cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bioversity International
Amavu n'amavuko
Ishirahamwe rirafata ingingo yuko ibimera ninyamanswa bitandukanye bitanga amahirwe atari mubworozi gusa ariko no gutanga izindi nyungu nyinshi. Bimwe birasobanutse, nkimirire myiza nuburambe burambye buzanwa nibihingwa byahujwe. Abandi ni indirecte, nka serivisi yibidukikije itangwa nabantu bafite ubuzima bwiza bwangiza, imiti igenzura ibinyabuzima, na mikorobe yubutaka. Ibinyabuzima binyuranye by’ubuhinzi nabyo bizaba ngombwa rwose kugira ngo duhangane n’ingaruka ziteganijwe z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, atari isoko y’imico gusa ahubwo ni ishingiro ry’ibinyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije.
Imiyoborere
Bioversity International iyobowe ninama yubuyobozi, harimo umwe mubashinzwe watowe nigihugu cyakiriye (Ubutaliyani) nundi watowe na FAO. Inama y'Ubutegetsi ishyiraho kandi Umuyobozi Mukuru uyobora imikorere ya gahunda zitandukanye. Umuyobozi mukuru uriho ubu ni Juan Lucas Restrepo.
Umuti wa Amiodarone
nyuma ugakomereza kuri 600-800mg mu kwezi 1 noneho nyuma ukajya ufata 400mg ku munsi
= Amashakiro =
African hawk Eagle
African Hawk Eagle
atandukanye harimo na savanna hamwe n'imisozi miremire ariko bikunze kugaragara nanone
mi mashyamba yumye.
Reagan Rugaju
Reagan Rugaju ni umunyamakuru ukora urubuga rw'imikino kuri Radio Rwanda na Television Rwanda, ni umukozi wikigo cy'igihugu cy'itangazamakuru(RBA), akaba ari umwe mubanyamakuru bakunzwe cyane muri iki gisata cy'urubuga rw'imikino mu Rwanda.
Urubuga rwa Letsrecycle.com rutangaza amakuru yo gucunga imyanda
letrecycle.com ni urubuga rukorera mu Bwongereza rutangaza amakuru ajyanye no gucunga imyanda ninganda zibyaza umusaruro bimwe mu bikoresho bitagikoreshwa. Urubuga rutanga amakuru ya buri munsi kandi nimwe mubintu byingenzi bitanga amakuru munganda z’Ubwongereza. Itwara amakuru atandukanye y'ibiciro kubikoresho bisubirwamo birimo impapuro zanduye, ibyuma bisakara, plastiki, ikirahure, ibinyabuzima n'ibiti. Ni urubuga rwonyine rw’Ubwongereza rwigenga rw’ubucuruzi, abayobozi bo mu nzego z’ibanze n’amatsinda agira uruhare mu gutunganya no gutunganya imyanda. Urubuga rwakira kandi ibitekerezo ku nkuru zitandukanye.
Isosiyete igira uruhare mu zindi mbaraga nyinshi mu nganda z’imyanda, harimo n’inama ngarukamwaka ya Komite Ngishwanama y’Ubuyobozi bw’ibanze (LARAC) y’inzego z’ibanze ndetse n’ibihembo by’indashyikirwa mu gutunganya no gutunganya imyanda. Bivugwa cyane nk'ahantu havugwa n'imiryango y'inganda, guverinoma n'inzego z'ibanze
Urutonde rw'ibigo byo mu Burundi
thumb| [[Uburundi|Burundi aho iherereye]] Uburundi, ku mugaragaro ni Repubulika y’Uburundi, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe mu karere ka Afurika y’ibiyaga bigari byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Afurika, gihana imbibi n’u Rwanda mu majyaruguru, Tanzaniya mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu burengerazuba. Inganda nini mu Burundi n’ubuhinzi, bungana na 30% by'Umusaruro mbumbe w'igihugu. Uturima tw'ikikoni ni 90% by'ubuhinzi. Igice kinini cy'injiza amafaranga menshi ni ikawa, kurugero rwa 93% by’ibyoherezwa mu Burundi. U Burundi ni kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku isi, bitewe na geografiya yayo idafite inkombe, amategeko mabi, kutagira ubwisanzure mu bukungu, kutabona amashuri, no gukwirakwiza virusi itera SIDA. Abagera ku 80% by'abatuye u Burundi babaho mu bukene.
Urubuga rwa Letsrecycle.com rutangaza amakuru yo gucunga imyanda
Ibirori byingenzi, mbere yabaga buri myaka ibiri muri parike ya Stoneleigh hafi ya Coventry, ni imurikagurisha ninama ya RWM / Letsrecycle Live bizakurikiraho muri Nzeri 2023 muri NEC i Solihull.
Kuva muri Mutarama 2023, itsinda ryandika rigizwe na Joshua Doherty, Steve Eminton, James Langley na Barbora Vaclavova. Abanyamakuru bambere barimo Will Date, Tom Goulding na Beth Slow. Muri 2010, letrecycle.com yongeyeho konte ya YouTube na konte ya Twitter @letsrecycle. Urubuga rwashyizwe ahagaragara na The Environment Media Group Ltd.
Urutonde rw'ibigo byo mu Burundi
Ibigo bizwi
Uru rutonde rurimo ibigo bizwi bifite icyicaro gikuru giherereye mu gihugu. Inganda n'umurenge bikurikiza inganda zerekana ibyiciro by'imisoro. Amashyirahamwe yahagaritse ibikorwa arimo kandi agaragara nkayacitse.
thumb|Hagati ya Bujumbura, hamwe n'ikiyaga cya Tanganyika inyuma. thumb|Sitasiyo ya bisi ya Bujumbura. thumb|Indege ya Burundi Sud SE-210 Caravelle III ku Kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Bujumbura
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Uburundi Ikiciro:Ibigo by'imari Ikiciro:Ubukungu
Umugezi wa Sezibwa
thumb|Umugezi wa sezibwa Umugezi wa Sezibwa ni uruzi rubarizwa muri Uganda hagati, ruherereye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Izina ryakomotse ku nteruro ya Luganda, bisobanurwa ngo inzira yanjye ntishobora guhagarikwa.
Aho biherereye
Umugezi Sezibwa uherereye mu majyepfo ya Uganda. Bitangirira mu gishanga kiri hagati yi kiyaga cya Victoriya n’i kiyaga cya Kyoga, mu burengerazuba bwa Nili ya Victoriya kandi gitemba mu cyerekezo rusange cy’amajyaruguru kigana ubusa mu kiyaga cya Kyoga. Inkomoko y'Uruzi Sezibwa iherereye mu Karere ka Buwikwe, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngogwe. Umugezi Sezibwa winjira mu kiyaga cya Kyoga mu Karere ka Kayunga, hafi yumujyi wa Galilaya. Hagati y’isoko ryayo mu Karere ka Buikwe, ariko mbere yuko yinjira mu Karere ka Kayunga, uruzi rutemba ruva mu Karere ka Mukono.
Umugani
Dukurikije imigani, umugezi wa sezibwa ntabwo ari ibintu bisanzwe, ahubwo ni urubyaro rw'umugore utwite witwa Nakangu, wabayeho mu binyejana byinshi bishize akaba yari mu muryango wa Achibe (impfizi). byari byitezwe ko azabyara impanga, ariko ahubwo icyasutse mu nda ye ni uruzi rwimpanga, rumwe rugabanyijemo imigezi ibiri itandukanye ikikije ikirwa ako kanya munsi yisumo. Imyuka y'abana ba Nakangu bataravuka - Ssezibwa na Mobeya - buri wese atuye muri imwe muri iyo migezi, kubera iyo mpamvu yari isanzwe imenyerewe ko Muganda uwo ari we wese anyura isoko y'uruzi ahitwa Namukono, nko mu birometero 20 ugana iburasirazuba, akajugunya ibyatsi cyangwa amabuye mu ntoki. uruzi kubwamahirwe. No muri iki gihe, igitambo cyo gushimira igitambaro, inzoga gitangwa ku isoko y'uruzi buri mwaka, ubusanzwe kiyobowe na salongo.
Sezibwa
Isumo rya Sezibwa ni kilometero 32, iburasirazuba bwa Kampala, umurwa mukuru wa Uganda, hafi y'umuhanda wa Kampala-Jinja. Ikibanza ni Umurage wa Buganda. Irangwa nuburebure bwamabuye atyaye kandi nijwi ryiza ryamazi atuje atemba yamabuye manini. Isumo riherereye mu Karere ka Mukono.
Dukurikije imigani gakondo, inzuzi zombi zitwa Sezibwa na murumuna wa Bwanda, zavutse ku mugore ubwo yari yagiye i Kavuma Bukunja. Uyu mugore, Nakkungu Tebatuusa, umugabo we witwaga Nsubuga Sebwaato, yibarutse impanga mu buryo bw'amazi, aho Sezibwa yatembye mu burengerazuba, anyura mu nzitizi nyinshi kandi akomora izina, mu gihe u Bwanda bwatembaga iburasirazuba, bwerekeza Nyenga. Abantu benshi baza ahantu kubitangaza kuko bizera ko urubuga rufite imbaraga zidasanzwe.
Kugwa ni metero 7 zu buremure. Kuzamuka urutare no kureba inyoni nibikorwa byingenzi kurubuga. Abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya n'abandi bahanga nabo bakunze kurubuga. Inyamanswa zo mu ishyamba rikikije zirimo inkende zo mu gihuru, inkende zitukura zitukura hamwe nizindi nyamaswa n’inyoni.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Imigezi
Ubuforomo bwuburwayi bwo mutwe
thumb|Autism-Neurodiversity-or-Mental-health-symbol Ubuforomo bwo mu mutwe cyangwa ubuforomo bwo mu mutwe ni umwanya washyizweho n'umuforomo winzobere mu buzima bwo mu mutwe, kandi yita ku bantu b'ingeri zose bafite uburwayi bwo mu mutwe cyangwa ibibazo. Muri byo harimo: indwara ya neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, ihungabana ryumutima, ibiyobyabwenge, ihungabana, imiterere mibi, kurya nabi, ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura, psychose, paranoia, no kwikomeretsa .Abaforomo bo muri kano karere bahabwa amahugurwa yihariye yubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe, kubaka ubumwe bwo kuvura, guhangana n’imyitwarire igoye, hamwe n’imiyoborere y’imiti yo mu mutwe .Mu bihugu byinshi, nyuma ya za 90, umuforomo w’indwara zo mu mutwe yagombaga kubona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n'ubuforomo kugira ngo abe umuforomo wanditswe (RN), kandi azobereye mu buzima bwo mu mutwe. Impamyabumenyi ziratandukanye mu bihugu bitandukanye, kandi bigengwa n’amabwiriza yihariye y’igihugu. Muri Reta zunze ubumwe z'amerika umuntu arashobora kuba RN, numuforomo windwara zo mumutwe, arangije porogaramu ya dipolome, impamyabumenyi (ASN), cyangwa impamyabumenyi (BSN). Kugeza mu myaka ya za 90 Urwego 5 GCSEs / O rwari ruhagije kandi nta mpamyabumenyi cyangwa izindi mpamyabumenyi z'ubuforomo zari zisabwa.
Gutabara
Ibikorwa byubuforomo birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bikurikira:
Imiti yubu rwayi bwo mu mutwe
Imiti yo mu mutwe ni uburyo bukoreshwa cyane kandi abaforomo benshi bo mu mutwe bo mu mutwe bafite uruhare mu micungire y’imiti, haba mu kanwa (urugero nka tablet cyangwa amazi) cyangwa no gutera inshinge. Abaforomo barashobora kwandika imiti. Abaforomo bazakurikirana ingaruka nibisubizo kuri ubwo buvuzi bakoresheje isuzuma. Abaforomo bazatanga kandi amakuru ku miti kugirango, aho bishoboka, umuntu ubishinzwe ashobora guhitamo neza, akoresheje ibimenyetso byiza bishingiye ku buvuzi bihari.
Referances
Ikiciro:Health Ikiciro:Indwara Ikiciro:Ubuzima
BirdLife International
BirdLife International nubufatanye bwisi yose yimiryanga abashinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije ku isi.go itegamiye kuri leta iharanira kubungabunga inyoni n’aho ziba. BirdLife International ishyira imbere harimo gukumira amoko y’inyoni, kumenya no kurinda ahantu h’inyoni, kubungabunga no kugarura ahantu h’inyoni, no guha imbara
Ifite abanyamuryango barenga miliyoni 2,5 mu mashyirahamwe 116 y’abafatanyabikorwa mu bihugu, barimo Umuryango w’ibwami uharanira kurengera inyoni, Umuryango w’inyoni zo mu gasozi z’Ubuyapani, Umuryango w’igihugu wa Audubon hamwe n’Abanyamerika bashinzwe kubungabunga inyoni.
BirdLife International yerekanye ahantu 13,000 by'ingenzi by’inyoni n’ibinyabuzima kandi ni n’umuryango mpuzamahanga uharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije urutonde rutukura rw’inyoni. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, BirdLife International yashyizeho ko amoko 1.375 y’inyoni (13% ya yose) abangamiwe no kuzimira ( abangamiwe cyane, abangamiwe cyangwa abatishoboye ).
BirdLife International isohora ikinyamakuru buri gihembwe, BirdLife: Ikinyamakuru, gikubiyemo amakuru ya vuba hamwe ningingo zemewe zerekeye inyoni no kuzibungabunga.
Amateka
thumb|Umucungagereza ufite ikimenyetso cya ICBP ku mwambaro we kuri La Digue, Seychelles mu myaka ya za 70 BirdLife International yashinzwe mu 1922 mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kurengera inyoni n’abahanga mu bijyanye n’imiterere ye y’imiterere y’imyororokere y'Abanyamerika T. Gilbert Pearson na Jean Theodore Delacour. Iri tsinda ryiswe Komite mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kubungabunga inyoni mu 1928, Inama mpuzamahanga yo kubungabunga inyoni mu 1960, na BirdLife International mu 1993.
Gahunda muzamahanga
BirdLife International ifite gahunda icyenda zo kubungabunga zashyizwe mu bikorwa muri Afurika, Amerika, Aziya, Uburayi na Aziya yo hagati, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati na pasifika. Gahunda zitanga urwego rwo gutegura, gushyira mubikorwa, kugenzura no gusuzuma ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi bikubiyemo gahunda y’ingenzi y’inyoni n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, Gahunda y’inyanja, Gahunda yo gukumira kuzimangana, na Flyways Program.
Christine Bakundufite
BAKUNDUFITE Christine ni umunyarwandakazi wavutse ku itariki ya 29 Nzeri 1970 mu Rwanda ,akaba ari n'umunyapolitiki. Kugeza ubu ni umwe mu bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko mu mutwe w’abadepite bo mu Rwanda akaba ahagaririye mu Karere ka Gatsibo mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba.
BAKUNDUFITE yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagize inteko ishinga amategeko mu mwaka wa 2018. Yabanje gukora nk'umuyobozi w'ikigo mukuru w'ikigo cy'amashuri, yabaye umucungamari, ndetse mu mirimo ye yari  nk'inzobere mu ibaruramari.
= Amashuri = Bakundufite afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza mu ishami ry'imiyoborere y'ubucuruzi.
= Imirimo y'ingenzi =
Reba
Ikiciro:Rwandan Ikiciro:Umunyapolitike Ikiciro:Umunyapolitiki Ikiciro:Umuyobozi wishuri Ikiciro:Umugore Ikiciro:Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda Ikiciro:Inteko ishinga amategeko
Dr Annette Uwineza
Dr Annette Uwineza
Madam Dr Annette Uwineza ubusanzwe ni umwarimu wigisha muri Kaminuza yu Rwanda akaba inzobere mubijyanye
n'imiterere y'umubiri w'umuntu ikindi kandi akaba numwe mubashakashatsi bashimiwe mu mwaka wa 2021 nyuma yo
gukora ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi mu karere k'Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara.
Imirimo ye kugeza ubu akora
Madamu Dr Annette Uwineza ibyo akora ubu abifatanya no kuba umuyobozi wa service zihuriweho mubitaro
bya Kaminuza bya Kigali (CHUK) akaba kandi yarakoze ubushakashatsi butandukanye mugusesengura ibizamini
by'abarwayi b'Abanyarwanda hifashishijwe mudasobwa,by'umwihariko ababaga bafite ibibazo n'imikurire y'ubwonko.
Akamaro kuri sosiyete
Dr Uwineza kandi numwe mubagore babera ikitegererezo abana babakobwa bakiri bato
si ibyyo gusa kandi batanga n'umusaruro ugaragara ku Rwanda ndetse n'abanyarwanda.
Akamaro n'iterambere
mu mwaka wa 2021 mu Rwanda habereye umuhango wo gutanga ibikombe cyanga ishimwe kubagore
bindashyikirwa cyangwa babera abandi urugero. kunshuro ya 12 uyu muhango ukorwa nikigo cyo m' Ubufaransa
kitwa L’Oréal Group gikora make up amavuta ndetse n'imibavu. binyuze mu kigo cyacyo gishinzwe guteza imbere imibereho myiza hibandwa ku bagore, Foundation L’Oréal ku bufatanye n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Burezi, Ubumenyi n’Umuco (UNESCO). hashimwe abagore bageze kuri 20 bo muri Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara ari nabwo Madamu Dr Annette Uwineza yaje muri abo bagore bindashyikirwa mu mirimo yabo.
Umugezi wa Katonga
right|thumb|345x345px| Inzuzi n'ibiyaga bya Uganda Umugezi wa Katonga ni umugezi ubarizwa muri Uganda, muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba.
Ahantu n'ibisobanuro
thumb|Umugezi Umugezi wa Katonga uherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Uganda. Umuyoboro wacyo urakomeje hagati yi kiyaga cya Victoriya n’i kiyaga cya George, byerekana ko yigeze kuva mu kiyaga cya Victoriya kugera mu kiyaga cya George mu burebure bwacyo bwose. Ibintu bizamura uturere hagati yibiyaga byombi bifitanye isano nuburengerazuba bwiburengerazuba bwa sisitemu yo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika ikora, byatumye akarere k’ibishanga mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bw’ikiyaga cya Wamala gihinduka ikibaya gishya cy’uruzi rwa Katonga, ubu kikaba ahanini gitemba. iburasirazuba mu kiyaga cya Victoria, cyongerewe n'inzuzi nyinshi mu nzira yacyo, kandi ku ntera irenga kilometero 120 uvuye ku kiyaga cya Victoriya. Mu gihe cyizuba, amazi yazamuye hafi y’amazi y’igishanga azajya rimwe na rimwe ahatira amazi gutembera mu burengerazuba kuva aho yerekeza mu gice cy’iburengerazuba cy’umugezi wa Katonga ugaburira ikiyaga cya George, ariko igice kinini cy’imigezi kiracyakomeza mu burasirazuba kugera mu kiyaga cya Victoriya. . Iburengerazuba bw'amazi yacyo, uruzi rwa Katonga narwo rugaburirwa ninzuzi nyinshi zerekeza ku kiyaga cya George.
Reba
Ikiciro:Imigezi
Amadolari y'Amerika
thumb|Amadorali Amadolari ya Amerika ( Afite ikimenyetso cya $ n'ikimenyetso  cya USD,  cyangwa US $ kugirango ayitandukanye n’andi mafranga y’amadolari; yitwa  amadolari, amadolari y’Amerika, cyangwa amafaranga y’amadolari ) ni ifaranga ryemewe muri leta zunze Ubumwe  z'Amerika n'ibindi bihugu byinshi. Itegeko ry’ibiceri ryo muri 1792 ryinjije amadorari y’Amerika ugereranije n’idolari rya feza rya Esipanye, ayigabanyamo igiceri 100, kandi yemerera gucukura ibiceri bivugwa mu madorari n’amafaranga. Inoti zo muri Amerika zitangwa muburyo bwi Notes, zizwi cyane ku cyatsi kibisi bitewe ahanini n’ibara ryatsi.
Politiki y’ifaranga muri Amerika ikorwa na Federal Reserve System, ikora nka banki nkuru y’igihugu.
Amadolari y'Abanyamerika yabanje gusobanurwa muburyo bwa bimetalike ingano na garama 24.057 ikaba ari ifeza nziza cyangwa, kuva 1837, yari garama 1.505 ya zahabu nziza, cyangwa amadorali 20.67 kuri troy imwe. Itegeko rya Gold Standard ryo muri 1900 ryahujije amadorari na zahabu gusa. Kuva muri 1934, ihwanye na zahabu ryavuguruwe kugeza kuri madorali 35 kuri troy imwe. Kuva muri 1971, isano yose ya zahabu yavuyeho.
Ibimanuka
Ibimanuka bivuga: « Les Missionnaires ». Abantu baje bafite ikibazanye, bafite intego bagomba kurasa byanze bikunze. Nuko babashakira izina ry’iciro ry’imigani rihinduka imvugo izimiza ibagaragaza nk’abadasanzwe n’iyo bakomoka mu Majyaruguru y’Iburasirazuba bwa Afurika, ariryo ry’Ibimanuka.
Amadolari y'Amerika
Kugeza ku ya 10 Gashyantare 2021, ifaranga ryakwirakwijwe hirya no hino ryageze kuri madorali y'Amerika 2.10, naho triyoni y'amadorali y'Amerika 2.05 yari muri Notes ya Banki nkuru y’igihugu ( biliyoni z'amadorali y'Amerika 50 zisigaye zari mu biceri hamwe na Noteri zo muri Amerika zishaje).
Ibimanuka
= Amateka y'ibimanuka mu Rwanda = ibimanuka ni izina rifite ibirari-nkomoko ahasaga mu wa 700, mu kibariro cy’ibihe byacu.
Amadolari y'Amerika
Mu Itegeko Nshinga
Ingingo ya I, Igice 8 y'Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika riteganya ko Kongere ifite imbaraga " amafaranga y'ibiceri ." Amategeko ashyira mu bikorwa ubwo bubasha muri iki gihe yanditswe mu mutwe wa 31 w'igitabo cya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, hakurikijwe ingingo ya 5112, igena impapuro zigomba gutangwaho amadorari y'Amerika. Ibi biceri byombi byagenwe mu gice nk 'isoko ryemewe mu kwishyura imyenda. Amadolari ya Sacagaweyya ni urugero rumwe rw'amadolari y'umuringa, bitandukanye na Silive y'Abanyamerika ari ifeza nziza. Igice cya 5112 giteganya kandi gucukura no gutanga ibindi biceri, bifite agaciro kuva ku ijana kugeza ku madolari 100. Ibindi biceri bisobanuwe neza mubiceri byamadorari y'Amerika.
Ingigo ya I, Agace ka 9 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko Itangazo risanzwe na Konti y’ibyinjira n’amafaranga yose ya Leta bizajya bitangazwa buri gihe, Umubare w'amafaranga avugwa mu"Amatangazo" kuri ubu agaragara mu madorari y'Abanyamerika, bityo amadolari y'Abanyamerika ashobora kuvugwa nk'igice cya konti ya Amerika. "Amadolari" ni rimwe mu magambo ya mbere yo mu gice cya 9, aho iryo jambo ryerekeza ku madorari ya Esipanye, cyangwa igiceri gifite agaciro ka munani ka Esipanye.
Ibimanuka
Rikaba ari izina ryahawe Abanyiginya, ubwo basesekaraga mu Rwanda bakomotse mu bihugu byo mu burasirazuba bw’amajyaruguru ya Afurika. Aho barasukiye ni ku butaka bwagengwaga n’Abazigaba baremye ingoma y’u Rweya rw’u Mubali. Iyimukayimuka ryabo, ryaturutse ku kuba barashakaga ubwinyagamburiro bw’imiryango yabo n’inka zabo
Amadolari y'Amerika
Itegeko ry'ibiceri
Muri 1792, Kongere y’Amerika yemeje itegeko ry’ibiceri, muri ryo Igice cya 9 cyemerera gukora ibiceri bitandukanye, harimo: : 248 gice cya 20 cy'iryo tegeko cyerekana amadorari y'Amerika nk'igice cy'ifaranga rya Amerika: : 250–1
Ibimanuka
Abasinga n’Abazigaba ni bo bise Abanyiginya:”Ibimanuka”. Abakurambere ba Gihanga ni bo bakunze kwitwa:"Ibimanuka" mu mateka y’u Rwanda, ntibazwi amazina ya bo, gusa hari ayo abanyamateka bagiye babita mu rwego rwo kuziba icyuho kigaragaza amazina y’abakurambere b’imbanza b’umuryango w’Abanyiginya mu Rwanda, ari na wo Gihanga akomokamo.
Amadolari y'Amerika
Ibice icumi
Bitandukanye n’idolari rya Esipanye ryasya, Kongere y’umugabane n’Itegeko ry’ibiceri byateganije na sisitemu icumi y’ibice bigendana n’idolari rimwe, ku buryo bukurikira: urusyo, cyangwa igihumbi cy’idolari; ijana, cyangwa ijana ku ijana by'idolari; igiceri, cyangwa kimwe cya cumi cy'idolari; kagoma, cyangwa amadorari icumi. Akamaro k'ibi bice:
Esipanye peso cyangwa idorari byagabanijwe mu mateka umunani - bityo ibice umunani. Abanyamerika nabo bize kubara mubice bitari icumi bya  cente mbere yo muri 1857 mugihe bits yo muri Mexike yakunze gukura kuruta amafaranga yabanyamerika; mu byukuri iyi myitozo yarokotse muri New York Stock Exchange yaguzwe kugeza muri 2001.
Ibimanuka
Aba bose ni bo babaye ibirari by’amateka y’Abami b’Ibimanuka bakunzwe kumvikana mu mateka y’u Rwanda nk’umugani, kuko n’ubundi nta gihugu kizwi bagiraga, kuko bari abacumbitsi mu gihugu cy’Abazigaba. Kandi mu mateka y’u Rwanda, nta we uba umwami atagira igihugu.
Amadolari y'Amerika
Ibice icumi
Muri 1854, umunyamabanga wa Leta, James Guthrie, yasabye ko hashyirwaho ibiceri by' amadorali y'Amerika 100 bya 100,  50, na  25, byitwa ubumwe, igice cy’ubumwe, n’ubumwe bw’igihembwe, bityo bivuze ko ari ihuriro ry’Ubumwe = n'amadorali y'Amerika100. Ariko, nta biceri nk'ibi byigeze bigurishwa, kandi ibishushanyo mbonera by'amadorari 50 birahari.
Iyo muri iki gihe gitanzwe muburyo bwo kuzenguruka, amafaranga atarenze cyangwa angana n’idolari asohoka nkibiceri by’Amerika, mu gihe amadosiye arenze cyangwa angana n’idolari asohoka nka Notes ya Banki nkuru y’igihugu, yirengagije izo manza zidasanzwe:
Etymology
Mu kinyejana cya 16, Count Hieronymus Schlick wo muri Bohemia yatangiye gucapa ibiceri bizwi ku izina rya joachimstalers, byitiriwe Joachimstal, n'ikibaya cyacukurwamo ifeza., izina ry'ikibaya ryitiriwe Mutagatifu Joachim, aho thal cyangwa tal, bihuza ijambo ry'icyongereza dale, ni Ikidage cyitwa 'ikibaya.' Joachimstaler yaje kugabanywa kugeza ku kidage cyo mu kidage, ijambo ryaje kubona inzira mu ndimi nyinshi, harimo: tolari ( Ceki, Slowakiya na Siloveniya ); daleri ( Danemarike na Suwede ); ( Noruveje );  ( Ikidage ); talari ( Umunyetiyopiya ); muremure ( Hongiriya ); tallero ( Umutaliyani );( Icyarabu ); n'amadorari ( Icyongereza ).
Fabregas (umuririmbyi)
Fabrice Mbuyulu (wavutse ku ya 13 Kamena 1987), azwi cyane ku izina rye ry'ubuhanzi rya Fabregas Le Métis Noir ni umuhanzi n’umwanditsi w'indirimbo akaba kandi anatunganya umuziki mu nzu ye bwite itunganya umuziki yitwa Wanted Record yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2015. Yatangiye umwuga wa muzika ubwo yaririmbaga muri kiliziya gatolika. Azwi kandi nk'umunyamuryango wa Wenge Musica Maison Mère kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2011
Amadolari y'Amerika
Etymology
Nubwo Abadage babaye abapayiniya muri New York ya none mu kinyejana cyo muri 17 gukoresha no kubara amafaranga mu madorari y’ifeza mu buryo bwa reichsthalers yo mu Budage n’Ubuholandi hamwe na leeuwendaalders yo mu Buholandi (amadolari y’intare), ni yo muri Esipanye y'Abanyamerika umunani hose. -igiceri nyacyo cyamenyekanye gusa nk'idolari kuva mu kinyejana cya 18.
Amazina
Imvugo (S) yo kuvuga (cyane nka cid yo mu Bwongereza kuri ipawundi ni siterlingi ) ikoreshwa kenshi yerekeza ku madorari y'ibihugu bitandukanye, harimo n'amadorari y'Amerika. Iri jambo, ryatangiye mu kinyejana cya 18, rishobora kuba ryarakomotse ku bucuruzi bw’uruhu rwabakoloni, cyangwa rishobora no guturuka ku ijambo rya pokeri.
Green back ni irindi zina, ryabanje gukoreshwa cyane cyane ku cyifuzo cyo gusaba mu kinyejana cya 19, cyacapishijwe umukara n'icyatsi inyuma, cyakozwe na Abraham Lincoln mu gutera inkunga Amajyaruguru mu ntambara y'abenegihugu. Iracyakoreshwa mu kwerekana amadorari y'Amerika (ariko ntabwo ikoreshwa ku madorari y'ibindi bihugu). Ijambo green back rikoreshwa kandi n’itangazamakuru ry’imari mu bindi bihugu, nka Ositaraliya, Nouvelle-Zélande, Afurika y'Epfo, n'Ubuhinde.
Amazina yihariye yihariye:
Ikimenyetso cy'idolari
thumb| Espanye ifeza umunani-nyayo cyangwa peso yo muri 1768 Ikimenyetso $, mubisanzwe cyanditswe mbere yu mubare, gikoreshwa ku madolari ya Amerika (kimwe nandi mafaranga menshi). iki kimenyetso cyari igisubizo cy'ubwihindurize bwikinyejana cya 18 cyubwihindurize bwanditse bwanditse kuri peso, izina risanzwe ryamadorari ya Esipanye ryakwirakwijwe cyane mu Isi Nshya kuva mu kinyejana cya 16 kugeza mu cya 19. P na s amaherezo yaje kwandikirwa hejuru atanga $.
Ikindi gisobanuro kizwi cyane ni uko gikomoka ku Nkingi za Hercules kuri Ikoti rya Esipanye y'idolari rya Esipanye. Izi Nkingi za Hercules ku biceri by'amadolari ya Espanye ifata ifaranga y'utubari tubiri duhagaritse ( || ) hamwe n'igitambara kizunguruka mu buryo bwa S.
Amateka
thumb| Alexander Hamilton yagaragaje ibisobanuro birambuye ku itegeko ry’ibiceri ryo muri 1792 n’ishyirwaho rya Reta ya Amerika.
Kugaragara nkifaranga ryabigenewe
thumb| John Maynard Keynes (iburyo) na Harry Dexter White mu nama yo gutangiza [[Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari|ikigega mpuzamahanga cy'imari muri 1946. Bagize uruhare runini mu gutegura ibiteganijwe muri gahunda y’imari nyuma y’intambara ku isi.]] Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika riteganya ko Congere ifite ububasha bwo "kuguza amafaranga ku nguzanyo z’Amerika." Congere yakoresheje ubwo bubasha yemerera Banki nkuru y’imari ya Leta gutanga Inyandiko za Banki nkuru y’igihugu. Izo nyandiko "ni inshingano za Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika" kandi "zizacungurwa mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko bisabwe mu ishami ry’imari ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, mu mujyi wa Washington, Akarere ka Columbiya, cyangwa muri banki iyo ari yo yose". Inyandiko za Banki nkuru y’igihugu zashyizweho n’amategeko nk'isoko ryemewe " ryo kwishyura imyenda. Congere yemereye kandi gutanga andi moko arenga 10 y’inoti, harimo inoti ya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’inoti ya Banki nkuru y’igihugu . Icyitonderwa cya Federal Reserve ni bwo bwoko bwonyine busigaye buzenguruka kuva mu myaka ya za 70 ku isi. Inyandiko za Banki nkuru y’igihugu zacapiwe na Biro ishinzwe gushushanya no gucapa kandi bikozwe mu mpapuro za fibure (bitandukanye na fibure y'imbaho ikoreshwa mu gukora impapuro rusange). Inoti nini zatanzwe mbere yo muri 1928 zapimye, mu gihe inoti ntoya watangije muri uwo mwaka w'igipimo bigezweho. Ibipimo by'ifaranga rigezweho (rito-rito) by'Amerika birasa n'ubunini bw'inoti za peso mzo muri philippine, inoti zatanzwe ku buyobozi bwa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika nyuma yo muri 1903, byagaragaye ko zatsinze cyane.  Amafagitire manini y'Abanyamerika yamenyekanye nka ibiringiti by'ifarashi cyangwa ibiringiti byo ku ndogobe.
Politiki y'ifaranga
right|thumb| Icyicaro gikuru cya Federal Reserve System i Washington, muri DC Itegeko rya Banki nkuru y’igihugu yashyizeho uburyo bwa Banki nkuru y’igihugu muri 1913 nka banki nkuru y’Amerika. Inshingano yacyo y'ibanze ni ugukora politiki y’ifaranga mu gihugu hagamijwe guteza imbere umurimo, ibiciro bihamye, hamwe n’inyungu ndende mu bukungu bw’Amerika. Ishinzwe kandi guteza imbere gahunda yimari ihamye no kugenzura ibigo byimari, no gukora inguzanyo yanyuma.
Iyo Banki nkuru yi gihugu iguze, itanga konti y'abaguzi (hamwe na Banki nkuru yigihugu). Aya mafranga ntabwo yimurwa mu mafaranga ayo ari yo yose - niho bigeze muri iki gihe Banki nkuru y’igihugu yashyizeho amafaranga mashya akomeye. Amabanki yu bucuruzi noneho ahitamo umubare wamafaranga yo kubitsa muri Banki nkuru yi gihugu n’amafaranga yo gufata nkifaranga ry'umubiri. Mu bwa nyuma, Banki nkuru y’igihugu ishyiraho itegeko ry’amafaranga yanditse mu ishami ry’imari ya Amerika. Ishami ry’imari, naryo ryohereza ibyo byifuzo muri Biro ishinzwe gushushanya no gucapa (gucapa amadolari mashya) hamwe na Biro y’Imari (gushyira kashe ku biceri).
Gukoresha mpuzamahanga nkifaranga ryabigenewe
right|thumb|300x300px|Kwisi yose gukoresha amadolari ya Amerika: Kwisi yose ikoreshwa ryama amayero:
Kuzamuka
Muri 1979, Perezida Carter yashyizeho Paul Volcker Umuyobozi wa Banki nkuru y’igihugu. Banki nkuru y’igihugu yashimangiye itangwa ry’amafaranga kandi iki gihe ifaranga ryaragabanutse cyane mu myaka ya za 1980, bityo agaciro k’idolari ry’Amerika karagabanuka.
Hariho impaka zikomeje kwibazwa niba banki nkuru zigomba kwibasira ifaranga rya zero (bivuze agaciro gahoraho kumadolari ya Amerika mugihe) cyangwa ifaranga rito, rihamye (bivuze ko agaciro k’idolari gahoraho ariko gahoro, nkuko biri m'urubanza ubu). Nubwo bamwe mu bahanga mu by'ubukungu bashyigikiye politiki y’ifaranga rya zero bityo bikaba agaciro gahoraho ku madorari y’Amerika, abandi bavuga ko iyo politiki igabanya ubushobozi bwa banki nkuru yo kugenzura igipimo cy’inyungu no kuzamura ubukungu igihe byaba bibaye ngombwa.
Igipimo cy'ivunjisha
thumb| Igipimo cy'ivunjisha rya Amayero / amadorali
Amashusho y'ifaranga rya Amerika n'ibiceri
Ikiciro:Amafaranga
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Imwe mu ntego u Rwanda rwari rwarihaye kuzageraho muri gahunda y’imbaturabukungu ya mbere (EDPRS I) y’Icyerekezo 2020, kwari ukugira amashyamba ateye kuri 30% by’ubuso bw’igihugu, bingana na kilometero kare 7.901,4. Ibarura ryakozwe mu 2019 ryerekanye ko byagezweho ndetse iranarenzwa biba 30,4%, ni ukuvuga kilometero kare 8.006,7.
Short toed snack eagle
Short Toed Snack Eagle
thumb Inyoni ikomoka mu muryango wa Circaetus Gillicus ikaba izwi kandi ku izina
Ibimanuka
= Amashakiro =
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Ubigereranyije n’ubuso bw’intara zitandukanye z’igihugu, wasanga amashyamba amaze kugera ku buso ajya kungana n’uburiho Intara y’Uburengerazuba bungana na kilometero kare 5.883, ubwongeyeho ubw’Amajyaruguru bungana na kilometero kare 3.276.
Igiteranyo cy’ubuso bwazo zombi kirangana na kilometero kare 9.159, wagereranya na kilometero kare 8.006,7 hakabamo ikinyuranyo cya kilometero kare 1.152,2 gusa.
Kugera ku ntego ya 30% hakarenzwaho kilometero kare 105.352 ni urugendo rurerure kandi rutoroshye rwasabye imbaraga za Leta, Abaturarwanda n’abikorera muri rusange.
Short toed snack eagle
Short Toed Snack Eagle
rya kagoma ngufi. ni inyoni nini yo mu bwoko bw'inyamanswa mu muryango
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Buri ruhande hari umusanzu rwagiye rutanga binyuze mu bikorwa bitandukanye, ariko magingo aya abaturage ni bo batanga umusanzu munini.
Short toed snack eagle
Short Toed Snack Eagle
wa Accipitridae, ikubiyemo n'ubundi bwoko bwinshi nka kite,Buzzard na harrier.
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Ingano y’ubuso bwagombaga guterwaho amashyamba buri mwaka
Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Ikigo gishinzwe Amashyamba mu Rwanda, Mugabo Jean Pierre, yabwiye IGIHE ko muri urwo rugamba Guverinoma yari yariyemeje kurwana hashyizweho ingamba zitandukanye kugira ngo intego igerweho, aho yagennye ingano y’ubutaka bwagombaga guterwaho amashyamba buri mwaka.
Yasobanuye ko mu ngengo y’imari ya buri mwaka hari amafaranga yagenerwaga iyo gahunda, Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije igafatanya n’Ikigo gishinzwe Amashyamba mu kugena uko akoreshwa, hakagira ayoherezwa kuri buri karere.
Akarere kafatanyaga n’Ikigo kugena umufatanyabikorwa uzaba afite iyo gahunda mu nshingano, hagakorwa ibyateganyijwe nyuma hakerekanwa raporo ibigaragaza.
Mu ibarura ry’amashyamba rikorwa buri myaka icumi, kuva mu 2009 ubwo hakorwaga irya mbere kugeza hakozwe irindi rya 2019 hagaragaye ubwiyongere bw’ubuso bungana na 30,4%.
Mugabo yavuze ko hari harashyizweho intego yo gutera amashyamba ari kuri hegitari zisaga 4.000 nibura buri mwaka, kandi ubuso bukagera nibura kuri hegitari 712.104 muri iyo myaka [2009-2019].
Muri uko gutera amashyamba, uyu muyobozi yavuze ko hanategurwaga ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ashaje kugira ngo bijyanirane.
Abaturage bihariye amashyamba y’igihugu
Mu ngamba Leta yagiye ishyiraho zo kugera ku ntego yiyemeje, ntiyashyize imbaraga mu kubigenera ingengo y’imari gusa ahubwo yakoze n’ubukangurambaga kugira ngo Abaturarwanda nabo bumve ko intego ari iyabo, bityo batange umusanzu.
Barabyumvise bashyiramo imbaraga zigaragara ndetse Mugabo yavuze ko 67% by’amashyamba u Rwanda rufite ubu ari ay’abaturage, ari nayo akoreshwa ahanini iyo hakenewe umusaruro wayo nk’imbaho.
Iyo ntambwe iza yiyongera ku gutera ibiti bivanze n’imyaka nabyo bigirwamo uruhare runini n’abaturage.
Mugabo yatangaje ko kugeza ubu ubwitabire bw’abaturage buhagaze neza muri iyo gahunda, ariko ko hagikenewe izindi mbaraga.
Lata irashaka kwegurira amashyamba ashaje mu maboko y’abikorera
Uko ubuso bw’amashyamba y’u Rwanda bugenda bwiyongera haterwa amashya, hari n’andi aba agenda asaza akeneye kubungabungwa no kubyazwa umusaruro.
HAMERKOP
HAMERKOP
thumb Hamerkop n'inyoni nini isigaye mubwoko bwonyine bw'ibinyabuzima mu bwoko bwa scopis n'umuryango wa scopidae.
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Lata irashaka kwegurira amashyamba ashaje mu maboko y’abikorera
Muri uko kuyabyaza umusaruro ashobora gukorwamo imbaho, agatwikwamo amakara cyangwa se agacanwamo inkwi n’ibindi kugira ngo ubwo buso buterweho aho andi.
HAMERKOP
HAMERKOP
n'umuryango watekerezaga ko bicarana na ciconiformes ariko ubu bishirwa hamwe ba pelecaniforms ariko bene wabo
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Lata irashaka kwegurira amashyamba ashaje mu maboko y’abikorera
Mugabo yavuze ko Leta iri muri gahunda yo gushaka uko amashyamba ashaje yakwegurirwa abikorera bakayabyaza umusaruro mu buryo butandukanye.
Edward Owusu
Edward Owusu (wavutse ku ya 15 Werurwe 1944) ni umukinnyi ukomoka muri Gana wahoze asiganwa ku maguru witabiriye imikino Olempike yo mu 1968.
Narendra Modi
Narendra Damodardas Modi wavutse ku ya 17 Nzeri 1950 ni umunyepolitike wabaye minisitiri w'intebe wa 14 kuva muri 2014 kandi yari minisitiri w’intebe wa Gajeti kuva 2001 kugeza 2014 kandi ni umudepite mu nteko ishinga amategeko aturuka muri Varanasi. Ni umunyamuryango w’ishyaka rya Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ndetse n’umuryango wa Rashtriya Swayamsevak (RSS), umuryango w’abakorerabushake b’abaparakomando b’abahindu. Ni minisitiri w’intebe umaze igihe kinini aturutse hanze ya Kongere y’Ubuhinde.
Edward Owusu
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Gana
HAMERKOP
HAMERKOP
bahafi batekerezaga ko ari pelicans, imiterere y'umutwe wayo hamwe n'igitereko cy'inyuma cy'unutwe wayo, izina ryayo
ryahawe ubu bwoko nyuma ijambo ny'afrika ryahawe izina ry'inyundo, ni inyoni nini ifite ibirango by'ururu. iboneka
muri afrika ndetse arabiya, ituye mu bishanga bitandukanye. harimo inkombe ibyuzi, ibiyaga bitandukanye by'amafi,
n'inkombe z'umugezi,inkombe z'urutare. Hamerkop n'inyoni ikunze kwerekana ingendo zayo.
ushoboka. ubu bwoko buzwiho kugira ibyari binini cyane inyinshi murizo zabyubatse mugihe cy'ubworozi. ntibisanzwe ko
inyoni iguruka mugihe icyari gifite icyumba cyo butereramo imbere.
ubu bwoko kandi nti bwugarijwe nkubundi bwoko bw'inyoni kwisi kuko umuryango mpuza mahanga n'iidukikije wasanze
ntampungenge biteje. haba muri afrika no muri madagascar.
Taxonomy
Hamerkop yasobanuwe bwambere n'umufaransa b Brisson muwa 1760 mugitabo cye yihariye kitwa Ornithologia. thumb|579x579px kikaba cyarasohowe nyuma y'imyaka ibiri gusa, ubu bwoko kandi bwase no kongera gusobanurwa no kugaragazwa
na polymath w'umufaransa comit de buffon, mugihe umudage witwa friederick Gmelin, yavuguruye akanagura sisitemu
muwi 1788 yashyizemo iyi nyoni anavuga abanditsi bambere, yashyize amoko mubwoko bwa scopus yari yazanye na
Brisson ahimba izina rya Binomia scopus umbretta.
amazina ya Brisson yerekeye inyoni general yemejwe cyane n'umuryango w'imyororkere n'ubwo atigeze akoreshwa
muri sisitemu ya linneaus. komisiyo mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kwita ku binyabuzima yemeje 1911 ko genera ya Brisson
Narendra Modi
Modi yavukiye kandi akurira i Vadnagar mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Gajereti, ari naho yarangirije amashuri yisumbuye. Yamenyekanye na RSS afite imyaka umunani. Yagaragaye mu gukora nk'umwana mu iduka ry'icyayi cya se muri gari ya moshi ya Vadnagar, ariko bikaba bitaremezwa neza. Ku myaka 18, Modi yashakanye na Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, uwo yatanukanye bidatinze. Yabanje kumwemera kumugaragaro ko ari umugore we nyuma yimyaka irenga ine ubwo yabisabwaga n’amategeko y’Ubuhinde, ariko kuva icyo gihe nta mubonano yigeze agirana na we. Modi yemeje ko yari amaze imyaka ibiri akora ingendo mu majyaruguru y’Ubuhinde nyuma yo kuva mu rugo rw’ababyeyi, asura ibigo byinshi by’amadini, ariko hagaragaye amakuru make y’urugendo rwe. Amaze gusubira muri Gajeti mu 1971, yabaye umukozi w'igihe cyose muri RSS. Nyuma y’uko ibintu byihutirwa byatangajwe na minisitiri w’intebe Indira Gandhi mu 1975, Modi yagiye kwihisha. RSS yamushyize mu ishyaka rya BJP mu 1985 kandi akora imyanya myinshi mu nzego z’ishyaka kugeza mu 2001, azamuka ku ntera aba umunyamabanga mukuru.
HAMERKOP
Taxonomy
yaboneka hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga agenga imiterere y'ibinyabuzima. bityo Brisson afatwa n'umuyobozi
Narendra Modi
Modi yagizwe Minisitiri w’intebe wa Gajereti mu 2001 kubera ubuzima bwa Keshubhai Patel butameze neza ndetse n’ishusho mbi ya rubanda nyuma y’umutingito wabereye i Bhuj. Bidatinze, Modi yatorewe kuba mu inteko ishinga amategeko. Ubuyobozi bwe bwafatwaga nk’uruhare mu myivumbagatanyo yo muri Gajereti yo mu 2002 yahitanye abantu 1044, bitatu bya kane muri bo bakaba bari Abayisilamu, cyangwa ubundi bakanengwa ko ari yo yakemuye ikibazo. Itsinda ry’iperereza ryashyizweho n’Urukiko rw’ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde ryasanze nta kimenyetso cyatangije ubushinjacyaha ku giti cye. Mu gihe politiki ye yo kuba minisitiri w’intebe - ishimwe mu kuzamura ubukungu - yashimiwe, ubuyobozi bwe bwanenzwe kuba butarateje imbere cyane ibipimo by’ubuzima, ubukene n’uburezi muri Leta.
HAMERKOP
Taxonomy
wa Hamerkop. izina rusange rya scopus ryakomotse kuri skia yakera y'ikigereki, izina ry'ihariye rya umbretta rihinduwe
Narendra Modi
Mu 1978, Modi yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuhanzi mu bumenyi bwa politiki yakuye mu Ishuri Rikuru ryigisha (SOL) muri kaminuza ya Delhi,  arangiza icyiciro cya gatatu. Nyuma yimyaka itanu, mu 1983, yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuhanzi muri siyanse ya politiki yakuye muri kaminuza ya Gajereti, arangiza icyiciro cya mbere  nk'umunyeshuri wiga kure. Hano hari impaka zijyanye n'ubushobozi bwe bwo kwiga. Asubiza ikibazo cya RTI, SOL yavuze ko idafite amakuru y’abanyeshuri bahawe impamyabumenyi ya BA mu 1978. Jayantibhai Patel wahoze ari umwarimu w’ubumenyi mu bya politiki muri kaminuza ya Gajereti, yavuze ko amasomo yatanzwe mu cyiciro cya MA atatanzwe na kaminuza igihe Modi yigaga.
Umwuga wa politiki
Muri Kamena 1975, Minisitiri w’intebe Indira Gandhi yatangaje ko ibintu byihutirwa mu Buhinde byakomeje kugeza mu 1977. Muri kiriya gihe kizwi ku izina rya "The Emergency", benshi mu bamurwanyaga politiki barafunzwe kandi imitwe itavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi irabuzwa. [76] [77] Modi yagizwe umunyamabanga mukuru wa "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", komite ya RSS ihuza abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwihutirwa muri Gajeti. Nyuma yaho gato, RSS yarahagaritswe. [78] Modi yahatiwe kujya mu nsi ya Gajereti kandi yakundaga kugenda yiyoberanya kugira ngo adafatwa. Yagize uruhare mu gucapa udutabo turwanya guverinoma, kubohereza i Delhi no gutegura imyigaragambyo. [79] [80] Modi yagize kandi uruhare mu gushyiraho urusobe rw’amazu y’umutekano ku bantu bashakishwa na guverinoma, no gukusanya inkunga y’impunzi za politiki n’abarwanashyaka. [81] Muri kiriya gihe, Modi yanditse igitabo muri Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat ( Mu rugamba rwo muri Gajeti ), asobanura ibyabaye mu bihe byihutirwa. Mu bantu yahuye muri iki gihe harimo ihuriro ry’abakozi n’abaharanira inyungu z’abasosiyalisiti George Fernandes, ndetse n’abandi banyapolitiki benshi bo mu gihugu. [84] rugendo rwe mu bihe byihutirwa, Modi yakunze guhatirwa kwimuka, rimwe yambara nk'abihaye Imana, rimwe na rimwe akaba ari Sikh. [85]
HAMERKOP
Taxonomy
rikuwe mu kiratini kuri umber cyangwa umukara w'ijimye.
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Lata irashaka kwegurira amashyamba ashaje mu maboko y’abikorera
Yagize ati “Nyuma yo kugera ku ntego y’ubuso twari twarihaye, hakurikiyeho kubungabunga amashyamba ari kugenda asaza no kubyaza umusaruro ashaje […] Turashaka ko ayo mashyamba ajya mu maboko y’abikorera bakayabyaza umusaruro.”
Narendra Modi
Umwuga wa politiki
Modi yabaye RSS <i id="mwATw">sambhag pracharak</i> (umuyobozi mu karere) mu 1978, akurikirana ibikorwa bya RSS mu bice bya Surat na Vadodara, maze mu 1979 ajya gukorera RSS i Delhi, aho yashyizwe mu bushakashatsi no kwandika verisiyo ya RSS ya amateka yihutirwa. Yagarutse muri Gajereti nyuma yigihe gito, ahabwa na RSS muri BJP mu 1985. Mu 1987, Modi yafashije gutegura ubukangurambaga bw’ishyaka ry’amatora y’amakomine ya Ahmedabad, ayo matsinda akaba yaratsinze neza; Igenamigambi rya Modi ryasobanuwe nkimpanvu yicyo gisubizo naba biografiya. [87] Nyuma yuko LK Advani abaye perezida w’ishyaka mu 1986, RSS yafashe icyemezo cyo gushyira abayoboke bayo mu myanya ikomeye muri BJP; Ibikorwa bya Kagame mu gihe cy’amatora ya Ahmedabad byatumye ahitamo uyu mwanya, maze Modi atorerwa kuba umunyamabanga utegura ishami ry’umutwe wa Gujarat nyuma ya 1987. [88] link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Narendra_Modi_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_in_New_Delhi_in_October_12%2C_2001.jpg/240px-Narendra_Modi_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_in_New_Delhi_in_October_12%2C_2001.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px| Modi hamwe na Atal Bihari Vajpayee muri 2001 Modi yahagurukiye mu ishyaka maze agirwa umwe mu bagize komite y’amatora y’igihugu y’ishyaka rya mu 1990, afasha mu gutegura Ram Rath Yatra yo mu 1990 LK Advani mu 1990 na Murli Manohar Joshi yo mu 1991–92 Ekta Yatra (Urugendo rw’ubumwe). [89] [90] Icyakora, yafashe akanya gato muri politiki mu 1992, ahubwo ashinga ishuri i Ahmedabad; guterana amagambo na Shankersinh Vaghela, umudepite w’ishyaka rya ukomoka muri Gajereti icyo gihe, na we yagize uruhare muri iki cyemezo. [90] Modi yagarutse muri politiki y’amatora mu 1994, igice abishimangira na Advani, kandi nk'umunyamabanga w’ishyaka, ingamba z’amatora za Modi zafatwaga nk’ibanze mu ntsinzi y’abayoboke mu matora y’inteko ishinga amategeko ya 1995. Mu Gushyingo muri uwo mwaka, Modi yagizwe umunyamabanga w’igihugu cya BJP, yimurirwa i New Delhi, ari naho yatangiye imirimo y’ibikorwa by’ishyaka muri Haryana na Himachal Pradesh. Umwaka ukurikira, Shankersinh Vaghela, umuyobozi ukomeye w’ishyaka ukomoka muri Gajereti, yagiye muri Kongere y’Ubuhinde (Kongere, INC) nyuma yo gutakaza umwanya w’inteko ishinga amategeko mu matora y’Abadepite. Modi, muri komite ishinzwe gutoranya amatora y’Inteko yo mu 1998 yabereye muri Gajereti, yashyigikiye abashyigikiye umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya Keshubhai Patel ku bashyigikiye Vaghela guhagarika amacakubiri mu ishyaka. Ingamba ze zashimiwe ko ari urufunguzo rw’abatsinze amatora muri rusange mu matora yo mu 1998, maze Modi agirwa umunyamabanga mukuru (umuryango) muri Gicurasi muri uwo mwaka. [95]
Gutangira imirimo
Mu 2001, ubuzima bwa Keshubhai Patel bwari bwifashe nabi kandi ishyaka rya BJP ryatakaje imyanya mike y’inteko ishinga amategeko mu matora y’inzibacyuho. Ikirego cyo gukoresha nabi ubutegetsi, ruswa n’imiyoborere mibi cyatanzwe, kandi igihagararo cya Patel cyari cyangiritse kubera ubuyobozi bwe bwakoresheje umutingito wabereye i Bhuj mu 2001. Ubuyobozi bwa BJP bwashatse umukandida mushya wa minisitiri w’intebe, maze Modi wagaragaje ko atumvikana ku buyobozi bwa Patel, atorwa nk'umusimbura. N'ubwo umuyobozi w’ishyaka, LK Advani, atifuzaga guha akato Patel kandi akaba yari ahangayikishijwe n’uburambe bwa Modi muri guverinoma, Modi yanze icyifuzo cyo kuba minisitiri w’intebe wungirije wa Patel, abwira Advani na Atal Bihari Vajpayee ko "agiye gushingwa byimazeyo muri Gajeti. cyangwa si na gato ". Ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2001, yasimbuye Patel aba Minisitiri w’intebe wa Gajeti, ashinzwe gutegura ishyaka ry’amatora yo mu Kuboza 2002. Ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2001, yarahiriye kuba Minisitiri w’intebe, yinjira mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya leta ya Gajereti ku ya 24 Gashyantare 2002 atsinda amatora y’inzibacyuho mu gace ka Rajkot - II, atsinda Ashwin Mehta wo muri INC.
2002 Imvururu
Ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2002, gari ya moshi yari irimo abagenzi magana yatwitse hafi ya Godhra, ihitana abantu bagera kuri 60.- 9  Mu gutangaza ku mugaragaro nyuma y’ibyabaye,  yatangaje ko ari igitero cy’iterabwoba cyateguwe kandi gitegurwa n’abayisilamu baho. Iminsi yakurikiye, Paruwasi y'Abahindu ya Vishwa yahamagaye itsinda hirya no hino. Imvururu zatangiye mu gihe cy’agatsiko, kandi ihohoterwa rirwanya abayisilamu ryakwirakwiriye muri Gajeti. Icyemezo cya guverinoma cyo kwimura imirambo y’abazize gari ya moshi i Godhra i Ahmedabad cyarushijeho gukaza umurego ihohoterwa. Nyuma leta yavuze ko hishwe abayisilamu 790 n’Abahindu 254. Amakuru yigenga avuga ko abapfuye barenga 2000, umubare munini w’abayisilamu Abantu bagera ku 150.000 bajyanywe mu nkambi z’impunzi. Abagore benshi n’abana bari mu bahohotewe; ihohoterwa ryarimo gufata ku ngufu no gutema abagore.
Ubuso bw'amashyamba mu Rwanda
Lata irashaka kwegurira amashyamba ashaje mu maboko y’abikorera
Yavuze ko kugeza ubu abikorera bihariye 36% by’amashyamba y’u Rwanda, mu gihe hari intego y’uko uyu mwaka wazarangira bafite 45%, bakaziharira nibura 80% mu 2024.
HAMERKOP
Taxonomy
Hamerkop iratandukanye bihagije kugirango ishyirwe mu muryango wayo, nubwo umubano wayo nindi miryango wabaye
amayobera kuva kera. ubusanzwe Hamerkop washyizwe mumuryango wa ciconiformes ariko ubu ikekwako yegereye
pelecaniformes, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukora bwerekanye ko benewabo bahafi ari pelcans na shoebill.
nubwo hamerkop ariyo yonyine ibaho mu muryango wayo gusa, nubwoko bumwe bwazimye buzwi mu bisigazwa
bw'ibinyabuzima. scopus xenopus yasobanuwe n'umuhanga mu myororokere witwa storrs Olson muwa 1084 ashingiye
kumagufa abiri yabonetse mu bubiko bwa pliocene yaturutse muri africa yepfo. scopus yari nini cyane ugereranije na
hamerkop.
ibice bibiri byamenyekanye -ubwoko bubiri bwagutse bwo gutoranya S.u Umbretta ntoya yo muri afrika y'uburengerazuba
na S,u Bannermani yo mumajyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa kenya isanzwe ihuje ubwoko bwa toranijwe. inyoni zo muri
hasabwe ko kandi inyoni zirihafi wa kavongo muri namibiya zishobora kuba zitandukanye, ariko ntabusobanuro bwatanzwe.
IBIPIMO
thumb|358x358px Hamerkop ni inyoni zo mumazi yo hagati ihagaze (56CM (22IN) kandi ipima (470G(17oZ), nubwo ibice bito S,u ni ni ntoya
ibinono byayo n'umutuku wijimye, ikagira n'umurizo wijimye, umushinga wayo ni (85MM(3.1-3.3 IN) ifite amaguru yoroheje
kandi anyeganyega cyane cyane igice cyohepfo, ikindi kandi ihinduka umukara igihe iyinyoni ihunze. ijosi n'amaguru ni bigufi
ugereranije nidi bisa na paleceniforms, ibice byambaye ubusa n'amaguru kandi birabura. kandi ibice by'amaguru bifite
bisa nka heron. umurizo wayo ni mugufi arika amababa yayo ni manini yagutse kandi azunguruka, nubwo ikora bike iyo ibikoze
irambura ijosi nk'igisimba cyangwa ibis, ariko iyo ikubise ikintu ihuza ijosi inyuma nka heron. iyo igenda ibimeze nkiri kunyeganyega
kandi byihuse, umutwe weyo n'ijosi bigenda bisubira inyuma na buri ntambwe ishobora gufata amaaba yayo mugihe yiruka kugirango
ituze.
IMYITWARIRE NAHO IMBEREHO, AHOKUBA N'IBIDUKIKIJE
bw'uhirwa nk'umuceri n'amashyamba. Muri tanzaniya naho iherutse kugaburira kunkombe z'amabuye, muri arabiya iboneka muri wadi