cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Urubyiruko mu Rwanda
thumb|urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda Urubyiruko rugize 40% by'abatuye mu Rwanda. Muri 2012, abagera kuri miliyoni 4.1 bari urubyiruko, Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko, Umuco, na Siporo ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda isobanura urubyiruko nkabafite kuva ku myaka 14 kugeza 35. Kimwe n'ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abatuye u Rwanda muri rusange ni bato. Kurenga 50% byabatuye u Rwanda bari munsi yimyaka 20 naho hagati yabaturage bafite imyaka 22 kuzamura. imijyi y'u Rwanda ifite umubare munini w'urubyiruko kurusha icyaro, nubwo 80% by'urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda rutuye mu cyaro. Urubyiruko rugizwe na 53% by'abaturage mu murwa mukuru, Kigali. Umubare w'urubyiruko mu Rwanda wiyongereyeho 30% kuva 2002 kugeza 2012.
Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994 yangije ubukungu, iterambere, n'imiryango. Hishwe abantu 500.000 kugeza 1.000.000 Abatutsi n'Abahutu bose bagizweho ingaruka na jenocide ndetse nabatishoboye muri rusange   Muri iki gihe urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda ugereranyije nicyo gihe bari impinja gusa muri jenoside cyangwa zitaravuka. Perezida uriho ubu, Paul Kagame yise iki gisekuru "u Rwanda rushya," yerekeza ku byababayeho gusa nyuma ya jenoside, guverinoma iyobowe na FPR. Mu rwego rwo gufasha urubyiruko kumenya amateka ndetse gufasha igihugu mwiterambere guverinoma y'u Rwanda yateguye gahunda zo kwigisha no kwibuka jenocide yakorewe abatutsi ibigira igikorwa ngaruka mwaka. Izi gahunda za leta zikora kugirango zihuze urubyiruko ninkuru yihariye, ya jenoside nibyabaye batigeze bahura nabyo.
Ingaruka za jenoside zikomeye harimo ihinduka ry'imibereho y’abaturage bose bo mu Rwanda kandi zagize ingaruka zihariye ku myigire y’urubyiruko, ubuzima, ndetse n’umuryango. Harimo no gusenyuka kwa gahunda z’ubukungu, guverinoma, n’imiryango, umubare munini w’urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda rubaho mu bukene kandi ntirukurikirana amashuri abanza. jenocide yagize ingaruka mu kwiyongera k'ubukene, n'impfu zatewe na virusi itera SIDA byatumye abana b'Abanyarwanda barenga 95.000 ubu ari impfubyi.
Uburezi
Mbere y'ubukoloni, gahunda y'uburezi yo mu Rwanda ntiyari yubatswe neza. Abadage bakolonije igihugu ariko bahita basimburwa n’Ububiligi bwasobanuye gahunda nyinshi z’u Rwanda zirimo uburezi. Abamisiyonari gatolika bari bageze mu Rwanda hakiri kare kurusha abakoloni b'Abadage bari barashinze amashuri y'abamisiyoneri bigisha urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda kandi abakoloni b'Ababiligi bakomeje kwemerera Kiliziya gukora imirimo y'uburezi. Ububiligi bwashizeho amashuri yonyine hagati ya 1923 na 1925 ariko byose byarafunzwe mbere ya 1929. Ububiligi ahubwo bwigaruriye mu buryo butaziguye amashuri y'abamisiyoneri. Igihe u Rwanda rwabonaga ubwigenge mu 1962, guverinoma nshya yashyize mu bikorwa amashuri abanza ku buntu kandi hateganijwe gukomeza gahunda y'ubukoloni.
Uyu munsi, Minisiteri y’Uburezi iragenzura gahunda zose z’uburezi rusange mu gihugu kandi igakomeza kugira intego yuko " buri umuturage w’u Rwanda akomeza kuba isoko y' ubumenyi bugamije iterambere ry’imibereho myiza y’ubukungu n’igihugu hagamijwe kugera ku buringanire bw’uburezi bufite ireme bwibanda ku kurwanya ubujiji, guteza imbere siyanse no ikoranabuhanga, gutekereza kure n'indangagaciro nziza. " Nyuma ya 1994, serivisi rusange zagombaga gusubirwamo no kongera gutekereza ku gukora intego nshya n’ibitekerezo by’u Rwanda.
Intego z'iterambere z'ikinyagihumbi
U Rwanda rwasinye kandi ruharanira kugera ku ntego z'umuryango w'abibumbye z'ikinyagihumbi (MDG). Umubare umwe w’abahungu n’abakobwa biyandikisha mu mashuri abanza, bagera kuburinganire bwibanze. Itandukaniro ryinjiza ku bushobozi bwababyeyi riracyari ikibazo muri gahunda yuburezi. U Rwanda rugaragaza intego z'ikinyagihumbi rushimangira ubushobozi bw’uburezi mu kugabanya ubukene no guteza imbere ubukungu n’iterambere rirambye. intego z'ikinyagihumbi z'ibanda ku kugera ku gipimo cyo gusoma no kwandika 100%. 84,6% by'imyaka 15-19 na 79,9% by'imyaka 19-25 bafite gusoma no kwandika kandi bajijutse
Ibintu bibiri intego zikinyagihumbi zibandaho harimo kwiyandikisha kwambere mumashuri abanza no kurangiza icyiciro cyuburezi. 98% by'ingimbi biyandikisha mu mashuri abanza mugihe runaka mu Rwanda. Abenshi mu banyeshuri ntibakomeza kwiga ngo barangize amashuri mu Rwanda.
Igipimo cyo kwiyongera ku rubyiruko mu Rwanda
thumb|abasore ba banyarwanda bakunda guhamiriza Kuva mu 1998 kugeza 2009, kwiyandikisha mu mashuri abanza bwikubye hafi kabiri, hatangijwe uburezi bw'ibanze ku buntu mu 2003. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008 abanyeshuri bagera kuri miliyoni 2.2 bariyandikishije mu mashuri abanza. Mugihe amashuri abanza yiyongereye ku kigero cya 5.4 ku mwaka, muri icyo gihe amashuri yisumbuye yiyongereye ku gipimo cya 11%. Igipimo cyo kuguma mu mashuri kuva ku mashuri abanza kugeza mucyiciro cya kabiri cyaragabanutse mugihe. 42% by'abanyeshuri binjira mu mashuri abanza mu 2002 barangije amashuri barangije ayisumbuye, mu gihe biteganijwe ko abatageze kuri kimwe cya gatatu bazabikora ku banyeshuri binjiye mu mashuri abanza mu 2008. 85% by'abanyeshuri binjira mu kiciro cya mbere cy'amashuri yisumbuye, barangiza amashuri yisumbuye yisumbuye ateganijwe.
Itandukaniro ryinjiza nuburinganire hagati yuburinganire bigira uruhare mubanyeshuri batarangije icyiciro cyuburezi. Abanyeshuri bari hejuru ya 20 ku ijana byubutunzi mu Rwanda bafite amahirwe umunani yo kurangiza icyiciro cy’uburezi kurusha abanyeshuri bari munsi ya 20% byubutunzi. Amafaranga ataziguye yuburezi bwibanze n’amafaranga y’ishuri asabwa mu mashuri yisumbuye bituma bigora abanyeshuri bo mu miryango ikennye cyangwa / cyangwa urubyiruko ruyobora ingo gukomeza binyuze muri gahunda y’uburezi. Ikizamini cya OLevel, cyakozwe nyuma ya tronc commun, kigena abanyeshuri biyandikisha mumashuri yisumbuye. Abasore birashoboka cyane kurusha abakobwa bakiri bato gutsinda ikizamini cya OLevel bakiyandikisha mumashuri yisumbuye.
Ubuzima
Amahirwe yo gupfa kubagabo nigitsina gore mbere yimyaka 15 ni 23% na 19%. Urubyiruko, muri rusange, rufite ibibazo byinshi byubuzima nkabantu bakuru mu Rwanda. Indwara zandura, cyangwa zandura zigize 90% by'ibibazo by'ubuzima. Malariya ikomeje kuba ibyago byinshi by’impfu mu Rwanda ariko byagaragaye ko igabanuka rikabije ry’imfu n’impfu. Hagati ya 2001 na 2007, malariya yapfuye yavuye kuri 10.1% igera kuri 2%. Kunywa itabi n'ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha itabi biriyongera mu gihugu ku rubyiruko. 24% by'abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri yisumbuye banywa itabi mu 2004 nk'uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'umuryango w'abibumbye ryita ku buzima. 12.3% by'abana kuva ku myaka 13 kugeza ku myaka 15 banywa itabi muri 2008. Ibitaro n’amavuriro byanditseho ubwiyongere bw’abarwayi bemewe n’indwara ziterwa n’itabi.
Ubuzima bw'imyororokere
Ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA mu Rwanda ni 3 ku ijana by'abaturage bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49. Urubyiruko rwo mu mijyi rushobora kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu cyaro ku kigero cya 7.3 ku ijana na 2,2 ku ijana mu cyaro. Abakobwa bo mu mijyi, bafite hagati ya 15-24, banduye 3,9 ku ijana, mu gihe abasore bafite ubwandu bwa 1,1%. Kimwe cya gatandatu cyurubyiruko mu Rwanda rufatwa nkintege nke kubera ingaruka za sida mubuzima bwabo.
Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yibanda kuri gahunda z'ubuzima bw'urubyiruko ku buzima bw'imyororokere n'imibonano mpuzabitsina. Urubyiruko rubona amakuru menshi kuri gahunda yubuzima bwimibonano mpuzabitsina na gahunda kuri radio. Gahunda nyinshi zo kwigisha urubyiruko kuri virusi itera SIDA zibanda ku kwifata gusa kandi ntizishimangira akamaro ko gukoresha agakingirizo. Igikorwa cyimibonano mpuzabitsina cyurubyiruko rwu Rwanda rugaragaza urwego rwo hasi rwuburezi ku gukoresha agakingirizo. Abagera kuri 20 ku ijana by'urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda ruri hagati ya 20 na 24 bemera ko bakoze imibonano mpuzabitsina mbere y’imyaka 18. Igikorwa cyimibonano mpuzabitsina cyiganje cyane mu bagore bo mu ngo zifite ubukire ndetse no mu rubyiruko rw’abagabo n’abagore bayobora ingo. Gukoresha agakingirizo ntibigaragara cyane muri urwo rubyiruko rumwe n'abaturage muri rusange. Ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera SIDA (ART) buboneka mu gihugu butuma abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA bakomeza kubaho mu mibonano no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bakuze. Ibyavuye mu kumenya niba urubyiruko rwabana na virusi itera SIDA rwandika cyangwa rwinshi rwerekana imyitwarire y’imibonano mpuzabitsina ishobora kuba nyinshi cyangwa nkeya kurusha ababana na virusi itera SIDA ntibishoboka.
Umubare munini w’u Rwanda rw’imfubyi n’urubyiruko rufite ibyago byinshi bibasirwa n’imibonano mpuzabitsina. Ubu buryo bwo guhuza ibitsina bufitanye isano n’ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Imibonano mpuzabitsina ikunze kugaragara muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ku rubyiruko mu kwagura ubukungu hagamijwe kubaho neza. Minisiteri y’urubyiruko irimo gukora ibishoboka ngo ikureho ikibazo cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina n’ubukangurambaga bwa "Singurisha" (Ntabwo ngurishwa) yigisha ubucuruzi, amatorero, n’abandi bayobozi ku bijyanye n’inshingano z’abaturage mu gukemura iki kibazo.
Imfubyi n'urubyiruko rutishoboye
thumb|abakobwa ba banyarwanda bakunda guhamiriza Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yagize ingaruka zirambye ku miryango yo mu Rwanda. kuruhande rwa guverinoma ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo hamwe n'imfubyi zarasenyewe mu gihe cya jenoside kandi ubwicanyi ubwabwo bwasize hafi icumi ku ijana by’abana bafite hagati y’imyaka 0-18 ari impfubyi. Ingo zigera ku 10 ku ijana, cyangwa ingo 65.000, mu Rwanda ubu ni ingo ziyobowe n’urubyiruko. Abana barenga 300.000 baba murugo nk'urwo 90 ku ijana bayobowe nabakobwa. Imiryango iyobowe nurubyiruko ishyira mu kaga abakobwa bakagira ibyago byo gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina no guhuza ibitsina bakiri bato.
Imfubyi zo mu Rwanda zumva ko zatewe isoni kandi zidashyigikiwe mu gace batuyemo kubera isano bashobora kuba bafite kuri virusi itera SIDA. VIH / SIDA ikomeje kwiyongera mu Rwanda bityo impfubyi zabuze ababyeyi umwe cyangwa bombi bazize virusi itera SIDA bigaragara ko zanduye. Nanone, impfubyi zimwe na zimwe za jenoside ni abana babagize uruhare muri jenocide yakorewe abatutsi. Imfubyi zifatwa nkizitera ibibazo kandi ntizifite inshingano mu Rwanda. Muri jenoside na nyuma yayo, ibibazo byo kwizerana byagaragaye mu gihugu kandi bikomeje kugabanya umubano runaka. Abana bafite ababyeyi nabana badafite ababyeyi ni urugero rwo rwibyo mu Rwanda. Bitewe bitewe n'impamvu zimwe na zimwe, imfubyi zibona inkunga nke mumiryango yabo. Ubukene bukabije bugabanya ubushobozi bw'abaturage bamwe bwo gutunga imfubyi cyangwa urubyiruko rufite ingo. Hamwe n'inkunga nke, ibibazo byo guhangayika, kwiheba, hamwe no guhungabana bikomeje gukara kandi birakomeje. Abakobwa bakiri bato bakunze guhura nibibazo byuko nta muntu mukuru uba uhari ngo abayobore cyangwa abagire inama cyane cyane ab'imfupfi bigatuma bahura nibibazo byinshi bishingiye kwihohoterwa.
Umusore utishoboye ntabwo byanze bikunze ari impfubyi. 80 ku ijana by'urubyiruko rwo mu cyaro bafatwa nk'abatishoboye mu Rwanda. Urubyiruko rufite intege nke rwimukira i Kigali rwizeye ko ruzatera imbere mu bukungu ariko rukagira amahirwe make cyangwa ubushobozi buke bwo kubona akazi karambye. Urubyiruko rwo mu mijyi rufite intege nke rukunze kubaho umunsi kuwundi mubihe bitaboroheye
Urugendo rwo kuva mu cyiciro kimwe bajya mukindi
Amategeko yu Rwanda abuza gushyingirwa mbere y'imyaka makumyabiri n'umwe. Urubyiruko rw'abakobwa, cyane cyane mu cyaro cy'u Rwanda, bafatwa nk'abashaje cyane iyo bageze ku myaka makumyabiri n'itanu. Urubyiruko rwabakobwa babangavu narwo ntirukunze gutegereza iyo myaka ngo bashake. 12 ku ijana by'urubyiruko rw'abakobwa birangira badakoze ubukwe, bitewe nuko abagore ari benshi kurusha abagabo mu Rwanda
Reba Kandi
<references group="" responsive="1"> Ikiciro:Urubyiruko mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Akazi
Ivan Wani
Ivan Wani Adebo Levi (wavutse ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1998), uzwi ku izina rya Ivan Wani, ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati, mu ikipe ya Busoga United FC yo muri shampiyona ya Uganda ndetse n'ikipe y'igihugu ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo.
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Wani ya maze gukinira ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Ubushyuhe
Terimometero ihindurwa mubipimo byubushyuhe butandukanye amateka yagiye ashingira kubintu bitandukanye hamwe nubushuhe bwo gusobanura. Umunzani ukunze kugaragara ni umunzani wa selisiyusi ufite ikimenyetso cya C ° (cyahoze cyitwa centigrade ), igipimo cya Fahrenheit (° F), hamwe na Kelvin (K), icya nyuma gikoreshwa cyane cyane mubikorwa bya siyansi. Kelvin nimwe mubice birindwi shingiro muri sisitemu mpuzamahanga yubumwe (SI).
Dambisa (umuririmbyi)
thumb|Dambisa mu mwaka wa 2019 Dambisa Michelle Lunda (yavutse ku ya 10 Nzeri 1989), uzwi cyane nka Dambisa ni umuririmbyi w’indirimbo wo muri Zambiya akaba n'umwanditsi ndetse yiyita umwamikazi wa injyana yo ku rubyiniriro (Dancehall). Niwe kandi ambasaderi mu kwamamaza Pamperise za Zambiya. Azwi cyane kuba afite impaka zimwe mu ndirimbo ze zamushyize ahagaragara. Yagaragaye kandi ku gifuniko cy'imbere cy’ikinyamakuru EZM (Ikinyamakuru cy'amakuru yihariye cya Zambiya) mu 2014 Dambisa yatangiriye mu mwaka wa 2011 n’indirimbo ye yise Kaduka Chain, yakinnye na Petersen.
Imbehe
thumb|Imbehe
Dambisa (umuririmbyi)
Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga w'umuziki
Dambisa yatangiye kuririmba afite imyaka 9 y'amavuko. Mu minsi ye y'ubwangavu, yakundaga indirimbo za Tina Turner ndetse rimwe na rimwe akumva indirimbo za PK Chishala ubu zagize uruhare mu mwuga we wa muzika. Nyuma yibi Dambisa yamenyekanye muri Afrika yuburasirazuba, uburengerazuba n’amajyepfo kwitabira ibitaramo mu mahanga muri Namibiya. Indirimbo ye ya mbere y’umwana nyafurika yasohotse muri 2018 indirimbo ikubiyemo umuco nyafurika hamwe n'ibara ry'uruhu ku bantu.
Imbehe
Imbehe
mu Rwanda hambere mbere y'umwaduko w'abakoroni abanyarwandaga bariraga kugikoresho
kibaje gikoze nk'isahani y'ubu
Geoffrey Wasswa
Geofrey Wasswa Ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Uganda ukina nka myugariro muri shampiyona ya Uganda, mu ikipe ya SC Villa hamwe n'ikipe y'igihugu ya Uganda.
Umwuga w'urubyiruko
Wasswa yatangiye umwuga we wu mupira w'amaguru akiri umwana muri Haka Academy, aho yateye imbere mu mupira w'amaguru, mu ishuri ubwo yinjiraga mu mashuri yisumbuye kuri St Mary's Kitende yatorewe kuba umukinnyi mwiza w'iburasirazuba muri shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru ya Airtel Raising Stars. ku ishuri kuri St Marys Kitende, Wasswa yatsinze ibikombe byinshi bya Copa Coca-Cola mu ishuri ndetse na shampiyona y'ishuri rya Afrika y'uburasirazuba.
Vipers SC
Yatsindiye ibikombe byinshi hamwe na Vipers SC muri 2018 muri shampiyona ya Uganda.
Muri shampiyona yo muri 2016–17, yatsindiye Igikombe cya Uganda kuri Vipers sc maze atorerwa kuba Uganda, umukinnyi ufite impano nziza na Azam abaterankunga ba shampiyona. Yakinnye imikino 18.
Wasswa Geoffrey yagiye agaragara muri Vipers SC ku mugabane ndetse anakina imikino myinshi haba mu gikombe cya CAF Confederations Cup, CAF Champions League na El Merrichk wo muri Sudani ndetse na CS Constantaine wo muri Alijeriya haba mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo.
SC Villa
Wasswa yasinyiye SC Villa muri Mutarama 2021. Ku mukino wa mbere yakiniye kaminuza ya Ndejje University FC, maze yatsinze igitego afasha ikipe ye nshya kujya mu gikombe cya Uganda.
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Ku myaka 18, Wasswa Geoffrey yatangiye gukinira amakipe y'abatarengeje imyaka, mu byiciro byinshi nko muri COSAFA , hagati Zambiya ikina Uganda abataregeje imyaka 20, Lesthoso ikina Uganda, Zimbabwe ikina Uganda, hamwe na Uganda ikina Misiri.
Muri Werurwe 2018, Wasswa Geoffrey yakiriye guhamagarwa mu ikipe y'igihugu ya Uganda n'umutoza Sébastien Desabre mu kiruhuko kiri mpuzamahanga ariko ntiyigeze aba mu ikipe ya nyuma ariko anakurikiranwa n'ikipe ya tekinike ya Cranes.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Uganda
Uruhimbi
thumb|Aho batereka amata
Uruhimbi
uruhimbi cyangwa kuruhimbi ni ahantu abanyarwanda bo hambere baterekaga amata ibyansi nibindi
byose bifittanye isano n'amata
Uko uruhimbi rukoze
Uruhimi ni ahantu bubakaga mumbere cyane cyane mungoro y'Umwami bagasasaho ibirago
inshinge nibindi kugerango batereke amata ahantu hizewe
Reba
thumb|Uruhimbi
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
alt=Close-up image of a natural gas burner on a stove showing the characteristic blue hue of a natural gas flame.|thumb|300x300px| Gazi isanzwe yaka ku ziko thumb|300x300px| Gutwika gaze karemano isohoka mu butaka muri [[Tayiwani]] Umuriro wa Gaze isanzwe ( nanone yitwa gaze ya fosile cyangwa gaze gusa ) ni ibisanzwe bivangwa na hydro karibone ya gaze igizwe ahanini na metani hiyongereyeho umubare muto wa alikane ndende. Urwego rwo hasi rwa gaze nka gaze karuboni, azote, hydrogen sulfide, na helium nabyo birahari. Methane idafite ibara kandi nta mpumuro nziza, bityo impumuro nziza nka mercaptan ( ihumura nka sulfuru cyangwa amagi yaboze ) ikunze kongerwa mu bikoresho bya gaze karemano kugirango umutekano ube byoroshye.
Kongere y’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Afurika
Kongere y’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Afurika (ATUC) yari ikigo cy’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Rhodesia (nyuma Zimbabwe ). Kongere y’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Afurika yari ihagarariye abakozi b'Abirabura, kandi yarwanyaga gahunda y'ubutegetsi bw'abazungu bake muri Rhodesia.
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
Gaze isanzwe ni lisansi y’ibinyabuzima n’umutungo udashobora kuvugururwa ukorwa iyo ibice by’ibinyabuzima (cyane ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja) byangirika mu bihe bya anaerobike kandi bigashyirwa n’ubushyuhe bukabije n’umuvuduko mwinshi mu myaka miriyoni. Ingufu ibinyabuzima byangirika byabonetse ku zuba hakoreshejwe fotosenteze za bibikwa nkingufu za chimique muri molekile ya metani nizindi hydro karbone.
Kenyan coding bootcamp
coding bootcamp ni porogarama yashyizweho na leta ya Kenya yo kwiga mugihe gito mukunoza kwandika mu ibanga ifasha kandi abayitabiriye kubona akazi bakirangiza kwiga. aho biga porogarama zitandukanye mubyiciro bitandukanye mugihe cyukwezi kumwe, amezi atatu, amezi atandatu, ndetse nomugihe cyumwaka intego yayo nuguteza imbere imishinga mishya y'urubyiriko, kwigisha urubyiruko uburyo bwo kwihangira imirimo hari amashuri atandukanye yigisha harimo; Zindua, Molinga, Zalego, Ubunifu na Africa leadership accelerator school. yita cyane nanone kumishinga yateza imbere ikoranabuhanga mugihugu ndetse no kwisi muri rusange.
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
Gaze
Gaze isanzwe irashobora gutwikwa kugirango ishyushye, guteka, no kubyara amashanyarazi. Ikoreshwa kandi nk'ibiryo bya chimique mugukora plastike nindi miti mvaruganda ikomeye mubucuruzi kandi ntibikoreshwa cyane nka lisansi yimodoka.
Kongere y’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Afurika
Bivugwa ko ATUC yarifite amahuriro icyenda yarashamikiyeho hagati yo mu myaka ya 1960, hamwe n’abanyamuryango bose hamwe 29,198 (36 ku ijana by’abanyamuryango b’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi mu gihugu). Ihuriro rinini cyane ryunze ubumwe ni ihuriro ry’abakozi ba gari ya moshi muri Afurika (RAWU), ryari rifite abanyamuryango bagera ku 16,000.
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
Gaze
Gukuramo no gukoresha gaze karemano n’ingenzi kandi bigenda byiyongera mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere. Gazi ubwayo ( cyane metani ) na karuboni ya dioxyde, isohoka iyo gaze naturel yatwitse, ni gaze ya parike. Iyo itwitswe kubera ubushyuhe cyangwa amashanyarazi, gaze karemano isohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere nkeya, dioxyde de carbone nkeya, kandi hafi ya byose nta kintu na kimwe kigereranije ugereranije n’ibindi bicanwa n’ibinyabuzima. Nyamara, guhumeka gaze hamwe n’imyuka itabigenewe itangwa mu ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa birashobora gutuma gaze karemano igira ikirenge cya karuboni kimwe n’ibindi bicanwa muri rusange.
Kongere y’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Afurika
Mu mwaka wa1981, ATUC yinjiye muri Kongere y'amashyirahamwe y'abakozi muri Zimbabwe.
Twe nk'urugaga rw'abakozi twiteguye rwose gushyira imbaraga zacu mu ntambara yo guharanira inyungu z'abenegihugu - hanyuma ya byose, twese turashaka gukuraho guverinoma iriho ubu, ariko turashaka kubikora nk'abakozi, hamwe n'umuryango wacu. Erega nyuma y'ubwigenge ishyaka rizaba guverinoma kandi rizahangayikishwa cyane na guverinoma iyo ari yo yose yo kongera umusaruro kugira ngo igihugu kiteze imbere. Ibi birashobora kubaho bitwaye umushahara w'abakozi n'imibereho rusange. Noneho turashaka ko umuryango wacu urengera imyanya yacu n'uburenganzira bwacu; niba twe, noneho turi ukuboko kwishyaka twe nkabakozi tuzaba tutagira kirengera.
Josiah Maluleke, Uruhare rwa politiki rw'amashyirahamwe y'abakozi muri Rhodesia
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
Gaze isanzwe
thumb| Uruganda rusanzwe rwo gucukura gaze muri Texas, muri Amerika
Nsengimana Jean Bosco
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Siporo
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
Gutunganya
thumb| Uruganda rutunganya gaze muri Aderklaa, Otirishiya yo hepfo
Kongere y’ubumwe bw’abakozi muri Afurika
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Amateka Ikiciro:Zimbabwe
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda
Kubika no gutwara
thumb| Polyethylene pulastike nyamukuru ishyirwa muri mwobo thumb| Kubaka hafi y'umuyoboro mwinshi wohereza gazi biracika intege, akenshi hamwe nibimenyetso bihagarara.
Dimbi Tubilandu
Dimbi Tubilandu (yavutse ku ya 15 Werurwe 1948   muri Kongo Mbiligi, ubu muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo arapfa Ku ya 17 Kamena 2021 i Kinshasa ) ni umukinnyi  wari mpuzamahanga w'umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo (DRC), wakinnye nkumuzamu.
Ibyagufasha kubanya inzara
Ibyo kurya ufata ndetse n’ingano yabyo bigira uruhare runini mu kugena niba ibiro byawe byiyongera cg se bigabanuka.
Dimbi Tubilandu
Umwuga wo guhitamo
Hamwe n'ikipe ya Zayire, yakinnye imikino 2 muri 1974.
Ibyagufasha kubanya inzara
Kugira ubushake bwo kurya (appetite) nubwo ari uburyo busanzwe umubiri ukoresha kugira ngo urye, ariko burya n’imitekerereze ibigiramo uruhare. Ibi ahanini uzabibonera ko akenshi iyo urakaye, wigunze, ufite stress cg se warambiwe aribwo urya byinshi kabone nubwo waba wumva udashonje.
Dimbi Tubilandu
Umwuga wo guhitamo
Yari mu ikipe mu gikombe cyisi cyo muri 1974. Mu gikombe cy'isi cyabereye mu Budage, yakinnye na Yugosilaviya ubwo yasimbuzaga umunyezamu watangiye nyuma y'iminota 21 kandi amanota yari amaze kuba 3-0 ku ikipe ya Balkan. Gutsindira igitego kuva yatabaye bwa mbere, ntashobora kwirinda kurohama rwose ( 9-0 ).
Ibyagufasha kubanya inzara
Uretse ibi, hari igihe kigera ukumva ushaka ibyo kurya runaka; ibiryohera, ibirimo umunyu mwinshi cg urusenda, cg se ibiryo bitetse ukuntu. Ibi byiyumviro byose ubiretse bikakuyobora niho ushobora gusanga uri kwiyongera ibiro mu buryo utifuza cg nawe utazi neza.
Dimbi Tubilandu
Umwuga wo guhitamo
Yitabiriye kandi igikombe cya Afurika cyo muri 1974 cya tsinzwe n'ikipe ye.
Ibyagufasha kubanya inzara
Guhora wumva ushaka kurya cg se guhorana inzara byose ufite ubushobozi bwo kubicunga cyane cyane mu gihe ufite gahunda yo kugabanya ibiro.
Hari ibyo ushobora gukora bikaba byagufasha kurya bicye no kukurinda guhora wumva ushaka kurya cg se guhorana inzara.
Gufata ifunguro rya mugitondo
Bivugwa kenshi ko ifunguro rya mu gitondo ariryo funguro ry’ingenzi ku mubiri.
Uko waba udafite umwanya kose, gerageza uzirikane ko gufata iri funguro ari ingenzi cyane ku buzima bwawe.
Kudafata iri funguro bitera isukari mu maraso kugabanuka, bityo bikagutera guhora wumva ushaka kurya buri kanya. Bikaba byatuma urya ibyo ubonye byose.
Kongera urugero rwa proteyine na fibres ku ifunguro ryawe
Ibyo kurya bikungahaye kuri proteyine na fibresbihagisha vuba kandi byongera imbaraga. Kubera ko bisaba igifu igihe kinini ngo kibashe kubisya, biguma mu nda igihe kirekire. Ibi byose bigufasha kugabanya inzara no kurya bicye.
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko kurya proteyine bifasha guhaga vuba, bigafasha kugabanya ibiro ndetse no gutuma uhorana imbaraga.
Ibyo kurya bikize kuri fibres bisaba igihe kinini igifu kubisya kandi bibonekamo calories nke. Bifasha kandi mu isohoka ry’imisemburo ibwira ubwonko bwawe ko uhaze.
Niba ushaka kugabanya inzara no kurya bicye, ongera urugero rwa proteyine na fibres ufata.
Kunywa amazi
Akenshi, hari igihe ushobora kwitiranya inzara n’inyota, ukaba wafata ibyo kurya kandi umubiri washakaga amazi. Kimwe mu bimenyetso by’umwuma no kugira inzara bibamo.
Niba ukunze guhorana inzara, uzabanze urebe neza ko bidaterwa no kutanywa amazi ahagije, kandi mbere yo kurya ugiye unywa amazi byagufasha kurya bicye, no kumva uhaze vuba.
Uretse amazi, ushobora kunywa imitobe cg amasupu. Niyo mpamvu uzasanga ahenshi, mbere yo kurya bafata isupu cg potage kugira ngo bigufashe kutarya byinshi.
Kugenda n'amaguru
Ushobora kwibaza aho kugenda n’amaguru bihurira no kurya bicye cg kugabanya inzara. Ariko burya, kugenda n’amaguru bigira uruhare runini ku duce tw’ubwonko dushinzwe kugenzura ubushake bwo kurya (appetite).
Kugenda n’amaguru iminota hagati ya 15 na 20 bishobora kugabanya imisemburo yongera appetit. Uretse kuba uri no kugorora imitsi, binakurinda gutekereza ku biryo ndetse byanagufasha kugabanya stress.
Guhekenya ibyo uri kurya gacye gacye
Ubusanzwe ubwonko bwawe buba buzi neza niba ushonje cg uhaze. Kurya vuba vuba cg se kurya uhuze; wenda uri kuri telephone, urebe televiziyo cg se uhugiye ku bindi, bigora cyane ubwonko kumenya neza niba wahaze cg ukomeza kurya. Niyo mpamvu uzasanga urya byinshi igihe uri kurya uhuze, cg vuba vuba.
Umuryango mugari wo Gushimira ibicu
thumb|Ifoto yerekana ibicu Umuryango mugari wa Cloud Appreciation Society ni umuryango washinzwe na Gavin Pretor-Pinney ukomoka mu gihugu cy''Ubwongereza muri Mutarama 2005. Umuryango ugamije guteza imbere, kumva no gushima ibicu, kandi ufite abanyamuryango barenga 50.000 baturutse mu bihugu 120 binyuranye ku isi, guhera muri Werurwe 2020.
Ibyagufasha kubanya inzara
Guhekenya ibyo uri kurya gacye gacye
Guhekenya gahoro gahoro ibyo uri kurya bizagufasha kugabanya inzara no kurya bicye. Uburyo ushobora kubigeraho harimo kwirinda ibikurangaza mu gihe uri kurya ndetse no kwirinda kurya vuba vuba wiruka.
Umuryango mugari wo Gushimira ibicu
Yahoo! yise urubuga rwa societe nk'ibintu bidasanzwe kandi bitangaje kuri interineti muri 2005 ". Iri tsinda n’uwarishinze ni byo byibanzweho muri documentaire y'igitangazamakuru cya BBC Cloudspotting, ishingiye ku gitabo cya Pretor-Pinney cyitwa The Cloudspotter's Guide . Mu gice cya Taskmaster, umunyarwenya Hugh Dennis yatangaje ko ari umwe mu bagize uwo umuryango.
Muri 2017, Cloud Appreciation Society yahawe igihembo cyo kongeramo ibyiciro bya Asperitas n'umuryango mpuzamahanga wa mpuzamahanga y’ikirere cya Atlas.
Benediction Excel Energy Club
thumb|Benediction Excel Energy Club iri mu mwitozo Benediction Excel Energy Club n’ikipe yo mu Karere ka Rubavu, iri ku rwego rwa Afurika, aho itozwa na Sempoma Felix yabaye ikipe ya mbere yo mu Rwanda igiye muri icyo cyiciro izanaseruka muri Tour du Rwanda 2019, aho yemejwe n’impuzamashyirahamwe y’umukino w’amagare ku isi, UCI.
Ikiyaga cya Morské oko muri Slovakiya
thumb|240x240px| uko Morské oko kuvaigaragara mu gihe cy'itumba Morské oko (yitwa Veľké Vihorlatské jazero mu bihe byashize; ijambo "Ijisho ry'inyanja") ni ikiyaga kiri mu misozi ya Vihorlat mu burasirazuba bwa Silovakiya. Nicyo kiyaga kinini cya gatatu kinini muri Silovakiya. Ni ku butumburuke bwa metero 618 ikubiyemo Kilometero kare 0.13 hamwe n'uburebure ntarengwa bwa metero 25.1. Itwarwa n'umugezi wa Okna.
Ibisobanuro bya kera bizwi cyane ku kiyaga mushobora kubisanga ku ikarita ebyiri, guhera mu 1687. Izina rya mbere ryemewe ryikiyaga kizwi nka Blatné jazero (mikorobe. Blatto teich ) guhera mu 1784. Izina Veľké Vihorlatské jazero ryatangijwe mu 1933.
Benediction Excel Energy Club
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Amakipe y'amagare
Ikiyaga cya Morské oko muri Slovakiya
Ikiyaga ubwacyo ni inzu y'amoko y’amafi 8. Nyamara, ubwoko karemano ni trout gusa ( Salmo trutta m. Fario ), minnow isanzwe ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) hamwe nigitare cyamabuye ( Barbatula barbatula ). Kera wasangaga umukororombya ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), uyumunsi ubwoko bwiganje ni chub ( Squalius cephalus ).
ni agace k'ukukerarugendo mu gihugu(bikubiyemo 1.08 km²) kuva 1984 nigice cyagace ka Vihorlat karinzwe.
Imboga za Kayote
Tumenye Imboga za Kayote
Kayote Irinda gusaza vuba : Kayote ni imboga zigira ibyo bita Flavonoids zifasha umubiri mu guhangana n’ibiwangiza,bityo bigatuma umuntu adasaza vuba ndetse no kurwaragurika.Ivura utubuye two mu mpyiko (Kidney Stones) : Kayote cyane cyane amababi yazo,akoreshwa mu kuvura utubuye two mu mpyiko.Ibi byagaragajwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri universite yo muri Amerika bita University of North Florida.Amababi kandi ya Kayoti afasha mu kugabanya umuvuduko w’amaraso. Ifasha gutakaza ibiro : Kayote kimwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’ibihaza,ntibigira ibivumbikisho (Calories),urugimbu ndeste n’ibinure.Ni byiza rero niba ushaka kuringaniza ibiro,ko wajya ukunda kwirira Kayote ku mafunguro yawe.Ifasha abagore batwite kubyara abana badafite ubumuga : Kayote igiramo vitamin bita Folate,iyi rero ifasha kwirema k’uturemangingo tw’urusoro mu nda ku bagore batwite,bityo bigatuma umwana avuka ameze neza.Twababwira ko umugore utwite akenera 23% bya Folate,ari nayo iboneka muri Kayote.Ifasha kugabanya urugimbu mu mitsi y’amaraso (Cholesterol) : Kayote ntabwo igiramo amavuta,ku bantu rero bafite urugimbu rwinshi ndetse n’abashaka kwirinda urugimbu rwinshi,ni byiza gukoresha Kayote.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibimera Ikiciro:Imboga
Ibiganiro by’Urubyiruko ku Bumenyi bw’Ikirere
thumb|Uruhare rw'urubyiruko mubumenyi bw'ikirere thumb|Uruhare rw'urubyiruko Urubyiruko ni rwo ahanini ruzagirwaho ingaruka n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere ikaba ariyo mpamvu rukeneye kwiyungura ubumenyi n’ubuhanga kugirango ruzabashe kuzikumira. Ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo by’urubyiruko ku bumenyi bw’ikirere biba bigamije guha urubuga abakiri bato kugirango bungurane ibitekerezo n’urundi rubyiruko ruri mu bice bitandukanye by’isi ku ihindagurika ry’ikirere. Ku itariki ya 12 Ugushyingo 2019, The Green Protector yateguye ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo byahurije hamwe abanyeshuri bo muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda n’abanyeshuri bo muri Kaminuza ya Southwest yo mu Bushinwa hifashishijwe interineti. Insanganyamatsiko y’ibyo biganiro nyunguranabitekerezo yari “Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere aho Dutuye”. Abanyeshuri bo muri izo kaminuza zombi baganiriye ku bitera imihandagurikire y’ikirere n’ingaruka zayo mu bihugu byabo, icyo urubyiruko rwakora ngo rubikumire, uko abaturage b’ibihugu byombi bakwiyumvisha ko imihandagurikire y’ikirere ihari kandi bayikumire.
Amashakiro
https://www.thegreenprotector.org/rw/ibyo-dukora/
Igihoho
thumb|Igihoho
Igihoho
igihoho n'igikoresho babohaga mubirere by'insina bakabikamo ibintu bitandukanye
Akamaro
thumb|Igihoho kibitsemo amagi igihoho ni igikoresho babohaga mubirere bakakifashisha babikamo ibintu bitandukanye harimo nka
-amavuta y'inka
-aamagi
-umunyu wa gikukuru
Amategeko y’ibidukikije (Environmental law)
Amategeko y’ibidukikije ni ijambo rusange rikubiyemo ingingo z’amategeko arengera ibidukikije. Gahunda ifitanye isano ariko itandukanye yubutegetsi bugenga amategeko, ubu yatewe cyane n’amahame y’ibidukikije, yibanda ku micungire y’umutungo kamere, nk’amashyamba, amabuye y'agaciro, cyangwa uburobyi. Ibindi bice, nko gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije, ntibishobora kuba bihuye neza muri ibyo byiciro, ariko nubwo ari ibintu byingenzi bigize amategeko y’ibidukikije
Amateka
ngero zambere zishyirwaho namategeko zagenewe kubungabunga ibidukikije, kubwinyungu zayo cyangwa kwishimira abantu, tubisanga mumateka. Mu mategeko asanzwe, uburinzi bwibanze bwabonetse mu mategeko abangamira, ariko ibyo byemereraga gusa ibikorwa by’abikorera ku byangiritse cyangwa ibihano iyo hari ibyangiritse ku butaka. Rero, impumuro ituruka ku ngurube, uburyozwacyaha bukomeye bwo guta imyanda, cyangwa kwangizwa n'ingomero ziturika. Abikorera ku giti cyabo ariko, bari bake kandi wasangaga bidahagije kugira ngo bahangane n’ibibazo byangiza ibidukikije, cyane cyane ibangamira umutungo rusange. Mugihe cya " Impumuro nziza " yo mu 1858, guta imyanda mu ruzi rwa Thames byatangiye kunuka cyane mu gihe cy'izuba ku buryo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yagombaga kwimurwa. Igitangaje ni uko itegeko rya Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 ryemereye komisiyo ya Metropolitan ishinzwe abadozi gufunga imyanda ikikije umujyi bagerageza "kweza" ariko ibyo byatumye abantu banduza uruzi. Mu minsi 19, Inteko ishinga amategeko yemeje irindi tegeko ryo kubaka gahunda y’imyanda ya Londres. Londres nayo yahuye n’umwanda ukabije w’ikirere, kandi ibyo byaje kurangira muri " Umwotsi Ukomeye " wo mu 1952, ari nawo watumye hashyirwaho amategeko ubwayo: Itegeko ry’ikirere cyiza 1956. Inzego z’ibanze zashyizweho zari ugushiraho imipaka ku byuka bihumanya ingo n’ubucuruzi (cyane cyane gutwika amakara ) mu gihe ubugenzuzi bwubahiriza kubahiriza.
Kurwanya umwanda
thumb|Guhumanya ikirere mu nganda ubu bigengwa n’amategeko agenga ikirere Amategeko y’ikirere govern the emission of      Igice cyihariye cyamategeko yubuziranenge bwikirere agenga ubwiza bwumwuka imbere yinyubako. Amategeko y’ikirere akunze gushyirwaho mu rwego rwo kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu mu kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ibindi bikorwa byateguwe kugirango bikemure ibibazo by’ibidukikije bigari, nk’imipaka y’imiti igira ingaruka kuri ozone layer, hamwe na gahunda yubucuruzi bwohereza ibyuka kugirango bakemure imvura ya aside cyangwa imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Imbaraga zishinzwe kugenzura zirimo kumenya no gutondekanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gushyiraho imipaka kurwego rwemewe rwoherezwa mu kirere, no gutegeka tekinoroji ikenewe cyangwa ikwiye. thumb|Ubusanzwe amazi yimvura asohoka, hubahirijwe amategeko yubuziranenge bwamazi
Koperative COOTHENYA
thumb|Koperative COOTHENYA Koperative COOTHENYA ni Koperative y’abahinzi b’icyayi yitwa COOTHENYA ifite imigabane mu ruganda rwa Mata Tea Factory ingana na 10%; ikaba na bamwe mu baturage bo mu Mirenge ya Mata, Ruramba na Kibeho mu Karere ka Nyaruguru, igizwe kandi n’abanyamurango 1810,iyi koperative y’abahinzi izana  umusaruro ku ruganda rwa Mata Factory aho ifite hegitari zisaga 469.
AMASHAKIRO
Ikiciro:Rwanda Mountain Tea
Inzara / Amapfa
Inzara ni ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibiribwa, [1] [2] biterwa n’impamvu nyinshi zirimo intambara, impanuka kamere, kunanirwa kw’ibihingwa, ubusumbane bw’abaturage, ubukene bukabije, ibyago by’ubukungu cyangwa politiki ya leta. Iyi phenomenon ikunze guherekezwa cyangwa gukurikirwa nimirire mibi yakarere, inzara, icyorezo, ndetse nimpfu ziyongera. Umugabane wose utuwe kwisi wahuye nigihe cyinzara mumateka. Mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20, Aziya y'Amajyepfo n'Amajyepfo, ndetse n'Uburayi bwo mu Burasirazuba no Hagati, hapfuye abantu benshi. Impfu zatewe n'inzara zagabanutse cyane guhera mu myaka ya za 70, aho umubare wagabanutse kuva mu 2000. Kuva mu 2010, Afurika ni yo mugabane wibasiwe cyane n'isi kubera inzara.
Umugore, umugabo n'umwana, bose uko ari batatu bapfuye bazize inzara kubera inzara yo mu Burusiya yo mu 1921–1922 thumb|Bapfuye bazize inzara Ibisobanuro
Hindura
Nk’uko Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa ribitangaza, inzara iratangazwa igihe imirire mibi ikwirakwiriye, kandi igihe abantu batangiye gupfa bazize inzara bitewe no kutabona ibiryo bihagije, bifite intungamubiri. Ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibiribwa byashyizwe mu byiciro bisobanura icyiciro cya 5 inzara y’ibura ry’ibiribwa bikabije bibaho iyo: [4] [5]
Nibura 20% by'ingo zo mu karere zihura n’ibura ry’ibiribwa bikabije bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana; na
Ubwiyongere bw'imirire mibi ikabije ku bana burenga 30%; na
Gutangaza inzara nta nshingano zubahiriza Umuryango w’abibumbye cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango, ahubwo bifasha kwibanda ku isi yose kuri icyo kibazo.
Amateka
Andi makuru: Urutonde rwinzara
Inzara yibasiwe ninzara yabaye ishingiro ryimiryango ikora ubuhinzi butunzwe nubuhinzi bwonyine. Inshuro n’inzara by’inzara byagiye bihinduka mu mateka, bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ibikenerwa mu biribwa, nk’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage, hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ibicuruzwa biterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Inzara yakuweho bwa mbere mu Buholandi no mu Bwongereza mu kinyejana cya 17, kubera ubucuruzi bw’ubuhinzi no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo kongera umusaruro w’ibihingwa.
Kugabanuka kw'inzara
Mu kinyejana cya 16 n'icya 17, gahunda ya feodal yatangiye gusenyuka, kandi abahinzi benshi bateye imbere batangira gufunga ubutaka bwabo no kongera umusaruro wabo wo kugurisha ibihingwa bisagutse ku nyungu. Aba nyir'ubutaka bwa capitaliste bahembaga abakozi babo amafaranga, bityo bakongera ubucuruzi bwa societe yo mucyaro. Mu isoko ry’umurimo rigenda rihiganwa, tekinike nziza yo kuzamura umusaruro w’umurimo yarushijeho guhabwa agaciro no guhembwa. Byari inyungu z'umuhinzi gutanga umusaruro ushoboka ku butaka bwabo kugira ngo bugurishwe mu turere twasabye icyo gicuruzwa. Batanze umusaruro usagutse wibihingwa byabo buri mwaka niba babishoboye.
Abahinzi batunzwe nabo barushijeho guhatirwa kwamamaza ibikorwa byabo kubera kongera imisoro. Imisoro yagombaga kwishyurwa leta nkuru mumafaranga yatumye abahinzi batanga umusaruro wo kugurisha. Rimwe na rimwe batangaga umusaruro w’inganda, ariko bakabona uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro wabo kugirango babone ibyo batunga ndetse ninshingano zabo. Abahinzi kandi bakoresheje amafaranga mashya mu kugura ibicuruzwa byakozwe. Iterambere ry’ubuhinzi n’imibereho ishishikarizwa kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa ryagiye riba buhoro buhoro mu kinyejana cya 16, ariko ryatangiye mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 17.
Mu myaka ya 1590, iyi nzira yateye imbere bihagije mu ntara ikize kandi y’ubucuruzi mu Buholandi kugira ngo abaturage bayo bahangane n’inzara rusange y’inzara mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba icyo gihe. Icyo gihe, Ubuholandi bwari bufite bumwe mu buryo bw’ubuhinzi bugurishwa cyane mu Burayi. Bakuze ibihingwa byinshi byinganda nka flax, hemp na hops. Ubuhinzi bwarushijeho kuba umwihariko kandi neza. Imikorere y’ubuhinzi bw’Abaholandi yatumye imijyi yihuta cyane mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya cumi na karindwi kurusha ahandi mu Burayi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umusaruro n'ubutunzi byariyongereye, bituma Ubuholandi bugumana ibiribwa bihamye. thumb Kugeza mu 1650, ubuhinzi bw'Ubwongereza nabwo bwari bwaracurujwe mu buryo bwagutse. Inzara yanyuma y'amahoro mu Bwongereza yabaye mu 1623-24. Haracyariho inzara, nko mu Buholandi, ariko nta nzara yigeze ibaho. Ahantu hasanzwe ho urwuri harafunzwe kugirango bikoreshwe kandi nini nini, imirima ikora neza yarahurijwe hamwe. Ibindi byateye imbere mu buhanga harimo kuvoma ibishanga, uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha imirima, no kwinjiza ibihingwa nganda. Iterambere ry’ubuhinzi ryatumye habaho iterambere ryinshi mu Bwongereza no kongera imijyi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, ubuhinzi bw'Ubwongereza ni bwo bwatanze umusaruro mwinshi mu Burayi. Mu Bwongereza no mu Buholandi, abaturage bahagaze neza hagati ya 1650 na 1750, igihe kimwe igihe habaye impinduka nini mubuhinzi. Inzara iracyagaragara mu tundi turere two mu Burayi. Mu Burayi bw'i Burasirazuba, inzara yabaye nko mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri.
Kugerageza kugabanya inzara
Skibbereen, Irilande mugihe cy'inzara ikomeye, 1847 ishusho ya James Mahony kubwamakuru ya Illustrated London
Mu kinyejana cya 19 rwagati no gutangira impinduramatwara mu nganda, byashobokaga ko guverinoma zigabanya ingaruka z’inzara binyuze mu kugenzura ibiciro, kwinjiza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu biribwa ku masoko y’amahanga, guhunika, kugaburira, kugena umusaruro n’urukundo. Inzara ikomeye yo mu 1845 muri Irilande ni imwe mu nzara za mbere zagaragaje gutabara, nubwo leta yakunze gukemura ibibazo. Nk’uko F. S. L. Lyons yabitangaje ngo igisubizo cya mbere cya guverinoma y'Ubwongereza ku cyiciro cya mbere cy’inzara "cyihuse kandi cyagenze neza". Minisitiri w’intebe Sir Robert Peel yahuye n’ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibihingwa mu mpeshyi yo mu 1845, yaguze muri Amerika rwihishwa ibihumbi 100 by’ibigori n’ibigori mu ibanga. Baring Brothers & Co yabanje gukora nk'abaguzi ba minisitiri wintebe. Guverinoma yizeye ko "batazahagarika imishinga y’abikorera" kandi ko ibikorwa byabo bitazabangamira ibikorwa by’ubutabazi byaho. Kubera ikirere, ibicuruzwa bya mbere ntabwo byageze muri Irilande kugeza mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare 1846. [11] Ibigori byibigori byongeye kugurishwa igiceri kimwe.
Mu 1846, Peel yimuye gukuraho Amategeko y'ibigori, amahoro ku ngano yatumaga igiciro cy'umugati kiri hejuru. Inzara yarushijeho kwiyongera mu 1846 kandi gukuraho amategeko y'ibigori muri uwo mwaka ntacyo byagize ngo bifashe Irilande ishonje; icyo cyemezo cyacitsemo ibice Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije, bituma umurimo wa Peel ugabanuka. Muri Werurwe, Peel yashyizeho gahunda y'ibikorwa rusange muri Irilande.
Abantu bategereje gutabara inzara i Bangalore, mu Buhinde (uhereye ku makuru ya Illustrated London, 1877)
N'ubwo iyi ntangiriro itanga icyizere, ingamba zafashwe nuwasimbuye Peel, Lord John Russell, byagaragaye ko "bidahagije" mugihe ikibazo cyarushijeho kwiyongera. Minisiteri ya Russell yashyizeho imishinga rusange, kugeza mu Kuboza 1846 yakoresheje hafi miliyoni imwe ya Irlande kandi byagaragaye ko bidashoboka kuyiyobora. Guverinoma yatewe inkunga na laissez-faire yizera ko isoko rizatanga ibiryo bikenewe. Yahagaritse imirimo y’ibiribwa n’ubutabazi bya leta, ihinduka imvange y "ubutabazi bwo mu nzu" n "" hanze "; iyambere yatangwaga mu kazi binyuze mu mategeko akennye, iyanyuma ikoresheje igikoni cy'isupu.
Abafarashi bane ba Apocalypse, igicapo cyo mu 1887 cyakozwe n’umuhanzi w’Uburusiya Viktor Vasnetsov. Ishusho ibumoso cyangwa iburyo ni Urupfu, Inzara, Intambara, no gutsinda.
Kugerageza kuri gahunda yo gushyiraho urwego rukenewe rwo guhangana n’inzara byakozwe na Raj mu Bwongereza mu 1880. Mu rwego rwo gukemura byimazeyo ikibazo cy’inzara, Abongereza bashizeho komisiyo ishinzwe inzara y’Abahinde kugira ngo basabe ingamba guverinoma yasabwa gutera mu gihe habaye inzara. [16] [17] [18] Komisiyo y’inzara yasohoye umurongo ngenderwaho wa guverinoma n’amabwiriza yerekeye uburyo bwo guhangana n’inzara n’ibura ry’ibiribwa byitwa Kode y’inzara. Kode yinzara nayo yari imwe mu zagerageje bwa mbere guhanura inzara mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingaruka zayo. Amaherezo yaje gutorwa mu 1883 iyobowe na Lord Ripon.
Kode yashyizeho igipimo cya mbere cyinzara: hasobanuwe inzego eshatu z’ibura ry’ibiribwa: hafi-ubukene, ubukene, n’inzara. "Ubuke" bwasobanuwe nkimyaka itatu ikurikiranye yo kunanirwa kwibihingwa, umusaruro wibihingwa kimwe cya gatatu cyangwa kimwe cya kabiri gisanzwe, nabantu benshi mubibazo. "Inzara" yongeyeho izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa hejuru ya 140% bya "bisanzwe", urujya n'uruza rw'abantu bashaka ibiryo, ndetse n'impfu zikabije. [16] Komisiyo yagaragaje ko gutakaza umushahara biterwa no kubura akazi k'abakozi bakora mu buhinzi n'abanyabukorikori ari byo byateje inzara. Amategeko y’inzara yakoresheje ingamba zo gutanga akazi kuri ibi byiciro by’abaturage kandi yishingikiriza ku bikorwa rusange bifunguye kugira ngo abikore.
Ikinyejana cya 20 thumb Mu kinyejana cya 20, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 70 kugeza kuri 120 bapfuye bazize inzara ku isi, muri bo abarenga kimwe cya kabiri bapfira mu Bushinwa, abagera kuri miliyoni 30 bapfa mu gihe cy'inzara yo mu 1958–1961, [20] bagera kuri miliyoni 10 muri Inzara y'Ubushinwa yo mu 1928–1930, na miliyoni zirenga ebyiri mu nzara y'Abashinwa yo mu 1942–1943, abandi babarirwa muri za miriyoni bazimira mu inzara mu majyaruguru no mu Bushinwa. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zatakaje miliyoni 8 zavuzwe n'inzara y'Abasoviyeti yo mu 1932–33, irenga miliyoni mu nzara y'Abasoviyeti yo mu 1946–1947 na Siege ya Leningrad, miliyoni 5 mu nzara y'Abarusiya yo mu 1921–1922, n'izindi nzara. Java yapfuye miliyoni 2.5 mu gihe cy'Abayapani bigaruriye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Izindi nzara yagaragaye cyane mu kinyejana ni inzara yo muri Bengaliya yo mu 1943, ituruka ku kuba Abayapani bigaruriye Birimaniya, bigatuma impunzi zinjira, ndetse no guhagarika ingano z’ibiribwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ndetse na guverinoma y’intara ya Bengali itangaza inzara, kandi gutabara ikigega, gushyiraho ibihano by’ibinyampeke n’ubwikorezi n’ubuyobozi bw’intara buturanye, kugira ngo babuze imigabane yabo kwimurirwa muri Bengaluru, kunanirwa gushyira mu bikorwa Ubuhinde bwagabanijwe n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa Delhi, guhunika no kunguka n’abacuruzi, uburyo bwo gucunga ubutaka bwo hagati, gahunda ya Axis ihakana gahunda yo kwambura amato yigeze gukoreshwa mu gutwara ingano, ubuyobozi bwa Delhi bwashyize imbere gutanga, no gutanga ubuvuzi ku ngabo z’Ubuhinde z’Abongereza, abakozi b’intambara, ndetse n’abakozi ba Leta, hejuru y’abaturage muri rusange, ubushobozi buke n’ubujiji, na an Inama y'Abami Intambara yabanje gusiga ikibazo mubuyobozi bwa gikoloni kugirango gikemuke, kuruta l ocal ibihingwa byananiranye, hamwe na blight.
Kuva hejuru-ibumoso ugana hepfo-iburyo, cyangwa (mobile) kuva hejuru kugeza hasi: abana bazize inzara mu Buhinde (1943–44), Ubuholandi (1944–45), Nijeriya (1967–70), hamwe no gushushanya. y'umugore n'abana be mugihe cy'inzara ikomeye muri Irilande (1845–1849)
Inzara nkeya mu nzara zikomeye zo mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 ni: inzara ya Biafran mu myaka ya za 1960, inzara yatewe na Khmer Rouge muri Kamboje mu myaka ya za 70, inzara yo muri Koreya ya Ruguru yo mu myaka ya za 90, n'inzara yo muri Etiyopiya yo mu 1983–1985. Abagera kuri miliyoni 3 bapfuye bazize Intambara ya Kongo ya kabiri
Ibirori byanyuma byavuzwe kuri tereviziyo za televiziyo ku isi, bitwaje amashusho y’Abanyetiyopiya bishwe n’inzara bafite ibibazo byabo bishingiye kuri sitasiyo yo kugaburira hafi y’umujyi wa Korem. Ibi byashishikarije abantu benshi guhagarika inzara kwisi yose. thumb Umusomyi w'amakuru kuri BBC, Michael Buerk, yatanze ibisobanuro bitangaje ku byago byabaye ku ya 23 Ukwakira 1984, avuga ko ari "inzara yo muri Bibiliya". Ibi byatumye Band Aid single, yateguwe na Bob Geldof ikagaragaramo abastar barenga 20. Ibitaramo bya Live Aid byabereye i Londere na Philadelphia byakusanyije amafaranga menshi kubitera. Abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi amagana bapfuye mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe bazize inzara, ariko kumenyekanisha Live Aid byatumye bashishikariza ibihugu by’iburengerazuba kubona ingano zisagutse kugira ngo ikibazo cy’inzara gikemuke muri Afurika.
Zimwe mu nzara zo mu kinyejana cya 20 zagize uruhare muri politiki za guverinoma, harimo guhahamuka no gusimbuza abaturage b’amoko batizeye mu turere tw’ingirakamaro, bigatuma uturere dushobora kwibasirwa n’ibitero bigoye kugengwa n’imbaraga z’abanzi no kwimurira umutwaro w’ibura ry’ibiribwa mu turere aho u umubabaro w’abaturage wateje ibyago bike by’ubutegetsi bubi butemewe n'amategeko.
Ikinyejana cya 21