cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Godfrey Kateregga
Umwuga
Kateregga yavukiye i Mulago mu nkengero za Kampala, yakinnye umupira w'amaguru muri Tobacco FC, Kampala City Council FC, SC Villa na Express FC. Yatsindiye ibikombe bine bya shampiyona muri Uganda,bibiri muri KCC na Villa, kandi yegukana igikombe cya Uganda inshuro eshanu (bibiri muri  KCC n'umwe muri Villa).
Marie-Josée Ta Lou
Intsinzi ku isi yose: 2016 - ubungubu
Yitwaye neza cyane mu mikino Olempike ya Rio. Yageze ku mukino wa nyuma arangiza ari uwa 4 muri metero 100 na 200 m. Mu kwiruka kwe harimo yari mushya akoresha amasegonda 10.94 muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza. ko ibyagezweho byabanje kuryoha nko gutenguha cyane. Yashyizeho agahigo ga nshya ya 10.94 kugirango ijye mu mukino wa nyuma wa metero 100 ku nshuro ya 7. Ta Lou yarangije igihe kimwe na Shelly-Anne Fraser-Pryce kumukino wanyuma wa metero 100 kugeza kumunani wa kabiri naho Kote Divuwari yatakaje umudari mu kurangiz irushanwa kubihe 0.007, 10.852 kugeza 10.859.
Muri metero 200, yirutse amasegonda 0.5 kurusha ibihe byiza byashize, atsindira ubushyuhe bwe bushya bwa 22.31 nubwo yarwaye ibicurane. Yongeye kugenda byihuse muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza afite umwanya wa 22.28. Ku mukino wa nyuma, yashyizeho amateka mashya y’igihugu, afite umwanya wa 22.21, amasegonda 0.03 yihuta kurusha Murielle Ahouré.
Godfrey Kateregga
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Marie-Josée Ta Lou
Intsinzi ku isi yose: 2016 - ubungubu
2017 ntiyatangiye neza kuri Ta Lou kuko yari arwaye igihe kinini cy'itumba. Nyuma yigihembwe cyo mu nzu, yasubije kubura imyitozo muri shampiyona yo hanze, ashyiraho agahigo gashya mu gihugu muri metero 200, 22.16, i Lausanne ku ya 6 Nyakanga. Nyuma yatsindiye Monaco Diamond League metero200.
Yahise asubira mu rugo Abidjan kugira ngo ahagararire muri metero 4 × 100 mu mikino ya Francophone. Nibihugu byakiriye zahabu yambere muri iri rushanwa. Mu marushanwa y'isi ya 2017, yatsindiye ifeza muri metero 100, abura zahabu, kuko yayoboye amasiganwa menshi. Yakurikiranye ibi hamwe nundi mudari wa feza muri metero 200, ashyiraho agahigo gashya mu gihugu ya 22.08 muriki gikorwa.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations
Uburo
thumb|Uburo|302x302px thumb|Umurima w'uburo thumb|Umurima urimo uburo Uburo Bukingira uruhu kuko bufite Vitamine pp, burinda umwingo kuko bufite iyode bwongera amaraso kuko bufite fer (ubutare) n'ibyo kurya byiza ku barwaye igituntu. Bufite intunga-mubiri bugarura ubuyanja mu mubiri. Bukumira indwara zo mu ngingo. Bukenewe n'abantu bakoresha ibitekerezo cyane, ni bwiza ku bantu bananiwe umubiri n'ubwenge, burakenewe ku mubyeyi utwite, bukumira indwara ya kanseri iyo ikizerera mu maraso. Uburo burinda amenyo, umusatsi, inzara z'amano n'iz'intoki.
AKAMARO K'UBURO
Uburo burakize cyane muri:
•Fosifori
•Manyeziyumu
•Ubutare
•Silise
•Fluore
•Manganeze
•Inyubakamubiri
•Amavuta thumb|Uburo •Amavitamini n’imyungu ngugu.
Ibindi
Ni ibyokurya bikenewe ku bantu bakora imirimo isaba ubuhanga no kujijuka,
uburo butera ubwonko guhgarara neza, burakenewe ku bantu bafite amaraso
akennye, burakenewe no ku bantu bafite amagara mazima, ku bashaka kugira
amenyo meza, inzara (ongles) n’imisatsi myiza. Ni cyo gikoma kigenewe
abarwaye igituntu.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Ibiribwa Ikiciro:Imbuto
Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba muri Finilande
thumb| Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba muri Finlande (Metla) thumb|Ishyamba Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba muri Finilande ( Finnish , Swedish   ), kizwi ku izina rya Metla, ni ikigo kiyobowe na Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’amashyamba ya guverinoma ya Finlande. Ifite inshingano zemewe n'amategeko zo guteza imbere, binyuze mu bushakashatsi, gucunga ubukungu, ibidukikije, n'imibereho myiza irambye no gukoresha amashyamba. Metla ni kimwe mu bigo bikomeye by’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyamba mu Burayi, bifite ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyoni 40 z’amayero n’ibice 9 by’ubushakashatsi (muri Joensuu, Kannus, Kolari, Läyliäinen ya Loppi, Parkano, Punkaharju ya Savonlinna, Rovaniemi, Suonenjoki na Vantaa ).
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Finilande Finilande
Brenda KAYITESI
Ni umuyobozi ushinzwe imiyoborere mu itorero rya New Life Bible Church. Afite umugabo witwa Albert, bafitanye abana batatu.
Ubuzima bw'ishuri
Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu ishami ry'amategeko yakoreye muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda.
Ikiyaga cya Kwania
thumb|Ikiyaga cya Kwaniya Ikiyaga cya Kwaniya kibarizwa mu turere twa Lira, Apac na Amolatar mu karere ka Nyaruguru ka Uganda. Ni igice cy'igishanga kinini kiri hafi ya Nili Yera hagati y'Ikiyaga cya Victoriua n'ikiyaga cya Albert. Igishanga kirimo ikiyaga cya Kwaniya, ikiyaga kinini cya Kayoga, n’indi mibiri y’amazi n’ibishanga, gifite metero care 3,420 y'amazi afukuye na 2,180 y'ibishanga bihoraho. Muri rusange, ikiyaga cya Kwaniya gifite kirometero kare 540, hafi 16 ku ijana, y'amazi afukuye.
Ikiyaga kiroba kuri Nil tilapia na Nil perch, cyinjije amoko yatumye igabanuka ry’amafi kavukire nyuma ya 1950. Mu mpera za 1960, ubwoko bwamenyekanye bugizwe na 80 ijanisha ry'ubucuruzi buva mu kiyaga cya Kyoga, umuturanyi wa Kwania. Nubwo imidugararo mu baturage, kuroba cyane, no kwanduza hyacint y'amazi (nyuma yaje kugenzurwa) rimwe na rimwe byagabanyaga uburobyi, mu myaka ya za 90 rwagati mu kiyaga cya Kwania cyari gifite ahantu 34 hamanuka kandi amato y’ubwato bugera ku 1.500 bukoreshwa n’abarobyi bagera ku 4500.
Ibimera n'ibinyabuzima
Ibitanda bya papirusi bizenguruka ibiyaga kandi biganje mu bishanga bikikije. Ibice by'ibi bitanda biva ku nkombe bigahinduka ibirwa bireremba. Ibimera bitandukanye byo mu mazi bikura cyane no mu biyaga. Ibyatsi n'ibiti biboneka mu bice by'amazi adakunze kurengerwa n'amazi.
Inyamaswa z’inyamabere zikunze kugaragara muri iki kiyaga zirimo ayo muri Afurika idafite marongo mongose, imvubu, imitsi yizosi ryizuru, na sitatunga. Ingona, zahigwaga hafi yo kuzimira hafi y'ibiyaga, ni gake. Usibye amafi yatangijwe na Nil yiganje mu biyaga, amoko kavukire harimo na Victoriya, nayo atuye muri ayo mazi.
Reba
Ikiciro:Ibiyaga
Mbaoma Victor
Victor Mbaoma (wavutse 20 Ukwakira 1996) ni umukinnyi w'umupira wamaguru mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri Nigeriya ukinira FC Qizilqum, ukina imbere kuruhande.
Umwuga wa club
Ifeanyi yavukiye i Lagos, yamaze ubuzima bwe muri Remo Stars FC, Akwa United na Enyimba FC Nyuma yo gukorana na Remo Stars FC, yimukiye mu ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ya Enyimba mu 2019 nyuma yuko Remo Stars asezerewe muri shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru yabigize umwuga muri Nigeriya.
Victor yari umwe mu batsinze ibitego byinshi muri shampiyona kandi ibyo byatumye ahamagarwa mu ikipe y'igihugu ya Nigeriya. Yatsinze ibitego 16 mumikino 21 kuruhande rwe Enyimba.
Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byaranze umwuga we ni uguhamagarira ikipe ya Nigeria Super Eagles mu 2022 mu mikino ya gicuti yahuje Mexico na Ecuador mu 2022.
Ishyamba rya Bankura
Ishyamba rya Bankura ni ishyamba ririnzwe muri Bengaluru, mu Buhinde. Abakozi bo mu kigo gishinzwe kubungabunga amashyamba n’abakozi ba Leta boherejwe mu karere bagenzura ubuyobozi kandi bagatanga serivisi ku bantu kuva ku cyicaro gikuru cya Bankura. Ubuso bwose bw’amashyamba mu Karere ka Bankura, bugizwe n’ibice bitatu, Igice cya Bankura (Amajyaruguru), Igice cya Bankura (Amajyepfo) n’ishami rya Panchet, ni 1463.56 km 2, bingana na 21.27% by'ubuso bw'ubutaka bw'akarere. Muri ako karere hari ha 0,046 y’amashyamba kuri buri muntu, mu gihe iyo mibare ari ha 0,02 kuri Bengal y’Iburengerazuba yose. Ishyamba rigizwe n'ibirometerokare 44.48 y'amashyamba arinzwe, 1391.95 km 2 y'amashyamba arinzwe, n'ibirometerokare 27.13 yishyamba rya leta ridafite  uwo ryanditseho.
Mbaoma Victor
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Yatangiye gukinira imikino mpuzamahanga muri Nijeriya mu 2022 mu gihe hari imikino mpuzamahanga ya gicuti hagati ya Mexico na uquateur.
Victor yashyizwe ahagaragara muri Mutarama 2023 na FC Qizilqum Zarafshon nyuma yo gusinya mu ikipe ya shampiyona yo muri Alijeriya, Mouloudia Club d'Alger.
Yasinywe na Club yo muri Alijeriya, Mouloudia Club d'Alger ku masezerano y’imyaka ibiri muri Kamena 2022.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Ishyamba rya Bankura
Mbere y’ubwigenge bw’Ubuhinde, guverinoma ya Bengal y’Iburengerazuba yari yafashe icyemezo cyo gushyiraho urwego rushinzwe kurengera, kubungabunga no gucunga ibimera n’ibinyabuzima ndetse no kugeza serivisi z’ibidukikije ku batuye mu nkengero z'ayo mashyamba.
Urujya n'uruza mu mashyamba babiterwa nintego zitandukanye nko kurisha, inkwi, no gukusanya amababi ya sal, imbuto n ibihumyo, nibindi. Hamwe n’umuvuduko ukabije w’abantu ku mashyamba, umubare ntarengwa w’angirika ry’amashyamba ntushobora kwirindwa. Icyakora, ingamba zihuriweho zo gucunga amashyamba zirimo gukorwa mu rwego rwo guteza imbere kubungabunga amashyamba.
Marcel Tisserand
Marcel Tisserand, (Yavutse Ku ya 10 Mutarama 1993 i Meaux, mu Bufaransa) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ari mpuzamahanga ukomaka muri congo, ukina nka myugariro wo hagati muri Ettifaq FC.
Muri ikipe
Muri 2006, yinjiye muri INF Clairefontaine, ahamara imyaka itatu yo gutangira imyitozo.
Yatorejwe muri AS Monaco aho yatwaye igikombe cya Gambardella muri 2011, yasinye amasezerano ye ya mbere ya bigize umwuga muri Kamena 2013. Nyuma yo kwitabira shampiyona hamwe nitsinda rya Claudio Ranieri, yatangiye umwuga we wa mbere tKu ya 10 Kanama kwinjira mu bihe bya nyuma by'intsinzi i Bordeaux.
Inyandiko
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
BUTERA bwa NTURO
Butera bwa Nturo akaba yari intore y'icyogere yabyinaga mu itorero ry'umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa akaba yaragaragaye no mu mashusho ya filimi yitwa "King Solomon's mine" ugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda ni "Ikirombe cy'umwami Salomo."
Reba Aha
Ikiciro:Imyidagaduro Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda
Billy Fordjour
William Fordjour (wavutse ku ya 26 Werurwe 1948) ni umukinnyi ukomoak muri Gana wiruka aharingani nko hagati. Yitabiriye metero 1500 mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1972.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana
Urubuga rwibiryo byubutaka (soil food web)
thumb|Urugero rwurubuga rwibiribwa bya topologiya (ishusho tuyikesha Urubuga rwibiryo byubutaka ni umuryango wibinyabuzima bibaho byose cyangwa igice cyubuzima bwabo mubutaka. Irasobanura uburyo bugoye bwo kubaho mubutaka nuburyo bukorana nibidukikije, ibimera, ninyamaswa.
Urubuga rwibiryo rusobanura ihererekanyabubasha hagati yubwoko bwibinyabuzima. Mugihe urunigi rwibiryo rusuzuma inzira imwe, umurongo, imbaraga zinyuze mubidukikije, urubuga rwibiryo ruragoye kandi rwerekana inzira zose zishoboka. Byinshi muri izo mbaraga byimuwe bituruka ku zuba. Ibimera bikoresha ingufu zizuba kugirango bihindure ibinyabuzima bidafite ingufu, ibinyabuzima bikungahaye, bihindure dioxyde de carbone n imyunyu ngugu mubikoresho byibimera na fotosintezeza. Indabyo ziterwa ziva mu mbuto zikungahaye cyane ku butaka no mu mizi y’ibimera zisohora aside, isukari, na ectoenzymes muri rhosikori, bigahindura pH no kugaburira urubuga rwibiryo munsi yubutaka.
Ibimera byitwa autotrophs kuko bikora imbaraga zabyo; bitwa kandi ababikora kuko bitanga ingufu ziboneka kubindi binyabuzima kurya. Heterotrophs ni abaguzi badashobora gukora ibiryo byabo. Kugirango babone ingufu barya ibimera cyangwa izindi heterotrophs.
Ubushakashatsi
miterere yubutaka ituma kwitegereza neza ibiryo byibiribwa bigorana. Kubera ko ibinyabuzima byubutaka bifite ubunini kuva munsi ya 0.1 mm (nematode) kugeza kurenza 2 mm (inzoka zisi) hariho inzira nyinshi zitandukanye zo kuzikuramo. Ingero zubutaka akenshi zifatwa hifashishijwe icyuma. Makrofauna nini nk'inzoka zo mu isi hamwe n'udukoko tw’udukoko birashobora gukurwaho n'intoki, ariko ibi ntibishoboka kuri nematode ntoya hamwe na arthropodes. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukuramo ibinyabuzima bito bifite imbaraga; biterwa n'ubushobozi bwibinyabuzima bwo kuva mu butaka. Kurugero, umuyoboro wa Berlese, ukoreshwa mugukusanya arthropodes ntoya, ukora urumuri / ubushyuhe mukigereranyo cyubutaka. Mugihe microarthropodes igenda, kure yumucyo nubushyuhe, bigwa mumurongo no mumashanyarazi. Uburyo busa, Baermann funnel, ikoreshwa kuri nematode. Umuyoboro wa Baerman utose, ariko (mugihe umuyoboro wa Berlese wumye) kandi ntabwo biterwa nurumuri / ubushyuhe. Nematode iva mu butaka ikajya munsi ya ruhurura kuko, uko igenda, iba yuzuye amazi kandi ntishobora koga. Ubutaka bwa mikorobe zirangwa muburyo bwinshi butandukanye. Igikorwa cya mikorobe gishobora gupimwa nubuhumekero bwabo no kurekura karuboni. Ibice bigize selile ya mikorobe birashobora gukurwa mubutaka kandi bigashyirwa ahagaragara, cyangwa biomass ya mikorobe irashobora kubarwa mugupima ubutaka mbere na nyuma yumwotsi.
Ubwoko bwurubuga rwibiryo
Hariho ubwoko butatu bwibiryo byerekana urubuga: ibiryo bya topologiya (cyangwa gakondo), ibiryo bitemba hamwe nimbuga zikorana. Uru rubuga rushobora gusobanura sisitemu haba hejuru no munsi yubutaka.
IPRC WVC
IPRC WVC (Integrated Polytechnic Regional College women Volleyball Club) ni ikipe ya bagore yegamiye yashizwe na IPRC, ikaba ikina imikino ya maboko ya volleyball itegurwa Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation, FRVB). yitabiriye amarushanwa atandukanye nka :
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball
Ubukerarugendo bw'ibimera
Ubukerarugendo bw'ibimera
thumb|ibimera Mu Rwanda kimwe nahandi hose ibidukikije bigizwe n'ibice bibiri, ibidukikije karemano, ibidukikije kamere,n'ibidukikije biva kubikorwa bya muntu kandi bigengwa na Poliike , inzego z'ubuobozi n'amategeko mumikorere,mu kurindwa no mumicungire yabyo, Ibidukikije kamere bigizwe n'ubutaka, n'ikuzimu, umwuka, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ubwiza nyaburanga, ahantu nyaburanga n’inyubako. Ibidukikije biva ku bikorwa bya muntu birebana n’imitunganyirize y’imijyi n’icyaro n’imibereho y’abantu.
Akamaro
ibimera mu Rwanda nibimwe mubintu byitaweho cyane kuko byagaragaye ko bigira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'igihugu mu Rwanda ndettse no hanze yyarwo hariho ingamba zo kubungabunga umusaruro ukomoka ku bimera
Ubuhinzi bw’Inanasi
thumb|Uko inanasi ikura mu murima. Inanasi ni igihingwa kiri mu biza ku isonga mu kuzamura iterambere ry’abatuye Akarere ka Gakenke, aho byibura buri mwaka batabura umusaruro ufite agaciro ka miliyoni 318, abaturage bakaba bakomeje kugana ubwo buhinzi bagize umwuga, mu rwego rwo kuzamura iterambere ryabo.
Umusaruro uva mubuhinzi bw'Inanasi
thumb|Umusaruro w'inanasi wengwamo umutobe. Mu mirenge 19 igize akarere ka Gakenke umunani muri yo yiyemeje guhinga inanasi mu buryo bw’umwuga aho ubuso bwa hegitari 2,600 muri ako karere bwiharirwa n’igihingwa cy’inanasi, mu mwaka hagasarurwa toni zitari munsi ya 2,100.Abakora ubwo buhinzi baremeza ko bukomeje kubazamurira iterambere dore ko bamaze kwibumbira mu makoperative, gukorera hamwe bikaba bikomeje kubafasha guteza imbere ubwo buhinzi. umwe muri abo bahinzi b’inanasi bibumbiye muri Koperative COAFGA, agira ati “Twahisemo kuva mu bindi twita ku buhinzi bw’inanasi nk’igihingwa tubona ko gikomeje kuduteza imbere, ku mwaka twinjiza amafaranga menshi gusumbya ayo twabonaga mu buhinzi busanzwe”.
Intego abahinzi bafite
thumb|188x188px|Inanasi iteguye neza ku buryo yagaburwa. Abahinzi bavuga ko biteguye kongerera agaciro inanasi beza, kugira ngo amafaranga yiyongere banazigemure mu mahanga zumishije, bakaba bafite intego yo kongera ubuso bahingaho inanasi aho bizeye imikoranire myiza n’abafatanyabikorwa bazibagurira, bagahamya ko batazigera babura isoko. Isoko rinini abo baturage bafite ni irya Rwiyemezamirimo Sina Gerald ugura hafi 70% by’inanasi beza, aho azinyuza mu nganda mu rwego rwo kuzongerera agaciro akazibyazamo imitobe n’ibindi, mu gihe izindi ziribwa n’abaturage basanzwe hakaba n’izijyanwa mu masoko hirya no hino mu gihugu.Nkuko mu bizi na gahunda ya leta ihari ni uko abantu bava mu bukene, turi muri gahunda yo kugabanya ubukene ndetse bukazaranduka burundu, kuba rero abantu bari bari mu cyiciro cya mbere uyu munsi bakaba babasha guhinga inanasi bakakivamo ni urugero rwiza abandi bakabaye bareberaho bakabona ko umuntu yahinga akiteza imbere.
Cedric Mongongu
Cédric Mongongu (yavutse 22 kamena 1989 i Kinshasa) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo ukina nka myugariro wo hagati.
AS Monaco
Yageze kare cyane mu Bufaransa avuye muri Zayire, Mongongu afite ubwenegihugu bwa Kongo. Ashishikaye cyane nu mupira w'amaguru, yatangiye gukinira hariya mu ikipe ya Garenne-Colombes ( Hauts-de-Seine ) mbere yo kwinjira mu ikipe ya Racing club de France afite imyaka 13, arangije ahakorerwa imyitozo ya AS Monaco muri 2005 hanyuma agaragara bwa mbere muri L1 muri 2007. Yamaze gutorwa mu izamu hagati, yahuye n’Ubufaransa A 'mu mukino wa gicuti wabereye muri Espagne. Muri Monaco, ntarashyirwa mu mwanya runaka. Akenshi yakoreshwaga hagati, Ricardo yatangiye kuyikoresha mu kwirwanaho kubera ubushobozi bwayo bwo ku zamura. Akoreshwa kandi nk'inyura iburyo, asimburana na François Modesto, aho atoroheye cyane kuruta muri myugariro wo hagati.
Kugira ngo yishyure ibikomere, yagaragaye gake cyane nka myugariro wo hagati. Amaherezo Mongongu yatsinze mu izamu ryo hagati, ihura na Nicolas N'Koulou imwe mu mpeta zo hagati mu Burayi.
Mu ntangiriro za shampiyona yo muri 2009-2010, Cédric yagumanye icyizere cy'umutoza mushya wa ASM, wamuhuje na Sébastien Puygrenier muri myugariro wo hagati. Yasinyanye amasezerano ya mbere y'umwuga y'imyaka 3. Yakinnye imikino 33 ya Ligue 1 muri shampiyona yamubonye asohoka. Birahumuriza kandi ni byiza gutangira, yanga abamurwanya. Umukino we mwiza rwose niwo wakinnye na Olympique de Marseille kuri Vélodrome. Imyitwarire ye myiza cyane yatumye aba ku gipangu cy'amakipe akomeye harimo na AC Milan.
Inyandiko
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Habib Kavuma
Habib Kavuma (wavutse 4 Nzeri 1991)ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Uganda ukinira Amajyepfo ya Samity, nka myugariro.
Umwuga
Yavukiye i Makindye, Kavuma yakinnye umupira w'amaguru muri Uganda no mu Rwanda muri Bunamwaya, APR, Kampala Capital City Authority na SC Villa. Muri Nyakanga 2022, byatangajwe ku mugaragaro ko Kavuma yasinyiye gukina shampiyona ya CFL yo mu majyepfo ya Samity mu Buhinde.
Yatangiye gukinira ari mpuzamahanga muri Uganda muri 2009.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Union of Workers in Industry, Garages, Construction Firms, Mines and Printers
Ihuriro ry’abakozi mu nganda, mu igaraje, mu bigo by’ubwubatsi, mu birombe no mu icapiro ( STRIGECOMI ) ni ihuriro ry’abakozi mu Rwanda. Ifatanije n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abakozi.
Reba
Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Umwuzure witiriwe Mutagatifu Feligisi
thumb| Ikarita ya Reimerswaal na Mattheus Smallegange Umwuzure wa Mutagatifu Feligisi (mu Ubuholandi Sint-Felixvloed ) wabaye ku wa gatandatu, 5 Ugushyingo 1530, umunsi w'izina rya Mutagatifu Feligisi. Uyu munsi waje kwitwa Ikibi Kuwa gatandatu (kwade zaterdag). Ibice binini bya Flanders na Zeeland byatwawe n'umwuzure, harimo na Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal. Ku bwa Audrey M. Lambert, "Amazi yose ya Oost ya Zuid-Beveland yarazimiye, usibye umujyi wa Reimerswaal gusa."
Bivugwa ko mu Ubuholandi abarenga 100,000 bishwe n’umwuzure wa Mutagatifu Felix.
Bau (umucuranzi)
Rufino Almeida (wavutse 1962 i Mindelo, muri São Vicente), uzwi cyane ku izina rya Bau, ni umucuranzi wo muri Cape Verdean. Se, akora ibikoresho bya muzika, yanamwigishije gukora no gucuranga gitari, cavaquinho na viyole. Mu 1994, yinjiye mu itsinda rya Cesária Évora azengurukana nabo maze mu 1996 aba umuyobozi wa muzika. Muri Nzeri 1999, yarakomeje maze indirimbo ye "Raquel" igaragara muri filime ya Pedro Almodóvar yo mu 2002 yitwa Talk to her. Yazengurutse hamwe nabandi baririmbyi benshi, barimo Hernani Almeida mu 1999 na 2001. Zimwe mu ndirimbo ze zanditswe na Teófilo Chantre.
Celestin BAHIZI
Ni umudiaykoni mu itorero rya New Life Bible Church, akaba ariwe ushinzwe ubugenzuzi bw'itorero, niwe ukurikirana ishyirwamubikorwa ry'imishinga y'itorero. Afite umugore bafitanye abana batatu aribo Liza, Adony na Anca.
Ubuzima bw'ishuri
Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu ishami rya Tewologiya (Theology).
Ubuzima busanzwe
Celestin akunda gusoma ibitabo, akunda gukorera Imana kandi akunda kubaho yishimye cyane ko arangwa no guhora aseka.
Reba Aha
Ikiciro:Iyobokamana
Hood Kaweesa
Hood Kaweesa (wavutse 22 Nyakanga 1982) ni umukinnyi ukina nka myugariro mu mupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Uganda ukinira ikipe ya Polisi FC. Yari umwe mu bagize itsinda ry’igikombe cya CECAFA muri 2002.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Umugezi wa Gucha
byitwa uruzi Kuja n'umuryango wa Luo ukomoka mu misozi miremire ya Kiabonyoru mu Ntara ya Nyamira unyura hagati mu Karere ka Gucha unyura mu burengerazuba unyuze mu gihugu cya Migori aho uhurira n'umugezi wa Migori ugatemba nk'umugezi wa Kuja-Migori mu kiyaga cya Victoria.Umugezi wa Gucha,
Umugezi wa Gucha-Migori wahinduye inzira hafi y’umunwa wa 2001-2002, werekeza mu majyaruguru ugana ubu.
Nko muri kilometero 45 uvuye i Migori, urugomero rwa Gogo Falls rwuzuye mu 1956 rufite ingufu z'amashanyarazi zingana na 2MW, ruhuza umuyoboro w’igihugu cya Kenya. Urugomero rukoreshwa na Kenya itanga amashanyarazi (Kengen). Mu mwaka wa 2014, guverinoma ya Kenya yatangaje ko izamurwa ku rugomero, kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwa 12MW, igenga imigezi ikumira umwuzure, kandi yemerera kuhira hafi 25.000ha. Kuva muri Gashyantare 2016, amazi yo kuhira imyaka ya Orango n’imigezi yubatswe hepfo y’urugomero kugira ngo hakoreshwe abahinzi ba Okenge na Owiro mu Ntara ya Migori, ariko kubaka imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza byatinze.
Frank KAREMERA
Ni umushumba wungirije mu itorero rya New Life Bible Church. Afite umugore witwa Janet KAREMERA, bafitanye abana batatu aribo Manzi, Shami na Gwiza.
Ubuzima bw'ishuri
Afite impamybumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu ishami ry'ubugeni mu burezi ykoreye muri kaminuza ya KIE (Kigali Institute of Education).
Ubuzima busanzwe
Frank mu buzima busanzwe akunda kuririmba, kuyobora ndetse no gukorera Imana.
Reba Aha
Ikiciro:Iyobokamana
Amasezerano yo kurinda akayunguruzo k'izuba
Inteko ishinga Amategeko y’u Buhinde yatoye yemeza burundu iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano ya Kigali yo kurinda iyangirika ry’akayunguruzo k’izuba, hagabanywa umwuka woherezwa mu kirere wa hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) uva mu byuma bikonjesha n’ibitanga umuyaga (air conditioners).
Aho yasinyiwe
Aya masezerano yasinyiwe i Kigali n’ibihugu 197 mu Ukwakira 2016, avugurura ayasinyiwe i Montreal muri Canada mu 1989, agamije kugenzura ikoreshwa n’iyoherezwa mu kirere ry’uyu mwuka wa HFC ugira uruhare rukomeye mu kwangiza akayunguruzo k’izuba kazwi nka ‘Ozone’ karinda abatuye Isi kugerwaho n’ubukana bw’imirasire yaryo.
Akamaro
Biteganyijwe ko hazagabanywa toni miliyoni 105 z’imyuka ihumanye yoherezwa mu kirere bigafasha kugabanya ubushyuhe ku Isi bungana na dogere Celsius 0.5 kugeza mu 2100.
Intego
U Buhinde bwihaye intego yo kuba bwagabanyije HFC ingana na 80% mu 2047 by’umwuka bwoherezaga mu kirere, mu gihe Amerika yo izagabanya 80% mu 2034 naho u Bushinwa bwo bukayigabanya mu 2045, binyuze mu gukoresha ibikoresho bifite ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ikirere.
Igihe azatangirira kubahirizwa
Ibihugu byateye imbere nka Canada, Amerika, u Bushinwa n’Ibihugu by’i Burayi biteganyijwe ko aribyo bizabanza kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’uyu mwuka, bigakurikirwa n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bizatangira kuyubahiriza mu 2024. u Buhinde bwo buzatangira mu 2028.
Ubuzima Bwamenyo Murirusange
thumb|Kuvura amenyo Cavity 2 thumb|Uburyo bukwiriye bwo gusukura amenyo. Ubuzima bw'amenyo rusange aribwo Dental Public Health( DPH ) mundimi zamahanga ni para-clinique yihariye yubuvuzi bw'amenyo    bujyanye no gukumira indwara zo mu kanwa no guteza imbere ubuzima bwo mu kanwa. Ubuzima rusange bw'amenyo bugira uruhare mugusuzuma ibikenerwa byubuzima bw amenyo kandi bikazana ibisubizo bifatika byateza imbere ubuzima bw amenyo yabaturage aho kuba abantu kugiti cyabo. Ubuzima rusange bw'amenyo burashaka kugabanya ibisabwa muri sisitemu yubuzima hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kohereza umutungo mu bice byihutirwa. Ibihugu ku isi byose bihura nibibazo bisa bijyanye n'indwara z'amenyo. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki n'amahame biratandukanye bitewe no kubona ibikoresho. Kimwe nubuzima rusange, gusobanukirwa nibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kubuzima bizafasha gushyira mubikorwa ingamba zifatika. Indwara ziterwa n amenyo zirashobora kwirindwa cyane. Ubuvuzi bw'amenyo rusange bukorwa muri rusange binyuze muri gahunda zatewe inkunga na leta, zikaba ahanini zerekeza ku bana bo mu mashuri ya Leta bizera ko imyigire yabo mu isuku yo mu kanwa ari yo nzira nziza yo kugera ku baturage muri rusange. Icyitegererezo kuri gahunda nk'izo mu bihe byashize ni abakora amenyo basura buri mwaka ku ishuri kugira ngo batange ibiganiro kandi berekane uburyo bukwiye bwo koza amenyo. Mu myaka ya za 70, hagaragaye gahunda irambuye. Harimo icyumweru cy'isaha imwe yo kwigisha, kwerekana, n'ibibazo n'ibisubizo, bikozwe na muganga w'amenyo n'umufasha w'amenyo kandi bafashijwe na mwarimu wari warahawe amasaha menshi yo kwigisha. Ikoreshwa ryakozwe kandi muri gahunda yo kwigisha amenyo yubuzima bw'amenyo kuri tereviziyo, ababyeyi bashishikarijwe kuyubahiriza.
Referances
Ikiciro:Health
Temitope Ogunsemo
Temitope Ogunsemo wavukiye muri Nijeriya, yavutse 3 Mutarama 1984, ni we washinze Krystal Digital, isosiyete ikora thumb|Temitope Ogunsemo ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga mu burezi ikura vuba cyane mu guhanga, guteza imbere no kohereza porogaramu zikoreshwa na porogaramu zikoreshwa mu bigo by’uburezi muri Nijeriya. Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2010 i Lagos, serivisi y’ibendera ya Krystal Digital, MySkool Portal, porogaramu ishingiye ku mbuga za sisitemu yo gucunga amakuru y’ishuri yagenewe kubika neza no kwerekana amakuru y’ishuri, yemejwe n’amashuri yisumbuye ya Leta arenga 50 yo muri Nijeriya, kandi ifite abakoresha barenga 65.000. Krystal Digital ubu ifite abakozi barenga 150 ninjiza yumwaka urenga miliyoni 3.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Nijeriya Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
U Rwanda rwatorewe kuyobora ihuriro ry’Ibigo birengera Ibidukikije muri Afurika
Ihuriro ry’ibigo bishinzwe kurengera ibidukike muri Afurika (EPA) hamwe n’abayobozi muri urwo rwego, batoreye u Rwanda kuyobora ibikorwa by’iryo huriro muri Afurika.
Icyo gikorwa cyabereye mu nama y’iminsi ibiri yabereye i Kigali kuva ku ya 7-8 Werurwe 2023, ikaba yari yarateguwe n’ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Bidukikije (UNEP Office for Africa), ku bufatanye n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cyita ku Bidukikije (REMA).
U Rwanda rwatorewe umwanya wo kuyobora iryo huriro, Gabon itorerwa kungiriza u Rwanda, Zambia itorerwa umwanya w’Ubunyamabanga naho Niger itorerwa kuba muri biro y’ubuyobozi.
Muri iyo nama nyunguranabitekerezo kandi, abayobozi ba EPAs, ba Komiseri n’abayobozi mu nzego z’ibidukikije, bahawe urubuga rwo kuganira ku buryo bwo kunoza imikoranire.
Ibyo biri no mu cyemezo cy’inama isanzwe ya 18 ya za Minisiteri ivuga ku bidukikije muri Afurika (AMCEN), mu mwanzuro wa 18/1, wasabye ko hashyirwaho ihuriro ry’Abayobozi b’ibigo bishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Afurika.
Umuyobozi mukuru wa REMA, Juliet Kabera yavuze ko u Rwanda rwishimiye imyanzuro yavuye muri iyo nama.
Yagize ati “Twishimiye ko ibiganiro bya EPA byagenze neza. Imyanzuro yafashwe izadufasha gufatanya gukemura ibibazo by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ikendera ry’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, guhumanya ikirere n’ikibazo cy’imyanda. Turashimira cyane abitabiriye ibiganiro bose na UNEP, kuba yarateguye iyi nama kandi ikagenda neza”.
Iryo huriro rifite intego yo guhanahana ubunararibonye hagati y’abarigize, kongera ubumenyi, gushaka abafatanyabikorwa no gukemura ibibazo biri mu mikorere. Ikindi ni uko mu myanzuro yavuye muri iyo nama, harimo gushishikariza za Guverinoma z’ibihugu binyamuryango, gushyigikira EPA, mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imyanzuro yafashwe, haba mu karere no ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Amashakiro
https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/u-rwanda-rwatorewe-kuyobora-ihuriro-ry-ibigo-birengera-ibidukikije-muri-afurika
Irushanwa ry’Intwari
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball
Umukororombya
thumb|umukororombya  Umukororombya
ni meteorologiya na optique iterwa no kurebesha amaso, kuzanwa no gukwirakwiza urumuri mubitonyanga byamazi bigatuma urumuri rugaragara mwijuru. Ifata ishusho yumuzingi wamabara menshi. Umukororombya uterwa nurumuri rwizuba burigihe ugaragara mugice cyikirere giteganye nizuba.
Umukororombya urashobora kuba uruziga rwuzuye. Nyamara, indorerezi mubisanzwe ibona arc yakozwe gusa nigitonyanga kimurika hejuru yubutaka, [1] kandi gishingiye kumurongo uva izuba ugana ijisho ryindorerezi.
Umukororombya wibanze, arc yerekana umutuku kuruhande rwinyuma na violet kuruhande rwimbere. Uyu mukororombya uterwa numucyo wangiritse mugihe winjiye mumazi yigitonyanga cyamazi, hanyuma ukagaragarira imbere inyuma yigitonyanga hanyuma ukongera ukagabanuka iyo uvuye.
Mu mukororombya wikubye kabiri, arc ya kabiri igaragara hanze ya arc yibanze, kandi ifite gahunda yamabara yayo ihinduka, hamwe numutuku kuruhande rwimbere rwimbere. Ibi biterwa numucyo ugaragara kabiri imbere yigitonyanga mbere yo kuhava. thumb|Umukororombya mugicu Incamake
Ishusho yimpera yumukororombya muri parike yigihugu ya Jasper
Umukororombya ntabwo uri ahantu runaka kure yindorerezi, ariko uturuka kumurongo wibitekerezo uterwa nigitonyanga cyamazi cyarebaga kuruhande runaka ugereranije nisoko yumucyo. Rero, umukororombya ntabwo ari ikintu kandi ntushobora kwegerwa kumubiri. Mubyukuri, ntibishoboka ko indorerezi ibona umukororombya uva kumatonyanga yamazi kuruhande urwo arirwo rwose usibye ibisanzwe bya dogere 42 uvuye mucyerekezo giturutse kumucyo. Nubwo indorerezi ibona undi indorerezi isa "munsi" cyangwa "iherezo ry" umukororombya, indorerezi ya kabiri izabona umukororombya utandukanye - kure cyane - ku mpande imwe nkuko wabibonye bwa mbere.
Umukororombya uzenguruka urutonde rwamabara. Imirongo iyo ari yo yose itandukanye igaragara ni igihangano cyerekana amabara yumuntu, kandi nta guhuza ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose bigaragara ku ifoto yumukara-n-umweru wumukororombya, gusa urwego rworoheje rwimbaraga kugeza kurwego rwo hejuru, hanyuma rugenda rwerekeza kurundi ruhande. Ku mabara agaragara nijisho ryumuntu, urutonde rukunze kuvugwa kandi rwibukwa ni Isaac Newton inshuro zirindwi zitukura, orange, umuhondo, icyatsi, ubururu, indigo na violet, [2] [a] yibukwa na mnemonike Richard Of York Yatanze Intambara Mubusa, cyangwa nk'izina ry'umuntu w'impimbano (Roy G. Biv). Itangiriro rimwe na rimwe ryerekanwa muburyo butandukanye, nka VIBGYOR. Ibigezweho, umukororombya ukunze kugabanywamo umutuku, orange, umuhondo, icyatsi, cyan, ubururu na violet [citation ikenewe].
Umukororombya urashobora guterwa nuburyo bwinshi bwamazi yo mu kirere. Harimo imvura gusa, ariko kandi harimo ibicu, gutera, n'ikime cyo mu kirere. thumb|Ishusho y'amabara y'umukororombya Kugaragara
Umukororombya urashobora gukora muri spray yisumo (bita spray umuheto)
Umukororombya urashobora gukora muri spray yakozwe numuraba
Umukororombya urashobora kugaragara igihe cyose hari ibitonyanga byamazi mumuyaga nizuba ryaka biva inyuma yindorerezi kumurongo muto. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umukororombya ukunze kugaragara mwijuru ryiburengerazuba mugitondo no mwijuru ryiburasirazuba nimugoroba. Umukororombya utangaje cyane ubaho mugihe igice cyikirere cyaba cyijimye hamwe nigicu cyimvura kandi indorerezi iri ahantu hamwe nikirere cyera cyerekezo cyizuba. Igisubizo ni umukororombya urumuri utandukanye ninyuma yijimye. Mugihe nkiki cyiza cyo kugaragara, umukororombya munini ariko ucogora ukunze kugaragara. Bigaragara nka 10 ° hanze yumukororombya wibanze, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwamabara.
Iruka rya Castle Geyser, Parike ya Yellowstone, hamwe n'umukororombya wikubye kabiri ugaragara mu gihu
Biragoye gufotora igice cyuzuye cyumukororombya mumurongo umwe, kuko ibi bisaba inguni yo kureba 84 °. Kuri kamera ya mm 35, hasabwa lens nini yagutse ifite uburebure bwa mm 19 cyangwa munsi yayo. Noneho iyo software yo kudoda amashusho menshi muri panorama irahari, amashusho ya arc yose ndetse niyo arc ya kabiri irashobora gushirwaho byoroshye biturutse kumurongo wikurikiranya.
Uhereye hejuru yisi nko mu ndege, rimwe na rimwe birashoboka kubona umukororombya nkuruziga rwuzuye. Iki kintu gishobora kwitiranwa nicyubahiro, ariko icyubahiro mubisanzwe ni gito cyane, gipfukirana 5-20 ° gusa.
Umucyo wumukororombya wibanze arc ni 96% polarized tangential kuri arc. Umucyo wa arc ya kabiri ni 90% polarize.
Umubare wamabara murwego cyangwa umukororombya
Reba kandi: Ibara rya Spectral
Ikirangantego cyabonetse ukoresheje ikirahuri cya prism hamwe nisoko yinkomoko ni ugukomeza uburebure bwumuraba udafite imirongo. Umubare wamabara ijisho ryumuntu rishobora gutandukanya murwego rukurikirana 100. [7] Kubwibyo, sisitemu yamabara ya Munsell (sisitemu yo mu kinyejana cya 20 yo gusobanura imibare, ishingiye ku ntambwe zingana zo kubona abantu) itandukanya amabara 100. Ubushishozi bugaragara bwamabara yingenzi ni igihangano cyimyumvire yumuntu kandi umubare nyawo wamabara yingenzi ni uguhitamo uko bishakiye.
Newton, wemeye ko amaso ye atigeze anenga cyane gutandukanya amabara, [8] mu ntangiriro (1672) yagabanije ibice mu mabara atanu y'ingenzi: umutuku, umuhondo, icyatsi, ubururu na violet. Nyuma yaje gushyiramo orange na indigo, atanga amabara arindwi yingenzi mugereranya numubare wanditse mubipimo byumuziki. [2] [b] ya sofiste ya kera yubugereki, batekerezaga ko hari isano hagati yamabara, injyana yumuziki, ibintu bizwi muri Solar System, niminsi yicyumweru. [10] [11] [12] Intiti zavuze ko icyo Newton yabonaga icyo gihe ari "ubururu" muri iki gihe cyafatwa nka cyan, kandi icyo Newton yise "indigo" muri iki gihe cyafatwa nk'ubururu. [3] [13] [14]
Umukororombya (hagati: nyayo, hepfo: ubarwa) ugereranije nukuri (hejuru): amabara adahagije hamwe numwirondoro wamabara atandukanye
Amabara agezweho Umutuku Orange Umuhondo Icyatsi Cyan Ubururu
Ibara ryumukororombya uratandukanye nurwego, kandi amabara ntiyuzuye. Hariho gusiga ibintu mu mukororombya bitewe nuko ku burebure ubwo aribwo bwose, habaho gukwirakwiza inguni zisohoka, aho kuba inguni imwe itandukanye. Byongeye kandi, umukororombya ni verisiyo idasobanutse yumuheto wabonetse ahantu, kuko diameter ya disiki yizuba (0.5 °) ntishobora kwirengagizwa ugereranije nubugari bwumukororombya (2 °). Ibindi bitukura byumukororombya wambere wongeyeho hejuru ya violet yumukororombya wibanze, aho kugirango ibara ryanyuma rihindurwe na violet ya spekitale, mubyukuri ni umutuku. Umubare wibara ryumukororombya urashobora rero gutandukana numubare wimigozi murwego, cyane cyane niba ibitonyanga ari binini cyangwa bito. Kubwibyo, umubare wamabara yumukororombya urahinduka. Niba, ariko, ijambo umukororombya ukoreshwa muburyo budasobanutse kugirango usobanure, ni umubare wamabara nyamukuru murwego.
Nadia Eke
thumb|Nadia Eke Nadia Eke (yavutse ku ya 11 Mutarama 1993,) ni umukinnyi wa bigize umwuga ukomoka i Accra muri Gana usimbuka gatatu.
Umukororombya
Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abantu bose babona amabara arindwi mu mukororombya bifitanye isano nigitekerezo cyo guhuza indimi. Hatanzwe igitekerezo kivuga ko hariho abantu bose muburyo umukororombya ubona. [16] Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko umubare wamabara atandukanye yagaragaye nicyo bita biterwa nururimi umuntu akoresha, hamwe nabantu bafite ururimi rufite amagambo make y'amabara babona amabara atandukanye atandukanye.
Nadia Eke
Uburezi
Eke afite impamyabumenyi muri kaminuza ya Columbia mu 2015.
Umukororombya
Ibisobanuro
Nadia Eke
Umwuga
Muri 2014, yarangije mu cya cumi mu mikino ya bavuga icyongereza yabereye i Glasgow, ye gukana umudali wa ifeza mu marushanwa nya furika yabereye i Marrakech kandi aba uwa karindwi mu gikombe cyu mugabane wa IAAF.
Umukororombya
Imirasire yumucyo yinjira mumvura iturutse mucyerekezo kimwe (mubisanzwe umurongo ugororotse uturutse ku zuba), ukagaragaza inyuma yimvura, hanyuma ugahita usohoka mugihe cyimvura. Umucyo usize umukororombya ukwirakwijwe ku nguni nini, hamwe n'uburemere ntarengwa ku mfuruka 40.89–42 °. .
Itara ryera ritandukanya amabara atandukanye iyo yinjiye mu mvura kubera gutatana, bigatuma itara ritukura rihinduka munsi yumucyo wubururu.
Nadia Eke
Umwuga
Yatsindiye kandi umudali wu muringa mu mikino nya furika yabereye i Brazzaville mu 2015. Muri 2016, yabaye shampiyo wa furika muri Shampiyona ya furika muri 2016.
Yarafite ibyangombwa byo guhagararira Gana mu mikino Olempike ya 2020 mu birori byo gusimbuka  mu bagore ari batatu.
Umukororombya
Iyo urumuri rwizuba ruhuye nigitonyanga cyimvura, igice cyumucyo kigaragarira naho ibindi bikinjira mumvura. Umucyo wangiritse hejuru yimvura. Iyo urumuri rukubise inyuma yimvura, bimwe muribi bigaragarira inyuma. Iyo urumuri rwerekanwe imbere rugera hejuru yubuso, rimwe narimwe bimwe bigaragarira imbere kandi bimwe bikanga nkuko bisohoka. . urumuri rwinjira rugaragarira inyuma ya 0 ° kugeza 42 °, hamwe nurumuri rwinshi kuri 42 °. Iyi mfuruka irigenga kubunini bwigitonyanga, ariko biterwa nigipimo cyayo cyangiritse. Amazi yo mu nyanja afite igipimo cyinshi cyo kwanga kurusha amazi y'imvura, bityo radiyo y "umukororombya" muri spray yo mu nyanja ni nto ugereranije n'umukororombya nyawo. Ibi bigaragarira amaso yubusa na misalignme
Nadia Eke
Ibyiza bye bwite
Hanze
Umukororombya
nt muri iyi miheto.
Nadia Eke
Ibyiza bye bwite
Mu nzu
Umukororombya
Impamvu itara ryagarutse cyane kuri 42 ° ni uko iyi ari impinduka - urumuri rukubita impeta yo hanze yigitonyanga rusubizwa munsi ya 42 °, nkuko urumuri rukubita igitonyanga hafi yikigo cyacyo. Hariho uruziga ruzengurutse urumuri rwose rusubizwa hafi ya 42 °. Niba izuba ryarabaye lazeri isohora imirasire ibangikanye, monochromatique, noneho urumuri (umucyo) wumuheto rwerekeza kumurongo utagira ingano kuriyi mpande (wirengagije ingaruka zo kwivanga). . Ikigeretse kuri ibyo, ingano yumucyo iterwa nuburebure bwayo, bityo ibara ryayo. Ingaruka yitwa gutatanya. Itara ry'ubururu (uburebure bwumurongo muto) ryangiritse ku nguni nini kuruta itara ritukura, ariko kubera kwerekana imirasire yumucyo uturutse inyuma yigitonyanga, urumuri rwubururu ruva mumatonyanga kumurongo muto ugana kubyabaye mbere yumucyo wera kuruta itara ritukura. Bitewe niyi mfuruka, ubururu bugaragara imbere muri arc yumukororombya wibanze, naho umutuku hanze. Igisubizo cyibi ntabwo ari ugutanga amabara atandukanye mubice bitandukanye byumukororombya, ahubwo no kugabanya umucyo. ("Umukororombya" wakozwe nigitonyanga cyamazi kitatatanye cyaba cyera, ariko kikaba cyiza kuruta umukororombya usanzwe.)
Nadia Eke
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana
Umukororombya
Umucyo uri inyuma yimvura ntushobora kwigaragaza imbere, kandi urumuri rusohoka ruva inyuma. Nyamara, urumuri rusohoka inyuma yigitonyanga ntirurema umukororombya hagati yindorerezi nizuba kuko spekure isohoka inyuma yimvura idafite imbaraga nyinshi, nkuko izindi umukororombya zigaragara zibikora, bityo amabara akavanga hamwe aho gukora umukororombya.
Umukororombya ntubaho ahantu runaka. Umukororombya mwinshi urahari; icyakora, kimwe gusa gishobora kuboneka ukurikije uko indorerezi ibibona nkibitonyanga byurumuri rumurikirwa nizuba. Ibitonyanga by'imvura byose bigabanya kandi bikagaragaza urumuri rw'izuba muburyo bumwe, ariko urumuri ruturuka kumvura imwe rukumbi rugera kumaso yindorerezi. Uyu mucyo nicyo kigize umukororombya kuri uriya ndorerezi. Sisitemu yose igizwe nimirasire yizuba, umutwe w indorerezi, hamwe nigitonyanga cyamazi (spherical) gifite uburinganire bwa axial buzengurutse umurongo unyuze mumutwe w indorerezi kandi bigereranywa nimirasire yizuba. Umukororombya uragoramye kubera ko imvura yimvura yose ifite inguni iboneye hagati yindorerezi, igitonyanga nizuba, aryamye kuri cone yerekana izuba hamwe nindorerezi hejuru. Intandaro ya cone ikora uruziga ku mfuruka ya 40-42 ° kugera kumurongo uri hagati yumutwe w indorerezi nigicucu cyazo ariko 50% cyangwa irenga yumuzingi uri munsi yizuba, keretse niba indorerezi iri kure cyane yubuso bwisi kugeza kuri reba byose, urugero nko mu ndege (reba hepfo). [22] [23] Ubundi, indorerezi ifite icyerekezo cyiza irashobora kubona uruziga rwuzuye mumasoko cyangwa kumasoko y'amazi.
Imibare ikomoka
Imibare ikomoka Birashoboka kumenya inguni igaragara umukororombya ugabanuka kuburyo bukurikira.
Uhaye imvura igwa, kandi ugasobanura impande zifatika zumukororombya nka 2φ, hamwe nu mfuruka yerekana imbere nka 2β, noneho inguni yerekana imirasire yizuba kubijyanye nubuso bwibitonyanga bisanzwe ni 2β - φ. Kubera ko impande zo kugabanuka ari β, amategeko ya Snell araduha
icyaha (2β - φ) = n icyaha β, aho n = 1.333 nigipimo cyo kugabanya amazi. Gukemura kuri φ, turabona
φ = 2β - arcsin (n icyaha β). Umukororombya uzabera aho inguni φ ari nini cyane ku bijyanye n'inguni β. Kubwibyo, duhereye kubara, dushobora gushiraho dφ / dβ = 0, tugakemura kuri β, itanga umusaruro
{\ kwerekana imiterere \ beta _ {\ inyandiko {max}} = \ arccos \ ibumoso ({\ frac {2 {\ sqrt {-1 + n ^ {2}}}} { \ iburyo) \ hafi 40.2 ^ {\ umuzenguruko}.} {\ kwerekana imiterere \ beta _ {\ inyandiko {max}} = \ arccos \ ibumoso ({\ frac {2 {\ sqrt {-1 + n ^ {2}} }} {{\ sqrt {3}} n}} \ iburyo) \ hafi 40.2 ^ {\ umuzenguruko}.} Gusimbuza gusubira muburinganire bwambere kuri φ bitanga 2φmax ≈ 42 ° nkinguni ya radiyo yumukororombya.
Ku itara ritukura (uburebure bwa 750nm, n = 1.330 hashingiwe ku gukwirakwiza amazi), inguni ya radiyo ni 42.5 °; ku mucyo w'ubururu (uburebure bwa 350nm, n = 1.343), inguni ya radiyo ni 40,6 °.
Gutandukana Umukororombya kabiri "Umukororombya wikubye kabiri" uyobora hano. Kubindi bikoreshwa, reba Umukororombya Kubiri.
Umukororombya wikubye kabiri hamwe nitsinda rya Alexandre rigaragara hagati yumuheto wibanze nuwa kabiri. Menyako kandi umuheto uvugwa cyane imbere yumuheto wibanze.
Fizika yumukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri hamwe nitsinda ryijimye rya Alegizandere [26] (Ishusho yizuba ku ishusho ni ibisanzwe gusa; imirasire yose irasa nigitereko cyumukororombya) Umukororombya wa kabiri, ku nguni nini kuruta umukororombya wibanze, ukunze kugaragara. Ijambo umukororombya kabiri rikoreshwa mugihe umukororombya wibanze nuwakabiri ugaragara. Mubyigisho, umukororombya wose uble umukororombya, ariko kubera ko umuheto wa kabiri uhora ucogoye kuruta ibanze, birashobora kuba intege nke cyane kubona mubikorwa.
Umukororombya wa kabiri uterwa no kwerekana kabiri urumuri rwizuba imbere yigitonyanga cyamazi. Mubuhanga umuheto wa kabiri wibanze ku zuba ubwaryo, ariko kubera ko ubunini bwaryo burenga 90 ° (hafi 127 ° kuri violet kugeza 130 ° kumutuku), bigaragara kuruhande rumwe rwikirere nkumukororombya wambere, hafi 10 ° hanze yacyo ku nguni igaragara ya 50–53 °. Nkibisubizo bya "imbere" y'umuheto wa kabiri kuba "hejuru" kubarebera, amabara asa naho yahindutse ugereranije n'ay'umuheto wibanze.
Umukororombya wa kabiri uracogora kuruta uwambere kuko urumuri rwinshi ruva mubitekerezo bibiri ugereranije nimwe kandi kubera ko umukororombya ubwawo ukwirakwira ahantu hanini cyane mwijuru. Buri mukororombya ugaragaza urumuri rwera imbere yumurongo wamabara, ariko ibyo "biri hasi" kubanze na "hejuru" kubwa kabiri. Agace kijimye k'ikirere kitarambitse kiri hagati y'umuheto wa mbere n'uwa kabiri cyitwa itsinda rya Alexandre, nyuma ya Alexandre wa Aforodisiya, wabisobanuye bwa mbere.
Umukororombya
Bitandukanye n'umukororombya wikubye kabiri ugizwe numukororombya utandukanye kandi wibanze cyane, umukororombya udasanzwe cyane wimpanga ugaragara nkumukororombya wibice bibiri bitandukanije numutwe umwe. Amabara mumuheto wa kabiri, aho guhindukira nko mumukororombya wa kabiri, agaragara muburyo bumwe n'umukororombya wibanze. Umukororombya "usanzwe" urashobora kuba uhari. Umukororombya wimpanga urashobora kugaragara nk, ariko ntugomba kwitiranwa nitsinda ryindengakamere. Ibi bintu byombi birashobora kubwirwa gutandukana kubitandukaniro ryabyo muburyo bwamabara: imirongo ndengakamere igizwe na paste yagabanijwe (cyane cyane umutuku, umutuku nicyatsi), mugihe umukororombya wimpanga werekana ibintu bitandukanye nkumukororombya usanzwe. Igitera umukororombya wimpanga bemeza ko ari uguhuza ubunini butandukanye bwibitonyanga byamazi bigwa mwijuru. Bitewe no kurwanya ikirere, ibitonyanga by'imvura biragwa uko biguye, kandi gusibanganya bigaragara cyane mu bitonyanga binini by'amazi. Iyo imvura ebyiri yaguye hamwe nigitonyanga kinini gifite imvura ihuriweho, buri kimwe gitanga umukororombya utandukanye gato ushobora guhuza ugakora umukororombya wimpanga. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mibare yerekana ko umukororombya wimpanga ku ifoto ushobora gusobanurwa nuruvange rwibitonyanga bya mm 0.40 na 0.45. Itandukaniro rito mubunini bwigitonyanga ryatumye habaho itandukaniro rito muburyo bwo gutonyanga imiterere yigitonyanga, kandi itandukaniro rinini muguhuza umukororombya hejuru.
Umukororombya uzenguruka
Umukororombya wuzuye
Mubyigisho, umukororombya wose ni uruziga, ariko uhereye kubutaka, mubisanzwe igice cyacyo cyo hejuru gusa kirashobora kugaragara. Kubera ko umukororombya rwagati urwanya cyane izuba rihagaze mu kirere, uruziga rwinshi ruraboneka mugihe izuba ryegereye izuba, bivuze ko igice kinini cyuruziga ubusanzwe kiboneka ari 50% mugihe izuba rirenze cyangwa izuba rirashe. Kureba umukororombya wo hepfo bisaba ko habaho ibitonyanga byamazi munsi yurwego rwindorerezi, hamwe nizuba ryizuba rishobora kubageraho. Ibi bisabwa ntabwo byujujwe mugihe abareba bari kurwego rwubutaka, haba kuberako ibitonyanga bidahari mumwanya ukenewe, cyangwa kubera ko urumuri rwizuba rubuzwa nubutaka inyuma yindorerezi. Urebye cyane nk'inyubako ndende cyangwa indege, icyakora, ibisabwa birashobora kuba byujujwe kandi umukororombya wuzuye urashobora kuboneka. [33] Kimwe n'umukororombya igice, umukororombya uzenguruka urashobora kugira umuheto wa kabiri cyangwa umuheto ndengakamere. Birashoboka kubyara uruziga rwuzuye iyo ruhagaze hasi, urugero nko gutera igihu cyamazi kiva mumurima wubusitani mugihe ureba kure yizuba.