cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Erica Chissapa
Umwuga
Afite imyaka 14, Erica yinjiye mu ikinamico. Mugihe yari mu myitozo yitsinda ryamakinamico i Luanda, yatumiriwe gusimbura umwe mubakinnyi bakinnye, wagombaga gufungura nyuma yiminsi itatu. Hanyuma yimukiye kuri seri ya televiziyo abitumiwe n'umukinnyi Orlando Sérgio. Ariko, ntabwo yatsinze ikizamini cyambere. Nyuma yaje gutsinda guhitamo miniseries, ariko ikibabaje nuko umusaruro wahagaritswe nyuma yimitwe ibiri yanditswe. Icyakora, yakomeje kwigaragaza mu ikinamico ya Angola hamwe nitsinda ryamakinamico 'Henriques Artes'.
Mu 2005, yakinnye muri opera yisabune Sede de Viver anakina nka 'Kátia'. Intsinzi imaze gutsinda, yatumiwe kugira uruhare runini muri Brezil-Angola ikorana na Minha Terra Minha Mãe. Mu mwaka wa 2010, yakinnye muri filimi ya Porutugali - Angola Voo Directo. Muri uruhererekane, Érica yagize uruhare nka 'Weza Oliveira'. Muri 2014, yatumiriwe kujya mu ikinamico Jikulumessu n'umuririmbyi Coréon Dú.
references
Ikiciro:Filimi Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime
Inyange Girls School of Sciences
Inyange Girls School of Sciences ni ikigo cy' Ishuri giherereye mu gihugu cy' u Rwanda, Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda mu Akarere ka Rulindo, kikaba ari ikigo kigwamo n' Abana b' abakobwa gusa. Inyange Girls School of Sciences ni ikigo cyemewe kandi na leta y' u Rwanda, kikaba kibaruwe mu Urutonde rw'amashuri mu Rwanda mu mashuri yisumbuye.
Uko Ikigo Cyashinzwe
Igihugu cy' u Rwanda kubufatanye n' igihugu cy' u Ubushinwa, ibi bihugu byombi byishyize hamwe mugufatanya mubikorwa bitandukanye harimo no gushinga ibigo by' amashuri. muribyo babashije gushinga ikigo cya Inyange Girls School of sciences.
Igihugu cy' Ubushinwa cyahaye u Rwanda inkunga ikomeye yo kubaka umuhanda uva i Kigali ukagera i Musanze, uyu muhanda ukaba uca kukigo cya Inyange Girls School of Sciences. umuyobozi waruyoboye ikigo cya Inyange Girls school of Sciences mu mwaka wa 2012 Vital Nsengimana yavuzeko mbere yuko uyu muhanda wubakwa igihe cy' imvura umuhanda wabagamo ubunyerere bwinshi ndetse umuhanda ukanangirika kuburyo byabaga imbogamizi cyane kubanyeshuri ndetse nabandi bantu muri rusange bakoreshaga uwo muhanda.
igihugu cy' u Ubushinwa nicyo cyubatse ikigo cyishuri Inyange Girls School of Sciences, Ubushinwa ndetse byatanze inkunga yo guha Inyange Girls School of Sciences mudasobwa zigera kuri 36 muburyo bwo kunganira abanyeshuri munyigire yabo, hatanzwe n' ibitabo bitandukanye ndetse nibikoresho bya Siporo, Ubushinwa kandi bwemeye gutanga abarimu babiri babakorana bushake mugutanga amasomo ari mururimi rw' igishinwa.
Inyange girls School of Sciences yashinzwe kubwo ubufatanye bwa coperasiyo y' u Rwanda ndetse n' Ubushinwa ariyo yiswe mu rurimi ry' Icyongereza "Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)" aho igihugu cy' Ubushinwa cyemeye gukora imishinga itandukanye ku mugabane wa Afurika, imwe muri iyo mushinga niho bemeye kubaka ikigo cy' amashuri mugushyigikira uburezi mu Rwanda hubakwa ikigo cy' Ishuri Inyange Girls School of Sciences.
Imibereho y' Abanyeshuri mu Inyange Girls School of Sciences
Abanyeshuri biga mukigo cy' Inyange Girls School of Sciences bafite amahirwe menshi cyane kurenza ibindi bigo bya leta kuko abanyeshuri baho babona inkunga zitandukanye ndetse zibafasha kungererwa umubumenyi, babasha gukoresha mudasobwa mumyigire yabo, ndetse bafite inkunga z' ibitabo bitandukanye bahawe n' igihugu cy' Ubushinwa. abanyeshuri baho babasha kugira imyidagaduro itandukanye bifashishije inkunga y' ibikoresho bya Siporo bahawe, akarusho kandi abanyeshuri biga mu Inyange Girls School of Sciences bafite amahirwe yo kwiga ururimi rw' Igishinwa aho bitoroshye gupfa kubona amahirwe mubindi bigo bya Leta ndetse n' ibigo byigenga, amahirwe nkayo rero y' imbonekarimwe aboneka mukigo cy' Inyange Girls School of Sciences.
Inyungu yo kwiga mu Inyange Girls School of Sciences
Muburyo bw' ikoranabuhanga ikigo cy' Inyange Girls School of Sciences kubufatanye na Ministry of Education (Rwanda) abanyeshuri baho babasha kubona amasomo kurubuga rya Rwanda Education Board(REB) aho mugihe abanyeshuri batari kubasha kujya ku ishuri nko mugihe cya guma mu rugo cyangwa (COVID19) abanyeshuri bashobora gukomereza amasomo yabo kurubuga rwa (REB) kuburyo bitabasha guhungabanya imyigire yabo.
Mu mwaka wa 2016 taliki ya 24 Gicurasi, Ambasaderi w' igihugu cy' Ubushinwa n' u Rwanda Pan Hejun yitabiriye ibirori byabereye mu kigo cya Inyange Girls School of Sciences cyiswe "Chinese Teaching Equipement" aho Ambasaderi Pan Hejun yahagarariye amabasade y' Ubushinwa agaha ikigo mudasobwa, ibitabo ndetse nutubati two kubikamo ibikapu by' abanyeshuri. ibi biirori kandi byari byitabiriwe nabayobozi bashinzwe uburezi mu ntara y' amajyaruguru, umuyobozi mukuru w' ikigo cya Inyange Girls School of Sciences, Perezida wa confucius Institute, abari bahagarariye abarimu ndetse n' abanyeshuri.
Ibihembo
Mu mwaka wa 2014 abanyeshuri bo mu Inyange Girls School of Sciences bitabiriye amarushanwa yateguwe na ambasade y' igihugu cy' Ubushinwa. muri aya marushanwa yitabiriwe n' ibigo by' amashuri bitandukanye aho ikigo cya Inyange Girls School of Sciences cyari gihagarariwe n' abanyeshuri bane. Muri aya marushwanwa abanyeshuri bamaze umwanya bakora umukoro wo kuvuga ku mateka y' igihugu cy' Ubushinwa ndetse banavuga kumubano igihugu cy' u Rwanda gifitanye n' igihugu cy' Ubushinwa.
Nyuma y' amarushanwa habayeho gutangaza ikigo cyatsinze maze Inyange Girls School of Sciences iza kwisonga yegukana igihembo cya mbere. umwe mubanyeshuri bari bitabiriye irushanwa umutoniwase Jeannette yatangajeko aribyiza kwiga ku muco ndetse n' amateka y' ibihugu bitandukanye, yakomeje avugako kwiga indimi ndetse n' umuco wibindi bihugu bigira akamaro kanini ati kuko ushobora kwisanga uri mugihugu kitari icyawe rero ibyo wize bikaba byakubera ingirakamaro.
Ubukungu bw'Afurika
Inyandiko y'umwimerere: Economy Ubukungu bw'Afurika
Ubukungu bwa Afrika bugizwe nubucuruzi, inganda, ubuhinzi, hamwe n'abakozi. Mu mwaka wi 2019, ibihugu 54 bigize umugabane wa Afurika byari bituwe n'abantu bagera kuri miliyari 1,3. Afurika ni umugabane ukungahaye ku mutungo kamere. Iterambere ryo muri iyi myaka ryatewe no kwiyongera mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa, muri serivisi, ndetse n'umusaruro w'inganda. Biteganijwe ko umwaka wa 2050 uzagera Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, Afurika yo hagati na Afurika y'Epfo by'umwihariko, bigeze kuri GDP ingana na tiriyari 29 z'amadorari y'Amerika.
Muri Werurwe 2013, Afurika yagaragaye nk'umugabane ukennye cyane ku isi: Umusaruro rusange wa Afurika wose hamwe ni kimwe cya gatatu cy'umusaruro rusange w'Amerika; ariko, Banki y'Isi iteganya ko niba umuvuduko w'ubwiyongere ukomeje, mu 2025 ibihugu byinshi by'Afurika bizagera ku "rwego rwo hagati" rudakennye kandi rudakize (nukuvuga nibura amafaranga 1.000 y'amadolari y'Amerika  ku muntu ku mwaka).
Amateka
Mu mwaka w' 2018, Nijeriya niyo yari ifite ubukungu bukomeye mubijyanye na GDP nominal, igakurikirwa n' Afrika yepfo ukurikije PPP, Misiri ni iya kabiri mubijyanye na GDP nominal nyuma ya Nijeriya. Gineya Ekwatoriya li niyo yari ifite GDP ya mbere muri Afurika nubwo yarangwaga nihohoterwa no kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu bikungahaye kuri peteroli nka Alijeriya, Libiya na Gabon,n'ibikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro nka Botswana byagaragaye mubihugu bifite ubukungu bwa mbere kuva mu kinyejana cya 21, mu gihe Zimbabwe na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, byashobokaga ko byaba mu bihugu bikize ku isi, nyamara bikaba biri mu rutonde rw'ibihugu bikennye cyane ku isi kubera ruswa ikabije, politiki mbi, intambara ndetse n'umusaruro muke w'abakozi. Botswana yesheje imihigo muri Afurika ndetse no ku isi mukugira ubukungu bwihuta mu myaka ya 1966–1999.
Ibihe byubu
Umuryango w’abibumbye wateganyaga ko ubukungu bw’Afurika buzagera kuri 3.5% muri 2018 na 3,7% muri 2019. Kugeza mu 2007, iterambere muri Afurika ryari imbere yirya Aziya y'Uburasirazuba. Amakuru yerekana ko bimwe mu bice by'uyu mugabane bifite ubukungu buri kwihuta cyane, bitewe n'umutungo kamere wabyo no kongera umutekano wa politiki ndetse no kubungabunga amahoro byashyizwemo ingufu kuva 2007'. Banki y'isi ivuga ko ubukungu bw’ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara bwazamutse ku gipimo kingana cyangwa kirenga igipimo cyo kurwego rw’isi. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage rivuga ko iterambere ry' umugabane muri rusange riterwa ahanini n’ubukungu bw' igihugu cya Misiri, Nijeriya na Afurika yepfo, bitatu mu bihugu bifite ubukungu bukomeye muri Afurika.
Ibihugu by’Afurika byihuta mu bukungu byateye imbere cyane ku kigereranyo cy’isi. Ibihugu byambere mu 2007 birimo Moritaniya yiyongereyeho 19.8%, Angola 17,6%, Sudani 9,6%, Mozambike kuri 7.9% na Malawi kuri 7.8%. Ibindi bihugu byateye imbere byihuse harimo u Rwanda, Mozambike, cade, Nijer i, Burkina Faso, Etiyopiya Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, iterambere ryabaye ribi, riranadindira mu bice byinshi bya Afurika harimo Zimbabwe, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Repubulika ya Kongo n'Uburundi. Inzego mpuzamahanga nyinshi zishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bukungu bwa Afurika bugenda buzamuka, cyane cyane ko Afurika ikomeje kuzamuka mu bukungu nubwo ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi. Igipimo cy’inyungu ku ishoramari muri Afurika kuri ubu nicyo kiri hejuru mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.
Kugabanya imyenda bikemurwa n’ibigo bimwe na bimwe mpuzamahanga hagamijwe gushyigikira iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Afurika. Mu 1996, Umuryango w'abibumbye wateye inkunga gahunda y'ibihugu bikennye cyane (HIPC), nyuma iyo gahunda ifatwa na IMF, Banki y'Isi ndetse n'Ikigega Nyafurika gishinzwe iterambere ( AfDF) mu buryo bwo gurangiza amadeni menshi (MDRI). Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, iki gikorwa cyakuyeho kimwe cya kabiri cyimyenda ku bihugu 30 bya Afurika.
Ubwiyongere bw'ubucuruzi
Ubucuruzi bwateje imbere cyane ubukungu bwa Afurika mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21. Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde nibo bafatanyabikorwa b'ingenzi mu bucuruzi; 12.5% by'ibituruka muri Afurika byoherezwa mu Bushinwa, naho 4% byoherezwa mu Buhinde, ibingana na 5% by'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu Bushinwa naho 8% mu buhinde. Itsinda ry'ibihugu bitanu ( Indoneziya, Maleziya, Arabiya Sawudite, Tayilande, na Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abarabu ) na ryo ni soko rikomeye cyane ku byo Afurika yohereza mu mahanga.
Ejo hazaza
Ubukungu bwa Afurika, kwagura ubucuruzi, ubumenyi bw’icyongereza (ururimi rukoreshwa cyane mu bihugu byinshi byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara), guteza imbere gusoma no kwandika, kubona aho abaturage bakura amafaranga, ndetse n’abakozi bahendutse - biteganijwe ko bizakomeza gushyirwamo ingufu mu bihe biri imbere. Ubucuruzi hagati ya Afurika n'Ubushinwa bwageze kuri miliyari 166 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2011.
Afurika izagira "inyungu zishingiye ku mubare wabaturage" mu 2035, igihe abakozi bayo bakiri bato bo munzego zitandukanye bazaba bafite abana bake ndetse n’umubare wabari mukiruhuko kizabukuru ari bake ugereranije n' Amerika n'Uburayi. Umubare w'abakozi bize nawo uri kuzamuka, hafi kimwe cya kabiri biteganijwe ko bazaba bafite amashuri yisumbuye mu 2020. Abaguzi nabo bakomeje kwiyongera muri Afurika kandi biteganijwe ko bizakomeza. Afurika ifite abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 90 bafite amafaranga yinjira mu rugo arenga amadorali y'Amerika 5,000, bivuze ko bashobora gukoresha igice kirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’amafaranga binjiza mu mu kugura ibirenze ibikenewe. Uyu mubare biteganijwe ko ushobora kugera kuri miliyoni 128 muri 2020.
Gahunda nshya y’iterambere ry’ubukungu yatangijwe n’abanyamuryango b’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika bagera kuri 27 bagize bimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere ku mugabane w’Afurika, izarushaho guteza imbere ubukungu, imibereho myiza y'abaturage na politiki by’umugabane. Agace kigenga k’ubucuruzi nyafurika kazazamura ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi hagati mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'ubumwe bw'Afurika ndetse no ku mugabane wa Afurika. Ibi bizagabanya cyane gutegereza ibyo Afurika itumiza mu mahanga birimo ibikoresho fatizo.
Ikinyuranyo hagati y’ibihugu bikize n’ibikennye biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka icumi iri imbere.
Kwihangira imirimo
Kwihangira imirimo ni urufunguzo rw'iterambere. Guverinoma zakagombye kwita kugushyiraho mategeko meza agenga ubucuruzi kugira ngo zishyigikire guteza imbere guhanga udushya. Muri 2019, inkunga yo gutangiza ishoramari yariyongereye igera kuri miliyari 1,3 z'amadolari.
Impamvu z'idindira ryubukungu mu myaka yashize
Imiterere ku budakemwa bw'ubukene bwa Afurika bwateje impaka ku mvano zabyo. Intambara n’imyivumbagatanyo, ruswa ikabije, n’ubutegetsi bubi nizo mpamvu z'ingenzi zitera idindira ry'ubukungu bw'Afurika. Ubukoloni bwa Afurika bwateye umutekano muke kubera intambara n'imyivuvagatanyo yaburangaga. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati, Intambara y'ubutita no kwiyongera kwa ruswa no kwiheba kwabaturage nabyo byagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry' ubukungu bwa Afurika.
Nk’uko ikinyamakuru The Economist kibitangaza ngo ibintu by'ingenzi byateye ihungabana ry'ubukungu ni ruswa muri guverinoma, ihungabana rya politiki, ubukungu bw’abasosiyalisiti, na politiki ikumira ubucuruzi.
Ibikorwa Remezo
Nk’uko abashakashatsi bo mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga babitangaza, kubura ibikorwa remezo mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere n'imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zituma ubukungu budindira ndetse bigakerereza no kugera ku ntego z'ikinyagihumbi (MDGs). Ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo no kubibungabunga birahenze,  cyane cyane mu bihugu bidakora ku nyanja, ibyaro ndetse n’ibihugu bituwe cyane muri Afurika.
Byaganiriweho ko ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ryagize uruhare rurenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’iterambere rya Afurika hagati ya 1990 na 2005 kandi ko kongera ishoramari ari ngombwa kugira ngo iterambere ryiyongere kandi rikemure ubukene. Inyungu ku ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ni ingirakamaro cyane, ugereranije 30-40% by'ubukungu byinjirira mu ishoramari ryitumanaho (ICT), hejuru ya 40% mu mamashanyarazi, na 80% kumihanda.
Muri Afurika, havugwa ko kugira ngo intego zikinyagihumbi (MDGs) zigerweho bitarenze 2015, ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo ryakenera kugera kuri 15% bya GDP (hafi miliyari 93 z'amadolari y'Amerika ku mwaka). Kugeza ubu, inkomoko yinkunga igenda itandukana cyane bitewe ninzego. Inzego zimwe ziganjemo amafaranga ya leta, izindi ziganjemo inkunga ziva mumahanga (ODA) naho izindi n'abashoramari bigenga. Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara, Leta imwe ikoresha hafi miliyari 9.4 z'amadolari muri miliyari 24.9 z'amadorari.
Mu kuhira ibihingwa, mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara, amafaranga hafi ya  yose akoreshwa ava mu ngengo yimari ya leta; mu bijyanye  nubwikorezi namashanyarazi igice kinini cy'ishoramari kiva mumafaranga ya leta ; mu ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, amazi n’isuku, igice kinini cy’ingengo yimari kiva mu bikorera no mu bigo byigenga. Inkunga yo hanze yavuye kuri miliyari 7 z'amadolari (2002) igera kuri miliyari 27 z'amadolari (2009). By'umwihariko, Ubushinwa bwagaragaye nk'umushoramari w'ingenzi.
Ubukoloni
Ingaruka ku bukungu zatewe no gukoloniza Afurika zaganiriweho. Muri iki kibazo, ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abashakashatsi, bamwe muri bo batekereza ko Abanyaburayi bagize ingaruka nziza kuri Afurika; abandi bemeza ko iterambere rya Afurika ryadindijwe n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni. Igitekerezo kivuga ko idindira ry'ubukungu bwAfurika muri iki gihe riterwa ahanini n’ibikorwa byakomeje gukorwa n’ibihugu by’abakoloni kugira ngo umugabane ukomeze ukene.
Intego nyamukuru yubutegetsi bwabakoloni muri Afrika n’ibihugu by’abakoloni by’Uburayi kwari ugukoresha umutungo kamere wumugabane wa Afurika ku giciro gito. Bamwe mu banditsi nka Walter Rodney mu gitabo cye kivuga ngo uko Uburayi bwakenesheje Afurika, bavuga ko politiki ya gikoroni ari yo nyirabayazana w'ibibazo byinshi muri Afurika. Abatavugarumwe nubukoloni bashinja abakoloni kuba barashyizeho amategeko akandandamiza abanyafurika, akabasuzuguza, akabatesha agaciro kandi agatuma batigirira ikizere. Abandi bahanga bize nyuma y’abakoloni, twavuga nka Frantz Fanon , nabo bashimangiye icyo gitekerezo; bavuze ko ingaruka nyazo z’ubukoloni ari imitekerereze yo hasi kandi ko gutegekwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga bitera imyumvire irambye yo kumva ko uri hasi kandi ko kugandukira ibihugu byuburayi bitera inzitizi mu gutera imbere no guhanga udushya. Gihamya yizo ngingo nuko ubu hari kuvuka igisekuru gishya cy’Abanyafurika kidafite ibyo ibitekerezo abakoloni bari barashyize mubanyafurika ba kera akaba ariyo mpamvu hari kuboneka impinduka mu bukungu muri iyi myaka.
Abahanga mu by'amateka LH Gann na Peter Duignan bavuze icyo Afurika ishobora kuba yarungukiye kubukoloni ari imyumvire y' uburinganire. Ubukoroni nubwo bwari bufite ibibi byinshi ariko bufatwa nkimwe mu moteri zakoreshejwe cyane mu gukwirakwiza umuco mu mateka y'isi". Ibi bitekerezo ariko, ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi byanzwe na bamwe babona ko nta kiza cy'ubukoloni. Umuhanga mu by'amateka yubukungu David Kenneth Fieldhouse yanze kugira aho abogamira, avuga ko ingaruka z’ubukoloni zari nke kandi ko intege nke nyamukuru zabakoloni zitari mu kudindiza iterambere nkana ahubwo intege nke zabo ziri mubyo bananiwe gukora. Niall Ferguson yemera ingingo ye ya nyuma, avuga ko intege nke z’abakoloni ari uko bananiwe kuzuza inshingano zabo. Isesengura ry’ubukungu bw’ibihugu bya Afurika risanga ibihugu byigengaga nka Liberiya na Etiyopiya bitaragize ubukungu bwiza kurusha bagenzi babo bakoronijwe . By'umwihariko urwego rwubukungu kubahoze bakolonijwe n’abongereza rwari rwiza kuruta ibihugu byigengaga ndetse n’abahoze bakolonijwe n’Abafaransa.
Ubukene bwo muri Afurika bwabayeho na mbere y'ubukoloni. Jared Diamond avuga ko Afurika yahoze ikennye kubera ibintu byinshi byagize ingaruka mu mateka yiterambere. Muri ibyo bintu harimo ubwinshi bwabaturage, kubura amatungo n’ibimera, hamwe nimiterere y'afurika,kuko ifite icyerekezo cy’amajyaruguru-Amajyepfo. Icyakora ibitekerezo bya Diamond byanenzwe na bamwe barimo James Morris Blaut. Umuhanga mu by'amateka John K. Thornton avuga ko Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara yari ikize kandi ko yateye imbere mu ikoranabuhanga kugeza nibura mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi. Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko muri rusange Afurika yari ikennye kurusha isi yose mu mateka yayo, usibye ibice bimwe na bimwe bya Afurika. Urugero, Acemoglue na Robinson, bavuga ko igice kinini cya Afurika cyahoze gikennye cyane, ariko " Aksum, Gana, Songhay, Mali, na Zimbabwe .... birashoboka ko byari biteye imbere nk'ibindi bihugu byo muricyo gihe ku isi hose." Abantu batari bake barimo Rodney na Joseph E. Inikori bavuze ko ubukene bwa Afurika mu ntangiriro y’abakoloni bwatewe ahanini n’igihombo cy’abaturage kijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara ndetse n’izindi mpinduka z’abaturage. Abandi nka JD Fage na David Eltis banze iki gitekerezo.
Indimi zitandukanye
Ibihugu bya Afrika bifite ibibazo byitumanaho biterwa nindimi zitandukanye. Ikigereranyo cya Greenberg kerekana ko amahirwe menshi aruko abantu babiri batoranijwe ku bushake baba bafite indimi kavukire zitandukanye. Ufashe ibihugu 25 bitandukanye ukurikije iki cyigereranyo, 18 (72%) ni Abanyafurika. Nyamara, usanga ururimi rwibanze rwa zaguverinoma, ibiganiro bya politiki, ibiganiro by’amasomo, n’ubuyobozi akenshi bikorwa mu rurimi rw’ibihugu byahoze byakoronije Afurika; Icyongereza, Igifaransa, cyangwa Igiporutugali.
Ubucuruzi bushingiye ku bitekerezo
Igitekerezo remezo cyemeza ko ubutunzi n’iterambere ry’ibihugu bikomeye by’Uburayi, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru na Aziya y'Iburasirazuba babukesha ubukene bw'isi yose, harimo na Afurika. Abahanga mu bukungu bashyigikiye iki gitekerezo bemeza ko uturere dukennye tugomba guhagarika umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu byateye imbere kugira ngo dutere imbere.
Ibitekerezo bidahwitse byo gukumira ubukungu mu bihugu byateye imbere bidindiza iterambere rya Afurika. Iyo ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byasaruye umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ku giciro gito, muri rusange ntabwo byohereza hanze ku giciro kinini nkuko byari byitezwe. Ibikomoka k'ubuhinzi, ibiciro biri hejuru mu bitumizwa mu bihugu byateye imbere, cyane cyane ibyashyizweho n' ubuyapani, umuryango w' ubumwe bw'uburayi , Politiki rusange y'ubuhinzi, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika; ishami ry'ubuhinzi, ni zimwe mumpamvu zitera ibyo biciro.
Imiterere yafurika nayo igira ingaruka kubyoherezwa hanze; amategeko ya leta zibihugu byinshi bya Afrika nayo abangamira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubushakashatsi mu kubukungu rusange nku bwo Jane Shaw yakoze bwerekana ko gukumira ibicuruzwa bihungabanya iterambere ry’ubukungu. Abahinzi bahura nikumirwa ryibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biba ngombwa ko bakoresha amasoko yaho batuye bakabura amahirwe yo kujya kwisoko rinini kandi mpuzamahanga. ibyo bituma isoko riba rito, abahinzi bagacika intege zo guhanga udushya kandi bagahinga ibiribwa bike ibyo byose bikadindiza ubukungu.
Imiyoborere
Nubwo Afurika na Aziya byari byinjije amafaranga asa mu myaka ya za 1960, Aziya imaze kurenga Afurika, usibye ibihugu bike bikennye cyane kandi byugarijwe n'intambara nka Afuganisitani na Yemeni. Ishuri rimwe ry’ubukungu rivuga ko iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Aziya rishingiye ku ishoramari ryaho. Ruswa muri Afurika igizwe ahanini no gukuraho ubukungu buturuka ku bukode no kwimurira imari shingiro  mumahanga aho gushora imari murugo; ndetse nimyumvire y'abanyagitugu b'Abanyafurika bafite konti za banki mu Busuwisi. Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Massachusetts Amherst bavuga ko kuva mu 1970 kugeza 1996, ingengo y'imari yavuye mu bihugu 30 byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara yose hamwe ingana na miliyari 187 z'amadolari, arenga amadeni ibyo bihugu bifitiye amahanga. Abanditsi Leonce Ndikumana na James K. Boyce bavuga ko kuva mu 1970 kugeza 2008, imari shingiro yavuye mu bihugu 33 byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara yose hamwe yari miliyari 700. Iri tandukaniro mu iterambere rihuye nigitekerezo cyatanzwe n'umuhanga mu bukungu Mancur Olson. Kubera ko leta zari zifite ubutegetsi buhindagurika kandi leta nshya zakunze kwambura imitungo abayobozi bazibanjirije, abayobozi babika umutungo wabo mu mahanga, kugira ngo batazawamburwa.
Umunyagitugu wu munyekongo Mobutu Sese Seko yabaye ruharwa muri ruswa, n'icyenewabo, nyuma yo kunyereza hagati ya miliyari 4 na 15 zamadorali y'Amerika ku ngoma ye. Guverinoma z'abasosiyaliste zateye Marxisme, hamwe n'ivugurura ry'ubutaka, nazo zagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry'ubukungu muri Afurika. urugero, ubutegetsi bwa Robert Mugabe muri Zimbabwe, cyane cyane ifatira ry’abahinzi b’abazungu, byatumye ubukungu bw’ubuhinzi bw’igihugu bwangirika, ahahoze ari kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye bya Afurika; Mugabe yari yarashyigikiwe  nuburusiya  n'Ubushinwa mugihe cy'intambara yo kubohora Zimbabwe. Muri Tanzaniya, Perezida w’abasosiyaliste Julius Nyerere yeguye mu 1985 nyuma y’uko politiki ye yo guhuriza hamwe ubuhinzi mu 1971 itumye ubukungu bwangirika, inzara ikumirwa gusa n’inkunga nini yatanzwe nikigega mpuzamahanga cy'ubukungu n’ibindi bihugu by’amahanga. Tanzaniya yasigaye nka kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane kwisi kandi bishingiye ku mfashanyo, kandi byatwaye imyaka mirongo kugira ngo ikire. Kuva ishyaka ry’abasosiyalisiti ryavaho mu 1992, ikimukira muri demokarasi, Tanzaniya yagize iterambere ryihuse mu bukungu, yiyongeraho 6.5% muri 2017.
Inkunga z’amahanga
Kohereza ibiryo mugihe habaye ikibazo cyibura ryabyo ntabwo bikunze kugirwaho impaka muri rusange; ariko nkuko Amartya Sen yabigaragaje, inzara nyinshi ziterwa no kubura amafaranga aho kuba kubura ibiryo. Mu bihe nk'ibi, imfashanyo y'ibiribwa - bitandukanye n'inkunga y'amafaranga - igira ingaruka zo kwangiza ubuhinzi bwaho bayohereje kandi abahinzi bo mubihugu byiburengerazuba (uburayi) bakabyungukiramo kuko baba basabwa umusaruro mwinshi.
Mu mateka, imfashanyo y'ibiribwa ifitanye isano cyane no gucuruza ibiribwa byinshi mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba kuruta ibikenewe mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.
Igitekerezo cy’imfashanyo cyanenzweho kubangamira ingamba z’ubucuruzi. Ibimenyetso bigenda byiyongera byerekana ko inkunga z’amahanga zatumye umugabane ukena. Umwe mu banenze cyane uburyo bwo guteza imbere imfashanyo ni umuhanga mu by'ubukungu Dambisa Moyo (impuguke mu by'ubukungu,umunyazambiya uba muri Amerika), yarwanyije igitekerezo cy’imfashanyo, yerekana uburyo inkunga z’amahanga zadindije iterambere ry’Afurika.
Muri iki gihe, Afurika ihura n'ikibazo cyo gukurura inkunga z’amahanga mu turere dufite amafaranga menshi ava mubyacurujwe. Ikeneye andi mabwiriza agenga ubukungu no kugira uruhare rugaragara mubukungu bwisi. Kubera ko guhatanira inkunga z’amahanga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bigenda byiyongera, Afurika yagerageje gukomeza urugamba rwayo rwo gukumira inkunga z’amahanga ifata inshingano nyinshi ku rwego rw’akarere ndetse no kurwamahanga. Byongeye kandi, Afurika yashyizeho ' gahunda y'ibikorwa byafurika' mu rwego rwo kugira umubano mushya n’abafatanyabikorwa mu iterambere kugira ngo basangire inshingano zijyanye no kuvumbura uburyo bwo kubona abashoramari b’abanyamahanga.
Guhagarika ubucuruzi ni miryango myinshi
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika niryo tsinda rinini mu bukungu mpuzamahanga ku mugabane wa Afurika. Intego z’uyu muryango zirimo gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, ihuriro rya gasutamo, isoko rimwe, banki nkuru, n’ifaranga rimwe (reba ubumwe bw’imari nyafurika ), bityo hagashyirwaho ubumwe bw’ubukungu n’ifaranga rimwe. Gahunda iriho ni ugushirahourya Umuryango w’ubukungu bw'Afurika ufite ifaranga rimwe muri 2023. Banki nyafurika yishoramari igamije gushimangira iterambere. Gahunda y' umuryango w'ubumwe bw'Afurika ikubiyemo kandi ikigega cy’imari nyafurika kiganisha kuri Banki Nkuru y'Afurika. Amashyaka amwe ashyigikiye iterambere ry’Afurika yunze ubumwe.
Mu ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’amafaranga n’amabanki harimo:
Uturere
Ibikorwa by'ubukungu byongeye kwiyongera muri Afurika. Ariko, umuvuduko wo gukira nturi kurwego rumwe mubaturage bibihugu n'uturere. Ibihugu byohereza peteroli muri rusange birakize cyane kuruta ibihugu bitumiza peteroli. Afurika y'Iburengerazuba na Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nibyo bice bibiri byitwaye neza mu mwaka wa 2010.
Ubucuruzi bw’Afurika bwadindijwe na politiki yo gukumirana hagati y'ibihugu n’uturere. N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bigize Isoko rusange ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo (COMESA), akarere gakomeye cyane mu bukungu, bwikubye inshuro esheshatu mu myaka icumi ishize kugeza mu 2012. Urugero, Gana na Kenya byateje imbere amasoko mu karere kubikoresho byubaka, nimashini, bitandukanye cyane n’ibicuruzwa by’amabuye y’ubuhinzi bigize igice kinini cy’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga.
Abaminisitiri b’ubucuruzi bo muri Afurika bemeye mu mwaka wa 2010 gushyiraho akarere k’ubucuruzi ka Pan-Afrika. Ibi bizagabanya imisoro y’ibihugu ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kandi byongere ubucuruzi bw’imbere muri Afurika, kandi ibi bitanga ikizere kubukungu butandukanye muri rusange.
Inzego z'ubukungu n'inganda
Kubera ko Afurika yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ikomeje ahanini gushingira ku bikoresho fatizo, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bihura n'ihindagurika ry’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa. Ibi byongerera umugabane kwibasirwa n’ihungabana ryo hanze kuyindi migabane kandi bigashimangira ibikenerwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubucuruzi bwa serivisi, cyane cyane ingendo n’ubukerarugendo, bwakomeje kwiyongera mu mwaka wa 2012, bishimangira imbaraga z’umugabane muri uru rwego.
Ubuhinzi
Mu gihe ibihugu by'Afurika byohereza ibihingwa mu Burengerazuba, abaturage b'Afurika amamiriyoni bicwa ninzara bitewe n’ibihugu byateye imbere birimo Ubuyapani, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika. Ibi bihugu birinda urwego rw’ubuhinzi bigakumira amahoro menshi yibitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bigatanga inkunga ku bahinzi babo, bigatuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi cyane w’ibicuruzwa nk’ingano, ipamba n’amata. Ingaruka zibi nuko igiciro cyibicuruzwa nkibi gikomeza kugabanuka kwisi kugeza igihe abanyafurika badashoboye guhangana kwisoko, usibye ibihingwa byera muri Afurika gusa.
Mu myaka yashize ibihugu nka Berezile byabonye umusaruro w’ubuhinzi uri hejuru, byemeye gusangira ikoranabuhanga na Afurika mu kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ku mugabane wa Afurika kugira ngo ube umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi ukomeye. Kongera ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinzi muri Afurika muri rusange bifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubukene muri Afurika. Isoko ryabakeneye kakawo nyafurika ryarazamutse cyane n’ibiciro birazamuka mu 2008. Guverinoma ya Nijeriya, Afurika y'Epfo  na Uganda zakuye inyungu ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe by’ubuhinzi byashakishwaga cyane kwisoko  kandi bashyira ingufu mu kuzamura urwego rw’ubuhinzi. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika urateganya gushora imari cyane mu buhinzi bwa Afurika kandi ibyo bikurikiranirwa hafi bikanashyigikirwa na Loni.
Ingufu z'amashanyarazi
Afurika ifite umutungo kamere wo kubyara ingufu z'amashanyarazi muburyo butandukanye ( ingomero z'amazi, ibigega bya peteroli na gaze, umusaruro wamakara, umusaruro wa iraniyumu, ingufu zishobora kubaho nkizuba, umuyaga na geothermal). Kubura iterambere ryibikorwa remezo muri iki gihe bivuze ko hakoreshwa bike muri ibyo byavuzwe haruguru. Abakoresha amashanyarazi menshi muri Afurika ni Afurika y'Epfo, Libiya, Namibiya, Misiri, Tuniziya, na Zimbabwe, buri wese akoresha hagati ya kilowati 1000 na 5000 kuri metero kare ku muntu, bitandukanye na Etiyopiya, Eritereya, na Tanzaniya, aho gukoresha amashanyarazi kuri buri muntu bikiri hasi cyane.
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli ubwayo byoherezwa hanze nibihugu 14 bya Afurika. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli byagize 46,6% by’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze n'Afurika mu 2010; icya kabiri Afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze karemano, ibingana na 6.3% by’ibyo Afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze.
Ibikorwa Remezo
Kubura ibikorwa remezo ni inzitizi kubucuruzi bwa Afrika. Nubwo Afurika ifite ibyambu byinshi, kubura ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu byongera 30-40% kubiciro, ku byambu bitandukanye bya Aziya.
Imishinga ya gari ya moshi yabaye ingenzi mu turere ducukura amabuye y'agaciro guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi watangiye gutekerezwaho mugihe cyabakoloni, ukorwa mugihe cya nyuma yubukoloni. Jedwab na Storeygard bemeje ko kuva muri 1960 kugeza 2015 hari isano rikomeye hagati yishoramari ryubwikorezi niterambere ryubukungu. Politiki ikomeye yari igizwe no kwishyira hamwe kwa mbere yubukoloni, gucamo ibice byamoko, gutura i Burayi, ubwigenge ku umutungo kamere, na demokarasi.
Ibikorwa remezo byinshi binini birakomeje muri Afrika. Kugeza ubu, imishinga myinshi iri mu gukora no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi. Indi mishinga myinshi iri mugukora imihanda ya kaburimbo, gari ya moshi, ibibuga byindege, nibindi byubaka.
Ibikorwa remezo by'itumanaho nabyo biri kwiyongera muri Afrika. Nubwo interineti iri gutera imbere muyindi migabane, iracyari kuri 9% muri Afurika. Mu 2011, byagereranijwe ko telefoni zigendanwa 500.000.000 z'ubwoko bwose zakoreshwaga muri Afurika, harimo terefone 15,000,000 " zigezweho ".
Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro na peteroli
Inganda zamabuye y'agaciro muri Afrika nizimwe mu nganda nini ku isi. Afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri munini, ufite kilometero kare miliyoni 30 z'ubutaka, bivuzeko ifite umutungo kamere munini. Mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, ubucukuzi bw'ibinombe n’umusaruro wabyo bigize igice kinini cy’ubukungu bwabyo kandi bikomeza kuba urufunguzo rw’iterambere ry’ejo hazaza. Afurika ikize kumabuye y'agaciro kandi iza ku mwanya wa mbere cyangwa uwa kabiri kwisi kuri bauxite, cobalt, diyama yo mu nganda, urutare rwa fosifate, ibyuma bya platine (PGM), vermiculite, na zirconium. Ubucukuzi bwa zahabu niwo mutungo nyamukuru wa Afurika.
Inganda
Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ndetse n’Umuryango w’abibumbye bagaragaje gahunda yerekana uburyo Afurika ishobora kwifasha mu nganda no guteza imbere inganda zikomeye ku rwego rujyanye n’ubukungu bwa Afurika mu myaka ya za 1960 hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kinyejana cya 21. kwibanda ku kuzamura umusaruro wibintu bitandukanye munganda, ndetse numusaruro w’ubuhinzi, byatanze icyizere ko ikinyejana cya 21 kizaba ikinyejana cy’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga muri Afurika. Ibi byiringiro, hamwe nizamuka ryabayobozi bashya muri Afurika mu bihe biri imbere, byatumye habaho ijambo " ikinyejana cy'Afurika ", bisobanuye ko ikinyejana cya 21 ari ikinyejana imirimo myinshi, imari shingiro, hamwe n’umutungo by'Afurika bishobora kuba aribyo isi izaba ishingiyeho. Ibi byiringiro byo mu nganda bifashwa n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho  n’inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro  muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Namibia yakuruye ishoramari mu nganda mu myaka yashize ndetse n'Afurika y'Epfo yatangiye gutanga imisoro yo gukurura imishinga ishora imari itaziguye mu nganda.
Ibihugu nka Maurice bifite gahunda yo guteza imbere "ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije" munganda. Iterambere nkiryo rifite amahirwe menshi yo gufungura amasoko mashya mubihugu bya Afrika kuko hateganijwe ko hazakenerwa ikoranabuhanga ryiza ritangiza ibidukikije mu gihe kiri imbere kuko ibigega bya peteroli ku isi biri gukama kandi ikoranabuhanga rishingiye kuri peteroli rikaba rigenda rita agaciro mu bukungu.
Nijeriya mu myaka yashize yateje imbere inganda, Kurubu ifite uruganda rukora ibinyabiziga kavukire, Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM) rugakora Bisi yihuta, Amakamyo na SUV hamwe nimodoka zindi nshyashya. Ibirango bitandukanye byabo byimodoka biraboneka muri Nigeriya, Gana no mubindi bihugu bya Afrika yuburengerazuba. Nijeriya kandi ifite abakora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nka Zinox, mudasobwa ya mbere ifite ikirango cya Nigeriya. Muri 2013, Nijeriya yashyizeho politiki yerekeye imisoro ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ishishikarize amasosiyete afite inganda muri icyo gihugu. Ni muri urwo rwego, amwe mu masosiyete akora ibinyabiziga byo mu mahanga nka Nissan yamenyesheje gahunda zabo zo kugira inganda zikorera muri Nijeriya. Usibye ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibinyabiziga, abaguzi benshi, imiti, ibyo kwisiga, ibikoresho byo kubaka, imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, plastiki n'ibindi nabyo bikorerwa muri icyo gihugu kandi byoherezwa mu bindi bihugu byo mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika na Afurika muri rusange. Muri iki gihe Nijeriya niyo ikora sima nyinshi muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Dangote Cement Factory, Obajana ni rwo ruganda runini rwa sima mu munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ogun niyo ifatwa nk'ihuriro ry’inganda muri Nijeriya (kubera ko inganda nyinshi ziherereye muri Ogun ndetse n’amasosiyete menshi yimukirayo), igakurikirwa na Lagos.
Urwego rwinganda ruracyari ruto ariko ruri gukura muri Afrika yuburasirazuba. Inganda nyamukuru harimo urwimyenda, urutunganya impu, ubuhinzi, ibikomoka ku miti, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’imodoka. Ibihugu bya Afrika yuburasirazuba nka Uganda nabyo bikora moto zigurishwa kumasoko yimbere mu gihugu.
Ishoramari n'amabanki
Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde byagaragaje ubushake mukugira uruhare ku bukungu bwa Afurika mu kinyejana cya 21. Ishoramari ry’ubufatanye hagati ya Afurika n'Ubushinwa ryariyongereye cyane mu myaka yashize mu gihe ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi.
Ishoramari ry'ubushinwa ryariyongereye muri Afurika bituma Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nawo ushaka kongera ishoramari. Abanyamuryango ba diyasipora nyafurika mu mahanga, cyane cyane mu bihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika, bongereye imbaraga zo gukoresha ubucuruzi bwabo mu gushora imari muri Afurika no gushishikariza ishoramari nyafurika mu mahanga mu bukungu bw’Uburayi.
Kohereza amafaranga muri dyiasipora nyafurika no kongera inyungu mu ishoramari riva mu Burengerazuba bizafasha cyane cyane ubukungu bwa Afurika butaratera imbere kandi bwangiritse cyane nk'Uburundi, Togo na Comoros. Icyakora, abahanga barinubira amafaranga menshi agira mu kohereza amafaranga muri Afurika kubera ko Western Union na MoneyGram bigenzura isoko ryohereza amafaranga muri Afurika, bigatuma Afurika ari isoko ryo kohereza amafaranga ahenze ku isi. Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko amafaranga menshi yo gutunganya ajyanye no kohereza amafaranga muri Afurika abangamira iterambere ry’ibihugu bya Afurika.
Angola yatangaje ko ishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bihugu by’Uburayi,cyane cyane Porutugali. Afurika y'Epfo yakunze kwitabwaho na Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika mwishoramari ryinganda, ku isoko ry'imari no mu bucuruzi buciriritse, kimwe na Liberiya mu myaka yashize iyobowe n'ubuyobozi bwayo bushya.
Hariho ibigo bibiri by'ubumwe bw’ifaranga ry'Afurika: Banki y'Afurika yiburengerazuba hamwe na banki y'Afurika yo hagati. yombi akoresha amafaranga ya CFA (akoreshwa n'ibihugu byakoronijwe n'abafaransa) ku masoko yabo yemewe. Igitekerezo cy’ubumwe bw’ifaranga rimwe muri Afurika cyaremejwe, kandi gahunda zirahari kugira ngo bizagerweho mu 2020, nubwo ibibazo byinshi, nko kuzana igipimo cy’ifaranga ry’umugabane munsi ya 5%, bikomeje kuba inzitizi mu gushyira mubikorwa iyi gahunda.
Ivunjisha
Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012, Afurika ifite imigabane 23, ikubye kabiri iyo yari ifite imyaka 20 ishize. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ivunjisha ryimigabane nyafurika riracyari munsi ya 1% yibikorwa byimigabane kwisi. Uko Ivunjisha rifashe mubihugu icumi bya mbere muri Afurika n’imari shingiro (amafaranga atangwa muri miliyari y'amadorari y'Amerika):
Hagati ya 2009 na 2012, ibigo 72 byose byaratangijwe ,ku isoko ry’imigabane mu bihugu 13 bya Afurika.
Igishanga cya Cyohoha-Rukeri
thumb|Igishanga cya Cyohoha - Rukeri Igishanga cya Cyohoha - Rukeri giherereye mu karere ka Rulindo, aha abaturage bavuga nta nyungu bagikuramo kuko bishyurwa amafaranga make ku kilo bakanakatwa amafaranga menshi y’ifumbire. Abo bahinzi kandi bavuga ko banakatwa amafaranga y’abatunganya bityo ngo bakaba basanga ubuhinzi bwabo nta kamaro bubafitiye uretse kubakamuramo imbaraga.
Icyayi
Uhinga icyayi muri iki gishanga, avuga ko ubu buhinzi bugirira akamaro abatari abahinzi ngo kuko ababagurira icyayi bakanabaterera imiti babaca amafaranga menshi. abasoromyi bo bahabwa amafaranga 21 ku kilo basoromye, twe twagiteye tukagikorera tukakitaho bakaduha 45 ku kilo, bagahindukira bagakuramo amafaranga y’amafumbire hakaba ubwo usanga mu kwezi umuntu asigarana ubusa agataha uko yaje.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibishanga
Ubukungu bw'Afurika
Ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi n’imiryango myinshi
Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’amafaranga n’amabanki igizwe na:
Amashyirahamwe yubukungu yakarere
Muri iki gihe hari imiryango umunani yo mu karere ifasha mu iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Afurika:
Emmanuella
thumb|Emmanuella Umunyarwenya umaze kumenyekana ku isi hose. thumb|Nigeria Emmanuella Samweli (yavutse Nyakanga 22, 2010), umuntu utari uzwi ubu akaba azwi nkanEmmanuella, YouTube umwana Umucyinyi Wibisekeje (urwenya) kuri Mariko Angel kumuyoboro wa YouTube. Emmanuella yagaragaye bwa mbere ku gice cya 34, yise "Who Mess?"
Umwuga
Emanuella yinjiye mu rwenya afite imyaka itanu. Yari mu kiruhuko cyumuryango ahura na Angel. Yari akeneye abana bamwe kugirango akine urwenya, maze ahamagara abana bake yari azi kugirango bagenzurwe, ariko ntibashobora gufata mu mutwe imirongo yabo hanyuma ahindukirira Emmanuella. Nubwo amasaha cumi n'umunani yafashwe amashusho, akantu yakoze kugirango agerageze kwihangana kwabana, Emanuella yakoze neza. Amaze gutoranywa, Angel yagombaga kumvisha ababyeyi be kumureka akaba umwe mubagize itsinda rya Mark Angel Comedy maze baramwemerera. Yamenyekanye cyane nyuma yo gusetsa"This is Not My Real Face Oh" bisobanuye "Iyi si Isura Yanjye Yukuri Oh", aho yarimo asetsa umunyeshuri mugenzi we batazi ko umunyeshuri ari umwana w’umuyobozi w’ishuri. Uru rwenya rugufi yagaragaye kurupapuro rwa Facebook rwa CNN. Ku ya 2 Mata 2020, mu gihe cyo gufunga kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19, Emmanuella, Intsinzi, na Regina Daniels bagaragaye mu gikinisho cya Ofego cyiswe " Gufunga " ku rubuga rwe rwa YouTube bakoresheje amashusho y’ububiko.
Ibihembo no gushimirwa
Muri 2018, Emanuella yatumiwe mu Nteko ishinga amategeko na Perezida wa Sena, Bukola Saraki, kubera uruhare yagize muri filime ya Disney. Yatangaje uruhare rwe muri film ya Disney kumurongo wa Instagram. Muri 2016, Emanuella yatsindiye igihembo cya Top Subscribe Creator kuva kuri YouTube mugihe cyo gutangiza ibihembo bya YouTube yo munsi yubutayu bwa Sahara. Yatsindiye kandi ibihembo byiza bya Comedienne & Princess of Comedy awards muri Afro-Ositaraliya Music & Movie Awards (AAMMA). Yakiriwe na CNN mu Gushyingo 2016. Muri 2015, yatsindiye G-Influence Niger Delta idasanzwe ya Talent Award. thumb|Emmanuella amaze kumenyekana cyane mu gihugu kiwabo mu gukina ibintu bisekeje (Comedy)
Ubuzima bwite
Emanuella akomoka muri Leta ya Imo mu burasirazuba bwa Nijeriya. Yavukiye i Port Harcourt muri Leta ya Rivers. Habayeho impaka ku mibanire ye na Mark Angel, nkuko byavuzwe mu nzego zitandukanye ko ari mwishywa we ndetse bamwe bakavuga ko ari mubyara. Eze Chidinma wo muri Buzz Nigeriya mu kiganiro yavuze ko Emmanuella ari mwishywa wa Angel. Pulse Nigeria yavuze kandi ko Angel ari nyirarume kuri Emmanuella. Ku rundi ruhande, George Ibenegbu wo muri Legit.ng yavuze ko bombi ari mubyara. Rachael Odusanya mubisohoka nyuma kuri legit.ng yavuze ko badafitanye isano.
Igishanga cya Mulindi
Umushinga
Umushinga w’Ikigega cy’Ibidukikije, ushinzwe kubaka ubudahangwa bw’abaturage b’Akarere ka Gicumbi mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, harimo kubafasha kurwanya isuri n’imyuzure, ndetse no kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. rero umushinga ’Green Gicumbi’ ukorera muri ako Karere uvuga ko Leta n’abaturage batakomeza guhomba icyayi cyahingwaga mu kibaya cya Mulindi kubera imyuzure, ukaba urimo gufasha abagihinga ku misozi.
Icyayi
Ubundi icyayi kigira imizi miremire, iyo igeze ku mazi yo mu butaka biteza igiti cyose guhita cyuma. nubwo icyayi gikunda ahantu hahora imvura, icyo ku misozi ari cyo gikura neza kandi kikaryoha bitewe n’uko ibibabi bisoromwa biba bitarigeze birengerwa n’imyuzure yo mu gishanga. wari ufite umurima w’icyayi ungana na 1/2 cya hegitare mu kibaya cya Mulindi, avuga ko bataraterwa n’imyuzure yasoromaga ibiro birenga 150 buri byumweru bibiri, ariko ubu ngo nta na 70kg abasha kubona. icyayi yahinze imusozi yatangiye kubona ko kizamuha umusaruro ungana cyangwa urenga uwo yabonaga mu kibaya cya Mulindi ubwo yari atarangirizwa n’imyuzure hamwe n’isuri imanuka ku misozi.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibishanga
Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu
thumb|Madam Ingabire Marie Immaculée ushinzwe minisiteri yo kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu cyangwa Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu, Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu , Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu , Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ku Burenganzira bwa Muntu , Itangazo Ryamamaza Hose Agaciro k’Umuntu (UDHR mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; izina mu cyongereza : Universal Declaration of Human Rights )
Taliki ya cumi y’ukwa desembri mu mwaka wa 1948, niwo munsi Ikoraniro rusange rya Umuryango w’Abibumye (ONU) ryemeje likanamenyesha Itangazo ryo kwamamaza hose ibyerekeye agaciro ka Muntu. Ikoraniro rusange ryasabye ibihugu byose bili muli l'ONU gukora uko bishoboye kugira ngo iryo Tangazo lizatangirwe ku mugaragaro, ryamamare hose kandi lisobanurwe, cyane cyane mu mashuli, ali amato ali ayisumbuye, mu bihugu byose, ibyigenga n'ibigitegekwa.
Intangiliro
thumb|Uburenganzira bwa muntu iyo butubahirijwe neza bidindiza iterambere kumpande zose yaba k'umuturage cyangwa ku igihugu muri rusange. Ikoraniro rusange lilibutsa ko:
Ingingo
Ingingo ya 2 : Umuntu wese akwiye kwemererwa kwafite agaciro n’uburenganzira bwose bwahamijwe muli ili Tangazo. Nta muntu uzongera gucishwa ku wundi ku mpamvu gusa z’ubwoko, ibara ry’umubili, idini yemera cyanga se ibitekerezo afite muli politique no mu zindi ngingo, ntawe uzazira igihugu akomokamo, ubworo amavuka cyanga se indi mimerere yindi.
Kandi nta muntu uruta undi, ngo kuko baba bakomoka mu bihugu batareshya. Ali abaturage b’ibihugu byigenga cyanga se bigitwarwa, bikiyoborwa n’ibindi, bose ni abantu kimwe.
Ingingo ya 4 : Nta muntu ukwiye guhinduka imbohe cyanga umuja. Kugira abantu abaja cyanga se kubacururuza biraciwe rwose.
Ingingo ya 5 : Nta muntu ugomba kugilirwa urugomo, kuzira agashinyaguro, kwicwa urupfu rubi.
n’izindi
Mushimiyimana Eugénie
Mushimiyimana Eugénie ni Umunyarwandakazi w’umucuruzi, rwiyemezamirimo akaba n'umuyobozi wa ba rwiyemezamirimo b'abagore mu Rwanda. Azwi cyane ku nyubako 3 nini z'ubucuruzi afite i Kigali harimo M&M Plaza inyubako y'amagorofa 7 i Gishushu, Remera muri Kigali.
ubuzima bwo hambere
Eugénie wavukiye mu Karere ka Ruhango, Intara y'Amajyepfo yakuriye iruhande rwa nyina byamuteye kuba umucuruzi. Nyuma yo gushyingirwa afite imyaka 27 yabuze umugabo we icyo gihe ubuzima buba bubi noneho ahitamo gukora no gutunga umuryango we. Mu ntangiriro yacuruzaga mu biribwa birimo ibishyimbo, umuceri, amavuta y'imikindo n'ibindi ubucuruzi bwe bwatangiye mu gihugu imbere nyuma bwambuka umupaka abukorera no hanze y'u Rwanda. nyuma yaje gucuruza peteroli na sima nyuma yimyaka 20 atekereza ku kiruhuko cyizabukuru nyuma yinjira mu mutungo utimukanwa kandi Eugénie yabaye umuyobozi wungirije wa kabiri w’ishyirahamwe ry’abikorera ku giti cyabo mu Rwanda (PSF).
references
Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business Ikiciro:Rwanda
Bayisenge Jeannette
Dr Bayisenge Jeannette n'u mubyeyi wabana batatu b'abahungu, numubyeyi ucecetse cyane ariko w'umuhanga mubyakora
Kandi ujyira akanyamuneza kuko na minota ibiri ishira atamwenyuye uretse gusa iyo avuga ibijyanyen'akazi.
Amateka
Dr Bayisenge Mbere y'uko aba Minisitiri muri MIGEPROF y'arumwarimu muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda yigisha amasomo ajyanye n'uburinganire.
Umwuga y'amazemo igihe kirekire kuko yawutagiye 2004 nyuma yigihe gito arangije muri kaminuza kuko yayizemo kuva mu 1993 kugeza muri 2003
yiga ibijyanye n 'imirimo Rusange Social Work.
Amashuri yize
Dr Bayisenge Mbere y'uko abona Doctora yabanje kwiga icyiciro cy'agatatu cya kaminuza muri korea yepfo 2008na 2009.