cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kombucha
Yaba ari umuti?
Ariko bitewe nuko yengwa n’abantu ahanini batabisobanukiwe bashobora no kuvanga muri yo ibyangiza umubiri.
Ingaruka
Kugeza ubu bitewe nuko alukolo irimo igenda yiyongera, nyuma yo kuyinywa ishobora guteza ibibazo mu gifu birimo kuruka, isesemi no kubyimba umwijima
Kuko irimo imiyege, uyinywa aba afite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara ziterwa n’imiyege
Kugira uruhu n’amaso by’umuhondo (jaundice), ikimenyetso cyuko umwijima wangiritse cyangwa udakora neza
Mu gukora kombucha bavanga ikinyabuzima n’ibindi bacaniriye birimo amajyani, isukari
Bitewe n’isukari iba irimo, bigira ingaruka iyo ubazwe kuko bituma igipimo cy’isukari iri mu maraso kizamuka
Caffeine irimo itera impiswi
Ku bagore batwite ni ikizira ho peee
Ku barwayi ba diyabete itera ikibazo ku isukari iri mu maraso
Iyo ikorewe mu kintu cy’icyuma (niho bayita karigazoke), ya vinaigre izivanga n’icyuma bikore ikindi kintu cy’uburozi.
Inama
Mu gihe ubushakashatsi nta kindi buragaragaza, OMS; ikigo cyita ku buzima ku isi, itarabyemeza, gendera kure kombucha kuko aho kugukingira yakwangiza. Niba uhisemo kuyinywa, ibyiza nuko wasobanuza abahanga cyangwa ukayikorera.
Ekonian Jean Toffey
Jean Toffey Ekonian (1935 – 3 Ukwakira 2012) yari umukinnyi wirukanka hagati muri Kote Divuwari. Yarushanwe mu kwiruka metero 3000 mu bagabo mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1964.
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wiruka n'amaguru
Ubukerarugendo muri Cape Verde
thumb| Ubukerarugendo bw'ibidukikije kamere burimo gutera imbere kuruhande rw'ikirunga cya Pico do Fogo kuri Fogo. Ubukerarugendo muri Cape Verde, ku nkombe za Senegali hari itsinda ry’ibirwa, byatangiye mu myaka ya za 70 ku kirwa cya Sal kandi byiyongera buhoro buhoro mu myaka ya za 1980 na 1990 muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba.
Incamake
thumb| Aho kuruhukira muri Sal Ubukerarugendo bwatanze miliyoni 41 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu bukungu bw'igihugu mu mwaka wa 2000. Inganda z’amahoteri zatanze 2.0% by'umusaruro rusange mu mwaka wa 1997, wiyongera ku kigero cya 6.8% mu mwaka wa 2001. Biro y'ibarurishamibare ya Cape Verdean ivuga ko umubare w’abakerarugendo wiyongereye uva ku 45,000 mu mwaka wa 1997 ugera ku barenga 115,000 mu mwaka wa 2001 ndetse urenga 765,000 mu mwaka wa 2018. Abenshi muri aba binjira baturutse mu Bwongereza bangana na (23,6%), naho Ubudage bangana na (11.2%), Ibihugu byo hasi (ni ukuvuga Ubuholandi n'Ububiligi), Ubufaransa, Porutugali, Ubutaliyani, n'ibindi bihugu. Ba mukerarugendo batageze kuri umwe kw'ijana baturutse muri Amerika. Umubare munini wa ba mukerarugendo basura ibirwa biringaniye ndetse n'ibirwa bidatuwe cyane nka Sal, Boa Vista, na Maio hamwe n'inyanja y'umusenyi wera.
Politiki ya viza ya Cape Verde isaba viza kubakerarugendo baturutse ku isi yose. Vuba aha ariko, gusonerwa viza ku baturage b’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, abenegihugu b’Amerika na Kanada, hamwe n’abaturage b’ibihugu by’Uburayi hanze y’akarere ka Schengen, byashyizwe mu bikorwa kandi bitangira gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Mutarama 2019.
Imibare
Abashyitsi benshi mu bigo by’ubukerarugendo, mu gihugu batuyemo, mu mwaka wa 2015:
Bibliografiya
Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo
Imyumbati
thumb|Imyumbati thumb|casava
Keita Buwanika
ikipe
.
Imyumbati
Ubuhinzi bw'imyumbati mu Rwanda  bwazanywe  n'Ababiligi mu mwaka w'1930. Imyumbati  ni igihingwa ngandurarugo kiri ku mwanya wa gatatu nyuma  y'ibijumba n'ibitoki. Mu myaka icumi ishize umusaruro w'imyumbati wagiye ugabanuka bitewe ahanini n'indwara, ibyonnyi n'ibura ry'imbuto zihanganira indwara.
Imyumbati isarurwaho  ibijumba ari na byo biribwa. Imyumbati ifite ubushobozi bwo kwera mu butaka buteraramo ibindi bihingwa. Imyumbati kandi yera mu gihe hariho amapfa. Kubera ko imyumbati ishobora kuguma mu butaka kugeza ku mezi 24, ndetse n'amwe mu moko yayo akaba yaguma mu butaka kugeza ku mezi 36, gusarura imyumbati bishobora gutegereza ko isoko riboneka cyangwa haboneka uburyo bwo kuyitunganya.Imyumbati iribwa n'abantu, ariko ishobora no kugaburirwa amatungo. Mu ngo nyinshi imyumbati iribwa nk'ikiribwa gitera imbaraga. Imyumbati ishobora kuribwamo umutsima, igikoma, kotswa cyangwa gutogoswa. Amababi y'imyumbati nayo aribwa nk'imboga rwatsi, zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri na Vitamini A na B.
Jumai Bello
Hajia Jumai Bello ni umuyobozi mukuru w'itangazamakuru mu gihugu cya Nijeriya. Niwe mugore wa mbere wabaye umuyobozi wa radiyo muri radiyo ya Bauchi. Yabaye umuyobozi wa mbere w’umugore uyobora Bauchi Radio Corporation. Yemejwe n'uwahoze ari guverineri Mohammed Abubakar wo muri Leta ya Bauchi. Mbere yo kugirwa MD (umuyobozi mukuru) w'ikigo, yakoraga nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe amakuru n'ibikorwa bigezweho. Mu 1982, yarangije muri kaminuza ya Bayero, i Kano aho yize itumanaho rusange.
Imyumbati
AMOKO
thumb|Umwumbati wo mubwoko bw'umuvunde Ubusanzwe hari amoko abiri y'amoko y'imyumbati: imyumbati irura n'imyumbati y'imiribwa.
Imyumbati yitwa ko ari imiribwa igihe yifitemo ubusharire buke. Ubundi imyumbati yigiramo ubusharire ( aside) bugomba gukurwamo kugira ngo ibashe kuribwa. Imyumbati y'imiribwa yigiramo ubusharire buke  butagira icyo butwaye. Imyumbati irura ihingwa kimwen'imyumbati y'imiribwa, ariko yifitemo ubusharire ku rugero rwo hejuru. Imyumbati y'imiribwa ishobora kugira urugero rw'ubusharire bungana na 40/1000000, naho imyumbati irura ikagira ubusharire ku rugero rwa 490/1000000. Urugero ruri hejuru ya 50/1000000 rufatwa nk'urwateza ibyago. Ubusharire mu myumbati irura ni ikibazo ku buzima bw'abantu, kereka bubanje kugabanywa kugera ku rugero rwihanganirwa. Iyo imyumbati igifite ubwo busharire iba ari uburozi bushobora kwica, ariko na none kubugabanya mu myumbati bikozwe ku buryo budatunganye na bwo na byo bishobora kwica mu gihe runaka, cyane cyane mu gihe ifunguro ribuzemo intungamubiri. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo kugabanya ubusharire mu myumbati. Kwanika imyumbati gusa bigabanya urugero rw'ubusharire, n'ubwo bishobora kuba bidahagije kugira ngo iribwe. Kwinika imyumbati mu mazi mbere yo kuyanika ni byo byizewe mu kugabanya ubusharire  ku buryo nyabwo. Guhugutisha imyumbati uko yakabaye cyangwa yacagaguwemo uduce duto nabyo bigabanya ubusharire, kuyikaranga ndetse no kuyibiza inshuro nyinshi uhindura amazi na byo bigabanya ubusharire ku buryo iribwa nta kibazo. thumb|Igiti cy'umwumbati Mu Rwanda dufite dufite amoko y'imyumbati menshi ariko afite ikibazo cyo kwibasiwa n'indwara n'ibyonnyi biyangiza. Ayo moko aragaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira. thumb|casava plant
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Ibiribwa
Minisiteri ya Siporo mu Rwanda
thumb|Minisitiri wa siporo Minisiteri ya Siporo ( The Ministry of Sports,Minisports) ni minisiteri ifite siporo mu nshingano, ifite inshingano zo guteza imbere siporo no gushyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa na gahunda n'ingamba ziteza imbere ibikorwa biteza imbere siporo n'imikino bigamije guhindura ubukungu, ubuzima n'imibereho myiza, Minisiteri ya Siporo Ifite gahunda na politike yo kwerekana i gihugu cyu  Rwanda nk'igihugu cya siporo. Ibigenderwaho harimo :
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Minisitiri
Inzu Ndangamurage ya Rwesero
Inzu Ndangamurage ya Rwesero cyangwa Ingoro y’Ubugeni n’Ubuhanzi yo ku Rwesero, ni inzu ndangamurage iherereye i Nyanza, mu Rwanda. Yashinzwe n'Ikigo cy'ingoro z'umurage w'u Rwanda.
Yubatswe nk'ingoro y'Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa, gusa ariko ntiyigeze agira umwanya wo kuyijyamo; yapfuye mbere yo kuyigarurira, ihinduka inzu ndangamurage y'ubuhanzi mu Rwanda
Reba
Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda
Douhou Ahmed
Douhou Ahmed (wavutse ku ya 14 Ukuboza 1976 ) ni umufaransa wiruka muri metero 200. Yahinduye ubwenegihugu mu gihugu yavukiyemo i Bouake muri Kote Divuwari  mu 2002.
Patricia Foufoué Ziga
Patricia Foufoué Ziga (wavutse ku ya 8 Werurwe 1972) ni umukinnyi wirukankaga akaba ari mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru Kote Divuwari wazobereye muri metero 100.
Douhou Ahmed
Yatsindiye umudari wa bronze mu kwiruka metero 4 x 400 muri Shampiyona y’Uburayi 2002, ari kumwe na bagenzi be Leslie Djhone, Naman Keïta na Ibrahima Wade. Ku rwego rwa buri muntu yageze muri kimwe cya kabiri cy'irushanwa ry’imbere mu IAAF mu 1997, yitabira imikino Olempike yo mu 2000 na 2004.
Mbere yo kwerekeza mu Bufaransa yafashije gushyiraho agahigo muri Kote Divuwari kwirukanka muri metero 4 x 100 mu  masegonda 38.60, agera kuri bagenzi be Ibrahim Meité, Yves Sonan na Eric Pacome N'Dri mu marushanwa y'isi yabereye i Edmonton 2001.
Patricia Foufoué Ziga
Yabaye uwa gatandatu muri metero 60 muri Shampiyona yisi yo mu 1993. Yari yarushanwe mu 1991, ariko ntiyagera ku mukino wa nyuma.
Douhou Ahmed
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wiruka n'amaguru Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Patricia Foufoué Ziga
Ibihe byiza yagize ni amasegonda 11.48, yageze muri Nyakanga 1990 i Montgeron.
2C (umucuranzi)
Romeo Awakanu Mulbah (wavutse ku ya 16 Gicurasi 1987), azwi ku izina rya 2C, ni umuririmbyi akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo ubu akaba ari umunyaliberiya uherereye muri Amerika. Yasinyanye amasezerano na OuttaSpace Entertainment mu 2017 maze afatanya na Akon gufata amajwi ya "Mr Mechanic". 2C yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi, harimo Umuhanzi w'umwaka wa 2010 muri Liberia Entertainment Awards.
Neza Da Songbird
Neza Da Songbird Uyu ni umunyarwandakazi wavukiye i Kinshassa. Avuga indimi enye neza zirimo Ikinyarwanda, Igifaransa, Icyongereza n’Ilingala. Neza akorera umuziki we i Toronto muri Canada ari naho abana n’abavandimwe be.
Nzafashwanayo Jean Claude
Nzafashwanayo Jean Claude yavutse 04 kanama 2000 umukinnyi w'igare yegukanye agace ka gatandatu k’irushanwa Tour internationale de Cameroon, ukinira kandi Benediction Excel Energy Club yegukanye isiganwa rizenguruka Repubulika iharanira Demukarasi ya Congo ryabaga ku nshuro ya karindwi.
Neza Da Songbird
Amateka
Neza Da SongBird, umunyarwandakazi ukorera umuziki muri Canada yatoranijwe mu bahatanira igihembo  cy’umuhanzi mwiza utanga icyizere cy’ejo hazaza muri muzika ya  Afurika mu bihembo bigiye gutangwa ku nshuro ya kane bya Afrima. Neza akora injyana zishingiye kuri R&B, Pop, Afro-Dancehall n’izindi zigezweho ziganjemo izituje,  yagiye muri studio bwa mbere mu mwaka 2000, ari nabwo yakoze indirimbo ye ya mbere. Uyu muhanzikazi ari mubatanga icyizere mu kuzamura umuziki nyarwanda ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Nzafashwanayo Jean Claude
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Igare Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa magare Ikiciro:Amarushanwa ku igare Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda
2C (umucuranzi)
Ubuzima bwo hambere
Romeo Awakanu Mulbah yavutse ku ya 16 Gicurasi 1987, avukira mu mujyi wa Bong Town, muri Liberiya. Igihe yari afite imyaka 5, umuryango we wahunze biturutse ku ntambara ya mbere yo muri Liberiya. Batura by'igihe gito muri Kote Divuwari mbere yo kwimukira muri Amerika.
Neza Da Songbird
Amarushanwa
Si ubwa mbere Neza yitabiriye amarushanwa mpuzamahanga y’abanyamuziki kuko no mu mwaka 2012, yaje kwitabira  amarushanwa ya African Entertainment Awards yabereye muri Canada. Akaza guhabwa igihembo cya  “Best Female Artist”.
2C (umucuranzi)
Umwuga wa muzika
2C gushishikarira umuziki kwe no kuwukora byatangiye akiri muto. Yatsinze amarushanwa menshi yo kubyina igihe yabaga muri Kote Divuwari, ndetse yagaragaye mu bitaramo bitandukanye bya muzika igihe yabaga muri Atlanta. Mu 2007, 2C yifatanyije na producer w’umuziki Jason "Pit" Pittman mu gufata amashusho yambere yise "Liberia Girl". Muri 2009, yagiye muri Ohio gukora igitaramo cyari cyitabiriwe n'umuyobozi wa BET Pat Charles. 2C yatsindiye kwerekana kandi yitabira amarushanwa ya BET's Wild Out yo aba kuwa gatatu. Kabone nubwo atatsinze iri rushanwa, kwiyerekana kwe kuri stage byamuhaye amahirwe yo kwiyerekana kandi bimwemerera gukora ibitaramo muri Amerika yose no muri Kanada. Muri 2014, 2C yakoranye n'itsinda ry'abahanzi babiri bo muri Gana bitwa Ruff n Smooth bafata amajwi y'indirimbo yitwa "I Wanna Be". Yasinyanye amasezerano na Outtaspace Entertainment mu 2017 maze asaba Akon kwandika "Mr Mechanic". 2C yagiye mu ruzinduko rwo kwamamaza aho yakoze ibitaramo muri Liberiya, Gana na Senegali; yaririmbye mu isabukuru ya Radiyo King FM.
Neza Da Songbird
References
Ikiciro:Umuhanzi Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi
Hategeka Gasore
Hategeka Gasore  umunyarwanda ukinira Nyabihu Cycling Team yatsinze irushanwa rya Rwanda Cycling Cup 2018 ryitiriwe kuzirikana umuco nyarwanda ,agace gasoza iri siganwa ka Nyanza-Rwamagana.
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Igare Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa magare Ikiciro:Amarushanwa ku igare Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda
Ubushyuhe bukabije (Global warming potential)
Ubushyuhe bukabije ( GWP ) ni ubushyuhe bwakirwa na gaze iyo ari yo yose yo mu kirere, nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwakirwa na misa imwe ya karuboni ( CO  ). GWP ni 1 kuri CO. Kubindi Dioxyde de Carbone ihwanye ( CO e cyangwa CO  eq cyangwa CO  -e) ibarwa kuva GWP. Kuri gaze iyo ari yo yose, ni misa ya CO yashyushya isi nkubunini bwa gaze. Rero itanga igipimo rusange cyo gupima ingaruka zikirere ziterwa na gaze zitandukanye. Irabarwa nka GWP inshuro ya misa yandi gaze. biterwa na gaze nigihe cyagenwe.
Indangagaciro
Dioxyde de Carbone niyo yerekana. Ifite GWP ya 1 utitaye kumwanya wakoreshejwe. Imyuka ya CO itera kwiyongera kwikirere cya CO  kizamara imyaka ibihumbi. Ikigereranyo cy’agaciro ka GWP mu myaka 20, 100 na 500 gikusanywa kandi kigasubirwamo muri raporo zaturutse mu kanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Olajumoke Oduwole
Olajumoke Oduwole ni Rwiyemezamirimo w'umunya Nijeriya, ni umuyobozi akaba n'uwashinze KJK Afrika.
Amateka
Olajumoke yashinze KJK African muri 2014 nkubucuruzi bwumugore umwe, ushoboye kwandika indimi 16 zo gutangiza gahunda. Yashinze isosiyete ya KJK Africa kubera ko imishinga mito mito yari ifite amahirwe yo kubona porogaramu zinzobere ninzobere mu ikoranabuhanga. Muri 2014 rero, amaze kureka akazi, yinjiye muri kariya gace gashya avuye mu cyumba cye maze azigama amadorari 300.
Kuva ubwo ubucuruzi bwubatse porogaramu nka porogaramu ya tru-DATA ifitwe na TrippleGee & Co Plc., Isosiyete ishinzwe umutekano yavuyemo amasezerano afite agaciro ka miliyoni 2 z'amadolari (USD). Kubaka ibicuruzwa bya tru-DATA byashimangiye kwizera intego zabo muri rusange, bitera ishema, kandi bikomeza icyerekezo cye cyo kuba IBM ya Afrika. Intego za Olajumoke kuri sosiyete zirimo kubaka ibicuruzwa bizatanga ibisubizo bifatika kubibazo byugarije ubucuruzi muri Nigeriya na Afrika.
Eric Senderi
Eric Senderi Nzaramba ni umuhanzi nyarwanda uririmba injyana ya Afro Beat, wamenyekanye cyane ku mazina ya "Eric Senderi" cyangwa "Senderi International Hit". uyu muhanzi akaba ari umwe mu bakunze kwifashishwa mu bitaramo birimo gahunda za Leta n'ibindi bitaramo.
Olajumoke Oduwole
Amateka
Olajumoke ni we wungukirwa na Goldman Sachs Abagore 10,000, gahunda ku isi yose iteza imbere ubukungu kuri ba rwiyemezamirimo b'abagore.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
Eric Senderi
= amashakiro = Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga Ikiciro:Entertainment Ikiciro:Umuhanzi Ikiciro:Rwandan artists
Chadrack Muzungu
Chadrack Muzungu Lukombe, (yavutse ku ya 14 Mata 1997 i Kinshasa), ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Kongo ukina nka kuruhande hamwe na RS Berkane.
Umwuga wa ikipe
Yatojwe afite imyaka 9 muri ATHLETIC CLUB UJANA Training Center i Kinshasa. Yatangiye umwuga we muri AS Vita Club, ikipe ya turutse mu gihugu akomokamo.
Muri Mutarama 2019, Lukombe yagiye mu mahanga asinyana n'ikipe yo mu Misiri ENPPI SC.
Ku ya 31 Mutarama umwaka ukurikira, yinjiye mu Burayi na Espagne UD Almería. Yahawe ikipe ya B ikina muri Tercera División (icyiciro cya kane). Noneho yi muriwe muri Boulogne mu buryo bw'intizanyo nta mahitamo yo kugura.
Ku ya 20 Gicurasi 2022, yegukanye igikombe cya Confederation nyuma yo gutsinda umukino wa nyuma kuri penaliti yakinnye na Orlando Pirates FC (banganya, 1-1). Ku ya 28 Nyakanga 2022, yatsinze Wydad Casablanca kuri penariti mu mukino wa nyuma w'igikombe cya Maroke kuri Stade Mohammed-V (banganya, 0-0). Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2022, yatangiye ayobowe n'umutoza we mushya Abdelhak Benchikha ku mukino wa nyuma wa CAF Super Cup na Wydad Athletic Club. Umukino warangiye itsinze 0-2 ku kigo cyimikino cya Moulay-Abdallah.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Amavuta y'inka
thumb|AMAVUTA Y'INKA thumb|Amavuta y'inka Afashe Amavuta y’inka (mu ndimi z’amahanga bayita beurre mu gifaransa cyangwa butter mu cyongereza).
Mu Kinyarwanda bamwe bayita IKIMURI abandi bakayita IBIRUNGE. Aboneka bahereye ku mata y’ikivuguto, aho bayacunda haba mu buryo bwa gakondo cyangwa bakoresheje imashini zabugenewe, noneho hakavamo ya mavuta.
Nubwo amavuta y’inka kubera kutaboneka hose ashobora gusimbuzwa margarine, nyamara ntabwo binganya umumaro, na cyane ko amavuta y’inka aba ari umwimerere.
Akamaro kayo k'ubuzima
Iy’ingenzi twavuga ibamo ni vitamin A iyi ikaba ifitiye umubiri wacu akamaro kanini, nko gutuma tureba neza. Kandi inatuma umubiri wacu ukora imisemburo ucyeneye ku gipimo cyiza. Uretse ibyo kandi hanabonekamo vitamin D, E na K.
Iyo ni nka manganese, chrome, zinc, umuringa, selenium. Selenium by’umwihariko ivana imyanda imeze nk’uburozi mu mubiri. Ikimuri kinabamo iodine. Twibutseko selenium ahandi wayisanga ari mu ngano zikiri zose, atari izagizwe ifarini.
Ibinure byuzuye (saturated fats) ubu byamaze kuboneka ko bifasha mu kurwanya cholesterol mbi, kandi bigafasha umuntu guhaga vuba iyo ari kurya, bigafasha umubiri gukoresha ibinure wifitemo, bikarwanya umubyibuho. Ikindi kandi bifasha umubiri kurwanya mikorobi ndetse bikanatuma igogorwa rikorwa neza. Twibutseko cholesterol mbi ari nk’ingese mu mitsi y’amaraso, kuko ituma ifungana, bigatera umutima gutera nabi.
Habamo rero aside izwi nka arachidonic acid ikaba ifasha mu mikorere myiza y’ubwonko, uruhu rwiza ndetse bikanafasha mu ikorwa ry’imisemburo irwanya kubyimbirwa.
Uko akoreshwa
Amavuta y’inka araribwa. Nyuma yo kuyatunganya, uyavanga n’ibyo kurya bimaze gushya bigishyushye.
Amavuta y’inka kandi barayisiga. Kuyisiga bituma uruhu ruba rwiza kandi rukoroha. Ndetse kuri bamwe andi mavuta yananiye akenshi ay’inka kuyisiga birabafasha.
Ibipimo by' umwanda womukirere (Air pollution measurement)
thumb|Ibikoresho byifashishwa mugupima umwuka. Ibipimo byumwuka mubi mu ikirere ni inzira yo gukusanya no gupima ibice byangiza ikirere, cyane cyane imyuka n'ibice. Ibikoresho bya mbere byakoreshwaga mu gupima umwanda harimo gupima imvura (mu bushakashatsi bw’imvura ya aside ), imbonerahamwe ya Ringelmann yo gupima umwotsi, hamwe na soot yoroshye hamwe n’abakusanya ivumbi bizwi nko kubitsa. Ibipimo bigezweho byangiza ikirere byikora kandi bigakorwa hifashishijwe ibikoresho nubuhanga butandukanye. Izi ntera ziva mubikoresho byoroshye byo kwipimisha bizwi kwizina rya diffuzione unyuze mubyuma bihanitse cyane bya chimique na physique bitanga ibipimo byumwanda mugihe nyacyo, bikoreshwa mugutanga ibipimo byubuziranenge bwikirere.
Akamaro ko gupimwa
Guhumanya ikirere biterwa nibintu byinshi. Mu bidukikije byo mu mijyi, irashobora kuba irimo ibice byinshi, cyane cyane ibice bikomeye kandi byamazi (nka soot iva kuri moteri hamwe n ivu ryisazi riva mumuriro), hamwe na gaze nyinshi zitandukanye (cyane cyane dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya azote, na monoxyde de carbone, byose bijyanye na lisansi gutwikwa ). Ubu buryo butandukanye bwanduye bugira ingaruka zitandukanye kubuzima bwabantu, ku isi karemano (amazi, ubutaka, ibihingwa, ibiti, nibindi bimera), no kubidukikije byubatswe. Gupima ihumana ry’ikirere nintambwe yambere yo kumenya ibitera hanyuma ukagabanya cyangwa ukabigenzura kugira ngo ikirere cy’ikirere kigabanuke mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko (giteganijwe n’ubuyobozi nk’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika) cyangwa amabwiriza ngishwanama yatanzwe n’inzego nka Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO). WHO ivuga ko imijyi irenga 6000 yo mu bihugu 117 ubu isanzwe ikurikirana ubwiza bw’ikirere cyayo.
Umwanana
thumb|Igitoki cyigararagaza umwanana Igice cyo ku mutwe w'igitoki cyitwa umwanana cyangwa umukwanana ,cya kindi inzuki zikunda guhahiraho ni igice abantu benshi bakeka ko nta kamaro namba gifite ,ariko umuntu wamenye ibanga ryacyo ,atangazwa n'umumaro w'indashyikirwa wacyo.
Ibipimo by' umwanda womukirere (Air pollution measurement)
Ibipimo byoroshye
bikoresho bya pasitive biroroshye kandi birahendutse. Bakora mukunyunyuza cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukusanya icyitegererezo cyumwuka wibidukikije, hanyuma kigomba gusesengurwa muri laboratoire. Bumwe mu buryo bukunze kugaragara mu gupima pasiporo ni umuyoboro wa diffuzione, usa n'umuyoboro wa laboratoire wapimwe kandi ugafatirwa ku kintu kimeze nk'itara ry'itara kugira ngo ryinjize imyuka imwe cyangwa myinshi yihariye ihumanya inyungu. Nyuma yigihe runaka, umuyoboro umanurwa hanyuma woherezwa muri laboratoire kugirango isesengurwe. Ibipimo byo kubitsa, bumwe muburyo bwa kera bwo gupima umwanda, nubundi bwoko bwibikoresho bya pasiporo. Nibisumizi binini bikusanya soot cyangwa ibindi bice hanyuma bikabijugunya mumacupa yintangarugero, bigomba kongera gusesengurwa muri laboratoire.
References
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Umwanana
Tumenye Umwanana
Umuntu wifuza gufungura imboga zikomoka ku mwanana, awufata akawukuraho ibishishwa by’inyuma byose bitukura agasigarana agace k’imbere (gasa n’umweru).Uturabyo twari kuba twaravuyemo igitoki umuntu asanga mu mwanana uko akuraho buri gishishwa, na two ngo baradufata bakadususuraho agace ko hejuru kaba karimo utuzi tumeze nk’ubuki tugashyirwa hamwe n’izo mboga. Umuntu amaze gususura wa mwanana n’uturabyo twawo, ahita asuka amazi mu gikoresho, agashyiramo umunyu ungana nk’uwo yarunga mu mafunguro agiye kuribwa, cyangwa agashyiramo indimu, ubundi agakekeramo umwanana yatunganyije.Ushobora kubishyira muri ayo mazi arimo umunyu nka mu gitondo bikamaramo amasaha arenze abiri, ariko icyiza ni uko wabishyiramo nimugoroba bikararamo ukazabiteka bukeye bwaho, ibi bigamije gukamuramo amakakama. Kaminuza Gatolika ya Kabgayi (ICK) yatangaje ubushakashatsi yakoze kuva mu mwaka wa 2020, buvuga ko umwanana w’igitoki ari ikiribwa kiryoshye kandi gifite intungamubiri nk’iz’inyama cyangwa ibihumyo.Umushakashatsi wa ICK agaragaza ko abantu badafite amafaranga yo kugura inyama, bashobora kwifashisha umwanana ukababera ikiribwa gikungahaye cyane mu byubaka umubiri (protein).
Umwanana mu kuvura uburwayi butandukanye
Umwanana ukaba ushobora kuvura uburwayi butandukanye ndetse no kurinda umubiri bimwe mu bibazo n'uburwayi buwibasira.Byagaragaye ko umwanana ushobora kuvura bumwe mu burwayi nka Diyabete aho ufasha mu kuringaniza ikigero cy'isukari mu mubiri ,ibyo bikaba bishobora kurinda ingaruka ziterwa na Diyabete harimo ubuhumyi ,Ibinya mu maguru n'amaboko n'ibindi byinshi.Umwanana ukungahaye ku mavitamini ya C,A,E ndetse n'imyunyungugu nka potasiyumu.Gufasha mu igogorwa ry'ibiryo Umwanana ukungahaye ku bizwi nka fibers bifasha mu koroshya igogorwa bityo ukaba ari umuti mwiza wo kuvura ikibazo cya Constipation. Kurinda no gukomeza nyababyeyi,Abagore benshi bakunda kugira ibibazo bitandukanye mu myanya myibarukiro ,ahanini mu bice bya nyababyeyi ,umwanana ukaba uzwiho kurinda no gukomeza nyababyeyi ku buryo umuntu ukunda kurya bimwe mu bice biwugize bivanze n'ubundi bwoko bw'ibimera,Uyu muntu uwukoresha ntagira ibibazo bitandukanye byo muri nyababyeyi ,ugereranyije n'abatawukoresha,umwanana ukaba ukoreshwa watetswe mu mazi ,hanyuma umuntu akanywa amazi yawuvuyemo. Umwanana ushobora kugabanya ububabare mu gihe cy'imihango,Ububabare bwo mu gihe cy'imihango bushobora kugabanywa no gukoresha amazi yaturutse ku mwanana ,ibyo bikaba biterwa nuko ubasha kuringaniza umusemburo progesterone ufasha mu kugabanya ububabare mu gihe cy'imihango.Ushobora kongera amashereka ku babyeyi bonsa,Kurya umwanana ku mugore wonsa byongera amashereka nkuko byatangajwe n'ikinyamakuru cya Healthline ,kurya umwanana ku mubyeyi wonsa bishobora gutuma abona amashereka ahagije ku mwana. Kugabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso ukabije (hypertension),Umuvuduko w'amaraso ukabije ni uburwayi bongera bwiyongera mu bantu bitewe n'imibereho igenda ihinduka ,hari uburyo wakwivura ubu burwayi bwa hypertension bushobora kuvurwa na bimwe mu bimera muri byo harimo n'umwanana.
Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro
Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro ( /ˌ k ɪ l ɪ m ə n ˈ dʒ ɑː r oʊ / )  ni ikirunga gisinziriye giherereye mu karere ka Kilimanjaro muri Tanzaniya. Ifite ibirunga bitatu by'ibirunga: Kibo, Mawenzi, na Shira. Numusozi muremure muri Afrika numusozi muremure wubusa hejuru yinyanja kwisi: metero 5.895 (19.341 ft) hejuru yinyanja na metero 4900 (16.100 ft) hejuru yikibaya cyacyo. Ni ikirunga kinini muri Afurika no mu Burasirazuba bw'isi.
Kilimanjaro ni impinga ya kane igaragara cyane ku isi. Nibice bya parike yigihugu ya Kilimanjaro kandi ni ahantu nyaburanga gutembera no kuzamuka. Kubera ibibarafu bigabanuka hamwe nubutaka bwa barafu, biteganijwe ko bizashira hagati ya 2025 na 2035, byakorewe ubushakashatsi bwinshi mubumenyi..
Ikiraro cya Nyali mu mwaka wa 1931
Ikiraro cya Nyali cyari ikiraro kireremba hejuru y'amazi kigahuza ikirwa cya Mombasa n'umugabane wa Kenya.
Ubuhinzi ubwiza bw' ikirere
thumb|Ubuhinzi n'ikirere Ubuhinzi bw’ikirere (cyangwa ubuhinzi bwangiza ikirere ) ni inzira ihuriweho yo gucunga ibibanza bifasha guhuza uburyo bw’ubuhinzi, amatungo n’ibihingwa n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, nkaho bishoboka, bikayirwanya hagabanywa ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi, icyarimwe hitawe ku baturage biyongera ku isi kugira ngo babashe kwihaza mu biribwa. Ntabwo hibandwa gusa ku buhinzi bwa karubone cyangwa ubuhinzi burambye, ahubwo no kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi. "bijyanye n'icyerekezo ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi birambye kandi ishyigikira intego yo gukora ubuhinzi, amashyamba n'uburobyi kurushaho gutanga umusaruro kandi birambye".
Uburyo no gusuzuma
Ishami rishinzwe ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi ryagaragaje ko ibikoresho byinshi by’ibihugu n’abantu ku giti cyabo muburyo bwo gusuzuma, kugenzura no gusuzuma ibice bigize murigahunda ya CSA no kuyishyira mu bikorwa na FAO. Bimwe muri ibyo bikoresho birimo:
Reba
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Ubusitani bw'ikirere
Ubusitani ikirere nuburyo ubusitani bushobora kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu busitani kandi bigashishikarizwa kwinjiza carbone nu butaka n’ibimera hagamijwe kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi. Kuba umuhizi atangiza ikirere bisobanura gusuzuma ibibera mu busitani n'ibikoresho byazanywemo n'ingaruka bigira ku mikoreshereze y'ubutaka n'ikirere. BIrashoboraka kandi gushiramo ibiranga ubusitani cyangwa ibikorwa mu busitani bifasha kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ahandi ku isi. thumb| Ubusitani bwa Orchard bwerekana ibiti byimbuto, ibyatsi bimera nibimera bitwikiriye ubutaka, kuri Hergest Croft Gardens, Hanofordshire, mubwongereza
Imikoreshereze yubutaka na gaze ya parike
Ibyinshi mu byuka bihumanya ikirere bitera imihindagurikire y’ikirere byaturutse ku gutwika amavuta n’ibimera. Ariko raporo idasanzwe y’akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ihuriweho n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe yagereranije ko mu myaka 150 ishize by’ibicanwa n’umusemburo wa sima ari byo byonyine bigera kuri bibiri bya gatatu by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere: ikindi cya gatatu cyatewe nu ko abantu bakoresha ubutaka. .
Imyuka itatu yingenzi ya parike ikorwa nu butaka budashoboka ni carbone, metani, na okiside. Carbone yumukara cyangwa soti birashobora kandi guterwa no gukoresha ubutaka budashoboka, kandi, nubwo atari gaze, irashobora kwitwara nka gaze ya parike kandi ikagira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere.
Kurinda no kuzamura ububiko bwa karubone
thumb| Igishanga nigishanga mumashyamba mashya, Hampshire thumb| Kwemeza ibiti byimbuto hamwe nibiti byometse ku busitani bwa Royal Horticultural Society i Wisley
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Imisozi ya Kukuruku (Nijeriya)
Imisozi ya Kukuruku ni agace gakomeye k'imisozi miremire yatandukanijwe muri Nijeriya. Irimo (mu magambo yavanyweho ) Igice cya Afenmai, kizwi kugeza mu 1957 cyitwa Diviziyo ya Kukuruku, ndetse no mu bice bya Owo na Ekiti, ndetse no mu Ntara ya Kabba mu sihugu cya Nijeriya.
FRVB
thumb|Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu [[Rwanda]] Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda (The Rwanda Volleyball Federation, FRVB) ryashinzwe nyuma mu myaka wa 1976 kandi rishyigikiwe n’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rya Volleyball (FIVB) ndetse n’ishyirahamwe rya volley ball muri Afurika (CAVB) mu 1978. Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Volleyball mu Rwanda niryo ritegura amarushwa yose yo muri volleyball mu Rwanda nka Memorial Kayumba, KVC Taurnment, Gisaka open, Memorial rutsindura, Gisagara tournment.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Siporo Ikiciro:Siporo ya volleyball
Kilimanjaro (resitora)
Kilimanjaro ifitwe na marike ya resitora ya Sundry Foods, kandi bakorera mu murenge w'ihuse wa Resitora (QSR). Kilimanjaro kuva yatangira kwigaragaza nk'imbaraga zo gutumbagira mu kirere, kandi izwi nk'imwe mu murikagurisha rya resitora ryihuta cyane muri Nijeriya, rifite amaduka arenga 48 akorera ahantu hatandukanye.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Resitora Ikiciro:Nijeriya
Inzira y'ubwiru ya Rukungugu
Inzira y'ubwiru ya Rukungugu mu myemerere gakondo y'abanyarwanda yari inzira yakorwaga hagamijwe kurwanya amapfa yateye mu gihugu havugwa amagambo agamije kwirukana ayo mapfa mu gihugu, ariko igakorwa mu buryo bumeze nko kwishima. Ayo magambo yavugwaga aboneka mu gisisigo cya Nyakayonga ka musare “Urugumye rukanga umwami”.
= Amashakiro =
Imibare
Imibare
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, ikibazo cy'ifatizo mu mibare no gutondekanya uburyo bwa axiomatic bwatumye habaho guturika mu bice bishya by'imibare. [23] Ibyiciro by'Imibare ya 2020 birimo ibyiciro bitarenze mirongo itandatu na bitatu byo mu rwego rwa mbere. Bimwe muribi bice bihuye nigice cyakera, nkuko arukuri kubijyanye numubare wimibare (izina rya kijyambere ryimibare ihanitse) na geometrie. Ibindi bice byinshi byo murwego rwa mbere bifite "geometrie" mumazina yabo cyangwa ubundi bifatwa nkigice cya geometrie. Algebra na calculus ntabwo bigaragara nkibice byo murwego rwa mbere ariko bigabanijwemo ibice byinshi byo murwego rwa mbere. Ibindi bice byo mu rwego rwa mbere byagaragaye mu kinyejana cya 20 cyangwa ntibyari byigeze bifatwa nk'imibare, nka logique y'imibare n'imfatiro.
Umubare wimibare
Ingingo nyamukuru: Igitekerezo cyimibare
Ngonda Muzinga
thumb|Ngonda Muzinga Glody Ngonda Muzinga, (yavutse Ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1994) ,Ni ukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukina ari mpuzamahanga ukomo ka muri wa congo ukina nkumukinnyi winyuma muri Riga FC.
Imibare
Nibwo Ulam spiral, yerekana ikwirakwizwa ryimibare yibanze. Imirongo yijimye ya diagonal yerekana igitekerezo cyubwigenge bugereranijwe hagati yo kuba uwambere no kuba agaciro ka polinomial quadratic, igitekerezo ubu kizwi nka Hardy na Littlewood's Conjecture F.
Ngonda Muzinga
AS Vita Club
Yagiye gukina muri Afurika Champions League ndetse n’igikombe cya Confederation inshuro nyinshi. Yageze ku mukino wa nyuma w'igikombe cya Confederation hamwe na AS Vita Club muri 2018, batsindwa na Raja de Casablanca.
Uburambe bwa mbere iburayi muri Dijon
Yinjiye muri Dijon FCO muri Kanama 2019, asinya amasezerano y'imyaka 2 ( undi 1 bishoboka) kugirango asubize urugendo rwa Oussama Haddadi na Arnold Bouka Moutou. Byabaye ngombwa ko akina irushanwa n’umusore ukomoka mu gihugu cya Maroke na Hamza Mendyl kandi yakinnye imikino 8 gusa mu marushanwa yose (harimo 6 muri Ligue 1 ) muri shampiyona ya mbere.
Imibare
Umubare wimibare watangiranye no gukoresha imibare, ni ukuvuga imibare isanzwe
(
Inzira y'ubwiru ya Kivu
Inzira y'ubwiru ya Kivu ni inzira y'Ubwiru yakorwaga iyo mu gihugu habaga haguye imvura y’amahindu. Hicwaga umwe mu bavubyi bikozwe n’abiru akaba igitambo cyo kuba iyo mvura itakumiriwe kandi abavubyi babifitiye ubushobozi.
Inzira y'ubwiru y'umuhigo
Inzira y’Umuhigo: mu myerere gakondo y'abanyarwanda, Iyi nzira yakorwaga n’umwami igihe yabaga yitegura kujya guhiga, agira ngo azabone umuhigo ndetse we n’abo bajyanye guhiga bazahahe baronke mu rugendo rwo guhiga bagiyemo
Inzira y'ubwiru ya Kivu
= Amashakiro =
Imibare
N.
Bright Jaja
Bright Jaja ni Rwiyemezamirimo mu igihugu cya Nijeriya. Ni umuyobozi wa iCreate Africa.
Amateka
Yashinze iCreate Africa muri 2017 kugirango azamure kandi amenyekanishe abanyamwuga babishoboye binyuze mu gusubiramo no kwerekana agaciro k’ubuhanga muri rusange no gutegura urubyiruko ubumenyi buzaza. iCreate Afrika itoza urubyiruko ubwenge bwubuhanga, tekinoroji ya blocain, tekinoroji ya drone, nanotehnologiya, ubuhinzi bwa digitale.
Ibihembo
Bright yishimiwe ahabwa igihembo cyo guhanga udushya no kuba indashyikirwa mu kwihangira imirimo no mu mibare ya Digital muri 2019. Yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa Forbes Africa 30 Abatarengeje imyaka 30 muri 2019.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Nijeriya Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo
Imibare
)
,
{\ kwerekana imiterere (\ mathbb {N}),} hanyuma nyuma yaguka kuri integer
Gahemba Bernabe
Gahemba Bernabe 7 mata 2001 umukinnyi w'igare akaba umuvandimwe wa Areruya Joseph, akaba ari umwe mubakinnyi Ishyirahamwe ry’umukino w’amagare mu Rwanda, FERWACY ryagaragaje bazakina Tour du Rwanda 2021 bari muri ikipe ya Team Rwanda.
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Igare Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa magare Ikiciro:Amarushanwa ku igare Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda
Imibare
Z.
Ikibazo
.
Ngonda Muzinga
Inyandiko
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Imibare
Ibibazo byinshi byavuzwe byoroshye bifite ibisubizo bisaba uburyo buhanitse, akenshi biva mumibare. Urugero rugaragara ni Theorem ya nyuma ya Fermat. Iki gitekerezo cyavuzwe mu 1637 na Pierre de Fermat, ariko byagaragaye mu 1994 gusa na Andrew Wiles, wakoresheje ibikoresho birimo igishushanyo mbonera cya geometrike ya algebraic, teorite y'ibyiciro, na algebra ya homologiya. Urundi rugero ni igitekerezo cya Goldbach, cyemeza ko buri numero irenze 2 nigiteranyo cyimibare ibiri yibanze. Yavuzwe mu 1742 na Christian Goldbach, ntigihamye nubwo hashyizweho ingufu.
Geometrie
Ingingo nyamukuru: Geometrie
Ku buso bwumuzingi, geometrike ya Euclidian ikoreshwa gusa nkaho igereranijwe ryaho. Ku munzani minini igiteranyo cy'imfuruka ya mpandeshatu ntabwo kingana na 180 °.
Geometrie ni rimwe mu mashami ya kera yimibare. Yatangiranye nibisobanuro bifatika bijyanye n'imiterere, nk'imirongo, inguni n'inziga, byakozwe cyane cyane kubikenerwa mu bushakashatsi no mu bwubatsi, ariko kuva ubwo bimera mu bindi bice byinshi.
Agashya k'ibanze ni Abagereki ba kera batangije igitekerezo cyibimenyetso, bisaba ko ibivugwa byose bigomba kwemezwa. Kurugero, ntibihagije kugenzura ukoresheje ibipimo ko, vuga, uburebure bubiri buringaniye; uburinganire bwabo bugomba kugaragazwa hakoreshejwe ibitekerezo bivuye mubisubizo byemewe (theorem) hamwe namagambo make yibanze. Amagambo shingiro ntagengwa nubuhamya kuko arigaragaza (postules), cyangwa ni igice cyibisobanuro byicyigisho (axioms). Iri hame, rishingiye ku mibare yose, ryabanje gusobanurwa kuri geometrie, kandi ryatunganijwe na Euclid ahagana mu mwaka wa 300 mbere ya Yesu mu gitabo cye cyitwa Element. [32]
Geometrie ya Euclidean yavuyemo ni ubushakashatsi bwimiterere nuburyo byateguwe byubatswe kuva kumirongo, indege nizunguruka mu ndege ya Euclidean (indege ya geometrie) hamwe n'umwanya wa Euclidea ufite ibice bitatu. [B] [31]
Euclidean geometrie yatejwe imbere idahinduye uburyo cyangwa urugero kugeza mu kinyejana cya 17, ubwo René Descartes yatangizaga icyo bita coor ya Cartesian Kurya. Ibi byagize impinduka nini ya paradigima: Aho gusobanura imibare nyayo nkuburebure bwumurongo (reba umurongo), yemereye guhagararira amanota ukoresheje imirongo yabo, ari imibare. Algebra (na nyuma, kubara) irashobora gukoreshwa mugukemura ibibazo bya geometrike. Geometrie yagabanyijwemo ibice bibiri bishya: geometrike yubukorikori, ikoresha uburyo bwa geometrike gusa, hamwe na geometrie yisesengura, ikoresha imirongo ikora neza.
Isesengura rya geometrie ryemerera kwiga imirongo itajyanye nuruziga n'imirongo. Imirongo nkiyi irashobora gusobanurwa nkigishushanyo cyimikorere, ubushakashatsi bwerekanwe kuri geometrie itandukanye. Bashobora kandi gusobanurwa nkuburinganire butaziguye, akenshi buringaniza polinomial (byabyaye algebraic geometrie). Isesengura rya geometrie rituma kandi bishoboka gusuzuma umwanya wa Euclidea urenze ibipimo bitatu.
Mu kinyejana cya 19, abahanga mu mibare bavumbuye geometrike itari Euclidea, idakurikiza imyifatire ibangikanye. Mu kwibaza ukuri kw'ukuri, ubu buvumbuzi bwafashwe nko gufatanya na Russell mu kwerekana ikibazo cy'imibare. Iyi ngingo yikibazo yakemuwe no gutunganya uburyo bwa axiomatic, no kwemeza ko ukuri kwa axiom guhitamo atari ikibazo cyimibare. [35] Na none, uburyo bwa axiomatic butuma habaho ubushakashatsi bwa geometrike zitandukanye zabonetse haba muguhindura axiom cyangwa ukareba imitungo idahinduka mugihe cyo guhindura imyanya yihariye.
Uyu munsi subareas ya geometrie irimo: [25]
Umushinga wa geometrie, watangijwe mu kinyejana cya 16 na Girard Desargues, wagura geometrie ya Euclidean wongeyeho ingingo zitagira iherezo imirongo ibangikanye. Ibi byoroshya ibintu byinshi bya geometrike ya kera muguhuza uburyo bwo kuvura no guhuza imirongo.
Affine geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ugereranije nuburinganire kandi bwigenga kubitekerezo byuburebure.
Itandukaniro rya geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimirongo, hejuru, hamwe nibisanzwe, bisobanurwa hakoreshejwe imirimo itandukanye.
Manifold théorie, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ntabwo byanze bikunze byinjijwe mumwanya munini.
Riemannian geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimiterere yintera ahantu hagoramye.
Algebraic geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwimirongo, hejuru, hamwe nibisanzwe, bisobanurwa hakoreshejwe polinomial.
Topologiya, ubushakashatsi bwibintu bibikwa munsi yimiterere ihoraho.
Discomet geometrie, ubushakashatsi bwibishushanyo bitagira ingano muri geometrie.
Geometrie ya convex, ubushakashatsi bwibisobanuro bya convex, ifata akamaro kayo mubikorwa byayo mugutezimbere.
Geometrie igoye, geometrie yabonetse mugusimbuza imibare nyayo nimibare igoye.
Algebra
Ingingo nyamukuru: Algebra
Inzira ya quadratic, isobanura mu buryo bweruye ibisubizo byuburinganire bwose
Itsinda rya Rubik's Cube ni uburyo bukoreshwa bw'amatsinda [37]
Algebra nubuhanga bwo gukoresha ibingana na formula. Diophantus (ikinyejana cya 3) na al-Khwarizmi (ikinyejana cya 9) ni byo bibiri byabanjirije algebra. [38] Diophantus yakemuye ibigereranyo bimwe birimo imibare karemano itazwi akuramo umubano mushya kugeza abonye igisubizo. Al-Khwarizmi yashyizeho uburyo butunganijwe bwo guhindura ibingana, nko kwimura ijambo kuva kuruhande rumwe rwikigereranyo kurundi ruhande. Ijambo algebra rikomoka ku ijambo ry'icyarabu al-jabr risobanura 'guhuza ibice byacitse' [40] yakoresheje mu kwita bumwe muri ubwo buryo mu mutwe w'igitabo cye cy'ingenzi.
Algebra yabaye akarere mu buryo bwonyine hamwe na François Viète (1540–1603), watangije ikoreshwa ry'ibihinduka mu kwerekana imibare itazwi cyangwa idasobanutse. Ibihinduka byemerera imibare gusobanura ibikorwa bigomba gukorwa kumibare ihagarariwe hakoreshejwe imibare.
Kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19, algebra yari igizwe ahanini no kwiga ku kugereranya umurongo (muri iki gihe umurongo wa algebra), hamwe no kugereranya abagore benshi mu kintu kimwe kitazwi, cyiswe algebraic (ijambo rikoreshwa, nubwo rishobora kuba ridasobanutse). Mu kinyejana cya 19, abahanga mu mibare batangiye gukoresha impinduka zerekana ibintu bitari imibare (nka matrices, integer modular, hamwe na geometrike ihinduka), aho usanga ibikorwa rusange bibarwa byemewe. Igitekerezo cyimiterere ya algebraic gikemura ibi, bigizwe nurutonde rwibintu bitamenyekanye, byimikorere ikora kubintu byashizweho, namategeko ibyo bikorwa bigomba gukurikiza. Ingano ya algebra rero yarushijeho kwiyongera gushiramo ubushakashatsi bwimiterere ya algebraic. Iki kintu cya algebra cyiswe algebra igezweho cyangwa algebra abstract, nkuko byagaragajwe nimbaraga za Emmy Noether. (Ijambo ryanyuma rigaragara cyane cyane mubyerekeranye n'uburezi, mu kurwanya algebra y'ibanze, ireba uburyo bwa kera bwo gukoresha formulaire.)
Ubwoko bumwe bwimiterere ya algebraic ifite akamaro kandi akenshi imitungo yose, mubice byinshi byimibare. Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwabaye ibice byigenga bya algebra, kandi birimo: [25]
itsinda ry'itsinda;
inyigisho;
Umwanya wa vector, ubushakashatsi bwabo burasa cyane na algebra y'umurongo;
impeta;
algebra ya commutative, aribwo kwiga impeta zigenda, zirimo kwiga kuri polinomial, kandi ni igice fatizo cya algebraic geometrie;
Kubeshya algebra na Kubeshya itsinda;
Bogean algebra, ikoreshwa cyane mukwiga imiterere yumvikana ya mudasobwa.
Kubara no gusesengura
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Kubara no gusesengura imibare
Isesengura ryongeye kugabanywa mu isesengura nyaryo, aho impinduka zerekana imibare nyayo, hamwe nisesengura rigoye, aho impinduka zerekana imibare igoye. Isesengura ririmo subareas nyinshi zisangiwe nibindi bice byimibare zirimo: [25]
Ibiharuro byinshi
Kwishyira hamwe, gupima ibitekerezo hamwe nibishobora kubaho, byose bifitanye isano cyane nibitekerezo bishoboka kuri continuum;
Ingano isanzwe itandukanye;
Ingano itandukanye;
Isesengura ryumubare, ryibanze cyane kubara kuri mudasobwa y ibisubizo byibisanzwe nibice bitandukanye bitandukanijwe bivuka mubikorwa byinshi.
Imibare itandukanye
Ingingo nyamukuru: Imibare itandukanye
Igishushanyo cyerekana urwego rwa leta ebyiri Markov. Leta zihagarariwe na 'A' na 'E'. Imibare nibishoboka byo guhinduranya leta.
Imibare yihariye, nukuvuga muri rusange, ni ubushakashatsi bwibintu byihariye, bibarwa. Urugero ni urutonde rwimibare yose. Kubera ko ibintu byo kwiga hano bidasobanutse, uburyo bwo kubara no gusesengura imibare ntibukurikizwa mu buryo butaziguye.
Amabara ane yerekana amabara hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gupakira byari ibibazo bibiri byingenzi byimibare yihariye yakemuwe mugice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 20. [50] Ikibazo cya P na NP, gisigaye gifunguye kugeza uyu munsi, nacyo ni ingenzi ku mibare yihariye, kubera ko igisubizo cyacyo gishobora kugira ingaruka ku mubare munini w’ibibazo bigoye kubara.
Imibare yihariye ikubiyemo: [25]
Igishushanyo mbonera hamwe na hypergraphs
Inyandikomvugo ya code, harimo ikosora ikosora hamwe nigice cya kriptografiya
Igitekerezo cya Matroid
Ikwirakwizwa rishoboka
Gutezimbere neza, harimo guhuza ibitekerezo, guhuza integer, gutangiza imbogamizi
Imibare yimibare no gushyiraho ibitekerezo
Igishushanyo cya Venn nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kwerekana isano iri hagati yimikorere.
Ingingo nyamukuru: Imibare yimibare no gushyiraho ibitekerezo
Amasomo abiri ya logique yimibare hamwe nigitekerezo cyashyizweho ni aya mibare kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. [52] [53] Mbere yiki gihe, amaseti ntiyabonwaga nkibintu byimibare, kandi logique, nubwo yakoreshwaga kubiharuro, yari iya filozofiya kandi ntabwo yigeze yigwa nabahanga mu mibare.
Mbere y’ubushakashatsi bwa Cantor butagira umupaka, abahanga mu mibare ntibashakaga gutekereza ku byegeranyo bitagira ingano, kandi babonaga ko ubuziraherezo ari ibisubizo by’ibarura ridashira. Igikorwa cya Cantor cyababaje abahanga mu mibare atari ukureba gusa ibice bitagira ingano [55] ahubwo byerekana ko ibyo bisobanura ubunini butandukanye, nkuko bivugwa na Cantor. Ibyo byatumye havuka impaka zishingiye ku gitekerezo cya Cantor.
Ibi byabaye ikibazo cyibanze cyimibare.Byaje gukemurwa mubiharuro rusange byimibare hifashishijwe uburyo bwa axiomatic imbere mubitekerezo byemewe. Mu magambo make, buri kintu cyibibare gisobanurwa nuruhererekane rwibintu byose bisa nibintu bigomba kuba bifite. Kurugero, mu mibare ya Peano, imibare isanzwe isobanurwa na "zeru numubare", "buri mubare ufite umusimbura wihariye", "buri mubare ariko zeru ifite uwabanjirije", hamwe namategeko amwe yo gutekereza. [58] Iyi mibare yakuwe mu byukuri ikubiye muri filozofiya igezweho yo kwishyira ukizana, nk'uko yashinzwe na David Hilbert ahagana mu 1910. [59]
"Kamere" yibintu byasobanuwe muri ubu buryo ni ikibazo cya filozofiya abahanga mu mibare basigira abahanga mu bya filozofiya, kabone niyo abahanga mu mibare baba bafite ibitekerezo kuri iyi kamere, bagakoresha ibitekerezo byabo - rimwe na rimwe bita "intuition" - kugira ngo bayobore imyigire yabo n'ibimenyetso. Inzira yemerera gusuzuma "logique" (ni ukuvuga, gushiraho amategeko yemerewe gukuramo amategeko), theorem, ibimenyetso, nibindi nkibintu byimibare, no kwerekana theorem kuri bo. Kurugero, inyigisho za Gödel zuzuye zishimangira, tuvuze hafi, ko muri buri sisitemu ihamye ikubiyemo imibare karemano, hariho theorem nukuri (ibyo bikaba bigaragarira muri sisitemu ikomeye), ariko ntibigaragara imbere muri sisitemu. Ubu buryo bwo gushingira ku mibare bwamaganwe mu gice cya mbere cy’ikinyejana cya 20 n’abashakashatsi mu mibare bayobowe na Brouwer, wateje imbere ibitekerezo bya intuitionistic, bidafite amategeko agenga hagati. [61] [62]
Ibi bibazo n'impaka byatumye habaho kwaguka kwinshi mu mibare, hamwe na subareas nk'icyitegererezo cy'icyitegererezo (kwerekana inyigisho zimwe na zimwe zumvikana imbere mu zindi nyigisho), inyigisho zerekana, ubwoko bw'imiterere, inyigisho yo kubara hamwe no kubara kubara. [25] Nubwo iyi ngingo ya logique yimibare yatangijwe mbere yukuzamuka kwa mudasobwa, ikoreshwa ryayo mugushushanya, kwemeza porogaramu, abafasha mu bimenyetso nibindi bice bya siyanse ya mudasobwa, byagize uruhare mu kwagura izo nyigisho zumvikana.
Ibarurishamibare hamwe nubundi bumenyi
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Imibare n'ibitekerezo bishoboka
Uburyo ubwo aribwo buryo bwo gukwirakwiza abantu ku buryo butemewe (μ), icyitegererezo gisobanura (x̄) gikunda kugabanywa kwa Gawusiya kandi itandukaniro ryacyo (σ) ritangwa n’imipaka yo hagati y’ibitekerezo bishoboka. [64]
Umwanya wibarurishamibare ni imibare ikoreshwa mukusanya no gutunganya amakuru yintangarugero, ukoresheje inzira zishingiye kuburyo bw'imibare cyane cyane inyigisho zishoboka. Abashinzwe ibarurishamibare batanga amakuru hamwe nubushakashatsi bwateganijwe. Igishushanyo mbonera cyibigereranyo cyangwa igerageza bigena uburyo bwisesengura buzakoreshwa. Isesengura ryamakuru yavuye mubushakashatsi bwo kwitegereza bikorwa hifashishijwe urugero rwibarurishamibare hamwe nigitekerezo cyo gufata umwanzuro, ukoresheje guhitamo icyitegererezo. Icyitegererezo hamwe nibisubizo byavuzwe bigomba kugeragezwa hifashishijwe amakuru mashya.
Ibarurishamibare ryiga ibibazo byicyemezo nko kugabanya ingaruka (igihombo giteganijwe) cyigikorwa cyibarurishamibare, nko gukoresha uburyo, urugero, kugereranya ibipimo, gupima hypothesis, no guhitamo ibyiza. Muri ibi bice gakondo byimibare yimibare, ikibazo cyibarurishamibare-cyemezo gishyirwaho mugabanya kugabanya ibikorwa bifatika, nkigihombo giteganijwe cyangwa ikiguzi, mubibazo byihariye. Kurugero, gutegura ubushakashatsi akenshi bikubiyemo kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugereranya abaturage bivuze nurwego runaka rwicyizere. Kubera gukoresha uburyo bwiza, inyigisho yimibare yimibare ihurira hamwe nubundi bumenyi bwicyemezo, nkubushakashatsi bwibikorwa, igenzura, nubukungu bwimibare. [67]
Imibare yo kubara
Ingingo nyamukuru: Imibare yo kubara