cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nkosana Mazibisa
Nkosana Mazibisa numwe mubashoramari ba Zimbabwe bafite ibyiringiro. Igitekerezo cyo gutangiza umushinga we bwite cyatewe mu bitekerezo bye mu gihe cyo kujya impaka mu mashuri yisumbuye ku bijyanye n'ubukungu bw'igihugu cye gisenyuka. Yatangiye mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, aho ibintu bitagenze neza. Ariko ntiyigeze areka. Nkosana Mazibisa ni rwiyemezamirimo udasanzwe, umugiraneza ubona amahirwe benshi batabona, ni iyerekwa rifatwa nk’icyizere kiri munsi ya ba rwiyemezamirimo bakiri bato 30 ku mugabane wa Afurika na Forbes Africa.
Nour Drissi
Nour Drissi ni Rwiyemezamirimo w'umunya Maroc, yashinze urubuga rwo gukodesha imodoka kumurongo Loue1Voiture.com, isosiyete yambere muri Maroc yemerera abakoresha kugereranya ibiciro byubukode bwimodoka no kubika imodoka.
Nkosana Mazibisa
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Nour Drissi
Rwiyemezamirimo w'imyaka 30 y'amavuko yabonye igitekerezo cyo gutangira umushinga we akora nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe kwamamaza ubukangurambaga mu kigo gikodesha imodoka. Muri icyo gihe, yavumbuye ko amasosiyete menshi akodesha imodoka mu gihugu cya Afurika y'Amajyaruguru ubusanzwe yababazwaga no kuba adahari kuri interineti ndetse no kubura uburyo bwo gutumaho no kwishyura kuri interineti.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
Ibrahim
amahuza yo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Mitima Isaac
Myugariro Mitima Isaac akina inyuma mu kibuga akaba yarinjiye mu ikipe ya Rayon Sports nyuma yo gutandukana na Sofapaka FC yo muri Kenya.
Mitima yagize ibihe byiza akinira Police Fc
Mitima yari amaze igihe kigera ku mezi 10 atagera mu Rwanda nyuma yo gusinya amasezerano y'imyaka ibiri mu ikipe ya FC Sofapaka yo muri kenya avuye muri Police FC yari yaratijwe na APR FC.
Mitima yerekeza muri Kenya
Mu mikino 26 shampiyona ya Kenya imaze gukinwa Sofapaka iri ku mwanya  wa 12 n'amanota 30, Mitima akaba yarakunze gukoreshwa mu bwugarizi ndetse n'imbere ho gato aho bita kuri 6.
Reba aha
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Ruhago
Ali Khencheli
Ali Khencheli cyangwa Mahmoud Djellal (yavukiye i Khenchela ) ni umucuranzi wo muri Alijeriya ukomoka muri Berber. Yaririmbye kuva 1940 kugeza 1960. Yapfuye afite imyaka 88.
Equity Bank Rwanda Limited
Equity Bank Rwanda Limited (EBRL), ni banki yubucuruzi ikorera mu Rwanda. Banki yahawe uruhushya na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda, ariyo banki nkuru ikaba ari umugenzuzi w’amabanki.
Incamake
EBRL ni ikigo cy’imari iciriritse gitanga serivisi z’imari mu Rwanda, bikaba bivugwa ko umutungo rusange ungana na miliyoni 363.39 y'amadorali y'America ( miliyari y'amafaranga yu Rwanda 366.39), guhera ku ya 31 Werurwe 2021. Umugabane w’abanyamigabane ni miliyoni 52.42 y'amadorali y'America (miliyari y'amafaranga yu Rwanda angana 52.86).
Amateka
Banki yahawe uruhushya rwa banki na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda, muri 2011 itangira serivisi z’amabanki mu gihembwe cya kane cyo muri 2011. U Rwanda nicyo gihugu cya kane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba aho Itsinda rya banki za Equity ryafunguye ishami. Naho Ibikorwa byo muri Tanzaniya byatangiye mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2012. Ifite irindi tsinda rya mabanki, aho ifite amashami y’imari muri Kenya, Rwanda, Sudani yepfo, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo Uganda na Tanzaniya. Biteganijwe ko ibikorwa byayo mu Burundi bizatangira mu myaka itanu iri imbere.
Nk’uko ikinyamakuru New Times Rwanda kibitangaza ngo banki ya Equity yu Rwanda rwabonye igihembo cya Banki y'umwaka mu Rwanda muri 2020 na Banki mu gihembo cya Banki y'umwaka.
Muri 2020 banki ya Equity yu Rwanda yafunguye ishami ryu bwishingizi.
Nyirubwite
Equity Bank Rwanda Limited ikomeza amashami akurikira, guhera mu Kuboza 2014
banki ya Equity
Ibigo bigize Equity Group Holdings Limited birimo ariko ntibigarukira kuri ibi bikurikira:
Ububiko bwa Equity Group Holdings Limited iri ku Isoko ryimigabane rya Nairobi, ifite ikimenyetso cya EQTY. Ku wa kane tariki ya 18 Kamena 2009, itsinda ry’imigabane ry’itsinda ryanditswe ku isoko ry’imigabane rya Uganda (USE), maze ritangira gucuruza uwo munsi, ku kimenyetso cya: EBL. banki ya Equity yu Rwanda rwatangiye gucururiza mu Isoko ry’imigabane mu Rwanda muri 2015 ku kimenyetso EQTY.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda
Alliance In Motion Global Rwanda
Alliance In Motion Global izwi kandi nka AIM Global ni sosiyete mpuzamahanga igurisha ibicuruzwa byayo kwisi no muri Afurika. Iyi sosiyete imaze imyaka irenga icumi itanga serivisi ku isi. AIM Global Rwanda irashaka abaterankunga binyuze mu gukwirakwiza ubutumwa mu rubyiruko ndetse n'abakuru bushishikariza abantu gukora online business ku mugabane shingiro w'amafaranga 228000 y'u Rwanda.
Ibicuruzwa
Ibicuruzwa bya AIM ku isi byose ni ibyokurya bisanzwe birimo intungamubiri zifasha umubiri kugera kubuzima bwiza, kuramba, ubwiza no kurwanya indwara. Ibyinshi mu bicuruzwa bikorerwa muri Amerika n’amasosiyete atandukanye hamwe n’inzobere mu buzima bushingiye ku imirire myiza, bifashishije ibyatsi.
Amahugurwa
Aim Global itanga amahugurwa y'ubuntu ku abakiriya bayo ku biro byayo mu Rwanda. Ushobora kandi kwitabira amahugurwa y'ubungu ku biro byose bya AIM Global mubindi bihugu.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi Ikiciro:Ubuzima Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda Ikiciro:Imibereho myiza
Nelson Munganga
Nelson Omba Munganga, (yavutse ku ya 27 Werurwe 1993) i Kinshasa, ni umukinnyi ukina ari mpuzamahangaukina ari umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Kongo ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati hamwe n'ikipe yo  muri Maroke ya  MC Oujda.
Ubuzima
Yakiriye bwa mbere mu ikipe yo muri DR Congo, ku ya 6 Nzeri 2019, ahanganye na Kameruni. Uyu mukino watsinzwe n'amanota 0-2 ni umwe mu majonjora yo gushaka itike yo kuzakina igikombe cya Afurika cyo muri 2015.
Muri Mutarama 2015, yakinnye mu cyiciro cya nyuma cy'igikombe cya Afurika cyabereye muri Gineya ya Ekwatoriya. Yitabiriye imikino ibiri muri iri rushanwa, na Cape Veride mu matsinda, hanyuma akina  Congo muri kimwe cya kane kirangiza. DR Congo iri ku mwanya wa gatatu muri CAN, itsinze igihugu cyakiriye muri "ku mukino wa nyuma ubanza", nyuma yo kurata penariti.
Muri Mutarama 2016, yitabiriye Shampiyona y’ibihugu by’Afurika, yateguwe mu Rwanda. Akina imikino itanu muri iri rushanwa. Nyuma yaje kwitwara neza atsinda igitego  cya mbere hamwe na DR Congo, na Angola mu matsinda. DR Congo yatsinze irushanwa itsinze Mali ku mukino wa nyuma, n'amanota ya nyuma ari 3-0.
Mubarak Muyika
Mubarak Muyika (yavutse ku ya 31 Gicurasi 1994, Intara y’Uburengerazuba, Kenya), ni umuyobozi w’ubucuruzi w’umunyamerika, ushinzwe porogaramu za mudasobwa na rwiyemezamirimo wa interineti ukorera mu kibaya cya Silicon Valley. Yabaye Imfubyi afite imyaka 10, afite imyaka 16 Muyika yashinze Hype Century, isosiyete yakira urubuga yagurishije nyuma yimyaka ibiri ku mibare itandatu. thumb|Mubarak Muyika2 Niwe washinze kandi akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa Zagace, isosiyete ikora iduka rya porogaramu ku bucuruzi kugira ngo babone porogaramu zo kubara, gucunga abakozi, kwamamaza, n'ibindi bikoreshwa.
Nelson Munganga
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Mubarak Muyika
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Rachid Baba Ahmed
Rachid Baba Ahmed (20 Kanama 1946 - 15 Gashyantare 1995) yari umuproducer, umuhimbyi, n'umuririmbyi wo muri Alijeriya yagize uruhare mu njyana yo mu karere izwi ku izina rya raï. Yashimiwe kuba yaramamaye ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu njyana mu 1976, abinyujije kuri pop raï nshya, akoresheje ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroheje kandi mu buryo bukomeye. Yashimiwe kandi iterambere rya pop raï mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980, 1 abahanzi bakaba bita cheb cyangwa chaba.
Umwuga
Rachid Baba yakoze alubumu yitwa Rai Rebels, mu yandi mazina menshi yamamaye yasohotse muri Amerika n'ahandi. Yakomeje agira ati: "Ku bijyanye no kugenzura amagambo y’indirimbo ziri kuri alubumu kugira ngo abe abereye abayisilamu bari bayitegereje," Mu ntangiriro, naretse [a] cheb aririmba amagambo uko yabishakaga. Ubundi nkabikurukirana. Iyo aririmbye ibitaboneye, ndamubwira nti hagarara. Mu gihe yabaga atanyumviye, nabikuragamo mu gihe cyo kuvanga indirimbo. " Baba yafashije abahanzi benshi bakiri bato kandi bakizamuka, barimo Chaba Fadela na Cheb Sahraoui . Sitidiyo igezweho ya Ahmed 24-track murir Tlemcen yatunganije pop-raï yo muri Alijeriya.
Urupfu
Mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Alijeriya, yiciwe n'abayoboke b'amahame ya kisilamu ku ya 15 Gashyantare 1995, hanze y'ububiko bwe bwanditse i Oran, muri Alijeriya. Yari amaze igihe kinini yibasirwa n’imitwe ya kisilamu kubera uruhare yagize mu gutunganya indirimbo zifite insanganyamatsiko y’urukundo ndetse n’ubuzima bwa buri munsi.
Abdelouahab Toukkart
thumb|Abdelouahab Toukkart Abdelouahab Toukkart yateje imbere ubuhanga bwe bwo kwihangira imirimo kuva se. Abdelouahab yavuye muri kaminuza amara imyaka myinshi y'ubwangavu afasha se mugihe yafataga abanyeshuri b'igihe gito. Abdelouahab yize byinshi mu buhanga bwe bwo kwihangira imirimo se, ufite uruganda rukora impapuro. Abdelouahab amaze kumenya umubare munini w’imyanda yaturutse mu gukora impapuro, yatekereje ku gitekerezo cyo gutunganya iyi myanda mu bikoresho bipfunyitse kandi bitetse.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
REG Volleyball Club
REG VC cyangwa REG Volleyball Club (The Rwanda Energy Group Limited Volleyball Club) ni ikipe ya volleyball ya bagabo ishingiye ku kigo cy'igihugu cya mashanyarazi. REG Volleyball Club ikaba ibarizwa mu Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation, FRVB), REG yakinnye amarushanwa atandukanye yimbere mu gihugu cyu Rwanda ndetse n'amarushanwa mpuza mahanga, yatwaye ibikombe bitandukanye nka.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball
Hakizimana Adolphe
thumb|Ikipe Hakizimana akainamo ya Rayon sport Hakizimana Adolphe ni umunyezamu w’ikipe y’igihugu y’abatarengeje imyaka 23, avugako mu Rwanda bagiye muri Libiya kwerekana icyo bashoboye kuko babizi neza ko iyi mikino ari n’imwe mu nzira yo kubafungurira imiryango mu ikipe y’igihugu nkuru Amavubi, umusazwe akaba ari umunyezamu w’ikipe ya Rayon sports fc. .
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba siporo
Abashinzwe ibidukikije
Abashinzwe ibidukikije ni umushinga wa phenologiya kumurongo n'ubushakashatsi bw'uburezi kubana bafite imyaka 4–18 mu ubwongereza. Ikoreshwa na Woodland Trust, nk'igice cy'Ubwongereza cya Phenologiya.
Abitabiriye amahugurwa bandika amatariki babona ibihe by'igihe, nkibibabi, indabyo, kwimuka kw'inyoni, ibyari cyangwa imbuto zeze muburyo bwabo bwo gufata amajwi kurubuga. Amakuru bakusanyije agaburirwa muri data base y'igihugu ya UKPN, ifite abaterankunga barenga 11,000 none irimo inyandiko zirenga miliyoni.
Amashuri, amatsinda y'urubyiruko, imiryango n'abantu ku giti cyabo bose babigizemo uruhare, kandi birerekana inzira nziza yo kwinjiza abana mw'isi karemano no kubigisha ibijyanye n’ibimera n’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ibidukikije.
Denis Iguma
Denis Iguma ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muriUganda usanzwe ukina nka myugariro wa KCCA FC hamwe n'ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Uganda.
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Yatangiye gukinira ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru ya Uganda ku ya 29 Werurwe 2012 ubwo bakinaga n'ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru ya Misiri. Muri Mutarama 2014, umutoza Milutin Sedrojevic, yamutumiriye kuba mu ikipe y’umupira wamaguru y’igihugu cya Uganda muri Shampiyona y’ibihugu bya Afurika muri 2014. Iyi kipe yegukanye umwanya wa gatatu mu marushanwa nyuma yo gutsinda Burkina Faso, inganya na Zimbabwe itsindwa na Maroke. Muri 2017, yashyizwe mu bakinnyi 23 bari kujya mu gikombe cy’ibihugu cya Afurika muri 2017.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Rwamagana Solar Power Station
Incamake
Muri Nyakanga 2013, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yagiranye amasezerano na GigaWatt Global, isosiyete yo mu Buholandi, guteza imbere urugomero rw'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ya Megawatt 8.5 mu Karere ka Rwamagana, mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, ku giciro cy'amadorari miliyoni 23 z'amadolari y'Amerika ( miliyari 15 z'amafaranga). Giga Watt Global yatera inkunga, kubaka, gutunga no gukoresha icyo kigo imyaka 25, hamwe n’ingufu zakozwe zagurishijwe mu Rwanda Energy, ikigo cy’amashanyarazi mu gihugu.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Umuriro
Eric Ishimwe
Eric Ishimwe is a Rwandan conservation agriculturist and agripreneur.
Education
Primary: Groupe Scolaire Cyambwe.
Secondary: Petit Seminaire Saint Kizito de Zaza (Mathematics, Chemistry, and Biology)
University: Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA)
Ubuhinzi bw'inkori
thumb|Ubuhinzibw'inkori
Gutegura Ubutaka
thumb|Inkori Ubutaka bushobora gutegurwa n’amaboko hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by’intoki byemeranyijweho (isuka cyangwa ibindi bikoresho). Kenshi iyo ubutaka bugiye guhingwamo inkori ari ubutaka bwasaruwemo, gutegura umurima bigendana no guhinga no gusakumamo ibisigazwa by’imyaka ako kanya. Ariko mu gihe umurima utari uhinzemo kuwutegura bihera mu gutema ibihuru hakoreshejwe amashoka n’imihoro mbere yo gutangira guhinga. Ibiti binini n’ibihuru byo mu murima bitemeshwa amaboko, ibyatsi n’ibiti byaguye mu murima bigakurwamo. Gutegura imitabo bishobora gukorwa nyuma yo gusanza iyo guhinga kumitabo ari byo bitegetswe. Byibura kuva ku minsi 5 kugeza kuri 7 ni cyo gihe cyemewe kuri buri cyiciro cy’itegura ry’ ubutaka kugira ngo ibihuru n’ibyatsi byatemwe bibe bimaze kubora no kubyara ifumbire bityo byongere uburumbuke mu butaka  kugira ngo imbuto zizamere neza zinakure neza. Ni ngombwa guhitamo ubutaka bwizeweho kuzagira umusaruro utubutse w’inkori. Umuhinzi agomba rero guhitamo ubutaka bw’urusenyi n’inombe bwayoborewe amazi neza mu turere tugwamo imvura nyinshi.
Gutera imbuto
Amoko menshi y’inkori avangwa n’ibindi bihingwa nk’ amasaka, ibigori, ingano n’imyumbati. Inkori bakunda kuzihinga hafi y’ingo kugira ngo bazasoromeho umushogoro. thumb|Inkori Mu gutera inkori, intera iratandukanye cyane, kenshi na kenshi iva kuri cm 30 × cm 40 mu gihe cy’imvura nke no kuva kuri  cm 40 × cm 75 ku moko y’inkori yera vuba kandi maremare. Intera ngari ya cm 55 x cm 75 ikoreshwa muri rusange ku moko y’inkori atinda kwera cyangwa arimo akwirakwizwa hagaterwa imbuto 2 cyangwa 3 mu ibimba. Uburyo bwo kubiba umisha  ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane n’abahinzi bo mu cyaro  muri Afurika no muri Sudani y’epfo by’umwihariko iyo inkori zahinganywe n’ibindi bihingwa ngandurarugo. Imbuto z’inkori ziterwa muri cm 2 kugeza kuri 3 z’ubujyakuzimu. Nyamara gutera imbuto 3 kugeza kuri 4 bituma inkori zimera neza bigatuma zikura ari nyinshi.
Ibyonnyi
Udukoko twona imyaka ni  two tuza ku murongo wa mbere mu gutubya umusaruro no kwangiza ubwiza bw’amababi akoreshwa nk’imboga.
Mu byonnyi bikomeye by’inkori harimo: thumb|Inkori (a) Inda z’ibishyimbo (Aphis fabae): inda ni udukoko tw’umukara tunyunyuza amatembabuzi, tuza tukirundanya ku mitwe y’inkori, ku gihimba, ku mababi cyangwa ku ruyange. Iyo dukabije kuba twinshi tubuza igihingwa kongera gukura uko bisanzwe. Ikimenyetso rusange kiba guhinduka umuhondo no kwangirika kw’amababi bitewe n’utwo dukoko. Gutera umuti wa Malathion, Menazon cyangwa Endosulfan bishobora kugabanya gukwirakwira k’utu dukoko mu murima w’inkori.
Inda z’ibishyimbo
(b) Imungu (Coryna spp), uduhunduguru n’udukoko tunyunyuza imiteja (Acanthomia horrida ).
(c) Nkongwa  ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori (Maruca testulalis) thumb|Ikibabi cy'inkori Nkongwa  ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori ni icyonnyi kiboneka mu duce twumagara gishobora kwangiza imbuto. Ibyana byabyo bigira ibara risa n’icyatsi  cya elayo giciyemo ibidomo byijimye bitonze umurongo kandi bifite ubwoya. Birya uruyange bikarya n’ibitumbwe bityo bigateza igihombo kinini ku musaruro. Mu gihe ari ngombwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya ibyo byonnyi, ntabwo igomba gukoreshwa mbere yo gusoroma umushogoro wo guteka nk’ imboga.
Inyoni
Imimero y’inkori izamuka mu butaka igatunguka hejuru y’ubutaka. Igira ubushobozi bwo gukurura urumuri rukuza imyaka kugeza igihe hamereye amababi ya mbere ya nyayo abasha kwikururira urumuri. Inkori zigeze kuri icyi cyiciro zorohera inyoni nk’inuma, inkanga n’andi moko menshi y’inyoni aca iyo mimero no akayirya, ibyo bikangiza imimero itangiye kuzamuka. Kongera gutera imbuto aho zangiritse bigomba guhita bikorwa ako kanya. Inkanga zishobora kuba icyonnyi gikomeye mu gihe imiteja yatangiye kwiremamo imbuto z’inkori.
Ibivumvuri (Callosobruchus)
Ibivumvuri ni byo byonnyi by’ingenzi byangiza inkori. Bibamo amoko abiri y’ingenzi:
Callosobruchus masculatus na Callosobruchus chinensis.
Ibivumvuri bikuze kenshi bitera amagi yabyo mu murima, mu miteja igitangira kuzana imbuto. Ibyana byabyo byinjira mu bikonoshwa by’imiteja no mu mbuto. Biba ari bitoya cyane ku buryo imyenge byinjiriramo itabonwa n’amaso maze uko imbuto zigenda zikura n’ imyenge ikazimira. Ibyana bitungwa n’iby’imbere mu rubuto maze buri gakoko kakiremera inzira itunguka inyuma ipfumuye urubuto. Nyuma y’iremwa ry’agakoko  agakoko gakuru gasunikira hanze igishishwa cy’umuteja kagasigamo umwenge w’uruziga. N’ubwo hari amagi amwe n’amwe aba yaratewe mu murima, amenshi ni aterwa n’udukoko dukuru twinjira mu bubiko. Udukoko dutera amagi mu mbuto z’inkori maze tugatuma habaho kwiyongera gukabije kw’imbuto zanduye. Kenshi abahinzi bavanga inkori n’ivu mu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kurinda imbuto.
Indwara
Indwara zifata inkori zikunda kugaragara no gukabya mu turere duhehereye, ariko zishobora no gufata inkori zihinzwe mu turere twumagaye. Indwara z’ingenzi mu zifata inkori ni izi zikurikira:
Inkori zafashwe n’indwara y’ibibara ku mababi - Zonate
Ni indwara izana ibibara bitandukanye ku mababi bitewe n’uduhumyo (Ascochyta phaseolorum) na Dactuli phoratarii n’ibijya gusa n’umugese (Synchytrium dolichi). Guhangana n’iyi ndwara bisaba gutera amoko y’inkori abasha kwihanganira bene izi ndwara ziterwa n’imiyege. Indwara nk’ibibara nka Septoria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot na brown blotch ni amwe mu moko y’ingenzi y’indwara z’ibibara byangiza amababi y’inkori.
Indwara ziterwa na virusi
Inkori zifatwa n’indwara ziterwa na virusi zirenga 20, muri zo harimo: ububembe buterwa n’inda zangiza inkori, ububembe buterwa na virusi buzana ibibara (amabara abengerana, amabara y’umuhondo,….). Indwara zimwe ziba zaraturutse ku kwanduzanya kw’imbuto hagati y’ikinyejana cy’ibihingwa n’ikigikurikiye, bigatuma habaho ikwirakwira ry’indwara ku musaruro w’inkori wo mu tundi turere bitewe n’ihererekanya ry’imbuto. Indwara zandurira mu mbuto zikwirakzizwa mu mirima y’inkori n’udukoko twangiza nk’inda n’ibivumvuri, uduhunduguru n’udukoko tuguruka. Indwara ziterwa na virusi biragoye guhangana nazo hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire. Uburyo bushoboka bwo guhangana nazo ni ugutera imbuto z’ubwoko bwizewe bubasha kwihanganira ubwandu bwa virusi.
Indwara ziterwa na mikorobe za bagiteri
Cyumya ni indwara rusange y’inkori iboneka  mu turere duhehereye twa Toropike.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Imbuto Ikiciro:Imboga
Inzovu zo mu mashyamba ya Afurika
Inzovu yo mu mashyamba yo muri Afurika (Loxodonta cyclotis) ni bumwe mu bwoko bubiri bw'inzovu zo muri Afurika. Ikomoka mu mashyamba atoshye yo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba no mu kibaya cya Kongo. Ni ntoya mu moko atatu y'inzovu nzima, igera ku burebure bw'igitugu cya m 2,4 (7 ft 10 muri). Ibitsina byombi bifite ibibyimba bigororotse, byerekana hasi, biturika iyo bafite imyaka 1-3. Yibera mumatsinda yabantu bagera kuri 20. Kubera ko irisha amababi, imbuto, imbuto, n'ibishishwa by'ibiti, byiswe 'megagardener w'ishyamba'. Ifite uruhare runini mu kubungabunga imiterere n’imiterere y’amashyamba ya Gineya yo muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba n’amashyamba y’imvura ya Kongo.
Ibisobanuro bya mbere bya siyansi by’ubwoko byasohotse mu 1900. Mu kinyejana cya 20, guhiga byatumye umubare w'abaturage ugabanuka cyane, kandi mu 2013 byagereranijwe ko hasigaye abantu batageze ku 30.000. Irabangamiwe no gutakaza aho gutura, gucikamo ibice, no guhiga. Imiterere yo kubungabunga abaturage iratandukanye mu bihugu bitandukanye. Kuva mu 2021, ubwoko bwashyizwe ku rutonde nk’ibangamiwe cyane ku rutonde rutukura rwa IUCN.
Amatagisi
Loxodonte yasabwe nk'izina rusange ry’inzovu zo muri Afurika na Frédéric Cuvier mu 1825. Iri zina ryerekeza kuri emamel ya lozenge imeze nk'amenyo ya molar, itandukanye cyane n'imiterere y'inzovu y'inzovu yo muri Aziya. Loxodonte yashyizwe mu majwi i Loxodonta n'umwanditsi utazwi mu 1827.
Ubuhinzi bw'asoya
thumb|Ikibabi cya Soya thumb|Ubuhinzi bwa Soya thumb|soya thumb|Soya IRIBURIRO Soya ni igihingwa kiri mu muryango w’ibinyamisogwe, gikungahaye ku byubaka umubiri (protein)  n’amavuta. Ihingwa cyane mu murambi n’umukenke w’iburasirazuba, mu mayaga, inkombe z'ikiyaga. Yihanganira ubutaka bwagundutse cyangwa se bufite ubusharire, ikera neza mu butaka burimo amazi ahagije kandi umwuka ubasha gutemberamo. Ikindi kandi,  Soya yifitemo ubushobozi bwo kongera mu butaka imyunyu ngugu yo mu bwoko bwa  Azote ifatanije n’udusimba tuba mu butaka turi mu bwoko bwa bagiteri twitwa Rhizobia.
Siborurema Florien
Siborurema Florien ni umugabo wakinnye umukino wa volleyball mu makipe atandukanye, ubu ni umutoza w’Ikipe ya APR Women VolleyBall Club.
Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba siporo Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa volleyball
Ubuhinzi bw'asoya
Gutegura umurima wa soya
Gufumbira
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Imboga Ikiciro:Ibiribwa Ikiciro:Imbuto
Umushinga wo koroza Abakene Amatungo magufi
thumb|Intama nazo ziri mumatungo magufi yorozwa abaturage Mu mwaka wa 2021 Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (RAB), cyatangije umushinga wo koroza abaturage bakennye amatungo magufiya,nki ihene, intama, ingurube ndetse n’inkoko.
Ibyo Wamenya
Biteganyijwe ko mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu uyu mushinga uzamara, hazatangwa ingurube ibihumbi bitatu ku miryango ibihumbi bitatu, hanyuma na yo ikazitura indi ku buryo zizagera mu ku miryango ibihumbi 15.Uwo mushinga uzakorerwa mu turere 5 twose two mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, 5 two mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ari two Huye, Gisagara, Ruhango, Nyamagabe na Nyaruguru ndetse no mu Turere twa Ngororero, Nyamasheke, Karongi, Rutsiro na Nyabihu two mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba. thumb|Ihene nazo ni ubwoko bw'amatungo magufi azorozwa abaturage muri uno mushinga
Ibyo Umushinga Uzafasha
Ni umushinga uzafasha abakene kwinjira mu bworozi bw’amatungo magufi, bizatuma tugabanya umubare w’abakene mu gihugu, tugabanye n’ibibazo by’imirire mibi, ariko noneho byongere n’umusaruro wabo. Ni ukuvuga kubona amafaranga ababeshaho”. Uzafasha kandi aborozi kubona amasoko, hashyirweho amabagiro y’ingurube ndetse n’amavuriro y’amatungo, ku buryo arwaye abantu bazajya bajya kuyavuza.Uwo mushinga uzafasha n’aborozi bo mu cyiciro cya gatatu n’icya kane by’ubudehe, kuko kimwe n’abazorozwa, muri bo hari abazahabwa amahugurwa kugira ngo barusheho korora neza.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Amatungo
Aïssa Djermouni
right|thumb|Ishusho igaragaza Aissa Aïssa Djermouni cyangwa Aïssa El Jermouni cyangwa Aissa Merzougui cyangwa Aïssa L'Jarmouni (1886–1946) ni umusizi wo muri Alijeriya akaba n'umuririmbyi ukomoka muri Berber.
Active Again
thumb|Active Again Abahanzi nyarwanda. thumb|Derek Sano Umwe mubagize itsinda Active Again. thumb|Tizzo umwe mubahanzi bagize itsinda Active. Hari tariki 25 Nyakanga mu mwaka 2013 ubwo abasore batatu bafite indeshyo idasumbana cyane bahuriye ku kugira urubavu ruto ariko bakamenya kubyina bihebuje bisuganyaga bagakora itsinda bakaryita Active Group, iri tsinda rikaba ryari rigizwe na Dereck, Tizzo na Olivis ari nabo bakiririmo kugeza magingo aya.
Amateka Mbere yo guhura, buri wese yari umuhanzi ku giti cye
Active ni itsinda rigizwe n’abahanzi Tizzo, Dereck na Olvis baje kwihuriza hamwe mu mwaka wa 2013 nyuma y’uko buri wese yakoraga umuziki ku giti cye. Bihurije hamwe bigizwemo uruhare na Bagenzi Bernard watunganyaga amajwi n’amashusho muri icyo gihe.
Urungendo rwa Muzika
Itsinda rya Active rikivuka, ryaje risanga andi matsinda yari akomeye arimo nka Dream Boyz, Urban Boyz yari yarigaruriye imitima y’abafana b’umuziki nyarwanda, Active iza ari itsinda rifite byinshi rihuriyeho birimo kuba ari ababyinnyi beza bagiye banyura mu matsinda abyina anyuranye. Ntibyatinze kuri iri tsinda ngo ribashe kugaragaza ubuhanga ndetse ibitangazamakuru byibanda ku myidagaduro bitangira kubashyira mu nkuru nyamukuru cyane cyane ubwo basohoraga indirimbo yabo ‘Udukoryo Twinshi’ itaravuzweho rumwe ku bw’ibyamamare bagiye bagarukaho byatumye bigararurira imbaga nini y’urubyiruko rwakundaga indirimbo zibyinitse ndetse bagakundirwa n’uburyo basusurutsa abantu ku rubyiniro.
Igihe cyarageze itsinda rya Active riza gutandukana n’inzu ifasha abahanzi ya Incredible Records ya Bagenzi Bernard wagize uruhare mu guhuriza hamwe abagize iri tsinda berekeza muri New Level bagamije kwagura ibikorwa byabo.Umunsi ku wundi Active nk’itsinda ni ko ryakuraga ndetse batangira gukorana n’abahanzi banyuranye bo hakurya y’imbibi indirimbo nka Waga waga bakoranye na Vampino, Amafiyeri bakoranye na Barnaba Classic ndetse na Go Mama bakoranye na Mwana FA ziri mu byabafunguriye imiryango mu Karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba.
Uretse gukora indirimbo nziza zibyinitse, Ikibatsi cy’urukundo rwa Dereck na Miss Teta Sandra ndetse na Olvis hamwe na Miss Vanessa n’uburyo rwaje kuyonga ni bimwe mu byagiye bifata imitwe y’inkuru nyamukuru z’ibitangazamakuru bikora inkuru z’imyidagaduro mu Rwanda.
Ibyatumye havuka agatotsi hagati yabo
Umwaka wa 2018 wasize Dereck, umwe mu bagize iri tsinda afashe umwanzuro wo gusubira ku ntebe y’ishuri akajya kwiga muzika ku Nyundo asize bagenzi be bakoranaga mu itsinda. N’ubwo byari ikintu cyiza haba kuri we ndetse no ku itsinda, bisa nk’ibitarigeze biganirwaho hagati yabo kugira ngo barebere hamwe uko imyigire ye itagira ingaruka ku buzima bw’itsinda. Byaje gusa n’ibyatumye havuka agatotsi hagati yabo, ibihangano byabahuzaga birabura ndetse bamwe ntibatinya kwemeza ko iri tsinda riri mu marembera cyo kimwe n’andi anyuranye yagiye atandukana nyuma yo gucika intege no kutumva ibintu kimwe mu bayagize.
References
Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda Ikiciro:Rwandan artists Ikiciro:Umuhanzi
Amakimbirane Mu Miryango
Amakimbirane Mu Miryango
thumb|Umuryango Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ihohoterwa ribabaza umutima ryiganje ku kigero cya 79%, iribabaza umubiri ryihariye 73% naho irishingiye ku mitungo rikagira 56% mu gihe irishingiye ku gitsina ari 48%.
Ibyo Wamenya
Ubushakashatsi bwo mu mwaka 2016, bwagaragaje ko muri Afurika abagore 70% bakubitwa kubera ko ‘yavuye mu rugo adahawe uruhushya n’umugabo we, kuba hari umwana utitaweho neza. Ibindi birimo kuba umugore yashiririza ibyo kurya, yanze gutera akabariro n’izindi mpamvu nyinshi zishobora gutuma umugore akubitwa cyangwa agahohoterwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Urwego rw’Imiyoborere, RGB mu mwaka 2017, abaturage babajijwe bagaragaje ko amakimbirane mu miryango yari hejuru ya 50% by’imiryango yose mu gihugu. Mu mwaka 2018 ubwo bushakashatsi bwongera kugaragaza ko amakimbirane yo mu miryango yari ku kigero cya 60.7% na ho mu mwaka 2019, amakimbirane mu muryango yari ku kigero cya 70.39%.Raporo y’Urwego rw’igihugu rw’Ubugenzacyaha, RIB mu mwaka 2020, yerekanye ko mu mwaka 2019 abagabo 49 ari bo bishe abagore babo na ho abagore 14 bica abagabo. Ni mu gihe mu mwaka 2018 abagabo 37 ari bo bishe abagore babo, na ho abagore 16 bica abagabo babo.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ubuzima Ikiciro:Ubuzima bwumuturage
Verone Mankou
Vérone Mankou yateye intambwe igaragara nka rwiyemezamirimo kandi afite ibikorwa by'ingenzi yagezeho munsi ye. Ntabwo ari we washinze umwe mu batangije ikoranabuhanga rya Kongo ryatsinze cyane, VMK, ahubwo wavumbuye Pointe-Noire wavumbuye kandi ni we wakoze ibinini bya mbere byakozwe na Afurika (Way-C) na terefone (Elikia) - ibihangano yabigezeho akiri mu myaka makumyabiri.
Uyu munsi, yagurishije ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bya terefone na tableti ku bakiriya be bo muri Kongo, kandi uko isosiyete ye ikura, Verone itangiye gushakisha amasoko mashya. Yashizeho iduka muri Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Muri 2015, yafunguye uruganda rwa miliyoni 2 z'amadolari mu murwa mukuru Brazzaville, yiyemeza guha ubushobozi impano zaho n'amahirwe.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Ubukene Mu Muryango
Abaturage bo mu Karere ka Musanze bavuga ko imiryango ibana nabi ikunze guhera mu bukene, kandi ntinitabire gahunda za Leta, ibyo ngo bituma amakimbirane adacika, bagasaba ubuyobozi kurushaho kuyegera bakayigisha.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Imiryango
Inyama y'inkoko
thumb|inyama z'inkoko ziri ku isahani. Mu biguruka biribwa inkoko iza ku mwanya w’imbere. Ni mu gihe kuko iri mu biguruka byororwa kandi ikaba urugero rwiza rw’inyama z’umweru. Inkoko nyamara kandi kuri ubu zisigaye zituburwa, umwimerere wazo ukagenda ugabanyuka. Muri iyi nkuru tugiye kuvuga umwihariko w’inyama z’inkoko gusa turavuga inkoko y’umwimerere, itari ya yindi igaburirwa igakura mu mezi abiri, ahubwo ya nkoko itungwa no gutora, ikaraha ibyo irya, imwe ikunze kwitwa inyarwanda.
Muri garama 100 z’iyi nyama dusangamo ingufu zingana na 215kCal, garama 18 za poroteyine, garama 15 z’ibinure, 75mg za cholesterol. Dusangamo imyunyungugu nka kalisiyumu, ubutare, magnesium, phosphore, potasiyumu na sodiyumu ndetse na zinc. Muri vitamin habonekamo vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E na vitamin K.
Akamaro kayo kubuzima
thumb|Inyama y'inkoko mu gihe bari kuyibaga.
Gutuma umuntu agubwa neza ndetse akumva afie ibyishimo
mu nyama y'inkoko dusangamo amono acide ya tryptophan ,iyi ikaba igira uruhare runini mu gutuma umubiri uvubura umusemburo utera ibyishimo wa serotonine ,bityo kurya inyama y'inkoko bituma wumva wishimye.
Amiino acide ni kamwe mu duce kagize intungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa poroteyine ,ninatwo dukoreshwa n'umubiri mu kubaka no gusana ahangiritse ndetse mu kurema uturemangingo dushya.
Inyama z'inkoko zikungahanye ku ntungamubiri nyinshi cyane
mu nyama z'inkoko dusangamo vitamini B12 ,tugasangamo nindi ntungamubiri yitwa choline ,iyi choline ikaba ifasha mu kurema ubwonko bw'umwana uri mu nda arinabyo bisobanur uburyo inyama y'inkoko ari nziza ku mugore utwite. thumb|Inyama y'inkoko yokeje. kandi nanone iyi ntungamubiri ya choline inaboneka mu magi ariko ntikunze kuboneka mu biribwa byibshi buretse inyama y'inkoko n'amagi gusa.
gukomeza no kubaka imikaya
mu nyma z'inkoko dusangamo intungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa poroteyine ,ari nazo zifasha umubiri kubaka no gukomeza imikaya.
umuntu urya inkoko agira imikaya myiza kandi ifite imbaraga ,ibyo byose akabikesha ziriya poroteyine ziboneka mu nyama z'inkoko.
Gukomeza amagufa
poroteyine ndetse n'imyunyungugu dusanga mu nyama y'inkoko bigira uruhare runini mu gukomeza amagufa ,bityo umuntu agatandukana n'ibibazo byo kuba amagufa ye yavunika ku buryo bworoshye. thumb|Inyama y'inkoko ikaranze mu mavuta.
Kurinda umutima wawe no kunoza imikorere yawo
inyama y'inkoko ishyirwa mu cyiciro cy'inyama z'umweru ,bityo ntiziba zikungahaye kun binure bibi bishobora kuzibiranya umutima bityo izi nyama nizo zonyine zidatera ibibazo ku mutima.
mu nyama z'inkoko dusangamo ibinure byiza byo mu bwoko bwa koresiteroli bityo nibyo bituma ari nziza cyane ku mikorere y'umutima.
Kugabanya ibiro by'umurengera
kubera ko inyama y'inkoko iba idafitemo ibinure byinshi muriyo ahubwo ikaba ikungahaye cyane kuri poroteyine ,ibyo bituma ari inyama z'amahitamo meza kubifuza kugabanya ibiro by;umurengera
zifasha mu kongera umusemburo wa testosterone  ku bagabo no kongera umubare w'intangangabo
ku bagabo ,inyama y;inkoko ni nziza cyane kuko ifasha umubiri wabo kuvubura ku bwinshi umusemburo wa kigabo wa testosterone ,ibi kandi bikanatuma intangangabo ziba nyinshi mu mubare.
kurya inyama y'inkoko ku bagabo bishobora gutuma umugabo yitwara neza mu mubiri ariko ubushakashatsi bwimbitse buracyakorwa kuri iyi ngingo.
kuzamura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri no kuvura indwara y'ibicurane
kuva kera agasosi k'inkoko  kazwiho kwirukana no kuvura uturwara twa hato na hato nk'indwara zifata mu buhumekero nk'ibicurane ndetse kakanatuma umuntu atarwaragurika bya hato na hato.
Dez Altino
thumb|Umuhanzi Dez Altino Tiga Wendwaoga Désiré Ouédraogo, uzwi cyane ku izina rye ryo ku rubyiniro rya Dez Altino, ni umuririmbyi akaba n'umucuranzi wa gitari wo muri Burkina Faso. Aririmba mu ndimi za Mòoré n'Igifaransa, kandi umuziki we hafi ya wose uri mu bwoko bwa coupé-décalé. Yakoranye inshuro nyinshi nabandi bahanzi bakomeye bo muri Burkina Faso harimo nka Floby na Agozo.
Altino azwi kandi ku izina rye, Le Prince National.
Ubuzima n'umwuga
Altino yinjiye muri muzika bwa mbere muri 2006 hamwe na alubumu ye Bon Dieu. Muri 2018, yashinze isosiyete ikora, ikanatunganya umuziki ayita Altino Prod kugirango ifashe abahanzi bakiri bato mu gutezimbere umwuga wabo.
Aba mu karere ka Cissin ka Ouagadougou kandi afite umukobwa, wavutse mu 2012.
Amashyamba muri gatsibo
Kongera Amashamba
Kubera gahunda yo kongera amashyamba u Rwanda rufite, banki nyafurika itsura amajyambere yarugeneye inkunga y’amayero miliyoni 4.59 mu rwego rwo gufasha u Rwanda kwita ku mashyamba no kuyongera. Ibikorwa byo kongera amashyamba mu Rwanda bizatuma u Rwanda rushobora kwinjiza amafaranga atangwa n’inganda zikomeye zisohora imyuka yangiza ikirere. Ikigo cy’igihugu cyita ku bidukikije giherutse gusobanurira abanyenganda bakorera mu Rwanda uburyo bashobora kugabanya guhumanya ikirere maze izonganda zikabaha amafaranga. Ishyamba rizitabwaho ni irya Gishwati aho kurisana mu gihe cy’imyaka 3 bishobora kuzatanga akazi ku baturage bagera kuri 400 bagashobora kwikura mu bukene.
Cana rumwe
Umushinga ‘Rwanda for Peace and Progress’-RPP ugiye guha abaturage ibihumbi 70 bo mu Karere ka Gatsibo amashyiga yitwa ‘Cana rumwe’ arondereza ibicanwa mu rwego rwo gusigasira no kurengera ibidukikije. Akarere ka Gatsibo kagizwe n’ibice birimo iby’imisozi miremire n’iby’imirambi, harimo ahakunze kurangwa n’izuba ryinshi, ibi bice byose bikaba bidafite amashyamba menshi ku buryo abaturage babona ibicanwa uko babishaka.Bamwe mu babyeyi bo muri Gatsibo bemeza ko izi mbabura zizagabanya hamwe na hamwe amakimbirane yaterwaga no gucanira ku nkwi, yaturukaga cyane ku mwanda wo mu gikoni kugabura ibiryo bihumuramo imyotsi n’ibindi byinshi bizamukira kuri ibyo. Uyu mushinga uzamara imyaka itatu ishobora kongerwa, ukazakorera mu mirenge yose y’Akarere ka Gatsibo uko ari 14.
Itegeko
Ingingo ya 59 y’iri tegeko ivuga ko umuntu wese utuma ibimera bikomye bipfa, ubisenya, ubisarura cyangwa ubyangiza, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu (3) ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 FRW) ariko atarenze miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000FRW).Itegeko N°48/2018 ryo ku ya 13/08/2018, mu ngingo yaryo ya 44 ivuga ko hagamijwe kurengera ibinyabuzima, ibikorwa bikurikira birabujijwe: gutwika amashyamba, pariki z’Igihugu n’ibyanya; gutwika ibishanga, inzuri, ibihuru, ibyatsi hagamijwe ubuhinzi cyangwa gutunganya inzuri z’amatungo ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa ibyo aribyo byose byangiza ibidukikije birabujijwe.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Gatsibo Ikiciro:Ishyamba
Tobiya Badila
Tobiya Badila Kouendolo, uzwi ku izina rya Tobiya Badila, (yavutse Ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1993 muri Dijon) Ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri congo. Yakinnye ibumoso.
Umwuga
Nyuma yo gukoranywa na Dijon FCO, yasinyanye amasezerano ya mbere n’umwuga na Nancy mu mpeshyi yo muri 2013, nyuma y’uko ikipe ye imanuka muri Ligue 2.
Ibingwi
Yatsinze Ligue 2 muri 2016 hamwe na AS Nancy-Lorraine.
UBUHANZI
Ubuhanzi
nuburyo butandukanye bwibikorwa byabantu, nibicuruzwa bivamo, bikubiyemo impano yo guhanga cyangwa gutekereza yerekana ubuhanga bwa tekinike, ubwiza, imbaraga zamarangamutima, cyangwa ibitekerezo. [1] [2] [3]
Tobiya Badila
amahuza yo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
UBUHANZI
Ubuhanzi
Inzira y'isaha uhereye ibumoso hejuru: 1887 yifotoje na Vincent van Gogh; igishusho cyabakurambere cyumugore numuhanzi Chokwe; burambuye kuva Ivuka rya Venusi (nko mu 1484–1486) na Sandro Botticelli; n'intare ya Okinawan Shisa
Nta bisobanuro rusange byemeranijweho bigize ibihangano, [4] [5] [6] kandi ibisobanuro byayo bitandukanye cyane mumateka no mumico. Mu muco w’iburengerazuba, amashami atatu ya kera y’ubuhanzi bugaragara ni ugushushanya, gushushanya, no kubaka. Ikinamico, imbyino, n’ubundi buhanzi bukora, kimwe nubuvanganzo, umuziki, firime n’ibindi bitangazamakuru nkibitangazamakuru byungurana ibitekerezo, biri mu bisobanuro byagutse by’ubuhanzi. [1] Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 17, ubuhanzi bwerekanaga ubuhanga cyangwa ubuhanga kandi ntibutandukanye n'ubukorikori cyangwa siyanse. Mu mikoreshereze igezweho nyuma yikinyejana cya 17, aho ibitekerezo byuburanga byingenzi, ibihangano byiza bitandukanijwe kandi bitandukanijwe nubuhanga bungutse muri rusange, nkubuhanzi bwo gushushanya cyangwa gukoresha.
Imiterere yubuhanzi nibisobanuro bifitanye isano, nko guhanga no gusobanura, bigenzurwa mumashami ya filozofiya izwi kwizina ryiza. Ibikorwa byavuyemo byigwa mubyumwuga wo kunegura ibihangano n'amateka yubuhanzi.
Incamake
Ukurikije amateka yubuhanzi, [10] ibihangano byabayeho kuva kera nkabantu: kuva mubuhanzi bwambere bwamateka kugeza mubuhanzi bwa none; icyakora, bamwe mu bahanga mu bya tewolojiya batekereza ko igitekerezo gisanzwe cy '"ibihangano byubuhanzi" kidahuye neza n’imiryango y’iburengerazuba bwa none. Imyumvire imwe ya mbere yo gusobanura ubuhanzi ifitanye isano rya hafi nubusobanuro bwa kera bwikilatini, bisobanurwa ngo "ubuhanga" cyangwa "ubukorikori", nkuko bifitanye isano namagambo nka "umunyabukorikori". Amagambo y'Icyongereza akomoka kuri ubu busobanuro arimo ibihangano, ibihangano, ibihangano, ubuvuzi, n'ubuhanzi bwa gisirikare. Ariko, hariho ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ijambo, byose bifitanye isano na etymologiya yayo.
Icupa ryo mu kinyejana cya 20, abaturage ba Twa, u Rwanda. Ibikorwa byubuhanzi birashobora gukora imirimo ifatika, hiyongereyeho agaciro keza.
Nyuma y'igihe, abahanga mu bya filozofiya nka Platon, Aristote, Socrate na Immanuel Kant, n'abandi, babajije icyo ubuhanzi busobanura. Ibiganiro byinshi muri Platon bikemura ibibazo byubuhanzi: Socrate avuga ko ibisigo byahumetswe na muses, kandi ntabwo byumvikana. Avuga ashimangiye ibi, nubundi buryo bwubusazi bwimana (ubusinzi, eroticisme, ninzozi) muri Phaedrus (265a - c), nyamara muri Repubulika irashaka kubuza ibihangano bikomeye bya Homer ibisigo, no gusetsa. Muri Ion, Socrate ntagaragaza ko Homer atemera muri Repubulika. Ikiganiro Ion cyerekana ko Iliad ya Homer yakoraga mu isi ya kera y'Abagereki nk'uko Bibiliya ibikora muri iki gihe mu isi ya gikristo ya none: nk'ubuhanzi bw'ubuvanganzo bwahumetswe n'Imana bushobora gutanga ubuyobozi bwiza, niba gusa bushobora gusobanurwa neza.
Ku bijyanye n'ubuhanzi bw'ubuvanganzo n'ubuhanzi bwa muzika, Aristote yabonaga ko imivugo idasanzwe, ibyago, urwenya, imivugo n'umuziki bya Dithyrambic ari ibihangano byigana cyangwa byigana, buri kimwe kikaba gitandukanye mu kwigana uburyo bwo hagati, ibintu, ndetse n'uburyo. [14] Kurugero, umuziki wigana nibitangazamakuru byinjyana nubwumvikane, mugihe imbyino yigana injyana yonyine, nubusizi hamwe nururimi. Imiterere nayo iratandukanye mubintu byabo byo kwigana. Urwenya, nk'urugero, ni kwigana mu buryo butangaje abagabo babi kurusha impuzandengo; mugihe ibyago bigana abagabo neza gato ugereranije. Ubwanyuma, imiterere iratandukanye muburyo bwabo bwo kwigana - binyuze mu kuvuga cyangwa imiterere, binyuze mu mpinduka cyangwa nta gihinduka, no mu ikinamico cyangwa nta kinamico. Aristote yizeraga ko kwigana ari ibisanzwe ku bantu kandi ko ari kimwe mu byiza abantu barusha inyamaswa.
Ubusobanuro bwa vuba kandi bwihariye bw'ijambo ubuhanzi nk'incamake y'ubuhanzi bwo guhanga cyangwa ibihangano byiza byagaragaye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17. [17] Ubuhanzi bwiza bivuga ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kwerekana ibihangano byumuhanzi, cyangwa guhuza abumva ibyiyumvo byubwiza, cyangwa gukurura abitabiriye kureba ibihangano byiza cyangwa byiza.
Muri ubu buryo bwa nyuma, ijambo ubuhanzi rishobora kwerekeza ku bintu byinshi: (i) ubushakashatsi bwubuhanga bwo guhanga, (ii) inzira yo gukoresha ubuhanga bwo guhanga, (iii) umusaruro wubuhanga bwo guhanga, cyangwa (iv) the uburambe bwabumva hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhanga. Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga (ubuhanzi nka disipuline) nicyegeranyo cya disipuline itanga ibihangano (ubuhanzi nkibintu) bihatirwa na disiki yumuntu ku giti cye (ubuhanzi nkibikorwa) kandi bigatanga ubutumwa, imyumvire, cyangwa ibimenyetso kugirango ababyumva basobanure (ubuhanzi nk uburambe). Ubuhanzi nikintu gikangura ibitekerezo byumuntu, amarangamutima, imyizerere, cyangwa ibitekerezo binyuze mubyumviro. Ibikorwa byubuhanzi birashobora gukorwa neza kubwiyi ntego cyangwa bigasobanurwa hashingiwe ku mashusho cyangwa ibintu. Ku bahanga bamwe, nka Kant, siyanse n'ubuhanzi bishobora kuba itandukanijwe no gufata siyanse yerekana urwego rwubumenyi nubuhanzi nkuhagarariye urwego rwubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo mubuhanzi.
Athingahangwi Ramabulana
Amateka
Muri 2018, Athingahangwi yashinze ubucuruzi bwe Athinga's Corner, resitora n’isosiyete itanga ibiryo bitanga intungamubiri buri munsi ku banyeshuri ba kaminuza, cyane cyane abatuye aho batuye ndetse na komini. Ubucuruzi butanga ibiryo byiza bya Afrika yepfo, serivisi nziza kubakiriya bayo, hamwe nuburambe bushimishije ku giciro cyiza. Isosiyete kandi yashyizeho uburyo bwo gutumiza kumurongo kandi ikoresha Uber Eats kugirango ihuze ibyo abakiriya bakeneye kandi itange ibiryo kumuryango. Athingahangwi yizeye kwagura ibikorwa byubucuruzi afungura inguni nyinshi za Athinga muri kaminuza nyinshi zo muri Afurika y'epfo.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Afurika y’Epfo Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
UBUHANZI
Incamake
Akenshi, niba ubuhanga bukoreshwa muburyo busanzwe cyangwa bufatika, abantu bazabifata nkubukorikori aho kuba ubuhanzi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba ubuhanga bukoreshwa muburyo bwubucuruzi cyangwa inganda, birashobora gufatwa nkubuhanzi bwubucuruzi aho kuba ibihangano byiza. Kurundi ruhande, ubukorikori nigishushanyo rimwe na rimwe bifatwa nkubuhanzi bukoreshwa. Bamwe mu bakurikira ibihangano bavuze ko itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubuhanzi bwiza n’ubuhanzi bukoreshwa rifitanye isano n’imanza zaciwe n’ubuhanzi kuruta itandukaniro risobanutse neza. Nyamara, n'ubuhanzi bwiza akenshi bufite intego zirenze guhanga no kwigaragaza. Intego yibikorwa byubuhanzi irashobora kuba uguhana ibitekerezo, nko mubuhanzi bwa politiki, bwumwuka, cyangwa filozofiya; kurema imyumvire y'ubwiza (reba ubwiza); gucukumbura imiterere yimyumvire; kwishimisha; cyangwa kubyara amarangamutima akomeye. Intego irashobora kandi kuba isa nkaho itabaho.
Ubuhanzi bushobora kurangwa mubijyanye na mimesis (kwerekana ukuri kwukuri), kuvuga (kuvuga inkuru), imvugo, itumanaho ryamarangamutima, cyangwa izindi mico. Mu gihe cy’Abaroma, ubuhanzi bwaje kugaragara nk "ishami ryihariye ryubwenge bwa muntu gushyirwa mu idini na siyansi".
Amateka
Ingingo nkuru: Amateka yubuhanzi
Löwenmensch figurine, hagati yimyaka 35.000 na 41.000. Imwe mu ngero za kera zizwi cyane zerekana ubuhanzi hamwe nigishusho cya kera cyemejwe kuva kera .. [28]
Igikonoshwa cyanditsweho na Homo erectus cyariyemeje kuba hagati yimyaka 430.000 na 540.000. Urutonde rwimyaka umunani 130.000 yumurizo wa kagoma talon yera ifite ibimenyetso byaciwe no gukuramo byerekana gukoreshwa na neanderthal, bishoboka ko yabikoresha nk'imitako. Urukurikirane rw'ibisasu bito, byacukuwe bimaze imyaka 75.000 - byavumbuwe mu buvumo bwo muri Afurika y'Epfo. Ibikoresho bishobora kuba byarakoreshejwe mu gufata amarangi byavumbuwe kuva mu myaka 100.000.
Igicapo cya kera cyane cyabonetse mu Burayi ni Riesenhirschknochen der Einhornhöhle, cyatangiye mu myaka 51.000 kandi cyakozwe na Neanderthals.
Ibishusho bya mbere bidashidikanywaho hamwe n’ibihangano bisa, nka Venus ya Hohle Fels, ni ibintu byinshi biboneka mu buhanzi bw’ubuvumo n’ibihe by’ibarafu mu murage ndangamurage w’isi wa Swabian Jura UNESCO, ahahoze havumbuwe ibikorwa bya kera bidahagaze neza mu buhanzi bwa muntu nyamara byavumbuwe habonetse, mu buryo bw’inyamanswa zibajwe n’ibishushanyo mbonera by’abantu, usibye ibikoresho bya muzika bya kera byacukuwe kugeza ubu, hamwe n’ibihangano byabaye hagati ya 43.000 na 35.000 mbere ya Yesu, bityo bikaba ikigo cya mbere cy’ubuhanzi bwa muntu. [34] [35] [36] ] [37]
Ubuvumo bwo gushushanya ifarashi ivuye mu buvumo bwa Lascaux, c. 16,000 BP
Mu buhanzi bwa Byzantine na Medieval yo mu Burengerazuba bwo Hagati, ibihangano byinshi byibanze ku kwerekana ingingo zerekeye umuco wa Bibiliya n’amadini, kandi zikoresha uburyo bwerekana icyubahiro cyinshi cy’isi yo mu ijuru, nko gukoresha zahabu inyuma y’ibishushanyo, cyangwa ikirahuri muri mosaika cyangwa Windows, nayo yerekanaga imibare muburyo bwiza, bushushanyije (buringaniye). Nubwo byari bimeze bityo ariko, imigenzo gakondo ya realiste yakomezaga mu bikorwa bito bya Byzantine, kandi realism yakomeje kwiyongera mu buhanzi bw’Uburayi Gatolika.
Umukono wanditseho Sultan Mahmud II wubwami bwa Ottoman yanditswe mubyandikano bya kisilamu. Iragira iti "Mahmud Khan mwene Abdulhamid aratsinze iteka".