cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Roma
Amategeko y'Abaroma, kimwe n'amategeko ya Atene, yashyizweho n'abagabo kugira ngo ashyigikire abantu. Abagore ntibari bafite ijwi rusange kandi nta ruhare rusange bagize, byateye imbere nyuma yikinyejana cya 1 kugeza mu kinyejana cya 6 MIC. Abakenyezi b'abidegemvya bo muri Roma ya kera bari abanyagihugu bafise uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa no gukingirwa bitari abanyagihugu canke abashumba. Umuryango w'Abaroma ariko, wari abakurambere, kandi abagore ntibashoboraga gutora, gukora imirimo ya Leta, cyangwa kujya mu gisirikare. Abagore bo mu cyiciro cyo hejuru bagize uruhare muri politiki binyuze mu gushyingirwa no kubyara. Muri Repubulika y'Abaroma, ba nyina b'abavandimwe ba Gracchus na Julius Sezari bagaragaye nk'abagore b'intangarugero bateje imbere umwuga w'abahungu babo. Mu gihe cy’Ubwami, abagore bo mu muryango w’umwami w'abami bashoboraga kubona imbaraga za politiki kandi bakagaragazwa buri gihe mu buhanzi no mu biceri.
Intego nyamukuru y’umuryango w’Abaroma yari pater familias cyangwa umutware wumugabo wakoreshaga ububasha ku bana be bose, abakozi be n’umugore we. Abakobwa bari bafite uburenganzira bungana n’abahungu niba se yarapfuye atabishaka. Kimwe n'abagore bo muri Atene, abagore b'Abaroma bari bafite umurinzi cyangwa nk'uko bitwaga "umurezi" wacungaga akanagenzura ibikorwa bye byose. Iyi myigishirize yari ifite ibikorwa bike by’abagore ariko mu kinyejana cya mbere kugeza mu kinyejana cya gatandatu MIC, umutoza yararuhutse cyane kandi abagore bemerewe kugira uruhare mu bikorwa rusange nko gutunga cyangwa gucunga umutungo ndetse no gukora nk'abashinzwe amakomine mu mikino ya gladiator n'ibindi bikorwa by'imyidagaduro [ 25] Kubyara byatewe inkunga na leta. Kugeza mu wa 27–14 MIC, ius tritium liberorum ("uburenganzira bwemewe n'amategeko bw'abana batatu") yahaye icyubahiro n'ikigereranyo uburenganzira bw'ikigereranyo ku mugore wabyaye abana batatu kandi amukura mu burinzi bw'abagabo. [30]
Mu bihe bya mbere bya Repubulika y’Abaroma, umugeni yavuye ku butegetsi bwa se yinjira mu "kuboko" (manus) y’umugabo we. Nyuma yaje kugengwa na potestas yumugabo we, nubwo bitarenze abana babo. Ubu buryo bwa kera bwubukwe bwa manus bwarahebwe cyane mugihe cya Julius Sezari, mugihe umugore yagumye munsi y'ubutegetsi bwa se n'amategeko nubwo yimukiye mu rugo rw'umugabo we. Iyi gahunda yari imwe mu mpamvu z’ubwigenge abagore b’Abaroma bishimiye.
Nubwo abagore bagombaga gusubiza ba se mu bijyanye n'amategeko, ntibigeze bamukurikirana mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi, [33] kandi abagabo babo nta bubasha bari bafite kuri bo. Igihe se w'umugore yapfaga, yarekuwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko (sui iuris). Umugore wubatse yagumanye gutunga ibintu byose yazanye mu bashakanye. Abakobwa bari bafite uburenganzira bungana n’abahungu niba se yarapfuye atabishaka. Mu mategeko ya kera y'Abaroma, umugabo nta burenganzira yari afite bwo guhohotera umugore we ku mubiri cyangwa kumuhatira gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina. Gukubita umugore byari impamvu zihagije zo gutandukana cyangwa ikindi cyemezo kirega umugabo.
Kubera ubuzimagatozi bwabo nk'abenegihugu n'urwego bashobora kurekurwa, abagore bo muri Roma ya kera bashoboraga gutunga umutungo, bagirana amasezerano, kandi bakishora mu bucuruzi. Bamwe babonye kandi bajugunya umutungo utari muto, kandi byanditswe mu nyandiko nk'abagiraneza mu gutera inkunga ibikorwa rusange. Abagore b'Abaroma bashoboraga kwitaba urukiko bakajya impaka, nubwo byari bimenyerewe ko bahagararirwa n'umugabo. Basuzugurwaga icyarimwe nk'ubujiji bukabije kandi badafite imitekerereze idahwitse yo gukurikiza amategeko, kandi bakora cyane kandi bafite uruhare runini mu bijyanye n'amategeko - bivamo itegeko ryabuzaga abagore gukora imanza mu izina ryabo bwite aho kuba abandi '. Ariko na nyuma y’iri tegeko ryashyizweho, hari ingero nyinshi z’abagore bafata ibyemezo mu bibazo by’amategeko, harimo no gutegeka ingamba z’amategeko ku babunganira abagabo.
Amategeko y'Abaroma yemeraga ko gufata ku ngufu ari icyaha uwahohotewe nta cyaha yari afite [43] n'icyaha cy'urupfu. Gusambanya ku gahato umugore byafatwaga nk'igitero cyagabwe ku muryango we no ku cyubahiro cya se, kandi abahohotewe ku ngufu bakozwe n'ikimwaro kubera ko bemeye izina ribi mu cyubahiro cya se. Nkuko amategeko abiteganya, gufata ku ngufu byakorerwa gusa umuturage uhagaze neza. Gufata ku ngufu imbata byashoboraga gukurikiranwa gusa nk’ibyangiritse ku mutungo wa nyirabyo.
Igishushanyo cya bronze cyumukobwa ukiri muto usoma (ikinyejana cya nyuma)
Umwami w'abami wa mbere w’Abaroma, Augustus, yavuze ko yazamutse ku butegetsi bwonyine kugira ngo agaruke ku mico gakondo, kandi agerageza kugenga imyitwarire y’abagore binyuze mu mategeko mbwirizamuco. Ubusambanyi, bwari bwarabaye ikibazo cy’umuryango wigenga muri Repubulika, bwahamwe n’icyaha, [46] kandi busobanurwa muri rusange ko ari igikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina kitemewe (stuprum) cyabaye hagati y’umuturage w’umugabo n’umugore washatse, cyangwa hagati y’umugore wubatse n’umugabo uwo ari we wese kuruta umugabo we. Kubwibyo, umugore wubatse yashoboraga kuryamana numugabo we gusa, ariko umugabo wubatse ntiyasambanye mugihe yaryamanye nindaya, imbata, cyangwa umuntu ufite akato (infamis). Indaya nyinshi muri Roma ya kera zari imbata, nubwo imbata zimwe zarindwaga uburaya ku gahato n’ingingo yo mu masezerano yabo yo kugurisha. Umugore wigenga wakoraga nkindaya cyangwa imyidagaduro yatakaje imibereho ye ahinduka infamis, "icyubahiro"; mu gutuma umubiri we uboneka ku mugaragaro, mu by'ukuri yari yaratanze uburenganzira bwe bwo kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina cyangwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina.
Filozofiya ya stoic yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry'amategeko y'Abaroma. Abasitoyiko bo mu bihe bya Imperial nka Seneka na Musonius Rufus batezimbere ibitekerezo byimibanire gusa. Nubwo badashyigikiye uburinganire muri sosiyete cyangwa mu mategeko, bavuze ko kamere iha abagabo n’abagore ubushobozi bungana bwo kugira ingeso nziza ndetse n’inshingano zingana zo gukora neza, bityo rero abagabo n’abagore bakeneye uburere buke bwa filozofiya. [24] Iyi mitekerereze ya filozofiya mu ntore ziyobora zitekereza ko zagize uruhare mu kuzamura imibereho y’abagore ku ngoma. [50] Roma ntiyari ifite gahunda y’ishuri ryatewe inkunga na leta, kandi uburezi bwaboneka gusa kubabishoboye. Abakobwa b'abasenateri na knight basa nkaho bahoraga biga amashuri abanza (kumyaka 7 kugeza 12). Hatitawe ku gitsina, abantu bake barize barenze urwo rwego. Abakobwa bakomoka mu buryo buciriritse barashobora kwigishwa kugira ngo bafashe mu bucuruzi bwo mu muryango cyangwa kugira ubumenyi bwo gusoma no kwandika bwabafashaga gukora nk'abanditsi n'abanyamabanga. Umugore wamamaye cyane ku isi ya kera kubera imyigire ye ni Hypatia wo muri Alegizandiriya, wigishije abasore amasomo akomeye kandi agisha inama perefe w’Abaroma wa Misiri kuri politiki. Inganzo ye yatumye agirana amakimbirane na musenyeri wa Alegizandiriya, Cyril, ushobora kuba yaragize uruhare mu rupfu rwe rw’urugomo mu mwaka wa 415 azize agatsiko ka gikristo.
Abashakanye bafatana urunana mu ishyingiranwa, bagereranywa n'Abaroma nk'urwego rwubaka umuryango kandi nk'ubufatanye bwa bagenzi bakorera hamwe kubyara no kurera abana, gucunga ibintu bya buri munsi, kubaho ubuzima bw'intangarugero, no kwishimira urukundo [54]
Ingoma ya Byzantine
Kubera ko amategeko ya Byzantine yari ashingiye ahanini ku mategeko y'Abaroma, ubuzima gatozi bw'abagore ntiyahindutse cyane mubikorwa byo mu kinyejana cya 6. Ariko inzitizi gakondo z’abagore mu buzima rusange kimwe no kwanga abagore bigenga ziracyakomeza. Uruhare runini rw’umuco w’Abagereki rwagize uruhare mu myumvire ikaze ku ruhare rw’umugore mu rugo aho kuba rubanda. Hariho kandi kwiyongera kw'abagore batari indaya, imbata cyangwa abidagadura ngo bitwikirwe rwose. Kimwe n'amategeko ya mbere y'Abaroma, abagore ntibashoboraga kuba abatangabuhamya mu by'amategeko, kuyobora ubuyobozi cyangwa gukora amabanki ariko barashobora kuzungura imitungo n'ubutaka bwabo.
Nkuko bisanzwe, iryo torero ryakoreshwaga mu rwego rwo gukuraho ubumuga bwashyizweho n’itegeko rya kera ku buseribateri no kutabyara, ibikoresho byongerewe kwinjira mu buzima bwitwa ko ari idini, ndetse no guteganyirizwa umugore. Itorero kandi ryashyigikiraga imbaraga za politiki z'abari bafitanye ubucuti n'abayobozi b'amadini. Ishyirwaho ry'ababyeyi na ba nyirakuru nk'abarezi ryemejwe na Justinian.
Ibibujijwe ku ishyingirwa ry’abasenateri n’abandi bagabo bo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’abagore bo mu rwego rwo hasi byongerewe na Constantine, ariko hafi ya byose byavanyweho na Justinian. Umubano wa kabiri waciwe intege, cyane cyane mu kwemeza ko hashyirwaho itegeko rivuga ko uburenganzira bw’umupfakazi ku mutungo bugomba guhagarika kongera gushaka, kandi Itegeko Nshinga rya Leonine mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 9 ryatumaga gushyingirwa kwa gatatu bihanwa. Itegeko-nshinga naryo ryatumye umugisha wa padiri uba ngombwa mu mihango yo gushyingirwa.
Ubushinwa
Guhambira ibirenge, umuco ukunze gukoreshwa ku bagore b'Abashinwa hagati y'ikinyejana cya 10 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Ishusho yerekana X-ray yamaguru abiri aboshye.
Abagore bo mu Bushinwa mu mateka no mu bihe bya kera babonaga ko bari hasi kandi bafite ubuzima gatozi bushingiye ku mategeko ya Confuciya. Mu Bushinwa Imperial, "Abumvira Batatu" bazamuye abakobwa kumvira ba se, abagore bumvira abagabo babo, n'abapfakazi kumvira abahungu babo. Abagore ntibashoboraga kuragwa ubucuruzi cyangwa ubutunzi [57] kandi abagabo bagombaga kurera umuhungu kubwibyo bikorwa byamafaranga. Amategeko ya nyuma yubwami yerekanaga ubwoko burindwi butandukanye bwo gutandukana. Umugore ashobora kwirukanwa aramutse ananiwe kubyara umuhungu, agasambana, atumvira nyirabukwe, akavuga cyane, akiba, agahabwa ishyari, cyangwa akaba yararwaye indwara idakira cyangwa iteye ishozi cyangwa indwara. [57] Ariko hariho n'imbibi ku mugabo - nk'urugero, ntashobora gutandukana aramutse abonye aho icyunamo cya sebukwe, niba adafite umuryango wo gutaha, cyangwa niba umuryango w'umugabo wahoze ari umukene kandi kuva icyo gihe ukaba wari ufite ube umukire.
Umubare w'abagore mu Bushinwa nawo wari muke, ahanini bitewe n'umuco wo guhambira ibirenge. Ku byiciro byo hejuru, byari hafi 100%. Mu 1912, guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yategetse ko guhagarika ibirenge. Guhambira ibirenge birimo guhindura imiterere yamagufwa kuburyo ibirenge byari bifite uburebure bwa santimetero enye gusa. Ibirenge biboshye byateje ingorane zo kugenda, bityo bigabanya cyane ibikorwa byabagore.
Bitewe n'imigenzo mbonezamubano ivuga ko abagabo n'abagore batagomba kuba hafi yabo, abagore b'Abashinwa ntibashakaga kuvurwa n'abaganga b'abagabo bo mu Burengerazuba bw'Ubuvuzi. Ibi byatumye hakenerwa cyane abaganga b’abagore b’ubuvuzi bw’iburengerazuba mu Bushinwa. Ni yo mpamvu, umumisiyonari w’ubuvuzi w’umugore Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854–1927) [58] yoherejwe n’inama y’ubutumwa bw’amahanga mu Itorero rya Peresibiteriyeni (USA) gushinga ishuri rikuru ry’ubuvuzi ry’abagore mu Bushinwa. Iri shuri rizwi ku izina rya Hackett Medical College ry’Abagore, [59] [60] iryo shuri ryashobojwe i Guangzhou mu Bushinwa, ku nkunga nini yatanzwe na Edward A.K. Hackett (1851–1916) wa Indiana, Amerika. Iri shuri ryari rigamije gukwirakwiza ubukristu n’ubuvuzi bwa kijyambere no kuzamura imibereho y’abagore b’abashinwa. [61]
Icyakora, mu 1949, Repubulika y’Ubushinwa yahiritswe n’inyeshyamba z’abakomunisiti ziyobowe na Mao Zedong, maze Repubulika y’Ubushinwa ishingwa muri uwo mwaka. Muri Gicurasi 1950, Repubulika y’Ubushinwa yashyizeho itegeko rishya ry’abashyingiranywe kugira ngo bakemure igurishwa ry’abagore mu bucakara. Uku gushyingirwa bitemewe na proxy kandi byatumye ishyingiranwa ryemewe mugihe abashakanye bombi babyemeye. Itegeko rishya ryo gushyingirwa ryazamuye imyaka yemewe yo gushyingirwa igera kuri 20 ku bagabo na 18 ku bagore. Iki cyari igice cyingenzi mu kuvugurura ubutaka mu cyaro kuko abagore batagishoboye kugurishwa na ba nyirinzu. Icivugo cyemewe cyari "Abagabo n'abagore barangana; umuntu wese akwiriye umunyu (cyangwa)".
Dahomey Amazone yari Fon ibitsina gore.
Haba mbere ndetse no mu bihe bya Bibiliya, uruhare rw'umugore muri sosiyete rwaragabanijwe cyane. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, muri Bibiliya, abagore bagaragazwa ko bafite uburenganzira bwo kwihagararaho mu rukiko, [66]: 56-62 ubushobozi bwo gukora amasezerano, [66]: 63-67 n'uburenganzira bwo kugura, gutunga, kugurisha, na kuzungura umutungo. Kutubahiriza ubwo burenganzira bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera byakozwe n’umugabo ufite abagore benshi byahaye umugore impamvu zo gutandukana: [67] umuhe ibi bintu bitatu, agomba kugenda ku buntu, nta kwishyura amafaranga "(Kuva 21: 10-11).
Qor'an
Iki gice cyukuri ntikivugwaho rumwe. Ibiganiro bijyanye murashobora kubisanga kubiganiro: Uburenganzira bwumugore. Nyamuneka fasha kwemeza ko amagambo atavugwaho rumwe yaturutse neza. (Ukuboza 2018) (Wige uburyo nigihe cyo gukuraho ubu butumwa bwicyitegererezo)
Qor'ani, Abayisilamu bemeza ko yahishuriwe Muhamadi mu gihe cy'imyaka 23, yatanze ubuyobozi ku muryango wa kisilamu kandi ihindura imigenzo yari isanzweho muri sosiyete y'Abarabu. Qor'ani isobanura uburenganzira buke ku bagore mu bashakanye, gutana, no kuzungura. Mu guteganya ko umugore, atari umuryango we, yari guhabwa inkwano n’umugabo, yashoboraga gutanga nk’umutungo we bwite, Qor'ani yagize abagore mu buryo bwemewe n’amasezerano yo gushyingirwa.
Mu gihe mu mategeko gakondo, umurage wasangaga ugarukira gusa ku bakomoka ku bagabo, Qor'ani yarimo amategeko yerekeye umurage hamwe n’imigabane imwe n'imwe yagabanijwe ku bazungura babanje, babanje guhabwa abavandimwe b’abakobwa hafi, hanyuma bene wabo b'abagabo begereye. [71] Nk’uko Annemarie Schimmel "abigereranije n'umwanya wabanjirije Ubuyisilamu bw'abagore, amategeko ya kisilamu yasobanuye iterambere rinini; uyu mugore afite uburenganzira, nibura akurikije ibaruwa y'amategeko, gucunga umutungo yazanye mu muryango cyangwa afite yinjijwe n'umurimo we bwite. "[72]
Ku bagore b’abarabu, Islamu yarimo kubuza uruhinja rw’umugore no kumenya uburinganire bw’umugore. Muri rusange abagore babonye uburenganzira burenze ubw'abagore bo muri Arabiya yabanjirije Ubuyisilamu [74] [75] no mu Burayi bwo hagati. Abagore ntibahawe ubuzima gatozi mu yindi mico kugeza mu binyejana byakurikiye. Ku bwa Porofeseri William Montgomery Watt, iyo agaragaye mu bihe nk'ibi, Muhammad "ashobora kugaragara nk'umuntu watanze ubuhamya mu izina ry'uburenganzira bw'umugore." [78]
Uburayi bw'Uburengerazuba
Abagore bakora imirimo mugihe cyo hagati
Uburenganzira bw'umugore bwarinzwe n’Itorero rya Gikristo rya mbere ryo mu gihe cyo hagati: imwe mu ngingo za mbere zemewe n'amategeko zerekeye uburenganzira bw’umugore yatangajwe n’inama ya Adge mu 506, aho muri Canon XVI yavugaga ko niba umusore wubatse yifuza gushyirwaho, we yasabye uruhushya rw'umugore we. [79]
Itorero n'umuco byo mu Bwongereza mu gihe cyo hagati byafataga abagore nk'intege nke, badashyira mu gaciro, bashobora kwibasirwa n'ibishuko, kandi ko bakeneye guhora bagenzurwa. [80] Adamu na Eva aho Eva yaguye mubishuko bya Satani maze ayobora Adamu kurya pome. Iyi myizerere yari ishingiye kuri Mutagatifu Pawulo, ko ububabare bwo kubyara ari igihano kuri iki gikorwa cyatumye abantu birukanwa mu busitani bwa Edeni. [80] Ubuke bw'abagore bugaragara no mu nyandiko zo mu gihe cyo hagati; nk'urugero, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya wa 1200 AD, Jacques de Vitry (wasangaga agirira impuhwe abagore kurusha abandi) yashimangiye ko abagore bumvira abagabo babo kandi akavuga ko abagore ari abanyerera, abanyantege nke, batiringirwa, abayobya, abashuka kandi binangiye. [80] Iri torero kandi ryateje imbere Bikira Mariya nk'intangarugero ku bagore kwigana ari abere mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, gushyingirwa n'umugabo amaherezo biba nyina. Iyo yari intego nyamukuru yerekanaga umuco ndetse n’amadini mu Burayi bwo Hagati. Gufatwa ku ngufu kandi byagaragaye mu Bwongereza bwo mu kinyejana cya 5 nk'icyaha cyakorewe se cyangwa umugabo ndetse no kurenga ku kubarinda no kurera abagore barera mu rugo. Imyirondoro y'abagore mu myaka yo hagati yanagaragajwe binyuze mu mibanire yabo n'abagabo bafitanye isano, nka "umukobwa we" cyangwa "n'umugore n'umugore". N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Itorero ryakomeje gushimangira akamaro k'urukundo no kugirana inama mu bashakanye kandi ryabuzaga ubutane ubwo aribwo bwose kugira ngo umugore agire uwo amwitaho.
Ibikorwa byabagore bumwami mugihe cyo hagati
Muri rusange mu Burayi mu gihe cyagati, abagore barutaga abagabo mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko. Mu Burayi bwo Hagati, abagore bahatiwe kutitaba inkiko kandi bagasigira abagabo babo ibibazo byose by’ubucuruzi. Muri ayamategeko, abagore babonwaga nk'umutungo w'abagabo ku buryo iterabwoba cyangwa igikomere kuri bo cyari inshingano y'abashinzwe kurera.
Mu mategeko ya Irilande, abagore babujijwe gukora nk'abatangabuhamya mu nkiko. Mu mategeko ya Welsh, ubuhamya bw’abagore bushobora kwemerwa ku bandi bagore ariko ntibureke abagabo, ariko amategeko ya Welsh, cyane cyane Amategeko ya Hywel Dda, yanagaragaje uburyo abagabo bagomba kwishyura abana barera abana batashyingiranywe, ibyo bikaba byahaye abagore uburenganzira bwo gusaba uburenganzira. kwishura. Mu Bufaransa, ubuhamya bw'abagore bwagombaga gushimangira n'izindi nkuru cyangwa ntibwakirwa. Nubwo byari byitezwe ko abagore batazitabira inkiko, ibi ariko ntabwo buri gihe byari ukuri. Rimwe na rimwe, tutitaye ku biteganijwe, abagore bitabiriye kandi bakitabira imanza n'inkiko. Ariko abagore ntibashoboraga gukora nk'abacamanza mu nkiko, kuba abavoka cyangwa abagize inteko y'abacamanza, cyangwa gushinja undi muntu icyaha gikomeye keretse niba ari ubwicanyi bw'umugabo we. Ahanini, ikintu cyiza umugore yakora mu nkiko zo hagati ni ukureba imiburanishirize yimanza.
Amategeko ya Suwede yarindaga abagore ububasha bw’abagabo babo baha ububasha bene wabo b'abagabo. Umutungo w’umugore nubutaka nabyo ntibishobora gutwarwa numugabo atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya numuryango we ariko numugore ntashobora. Ibi bivuze ko umugore adashobora kwimurira umugabo we umutungo we atabiherewe numuryango we cyangwa umuvandimwe. Mu mategeko ya Suwede, umugore na we yari kubona kimwe cya kabiri cya murumuna we mu murage. Nubwo ibyo bibazo by’amategeko, Suwede yari imbere cyane kandi isumba cyane mu gufata abagore kurusha ibihugu byinshi by’Uburayi.
Ibicanwa mu Rwanda
Intangiriro
Igice kinini cy’ingufu zikoreshwa mu Rwanda none kiracyagizwe n’inkwi (80,4 ku ijana). Ni muri ubwo buryo hari itemwa ry’amashyamba riteye inkeke mu gihugu rifite ingaruka ku bidukikije. Ubushobozi bwo kubona amashanyarazi y’imbere mu gihugu ni buke cyane, megawati 72.445 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwose bushoboka. 2 ku ijana gusa by’abaturage ni byo bishobora kubona amashanyarazi, ku buryo hari umusaruro w’igihugu w’amashanyarazi ubura ibirenze mirongo 50% by’amashanyarazi bikavanwa muri Congo.
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Amajyaruguru y'Uburayi
Igipimo cya Wergild cyagaragaje ko abagore bo muri iyo societe bahabwa agaciro cyane cyane kubworozi bwabo. Wergild y'umugore yikubye kabiri iy'umugabo ufite statut imwe mu mategeko ya Aleman na Bavariya. Hagati aho Wergild y’umugore yikubye inshuro eshatu iy'umugabo ufite statut imwe mu mategeko agenga amategeko ya Salic na Repuarian ku bagore bafite imyaka yo kubyara, igizwe kuva ku myaka 12 kugeza kuri 40. [85] Imwe mu mategeko y’Abadage yakomotse ku muco wa Lombard yemeje ko abagore bayoborwa na mundoald w’umugabo, ibyo bikaba byari bigize se, umugabo, umuhungu mukuru cyangwa amaherezo umwami nkuburyo bwa nyuma niba adafite bene wabo b'abagabo. [85] Umugore yari akeneye uruhushya rwa mundold rwo gucunga umutungo ariko arashobora gutunga amasambu ye nibicuruzwa. Uturere tumwe na tumwe dufite amategeko y’umurage wa Visigothique kugeza mu kinyejana cya 7 byari byiza ku bagore mu gihe andi mategeko yose atari yo. Mbere y’ubukirisitu bw’Uburayi, wasangaga umwanya muto w’abagore bemera gushyingirwa no gushyingirwa binyuze mu kugura (cyangwa Kaufehe) mu byukuri byari umuco w’abaturage, bitandukanye n’ubundi buryo bwo gushyingirwa binyuze mu gufatwa (cyangwa Raubehe). Icyakora ubukirisitu bwatinze kugera mu tundi turere twa Baltique na Scandinaviya gusa bugera kuri King Harald Bluetooth ya Danemark mu mwaka wa 950 nyuma ya Yesu. Ababa bakurikiza amategeko ya Noruveje na Islande bakoresheje ubukwe kugira ngo bagirane ubumwe cyangwa bagire amahoro, ubusanzwe abagore batabivuze cyangwa babyemereye. Icyakora uburenganzira bwo gutandukana bwari bwemewe ku bagore bahohotewe ku mubiri ariko gukingirwa ibibi ntabwo byahawe abo bitwaga "abagore babi" nk'abasabirizi, abakozi n'abacakara. Kuryamana nabo ku gahato cyangwa batabanje kubiherwa uruhushya nta nkurikizi cyangwa ibihano byemewe n'amategeko.
Ibicanwa mu Rwanda
ibitanga ibicanwa mu Rwanda
thumb|285x285px|ishya Urwego rw’ibicanrwa mu Rwanda rugizwe n’ingingo eshatu: ikwi, amashanyarazi, ibikomoka kuri peteroli n’ibitanga ingufu bishyashya n’ibyisubiranya - Mu bitanga ingufu byisubiranya dufite ibikomoka ku binyabuzima (biomass), imirasire y’izuba, nyiramugengeri, umuyaga, ingufu ziva mu butaka (géothermie) n’amashanyarazi aturuka ku mazi. Ibikomoka ku binyabuzima bimaze kuba bikeya mu gihe igihugu kirimo gihura no gutakaza ibikomoka ku binyabuzima bigera kuri miliyoni metero kibe 4 ku mwaka. - N’ubwo imikoreshereze y’inkwi zo gucana yagombye kwiyongera mu gihe giciriritse, ingamba z’igihe kirekire za EDPRS zigamije kugabanya imikoreshereze y’inkwi zo gucana kuva kuri 94 kugera kuri 50 ku ijana mu mpera za 2020.
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Amajyaruguru y'Uburayi
Mu gihe cya Viking, abagore bari bafite ubwisanzure mu bihugu byo mu majyaruguru ya Suwede, Danemarke na Noruveje, bigaragazwa na Grágás yo muri Islande ndetse n'amategeko ya Frostating yo muri Noruveje hamwe n'amategeko ya Gulating. Nyirasenge wa papa, mwishywa wa papa n'umwuzukuru wa papa, bitwaga odalkvinna, bose bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kuzungura umutungo ku muntu wapfuye. Iyo bene wabo b'igitsina gabo badahari, umugore utarashatse adafite umuhungu, yashoboraga kuragwa umutungo gusa, ariko n'umwanya wo kuba umutware wumuryango kwa se cyangwa umuvandimwe wapfuye. Umugore ufite statut nk'iyo bamwitaga ringkvinna, kandi yakoresheje uburenganzira bwose yahawe umutware w'umuryango, nk'uburenganzira bwo gusaba no guhanishwa ihazabu yo kwica umuntu wo mu muryango, keretse niba yarashatse, akaba ari we. uburenganzira bwahawe umugabo we.
Nyuma y’imyaka 20, umugore utarashatse, witwa maer na mey, ageze ku bwiganze bwemewe n’amategeko, afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo aho atuye, kandi yafatwaga nk’umuntu ku giti cye imbere y’amategeko. Uretse ubwigenge bwe ni uburenganzira bwo guhitamo uwo bazabana, kubera ko ubusanzwe ishyingiranwa ryategurwaga n'umuryango. Abapfakazi bishimiye kimwe kwigenga status nk'abagore batubatse. Abagore bari bafite ubutware bw'amadini kandi bakoraga nk'abapadiri (gydja) n'amagambo (sejdkvinna); nk'abacuruzi n'abagore b'imiti. [88] Bashobora kandi kuba baragize uruhare mubiro bya gisirikare: inkuru zerekeye inkeragutabara ntizemezwa, ariko bimwe mubya kera byubucukuzi nkumurwanyi wa Birka wumugore wa Viking birashobora kwerekana ko byibuze abagore bamwe mubuyobozi bwa gisirikare bariho. Umugore wubatse ashobora gutandukana n'umugabo we akongera gushaka.
Ibicanwa mu Rwanda
amashanyarazi
thumb|Amashanyarazi akoreshwa no mu modoka U Rwanda ruvana hanze hafi 15,5 MW z’amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe kwambukiranya imipaka ya RDC n’iya SINELAC na hafi 3MW ziva mu Bugande. N’ubwo hari ingufu z’amashanyarazi zituruka hanze, umutungo w’ amashanyarazi uburaho 50%. Mu 2004 hinjijwe amashanyarazi angana hafi na 380 MWh z’amashanyarazi atangwa. Ibura ry’amashanyarazi ryateye kuyimana buri gihe. Kuyimana bibaho igihe amasosiyete atanga amashanyarazi agaritse kuyatanga kuri bamwe mu bafatabuguzi.
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Amajyaruguru y'Uburayi
Byari byemewe kandi mu mibereho ko umugore wigenga yabana numugabo akabyarana atarongowe, kabone niyo uwo mugabo yaba yarashatse; umugore uri mu mwanya nk'uwo yitwaga frilla. Nta tandukanyirizo ryakozwe hagati y'abana bavukiye imbere cyangwa hanze y'abashakanye: bombi bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kuzungura umutungo nyuma y'ababyeyi babo, kandi nta bana "bemewe" cyangwa "batemewe". Ubwo bwisanzure bwagiye buhinduka buhoro buhoro nyuma yo gutangira ubukristo, kandi guhera mu kinyejana cya 13, ntibikivugwa. Mu gihe cy’abakirisitu bo hagati, amategeko ya Scandinaviya yo mu gihe cyo hagati yakurikizaga amategeko atandukanye bitewe n’amategeko y’intara yaho, bivuze ko imiterere y’abagore ishobora gutandukana bitewe n’intara yari atuyemo.
Ikinyejana cya 16 na 17 Uburayi
Mu kinyejana cya 16 n'icya 17 habaye ibigeragezo byinshi by'abapfumu, bituma abantu ibihumbi n'ibihumbi mu Burayi bicwa, muri bo 75-95% ni abagore (bitewe n'ahantu n'ahantu). Iyicwa ahanini ryabereye mu bihugu bivuga Ikidage, kandi mu kinyejana cya 15 ijambo "ubupfumu" ryafatwaga nk'ikintu cy'umugore bitandukanye n'imyaka yashize. Imfashanyigisho zizwi cyane nk'ubupfumu nka Malleus Maleficarum na Summis Desiderantes zerekanaga abarozi nk'abagambanyi ba diabolical basenga Satani kandi ahanini bari abagore. Umuco n'ubuhanzi muri kiriya gihe byagaragazaga abo bapfumu nk'abashukashuka kandi babi, bikarushaho gutera ubwoba amahame mbwirizamuco ahujwe n'amagambo yavuzwe na Kiliziya.
Inkomoko y’umugani w’umugore "umurozi" ukomoka ku biremwa by’imigani by’Abaroma bizwi ku izina rya Strix, batekerezaga ko bigaragara kandi bikazimira mu buryo butangaje nijoro. [91] Benshi kandi bizeraga ko ari abagore bahinduwe n'imbaraga zabo ndengakamere. Iyi migani y'Abaroma ubwayo ikekwa ko yakomotse ku Isabato y'Abayahudi yasobanuye abagore badasanzwe ndengakamere bashoboraga kugenda bagataha vuba nijoro. [91] Abanditsi ba Malleus Maleficarum bashimangiye cyane isano iri hagati y’ubupfumu n’abagore batangaza ko bishoboka cyane ko abagore baterwa n '"ikibi". Abanditsi n'abashakashatsi Heinrich Kramer na Jacob Sprengerh bashimangiye iyo myizerere bavuga ko abagore bafite ikizere cyinshi, igitekerezo, ubwenge, intege nke, imibiri idakomeye, ubudahangarwa ndetse na kamere ya kamere byari inenge zishobora guterwa n’imyitwarire mibi n’ubupfumu. Icyo gihe imyizerere nk'iyo irashobora kohereza abategarugori cyangwa abasabirizi mu bigeragezo kugira ngo batange imiti cyangwa imiti y'ibyatsi. Uru ruhererekane rw'imigani yateye imbere amaherezo ruganisha ku bigeragezo by'abapfumu bo mu kinyejana cya 16-17 byasanze ibihumbi by'abagore batwikwa ku giti.
Ibicanwa mu Rwanda
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Nyiramugengeri Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Amazi
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Ikinyejana cya 16 na 17 Uburayi
Mu 1500, Uburayi bwigabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri bw'amategeko. Rimwe ryari amategeko gakondo, yiganjemo mu majyaruguru y’Ubufaransa, Ubwongereza na Scandinaviya, andi akaba itegeko ryanditswe n’Abaroma, ryiganje mu majyepfo y’Ubufaransa, Ubutaliyani, Espanye na Porutugali. [93]
Amategeko gakondo yatoneshaga abagabo kuruta abagore. Kurugero, umurage mu ntore zo mu Butaliyani, Ubwongereza, Scandinaviya n'Ubufaransa wahawe umurage mukuru w'abagabo. Mu turere twose, amategeko yahaye kandi abagabo imbaraga zikomeye ku buzima, ku mutungo no ku mibiri y’abagore babo. Ariko, hari ibyo byahinduye kubagore bitandukanye numuco gakondo; nk'urugero, barashobora kuzungura abavandimwe babo badahari, bagakora imyuga imwe n'imwe badafite abagabo babo, kandi abapfakazi bashoboraga kubona dower.
Mu turere tugengwa n’amategeko yanditse y’Abaroma, abagore bagenzurwaga n’abagabo mu bijyanye n’umutungo n’amategeko, ba se bagenzura abakobwa, abagabo bagenzura abagore na ba nyirarume cyangwa bene wabo b'igitsina gabo bagenzura abapfakazi.
Mu Burayi hose, ubuzimagatozi bw'abagore bushingiye ku mibereho yabo mu gihe gushyingirwa ubwabyo ari byo byagize uruhare runini mu kugabanya ubwigenge bw'abagore. Imigenzo, amategeko n'imikorere ntabwo byagabanije uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure bw'umugore gusa ahubwo byabujije abagore b'abaseribateri cyangwa abapfakazi gukora imirimo ya Leta bavuga ko umunsi umwe bashobora kurongora.
Dukurikije amategeko rusange y’icyongereza, yateye imbere kuva mu kinyejana cya 12 gukomeza, umutungo wose umugore yari afite mu gihe cyo gushyingirwa wamutunze umugabo. Amaherezo, inkiko zo mu Bwongereza zabujije umugabo kwimura umutungo atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya n’umugore we, ariko akomeza kugira uburenganzira bwo kuwucunga no kwakira amafaranga yatangaga. Abagore bubatse b'Abafaransa bababajwe n'uburenganzira bwabo bwakuweho mu 1965. Mu kinyejana cya 16, Ivugurura mu Burayi ryemereye abagore benshi kongera amajwi, barimo abanditsi b'Abongereza Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, n'umuhanuzikazi Anna Trapnell. Abongereza n'Abanyamerika Quakers bemezaga ko abagabo n'abagore bangana. Abagore benshi ba Quaker bari ababwiriza. Nubwo umudendezo mwinshi ugereranije n’abagore b’Abongereza n'Abasajya, kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19 rwagati, abanditsi batekerezaga ko gahunda y'abakurambere ari gahunda karemano yahozeho. Iyi myumvire ntiyigeze ihangayikishwa cyane kugeza mu kinyejana cya 18 igihe abamisiyonari b'Abayezuwiti basangaga matrilineality mu baturage kavukire bo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru.
Umufilozofe John Locke yarwanyije ubusumbane bw'abashakanye no gufata nabi abagore muri iki gihe. Yari azwi cyane mu guharanira uburinganire bw'abashakanye mu gitsina mu kazi ke mu kinyejana cya 17. Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyo muri Amerika cyita ku mibereho n’ibibazo by’ubumuntu kibitangaza, uko abagore bameze mu gihe cya Locke byari amagambo: [98]
Abagabo bagenzuraga imitungo myinshi y’abagore babo kugeza igihe itegeko ry’umutungo w’abagore bubatse 1870 hamwe n’itegeko ry’umutungo w’abagore 1882 [98]
Gufatwa ku ngufu ntibyashobokaga mu bashakanye [98]
Abagore ntibari bafite ibintu by'ingenzi biranga ubuzimagatozi, kubera ko umugabo yafatwaga nk'uhagarariye umuryango (bityo bikuraho uburenganzira bwo gutora kw'abagore). Ibi bintu byemewe n'amategeko byo gushyingirwa byerekana ko igitekerezo cyo gushyingiranwa hagati y’abantu bangana cyasaga nkaho bidashoboka kuri Victorians. .
Abandi bafilozofe nabo bagize icyo bavuga ku burenganzira bw'umugore muri iki gihe. Kurugero, Thomas Paine yanditse mu Ibaruwa Rimwe na rimwe yerekeye Igitsina Cy’Abagore 1775 aho avuga (nka cote): [99]
"Nidukora ubushakashatsi ku myaka no mu bihugu, tuzasanga abagore, hafi ya bose badasanzwe ... basengwa kandi bakandamizwa ... ni ... bambuwe umudendezo wo kwihitiramo amategeko ... Nyamara, I, Mbabajwe no kuvuga, ni abagore benshi ku isi yose. Umugabo kuri bo, yabaye umugabo utumva cyangwa umukandamiza. "[99]
Umuryango wa kibyeyi urashobora kubona uburenganzira bwo guha uburenganzira bw'umugore inshingano z'umugabo, urugero nko mu mategeko rusange y’icyongereza abagabo bagombaga kubungabunga abagore babo. Iyi nshingano yavanyweho mu 2010. [100] [101]
Ikinyejana cya 18 na 19 Uburayi
Debutante (1807) na Henry Fuseli; Umugore wahohotewe n’amasezerano mbonezamubano y’abagabo, aboshye ku rukuta, akozwe mu kudoda no kurindwa na ba guverineri. Ifoto iragaragaza ibitekerezo bya Mary Wollstonecraft mu Kwemeza Uburenganzira bw'Umugore, byanditswe mu 1792. [102]
Guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, no mu kinyejana cya 19, uburenganzira, nk'igitekerezo n'ibisabwa, bwongereye agaciro mu bya politiki, imibereho, na filozofiya mu Burayi. Hagaragaye imyigaragambyo isaba ubwisanzure mu idini, kuvanaho ubucakara, uburenganzira ku bagore, uburenganzira ku badafite imitungo, no gutora ku isi hose. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18 ikibazo cy’uburenganzira bw’umugore cyabaye ishingiro ry’impaka za politiki haba mu Bufaransa no mu Bwongereza. Muri icyo gihe, bamwe mu batekerezaga bakomeye mu kumurikirwa, barwanaga amahame ya demokarasi y’uburinganire kandi bakamagana imyumvire ivuga ko bake bafite amahirwe bagomba gutegeka umubare munini w’abaturage, bemeza ko aya mahame agomba gukurikizwa gusa ku gitsina cyabo no ku bwabo. ubwoko. Urugero, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya Jean-Jacques Rousseau, yatekereje ko ari gahunda ya kamere ku bagore kumvira abagabo. Yanditse ati: "Abagore bakora nabi binubira ubusumbane bw'amategeko yashyizweho n'abantu" kandi avuga ko "iyo agerageje kwambura uburenganzira bwacu, aba ari hasi yacu".
Mu 1754, Dorothea Erxleben abaye umudamu wa mbere w’umudage wakiriye M.D (Kaminuza ya Halle) [105]
Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (nko mu 1797)
Minna Canth (1844–1897), umwanditsi wo muri Finilande akaba n'umurwanashyaka uharanira imibereho myiza y'abaturage, yari umwe mu bagore b’abanyarwandakazi bakomeye kandi baharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore. [106] [107] [108] [109] [110]
Urupapuro rwa mbere rwitangazo ryuburenganzira bwumugore nubwenegihugu bwumugore
Mu 1791, umwanditsi w'amakinamico akaba n'umurwanashyaka wa politiki Olympe de Gouges yasohoye Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bw'umugore n'ubw'umugore, [111] ryerekanwe ku Itangazo Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umuturage wo mu 1789. Iri tangazo rirasekeje mu gushyiraho kandi rigaragaza kunanirwa kwa Revolution y'Abafaransa, yari yarahaye uburinganire. Ivuga ko: "Iyi mpinduramatwara izatangira gukurikizwa ari uko abagore bose bamenye neza ubuzima bwabo bubi, n'uburenganzira batakaje muri sosiyete". Itangazo ry’uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umuturage w’umugore rikurikiza ingingo cumi nindwi z’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwenegihugu ku ngingo kandi Camille Naish yavuze ko "hafi ya parody ... y’inyandiko y'umwimerere". Ingingo ya mbere y’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwenegihugu itangaza ko "Abagabo bavutse kandi bakomeza kuba abidegemvya kandi bangana mu burenganzira. Itandukaniro ry’imibereho rishobora gushingira gusa ku nyungu rusange." Ingingo ya mbere y’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umuturage w’umugore yarashubije iti: "Umugore yavutse afite umudendezo kandi akomeza kuba umwe n’umugabo mu burenganzira. Itandukaniro ry’imibereho rishobora gushingira gusa ku nyungu rusange". De Gouges yaguye ingingo ya gatandatu y’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwenegihugu, ryatangaje uburenganzira bw’abaturage kugira uruhare mu ishyirwaho ry’amategeko, kugeza:
Uburenganzira bw'umugore wo muri Ositaraliya bwamuritswe muri iyi karato ya 1887 ya Melbourne Punch: Umunyamurwango ukabije yanga ko umwana we yita ku Perezida w’Inteko.
Abanyagihugu bose harimwo n'abakenyezi bemererwa kimwe abanyacyubahiro bose, ibiro hamwe nakazi kabo, bakurikije ubushobozi bwabo, kandi nta rindi tandukaniro uretse imico yabo nubuhanga.
De Gouges ashimangira kandi ko mu mategeko y’Ubufaransa abagore bahanwe burundu, ariko bakamburwa uburenganzira bungana. Nyuma yaje koherezwa muri guillotine.
Mary Wollstonecraft, umwanditsi akaba n'umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu Bwongereza, yasohoye igitabo cyitwa A Vindication of Rights of Women mu 1792, avuga ko uburere n'uburere bw'abagore ari byo byateje ibyifuzo bike. [113] Wollstonecraft yibasiye ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, isaba amahirwe angana yo kwiga, maze isaba "ubutabera!" n "" uburenganzira ku bantu "kuri bose. Wollstonecraft, hamwe n’igihe cye cyo mu Bwongereza Damaris Cudworth na Catharine Macaulay, batangiye gukoresha imvugo y’uburenganzira ku bijyanye n’abagore, bavuga ko abagore bagomba kugira amahirwe menshi kuko kimwe n’abagabo, bari abantu bafite imico myiza kandi bashyira mu gaciro. [116] Mary Robinson yanditse mu buryo nk'ubwo muri "Ibaruwa yandikiwe Abagore b'Abongereza, ku karengane ko kuganduka mu mutwe.", 1799.
Ikarito ya Punch kuva mu 1867 isebya John Stuart Mill kugerageza gusimbuza ijambo 'umugabo' n '' umuntu ', ni ukuvuga guha abagore uburenganzira bwo gutora. Inyandiko: Urusyo rwumvikana: Cyangwa, Franchise kubagore. "Senga usobanure inzira, ngaho, kuri aba - a - abantu." [117]
Umugezi wa Lokoro
Umugezi wa Lokoro ni uruzi ruri muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, rumwe mu masoko manini y’i kiyaga cya Mayi Ndombe.
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Ikinyejana cya 18 na 19 Uburayi
Mu nyandiko ye 1869 yise "Kuganduka kw'Abagore" umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w'umwongereza akaba n'umuhanga mu bya politiki mu bya politiki, John Stuart Mill, yasobanuye uko abagore bo mu Bwongereza bameze:
Turakomeza kubwirwa ko umuco nubukristo byagaruye umugore uburenganzira bwe buboneye. Hagati aho, umugore ni umugaragu nyawe wumugabo we; ntabwo ari munsi, nkuko inshingano zemewe zigenda, kuruta imbata bakunze kwita.
Umugezi wa Lokoro
Uruzi rutangirira mu Ntara ya Dekese, hanyuma rugatemba rugana mu burengerazuba unyuze mu murenge wa Lokolama wo mu Ntara ya Oshwe mu Ntara ya Mayi Ndombe, hanyuma ugana mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba ugana ku mupaka uhuza Intara ya Kiri n'akarere ka Inongo kugira ngo winjire mu majyaruguru y'ikiyaga cya Mai-Ndombe. [1] runyura ahantu hanini h’ishyamba rihoraho. Iyo imvura nyinshi itangiye mu Kwakira uruzi rwuzura kandi ruzana amazi ya ogisijeni nintungamubiri mumashyamba y'ibishanga. [2]
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Ikinyejana cya 18 na 19 Uburayi
Hanyuma, umwe mu bagize inteko ishinga amategeko, Mill yavuze ko abagore bakwiriye uburenganzira bwo gutora, nubwo icyifuzo cye cyo gusimbuza ijambo "umugabo" n "" umuntu "mu mushinga w’itegeko rya kabiri ry’ivugurura ryo mu 1867 cyakiriwe neza mu nteko ishinga amategeko umutwe w'abadepite kandi batsinzwe na 76 kugeza ku majwi 196. Igitekerezo cye nticyashyigikiwe cyane n’iki gihe [117] ariko kuba yagerageje guhindura umushinga w’ivugurura byatumye abantu bashishikazwa cyane n’ikibazo cy’amatora y’abagore mu Bwongereza. Ku ikubitiro, imwe gusa mu bukangurambaga bw’uburenganzira bw’umugore, gutora byabaye intandaro y’imyigaragambyo y’abagore mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20. [119] Muri icyo gihe, ubushobozi bwo gutora bwagarukiraga kuri ba nyir'umutungo ukize mu nkiko z'Ubwongereza. Iyi gahunda yakuyemo ku buryo butaziguye abagore kuko amategeko agenga umutungo n’amategeko y’ubukwe yahaye abagabo uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa cyangwa kuzungura kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19. Nubwo gutora kw'abagabo kwagutse mu kinyejana, abagore babujijwe gutora mu gihugu ndetse no mu karere mu myaka ya za 1830 n'Itegeko rivugurura 1832 n'Itegeko rigenga amasosiyete 1835. [120] Millicent Fawcett na Emmeline Pankhurst bayoboye ubukangurambaga rusange ku matora y'abagore maze mu 1918 hatorwa umushinga w'itegeko ryemerera abagore barengeje imyaka 30 gutora.
Mu myaka ya 1860, politiki y’imibonano mpuzabitsina y’ubukungu bw’abagore bo mu cyiciro cyo hagati mu Bwongereza ndetse n’ibihugu bituranye n’ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba byayobowe n’ibintu nk’ihindagurika ry’umuco w’abaguzi wo mu kinyejana cya 19, harimo no kuvuka kw’ibiro by’ishami, no mu bice bitandukanye. Muri Ngwino Kugura, Ngwino Kugura: Guhaha n'umuco wo Kurya mu Kwandika kw'Abagore ba Victorian, Isesengura ry'ubuvanganzo bwa Krista Lysack ryerekeye ubuvanganzo bwo mu kinyejana cya 19 rivuga ko umutungo we ugaragaza amahame rusange y'iki gihe, "uburinganire bw'umugore wa Victorian bwaranzwe no kwiyanga no kugenga ubushake bwo kurya. "[121]
Umugezi wa Lokoro
Hafi ya Lokolo yo hejuru hari savanna nini yimishahara yitwa Ita. Ibi bisa nkaho byari ubutware bwa Boliya mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi na kane. [3] Amazi y’umugezi ari mu majyepfo ya parike y’igihugu ya Salonga Hafi ya parike ishobora kugerwaho gusa binyuze mu ruzi. Aka karere ko mu majyepfo ya parike gatuwe n’abaturage ba Iyawelima karashobora kugerwaho binyuze kuri Lokoro, inyura hagati, Lokolo mu majyaruguru na Lula mu majyepfo. Aka karere kabereye ahakorerwa ubushakashatsi bwa Bonobosi ku gasozi. [4]
Inkomoko
Ikiciro:Congo Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo
Uburenganzira bw'umugore
Ikinyejana cya 18 na 19 Uburayi
Mugihe abagore, cyane cyane abo muri rubanda rugufi, rwabonye uburyo buciriritse bwo gukoresha amafaranga yo murugo buri munsi kandi rufite ubushobozi bwo kuva munzu, kwitabira ibirori mbonezamubano, no kugura ibintu byumuntu nu rugo mububiko butandukanye bw’amashami yateye imbere mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 Uburayi, ikirere cy’ubukungu n’ubukungu cy’i Burayi cyari gikwirakwije ingengabitekerezo y’abagore. ntibari bagenzuye byimazeyo ibyifuzo byabo byo gukoresha (ukeka) umushahara wumugabo cyangwa se. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amatangazo menshi yamamaza ibicuruzwa 'byigitsina gore' byerekanaga iterambere ryiterambere ryimibereho, exoticism ziva muburasirazuba, kandi byongerera imbaraga inshingano zurugo abagore babonaga ko bafite inshingano nko gukora isuku, kurera abana, no guteka. [121]
Uburusiya
Mu mategeko n'imigenzo, Uburusiya bw'Abascovite bwari umuryango w'abakurambere wategekaga abagore ku bagabo, naho abato bakayobora bakuru babo. Petero Mukuru yoroheje umuco wa kabiri, ariko ntabwo yayobokaga abagore. Iteka ryo mu 1722 ryabuzaga mu buryo bweruye gushyingirwa ku gahato risaba abakwe n’abakwe kubyemera, mu gihe uruhushya rw’ababyeyi rwakomeje kuba icyifuzo. Ariko ku ngoma ya Petero, umugabo wenyine ni we washoboraga gukuraho umugore we amushyira mu kigo cy'ababikira.
Ku bijyanye n'amategeko, hari amahame abiri ku bagore. Abagore basambana bakatiwe imirimo y'agahato, mu gihe abagabo bishe abagore babo bakubiswe gusa. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Petero Mukuru, amategeko n'imigenzo bijyanye n'ububasha bw'abagabo ku bagore babo byariyongereye. Mu 1782, amategeko mbonezamubano yashimangiye inshingano z'umugore zo kumvira abagabo babo. Kugeza mu 1832, Digest of laws yahinduye iyi nshingano "kumvira kutagira imipaka".
Mu kinyejana cya 18, itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burusiya ryarushijeho kubona ububasha bwo gushyingirwa kandi ribuza abapadiri gutanga ubutane, ndetse no ku bagore bahohotewe bikabije. Kugeza mu 1818, sena y'Uburusiya nayo yari yarabujije gutandukana kw'abashakanye.
Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, kwita ku bana byarushagaho kugora abagore, benshi muri bo bakaba batashoboraga kwibeshaho, kandi abagabo babo bakaba barapfuye cyangwa barwanaga mu ntambara. Abagore benshi bagombaga guha abana babo ingo zabana bazwiho guhohoterwa no kutitabwaho. Amazu y'abana yiswe "uruganda rw'abamarayika". Nyuma ya Revolution yo mu Kwakira, Bolsheviks yahagaritse uruganda rukora abamarayika ruzwi ku izina rya 'Nikolaev Institute' ruherereye hafi y'umuyoboro wa Moika. Bolsheviks yahise isimbuza ikigo cya Nikolaev n’inzu y’ababyeyi igezweho yitwa 'Ingoro y’ababyeyi n’abana'. Uru rugo rwababyeyi rwakoreshejwe na Bolsheviks nk'icyitegererezo cy'ibitaro byababyeyi. Umubare w’umuyobozi wayoboraga Ikigo cya kera yimuriwe ku ruhande, ariko akwirakwiza ibihuha bivuga ko Bolsheviks yakuyeho amashusho yera, kandi ko abaforomo basambanye n’abasare. Ibitaro by’ababyeyi byatwitswe mbere y’amasaha mbere yuko biteganijwe gufungura, kandi uwo mukecuru yakekwagaho kuba nyirabayazana.
Ku butegetsi bwa Bolsheviks, Uburusiya bwabaye igihugu cya mbere mu mateka y’umuntu cyakuyemo inda ku buntu ku bagore bari mu bitaro bya Leta.
Kanada
Igishusho mu mujyi wa Calgary wa Byamamare bitanu. Igishusho gisa nacyo kibaho kumusozi winteko, Ottawa.
Guharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore muri Kanada mu kinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 byibanze ku kongera uruhare rw'umugore mu mibereho rusange, hagamijwe intego zirimo gutora kw'abagore, kongera uburenganzira ku mutungo, kongera amashuri, no kwemeza ko abagore ari "abantu" nk'uko amategeko abiteganya. ] Icyamamare Batanu bari Abanyakanada batanu - Emily Murphy, Irene Marryat Parlby, Nellie Mooney McClung, Louise Crummy McKinney na Henrietta Muir Edwards - mu 1927, basabye Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada gusubiza ikibazo, "Ese ijambo 'Abantu'? mu gika cya 24 cy'itegeko ryo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru y'Ubwongereza, 1867, harimo n'abagore? " mu rubanza Edwards aburana na Kanada (Umushinjacyaha mukuru). [127] Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada rumaze kuvuga mu ncamake umwanzuro wafashwe ku mwanzuro w'uko abagore atari "abantu", urwo rubanza rwajuririwe kandi ruseswa mu 1929 na komite ishinzwe ubutabera mu Bwongereza y'Inama ishinzwe Imperial Privy, icyo gihe urukiko rwanyuma rwa Kanada mu Bwami bw'Ubwongereza na Commonwealth. [128]
Leta zunz'ubumwe
Ihuriro ry’abagore b’abakirisitu (WCTU) ryashinzwe mu 1873 kandi riharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore, harimo no guharanira indaya no gutora abagore. [129] Ku buyobozi bwa Frances Willard, "WCTU yabaye umuryango munini w’abagore bo mu gihe cyayo none ubu niwo muryango w’abagore bakera cyane muri Amerika." [130]
Ubuyapani
Umubyeyi n'umwana, 1872
Urugero abagore bashobora kugira uruhare muri societe yUbuyapani rwagiye rutandukana mugihe cyamasomo. Mu kinyejana cya 8, Ubuyapani bwari bufite abami b'abagore, no muri 12 ikinyejana cya (Heian period) abagore mu Buyapani bari bafite umwanya wo hejuru ugereranije, nubwo bagitegekwa nabagabo. Kuva mu bihe bya nyuma ya Edo, urwego rw'abagore rwaragabanutse. Mu kinyejana cya 17, "Onna Daigaku", cyangwa "Kwiga ku Bagore", byanditswe n'umwanditsi witwa Kaibara Ekken w’Abanyakanaka, byagaragaje ibyateganijwe ku bagore b’Abayapani, bigabanya cyane urwego rwabo. [131] Mu gihe cya Meiji, inganda n’imijyi byagabanyije ububasha bwa ba se n’abagabo, ariko muri icyo gihe, amategeko mbonezamubano ya Meiji yo mu 1898 yima abagore uburenganzira bw’amategeko kandi abayoboka ku bushake bw’abatware b’urugo. [132]
Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati urwego rw'abagore rwateye imbere cyane. Nubwo Ubuyapani bufatwa nk’igihugu gikumira cyane, mu byukuri byari kare kuruta ibihugu byinshi by’Uburayi mu guha abagore uburenganzira bw’amategeko mu kinyejana cya 20, kubera ko Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuyapani ryo mu 1947 ryatangaga urwego rw’amategeko rushimishije mu guteza imbere uburinganire bw’umugore mu Buyapani. Urugero, Ubuyapani bwashyizeho itora ry’abagore mu 1946, mbere y’ibihugu byinshi by’Uburayi nk’Ubusuwisi (1971 ku rwego rwa federasiyo; 1990 ku bibazo byaho muri kanton ya Appenzell Innerrhoden), Porutugali (1976 ku buryo bungana n’abagabo, bibujijwe kuva 1931), San Marino mu 1959, Monaco mu 1962, Andorra mu 1970, na Liechtenstein mu 1984. [133] [134]