cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gutema amashyamba
Mu mwaka wa 2014, ibihugu bigera kuri 40 byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya New York ryerekeye amashyamba, umuhigo ku bushake wo kugabanya amashyamba mu mwaka wa 2020 ukarangira mu 2030. Aya masezerano ntiyubahirijwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, ariko, ndetse n'ibihugu bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi nka Burezili, Ubushinwa, n'Uburusiya, ntabwo yashyizeho umukono. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imbaraga zarananiranye, kandi gutema amashyamba byiyongera kuva 2014 kugeza 2020. [30] Mu Gushyingo 2021, ibihugu 141 (bifite hafi 85% by’amashyamba y’ibanze yo mu turere dushyuha ku isi na 90% by’ibiti by’ibiti ku isi) byemeranijwe mu nama y’ikirere ya COP26 yabereye i Glasgow ku cyemezo cy’abayobozi ba Glasgow ku mashyamba n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka, umuhigo wo kurangiza no gutema amashyamba mu 2030. [31] [32] [33] Aya masezerano yaherekejwe na miliyari 19.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu bikorwa byo gutera inkunga. Amasezerano ya 2021 ya Glasgow yateye imbere ku Itangazo rya New York kugeza ubu harimo Burezili ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byinshi bitashyize umukono ku masezerano ya 2014. [31] Bimwe mu bihugu by'ingenzi bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutema amashyamba (harimo Maleziya, Kamboje, Laos, Paraguay, na Miyanimari) ntabwo byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya Glasgow. Kimwe n'amasezerano yari yabanje, Itangazo ry'abayobozi ba Glasgow ryashyizweho hanze y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe bityo akaba atemewe n'amategeko. Mu Gushyingo 2021, umuyobozi w’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yagaragaje umushinga w’itegeko risaba ibigo kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi by’inka, ibiti, amavuta y’amamesa, soya, ikawa na kakao bigenewe abaguzi miliyoni 450 z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitajyanye no gutema amashyamba. Muri Nzeri 2022, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yashyigikiye kandi ishimangira gahunda kuva ku buyobozi bw’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n'amajwi 453 kuri 57. [35]
Impamvu
Abatwara amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba ku karere, 2000–2010, bivuye mu gitabo cya FAO Leta y’amashyamba ku isi 2020. Amashyamba, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye n’abantu - Muri make. [36]
Abatwara amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha
Icyiciro cya nyuma cyibiti biva mu ishyamba ryimbuto muri Indragiri Hulu, Sumatra, Indoneziya. Gutema amashyamba yo guhinga imikindo.
Nk’uko amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere (UNFCCC) abigaragaza, impamvu nyamukuru itera amashyamba ni ubuhinzi. Ubuhinzi butunzwe ninshingano za 48% zo gutema amashyamba; ubuhinzi bwubucuruzi bushinzwe 32%; gutema ibiti bingana na 14%, no kuvanaho ibiti bya peteroli bingana na 5%.
Abahanga ntibavuga rumwe niba gutema inganda ari uruhare runini mu gutema amashyamba ku isi. [38] Bamwe bavuga ko abakene bakunze gukuraho amashyamba kubera ko nta bundi buryo bafite, abandi bakavuga ko abakene badafite ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ibikoresho n'umurimo ukenewe kugira ngo ishyamba risibe.
Izindi mpamvu zitera amashyamba muri iki gihe zishobora kuba zirimo ruswa y’inzego za Leta, [40] [41] 47] [48] Ingaruka zo kwiyongera kwabaturage ku gutema amashyamba zararwanyijwe. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko ubwiyongere bw’abaturage bitewe n’uburumbuke bukabije aribwo bwabaye intandaro yo gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha mu bice 8% gusa.
Mu 2000, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n’ubuhinzi (FAO) ryasanze "uruhare rw’ingufu z’abaturage mu gace kamwe rushobora gutandukana bitewe n’icyemezo ndetse n’ingirakamaro", kandi ko gutema amashyamba bishobora guturuka ku "guhuza igitutu cy’abaturage no guhagarara mu bukungu, imibereho myiza ndetse n’imibereho. imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga ". [44]
Nkurimwonga
Nkurimwonga ni ikimera gikunda kuba hafi yahantu hari umuswa cyangwa aho wahoze, kiba mu ishyamba ku butumburucye bwa metero 1200 kugeza kuri metero 2500. Nkurimwonga ni umuti kikaba n’imboga kiri mu bihingwa by’inyongeramirire. Nkurimwonga kera cyifashishwaga mu kuvura kuko gifasha abarwayi ba Diabete cyangwa abantu bahorana umunaniro n’isereri. Nkurimwonga gifasha gukiza kwa kuzahara guterwa n’uburozi, Nkurimwonga kirwanya infection mu maraso ndetse Magaru ikura uburozi mu mubiri hamwe n'ingaruka zabwo. Nkurimwonga gihangana n’uburozi mu m'umubiri ukongera ugakora neza. Ikirogora gifasha mu gusukura amaraso ku bafite ibibazo bitandukanye. thumb|Nkurimwonga
Umushinga wa macye macye
Ikigo cy’itumanaho n’ikoranabuhanga cya MTN Rwanda ku bufatanye na Banki ya Kigali, batangije umushinga uzafasha buri muntu wese ubishaka gutunga telefone zigezweho zigendanwa (Smartphones) bijyanye n’ubushobozi bwe.
Gutema amashyamba
Kuba isi ihinduka nk’indi ntandaro yo gutema amashyamba, [50] [51] nubwo hari aho usanga ingaruka z’isi yose (urujya n'uruza rw'imirimo, imari shingiro, ibicuruzwa, n'ibitekerezo) byateje imbere ishyamba ry’amashyamba.
Umushinga wa macye macye
Imiterere
Ni umushinga wiswe ‘Macye Macye’ aho buri wese ubyifuza ashobora kwaka inguzanyo ya telefone yifuza akayihabwa, ubundi akajya yishyura macye macye yaba ku munsi, mu cyumweru cyangwa nyuma y’ukwezi bitewe n’ibyo yumva bishobora kumworohera, akabikora mu gihe cy’amezi 12.
Gutema amashyamba
Ubucukuzi bwa zahabu butemewe muri Madre de Dios, muri Peru.
Umushinga wa macye macye
Imiterere
Ubuyobozi bwa MTN bwagaragaje ko iyi gahunda igamije gufasha abakiliya bayo kubona izi telefone ndetse bikanazabafasha kubona serivise zinoze mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga.
Gutema amashyamba
Iyangirika ry’ibinyabuzima by’amashyamba naryo ryatewe no gushimangira ubukungu bituma guhindura amashyamba bigaragara ko byunguka kuruta kubungabunga amashyamba. Ibikorwa byinshi by'amashyamba nta soko bifite, bityo rero, nta gaciro k'ubukungu bigaragarira byoroshye ba nyir'amashyamba cyangwa abaturage bashingira ku mashyamba kugira ngo babeho neza. Dufatiye ku bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, inyungu z’amashyamba nk'ibimera bya karuboni cyangwa ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bigenda byinjira cyane cyane mu bihugu bikize byateye imbere kandi nta ndishyi zihagije zihari kuri izo serivisi. Ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byumva ko ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu bihugu byateye imbere nka Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, byatemye amashyamba mu binyejana byashize kandi bikungukira mu bukungu kubera gutema amashyamba, kandi ko ari uburyarya guhakana ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere amahirwe amwe, ni ukuvuga ko abakene bagomba ntugomba kwishura ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga mugihe abakire bateje ikibazo.
Umushinga wa macye macye
Imiterere
Ni mu gihe usanga abaturage bakoresha telefone zigezweho ndetse na interineti bakiri hasi ya 25%.
Gutema amashyamba
Bamwe mu batanze ibitekerezo bagaragaje impinduka mu bashoferi batema amashyamba mu myaka 30 ishize. Mu gihe gutema amashyamba byatewe ahanini n’ibikorwa byo gutunga ndetse n’imishinga iterwa inkunga na leta nko kwimuka mu bihugu nka Indoneziya no gukolonizwa muri Amerika y'Epfo, Ubuhinde, Java, n'ibindi, mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, na Mu myaka ya za 90, amashyamba menshi yatewe n’inganda, harimo inganda zivoma, ubworozi bunini bw’inka, n’ubuhinzi bwagutse. Kuva mu 2001, gutema amashyamba biterwa n’ibicuruzwa, bishoboka cyane ko bizahoraho, bingana na kimwe cya kane cy’ihungabana ry’amashyamba, kandi iki gihombo cyibanze muri Amerika yepfo no mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya. [59]
Umushinga wa macye macye
Desire Rubanguka
Umukozi wa MTN Rwanda ushinzwe ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi Desire Ruhinguka, avuga ko ari uburyo buzafasha abifuza gutunga telefone zo muri ubwo bwoko cyangwa kugira abandi bazigurira kubigeraho bishyuye amafaranga macye macye.
Gutema amashyamba
Ingaruka ku bidukikije
Umushinga wa macye macye
Desire Rubanguka
Ati “Uburyo abakiriya bacu bazajya bakoresha mu kwishyura ni ubwa mobile money, biturutse ku buryo umukiriya azaba yifuje niba ari buri munsi cyangwa buri cyumweru. Ayo mafaranga azajya akurwaho nk’uko wabyifuje nk’umufatabuguzi, abakiriya bose aho bari bashobora kujya kuri telefone zabo bagakanda *182*12#, bakagenda bareba ibisabwa, icyo umufatabuguzi asabwa ni uko amenya amabwiriza arimo kugira ngo ube wakwemererwa gufata iyo telefone.”
Gutema amashyamba
Ikirere
Umushinga wa macye macye
Desire Rubanguka
Iyo umukiriya amaze kwiyandikisha hakurikiraho ko ajya kureba telefone yemerewe kuba yafata, biturutse ku bushobozi bwe bwo kwishyurwa, aho MTN ibubwirwa bitewe n’uko asanzwe akoresha mobile money cyangwa kugura amayinite, ari na byo bimwemera kujya mu cyiciro runaka.
Gutema amashyamba
Andi makuru: Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
Umushinga wa macye macye
Desire Rubanguka
Telefone umukiriya uri mu cyiciro gikiriritse ashobora guheraho n’iyo ashobora kwishyura amafaranga 230 ku munsi, 1100 ku cyumweru, cyangwa akishyura agera 7000, byose bigakorwa mu gihe cy’amezi 12.
Gutema amashyamba
Uburyo bwa biofiziki uburyo amashyamba agira ingaruka ku kirere.
Umushinga wa macye macye
Benjamin Mutimura
Ni umukozi wa BK ushinzwe ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, avuga ko umwenda uzajya utangwa na BK.
Gutema amashyamba
Kuri buri muntu imyuka ya CO2 ituruka ku gutema amashyamba kugirango itange umusaruro
Umushinga wa macye macye
Benjamin Mutimura
Ati “Abantu bazajya bajya ku maduka ya MTN ndetse n’ahagurishyirizwa terefone bakire ubusabe bwabo, amadosiye yabo bayatuzanire nka Banki ya Kigali kugira ngo dosiye zabo zemezwe”.
Gutema amashyamba
Imyitozo itemewe "gukata-gutwika" muri Madagasikari, 2010
Umushinga wa macye macye
Paul ingabire
Minisitiri w’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo, Paula Ingabire, avuga ko nubwo hari ubundi buryo bwinshi bugamije gufasha Abanyarwanda kubona terefone zo mu bwoko bwa smartphone.
Gutema amashyamba
Ikigereranyo cyo gutakaza karubone buri mwaka iterwa no gutema amashyamba.
Umushinga wa macye macye
Paul ingabire
Ati “Iyi macye macye ntabwo ari yo yonyine muzabona, mu minsi iri imbere muraza kubona n’izindi gahunda dushyiraho, natwe nka Leta, kuko ni ngombwa ko dushakisha uburyo bwakorohereza umuturage kugira ngo abashe gutunga telefone. Intego ni uko nibura mu mezi 24 ari imbere dushobora kuba twageze kuri 85% by’Abanyarwanda batunze telefone zigendanwa zigezweho, uyu munsi uwo mubare ukaba uhagaze kuri 40%”.
Gutema amashyamba
Gutema amashyamba birakomeje kandi birahindura ikirere na geografiya. [62] [63] [64] [65]
Umushinga wa macye macye
Ibindi
Mu gihe u Rwanda rwaramuka rugeze kuri iyi ntego rwihaye, rwaba Igihugu cya mbere ku mugabane wa Afurika gifite umubare munini w’abaturage batunze telefone zo mu bwoko bwa Smartphones.
Gutema amashyamba
Gutema amashyamba ni umusanzu w'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi, [66] [67] [68] kandi bikunze kuvugwa nk'imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zitera ingaruka ziterwa na parike. Ibiharuro biheruka kwerekana byerekana ko imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone ituruka ku gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba (ukuyemo ibyuka by’ubutaka) itanga hafi 12% y’ibyuka bya karuboni ya dioxyde de antropogeneque iri hagati ya 6% na 17%. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2022 bwerekana ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha yikubye kabiri mu myaka 20 ishize kandi ikomeza kwiyongera. (0.97 ± 0.16 PgC ku mwaka muri 2001–2005 kugeza 1.99 ± 0.13 PgC ku mwaka muri 2015–2019) [70] [61]
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwabigaragaje, mu majyaruguru ya 50 ° N, gutema amashyamba manini biganisha ku bukonje bukabije ku isi mu gihe amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha atera ubushyuhe bukabije butatewe gusa n’ingaruka za CO2 gusa ahubwo biterwa n’ubundi buryo bwa biofiziki (bigatuma ibipimo bishingiye kuri karubone bidahagije). Byongeye kandi, byerekana ko amashyamba ahagaze ashyuha afasha gukonjesha ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1 ° C. [71]
Inzira
Gutema amashyamba bitera karuboni ya dioxyde itinda mu kirere. Dioxyde de carbone iboneka, itanga urwego mu kirere gifata imirasire y'izuba. Imirasire ihinduka ubushyuhe butera ubushyuhe bwisi, bizwi cyane nkingaruka za parike. Ibimera bivana karubone muburyo bwa karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone mu kirere mugihe cya fotosintezeza, ariko ikarekura dioxyde de carbone igasubira mu kirere mugihe cyo guhumeka bisanzwe. Gusa iyo ukuze cyane ushobora igiti cyangwa ishyamba gukuramo karubone, mukubika mubice byibihingwa. Kubora no gutwika inkwi birekura ibyinshi muri iyi karubone yabitswe isubira mu kirere. Nubwo gukusanya inkwi muri rusange ari nkenerwa mugukurikirana karubone, mumashyamba amwe urusobe rwibihumyo bya symbiotic ruzengurutse imizi yibi biti birashobora kubika karuboni nyinshi, bikabikwa munsi yubutaka nubwo igiti cyayitanze ipfa kandi ikangirika, or irasarurwa kandi igatwikwa. Ubundi buryo karubone ishobora gutwarwa n’amashyamba ni uko inkwi zisarurwa zigahinduka ibicuruzwa bimaze igihe kirekire, ibiti bishya bikabisimbuza. Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi gutuma ububiko bwa karubone bufashwe mu butaka burekurwa. Amashyamba arashobora kuba arohama cyangwa isoko bitewe nibidukikije. Amashyamba akuze asimburana hagati yo kurohama hamwe nisoko ya karuboni ya dioxyde (reba karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone na cycle ya karubone).
Mu turere tw’amashyamba, ubutaka burashyuha vuba kandi bugera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, biganisha ku kuzamuka kwaho kuzamuka kwizamura ibicu kandi amaherezo bikabyara imvura nyinshi. Icyakora, nk'uko Laboratoire ya Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ibivuga, icyitegererezo cyakoreshejwe mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku byerekeranye no gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha cyerekanye ubushyuhe bwagutse ariko bworoheje bwiyongera binyuze mu kirere gishyuha. Icyitegererezo cyahanuye <0.2 ° C ubushyuhe bwumuyaga wo hejuru kuri 700 mb na 500 mb. Nyamara, icyitegererezo cyerekana ko nta mpinduka nini zigaragara mubindi bice usibye Ubushyuhe. Nubwo icyitegererezo cyerekanye ko nta mpinduka nini z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bindi bice bitari Ubushyuhe, ibi ntibishobora kuba kubera ko icyitegererezo gifite amakosa ashobora kuba kandi ibisubizo ntibisobanutse neza. Gutema amashyamba bigira ingaruka ku gutemba kw'umuyaga, imyuka y'amazi no kwinjiza ingufu z'izuba bityo bikagira ingaruka ku kirere cyaho ndetse no ku isi hose.
Inkongi y'umuriro kuri Borneo na Sumatra, 2006. Abantu bakoresha amashyamba yo gutema no gutwika kugira ngo basibe ubutaka bwo guhinga.
UMUKARA
Kugabanya imyuka iva mu gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba (REDD) mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byagaragaye ko ari ubushobozi bushya bwo kuzuza politiki y’ikirere ikomeje. Igitekerezo kigizwe no gutanga indishyi zamafaranga yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere (GHG) biturutse ku gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba ". uburenganzira bwo gusohora umwanda runaka (ni ukuvuga CO2).
Oxygene-itanga nabi
Amashyamba y’imvura yemerwa n’abalayiki kugira uruhare runini rwa ogisijeni ku isi, [79] nubwo ubu byemewe n’abahanga ko amashyamba y’imvura agira umwuka wa ogisijeni muke mu kirere kandi gutema amashyamba bigira ingaruka nke gusa ku rwego rwa ogisijeni yo mu kirere. [81] Icyakora, gutwika no gutwika ibiti by’amashyamba kugira ngo bisibe ubutaka birekura CO2 nyinshi, bigira uruhare mu gushyuha ku isi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga kandi ko gutema amashyamba mu turere dushyuha toni miliyari 1.5 za karubone buri mwaka mu kirere.
Hydrologiya
Inzira y'amazi nayo yibasiwe no gutema amashyamba. Ibiti bivoma amazi yubutaka mu mizi yabyo bikarekura mu kirere. Iyo igice cy'ishyamba kivanyweho, ibiti ntibigishobora kwanduza aya mazi, bigatuma ikirere cyuma cyane. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya amazi mu butaka n’amazi yo mu butaka ndetse n’ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere. Ubutaka bwumutse butera amazi make kugirango ibiti bivomwe. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya guhuza ubutaka, ku buryo hashobora kubaho isuri, imyuzure ndetse n’isenyuka. [84]
Kugabanya igifuniko cyamashyamba bigabanya ubushobozi bwikibanza cyo guhagarika, kugumana no kwimura imvura. Aho gufata imvura igwa, igahita igera kuri sisitemu y’amazi yo mu butaka, ahantu hateye amashyamba hahinduka isoko y’amazi yo hejuru, agenda yihuta cyane kuruta imigezi yo munsi. Amashyamba asubiza amazi menshi agwa nkimvura igwa mukirere. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, iyo agace katewe amashyamba, imvura hafi ya yose iba yatakaye nkuwashize. Ibyo gutwara byihuse amazi yubutaka birashobora guhinduka umwuzure wumwuzure hamwe n’umwuzure waho kuruta uko byakorwa hamwe n’ishyamba. Gutema amashyamba kandi bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwa evapotranspiration, igabanya ubushuhe bwo mu kirere rimwe na rimwe bigira ingaruka ku mvura igwa ikamanuka ikava mu mashyamba, kubera ko amazi adakoreshwa neza ngo amashyamba agabanuke, ariko akabura mu mazi agasubira mu nyanja. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru n’amajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’Ubushinwa, impuzandengo y’imvura yagabanutseho kimwe cya gatatu hagati ya 1950 na 1980. [87]
Gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Highland muri Madagasikari byatumye habaho gutemba kwinshi n’imigezi idahungabana yinzuzi z’iburengerazuba.
Ibiti, n'ibimera muri rusange, bigira ingaruka ku cyerekezo cy’amazi: [88]
ibitereko byabo bifata igipimo cyimvura, hanyuma igahumeka igasubira mu kirere (interopy interception);
imyanda yabo, ibiti n'imigozi bigabanya umuvuduko w'amazi hejuru;
imizi yabo irema macropore - imiyoboro minini - mu butaka bwongera kwinjira mu mazi;
bigira uruhare mu guhinduka kwisi no kugabanya ubuhehere bwubutaka hakoreshejwe transpiration;
imyanda yabo nibindi bisigazwa kama bihindura imiterere yubutaka bugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwubutaka bwo kubika amazi.
Nka result, kuba ibiti cyangwa kutabaho bishobora guhindura ubwinshi bwamazi hejuru, mubutaka cyangwa mumazi yubutaka, cyangwa mukirere. Ibi na byo bihindura igipimo cy’isuri no kuboneka kwamazi kubikorwa byibidukikije cyangwa serivisi zabantu. Gutema amashyamba mu bibaya byo mu kibaya bituma ibicu bigwa kandi imvura ikagera ahantu hirengeye.
Ishyamba rishobora kugira ingaruka nke kumyuzure mugihe habaye imvura nyinshi, irenga ubushobozi bwo kubika ubutaka bwamashyamba niba ubutaka buri hafi cyangwa bwuzuye.
Amashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha atanga hafi 30% byamazi meza yumubumbe wacu.
Gutema amashyamba bihagarika ikirere gisanzwe gitera ikirere gishyushye kandi cyumye bityo byongera amapfa, ubutayu, kunanirwa kw'ibihingwa, gushonga kw'ibarafu ya polar, umwuzure wo ku nkombe no kwimura ingoma zikomeye z’ibimera. [91]
Ubutaka
Gutema amashyamba mu Bufaransa.
Bitewe n’imyanda y’ibimera, amashyamba adahungabanye afite igipimo gito cy’isuri. Igipimo cy'isuri kibaho giterwa no gutema amashyamba, kubera ko bigabanya ubwinshi bw'igifuniko cy'imyanda, gitanga uburinzi bwo gutemba hejuru. Igipimo cy’isuri ni toni zigera kuri 2 kuri kilometero kare. [93] [Inkomoko yonyine? Ibikorwa byamashyamba ubwabyo nabyo byongera isuri binyuze mugutezimbere imihanda (amashyamba) no gukoresha ibikoresho bya mashini.
Gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Loess mu Bushinwa mu myaka myinshi ishize byatumye habaho isuri; iri suri ryatumye ibibaya bifungura. Ubwiyongere bwubutaka mumazi butemba butera uruzi rwumuhondo kwuzura bigatuma ibara ryumuhondo.
Isuri nini ntabwo buri gihe ari ingaruka zo gutema amashyamba, nkuko bigaragara mu turere two mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Amerika. Muri utwo turere, gutakaza ibyatsi bitewe no kuba hari ibiti n’ibindi biti bitera isuri cyane kuruta igihe ibiti byakuweho.
Ubutaka bushimangirwa no kuba hari ibiti, birinda ubutaka guhambira imizi kuburiri bwubutaka. Bitewe no gutema amashyamba, gukuraho ibiti bituma ubutaka bugoramye bushobora kwibasirwa n'inkangu.
Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye
Gutema amashyamba ku gipimo cy’umuntu bituma igabanuka ry’ibinyabuzima, [94] ndetse no ku isi isanzwe izwiho gutera amoko menshi. [9] Kurandura cyangwa gusenya uduce tw’amashyamba byatumye ibidukikije byangirika hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bigabanuka. Amashyamba ashyigikira ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, atanga aho atuye ku gasozi; [96] byongeye kandi, amashyamba atera kubungabunga imiti. Hamwe na biotopi yo mu mashyamba ari isoko idasubirwaho y’imiti mishya (nka tagisi), gutema amashyamba birashobora gusenya itandukaniro ry’irondakoko (nko kurwanya ibihingwa) ku buryo budasubirwaho.
Kubera ko amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha ari urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku isi [99] [100] kandi hafi 80% by’ibinyabuzima bizwi ku isi bishobora kuboneka mu mashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha, [101] mubidukikije byangiritse [103] hamwe no kugabanya ibinyabuzima bitandukanye. [9] [104] Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe i Rondônia, muri Burezili, bwerekanye ko gutema amashyamba bikuraho kandi mikorobe igira uruhare mu gutunganya intungamubiri, kubyara amazi meza no kuvanaho umwanda.
Byagereranijwe ko turimo gutakaza amoko 137 y’ibimera, inyamaswa n’udukoko buri munsi kubera gutema amashyamba y’imvura, bingana n’ibinyabuzima 50.000 ku mwaka. [106] Abandi bavuga ko gutema amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha bigira uruhare mu kuzimangana kwa Holocene. [107] Ikigereranyo kizwi cyo kuzimangana ku gipimo cy’amashyamba kiri hasi cyane, hafi amoko 1 ku mwaka ahereye ku nyamaswa z’inyamabere n’inyoni, zikaba zigera ku moko agera ku 23.000 ku mwaka ku moko yose. Byahanuwe ko ibinyabuzima birenga 40% by'inyamaswa n'ibimera byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya bishobora kurimburwa mu kinyejana cya 21. [109] Ubuhanuzi nk'ubwo bwashidikanyaga ku makuru yo mu 1995 yerekana ko mu turere two mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya igice kinini cy'ishyamba ry'umwimerere cyahinduwe mu gihingwa cyihariye, ariko ko amoko ashobora kwangirika ari make kandi ibimera by'ibiti bikomeza kuba byinshi kandi bihamye. [110]
Gusobanukirwa na siyansi inzira yo kuzimangana ntibihagije kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ingaruka z’amashyamba ku binyabuzima. [111] Benshi mu bahanura ibijyanye no gutakaza urusobe rw’amashyamba bishingiye ku bwoko bw’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, hakaba hashingiwe ko uko amashyamba agabanuka amoko atandukanye azagabanuka kimwe. Nyamara, ibyitegererezo byinshi byagaragaye ko ari bibi kandi gutakaza aho gutura ntabwo byanze bikunze bitera amoko menshi yo gutakaza. Ubwoko bw'imiterere y'akarere bizwiho guhanura umubare w’ibinyabuzima bizwi ko bibangamiwe mu turere aho amashyamba akomeje gukorerwa, kandi agateganya cyane umubare w’ibinyabuzima byugarije bikwirakwira hose. [110]
Uruganda rutunganya imyanda ya plastic
Uyu mushinga wamuritswe kuri uyu wa 4 Kanama 2021, mu muhango wo kwizihiza Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe kurengera ibidukikije, usanzwe uba tariki 5 Kanama ku rwego rw’Isi.
Gutema amashyamba
Muri 2012, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Amazone yo muri Berezile bwahanuye thnubwo kugeza ubu hatabayeho kuzimangana kugeza ubu, abagera kuri 90 ku ijana by'abazarimbuka amaherezo bazabaho mu myaka 40 iri imbere.
Ingaruka ku buzima
Uruganda rutunganya imyanda ya plastic
Ubufasha
Sosiyete zimwe zisanzwe zikoresha Plastique zikoreshwa rimwe zamaze gutanga amafaranga yo gutangira uwo mushinga. Harimo Uruganda rwa Inyange Industry, Sulfo Rwanda, Bralirwa, Ese Urwibutso n’izindi.
Gutema amashyamba
Imiterere yubuzima rusange
Indwara ziterwa n’amashyamba zirimo malariya, indwara ya Chagas (izwi kandi ku izina rya trypanosomiasis y'Abanyamerika), Afurika trypanosomiasis (indwara yo kuryama), leishmaniyasi, indwara ya Lyme, virusi itera sida na Ebola. Indwara nyinshi zandura zanduza abantu, harimo na virusi ya SARS-CoV2 yateje icyorezo cya COVID-19, ni zoonotic kandi kuvuka kwabo bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no gutakaza aho gutura bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’amashyamba no kwaguka kw’abantu mu mashyamba, byombi byongera ubuzima bwabantu ku nyamaswa.
Gutema amashyamba bibera ku isi yose kandi byahujwe no kwiyongera kw'indwara zandura. Muri Maleziya, hegitari ibihumbi n’ibiti by’amashyamba byahanaguwe ku bworozi bw’ingurube. Ibi byatumye kwiyongera kwa zoonose virusi ya Nipah. [119] Muri Kenya, gutema amashyamba byatumye umubare wa malariya wiyongera ubu bikaba ari byo biza ku isonga mu gutera indwara n’impfu mu gihugu. [120] [121] Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2017 mu isuzuma ry’ubukungu bw’Abanyamerika bwerekanye ko gutema amashyamba byongereye cyane indwara ya malariya muri Nijeriya. [122]
Albert Milambo Mutumba
Albert Milambo Mutumba (wavukiye Mbuji-Mayi ku ya 1 Ukuboza 1984) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri  congo. Umwanya akunda ni myugariro wo hagati.
amahuza yo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Gutema amashyamba
Urugero ruteye ubwoba rwo kwaguka ni urugero rwa virusi ya Nipah muri 1998 muri Maleziya. [124] Mu myaka itari mike, gutema amashyamba, amapfa, n’umuriro byakurikiyeho byatumye habaho ihinduka rikomeye ry’imiterere n’uburinganire bw’ibiti by’imbuto, ikigega cya virusi ya Nipah. Gutema amashyamba byagabanije ibiti byera imbuto biboneka aho batuye, kandi bigarurira imirima ikikije iyo nayo yabaye ahantu h'ingurube nyinshi. Ibibabi, binyuze hafi yegera Nipah ingurube. Mugihe virusi yanduye ingurube, impfu zaragabanutse cyane ugereranije n’abantu, bituma ingurube zakira virusi bigatuma abantu banduza virusi. Ibi byatumye havuka abantu 265 banduye encephalite, muri bo 105 bakaviramo urupfu. Uru rugero rutanga isomo ryingenzi ku ngaruka gutema amashyamba bishobora kugira ku buzima bwabantu.
Urundi rugero rwo kwaguka kwatewe no gutema amashyamba nizindi ngaruka ziterwa na antropogenique zirimo imbeba ya Capybara muri Paraguay. [126] Iyi nzoka niyo yakira indwara nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa zoonotic kandi, mu gihe hataraboneka icyorezo cyatewe n'abantu bitewe no kwimuka kw'iyi nzoka mu turere dushya, itanga urugero rw'ukuntu kwangiza aho gutura binyuze mu gutema amashyamba ndetse no kugenda kw'ibinyabuzima nyuma. ni buri gihe.
Ubu igitekerezo cyateye imbere kandi cyemewe na benshi ni uko iseswa rya virusi itera sida ryatewe byibuze igice bitewe no gutema amashyamba. Ubwiyongere bw'abaturage bwatumye ibiribwa bikenerwa, kandi gutema amashyamba bikingura uduce dushya tw’ishyamba, abahigi basaruye ibihuru byinshi by’ibihuru, bikekwa ko ari yo nkomoko ya virusi itera SIDA. [114]
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Indoneziya bwerekanye ko abakozi bo hanze bakoraga mu turere dushyuha no mu mashyamba aho kuba mu turere dushyuha kandi dusanzwe tw’amashyamba bahuye n’ubumuga bwo kutamenya no kwibuka bigaragara ko biterwa ahanini n’ubushyuhe bwinshi ibiti byari kubarinda. [127] Gutema amashyamba bigabanya amasaha meza yo gukora kubantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu turere dushyuha, cyane cyane ku bakora imirimo iremereye hanze. Biteganijwe ko gukomeza gushyuha ku isi no gutakaza amashyamba byongera izo ngaruka, bikagabanya amasaha y'akazi ku matsinda atishoboye kurushaho.
Umugezi wa Omo
Umugezi wa Omo mu majyepfo ya Etiyopiya ni uruzi runini rwa Etiyopiya hanze y'ikibaya cya Nili. Inzira yacyo ikubiyemo rwose imbibi za Etiyopiya, ikisuka mu kiyaga cya Turkana ku mupaka na Kenya. Uruzi ninzuzi nyamukuru yikibaya cyamazi ya endorheic, ikibaya cya Turkana.
Ikibaya cy'umugezi kizwi cyane kubera umubare munini w’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe hakiri kare ndetse n’ibyavuye mu bucukumbuzi bwa kera nk'ibikoresho by'amabuye yo hambere, bituma bishyirwa ku rutonde rw'umurage ndangamurage wa UNESCO mu 1980.
Ubumenyi bw'isi
Umugezi wa Omo uca mu masangano y'uruzi rwa Gibe, kugeza ubu uruzi runini runini rw'umugezi wa Omo, n'umugezi wa Wabe, uruzi runini rw'ibumoso rwa Omo kuri 8 ° 19′N 37 ° 28′E / 8.317 ° N 37.467 ° ECoordinates: 8 ° 19′N 37 ° 28′E / 8.317 ° N 37.467 ° E. Urebye ubunini bwabyo, uburebure n'amasomo umuntu ashobora gutekereza ko inzuzi za Omo na Gibe ari uruzi rumwe kandi rumwe ariko rufite amazina atandukanye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikibaya cyose cyinzuzi rimwe na rimwe cyitwa ikibaya cyuruzi rwa Omo-Gibe. Iki kibaya cyinzuzi kirimo igice cyakarere ka Oromia yuburengerazuba no hagati y’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo, ubwenegihugu, n’akarere ka rubanda.
Amasomo yacyo muri rusange yerekeza mu majyepfo, icyakora hamwe nugufata iburengerazuba hafi ya 7 ° N 37 ° 30 'E kugeza kuri 36 ° E aho ihindukirira amajyepfo kugeza 5 ° 30' N aho ikora S-bend noneho irakomeza inzira yayo yerekeza mu kiyaga cya Turkana. Dukurikije ibikoresho byatangajwe n'ikigo gishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Etiyopiya, umugezi wa Omo-Bottego ufite uburebure bwa kilometero 760
Mu nzira yayo, Omo-Bottego yaguye hafi ya metero 700 uvuye mu masangano y’inzuzi za Gibe na Wabe kuri metero 1060 kugeza kuri m 360 ku rwego rw’ikiyaga, bityo bikaba ari umugezi wihuse mu masoko yacyo yo hejuru, ukavunwa na Kokobi nibindi bigwa, kandi birashobora kugendagenda gusa intera ngufi hejuru aho isuka mukiyaga cya Turkana, kimwe mubiyaga bya Gregory Rift. Ubuyobozi bwa Spectrum Guide muri Etiyopiya busobanura ko ari ahantu hazwi cyane h’amazi yera muri Nzeri na Ukwakira, igihe uruzi rukiri rurerure kuva mu gihe cy'imvura. Umugezi wacyo w'ingenzi ni uruzi rwa Gibe; imigezi mito irimo inzuzi za Wabi, Denchya, Gojeb, Mui na Usno.
Umugezi wa Omo-Bottego wagize imbibi z’iburasirazuba bwahoze ari ubwami bwa Janjero, na Garo. Omo kandi inyura hejuru ya parike ya Mago na Omo, izwiho inyamanswa. Inyamaswa nyinshi ziba hafi no ku ruzi, harimo imvubu, ingona hamwe n’inyongeramusaruro
Ikibaya cyose cyuruzi rwa Omo nacyo gifite akamaro muri geologiya na kera. Ibisigazwa birenga 50.000 byavumbuwe mu kibaya cyo hepfo, harimo 230 byavumbuwe na hominid byerekeranye na Pliocene na Pleistocene. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya genera Australopithecus na Homo byavumbuwe ahantu henshi mu bucukumbuzi bwa kera, ndetse n’ibikoresho bikozwe muri quartzite, ibya kera cyane bikaba byatangiye mu myaka miriyoni 2.4 ishize. Bimaze kuvumburwa, batekerezaga ko ibikoresho bishobora kuba byari bimwe mubyo bita inganda zabanjirije Oldowan, ndetse bikaba byambere cyane kuruta ibyabonetse mu kibaya cya Olduvai. Nyuma ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko isura yibikoresho yatewe mubyukuri byatewe nibikoresho fatizo bikennye cyane, kandi ko tekiniki zikoreshwa hamwe nishusho bituma byinjira muri Oldowan.
Ubuvumbuzi bwa mbere bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo muri ako gace ni mu 1901, n’urugendo rw’Abafaransa. Ibyagaragaye cyane byakozwe nyuma, hagati ya 1967 na 1975, nitsinda mpuzamahanga ryubucukuzi. Iri tsinda ryabonye ibintu byinshi bitandukanye, harimo urwasaya rwumugabo wa Australopithecus, ugereranije n’imyaka miriyoni 2.5. Abacukumbuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuye kandi ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima bya Olduwan hominide kuva mu bihe bya Pleistocene ndetse no mu gihe cya Pliocene. Ibikoresho bya Quartz byashyizwe hamwe na bimwe mubisigaye bya Homo sapiens biboneka kumugezi. Kuva icyo gihe, ubucukuzi bwakozwe n'ikipe ihuriweho n'Abafaransa n'Abanyamerika.
Usibye ibisigazwa bya hominid kare, habonetse amoko atandukanye y’inyamabere n’amafi yabonetse mu kibaya cya Omo.
Ingaruka z'abantu
thumb| Ikibaya cy'umugezi wa Omo Ikibaya cyo hepfo ya Omo kuri ubu abantu bamwe bemeza ko ari ihuriro ry’imyaka ibihumbi kuko imico n’amoko atandukanye bimukiye mu karere. Kugeza ubu, abantu bo mu kibaya cyo hepfo ya Omo, barimo Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi na Me'en, barigwa kubera ubudasa bwabo.
Umushakashatsi w’umutaliyani Vittorio Bottego yageze bwa mbere ku ruzi rwa Omo ku ya 29 Kamena 1896 ubwo yari mu rugendo rwe rwa kabiri muri Afurika (1895–97), apfa muri urwo rugendo ku ya 17 Werurwe 1897. Umugezi wa Omo wahinduwe Omo-Bottego mu cyubahiro cye. Herbert Henry Austin n'abantu be bageze kuri delta ya Omo ku ya 12 Nzeri 1898, basanga urugendo rwa Etiyopiya ruyobowe na Ras Wolda Giyorgis, mbere rwateye amabendera ya Etiyopiya ku nkombe y'amajyaruguru y'ikiyaga cya Turkana ku ya 7 Mata, ndetse no gusahura Uwiteka. abenegihugu no kubagabanya ubukene [citation ikenewe]. Liyetona Alexander Bulatovich yayoboye urugendo rwa kabiri rwa Etiyopiya rwageze ku kiyaga ku ya 21 Kanama 1899, kandi rwangiza. N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Abafaransa bari mu ishyaka bashushanyije neza ku nshuro yabo ya mbere benshi mu bagenda bo mu ruzi rwa Omo. Ihindurwa ry'umugezi wa Omo ryakomeje gukoreshwa kugeza mu myaka ya za 1930 igihe abakaritsiye b'abakoloni b'Abakoloni b'Abataliyani bahinduye bundi bushya kandi bwuzuye uruzi na delta yarwo..
Amashanyarazi
Hariho amashanyarazi menshi n'ingomero mu kibaya cy'Uruzi rwa Omo bitiriwe uruzi rwa Gilgel Gibe n'umugezi wa Gibe, akaba ari uruzi rw'umugezi wa Omo. Nubwo hari amazina yitiranya amazina ni sitasiyo yamashanyarazi ningomero ziri kuri Omo Rive
Amashanyarazi ya Gilgel Gibe wa II
Sitasiyo ya Gilgel Gibe II 7 ° 45′23 ″ N 37 ° 33′45 ″ E / 7.756492664604506 ° N 37.56255950100352 ° E ni sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ku ruzi rwa Omo ifite ingufu za Megawatt 420 (MW). Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi yakira amazi ava mu mwobo wa 7 ° 55′27 ″ N 37 ° 23′16 ″ E / 7.92417 ° N 37.38778 ° E ku mugezi wa Gilgel Gibe muri gahunda yo gutemba-ruzi. Ubwinjiriro bwa tunnel bwicaye hepfo yurugomero rwa Gilgel Gibe I no kumugezi wa Gilgel Gibe hamwe na casade ya hydroelectric;
Urugomero rwa Gibe III
Urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rwa Gibe III ni urugomero rwa metero 243 z'uburebure bwa beto hamwe n’urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rujyanye n’umugezi wa Omo muri Etiyopiya. Nicyo kigo kinini cy’amashanyarazi muri Etiyopiya gifite amashanyarazi agera kuri 1870 Megawatt (MW), bityo bikikuba inshuro zirenga ebyiri zose zashyizwe muri Etiyopiya kuva ku rwego rwa 2007 rwa MW 814. Habaye impaka ku iyubakwa ryayo, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta myinshi ikora ubukangurambaga bwo kuyirwanya. Nk’uko byatangajwe na Terri Hathaway, umuyobozi wa gahunda mpuzamahanga ya Rivers 'Africa, Gibe III "ni urugomero rwangiza cyane muri Afurika." Uyu mushinga uzamagana "igice cya miliyoni y'abaturage batishoboye bo mu karere bafite inzara n'amakimbirane." Itsinda ry’abakangurambaga mpuzamahanga ryatangije icyifuzo cyo kuri interineti cyamagana umushinga w’urugomero rwa Etiyopiya kubera ikibazo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu
Icyakora, Azeb Asnake, umuyobozi w’umushinga wa Gibe III ushinzwe gutanga amashanyarazi ya leta, yavuze ko hateguwe ingamba zo kugabanya ibicuruzwa mu gihe hagize ikintu kibaho. Uretse ibi, Asnake yahanuye ko nta ngaruka mbi zizaterwa n'uyu mushinga, yongeraho ko abantu barenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'abaturage batuye muri ako karere batunzwe n'imfashanyo y'ibiribwa kandi ko sitasiyo nshya ikenewe kuko kuri ubu isosiyete itanga amashanyarazi kuri 25% gusa. y'abaturage.
Umwuzure wa 2006
Imvura nyinshi yaguye mu 2006 yatumye Omo yuzura inzira yayo yo hasi, irohama byibuze abantu 456 kandi ihitana abantu barenga 20.000 mugihe cyiminsi itanu irangira ku ya 16 Kanama. Mu gihe imvura nyinshi y’ibihe isanzwe muri kariya gace k’igihugu, kurisha cyane no gutema amashyamba ni byo byatewe n’aya makuba. Umuvugizi wa gahunda y'ibiribwa ku isi, Paulette Jones yagize ati: "Inzuzi zo muri Etiyopiya zifite ubushobozi buke bwo gufata amazi menshi nk'uko byari bimeze mu myaka yashize, kuko zuzuyemo umwanda". "Bisaba ubukana buke bw'imvura ... kugira ngo uruzi mu gice runaka cy'igihugu rwuzure." Umwuzure wibihe byuruzi rwa Omo ningirakamaro kumatsinda y'abasangwabutaka babana nayo. Umwuzure uzana umwanda urumbuka kandi wuzuza inkombe amazi, bigatuma guhinga inkombe zishoboka. Abantu batandukanye bo muri Omo yo hepfo - barimo Turkana, Dassanach, Hamer, Nyangatom, Karo, Kwegu, Mursi, Bodi, na Me'en - bakura igice kinini cyibiribwa byabo mu buhinzi bw’umwuzure.
Umwuzure munini kandi usenya 2006 niwo wonyine wabaye mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize. Igabanuka rya vuba mu rwego rw’ikiyaga cya Turkana, ubusanzwe bizwi ko ryakira hafi mirongo cyenda ku ijana ry’amazi aturuka mu ruzi rwa Omo, rimaze gutera ubwiyongere bw’umunyu. Ubunini bwiyongereye bwa delta, ubu bugera kuri kilometero kare 1,300 (500 sq mi), bwatanze amasambu yo guhinga no kuragira by’inka n’andi matungo yo mu rugo rw’abashumba n’aborozi-borozi kavukire mu kibaya cya Omo cyo hepfo. Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations
Mariya Mensah
Mary Mensah (wavutse ku ya 24 Kamena 1963) ni umukinnyi wabigize umwuga wo gusiganwa ku maguru ukomoka  muri Gana. Yitabiriye amarushanwa ya metero 4 × 100 mu bagore mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1984.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana
Umugezi wa Kidepo
Umugezi wa Kidepo ni uruzi rurerure rukikije ni kibaya cya Kidepo mu karere ka Karamoja muri Uganda, no mu gace ka Equatoriya y'Uburasirazuba bwa Sudani y'Amajyepfo.
Reba kandi
Inzuzi zigihe cya Uganda zirimo uruzi rwa Agago, uruzi rwa Lumansi, n'umugezi wa Kidepo
Kidepo
Ababana bahuje ibitsina
thumb|LGBT
Raporo y’Ibikorwa bya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu mwaka wa 2019-2020, igaragaza ko abagore bakora uburaya n’abagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi bagabo ari bo bari ku isonga mu bafite virusi itera SIDA.
Abo bagore bihariye 35,5% by’abafite Virusi ya SIDA mu gihugu, naho abagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi bagabo bihariye 7%.
Umunyamabanga Mukuru mu Nama y’Ubutegetsi y’Ihuriro ry’imiryango itari iya Leta irwanya SIDA, igituntu na malaria no guteza imbere ubuzima (RNGOF) akaba n’Umuyobozi wa RDFP, Mukantabana Crescence yavuze ko imwe mu mpamvu ituma iyi mibare iri hejuru mu baryamana bahuje ibitsina, ari uko iki cyiciro cy’abantu kidakunze gusaba serivisi z’ubuvuzi zabugenewe.
Yagize ati “Ibintu byabo babikora babihishe, bagatinya kujya kwa muganga kubera ko [bahagera] bakababwirana, bakabaryanira inzara ugasanga baricecekeye.”
Ababana bahuje ibitsina mu Rwanda bakunze guhisha ibyiyumvo byabo, bakazabigaragaza bamaze gukura bafite ubushobozi bwo kwibeshaho mu gihe baramuka bamaganwe na sosiyete.
Mu kiganiro aherutse kugirana na IGIHE, Nabonibo Albert yasobanuye uburyo akimara kugaragaza ko afite ibyiyumvo byo kuryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina, yatewe utwatsi na sosiyete bikamugiraho ingaruka zigaragara.
Mukantabana Crescence, yavuze ko ababana bahuje ibitsina mu Rwanda bagifite imbogamizi zijyanye n’amategeko abarengera, atuma hari ubwo bahohoterwa ntibabone ubufasha.
Icyakora yavuze ko hari byinshi byakozwe bigatuma benshi muri no bigaragaza, ingingo ikomeye cyane kuko ubundi bikunze kugirwa ibanga mu rwego rwo kwirinda ihohoterwa.
Kuri ubu habarurwa ko abarenga ibihumbi 35 baryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina mu Rwanda, nk’uko Mukantabana yabitangaje.
Ati “Barahari byaragaragaye. Igihe mperukira imibare bari bageze mu bihumbi 35. Abanyarwanda ibihumbi 35 ni benshi.”
Umwe mu babana bahuje ibitsina twaganiriye, yavuze ko “Kwemera kuvuga ko uryamana n’abo muhuje igitsina ni ikintu kitoroshye, benshi mu bakiri bato birinda kubikora kugira ngo batiteranya n’imiryango yabo, cyangwa bakabura amahirwe mu kazi n’ibindi nk’ibyo."
"Kubikora bisaba ubutwari, niyo mpamvu bikorwa na bake, abantu bagenda batinyuka bitewe n’uko imyumvire ya sosiyete izamuka. Ntabwo ari uko ababana bahuje ibitsina mu Rwanda ari bake, ni uko banga kubyerekana gusa mu rwego rwo kurinda inyungu zabo.”
Yongeyeho ko nubwo hari byinshi bikenewe gukorwa, ashima ubwisanzure bafite mu Rwanda ugereranyije n’ahandi muri Afurika.
Ati "Dufite uburenganzira nk’ubw’abandi imbere y’amategeko, nta mategeko yihariye aduhana, ni ikintu dushimira Leta nubwo hagikenewe byinshi byo gukora, ariko ubona ko nta kibazo duhura nacyo cyo kwimwa uburenganzira bigizwemo uruhare na Leta, niyo mpamvu benshi bari kugenda batinyuka, bakagaragaza imiterere y’umubiri wabo.”
Leta yarahagurutse
Mu bihugu bitandukanye, ikigero cy’abanyamuryango ba LGBTQ (ababana bahuje ibitsina) biyahura kiri hejuru kurusha uko bimeze mu bindi byiciro by’abaturage, bikaba akarusho iyo bigeze mu bakiri bato, baba bageze mu gihe cyo kwiga no kumenya imiterere y’ibitsina byabo.
Ibi ni ko bimeze mu bihugu birimo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho imibare y’urubyiruko ruri mu muryango w’ababana bahuje ibitsina rutekereza kwiyahura, ikubye kabiri iyo mu rundi rubyiruko rusanzwe.
Amabuye y'agaciro
thumb|gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro|281x281px
Ababana bahuje ibitsina
Ku rwego mpuzamahanga cyane cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere, hagenda haba ubukangurambaga bugamije kwigisha abantu ko ababana n’abo bahuje ibitsina ari abantu nk’abandi, bitewe n’uko ari bwo buryo baremye kandi iyo myitwarire ikaba atari amahitamo, ahubwo ari imiterere yabo.
Amabuye y'agaciro
Itangiriro
thumb|Ibuye rya Zahabu|189x189px thumb|271x271px|Amabuye yagaciro Amabuye y'agaciro ni amabuye acukurwa mu butaka, munda yisi.
Ababana bahuje ibitsina
Ku bakurikira umupira w’amaguru, cyane cyane Shampiyona ya Premier League yo mu Bwongereza, muzakunda kubona ba kapiteni b’amakipe bambaye ibitambaro birimo amabara y’umukororombya, ari ryo bendera riranga abaryamana bahuje ibitsina.
Ikigo nderabuzima cya Gikondo
= Amashakiro = Ikiciro:Health centers in Rwanda Ikiciro:Health Ikiciro:Ubuzima Ikiciro:Ibigo nderabuzima
Mujyanama Fidele
Mujyanama Fidele wari kapiteni w’iyi kipe yamanutse mu cyiciro cya kabiri, yasinyiye Rayon Sports amasezerano y’imyaka ibiri azayikinira. Uretse gukinira Heroes FC, uyu musore ukiri muto akaba kandi yaranakinnye muri Mukura Victory Sports yo mu karere ka Huye.
Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ryo kurandura umwanda
thumb|IPEN Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ryo Kurandura Umwanda (IPEN) ni ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta igamije intego imwe yo kurandura umwanda ndetse no kuyobora mu bidukikije, umwanda uhoraho ( POPs), endocrine ihungabanya imiti, nubundi burozi.
Amabuye y'agaciro
Amabuye aboneka mu Rwanda
Amabuye y'agaciro agaciro acukurwa mu Rwanda asigaye atandukanye aboneka mu Rwanda murayo harimo arimo gasegereti, coltan, korombo tatarite, tungsten ndetse na Zahabu.
Charles Moses (umukinnyi)
Charles Moses (wavutse ku ya 12 Werurwe 1954) ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga wo gusiganwa ukomoka muri Gana. Yitabiriye metero 400 mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1984.
Amabuye y'agaciro
Inganda
Mu Rwanda haboneka Amabuye y'agaciro ndetse rufite inganda zitunganya amabuye y'agaciro nka zahabu, uruganda rutunganya amabuye ya gaciro ya gasegereti ndetse hari nuruganda rutunganya  colombo tatarite,coltan.
Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ryo kurandura umwanda
uyu muryango utegamiye kuri leta zishyigikira urubuga ruhuriweho rwo kurandura burundu POP ku isi binyuze mu masezerano ya Stockholm, imirimo yo kugira uruhare mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano ya Rotterdam na Basel, ndetse n’amasezerano ya Minimata kuri Merkuri. thumb|gusura Mariano IPEN Imiryango irenga 550 ifitiye inyungu rusange imiryango itegamiye kuri leta mu bihugu birenga 120 ikorera hamwe mu kurandura umwanda uburozi, ku buryo bwihuse ariko buringaniye. Ubu butumwa bukubiyemo kugera ku isi aho imiti yose ikorerwa kandi igakoreshwa mu buryo bukuraho ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’abantu no ku bidukikije, kandi aho imyanda ihumanya ibidukikije (POPs) n’imiti ihangayikishijwe n’ibindi bitagihumanya ibidukikije byaho ndetse n’isi yose.
Amabuye y'agaciro
Umusaruro
umusaro uboneka mu mabuye y'agaciro ni nka gasegereti yinjiza miliyoni 37$,  Zahabu yinjirije igihugu miliyoni 276,2$ yagurishijwe mu mahanga; coltan yinjiza miliyoni 44,9$; wolfram yagurishijwe miliyoni 16,9$ mu gihe andi mabuye yavuyemo miliyoni 37,4 za $.
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Ababana bahuje ibitsina
Ibi na nako bigenda ku mipira ikinwa, imishumi y’inkweto n’ibindi bitandukanye, byose bigamije kurushaho guteza imbere ubukangurambaga bw’umuryango w’ababana bahuje ibitsina.
Charles Moses (umukinnyi)
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana
Ababana bahuje ibitsina
Amateka agaragaza ko abagize uyu muryango babayeho kuva mu myaka ibihumbi bibiri mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, bagaragara ku migabane yose y’Isi ndetse no mu moko atandukanye y’abantu.
Guhuza ibitsina kw’abafite ibiteye kimwe si imyitwarire y’abantu gusa, kuko iyi mico inagaragara mu zindi nyamswa z’ubwoko burenga 1500 burimo inyoni, inyamaswa zo mu mazi, inyamabere ndetse no mu dusimba duto.
Bitekerezwa ko 90% by’ibikorwa byo guhuza ibitsina bya giraffe bikorwa hagati y’izibihuje.
Hari gahunda nyinshi zagiyeho zigamije guhangana n’ibibazo by’ababana bahuje ibitsina, nk’uko Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu Muryango Uharanira Guteza Imbere Ubuzima (HDI), Christopher Sengoga, aherutse kubitangariza IGIHE.
Yagize ati “Indi mbogamizi bahura na yo ni ukubona serivisi z’ubuzima. Abaganga benshi ntibaramenya kubitaho mu buryo bw’umwihariko, nubwo turi gufatanya n’inzego za Leta mu kubahugura, ku buryo mu gihe bagiye gushaka serivisi zijyanye n’ubuzima bwabo bwihariye, bazibona nta nkomyi.”
Ku ruhande rwa Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu Rwanda, iri gukora ibishoboka byose mu gufasha abagize uyu muryango kwisuzumisha Virus itera SIDA, kubona ibinini bya PrEP birinda umuntu kwanduza iyo Virus uwo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse n’imiti igabanya ubukana bwa Virus itera SIDA.
Niyingenera Callixte Ushinzwe gukurikirana ibikorwa by’abanyamuryango ba RNGOF mu Mujyi wa Kigali n’Intara y’Iburasirazuba, yabwiye IGIHE ko bagerageza gufasha ababana n’abo bahuje igitsina kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo bivuze indwara zifata imyanya ndangagitsina.
Yongeyeho ati “Tubaha n’ibikoresho birimo udukingirizo n’amavuta yongera ububobere. Ikirenze ibyo, tunagerageza gukora ubuvugizi ku butabera bwabo nk’uko nabo babyifuza kuko ni abantu nk’abandi.”
Yasobanuye ko batarahabwa ikaze mu muryango mugari w’Abanyarwanda, ati “Ntabwo umuryango Nyarwanda ukwiye kubaca ngo ubatere ibuye ahubwo bakwiye gufashwa mu byo bakora, tugakora ubuvugizi ngo bikorwa bite kugira ngo birinde izo ndwara zindi n’ihohoterwa ariko uburenganzira bwabo burakenewe.”
Icyizere cy’Itegeko rirengera LGBTQ mu Rwanda?
U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika bidafite itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose ribangamira ababana bahuje ibitsina. Magingo aya, Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ntiryerura ngo ryemere cyangwa ryamagane imyitwarire n’imigirire y’ababana n’abo bahuje igitsina.
Icyakora mu ngingo yaryo ya 16 rigira riti “Abanyarwanda bose bavukana kandi bagakomeza kugira uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bingana.”
Gusa mu ngingo ya 17 yaryo, harimo ko “Ishyingirwa ryemewe ari iryabaye hagati y’umugabo n’umugore,” ingingo itavugwaho rumwe kuko ababana bahuje ibitsina bashobora no kubana nk’abashakanye.
IGIHE ifite amakuru yemeza ko abanyamategeko b’Ihuriro ry’imiryango itari iya Leta irimo GLIHD, HDI na RNGOF, bateguye umushinga w’itegeko rirebana n’uburenganzira bw’ababana bahuje ibitsina, aho bivugwa ko uyu mushinga warangiye ndetse bari kwitegura kuwushyikiriza Inteko Ishinga Amategeko.
Uwatanze amakuru yagize ati “Ni itegeko ribemerera kugira izindi serivisi bahabwa mu gihugu nk’Abanyarwanda muri rusange. Ntabwo ari iribashyigikira ngo nimugende mukore ibyo mushaka ku mugaragaro turabashyigikiye.”
“Ni iribahesha serivisi nk’undi Munyarwanda uwo ari we wese ku buryo aho bazajya baca batazajya babona ko ari ibicibwa. Niba agiye kwa gitifu cyangwa ubundi buyobozi akaba yisanga nta pfunwe atewe no kuba abana n’uwo bahuje igitsina.”
Niyingenera yatangaje ko nka sosiyete sivile, bakangurira ababyeyi gushyigikira uburenganzira bw’abana babo mu gihe bagaragaje ibyiyumvo nk’uko baryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina, kandi bakabigaragaza bakiri bato. Yasobanuye ko ibi bituma abana bakura neza, bakarushaho kwiyakira no gushyira imbaraga mu iterambere ryabo, aho kwigunga no kwitera icyizere.
Indangamurongo
Amakuru kubabana bahuje ibitsina murwanda bagera ku bihumbi35
Gaston Mobati
Gaston Mobati ( Yavutse Ku ya 4 Nzeri 1961 i Léopoldville apfa Ku ya 13 Gicurasi 1995) Ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru Ukomoka muri Zayire wakinaga nka rutahizamu.ku kirwa cya Reunion.