku mubyeyi wanduye, ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni 20%, naho kubonsa amashereka ni 35%. Ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya 5%.
Imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa. Ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana. Niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera SIDA akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri 17%. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’urupfu rw'impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y'umubyeyi n'uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk'imfashabere. Abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera SIDA bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose.
Ubumenyi n'ubucukumbuzi bujyanye na Virusi
Virusi itera SIDA niyo nyirabayazana w'indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa "SIDA". Virusi itera SIDA ni ubwoko bwa "retrovirus" yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w'umuntu bitwa "CD4 + T Cells", "macrophage" na "dendritic cells". Yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n'ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa "CD4 + T".
Iyo virusi itera SIDA ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa "Lentivirus", nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa "Retroviridae". Virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa "Lentivirus" zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n'ibijyanye n'ubutabire bw'ibinyabuzima bubiranga. Ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy'inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa "Lentiviruses" ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z'igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura. Ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri "Lentiviruses" zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa "RNA GENOME". Iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya, rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa "RNA GENOME" ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo "reverse transcribed" rugahinduka ADN ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa "reverse transciptase" bizanana na ya "GENOME" virusi mu bigize virusi. Nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na ADN ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa "nucleus cells" tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa "integrase" nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo. Virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri "cells" ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya. Hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa "transcribed" ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z'amavirusi bisa kimwe ya "RNA GENOMES" afite naza poroteyine z'ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za "cells" zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri "VIRAL LOAD".