cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ibijumba bya mauve
Ubwonko
Mu bwonko kurya ibi bijumba bifasha mu gusukura uturandaryi n’imitsi ijya mu bwonko bityo bikarinda kwirundanya kw’ibyitwa beta-amyloid izwiho gutera kwibagirwa no gusaza kw’imitsi yo mu bwonko. Kurya ibi bijumba kandi birinda indwara ya Alzheimer itera abakuze kwibagirwa ndetse n’iya Parkinson ibatera gususumira zose zikaba indwara zifatira ku bwonko.
Kugabanya ibiro
Kubera ko ibijumba bifite amafufu na za fibres kubirya bituma wirirwa ufite igihagisha bityo bigatuma utaryagagura bikaba byagufasha mu gutakaza ibiro kuko umubiri ukoresha ibinure wibitseho.
Kanseri
Kwa kuba bikungahaye ku bisohora uburozi n’imyanda mu mubiri bituma biba ingenzi mu kurwanya kanseri zinyuranye. Ndetse muri byo tunasangamo cryogenic acid izwiho gufasha umubiri mu kurinda gukura k’uturemangingo dutera kanseri.
Igogorwa
Kubera birimo fibres ndetse binifitemo ibirinda kubyimbirwa, bituma bifasha mu kurwanya kutituma no kwituma impatwe, gutumba no kugugara mu nda kimwe no kuribwa mu nda.
Kwipfundika kw’amaraso
Kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi no kuringaniza umuvuduko w’amaraso bituma ibi bijumba biba ingenzi mu kurwanya kwipfundika kw’amaraso; ikibazo gishobora gutera indwara ya stroke, n’izindi ndwara z’umutima. Aha bihite byumvikanako mu gihe uteganya kubagwa vuba udakwiye kubirya cyangwa niba ufite indwara yo kuva.
Uko bitekwa
Ibijumba bya mauve bitekwa nkuko uteka ibindi bijumba. Gusa kuko usanga ibitetse bihindura ibara biba byerekana ko ya anthocyanin iri kugabanyuka bitewe no gucanirwa mu mazi. Bityo uburyo buruta ubundi ni ukubirya byokeje kuko niho intungamubiri zose ziba zikirimo zitanagabanyutse.
Meite Ibrahim
Ibrahim Meité (wavutse ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 1976) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa muri Kote Divuwari uzobereye muri metero 100 na 200.
Ubuzima
Meité yarangije ku mwanya wa karindwi muri metero 4 x 100 mu marushanwa ya Shampiyona y'isi yo mu 1993, ari kumwe na bagenzi be Ouattara Lagazane, Jean-Olivier Zirignon na Frank Waota.
Yitabiriye imikino y'Olempike yo mu 2000, yageze ku mwanya wa kane, bituma atagera kugera mu cyiciro cya kabiri.
Ibihe byiza yagize ni muri metero 200 aho yakoresheje amasegonda 20,64, muri kamena 1994 i Narbonne. . Afatanya kandi na metero 4 × 100 z'uburebure mu masegonda 38.60 hamwe na bagenzi be Ahmed Douhou, Yves Sonan na Eric Pacome N'Dri, bageze mu marushanwa y'isi yabereye muri Edmonton 2001.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Ibrahim Juma (umupira w'amaguru)
Ibrahim Sadam Juma (wavutse 1 Ukwakira 1993) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru wabigize umwuga ukomoka muri Uganda uherutse gukinira hagati mu kibuga muri sahmpiyona ya Uganda mu ikipe ya  KCCA FC. Azwiho guhanga, intera yo gutambutsa no kurangiza umukira mu izamu, ni n'inzobere mu kwirukana ubusa. Juma yafashwe na Uganda ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Imyaka yo hambere
Mu busore bwe, Juma yakinnye muri Kampala Kids. Yabaye umukinnyi w'ingenzi mu ikipe yatwaye igikombe cya gikombe cya Tivoli na Gothia mu 2003   yatsinze ibitego 25 mu mikino 13 mu marushanwa aheruka - ndetse na Tivoli Cup umwaka wakurikiyeho. Yafashije iyi kipe kongera gutwara igikombe cya Tivoli - igikombe cya karindwi muri rusange - mu 2008 ubwo yatsindaga ikipe ya Danemarike Hillerod 6–0 ku mukino wa nyuma.
Cray Wanderers
Juma yatangiye umwuga we mukuru mu ikipe ya Isthmian League Cray Wanderers. Nyuma yimyitwarire ishimishije kubakinnyi Juma yahamagawe mu makipe y'ambere arangije atangira gukinira muri Corinthian Casuals. Umusanzu ukomeye wa Juma muri Cray Wanderers ni ugutsinda igitego kubusa cyatsinzwe na Simon Osborn bigatuma Cray Wanderers atsindara imikino ya nyuma bityo akazamurwa mu cyiciro gikurikiyeho. Juma yagiye gukina inshuro 4 gusa kuri Cray Wanderers.
Ubuzima bwite
Yakuriye i Luzira, mu nkengero za Kampala.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Imirire y'ababyeyi
thumb|TPN Imirire y'ababyeyi ( PN ) ni ukugaburira umuntu ibiryo byintungamubiri kumitsi, kurenga inzira isanzwe yo kurya no gusya. Ibicuruzwa bikozwe ninganda zikora imiti. Umuntu yakira imvange yintungamubiri akurikije amata arimo glucose, umunyu, aside amine, lipide na vitamine hamwe nubunyu ngugu. Yitwa imirire yuzuye y'ababyeyi ( TPN ) cyangwa intungamubiri zose ( TNA ) mugihe nta mirire ihambaye iboneka munzira zindi, hamwe nimirire yababyeyi igice ( PPN ) mugihe imirire nayo yinjiye mubice. Yitwa imirire yababyeyi ( PPN )  mugihe itanzwe binyuze mumitsi yinjira mumubiri aho kunyura mumitsi yo hagati nkimirire yimitsi yo hagati ( CVN ).
Gukoresha ubuvuzi
Indyo yuzuye y'ababyeyi (TPN) itangwa mugihe inzira ya gastrointestinal idakora kubera guhagarara mukomeza (irahagaritswe, cyangwa ifite ibibyimba - fistula ) cyangwa kuberako ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwangirika bwangiritse. Yakoreshejwe kubarwayi ba comatose, nubwo kugaburira munda mubisanzwe ari byiza, kandi ntibikunze guhura nibibazo. Imirire y'ababyeyi ikoreshwa mu gukumira imirire mibi ku barwayi badashobora kubona intungamubiri zihagije binyuze mu nzira cyangwa mu nda. Umuryango w’ubuvuzi bukomeye (SCCM) hamwe n’umuryango w’abanyamerika ushinzwe imirire y’ababyeyi n’imirire irasaba gutegereza kugeza ku munsi wa karindwi wo kwita ku bitaro.
Ibimenyetso byuzuye kuri TPN
Indwara zisaba gukoresha TPN zirimo:
thumb|Ibice bitandukanye bigize Gastrointestinal.
Indwara ya Gastrointestinal
TPN irashobora kuba inzira yonyine ishoboka yo gutanga imirire kubarwayi badafite inzira zifata gastrointestinal cyangwa bafite ibibazo bisaba kuruhuka amara byuzuye, harimo no kubura amara, syndrome de mara, gastroschisis, impiswi ndende tutitaye kubitera, indwara ikomeye ya Crohn cyangwa colitis ulcerative colitis, hamwe nindwara zimwe na zimwe zabana ba GI harimo kuvuka kwa GI anomalies hamwe na enterocolitis enterocolitis.
Referances
Ikiciro:Health
Ishyamba
thumb|300x300px| Imisozi ya Adirondack ya Upstate New York igize igice cyamajyepfo yuburasirazuba bwamashyamba-boreal inzibacyuho ecoregion thumb|Ishyamba Ishyamba .ni agace k'ubutaka bwiganjemo ibiti. Amajana asobanura amashyamba akoreshwa kwisi yose, akubiyemo ibintu nkubucucike bwibiti, uburebure bwibiti, imikoreshereze yubutaka, ubuzimagatozi, nibikorwa by ibidukikije. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi (FAO) risobanura ishyamba ngo, "Ubutaka bungana na hegitari zirenga 0,5 zifite ibiti birenga metero 5 kandi bitwikiriye ibiti birenga 10 ku ijana, cyangwa ibiti bishobora kugera kuri izo mbago aho biri. ntabwo ikubiyemo ubutaka bwiganjemo gukoreshwa mu buhinzi cyangwa mu mijyi. " Ukoresheje iki gisobanuro, Isuzuma ry’umutungo w’amashyamba ku isi (FRA 2020) ryerekanye ko amashyamba afite hegitari miliyari 4.06 (hegitari miliyari 10.0; kilometero kare 40,6; kilometero kare miliyoni 15.7), cyangwa hafi 31% by’ubutaka ku isi muri 2020 thumb|Ishyamba Amashyamba ni yo yiganjemo urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo ku isi, kandi usanga ku isi hose. Kurenga kimwe cya kabiri cyamashyamba yisi aboneka mubihugu bitanu gusa (Burezili, Kanada, Ubushinwa, Uburusiya, na Amerika). Umugabane munini w’amashyamba (45 ku ijana) uri mu burebure bushyuha, ugakurikirwa n’uturere twa boreal, ubushyuhe, na subtropic..
Amashyamba angana na 75% yumusaruro wambere wibinyabuzima byisi, kandi urimo 80% byibinyabuzima byisi. Umusaruro wibanze ubarirwa kuri 21.9 gigatonnes ya biomass kumwaka kumashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha, 8.1 kumashyamba ashyushye, na 2.6 kumashyamba ya boreal. Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Amashyamba
Mustapha Zeroual
Mustapha Zeroul akomoka mu cyaro cyo mu majyepfo ya Maroc. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye mu bumenyi n'imibare mu 2016. Nyuma yakurikiranye amasomo yisumbuye hanyuma abona impamyabumenyi ijyanye na mudasobwa.
Amateka
Urugendo rwe rwo kwihangira imirimo rwatangiye ubwo yubakaga isosiyete ye ya mbere yitwa SARL, yari inzobere mu bucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi no kwamamaza hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga. Kubwamahirwe, SARL ntabwo yagenze neza kandi isosiyete yahombye nyuma yo gukora mugihe gito. Nyuma yuburambe, Mustapha yahisemo kongera ubuhanga bwe mubuhanga kugirango yitegure neza umushinga we utaha. Yakomeje yiga sisitemu ihuriweho yizeye kunguka ubumenyi muri urwo rwego nka injeniyeri. Mustapha yisobanura nk'umuntu wahoze afite umwuka wo kwihangira imirimo; uyu mwuka wamusunikiraga gukora ubucuruzi bwe bwa kabiri bushya IA4YOU.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Maroke Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika
Cakao ivugurura
Cacao ivugurura isobanurwa nka cacao ikorerwa mu murima ukoresha ubuhinzi bushya nu buryo bwo guhinga amashyamba. Ifitanye isano rya bugufi na shokora yo muri ikerene, itanga ibiribwa kama umuryango wo kubungabunga amashyamba yimvura, hamwe n’umushinga w’ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere. Cacao nibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mu gukora shokora.
Cacao ivuguruye irangwa nu buhinzi bw'ibinyabuzima butandukanye bwi biti aho ibiti bya cakao bihingwa mu gicucu cy’ibindi biti, bigana m' urusobe rwi binyabuzima rusanzwe. Ubu buryo bwo guhinga bukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo kugarura amashyamba ku rwuri rw’inka zatereranywe ndetse no mu tundi turere tw’ubuhinzi bw’amashyamba. Mubisanzwe bifatwa nkingamba zo gucunga neza ubutaka, aho abahinzi bashobora kubyara ibiryo ninjiza mugihe cyo kuvugurura amashyamba.
Urugendo rwa cacao rusubirwamo ni ingamba zo kurwanya imirima ya cacao, ikaba akenshi itera amashyamba mu turere dushyuha.
Sharon Yayra Alornyeku
Sharon, ni rwiyemezamirimo wimyaka 21 ukomoka muri Gana, kuri ubu ni umunyeshuri wa LLB wiga muri kaminuza nkuru. Mu myaka itanu, yizeye kuzaba umunyamategeko ubishoboye, afite iduka ryimyenda itera imbere hamwe nibintu byanditseho.
Cakao ivugurura
Ubuhinzi
Agroforestry ivugurura ikoresha iri hame nkuburyo bwo gusana amashyamba. Imwe mu nyungu zubu buryo ni ugukuraho neti ya CO2 mukirere. Izindi nyungu zirimo kongera umusaruro ukomoka ku bihingwa by’ibiribwa, kuzamura imibereho y’abahinzi kuva ku musaruro winjiza, kongera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kuzamura ubutaka n’ubuzima, no kugabanya isuri. Hamwe nimiterere yubutaka bwiza, ibihingwa biva mubuhinzi bushya burimo vitamine zimwe na zimwe, imyunyu ngugu, na phytochemiki. Imiti myinshi ya phytochemiki irashobora kongera uburyohe bwibiryo ugereranije nibikorwa bisanzwe byubuhinzi. Muri rusange, ubuhinzi bushya bwubuhinzi nuburyo bwubuhinzi bushya bukoresha ibiti cyane kuruta ibihingwa byumwaka.
Sharon Yayra Alornyeku
Amateka
Peng Street ni inzu yimyambarire igurisha imyenda igezweho yujuje imyambarire y'abanyeshuri ba kaminuza. Umushinga ukora ibintu bitandukanye nka swimwear, amajipo, blouses, jeans, imyenda, ingofero, ibitambara, nibindi bintu bishyirwa kumurongo wa interineti kugirango bikurure abakiriya.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika
Cakao ivugurura
Ubuhinzi
Ibiti bya Cacao, bikomoka mu mashyamba y’imvura yo muri uquateur, mu bisanzwe byahinduwe kugira ngo bibeho kandi bitere imbere mu nsi y’ishyamba rishyuha. Ibi, bifatanije no kwiyongera kwisi yose kuri shokora, bituma ibiti bya cakao ari ikintu cyiza cyibiti by’amashyamba yi mbera byombi.
Masaka Creamery
Masaka Creamery Limited n'Isosiyete y'ubucuruzi bukomeye bwo gutunganya amata i Kigali, mu Rwanda ndetse igatanga amahirwe k'urubyiruko yo kubona akazi kubatumva.
Cakao ivugurura
Kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe
umuyobozi ushinzwe amategeko n’ubukangurambaga, avuga ko igisubizo kimwe ari uko inganda za shokora zishobora guhinduka mu buhinzi bw’amashyamba no mu bwoko bwa cakao zikuze mu gicucu, kandi ko hagomba kunozwa uburyo bw’imyororokere ya cacao.
Inzira eshanu zo gutabara isi
Inzira eshanu zo gutabara isi ni filime mbarankuru yabongereza ivuga ku bidukikije bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, yasohotse mu 2006. Filime yakozwe na Karen O'Connor, kuri ecran nini ikaba yarakinwe mu cyongereza kugirango igere ku batuye isi yose. Harimo ababaza ibibazo babahanga binzobere mu bidukikije batanu barimo Paul Crutzen, James Roger Angel, John Latham, Ian Jones, na Klaus Lackner.
Cakao ivugurura
Reba
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Masaka Creamery
Amateka
Iyi sosiyete yatangiye imikorere 2016 iherereye muri Kigali mu cyanya cy'inganda i Masoro. Igenda ikora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye birimo ibikoze mu mata nka yogurt, amata asembuye, cream nshya, amavuta, ghee nibindi bicuruzwa kubana na bakuze.
Inzira eshanu zo gutabara isi
"Inzira eshanu" ziteganijwe ni tekinike zubumenyi bw'isi:
Kuva uburyo butatu bwa mbere budakuraho karuboni ya dioxide mu kirere, byagabanya gusa ubushyuhe bw’isi  ariko ntibyagabanya aside  yo mu  nyanja. Kubera ko uburyo bubiri bwa nyuma bwakuraho karuboni ya dioxyde, birashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwisi ndetse na acide yo mu nyanja.
Masaka Creamery
Akazi
Masaka Creamery Ltd ikoresha abakozi 40, abenshi n'urubyiruko rufite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Igiraneza agira ati: "Twiyemeje gukomeza gutanga ibicuruzwa byiza mu gihe dushiraho imirimo ku Rwanda cyane cyane urubyiruko rufite ubumuga bwo kutumva."
Abakiriya
Iyi sosiyete ikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa byayo ku baguzi mu turere twa Nyagatare, Rwamagana na Kayonza mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, akarere ka Rubavu mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba, Rulindo na Musanza mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru ndetse na Muhanga, Ruhango na Huye mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda Ikiciro:Ubuzima bwumuturage Ikiciro:Inganda zo mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Imibereho myiza
Imirire Mibi Mu Rwanda
thumb|iryo yuzuye
Incamake
Abahanga ku mirire zo muri Afurika bagaragaje ko imibare yerekana ko ibihugu byose by'Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara biri mu bihe bidasanzwe ku mirire mibi cyane mu bana, zivuga ko imibare y'u Rwanda iri hejuru cyane.
Imirire mibi yibasiye abana benshi batarageza ku myaka itanu mu bihugu byose by'Afurika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, nk'uko bivugwa n'izi nzobere zo muri Afurika mu nama izihurije i Kigali. Ikigero gifatwa nk'icyakwihanganirwa mu mirire mibi izi nzobere zivuga ko ari 20%, iki kigero mu Rwanda kigeze kuri 38%.
Uruganda rw'Unicopromanya
Uruganda rw'Unicopromanya ni uruganda runini rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora hafi toni 30 za kawunga ku munsi, ruri mu Akarere ka Nyagatare,  abaturage b’aka Karere bakunda ifunguro ryiza rya kawunga, kazwiho kweza ahanini umusaruro mwinshi w’ibigori.
Imikorere
Uruganda rw'Unicopromanya Rwubatse muri Gashyantare 2020, ni uruganda ruhuriweho na Kompanyi yitwa Joint Venture hamwe ndetse ni huriro ry’amakoperative y’abahinzi babigize umwuga b’ibigoribitwa UNICOPROMANYA.
Imirire Mibi Mu Rwanda
Ingamba zo kurwanya Imirire mibi
Abaturage Bu Rwanda Biyemeje kurwanya imirire mibi Ah Gatsibo Biyemeje kurandura imirire mibi murundu .Abaturage bose mu Murenge wa Mushonyi mu Karere ka Rutsiro, bavuga ko kurwanya imirire mibi bishoboka bakaba bamanura imibare ikomeje kuboneka muri ako karere gafite 44.4%, gusa ngo ku bufatanye n’ubuyobozi biyemeje gukemura burundu icyo kibazo.
Uruganda rw'Unicopromanya
Umusaruro
Uruganda rw'Unicopromanya rufite umusaruro mwinshi ujya gutunganyirizwa ahandi kawunga ikagaruka iduhenze kandi twahenzwe ku bigori. Abaturage bacu bahahira Uganda kandi kawunga itujuje ubuziranenge. Nidutangira kwikorera kawunga mu bigori byacu abahinzi bazabona igiciro cyiza ndetse na kawunga nziza kandi ku giciro cyiza.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
Umuryango urengera Ibidukikije by’Ubufaransa
thumb|Logo ya FNE umuryango urengera Ibidukikije by’Ubufaransa ( FNE ) ni ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe arengera ibidukikije  mu Bufaransa. Ryashinzwe mu 1968 nka federasiyo y’imiryango y’Abafaransa ishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije ( Fédération française des sociétés de protection de la nature [ fr ] byamenyekanye ko bifite inyungu rusange ( reconnu d'utilité publique [ fr ] ) mu 1976.
Iakib maize and animal feeds factory
Iakib maize and animal feeds factory ni uruganda runini rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora hafi toni 6 za kawunga ku munsi, ruri mu Akarere ka Gicumbi, abaturage b’aka Karere bakunda ifunguro ryiza rya kawunga, kazwiho kweza ahanini umusaruro ugaragara w’ibigori.
Umuryango urengera Ibidukikije by’Ubufaransa
iri huriro, FNE rivuga mu izina ry’umutwe w’abanyamuryango bagera ku 90000 mu mashyirahamwe agera ku 9000 yo mu Bufaransa ndetse n’intara zayo zo mu mahanga, zishyizwe mu mashyirahamwe 46 y’abanyamuryango.
Iakib maize and animal feeds factory
Uruganda
Iakib maize and animal feeds factory ni uru ruganda rwatanzwe n’ abafatanyabikorwa b’Akarere,rukoreshwa na koperative yitwa IAKIB ihuje n'aborozi ba kijyambere. Rero Iyi Koperative ikaba yatunganyaga ifu ya kawunga ingana na toni esheshatu ku ku munsi gusa, Ariko kuri ubu bazajya batunganya toni 60 ku munsi. Mugihe Ibiryo by’amatungo bazajya batunganyaga hafi toni 20 ku munsi.
Umuryango urengera Ibidukikije by’Ubufaransa
Ikirangantego cya Federasiyo ni uruzitiro, kandi intego yacyo Partout où la nature a besoin de nous ("Ahantu hose ibidukikije bidukeneye").
Igiti cy'Icubya
Hirya no hino mu Rwanda hagaragara byinshi mu bimenyetso ndangamateka bihamya neza ko iki n’iki cyabayeho mu mateka y’u Rwanda n’ibikorwa byakozwe bigasiga umugani.
Amateka
Umurenge wa Rutunga wo mu Karere ka Gasabo, ubitse amateka menshi y’ihangwa ry’u Rwanda, iturwa, isenyuka ndetse na bimwe mu bimenyetso byo kongera kubaho kwarwo.
Kandi nta mugayo n’ubundi Rutunga rwa Gasabo, ni ho dukomora amateka yo kubaho k’u Rwanda, dore ko ariho habaye intebe y’imbanza y’ihangwa ryarwo.
Ibimenyetso ndangamateka
Mu bimenyetso ndangamateka biboneka i Rutunga rwa Gasabo, hari n’igiti gitangaje kubera amateka cyagize mu kuranga ibihamya by’ihihibikana ry’abakurambere mpangarwanda mu ngeri yo kurwagura no kurwanya abagomeramurage wa Gihanga w’igihugu gisangiwe, cyane cyane ku ngoma y’umwami Cyilima Rujugira, wari ufite izina ry’ubutwari ry’Impeshakurama”.
Yatwaye u Rwanda ahasaga mu wa 1691-1708. Icyo giti gitangaje, ni cyo cyiswe "Icubya (ricubya abanzi) mu mateka y’u Rwanda cyangwa igiti cy’umuhigo" n’andi menshi.
Ni igiti giherereye mu Mudugudu wa Nyakabande wo mu Kagari ka Indatemwa ko mu Murenge wa Rutunga wo mu Karere ka Gasabo. Aho giherereye, ni munsi y’ahitwa i Rwanda, habaga ingoro y’ubwami bw’u Rwanda mu bihe by’ihangwa ryarwo.
Cyilima Rujugira
Icyo giti cyatewe ku ngoma y’umwami Cyilima Rujugira watwaye u Rwanda ahasaga mu wa 1675-1708, wakihateye ahasaga mu wa 1695 ubwo yahanganaga n’ibitero by’ibihugu byiyunze ngo bihanagureho u Rwanda.
Nyuma y’uko aho icyo giti gitewe, habyiniwe intsinzi ku bihugu bine byateye u Rwanda bifatanyije (u Burundi, u Bugesera, Ndorwa n’i Gisaka).
Ku mbuga iri munsi y’icyo giti, ni ho umwami Cyilima Rujugira, yatangiye itangazo ry’uko u Rwanda rutsinze cya gitero cyagabwe n’ibihugu bine byishyize hamwe ku buryo bwa burundu.
Nyuma yo kuhahurira kw’ingabo zose zayoboye ingerero n’imitwe y’ingabo zarwanye urwo rugamba, ni ho Rujugira yatangarije ijambo rikomeye cyane mu mateka y’u Rwanda, ryavuyemo insigamugani yamamaye cyane mu mateka y’u Rwanda igira iti “u Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa".
Iryo jambo Rujugira yarivuze ashagawe n’ibihangange mu ngabo ze byari bimaze gutsinda icyo gitero birimo Igikomangoma Ndabarasa watwaraga imitwe y’ingabo z’Ababito n’Intarindwa na Sendakize wari umwe mu bagize iyo mitwe y’ingabo.
Muciye wa Serutaro rwa Mukuku
Ku rundi ruhande hari hahagaze Muciye wa Serutaro rwa Mukuku wa Mazimpaka watwaraga umutwe w’ingabo z’Indirira (Indirirarugamba). Iyo mitwe y’ingabo niyo yarasaniye ku rugerero rwa Rutunga rwa Gasabo ruhanganye n’ingabo z’i Ndorwa.
Ni na bwo yahise ahatera icyo giti nk’ikimenyetso cy’iyo nstinzi mu mateka y’u Rwanda n’ikimenyetso cy’itangazo mpuzamahanga yahatangiye ry’uko u Rwanda rutera ntiruterwe. Kugeza ubwo aya mateka yandikwaga mu mwaka wa 2022, iki giti ni kimwe mu biri mu gihugu bimaze imyaka myinshi!
Nyuma y’ingoma ya Rujugira, icyo giti cyahawe agaciro k’ikirenga mu mihango y’ubuzima bw’igihugu. Ni hamwe mu hakorerwaga imihango ijyanye no kuraguriza ibitero u Rwanda rwagabweho n’amahanga, n’ibyo rugiye kugaba ku mahanga adakunda u Rwanda.
Igiti kitera imbuti
Abakuru bahamya ko hashize igihe kirekire koko kitakirenga umutaru. Bamwe bacyita "Ikigumbashi", bivuga ” Igiti kitera imbuto”. Ni Igiti gishobora kweraho urubuto rumwe mu gihe cy’imyaka icumi, kandi aho umuyaga uganishije urwo rubuto rugahita rumera. Ari na yo mpamvu hirya no hino hafi y’aho icyo giti kiri, uhasanga ibindi biti byo muri ubwo bwoko byahameze.
Bacyita kandi "imana ya Nyakalima". Iryo zina rya nyuma ryaturutse ku izina rya nyir’umurima ubu icyo giti giteyemo, witwaga Nyakalima, bakacyita kandi iryo zina mu rwego rwo kugira ubwiru imihango yahakorerwaga.
Bacyita na none "Igiti cy’umuhigo" kuko abahigi bakundaga kuhahurira iyo babaga bazindukiye umuhigo n’igihe babaga bagabana inyama z’umuhigo.
Inkomoko y'izina 'Icubya'
Citwa “Icubya" ricubya abanzi b’u Rwanda, kubera ko munsi yacyo ari ho abanyamihango b’ibwami bajyaga kuhakorera imihango y’umutsindo igihe ingabo zabaga zigiye gutabara.
Uwo muhango ukaba waratangiye kubahirizwa nyuma y’uko ingabo za Ndabarasa zarasaniraga u Rwanda ku musozi witwa"Akabarengeyingoma", zirwana n’iz’i Ndorwa zari zikambitse ahitwa ku Irasaniro ( Ubu ni mu Mudugudu w’Irasaniro wo mu Kagari ka Gaseke ko mu Murenge wa Mutete wo mu Karere ka Gicumbi).
Mu bihe by’abami bazunguye Cyilima Rujugira hafi y’icyo giti hameze ikindi cyo mu bwoko bw’Umurama, cyifashishwaga mu kwitira amata, kigakunda no gucanwa n’ibwami mu kuganza impumuro mbi kubera ko imizi yacyo ibyara imibavu ihumura neza, kigakoreshwa no gushaka ibyuhagiro by’amatungo. Cyakoreshwaga mu muhango wo mu rwego rw’igihugu wo gusabira u Rwanda n’abaturage bacyo uburame, ari na yo nkomoko y’izina ryacyo.
Ibindi
Kuri ubu, icyo giti baragifukuye cyane ku buryo hashobora kujyamo abantu bagera kuri 15! Abana banyuzamo bagacanamo n’umuriro ku buryo cyangirika cyane.
Youssouf Mulumbu
thumb|Youssouf Mulumbu Youssouf Mulumbu, (yavutse Ku ya 25 Mutarama 1987), yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga w'umupira w'amaguru ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka  i Bumbu, muri komini mu mujyi wa Kinshasa muri  Kongo, wahindutse umukinnyi wo hagati, kuri ubu ni umuyobozi mukuru wa FC Tanganyika akaba ari ikipe yo muri Kongo ifite icyicaro i Kalemie.
Ubuzima
akiri muto  n'umuryango we bagiye mu Bufaransa avuye muri Zayire (izina ryahoze ryitwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo), yakuriye mu mujyi wa Épinay-sous-Sénart, mu nkengero za Paris.
Muri ikipe
Yinjiye mu kigo cy’imyitozo cya PSG afite imyaka 13, yambikwa ikamba rya shampiyo w’Ubufaransa munsi y’imyaka 18 muri shampiyona yo muri 2005-2006. Ku ya 22 Ukwakira 2006, Guy Lacombe bituma akora bwa mbere muri Ligue 1, ku myaka 19 n'amezi 10, ahanganye na AJ Auxerre asinyana amasezerano  ya mbere y'umwuga na PSG   Ku ya 13 Ugushyingo y'umwaka umwe. Gusezerana, ni igihe gikurikirwa na Manchester United. Shampiyona irangiye, yatoranijwe mu ikipe y’Ubufaransa y’abatarengeje imyaka 20 yatsinze irushanwa rya Toulon.
Yakiriye ihitamwo rye rya mbere mu ikipe y'Ubufaransa ya Espoirs Ku ya 21 Kanama 2007 bakina na Ubutaliyani.
Muri shampiyona yo muri 2007-2008, yatijwe nta mahitamo yo kugura Amiens SC muri Ligue 2 (imikino 29, igitego kimwe).
Yagarutse muri PSG muri shampiyona yo muri 2008-2009 yakinnye imikino mike ya UEFA. Ariko, akomeza kugarukira kumwanya wabasimbuye.
Inyandiko
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Gatsibo Agro Processing Plant
Gatsibo Agro Processing Plant ni Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2018 nibwo muri aka ka Karere ka Gatsibo, hubatswe uruganda rutunganya umusaruro w’ibigori rufite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni zirenga 15 za kawunga ku munsi.
Uruganda
Gatsibo Agro Processing Plant ni uru ruganda rwa GAP ruherereye mu Murenge wa Rugarama, rukora ifu ya kawunga nziza yo mu by'iciro bibiri, iyo ku rwego rusanzwe ndetse n’iyisumbuyeho yitwa super. Ni uruganda rugizwe n’abanyamigabane babiri, uwambere yitwa Gatsibo Investment Group (naho usangamo andi makoperative), undi akitwa Gatsibo Grain Processing Cooperative. Muri rusange usangamo amakoperative y’abahinzi b’ibigori agera muri atanu, kandi hari koperative usangamo abanyamurango barenze ibihumbi 2,000.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
Uruganda rwa Sorwal
Uruganda rwa Sorwal ni uruganda rwabonetse nyuma yo kugura uruganda rw’ibibiriti ruherereye ku Karubanda mu Karere ka Huye, n'umushoramari witwa Osman Rafik yiteguye guha akazi abantu bagera 300. Uruganda rwa Sorwal ruri mu Matyazo ahahoze ahakorera muri Sorwal kuva muri 2001 kugera muri 2008, aho abahakora bavuga ko yishimiye kuba ashobora kongera kubona akazi mu ruganda.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
Banki y'ubucuruzi n'inganda
Banki y'ubucuruzi n'inganda (Banco de Comércio e Indústria) ni banki iherereye mu gihugu cya Angola. Iyi banki yashinzwe ku ya 11 Nyakanga 1991 yemezwa n'itegeko rya guverinoma rifite No 08-A / 91. Umuyobozi wayo mukuru ni Filomeno Costa Alegre Alves de Ceita.
Umunyamigabane wibanze ni leta ifite 91% byimigabane. Abandi banyamigabane bagizwe n'ibigo icyenda bya leta aribyo, Ikigo gishinzwe itumanaho cya Angola cyitwa Angola Telecom, ENSA - Seguros de Angola, CERVAL, Sonangol, Endiama, TCUL, Porto de Luanda na TAAG bifite 1.1% by'imigabane kuri buri kigo, hamwe na Bolama ifite 0.2%
Reba
Ikiciro:Banki
Landry Mulemo
Landry Mulemo, (Yavutse Ku ya 17 Nzeri 1986) i Kinshasa muri DR Congo, ni umukinnyi ufite ubwegihugu bw' Umubiligi ukina Umupira w'amaguru. Akina nka myugariro, cyane  ibumoso-inyuma muri Union royale Namur FLV.
Ubuzima
Yatojwe muri Standard de Liège, Landry Mulemo yatijwe hagati muri 2004 na 2007 muri K Saint-Trond VV.
Ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wo mu Bubiligi muri Espoir kandi yitabiriye Shampiyona y’i Burayi ya Espoirs muri 2007 mu Buholandi, yitabira imikino Olempike i Beijing.
Guhitamo  kwambere mu ikipe y'igihugu yUbubiligi byabaye Ku ya 9 Ukwakira 2009 bakina na Turukiya ariko ntabwo yinjira mu kibuga. Yifashishije amategeko mashya ya FIFA kugira ngo ahindure imitekerereze ahitamo Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, nka Joachim Mununga na Andréa Mbuyi-Mutombo Muri 2021, yinjije i Kinshasa muri Malaga CF no muri 2022 muri KV Kortrijk,.
amahuza yo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Kawanda–Birembo High Voltage Power Line
Kawanda–Birembo High Voltage Power Line ni uruganda rukora amashanyarazi, rurimo kubakwa hagati y'u Rwanda na Uganda.
Aho biherereye
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa kilovolt zigera kuri 220 utangirira kuri sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ya Uganda ahitwa Kawanda, mu Karere ka Wakiso, mu karere ko hagati ya Uganda, nko muri kilometero 15.5, mumajyaruguru ya Kampala, umurwa mukuru nu mujyi munini wa Uganda. Kuva aha, umurongo ujya mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bwa Uganda umujyi wa Masaka, intera igororotse igera kuri kilometero 121. Kuva i Masaka, umurongo w'amashanyarazi ukomeza iburengerazuba ugana mu mujyi wa Mbarara, intera igororotse igera kuri kilometeero 1310. Kuva Mbarara umurongo w'amashanyarazi ugenda werekeza mu majyepfo ugana mu mujyi wa Mirama Hills, intera ya kilometero 66. Uhereye kuri sitasiyo yo mu gace ka Mirama Hills / Kagitumba, umurongo w'amashanyarazi urakomeza werekeza mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba kugira ngo urangire kuri sitasiyo i Birembo, Umurenge wa Kinyinya, Akarere ka Gasabo, u Rwanda, mu nkengero z'amajyaruguru ya Kigali, umurwa mukuru n'umujyi munini. y'u Rwanda, intera igororotse igera kuri kolometero 110.
Incamake
Uyu murongo w'amashanyarazi uhuza umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa Uganda n'u Rwanda ruturanye. Ijyanye na gahunda y'ibikorwa byo mu biyaga bya Nil Ekwatoriya, Guhuza umushinga w'amashanyarazi, iyobowe n'umuyobozi w'akarere, Grania Rubomboras. Uyu murongo w'amashanyarazi urimo gutezwa imbere hamwe na Karuma y’amashanyarazi ya Karuma, biteganijwe ko umusaruro wa 600 MW uzakoreshwa mu karere ndetse n’amafaranga asigaye akagurishwa mu karere, u Rwanda, u Burundi na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo bikaba bishoboka ko ari abakiriya.
Ubwubatsi muri Uganda
Umushinga kuruhande rwa Uganda ugabanyijemo ibice bitatu: (a) igice cya Kawanda - Masaka, gipima kilometero 137 (b) igice cya Masaka - Mbarara, gipima kilometero130 na (c) igice cya Mbarara - Mirama Hills, gipima kilometero 66.
Igice cya Kawanda ugana Masaka cyubatswe ku ngengo y’imari ingana na miliyoni 153.20 z’amadolari y’Amerika, muri yo Banki y’isi ikaba yagurije miliyoni 120 z'amadolare. Kurangiza byari biteganijwe muri Mutarama 2019. Icyakora, muri Nyakanga 2018, Daily Monitor yatangaje ko umurongo wa 220 kV watangijwe.
Igice cya Masaka kugeza Mbarara cyateganijwe miliyoni 50 z'amayero, kugurizwa mu kigega cy’ibikorwa remezo cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Biteganijwe ko imirimo izatangira mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2017 bikaba biteganijwe ko izarangira muri 2019. Muri Werurwe 2018, Ikinyamakuru Uganda Independent cyatangaje ko guverinoma ya Uganda yagurije miliyoni 37.1 z'amayero mu kigo cy’iterambere ry’Ubufaransa n’indi miliyoni 35 z’amayero muri Banki y’iterambere ry’Ubudage kugira ngo itere inkunga igice cya Masaka-Mbarara cy’uyu murongo.
Igice cya Mbarara Mirama Hills cyarangiye mu 2015.
Ubwubatsi mu Rwanda
Igice cya Mirama / Kagitumba - Birembo gipima hafi kilometero 100. Igice cya Mbarara - Birembo gipima kilometero 166. Nkuko byatangajwe na EastAfrican muri Gicurasi 2015, uyu muyoboro wa 220 kV umaze kubaho. U Rwanda narwo ruri mu nzira yo kubaka sitasiyo ya 220 kV i Birembo.
Amajyambere ya vuba
Ku munsi ukurikiraho, biteganijwe ko umurongo wa Kawanda Birembo Umuyoboro mwinshi w'amashanyarazi uzamurwa kuri 400kV. Muri Gicurasi 2018, guverinoma ya Uganda yagujije miliyoni 37.1 z'amayero (hafi miliyoni 44.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika), mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry'Ubufaransa, kugira ngo izamure kilometero 135, hagati yimijyi ya Masaka na Mbarara kugeza 400 kV. Mu Gushyingo 2020, ikinyamakuru New Vision cyatangaje ko Banki ishinzwe iterambere ry’Ubudage ( KfW ) yateye inkunga igice cyo kuzamura igice cya Masaka - Masaka kigera kuri 400kV.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umuriro
Axali Doëseb
Axali Doëseb (wavutse mu 1954) n'umuhimbyi w'amanota ya muzika wo muri Namibiya. Yanditse kandi ahimba " Namibiya, Igihugu cy'Ubutwari ", iyi ikaba ari indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu cya Namibiya kuva mu 1991. Yabaye kandi umuyobozi wa Orchestre y'igihugu Symphony.
Muguhhimba indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu yagenzurwaga na Hidipo Hamutenya, icyo gihe yari perezida wa komite ishinzwe ibimenyetso bikuru by’igihugu. Mu 2006, Hamutenya yavuze ko yanditse ayo magambo ayigize we ubwe, "mu ndege yerekeza muri Cuba", ariko Doëseb arabihakana.
Ubuzima
Doëseb yavutse mu 1954 i Okahandja. Yerekanwe n'umuziki mu myaka ye y'amashuri, yize amasomo ya piyano mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Martin Luther, i Okombahe. Nyuma yaje guhimba liturujiya y'Itorero ry'ivugabutumwa Lutheran muri Namibiya. Doëseb yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri muzika muri Musikschule Herford (mu Budage ). Mu 1997, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu bugeni ayikuye mu ishami rya Muzika muri kaminuza ya Marlborough ( mu Bwongereza ).
Nkumuhimbyi uzwi cyane, Doëseb yasabwe n.amashuri menshi kubandikira indirimbo zabo zishuri. Yabaye kandi perezida wa komite ishinzwe guhimba indirimbo y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika i Addis Abeba, muri Etiyopiya. Muri 2014, yahawe igihembo cy'ubuzima bwe bwose muri (Namibian Annual Music Awards) (NAMAs) ibihembo byirushanwa ngarukamwaka rya muzika ryo muri Namibiya.
Banki y'Ishoramari ya Angola
Abanyamigabane mukuru ni Sonangol, aho afite 8.5% by'imari shingiro ya banki. Arcinella Assets na Sforza Properties bafite 7% na 6.5% by'imigabane, abandi batandatu bafite 5% buri umwe; 48% isigaye ikwirakwizwa mu migabane mito.
BAI ifite icyerekezo kimwe muri Porutugali, Banco BAI Europa S.A ifite amashami abiri, Lisbonne na Porto. Mu mwaka wa 2008 BAI yafunguye Banco BAI Cabo Verde muri Cape Verde hamwe nandi mashami menshi. Mu mwaka ushize, BAI yaguze Banco BAI Microfinanças (BMF), banki nto yo mu gihugu cya Angola itanga serivisi nyinshi zirimo no kwishyuza Western Union.
BAI kandi ni umunyamigabane mu yandi masosiyete, nka Banco Sul Atlantico (BSA), IFI muri Cape Verde, Brasil Banco Múltiplo muri Berezile, Banco Internacional de S. Tomé e Príncipe (BISTP) muri São Tomé na Principe n'andi masosiyete.
Ibihumyo by'aganoderma
thumb|Ibihumyo by'aganodermaIbihumyo by'aganoderma ni ibiribwa bikoreshwa mu buryo bwo guteka mu mico itandukanye y'abantu, bikaba kandi bumwe mu bwoko buke bw'ibihumyo biribwa. N'ubwo mu mateka twumva ko abantu bakoreshaga ibihumyo mu mirire cyangwa mu kwivuza, mu myaka ya vuba nibwo byinjijwe ku mugaragaro mu buhanga mu gutegura mafunguro. Uko ubuhinzi bugamije isoko bugenda butera imbere, ubwoko bw'ibihumyo biribwa na bwo bwagiye bwiyongera. Mu rwego rwo kuzamura imirire cyane cyane ku baturage bakennye, ibihumyo ni isoko y'intungamubiri na za vitamini. Byongeye kandi, ibihumyo bikungahaye ku myunyungugu nka Sodiyumu, Potasiyumu, na Kalisiyumu n'Ubutare biri ku rwego rwo hejuru.Ku bw'iyo mpamvu rero, ibihumyo bigira uruhare mu kurwanya imirire mibi no kurwanya indwara yo kugwingira mu bana.
Guhinga ibihumyo bishobora gukorerwa mu rugo, wifashishije ibikoresho biciriritse cyane cyane hagamijwe gutera inkunga imiryango ikennye ikeneye inkunga y'ibikoresho. Ibihumyo byera mu gihe gito, ntibikenera guhingwa ku butaka bunini kandi ntibutwara amafaranga menshi kuko hari ikoranabuhanga ryoroshye rikoreshwa mu kubihinga.
AMOKO
thumb|Ubwoko bw'iIbihumyo Hariho amoko menshi y'ibihumyo biribwa, ariko ahingwa muri aka karere k'ibiyaga bigari ni abiri gusa, ari yo: Pleurote  na Ganoderma. Pulerote  ni ubwoko bw'ibihumyo biribwa buhingirwa kugurishwa no kuribwa ku isi hose. Ubu bwoko bw'ibihumyo ntibugoye guteka kandi biraryoha.
GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO
Nk'imbuto cyanga imboga, ibihumyo byangirika vuba. Bishobora kubikwa ahantu hatari mu byuma bikonjesha mu gihe kitarenga amasaha 24. Ni ngombwa rero ko umuhinzi w'ibihumyo akora uko ashoboye kugira ngo ibihumyo bibisi bipfunyikwe kandi bibikwe ku buryo bukwiye ndetse binatunganywe kugira ngo bibashe kubikwa igihe kirekire. Gutunganya umusaruro w'ibihumyo bikorwa babishyira mu bikombe byabugenewe, babyumisha cyangwa babikuramo impumuro kugira ngo bizabikike igihe kirekire. Hakozwe ikoranabuhanga rigamije gukora ibiribwa bikoze mu bihumyo nk'imigati bita Piza, ifu y'ibihumyo itegurwamo isupu, ibisuguti n'ibindi byinshi.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Imbuto Ikiciro:Ibiribwa
Ikimenyetso cy’amapfa
Icyerekezo cy’amapfa, mu karere gikunze gukoreshwa mu gukurikirana ibiza by’amapfa no kwiga urugero nu buremere bw’ibihe by’amapfa. Ironderero rikoresha imvura nu bushyuhe bwo kwiga itangwa rya mazi ni bisabwa ukoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo kuringaniza amazi. Yakozwe n’iteganyagihe witwa Wayine, wasohoye bwa mbere uburyo bwe mu mpapuro zo mu 1965 z’amapfa y’ikirere ku biro bishinzwe ikirere cy’ibiro by’ikirere muri Amerika.
Abanyamateka bavuze ko akamaro k'ibipimo bigabanuka kubera imiterere yinzira uko bishakiye, harimo n'ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kugereranya. Indangagaciro idashobora kubara ubukonje nu butaka butose nabyo byavuzwe nkintege nke.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Joseph Kabagambe
Joseph Kabagambe (wavutse ku ya 3 Nzeri 1984) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru akaba ari  mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri  Uganda ukinira ikipe ya Al-Nil Al-Hasahesa yo muri Sudani, nka rutahizamu.
Umwuga
Yavukiye mu gace ka Mubare, mu Karere ka Kabale, Kabagambe yatangiye gukina umupira w'amaguru ku mpande zaho, mbere yo kwinjira muri Horizon FC muri 2000. Kabagambe yakinnye umupira wamaguru mu Rwanda na Sudani.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Uruganda rwa Supa
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe
alt=The global map shows sea temperature rises of 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius; land temperature rises of 1 to 2 degree Celsius; and Arctic temperature rises of up to 4 degrees Celsius.|thumb| Ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2021 ugereranije na 1956–1976 alt=The graph from 1880 to 2020 shows natural drivers exhibiting fluctuations of about 0.3 degrees Celsius. Human drivers steadily increase by 0.3 degrees over 100 years to 1980, then steeply by 0.8 degrees more over the past 40 years.|thumb| Guhindura mubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikirere kuva Revolution Revolution yinganda, wongeyeho abashoferi kuri izo mpinduka. Ibikorwa byabantu byatumye ubushyuhe bwiyongera, hamwe nimbaraga karemano zongeramo ibintu bitandukanye. Mu mikoreshereze rusange, imihindagurikire y’ikirere isobanura ubushyuhe bw’isi - kwiyongera kw’ubushyuhe buringaniye ku isi - n'ingaruka zabyo ku miterere y’ikirere ku isi. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu buryo bwagutse ikubiyemo n’imihindagurikire yigihe kirekire y’ikirere cy’isi. Ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwo ku isi burihuta kurusha impinduka zabanjirije iyi, kandi biterwa ahanini n'abantu batwika ibicanwa. Gukoresha lisansi y’ibinyabuzima, gutema amashyamba, hamwe n’ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ubuhinzi n’inganda byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane karuboni ya dioxyde na metani. Imyuka ya parike ikurura ubushyuhe isi imurika nyuma yo gushyuha izuba. Umubare munini wiyi myuka ifata ubushyuhe bwinshi mukirere cyo hasi cyisi, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwisi.
Kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubutayu buragenda bwiyongera, mu gihe ubushyuhe bw’umuriro n’umuriro bigenda bigaragara. Ubushyuhe bwiyongera muri Arctique bwagize uruhare mu gushonga permafrost, umwiherero w’ibarafu no gutakaza urubura rwo mu nyanja. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru nabwo butera umuyaga mwinshi, amapfa, nibindi bihe bikabije. Imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije mu misozi, amabuye ya korali, na Arctique ihatira amoko menshi kwimuka cyangwa kuzimangana. Nubwo imbaraga zo kugabanya ubushyuhe buzaza zigenda neza, ingaruka zimwe zizakomeza ibinyejana byinshi. Harimo gushyushya inyanja, aside yo mu nyanja no kuzamuka kwinyanja.
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ibangamira abantu bafite ikibazo cy’ibiribwa n’amazi, kwiyongera kw’umwuzure, ubushyuhe bukabije, indwara nyinshi, ndetse n’ubukungu. Kwimuka kwabantu namakimbirane nabyo birashobora kuba ibisubizo. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryita imihindagurikire y’ikirere kibangamiye ubuzima bw’isi yose mu kinyejana cya 21. Abaturage barashobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere binyuze mu mbaraga nko kurinda inkombe cyangwa kwagura uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere, ariko ingaruka zimwe ntizishobora kwirindwa. Ibihugu bikennye bifite uruhare runini ku byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, nyamara bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ingaruka nyinshi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zimaze kugaragara kuri 1.2 ° C (2.2 ° F) urwego rwo gushyuha. Ubushyuhe bwiyongereye buzongera izo ngaruka kandi burashobora gukurura ingingo, nko gushonga k'urubura rwa Greenland. Mu masezerano y’i Paris 2015, ibihugu byose byemeranije gukomeza gushyuha "munsi yimyaka 2 ° C ". Ariko, hamwe n’imihigo yatanzwe mu masezerano, ubushyuhe bw’isi buzakomeza kugera kuri 2.7 ° C (4.9 ° F) mu mpera z'ikinyejana. Kugabanya ubushyuhe kuri 1.5 ° C bizasaba kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu 2030 no kugera kuri 2050 imyuka ihumanya                Ingaruka zimwe z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, yerekeza ku isaha uhereye hejuru ibumoso: Inkongi y'umuriro yakajije umurego kubera ubushyuhe n’amapfa, ubukana bw’amapfa bwangiza amazi, hamwe no guhumanya amakorali yatewe n’ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja.
Kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya bisaba kubyara amashanyarazi aturuka kuri karubone nkeya aho gutwika ibicanwa. Iyi mpinduka ikubiyemo gukuraho amakara y’amashanyarazi na gaze gasanzwe, kongera cyane imikoreshereze y’umuyaga, izuba, n’ubundi bwoko bw’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu. Amashanyarazi akomoka ku masoko adatanga imyuka ya karubone azakenera gusimbuza ibicanwa biva mu kirere kugira ngo bitwarwe n’amashanyarazi, inyubako zishyushya, n’inganda zikora inganda. Carbone irashobora kandi gukurwa mu kirere, urugero nko kongera amashyamba no guhinga hakoreshejwe uburyo bufata karubone mu butaka.
Amagambo akunze gukoreshwa
Mbere ya za 1980, igihe bitari byumvikana neza niba ubushyuhe bwo kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere bwarushaga imbaraga ubukonje bw’imyuka ihumanya ikirere, abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresheje iryo jambo ry’imihindagurikire y’ikirere batabishaka bavuga ku ngaruka z’abantu ku kirere.
Mu myaka ya za 1980, ijambo ubushyuhe bw’isi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere byabaye byinshi. Nubwo ayo magambo yombi rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa mu buryo bumwe, mu buhanga, ubushyuhe bw’isi bwerekana gusa ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, mu gihe imihindagurikire y’ikirere isobanura impinduka zose z’imiterere y’ikirere ku isi. Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi - bwakoreshejwe mu 1975 - bwabaye ijambo ryamamaye cyane nyuma y’uko umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere wa NASA, James Hansen abukoresheje mu buhamya yatanze mu 1988 muri Sena ya Amerika. Kuva mu myaka ya za 2000, imihindagurikire y’ikirere yiyongereye mu mikoreshereze. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kandi kwerekeza cyane ku mpinduka zatewe n'abantu cyangwa impinduka kamere mu mateka y'isi.
Abahanga mu bya siyansi, abanyapolitiki ndetse n’itangazamakuru ubu bakoresha ijambo ikibazo cy’ikirere cyangwa ibihe byihutirwa by’ikirere kugira ngo baganire ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ubushyuhe bw’isi aho gukoresha ubushyuhe bw’isi.
Ubushyuhe bwerekanwe
Habayeho ubushyuhe buke hagati yikinyejana cya 18 hagati yikinyejana cya 19. Amakuru y’ikirere muri kiriya gihe aturuka ku miterere y’ikirere, nk'ibiti hamwe n’ibarafu. Inyandiko za Thermometero zatangiye gutanga amakuru ku isi ahagana mu 1850. Uburyo bwamateka yubushyuhe no gukonja, nka Climate Animate ya Medieval hamwe nigihe gito cyibarafu, ntibyigeze bibera icyarimwe mubice bitandukanye. Ubushyuhe bushobora kuba bwarageze hejuru nko mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 mu turere duto. Habayeho ibice byabanjirije amateka yubushyuhe bwisi, nka Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum. Nyamara, ubwiyongere bugezweho bwiyongera bwubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwa CO bwihuse cyane kuburyo ibintu bitunguranye bya geofiziki mumateka yisi bitegereye igipimo kiriho.
Ibimenyetso by'ubushyuhe buva mu bipimo by'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bishimangirwa n'ibindi byinshi byagaragaye. [39] Urugero, harahanuwe kandi harebwa impinduka z’amazi karemano y’amazi, nko kwiyongera inshuro n’ubukonje bw’imvura nyinshi, gushonga kwa shelegi n’ibarafu y’ubutaka, ndetse n’ubushyuhe bw’ikirere bwiyongera. Ibimera n'ibinyabuzima nabyo bitwara muburyo bujyanye n'ubushyuhe; kurugero, ibimera birabya kare mugihe cyizuba. Ikindi kimenyetso cyingenzi ni ugukonjesha ikirere cyo hejuru, byerekana ko imyuka ya parike irimo gufata ubushyuhe hafi yisi kandi ikayirinda gukwirakwira mu kirere.
Uturere twisi dushyushye kubiciro bitandukanye. Igishushanyo cyigenga aho imyuka ihumanya ikirere isohoka, kubera ko imyuka ikomeza igihe kirekire kuburyo ikwirakwira kwisi. Kuva mu bihe byabanjirije inganda, impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwo hejuru yubutaka bwiyongereye hafi inshuro ebyiri nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwisi. Ibi biterwa nubushyuhe bunini bwinyanja, kandi kubera ko inyanja itakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi mukumuka. Ingufu zumuriro muri gahunda y’ikirere ku isi ziyongereye hamwe n’ikiruhuko gito kuva byibuze mu 1970, kandi hejuru ya 90% y’izo mbaraga ziyongereye zabitswe mu nyanja. Ahasigaye hashyushye ikirere, ushonga urubura, kandi ususurutsa imigabane.
Inshingano yubushyuhe bwa vuba
right|thumb| Abatwara imihindagurikire y’ikirere kuva 1850–1900 kugeza 2010–2019. Nta ntererano ihambaye yatanzwe kuva imbere imbere cyangwa abashoferi b'izuba n'ibirunga. Imiterere yikirere ihura ninzinguzingo zitandukanye zishobora kumara imyaka (nka El Niño - Oscillation y'Amajyepfo (ENSO)), imyaka mirongo cyangwa ibinyejana. Izindi mpinduka ziterwa nubusumbane bwingufu "ziva" mumiterere yikirere, ariko ntabwo buri gihe hanze yisi. Ingero z’agahato ko hanze zirimo impinduka ziterwa nubushyuhe bwa gaze ya parike, urumuri rwizuba, kuruka kwikirunga, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye mubizenguruka isi kuzenguruka izuba.
Kugirango hamenyekane uruhare rwabantu mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere, hagomba kuvaho imihindagurikire y’ikirere imbere n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Uburyo bw'ingenzi ni ukumenya "igikumwe" kidasanzwe ku mpamvu zose zishobora gutera, hanyuma ugereranye ibyo bitoki hamwe nuburyo bugaragara bw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Kurugero, guhatira izuba birashobora kuvaho nkimpamvu ikomeye. Urutoki rwarwo rwaba rushyushye mu kirere cyose. Nyamara, ikirere cyo hasi gusa cyarashyushye, kijyanye na gazi ya parike. Uruhare rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ruheruka kwerekana ko umushoferi nyamukuru azamuye imyuka ihumanya ikirere, hamwe na aerosole igira ingaruka mbi.
Lucienne N'Da
Lucienne N'Da (wavutse ku ya 6 Nyakanga 1965) ni Umunya Kote Divuwari wasimbutse cyane kandi akaba Uwa twaye umudali wa Afurika inshuro enye. Gusimbuka kwe ku giti cye muri metero 1.95, yageze muri Shampiyona nyafurika yo mu 1992 yabereye Belle Vue Maurel. ahagarariye igihugu cye. Yitabiriye kandi imikino Olempike ibiri, i Seoul 1988 na Barcelona 1992.
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Imyuka yangiza ikirere
thumb|Ubushuhe bwa CO mumyaka 800.000 iheze nkuko bipimye kurubura rwa barafu    (ubururu / icyatsi) kandi butaziguye (umukara) Imyuka ya parike ibonerana ku zuba, bityo ikayemerera kunyura mu kirere kugira ngo ishyushya isi. Isi irabagirana nkubushyuhe, kandi imyuka ya parike ikurura igice cyayo. Uku kwinjiza bidindiza umuvuduko ubushyuhe bwahungira mu kirere, ugafata ubushyuhe hafi yubuso bwisi kandi bugashyuha mugihe runaka. Mbere y’Impinduramatwara mu nganda, ibisanzwe bisanzwe byuka bihumanya ikirere byatumye umwuka uri hafi yubuso ugera kuri 33 ° C hashyushye kuruta uko byari kugenda iyo badahari. Mugihe imyuka y'amazi (~ 50%) n'ibicu (~ 25%) aribyo bigira uruhare runini mubikorwa bya parike, byiyongera nkibikorwa byubushyuhe bityo bikaba ibisubizo. Ku rundi ruhande, imyuka ya gaze nka CO (~ 20%), tropone ya ozone,  CFCs na okiside ya nitrous ntabwo biterwa n'ubushyuhe, bityo rero ni imbaraga zo hanze.
Lucienne N'Da
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru