cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Ibihugu hafi ya byose ku isi ni ibihugu by’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo mu 1994 yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere (UNFCCC). [304] Intego ya UNFCCC ni ukurinda kwivanga kw’abantu mu buryo bw’ikirere. [305] Nkuko byavuzwe muri iryo koraniro, ibi bisaba ko ingufu za gaze ya parike ihagarara neza mu kirere ku buryo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rushobora guhuza bisanzwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, umusaruro w’ibiribwa ntubangamiwe, kandi iterambere ry’ubukungu rishobora gukomeza. [306] UNFCCC ntabwo ubwayo igabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ahubwo itanga urwego rwa protocole ikora. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byiyongereye kuva UNFCCC yashyirwaho umukono. Inama zayo ngarukamwaka ni intambwe y'ibiganiro ku isi. [308]
gutema amashyamba birekura CO2 ikubiye mu biti iyo byangiritse, byongeye kandi birinda ibyo biti kwinjiza CO2 nyinshi mu gihe kiri imbere. Impamvu nyamukuru zitera amashyamba ni: guhindura imikoreshereze yubutaka buhoraho kuva mumashyamba kugera kubutaka bwubuhinzi butanga umusaruro nkinka n amavuta yintoki (27%), gutema ibiti byamashyamba / amashyamba (26%), guhinga mugihe gito (24%), n'umuriro (23%).
Ubwoko bwibimera mukarere bigira ingaruka kubushyuhe bwaho. Ihindura uko urumuri rw'izuba rugaruka mu kirere (albedo), n'ubushyuhe butakara bitewe no guhumeka. Kurugero, impinduka ziva mumashyamba yijimye zijya mubyatsi bituma ubuso bworoha, bigatuma bugaragaza urumuri rwizuba. Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi kugira ingaruka kubushyuhe muguhindura irekurwa ryimiti igabanya ibicu, no guhindura imiterere yumuyaga. Mu turere dushyuha no mu bushyuhe ingaruka nziza ni ugutanga ubushyuhe bugaragara, mu gihe ku burebure bwegereye inkingi inyungu ya albedo (kuko ishyamba risimburwa n’urubura) biganisha ku gukonja. [94] Ku isi hose, izo ngaruka zivugwa ko zatumye hakonja gato, byiganjemo kwiyongera kwa albedo.
Ibikorwa by'izuba n'ibirunga
Ubuhinzi n’amashyamba bihura n’ingorabahizi eshatu zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, bikarinda ko amashyamba ahinduka ku butaka bw’ubuhinzi, ndetse no kwiyongera kw’ibiribwa ku isi. [258] Igikorwa gishobora kugabanya ubuhinzi n’amashyamba ashingiye ku mashyamba bibiri bya gatatu kuva ku rwego rwa 2010. Muri byo harimo kugabanya ubwiyongere bukenewe ku biribwa n’ibindi bicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi, kongera umusaruro w’ubutaka, kurinda no kugarura amashyamba, no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi. [259]
Hariho inzitizi zo gukomeza kwiyongera byihuse byingufu zisukuye, harimo nibishobora kuvugururwa. Ku muyaga n'izuba, hari ibidukikije n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ku mishinga mishya. Umuyaga n'izuba nabyo bitanga ingufu
Imyuka ya parike ibonerana ku zuba, bityo ikayemerera kunyura mu kirere kugira ngo ishyushya isi. Isi irabagirana nkubushyuhe, kandi imyuka ya parike ikurura igice cyayo. Uku kwinjiza bidindiza umuvuduko ubushyuhe bwinjira mu kirere, ugafata ubushyuhe hafi y’isi kandi ukabushuha mu gihe runaka. Mbere y’Impinduramatwara y’inganda, ubwinshi bwa gaze ya parike yatumaga ikirere cyegereye hejuru yubushyuhe bugera kuri 33 ° C kurenza uko byari kugenda iyo badahari. [64] Mugihe imyuka y'amazi (~ 50%) n'ibicu (~ 25%) aribyo bigira uruhare runini mu ngaruka za parike, byiyongera nkibikorwa byubushyuhe bityo bikaba ibisubizo. Ku rundi ruhande, imyuka ya gaze nka CO2 (~ 20%), ozone tropospheric, [66] CFCs na okiside ya nitrous ntabwo iterwa n'ubushyuhe, bityo rero ni imbaraga zo hanze. [67]
Hasi cyane
Kugeza mu 2021, hashingiwe ku makuru yavuye muri gahunda z’ikirere 48 z’igihugu, zihagarariye 40% by’amasezerano y’i Paris, byagereranijwe ko ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bizaba biri munsi ya 0.5% ugereranije n’urwego rwa 2010, munsi y’intego zo kugabanya 45% cyangwa 25% kugeza gabanya ubushyuhe ku isi kugeza kuri 1.5 ° C cyangwa 2 ° C, [329]
Urutonde rwa karubone
Sosiyete
Guhakana no gutanga amakuru atariyo
Mu myaka ya za 1950, Gilbert Plass yakoze moderi irambuye ya mudasobwa irimo ibice bitandukanye byo mu kirere hamwe na infragre. Iyi moderi yahanuye ko kongera urugero rwa CO2 byatera ubushyuhe. Muri icyo gihe kimwe, Hans Suess yabonye ibimenyetso byerekana ko urugero rwa CO2 rwazamutse, kandi Roger Revelle yerekanye ko inyanja itazakira ubwiyongere. Nyuma aba bahanga bombi bafashije Charles Keeling gutangira amateka yo gukomeza kwiyongera, byiswe "Keeling Curve". [361] Abahanga mu bya siyansi bamenyesheje rubanda, [363] kandi akaga kagaragaye mu buhamya bwa Kongere ya James Hansen mu 1988. Akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (IPCC), kashyizweho mu 1988 kugira ngo gatange inama zemewe na guverinoma z’isi, byatumye ubushakashatsi bw’inzego zinyuranye. [364] Muri raporo za IPCC, abahanga basuzuma ibiganiro bya siyansi bibera mu binyamakuru byasuzumwe n’urungano. [365]
Hariho ubumenyi bwuzuye bwa siyansi bwerekana ko ikirere gishyuha kandi ko ibyo biterwa nibikorwa byabantu. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2019, amasezerano mu bitabo biherutse agera kuri 99%. [366] [367] Nta rwego rwa siyansi ruhagaze mu gihugu cyangwa mpuzamahanga ruvuga rumwe n'iki gitekerezo. Ubwumvikane buke bwateje imbere ko hagomba gufatwa ingamba zimwe na zimwe zo kurinda abantu ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Amashuri y’ubumenyi y’igihugu yahamagariye abayobozi b’isi kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya isi. Raporo y'isuzuma rya IPCC 2021 yavuze ko "bidashidikanywaho" ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere iterwa n'abantu. kurikirana aho byavuye
Abahanga mu bya siyansi, abanyapolitiki n’ibitangazamakuru bitandukanye ubu bakoresha ijambo ikibazo cy’ikirere cyangwa ibihe byihutirwa by’ikirere kugira ngo baganire ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ndetse n’ubushyuhe bw’isi aho gukoresha ubushyuhe bw’isi. thumb|Ibyangiza ikirere Ubushyuhe bwagaragaye
Ikirere yariye imyigaragambyo isaba abayobozi ba politiki gufata ingamba zo gukumira imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Bashobora gufata uburyo bwo kwerekana imyigaragambyo rusange, kugabanya ibicanwa biva mu kirere, imanza n'ibindi bikorwa. Imyiyerekano ikomeye irimo imyigaragambyo yishuri ryikirere. Muri iki gikorwa, urubyiruko ku isi rwigaragambyaga kuva mu mwaka wa 2018 basiba ishuri ku wa gatanu, batewe inkunga n’umwangavu wo muri Suwede Greta Thunberg. [350] Ibikorwa rusange byo kutumvira kwabaturage byakozwe nitsinda nka kwigomeka kwa Extinction bigaragambije mu guhagarika imihanda no gutwara abantu. [351] Imanza zikoreshwa cyane nk'igikoresho cyo gushimangira ibikorwa by'ikirere bituruka mu bigo bya Leta n'ibigo. Abaharanira inyungu kandi batangiza imanza zigamije guverinoma kandi bagasaba ko bafata ingamba zikomeye cyangwa kubahiriza amategeko ariho yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Imanza ziregwamo amasosiyete y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli muri rusange arasaba indishyi z’igihombo n’ibyangiritse.
Inyanja yo gukingira umuyaga ukabije watewe no kuzamuka kwinyanja
Umuyaga n'izuba, Ubudage
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Gukuraho karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone ikurikirana
Mbere ya za 1980, igihe bitari byumvikana neza niba ubushyuhe bwo kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere bwarushije imbaraga ubukonje bw’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ihumanya ikirere, abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresheje iryo jambo ry’imihindagurikire y’ikirere batabishaka bavuga ku ngaruka z’abantu ku kirere.
Svante Arrhenius yavuze ko imyuka y'amazi mu kirere idahwema gutandukana, ariko kuba CO2 yibanze mu kirere byatewe n’imiterere y’igihe kirekire. Ubushyuhe buturutse ku kwiyongera kwa CO2 byongera ubwinshi bwumwuka wamazi, bikongerera ubushyuhe muburyo bwiza bwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Mu 1896, yasohoye icyitegererezo cy’ikirere cya mbere cy’ubwoko bwacyo, avuga ko kugabanya urugero rwa CO2 byashoboraga gutuma igabanuka ry’ubushyuhe ritangiza igihe cy’ibarafu. Arrhenius yabaze ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe buteganijwe kuva gukuba kabiri CO2 kugera kuri 5-6 ° C. [360] Abandi bahanga mu ikubitiro bashidikanyaga kandi bemeza ko ingaruka za parike zuzuye kugira ngo hongerwemo CO2 nyinshi ntacyo byahindura, kandi ko ikirere cyaba cyigenga. [361] Guhera mu 1938, Guy Stewart Callendar yasohoye ibimenyetso byerekana ko ikirere cyari gishyushye kandi urugero rwa CO2 rwazamutse, [362] ariko ibarura rye ryahuye n’ibyo. [361]
vte
Ushaka kumenya byinshi kuriyi ngingo, reba Amateka yubumenyi bwimihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Nkuko izuba ariryo soko ryambere ryingufu zisi, impinduka zumucyo zizuba zigira ingaruka kumiterere yikirere. Imirasire y'izuba yapimwe na satelite, [96] kandi ibipimo bitaziguye biraboneka guhera mu ntangiriro ya 1600. Nta cyerekezo cyigeze kigaragara mu bwinshi bw'ingufu z'izuba zigera ku isi.
Ibyatoranijwe byatoranijwe kuva mugihe gito kugirango bibeshye ko ubushyuhe bwisi butiyongera. Ibara ry'ubururu ryerekana ibihe bigufi byerekana ubushyuhe bwigihe kirekire (red redlines). Utudomo twubururu twerekana icyiswe ubushyuhe bwisi. [330]
Kugabanya no gufata ibyuka bihumanya
Impaka rusange zerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere zagize ingaruka zikomeye ku guhakana imihindagurikire y’ikirere no gutanga amakuru atari yo, byatangiriye muri Amerika kandi kuva ubwo bikwira mu bindi bihugu, cyane cyane Kanada na Ositaraliya. Abagize uruhare mu guhakana imihindagurikire y’ikirere bagize ihuriro ryatewe inkunga kandi ihuriweho n’amasosiyete y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, amatsinda y’inganda, ibigo byita ku bitekerezo by’aba conservateurs, hamwe n’abahanga mu bya siyansi. Kimwe n'inganda z'itabi, ingamba nyamukuru z'aya matsinda kwari ugushidikanya ku makuru ya siyansi n'ibisubizo. Benshi bahakana, bakirukana, cyangwa bagashidikanya bidafite ishingiro ku bwumvikane bwa siyansi ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bwiswe “abakekeranya n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere”, abahanga mu bya siyansi benshi bavuga ko ari amakosa. [333]
Ingingo nyamukuru: Kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Hagati
Hariho imikoranire hamwe nubucuruzi hagati yo kurwanya no kugabanya. Kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere akenshi bitanga inyungu z'igihe gito, mu gihe kugabanuka bifite inyungu z'igihe kirekire. Kongera imikoreshereze yubuhumekero bituma abantu barushaho guhangana nubushyuhe, ariko bikongerera ingufu ingufu. Iterambere ryimijyi irashobora gutuma imyuka ihumanya ituruka mu bwikorezi no kubaka. Muri icyo gihe, irashobora kongera ingaruka zo ku kirwa cy’ubushyuhe bwo mu mujyi, biganisha ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru no kwiyongera. [287] Kongera umusaruro w'ibiribwa bifite inyungu nini haba mu kurwanya no kugabanya ingaruka.
Hasi
Imyuka ya karubone isanzwe irashobora kongererwa imbaraga kugirango ikurikirane CO2 irenze urugero rusanzwe rusanzwe. Gutema amashyamba no gutera ibiti ku butaka butari amashyamba ni bumwe mu buryo bukuze bukurikirana, nubwo bwa nyuma butera impungenge ibiribwa. [265] Abahinzi barashobora guteza imbere ikwirakwizwa rya karubone mu butaka binyuze mu bikorwa nko gukoresha ibihingwa bitwikiriye imbeho, kugabanya ubukana n’inshuro yo guhinga, no gukoresha ifumbire n’ifumbire nk’ivugurura ry’ubutaka. [266] Kugarura / kwidagadura ibishanga byo ku nkombe n’ibyatsi byo mu nyanja byongera gufata karubone mu binyabuzima (karubone yubururu). [267] Iyo karubone ifashwe mubutaka no mubintu kama nkibiti, harikibazo cyuko karubone yongeye kurekurwa mukirere nyuma binyuze mu mpinduka zikoreshwa mubutaka, umuriro, cyangwa izindi mpinduka mubidukikije. [268]
Ingufu zisubirwamo ni urufunguzo rwo kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ibicanwa bya fosile byagize 80% by'ingufu z'isi mu 2018. Umugabane usigaye wagabanijwe hagati y’ingufu za kirimbuzi n’ibishobora kuvugururwa (harimo amashanyarazi, ingufu za bioenergy, umuyaga n’izuba n’ingufu za geothermal). [231] Uru ruvange ruteganijwe guhinduka cyane mu myaka 30 iri imbere. Imirasire y'izuba n'umuyaga wo ku nkombe ubu biri mu buryo buhendutse bwo kongerera ingufu amashanyarazi mashya ahantu henshi. [232] Ibishobora kuvugururwa byagaragazaga 75% by'amashanyarazi mashya yose yashyizweho muri 2019, hafi izuba n'umuyaga. [233] Ubundi buryo bw'ingufu zisukuye, nka kirimbuzi n'amashanyarazi, kuri ubu bifite uruhare runini mu gutanga ingufu. Ariko, iteganyagihe ryabo ryigihe kizaza risa nkaho ugereranije. [234]
Imihindagurikire yubushyuhe bwisi kwisi mumyaka 170 ishize (umurongo wumukara) ugereranije na 1850–1900.
Politiki, amabwiriza, n'amategeko menshi birakoreshwa mukugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2019, ibiciro bya karubone bigera kuri 20% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Carbone irashobora kugurwa imisoro ya karubone hamwe na sisitemu yo gucuruza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Inkunga ya peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ku isi yageze kuri miliyari 319 z'amadolari muri 2017, na tiriyari 5.2 z'amadolari mu gihe ibiciro bitaziguye nko guhumanya ikirere biguzwe. [296] Kurangiza ibyo bishobora gutuma 28% bigabanuka ku byuka bihumanya ikirere no kugabanuka kwa 46% by’impfu z’ikirere. [297] Amafaranga yazigamiwe ku nkunga y’ibinyabuzima ashobora gukoreshwa mu gushyigikira ingufu z’isuku aho. Ubundi buryo butaziguye bwo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere harimo ibipimo ngenderwaho by’imodoka, ibipimo bya lisansi ishobora kongerwa, n’amabwiriza yangiza ikirere ku nganda zikomeye. [299] Ibihugu byinshi bisaba ibikorwa byingirakamaro kugirango byongere umugabane wibyongerewe mumashanyarazi.
Mu myaka ya 1820, Joseph Fourier yasabye ko hajyaho parike kugira ngo asobanure impamvu ubushyuhe bw’isi bwari hejuru y’ingufu zizuba zonyine zishobora gusobanura. Ikirere cy'isi kibonerana ku zuba, bityo urumuri rw'izuba rugera hejuru aho ruhinduka ubushyuhe. Ariko rero, ikirere ntikiboneka neza kugirango ubushyuhe buturuka hejuru, kandi bufata bumwe muri ubwo bushyuhe, nabwo bushyushya isi. [355]
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Urutonde rwa Horizon
Ubutaka bwinshi bufite ubuso kama, bugaragazwa ninyuguti nkuru "O" (inyuguti zishobora gutandukana bitewe na sisitemu). Ubutaka bwubutaka busanzwe butangirira kuri horizon. Niba ubutaka butunganijwe neza buturutse kubutaka bubaho, mubisanzwe byitwa B horizon. Hanze ya horizon, ariko idateye imbere cyane bita C horizon. Uburiri bukomeye burangwa cyane R. Sisitemu nyinshi kugiti cye zasobanuye uturere twinshi kuruta ibice bitanu gusa. Mubikurikira, utambitse hamwe nibice byashyizwe kurutonde cyangwa byinshi ukurikije umwanya wabyo kuva hejuru kugeza hasi mubutaka bwubutaka. Ntabwo bose baboneka mubutaka bwose.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Ibihugu byibasiwe cyane n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ubusanzwe byashinzwe uruhare ruto rw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ibi bitera kwibaza ku butabera n'ubutabera. [289] Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ifitanye isano n’iterambere rirambye. Kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi byoroha kugera ku ntego z’iterambere rirambye, nko kurandura ubukene no kugabanya ubusumbane. Ihuriro ryemewe mu ntego irambye y’iterambere 13 ariryo "gufata ingamba zihutirwa zo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n'ingaruka zayo". Intego ku biribwa, amazi meza no kurengera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bifite aho bihurira no guhangana n’ikirere.
Ikigereranyo cyo gutakaza ibiti bitwikiriye isi cyikubye hafi kabiri kuva 2001, kugeza igihombo cyumwaka cyegereye agace kangana n’Ubutaliyani.
Ibisubizo byigihugu
Kugirango hamenyekane uruhare rwabantu mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere, hagomba kuvaho imihindagurikire y’ikirere imbere n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Uburyo bw'ingenzi ni ukumenya "igikumwe" kidasanzwe ku mpamvu zose zishobora gutera, hanyuma ugereranye ibyo bitoki hamwe nuburyo bugaragara bw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Kurugero, guhatira izuba birashobora kuvaho nkimpamvu ikomeye. Urutoki rwacyo rwaba rushyushye mu kirere cyose. Nyamara, ikirere cyo hasi gusa cyarashyushye, gihuza na parike ya parike. Uruhare rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ruheruka kwerekana ko umushoferi nyamukuru azamura imyuka ihumanya ikirere, hamwe na aerosole igira ingaruka mbi.
Amashanyarazi akomoka ku masoko ashobora kuvugururwa nayo agomba kuba isoko nyamukuru yo gushyushya no gutwara. [237] Ubwikorezi burashobora kuva mumodoka ya moteri yaka imbere no kugana ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, inzira nyabagendwa, hamwe nubwikorezi bukora (gusiganwa ku magare no kugenda). [238] Ku kohereza no kuguruka, lisansi nkeya yagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ubushuhe burashobora kuba karubone hamwe nikoranabuhanga nka pompe yubushyuhe.
Umusaruro w'ibyuma na sima ushinzwe hafi 13% byangiza imyuka ya CO2. Muri izo nganda, ibikoresho byibanda cyane kuri karubone nka kokiya na lime bigira uruhare runini mu musaruro, ku buryo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere bisaba ubushakashatsi mu bundi buryo bwa shimi. [263]
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Horizons ukurikije Igitabo cyubutaka bwa Australiya nubushakashatsi bwakozwe mubutaka (2009)
'Inkomoko:'
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Amateka
Imyuka ya parike
Ingingo zingenzi: Ubushyuhe bwimyaka 2000 ishize na ibikoresho byubushyuhe byanditse
Ubuvumbuzi bwambere
Amahitamo ya politiki
Kuva mu 2000, ubwiyongere bwa CO2 mu Bushinwa ndetse no ku isi yose bwarenze umusaruro wa Amerika n'Uburayi. [303]
Reba kandi: Ubwumvikane bwa siyansi ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
N’ubwo uruhare rwo gutema amashyamba mu byuka bihumanya ikirere, ubutaka bw’isi, cyane cyane amashyamba yabwo, bukomeje kuba imyanda ikomeye ya CO2. Uburyo bwo kurohama ku butaka, nko gutunganya karubone mu butaka na fotosintezeza, bikuraho hafi 29% by’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi ku isi. Inyanja nayo ikora nka karubone ikomeye ikoresheje inzira ebyiri. Ubwa mbere, CO2 ishonga mumazi yo hejuru. Nyuma yaho, kuzenguruka kwinyanja gukwirakwira mu nyanja imbere, aho ikusanyiriza hamwe igihe kimwe murwego rwa karubone. Mu myaka mirongo ibiri iheze, inyanja y'isi imaze kwinjiza 20 gushika 30% ya CO2 yasohotse. thumb|air Pollution Indege n'ibicu
Guhera mu 1859, [358] John Tyndall yemeje ko azote na ogisijeni - hamwe hamwe 99% by'umwuka wumye - bibonerana ubushyuhe bukabije. Nyamara, imyuka y'amazi na gaze nka metani na dioxyde de carbone bikurura ubushyuhe bwaka kandi bikongera gusohora ubwo bushyuhe mu kirere. Tyndall yasabye ko impinduka ziterwa na gaze zishobora kuba zarateje imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bihe byashize, harimo n’ibarafu.
Inyanja yashyushye gahoro gahoro kurusha ubutaka, ariko ibimera n’inyamaswa zo mu nyanja bimukiye mu nkingi zikonje cyane kuruta amoko yo ku butaka. Kimwe no ku butaka, ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja bugaragara cyane kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere, bikangiza ibinyabuzima byinshi nka korali, kelp, n’inyoni zo mu nyanja. Acide acide yo mu nyanja ituma bigora ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja nka mussele, barnacle na korali kubyara ibishishwa na skeleti; n'ubushyuhe bwogeje amabuye ya korali. [173] Indabyo mbi ya algal yongerewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere hamwe na eutrophasi igabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni, bigahungabanya imiyoboro y’ibiribwa kandi bigatakaza ubuzima bw’inyanja. Ibinyabuzima byo ku nkombe birahangayitse cyane. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibishanga ku isi byarazimiye kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’izindi ngaruka z’abantu.
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku bidukikije
Amazi yo mumazi ya korali ishami ryera ryera
Mu mwaka wa 2015, ibihugu byose by’umuryango w’abibumbye byumvikanye n’amasezerano y'i Paris, agamije gutuma ubushyuhe bw’isi buri munsi ya 2.0 ° C kandi bukaba bufite intego yo gukomeza gushyuha munsi ya 1.5 ° C. [316] Amasezerano yasimbuye Protokole ya Kyoto. Bitandukanye na Kyoto, nta ntego zihumanya ikirere zashyizweho mu masezerano y'i Paris. Ahubwo, urutonde rwibikorwa byakozwe bihuza. Ibihugu bigomba guhora byishyiriraho intego zikomeye kandi bigasubiramo intego buri myaka itanu. Amasezerano y'i Paris yasubiyemo ko ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bigomba gushyigikirwa n'amafaranga. Kuva mu Kwakira 2021, ibihugu 194 n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byashyize umukono kuri ayo masezerano naho ibihugu 191 kandi Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byemeje cyangwa byemera ayo masezerano. [319]
Abaturage basuzugura cyane urugero rw'ubwumvikane bwa siyansi bwerekana ko abantu batera imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuva muri 2019 kugeza 2021 [339] [3]
Ikirere gikabije. Uruzuba hamwe nubushuhe bukabije bwarushijeho gukomera muri 2020 muri Ositaraliya.
Icyatsi kibisi gihagarikwa ninkovu nini yuzuye ibyondo aho ubutaka bwagabanutse.
Ingingo nyamukuru: Kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Nubwo nta nzira imwe yo kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi kugera kuri 1.5 cyangwa 2 ° C, [222] ibintu byinshi hamwe n’ingamba bigaragara ko kwiyongera gukomeye kw’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu hamwe n’ingamba ziyongera z’ingufu zitanga ingufu za parike zikenewe. 223] Kugabanya ingufu z’ibinyabuzima no kongera ubushobozi bw’ikwirakwizwa rya karubone, hazakenerwa kandi impinduka mu buhinzi n’amashyamba, [224] nko gukumira amashyamba no kugarura urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima hakoreshejwe amashyamba. [225]
Mu 1856, Eunice Newton Foote yerekanye ko ingaruka zo gushyushya izuba ari nyinshi ku mwuka ufite imyuka y'amazi kuruta umwuka wumye, kandi ko ingaruka ari nyinshi hamwe na dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Yanzuye avuga ati "Ikirere cya gaze cyari guha isi yacu ubushyuhe bwinshi ..." [356] [357]
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Urutonde rwa Horizon
Ubutaka bufite amateka yo kwivanga kwabantu, nkurugero binyuze mubikorwa bikomeye byubutaka cyangwa guhinga byimbitse, birashobora kubura aho bitandukaniye hafi. Iyo usuzumye ubutaka bwo mu murima, hagomba kwitabwaho geomorphologie hamwe n’imikoreshereze y’amateka, ubwo butaka bwashyizwemo, kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amazina akwiye akoreshwa kuri horizone.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Intara zikomeye z’akarere, uburinganire, imyaka n’itandukaniro rya politiki zirahari haba mu kwita ku baturage no gusobanukirwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Abantu benshi bize cyane, ndetse no mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, abagore n’urubyiruko, wasangaga babona ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere ari ikibazo gikomeye. [343] Icyuho cy’amashyaka nacyo kibaho mu bihugu byinshi, [344] kandi ibihugu bifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere ikunze kutita cyane. [345] Ibitekerezo ku mpamvu z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere biratandukanye cyane hagati y’ibihugu. Impungenge ziyongereye uko ibihe byagiye bisimburana, [344] kugeza aho mu 2021 abaturage benshi mu bihugu byinshi bagaragaza ko bahangayikishijwe cyane n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, cyangwa bakabona ko ari ibintu byihutirwa ku isi. [347] Inzego zo hejuru zo guhangayikishwa no gushyigikira abaturage muri politiki zita ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku bantu
Umwuzure w'amazi. Ubwiyongere bw'inyanja bwongera imyuzure mu turere two ku nkombe z'inyanja. Yerekanwa: Venise, Ubutaliyani (2004). [215]
Hejuru
Andi makuru: Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Gutanga amanota n'ingaruka z'igihe kirekire
Ingaruka z’ibidukikije z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni nini kandi igera kure, bigira ingaruka ku nyanja, urubura, n’ikirere. Impinduka zirashobora kubaho buhoro buhoro cyangwa vuba. Ibimenyetso kuri izo ngaruka biva mu kwiga imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bihe byashize, bivuye ku kwerekana imiterere, no mu bushakashatsi bugezweho. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1950, amapfa n'ubushyuhe byagaragaye icyarimwe hamwe no kwiyongera inshuro. Ibihe bitose cyangwa byumye mugihe cyimvura cyiyongereye mubuhinde no muri Aziya yuburasirazuba. Igipimo cy’imvura n’ubukomezi bwa serwakira na serwakira birashoboka ko byiyongera, [142] kandi n’uburinganire bw’akarere bushobora kwaguka poleward bitewe n’ubushyuhe bw’ikirere. [143] Inshuro za serwakira zo mu turere dushyuha ntiziyongereye bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Igipimo cy’imihindagurikire y’ibihe kivuga ku bihugu ukurikije ibyuka bihumanya ikirere (40% by’amanota), ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu (20%), gukoresha ingufu (20%), na politiki y’ikirere (20%).
Andi makuru: Itumanaho ry’ikirere, Itangazamakuru ryerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ibitekerezo rusange ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Horizons
'O horizon'
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Igice kinini cyimiterere yikirere cyongera ibintu byabaturage muburyo bworoshye bwikirere. Izi ngero zigereranya uburyo abaturage, ubwiyongere bw’ubukungu, n’imikoreshereze y’ingufu bigira ingaruka - no gukorana n’ikirere cy’umubiri. Hamwe naya makuru, izi moderi zirashobora gutanga ibintu byerekana ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ibi noneho bikoreshwa nkigitekerezo cyo kwerekana imiterere yimiterere yimiterere yikirere hamwe nicyitegererezo cya karubone kugirango hamenyekane uburyo ikirere cyo mu kirere cya gaze ya parike ishobora guhinduka mugihe kizaza. [131] Ukurikije imibereho yubukungu nubukungu bworoheje, moderi zitanga ingufu za CO2 zo mu kirere ziri hagati ya 380 na 1400 ppm. [133]
Ingingo nyamukuru: Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
Andi makuru: Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku buzima bw’abantu, Umutekano w’ikirere, Ubukungu bw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku buhinzi
Raporo y’isuzuma rya gatandatu rya IPCC ivuga ko ubushyuhe bw’isi bushobora kugera kuri 1.0 ° C kugeza kuri 1.8 ° C mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 21 bitewe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Hagati aho ubushyuhe bw’isi bugera kuri 2,1 ° C kugeza kuri 3,5 ° C, na 3.3 ° C kugeza kuri 5.7 ° C munsi y’ikirere cyinshi cyane. [134] Ibiteganijwe bishingiye ku cyitegererezo cy’ikirere hamwe no kureba.
Ikirere gikabije kizagenda kigaragara cyane uko isi ishyuha.
Ubushyuhe bwa Arctique. Permafrost yonona ibikorwa remezo no kurekura metani, gaze ya parike.
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Muri sisitemu nyinshi gutondekanya ubutaka, utambitse dukoreshwa mugusobanura ubwoko bwubutaka. Sisitemu y'Ubudage ikoresha urutonde rwose rw'ibisobanuro kugirango isobanurwe. / ref> Ubundi sisitemu itoranya uturere tumwe na tumwe, "ibipimo byo gusuzuma", kubisobanuro; ingero nizo [ । icon.svg | 50px]] Inyandiko yakuwe muri iyi soko, iboneka munsi ya Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Uruhushya mpuzamahanga. the USDA ubutaka bwubutaka  {{Tanga urubuga | url = https: umutwe = Urufunguzo rwubutaka bwa Taxonomy | integuro = 12 {{Vuga urubuga|url=http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/ubutaka.htm|title=Australiya Gutondekanya Ubutaka|integuro=Icya 2|umwanditsi=R.F. Isbell|ubufatanye=Komite yigihugu ishinzwe ubutaka nubutaka|umwaka=2016|kwinjira-itariki=11 Gashyantare 2016|uwatangaje=CSIRO|url-status=yapfuye|archive-url=https: //web.archive.org/web/20190416143235 /http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm|archive-date=2019-04-16}} < "cambic horizon" cyangwa "spodic horizon". WRB yerekana urutonde 40 rwo gusuzuma. Usibye ibi bisobanuro byo gusuzuma, ibindi bintu biranga ubutaka birashobora gukenerwa kugirango dusobanure ubwoko bwubutaka. Ubutaka bumwe ntabwo bufite iterambere risobanutse neza.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
OMS yavuze ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere ari yo ihungabanya ubuzima bw’isi yose mu kinyejana cya 21. [185] Ikirere gikabije gitera gukomeretsa no gutakaza ubuzima, [186] no kunanirwa kw'ibihingwa ku mirire mibi. Indwara zitandukanye zandura zandura mu buryo bworoshye mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe, nka feri ya dengue na malariya. [188] Abana bato ni bo bibasirwa cyane no kubura ibiryo. Abana ndetse n'abantu bakuru bakunze kwibasirwa n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryagereranije ko hagati ya 2030 na 2050, imihindagurikire y’ikirere yatera impfu zigera ku 250.000 ku mwaka. Basuzumye impfu ziterwa n'ubushyuhe ku bageze mu zabukuru, kwiyongera kw'impiswi, malariya, dengue, umwuzure wo ku nkombe, n'imirire mibi mu bwana. Biteganijwe ko buri mwaka hapfa abantu barenga 500.000 bapfa bakuze bitewe no kugabanuka kw'ibiribwa ndetse n'ubuziranenge. Kugeza mu 2100, 50% kugeza kuri 75% by'abatuye isi barashobora guhura n’ikirere cyangiza ubuzima bitewe n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ubushyuhe bukabije n’ubushuhe.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Ibitekerezo by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Iyi ngingo yo mu 1912 isobanura mu buryo bweruye ingaruka za pariki, uburyo gutwika amakara bitera dioxyde de carbone itera ubushyuhe bw’isi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. [354]
Ingufu nke za karubone zitezimbere ubuzima bwabantu mukugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ifite kandi inyungu mu gihe cya vuba cyo kugabanya impfu ziterwa n’ikirere, [246] zagereranijwe zigera kuri miliyoni 7 buri mwaka mu 2016. [247] Kugera ku ntego z’amasezerano y'i Paris agabanya ubushyuhe kugera kuri 2 ° C bishobora gukiza abagera kuri miliyoni muri ubwo buzima mu mwaka wa 2050, mu gihe kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi kugera kuri 1.5 ° C bishobora gukiza miliyoni kandi icyarimwe byongera umutekano w’ingufu no kugabanya ubukene. [248] Kuzamura ikirere cyiza kandi bifite inyungu zubukungu zishobora kuba nini kuruta ibiciro byoroheje.
Ingufu zisukuye
Mugihe ubusanzwe aerosole igabanya ubushyuhe bwisi yose yerekana urumuri rwizuba, karubone yumukara muri soot igwa kuri shelegi cyangwa urubura irashobora kugira uruhare mubushyuhe bwisi. Ntabwo ibyo byongera gusa urumuri rwizuba, binongera gushonga no kuzamuka kwinyanja. Kugabanya ububiko bushya bwa karubone muri Arctique bishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi kuri 0.2 ° C muri 2050. [89]
Icyitegererezo
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yaje kumenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu mpera za za 1980. Bitewe n’ibitangazamakuru mu ntangiriro ya za 90, abantu bakunze kwitiranya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ibindi bibazo by’ibidukikije nko kubura ozone. [342] Mu muco uzwi cyane, filime y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere Umunsi ukurikira ejo (2004) hamwe na documentaire ya Al Gore Ukuri kutorohewe (2006) yibanze ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere. [341]
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kugabanywa mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kongera imyanda ikurura imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Kugirango ubushyuhe bw’isi bugabanuke kugera kuri 1.5 ° C ku isi ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bigomba kuba net-zero mu 2050, cyangwa muri 2070 bifite intego ya 2 ° C. [137] Ibi bisaba impinduka nini, zifatika ku rugero rutigeze rubaho mu mbaraga, ubutaka, imijyi, ubwikorezi, inyubako, n'inganda. [219] Gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije ivuga ko ibihugu bigomba kwikuba gatatu ibyo byiyemeje mu masezerano y’i Paris mu myaka icumi iri imbere kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw’isi bugere kuri 2 ° C. Urwego runini rwo kugabanuka rurasabwa kugirango intego ya 1.5 ° C igerweho. Hamwe n'imihigo yatanzwe mu masezerano guhera mu Kwakira 2021, ubushyuhe bw’isi buracyafite amahirwe ya 66% yo kugera kuri 2.7 ° C (intera: 2.2–3.2 ° C) mu mpera z'ikinyejana. Ku isi hose, kugabanya ubushyuhe bugera kuri 2 ° C bishobora kuvamo inyungu nyinshi kuruta ibiciro.
Andi makuru: Impaka ziterwa n'ubushyuhe ku isi, Fossil yongerera ingufu lobby, guhakana imihindagurikire y’ibihe, hamwe n’igitekerezo cy’ubugambanyi ku isi
Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibyuka bihumanya abantu biterwa na CO2 byatewe n’ibimera byo ku butaka ndetse n’inyanja. Ku butaka, kuzamura CO2 hamwe nigihe kinini cyo gukura byatumye imikurire ikura. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yongera amapfa nubushyuhe bukabije bubuza imikurire yibihingwa, bigatuma tuutazi neza niba iyi karuboni izakomeza kwiyongera mu bihe biri imbere. Ubutaka burimo karubone nyinshi kandi burashobora kurekura bimwe iyo bishyushye. Nkuko CO2 nubushyuhe bwinshi byinjizwa ninyanja, irahindura aside, ihindagurika ryayo kandi phytoplankton ifata karubone nkeya, bikagabanya umuvuduko inyanja ikuramo karubone yo mu kirere. [119] Muri rusange, hejuru ya CO2 hejuru yisi Isi izakuramo igice cyagabanije imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Ibiryo n'ubuzima
Abantu bahindura isi cyane cyane kugirango bahinge ubutaka bwubuhinzi. Muri iki gihe, ubuhinzi bufata 34% by'ubutaka bw'isi, mu gihe 26% ari amashyamba, naho 30% akaba adashobora guturwa (ibibarafu, ubutayu, n'ibindi.). Umubare w'ubutaka bw'amashyamba ukomeje kugabanuka, akaba ari yo mpinduka nyamukuru y'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka itera ubushyuhe ku isi.
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka
A  'ubutaka butambitse'  ni igipande kibangikanye nubutaka butaka imiterere yumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye nibice biri hejuru no munsi. Horizons isobanurwa muburyo bwinshi nibintu bigaragara bigaragara, cyane cyane ibara nimiterere. Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa haba mumagambo yuzuye (ingano yubunini bwagabanijwe kubwimiterere, kurugero) no muburyo ugereranije nibikoresho bikikije, ni ukuvuga 'coarser' cyangwa 'sandier' kuruta ibizunguruka hejuru no hepfo.
Horizons
Izi mpande nazo ni organic cyane ariko ziratandukanye na O horizon kuko zikora mubihe byuzuye amazi. Izina "P" rituruka ku izina ryabo risanzwe, peat s. Bashobora kugabanywamo P1 na P2 muburyo bumwe na O horizon. P horizon irimo ≥ 12 kugeza 18% karubone kama, bitewe nibumba.
Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka
Uturere twerekanwe twerekanwe nibimenyetso, bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bukurikirana. Master horizon (horizon nkuru) yerekanwa ninyuguti nkuru. Ibisobanuro, muburyo bwinyuguti nto n’ishusho, birusheho gutandukanya ibishushanyo mbonera. Hariho uburyo bwinshi butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon kwisi. Nta sisitemu nimwe ikosora-nkubwubatsi bwububiko, akamaro kayo kari mubushobozi bwabo bwo gusobanura neza imiterere yaho muburyo bumwe. Bitewe nubusobanuro butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon, sisitemu ntishobora kuvangwa.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Ifoto yikibanza kinini cyamashyamba. Ibiti byatsi bivanze nibiti binini byangiritse cyangwa byapfuye bihinduka ibara ry'umuyugubwe-umutuku n'umutuku.
Andi makuru: Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku nyanja n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku cyerekezo cy’amazi
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Horizons
"O" bisobanura ibintu kama. Nubuso bwubuso, bwiganjemo kuba hari ibintu byinshi kama kama mubice bitandukanye byo kubora. Muri sisitemu ya Australiya, O horizon igomba gufatwa nkaho itandukanye nu gice cya imyanda y’ibabi itwikiriye ahantu henshi h’ibimera byinshi, bitarimo imyunyu ngugu y’ikirere kandi ntabwo biri mu butaka ubwabwo. O horizon irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bya O1 na O2, aho O1 itambitse irimo ibintu bitarangiritse inkomoko yabyo ishobora kugaragara kubireba (urugero, ibice byamababi), naho O2 itambitse irimo imyanda kama mubyiciro bitandukanye byo kubora, inkomoko yabyo. ntabwo byoroshye kugaragara. O horizon irimo ≥ 20% karubone kama.
'A horizon'
A  'ubutaka butambitse'  ni igipande kibangikanye nubutaka butaka imiterere yumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye nibice biri hejuru no munsi. Horizons isobanurwa muburyo bwinshi nibintu bigaragara bigaragara, cyane cyane ibara nimiterere. Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa haba mumagambo yuzuye (ingano yubunini bwagabanijwe kubwimiterere, kurugero) no muburyo ugereranije nibikoresho bikikije, ni ukuvuga 'coarser' cyangwa 'sandier' kuruta ibizunguruka hejuru no hepfo.
Uturere twerekanwe twerekanwe nibimenyetso, bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bukurikirana. Master horizon (horizon nkuru) yerekanwa ninyuguti nkuru. Ibisobanuro, muburyo bwinyuguti nto n’ishusho, birusheho gutandukanya ibishushanyo mbonera. Hariho uburyo bwinshi butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon kwisi. Nta sisitemu nimwe ikosora-nkubwubatsi bwububiko, akamaro kayo kari mubushobozi bwabo bwo gusobanura neza imiterere yaho muburyo bumwe. Bitewe nubusobanuro butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon, sisitemu ntishobora kuvangwa.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zigira ingaruka ku bantu ahantu hose ku isi. Ingaruka zirashobora kugaragara ku migabane yose no mu turere tw’inyanja, [181] hamwe n’uburinganire buke, utaratera imbere cyane uhura n’akaga gakomeye. [182] Ubushuhe bukomeje kugira “ingaruka zikomeye, zikwirakwira kandi zidasubirwaho” ku bantu no ku bidukikije. Ingaruka zitangwa ku buryo butangana, ariko muri rusange ni nyinshi ku bantu batishoboye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kandi byateye imbere.
Ubushyuhe bwa vuba bwatumye amoko menshi yo ku isi n’amazi meza ya poleward yerekeza ku butumburuke. [166] Urwego rwo hejuru rwo mu kirere CO2 hamwe nigihe kinini cyo gukura byatumye habaho icyatsi kibisi. Nyamara, ubushyuhe n’amapfa byagabanije umusaruro w’ibidukikije mu turere tumwe na tumwe. Impirimbanyi zizaza zizo ngaruka zinyuranye ntizisobanutse. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yagize uruhare mu kwagura ahantu humye h’ikirere, nko kwagura ubutayu muri subtropike. Ingano n'umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi birahindura impinduka zitunguranye mu bidukikije. [169] Muri rusange, biteganijwe ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere izavamo amoko menshi.
Amakara, peteroli na gaze karemano bikomeje kuba isoko yambere yingufu zisi nubwo ibivugururwa byatangiye kwiyongera byihuse.
Kurimbuka. Inyamaswa nyinshi zo mu majyaruguru zishingiye ku rubura rwo mu nyanja, zagiye zicika muri Arctique ishyuha.
Urwego rw'inyanja ku isi ruzamuka bitewe n'ingaruka zo gushonga kw'ibarafu, gushonga kw'ibarafu muri Greenland na Antaragitika, no kwaguka k'ubushyuhe. Hagati ya 1993 na 2020, izamuka ryiyongereye mugihe, ugereranije 3,3 ± 0.3 mm ku mwaka. [146] Mu kinyejana cya 21, imishinga ya IPCC ivuga ko mu kirere cyinshi cyane ikirere gishobora kuzamuka kuri cm 61-110. Ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja burimo gutesha agaciro kandi bugatera ubwoba ko hazacukurwa ahantu h'ibarafu ya Antaragitika, hashobora kubaho gushonga cyane ku rupapuro rwa barafu [148] kandi birashoboka ko izamuka rya metero 2 z'inyanja ryiyongera 2100 bitewe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. [149]
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi hose muri 2019 byari bihwanye na toni miliyari 59 za CO2. Muri ibyo byuka bihumanya, 75% ni CO2, 18% ni metani, 4% ni oxyde ya nitrous, naho 2% ni gaze ya fluor. Imyuka ya CO2 ituruka ahanini ku gutwika ibicanwa kugira ngo bitange ingufu mu gutwara, gukora, gushyushya, n'amashanyarazi. Ibindi byuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu gutema amashyamba no mu nganda, birimo CO2 yarekuwe n’imiti yo gukora sima, ibyuma, aluminium, n’ifumbire. Ibyuka bya metani biva mu bworozi, ifumbire, guhinga umuceri, imyanda, amazi mabi, no gucukura amakara, ndetse no gucukura peteroli na gaze. Umwuka wa azote uva ahanini muri mikorobe yangirika y'ifumbire.
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
. {Ibisobanuro bigufi | Igice cyubutaka ibiranga umubiri bitandukanye nibice biri hejuru no munsi}} [
Horizons
'P horizon'
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Urubura rwo mu nyanja rugaragaza 50% kugeza 70% by'izuba ryinjira, mu gihe inyanja, yijimye, igaragaza 6% gusa. Mugihe agace k'urubura rwo mu nyanja gashonga kandi kigashyira ahagaragara inyanja nyinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwinjizwa ninyanja, bikazamura ubushyuhe bugashonga urubura rwinshi. Iyi nzira ni ibitekerezo byiza.
Isenyuka ry’ibidukikije. Korali ya korali ituruka kumyuka yubushyuhe yangije inyanja nini kandi ibangamira amabuye ya korali kwisi yose.
Kamere n'ibinyabuzima
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Montreal yo mu 1987, amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo guhagarika kohereza imyuka yangiza ozone, ashobora kuba yarabaye ingirakamaro mu gukumira ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kuruta icyerekezo cya Kyoto. ku buryo bugenewe kubikora. [320] Ivugururwa rya Kigali ryo mu mwaka wa 2016 ry’amasezerano ya Montreal rigamije kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere cya hydrofluorocarbone, itsinda ry’imyuka ihumanya ikirere yagize uruhare mu gusimbuza imyuka ya ozone yabujijwe. Ibi byatumye Protokole ya Montreal amasezerano akomeye yo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ingaruka ndende z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku nyanja zirimo gukomeza gushonga urubura, ubushyuhe bw’inyanja, izamuka ry’inyanja, hamwe na aside aside yo mu nyanja. Mugihe cyibinyejana kugeza mu binyejana byinshi, ubunini bwimihindagurikire y’ikirere buzagenwa cyane cyane n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya CO2. Ibi biterwa na CO2 igihe kirekire cyo mu kirere. [162] Kwinjira mu nyanja ya CO2 biratinda bihagije ku buryo aside yo mu nyanja izakomeza imyaka ibihumbi kugeza ku bihumbi. Bivugwa ko ibyo byuka byongereye igihe cy’ibihe bitandukanye byibuze imyaka 100.000. Ubwiyongere bw'inyanja buzakomeza mu binyejana byinshi, bivugwa ko izamuka rya metero 2,3 kuri dogere selisiyusi (4.2 ft / ° F) nyuma yimyaka 2000. [165]
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Ubutaka butambitse nigisubizo cyibikorwa byubutaka (pedogenezi). {{Tanga igitabo | umutwe = Ibyingenzi byubumenyi bwubutaka | umwanditsi = W.E.H. Blum | umwanditsi2 = P. Schad | umwanditsi3 = S. Amajyaruguru |
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Ubundi buryo bwo kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere bufite ibyago byinshi. Ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi kugera kuri 1.5 ° C mubisanzwe byerekana uburyo bunini bwo gukoresha karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone mu kinyejana cya 21. [226] Hariho impungenge, nubwo, gushingira cyane kuri ubwo buhanga, n'ingaruka ku bidukikije. Imicungire y'izuba (SRM) nayo ninyongera ishoboka yo kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ariko, SRM yazamura ibibazo bikomeye byimyitwarire namategeko, kandi ingaruka ntizisobanutse neza.
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ikirere
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Horizons
'E horizon'  (ntabwo ikoreshwa)
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Amateka y’inyanja yongeye kwiyubaka hamwe n’ibiteganijwe kugera kuri 2100 byatangajwe muri 2017 na Porogaramu ishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku isi muri Amerika [145]
Kumenyekanisha rubanda n'ibitekerezo
Andi makuru: Ingengo yimari ya karubone, imiterere yikirere, hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka
Dosiye:Ubutaka_bwa_Horizons.svg
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Ikidubu cyacitse intege gihagaze hejuru y ibisigazwa byurubura rushonga.
Andi makuru: Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku nyanja n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe hamwe n’ibinyabuzima
Biteganijwe ko ubushyuhe bwubuso bwisi burahinduka ugereranije na 1850–1900, bushingiye kuri CMIP6-moderi nyinshi bisobanura impinduka
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka
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Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Mu 2019, inteko ishinga amategeko y'Ubwongereza yabaye guverinoma ya mbere y’igihugu yatangaje ko ikirere cyihutirwa. Ibindi bihugu n’ububasha byakurikiranye. [323] Muri uwo mwaka, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’uburayi yatangaje "ikirere n’ibidukikije byihutirwa". Komisiyo y’Uburayi yerekanye amasezerano y’ibihugu by’i Burayi hagamijwe guhindura Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi mu 2050. [325] Ibihugu bikomeye muri Aziya byasezeranye bisa: Koreya yepfo n’Ubuyapani byiyemeje kutagira aho bibogamiye muri 2050, naho Ubushinwa mu 2060. [326] Mu 2021, Komisiyo y’Uburayi yashyize ahagaragara itegeko ryayo “Fit for 55”, rikubiyemo amabwiriza agenga inganda z’imodoka; imodoka zose nshya ku isoko ry’iburayi zigomba kuba imodoka zeru ziva mu 2035. [327] Mu gihe Ubuhinde bufite intego zikomeye zo kongera ingufu, burateganya kandi kwagura amakara mu gihugu cyane.
Gukwirakwiza udukoko. Igihe cy'imvura cyoroheje cyemerera inyenzi nyinshi zo kubaho bikwica amashyamba manini. [179]
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku kwihaza mu biribwa. Byatumye igabanuka ry'umusaruro w'ibigori, ingano, na soya hagati ya 1981 na 2010. [193] Ubushyuhe bw'ejo hazaza bushobora kurushaho kugabanya umusaruro w'isi ku bihingwa bikomeye. [194] Umusaruro w’ibihingwa ushobora kuzagira ingaruka mbi mu bihugu byo mu burebure buke, mu gihe ingaruka zo mu majyaruguru zishobora kuba nziza cyangwa mbi. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 183 biyongera ku isi, cyane cyane abafite amikoro make, bafite ibyago byo gusonza kubera izo ngaruka. [196] Imihindagurikire y’ibihe nayo igira ingaruka ku baturage b’amafi. Kw'isi yose, bike bizoboneka kuroba. [197] Uturere dushingiye ku mazi y’ibarafu, uturere tumaze gukama, ndetse n’ibirwa bito bifite ibyago byinshi byo guhangayikishwa n’amazi bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Gazi ya parike, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ingaruka za parike, na karuboni ya karuboni mu kirere cy'isi Imyunyungugu ya CO2 mu myaka 800.000 ishize nkuko bipimye ku rubura rwa barafu [58] [59] [60] [61] (ubururu / icyatsi) kandi mu buryo butaziguye [62] (umukara)
Ibirwa biri hasi hamwe n’abaturage bo ku nkombe babangamiwe n’izamuka ry’inyanja, bigatuma imyuzure ikunze kugaragara. Rimwe na rimwe, ubutaka bwatakaye ku nyanja burundu. Ibi bishobora gutera ubwenegihugu ku bantu bo mu bihugu birwa, nka Malidiya na Tuvalu. [209] Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, izamuka ry’ubushyuhe n’ubushuhe birashobora kuba bibi cyane ku buryo abantu batabimenyera. Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikabije, icyitegererezo cyerekana ko kimwe cya gatatu cy’ikiremwamuntu gishobora gutura mu bihe bishyushye kandi bidashobora guturwa, kimwe n’ikirere kiriho ubu kiboneka muri Sahara. [211] Izi ngingo zirashobora kwimuka kwimuka kubidukikije, haba mubihugu ndetse no mubihugu. Abantu benshi biteganijwe ko bazimurwa kubera izamuka ry’inyanja, ikirere gikabije n’amakimbirane biturutse ku guhatanira kongera umutungo kamere. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kandi kongera intege nke, biganisha ku "baturage bafashwe" badashobora kwimuka kubera kubura amikoro. [212]
Iyo umwuka ushyushye, irashobora gufata ubuhehere bwinshi. Umwuka w’amazi, nka gaze ya parike ikomeye, ifata ubushyuhe mu kirere. Niba igicu cyiyongereye, urumuri rwizuba ruzagaruka mumwanya, gukonjesha umubumbe. Niba ibicu bimaze kuba binini kandi byoroheje, bikora nka insuliranteri, byerekana ubushyuhe buva hepfo inyuma bikamanuka kandi bigashyushya isi. Ingaruka yibicu nisoko nini yo gutanga ibitekerezo bidashidikanywaho.
Umushinga wa Carbone Global werekana uburyo kwiyongera kuri CO2 kuva 1880 byatewe ninkomoko zitandukanye zigenda ziyongera.