cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Imbuto mu ruhango
Imbuto
ibikorwa byo gutera ibiti by’imbuto ziribwa byakozwe ku muganda, byagakwiye kuba byakoreshejwe amafaranga, ariko imbaraga z’abaturage zibumbiye hamwe na zo zikaba zagize akamaro, ibiti byinshi kandi bitandukanye by'imbuto nkaho bamaze gutera ibiti 500 bya avoka, umuyobozi abwira abaturage ko bakomeza gutera ibiti by’imbuto, nibura buri rugo rukaba rwagira ibiti bitatu.
imirwanyasuri
muganda wo kurwanya isuri kuko baciriwe imirwanyasuri, agasaba ko bagenda bayisibura kugira ngo ifashe kurinda ko ubutaka bwabo butwarwa, cyangwa hakabaho impanuka zatwara n’ubuzima bw’abantu.
Gufashanya
Mu akarere ka Ruhango abaturage basabwa guhana ubufasha aribyo miganda hakurikijwe ubumenyi bafite uko bagiye baturanye, niba ari umufundi akaba yafasha abaturage kubakira abaturanyi babo, niba ari umuganga akaba yafasha kurwanya imirire mibi no kubungabuga ubuzima, yaba ari umunyamategeko akaba yagira uruhare mu gufasha abaturage kuyasobanukirwa.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Imbuto
Ibiti byo gushingiriza
thumb|Igiti muri Burera
Intangiriro
Bamwe mu bahinzi bagaragaje ko bagorwa no kubona ibiti byo gushingiriza ubwoko bw’ibishyimbo bikura bishaka aho gutondagira. Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe amazi n’amashyamba (RWAFA) kivuga ko kigenera buri karere ingengo y’imari yo gufasha abaturage gucyemura ibibazo nk’ibyo.
Ikibazo gihari
thumb|Ibiti thumb|Ibiti Umwe mu bahinzi yavuze ko kubera ko nta mashyamba bityo bibagora kubona ibiti byo gushingiriza, ariko akabona babonye ibiti by’imirwanyasuri bivamo n’imihembezo byabafasha no kongera umusaruro wabo.
U Rwanda rwiyemeje guca burundu isakaro rya 'asbestos'
Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imiturire cyatangaje ko guca amabati ya ‘asbestos’ agira ingaruka ku buzima bwa muntu bigeze ku kigero cya 72% ndetse cyemeza ko muri Kamena 2023 iyi gahunda izaba yaragezweho ku kigero cya 100%.
Kuva Leta y’u Rwanda yamenya ko iryo sakaro ryamaze abaturage bo mu bihugu bikize nka Canada ribatera kanseri, yahise itangira urugamba rwo kuyirwanya binyuze mu kuyasimbuza.
Ni gahunda mu 2020 uwari Minisitiri w’Ibikorwa remezo, Gatete Claver yari yavuze ko izarangirana n’uwo mwaka ariko ikomeza kugenda izamo inzitizi kugeza aho uyu munsi bibarurwa ko imirimo isigaye yo guca aya mabati iri ku kigero cya 72%.
Kugeza ubu iri sakaro riracyagaragara ku nyubako za Kaminuza y’u Rwanda ishami rya Huye, ku ruganda rw’amazi rwa Kadahokwa rwo muri aka karere n’ahandi.
Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imiturire ushinzwe gukurikirana imirimo yo guca asbestos Mathias Ntakirutimana, yabwiye RBA ko imirimo yo kuvanaho iri sakaro ku nzu za Leta ikorwa hashingiye ku bushobozi bugenda buboneka.
Mu bushobozi bwabonetse muri iyi ngengo y’imari, mu nyubako za Leta, inzu zizavanwaho asbestos ni metero kare zisaga ibihumbi 83, harimo metero kare ibihumbi 24 zo ku nzu za Kaminuza y’u Rwanda.
Imiturire Rusange
Ububiligi
Amazu mbonezamubano ni inshingano z'uturere two mu Bubiligi. Uturere ntitufite amazu ataziguye, ibigo byigenga byimibereho byigenga bikora. Guverinoma igenga kandi ahanini itera inkunga aya mashyirahamwe. Munsi yumubare runaka winjiza, abantu bemerewe gutura mumibereho. Kubera ko mu Bubiligi hari ikibazo kinini cy’amazu y’imibereho, hashyirwaho ibindi bintu byihutirwa, nko kubyara abana. Amazu yimibereho agera kuri 6.5% yisoko ryamazu yububiligi. Ibi biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibihugu duturanye nku Buholandi n'Ubufaransa. Kugeza muri 2018 Flanders, Wallonia na Bruxelles bashinzwe amazu 280.687, abantu 212.794 bari kurutonde rwabategereje. Kubantu bari kurutonde rwabategereje hari ibindi bishoboka nkinkunga hamwe n’ibigo bikodesha imibereho muri Flanders.
Danemark
Muri Danimarike, amazu rusange yitwa alment boligbyggeri kandi afite kandi acungwa n’imiryango igera kuri 700 yiyobora, demokarasi n’imiryango idaharanira inyungu hamwe n’abayikodesha ubwabo. Amenshi mu mashyirahamwe y’imiturire rusange muri Danimarike yashinze imizi mu mateka ya mbere y’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi kandi kuri ubu agizwe na 20% by’imiturire yose hamwe n’amashami agera ku 7.500 mu gihugu hose. Ubusanzwe umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ryimiturire asabwa kubona ubukode kandi bahabwa ibijyanye nuburebure bwabanyamuryango. [58] [59]
Nubwo inyubako zifite kandi zigacungwa n’imiryango yigenga kandi yigenga mu bukungu, Leta ya Danemark iragenzura cyane amazu rusange muri iki gihugu. Dukurikije amategeko, amakomine arashobora kubona 25% yubukode, ubusanzwe akayabika kubakene, abashomeri, abamugaye cyangwa abarwayi bo mumutwe cyangwa irindi tsinda rishingiye ku mibereho itangwa na komini. Mu myaka yashize, aya mabwiriza yashyizeho 'ahantu hatuwe cyane' mu gihugu. Amazu rusange ya Danemark ntabwo yigeze abuza kwinjiza amafaranga, ariko mu myaka yashize amategeko mashya ya leta yashyizeho itegeko kuri benshi muribo gutonesha abakodesha akazi rwose no kwanga abashomeri cyangwa abakozi bakora igihe gito. Iyi ni imbaraga nshya leta yashyizeho kugira ngo irwanye ghettoisation, ubu ikaba ari ikibazo cyemewe ku mugaragaro mu gihugu hose. [58]
Kimwe no muri Suwede, politiki ya leta n’amakomine yakozwe mu myaka icumi yambere yikinyejana cya 21, yatumye abikorera ku giti cyabo biyongera. Mu turere twinshi, abaturage basabwe kwigurira amazu yabo bwite, bityo bagahindura neza uko umutungo uhagaze. Kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo imiturire rusange byatangijwe muri gahunda y’ibitekerezo na guverinoma y’iburyo yo mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 21 kandi byatangijwe nyuma yimyaka mike nyuma y’ifungwa ryahoze ari Minisiteri y’imiturire mu 2001. [60] Minisiteri yahoze ari minisiteri yongeye gufungurwa nka Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire, imijyi n’icyaro mu Kwakira 2011, igihe hashyirwaho guverinoma nshya y’ubumwe iyobowe n’imibereho-demokarasi. [61]
Finlande
[agashusho]
Iki gice gikeneye kwaguka. Urashobora gufasha mukongeraho. (Kanama 2019)
James Kone
James Gatwich Kone (wavutse ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 1987), ni umukinnyi wu mupira w'a maguru wo muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo ukina nka rutahizamu, wa kiniye ikipe yi gihugu ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo yu mupira wa maguru mu 2012.
Imiturire Rusange
Inyubako yimyubakire rusange kumuhanda wa Sandelsinkatu muri Siilinjärvi, Finlande
Umushinga wambere wamazu rusange muri Finlande yari i Helsinki. Mu 1909, amazu ane yimbaho yakozwe nububatsi A. Nyberg yubatswe kuri Kirstinkuja (ahahoze ari Kristiinankatu) kubakozi bo mumujyi. Abahatuye bari imiryango ikora cyane ifite abana benshi. Amazu yari afite impuzandengo yabantu batanu kuri buri cyumba, rimwe na rimwe bagera ku munani. Amazu mato yari afite amazi atemba, ipantaro hamwe n'akabati. Igorofa yose yari ifite umusarani wacyo muri selire. Amatara y'amashanyarazi yashyizweho mu 1918.
James Kone
Umwuga
Kuva mu 2012 kugeza 2014, Kone yakiniye Nasir FC Juba, yimukira muri Al-Malakia Juba kuva 2015 kugeza 2016. Nyuma yakiniye Al-Salam Wau (2017); Kator FC Juba (2018); na Amarat United (2019).
Imiturire Rusange
Amazu nubuzima bwimiryango yabakozi i Helsinki kuva 1909 kugeza 1985 byerekanwe mungoro ndangamurage hafi ya parike yimyidagaduro ya Linnanmäki.
Ibiti byo gushingiriza
Imihembezo
Ibiti byo bitewe n’amashyamba ni ikibazo, bituma ya mihembezo dushyiramo iba mikeya ariyo mpamvu hari hamwe usanga ibishyimbo byaguye bitewe n’ibigorogori ibishyimbo biba byarazamutseho, Ikiba gisabwa ngo abahinzi babone umusaruro ni uko bagomba kuba bafite ibiti kandi ibiti byiza, iyo tubihuje no kubungabunga ibidukikije rero ugasanga abantu bose ntabwo bafite amashyamba, ariko n’uyafite singombwa ko ayasarura atari yera ngo abone imihembezo, nicyo twasabaga RAB kudufasha rero ngo dukomeze kubona ibiti by’indumburabutaka.
James Kone
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Yakinnye imikino ibiri ikomeye muri Sudani yepfo, yakinnye na Etiyopiya na Kenya mu gikombe cya CECAFA 2012.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa sudani yepho
Ibiti byo gushingiriza
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti
Earthwatch Institute
Earthwatch Institute ni umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku bidukikije. Yashinzwe nka Educational Expeditions International mu 1971 na Bob Citron na Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch ishyigikira Ph.D. abashakashatsi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bakora amasaha arenga 100.000 yubushakashatsi buri mwaka. Ukoresheje uburyo bwa siyansi y’ubumenyi bw’abaturage, ubutumwa bwa Earthwatch ni "guhuza abantu ku isi hose mu bushakashatsi n’ubumenyi mu bumenyi hagamijwe guteza imbere imyumvire n’ibikorwa bikenewe kugira ngo ibidukikije birambye." Nkibyo, ni umwe mubanditsi banditse kwisi yose yubushakashatsi bwubumenyi mubucukumbuzi, paleontologiya, ubuzima bwo mu nyanja, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ibinyabuzima. Mu myaka irenga mirongo ine, Earthwatch yakusanyije inkunga yo gushaka abantu, abanyeshuri, abarimu, ndetse na bagenzi babo kugira uruhare mu bushakashatsi bukomeye bwo mu rwego rwo kumva igisubizo cy’ibidukikije mu kwihutisha impinduka ku isi.
Imiturire Rusange
Mu mwaka wa 2008, Helsinki yatangije politiki y’imyubakire ya mbere, agamije guca burundu abadafite aho baba ashyira imbere amazu atagabanijwe. Hatewe inkunga n’amakomine, leta, n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, hamwe n’ubuzima n’ubuvuzi, gahunda yagabanije abadafite aho baba 35% hagati 2008 na 2019. [63]
Earthwatch Institute
Imishinga yubumenyi bwabaturage bwisi isubirwamo, Ph.D. yayoboye ubushakashatsi mu bumenyi bwa siyansi butanga abaturage ba buri munsi amahirwe yo kujya mu matsinda y’ubushakashatsi ku isi gukusanya amakuru y’imirima nko kubungabunga inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, ibidukikije by’amashyamba, ubumenyi bw’inyanja na archeologiya.
Imiterere n'amateka
Icyicaro gikuru cy’isi kiri i Boston (Massachusetts), ndetse no ku biro muri Oxford (Ubwongereza), Melbourne (Ositaraliya), Tokiyo (Ubuyapani), na Hong Kong (Ubushinwa).
Inyubako
thumb|inyubako muri Kigali thumb|Inyubako
Earthwatch Institute
Imiterere n'amateka
Earthwatch yashinzwe nka Educational Expeditions International mu 1971 hafi ya Boston (Amerika) na Bob Citron na Clarence Truesdale, icyo gihe wari umuyobozi w'ishuri rusange rya Vermont. Mu 1972, Brian A. Rosborough yinjiye muri Educational Expeditions International nk'umukorerabushake nyuma y'amezi atandatu aba perezida wa Earthwatch
Inyubako
Ubusobanuro
Inyubako cyangwa icyubakwa ni ikintu cyose aho kiva kikagera cyubatse cyangwa se giteretse ahantu hamwe cyangwa kimukanwa gifite inkuta cyagwa ibisenge gishobora guhungabanya ibidukikije.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ibiti Ikiciro:Inyubako
Imiturire Rusange
Ubufaransa
Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange mubufaransa na HLM
Amazu rusange ya rue Jean Fautrier muri arrondissement ya 13 ya Paris.
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abaturage bariyongereye ku kigero cyari kitazwi, kwimuka mu cyaro byariyongereye, mu gihe ibyangijwe n'intambara byagabanije amazu mu mijyi myinshi. Ibiciro by'ubukode byazamutse ku buryo bugaragara, kandi guverinoma yashyizeho itegeko mu 1948 kugira ngo ribabuze, rirangiza neza inyungu z’ubukungu ziva mu ishoramari ry’amazu. Ubukode bwagiye buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe impaka zabaye mu myaka ya za 1980 zatumye itegeko ry’ubukode ririho ryo mu 1989 rishyira mu gaciro mu buryo bwa tewolojiya nyir'inzu n'imibanire y'abapangayi. Icyakora, habaye ikibazo gikomeye cyo kutagira aho baba mu itumba ryo mu 1953–4 kandi amategeko akenewe yagiye akangurwa buhoro buhoro atanga umusaruro mwinshi wo kubaka hafi ya za 1960. Ba nyir'amazu bari isoko y'ubuhanga kimwe n'abashinzwe kubaka bafite aho bahurira n'inzego z'igihugu ndetse n'iz'ibanze. Inganda zubaka icyo gihe ntizihagije kuburyo hakenewe inkunga ya politiki.
Ntabwo ari bibi kuvuga amazu yimibereho yubufaransa nkamazu rusange. Inkomoko y’imiturire y’imibereho y’Abafaransa iri mu bikorera, hamwe n’imfashanyo ya mbere ya Leta yahawe amasosiyete adaharanira inyungu na loi Siegfried mu 1793. Igitekerezo cya mbere cy’abasosiyalisiti cyatejwe imbere na bamwe mu bakoresha b’Abafaransa mu gice cya 2 cy’ikinyejana cya 19. Amasosiyete y’imiturire rusange yakurikiranye mbere y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose. Haracyariho amazu atandukanye yimibereho yimibereho, rusange, abikorera hamwe na koperative. Imiryango ifite amazu yimibereho yose ifite amabwiriza asa kandi kubona inguzanyo za leta ariko hari itandukaniro rikomeye.
Guverinoma yatangije gahunda nyinshi z’ubwubatsi, harimo gushinga imijyi mishya (villes nouvelles) n’umugi mushya hamwe na HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré, "amazu akodeshwa make"). Leta yari ifite amafaranga nuburyo bwemewe bwo kubona ubwo butaka kandi bushobora gutanga inyungu zimwe mubigo byubatse amazu manini manini yamagorofa. Ubwiza nabwo bwagenzuwe neza, bivamo amazu meza cyangwa meza yo hejuru kurwego rwo muri 1950 na 1960. Kubaka HLMs byaganiriweho cyane na politiki. Ibintu byinshi bito byateye imbere ubu nibisanzwe. Iyi nzu ubu ikunze kwitwa l'habitat social, urwego rwagutse gato kuruta amazu.
Mugihe bashoboye guha imiryango iciriritse aho kuba muri gahunda yo gutanga amazu akunzwe, iyi sisitemu yanatumye hashyirwaho ghetto zo mumujyi, hamwe nikibazo cyo gusenyuka. Habayeho ikibazo kirekire cyo gukena buhoro buhoro abapangayi babana [69] Hano, ibyiciro byambuwe abaturage, ahanini bikomoka ku bimukira kandi bafite ibibazo byinshi bidafite akazi, birashoboka ko mu bihe byashize byari gusigara biva mu bakire; imijyi yo mu mijyi, rimwe na rimwe ikaba irimo ibibazo byinshi mu mibereho n’urugomo. Ibi bigira ingaruka kumyubakire yimibereho ariko ifite imiterere ihanitse kandi iracyatera impagarara zikomeye.
Gukemura iki kibazo mu mizi yacyo byose ariko biroroshye, kandi politiki yo kuvanga imibereho irashobora gusenya abaturage bigaragara ko bigoye mugutezimbere. Ibi ntabwo byizeye ibisubizo. Hasabwe kandi gukemura ikibazo cyo kugera kuri sisitemu n’abantu batishoboye hakoreshejwe uburyo bushya aho amatsinda amwe ashobora gusaba urukiko gucumbikirwa aramutse yanze, "uburenganzira ku miturire". Ibi bikunda gukaza umurego impaka zerekeye itangwa ry’imiturire, ugomba gucumbikirwa. Imigenzo y’Abafaransa yo kugabura amazu y’imibereho rusange - amazu ya buri wese arashidikanywaho n’amategeko agenga amarushanwa y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi abuza inkunga usibye abatishoboye. Ibyo ari byo byose, sisitemu ifite akamaro kanini mu gutanga ubwubatsi, nubwo itari hamwe n’ibirenga bigaragara mu ihohoterwa ry’inguzanyo iherutse ahandi.
Ubudage
Ibitaro bya Ruhengeri
thumb|Ibitaro bya Ruhengeri Ibitaro bya Ruhengeri byubatswe mu myaka ya 1939 kugeza 1940, byubatse mu Karere ka Musanze mu intara y'amajyaruguru, ni bimwe mu bitaro byatoranyijwe mu gihugu nk’ibitaro byi cyitegererezo, bikaba byakira by’umwihariko abaturuka baturutse muduce baturanye turimo akarere ka Musanze n'akarere ka Nyabihu. byakira ababigana buri kwezi bagera ku bihumbi bitandatu baza gusaba serivisi zitandukanye z’ubuvuzi bikaba bigiye ku vuguruwa vuba nkuko umukuru w'igi.
Imiturire Rusange
Ingingo nyamukuru: Plattenbau
Ibitaro bya Ruhengeri
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Rwiyemeza mirimo
Imiturire Rusange
Hagati ya 1925 na 1930 Ubudage niho haberaga imishinga mishya y’imiturire rusange ya komini, cyane cyane i Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne na Frankfurt. Iyi mitungo yimiturire (Siedlungen), yakozwe nkimibereho iteye ubwoba yimiterere yimijyi yabanjirije intambara. Uburenganzira bwo gutura neza bwanditswe mu Itegeko Nshinga rya 1919 Weimar, ariko amazu make yubatswe kugeza ubukungu bwifashe neza mu 1925. [citation needed]
Ndayisenga Patrick
Ndayisenga Patrick (wavutse ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1971) ni umukinnyi wu mu Burundi witwaye neza muri marato no kwiruka namaguru.
Imiturire Rusange
Mu 1930 mu mujyi w’inganda wa Dessau, Laubenganghäuser ('Amazu afite Balcony Access') yateguwe n’umuyobozi wa Bauhaus Hannes Meyer muri koperative y’amazu yashakaga amazu ashobora kureka mu gihe kitarenze kimwe cya kane cy’amafaranga yinjira. Gukora ku ngengo yimari idahwitse byashishikarije amafaranga no guhanga udushya, nko gukoresha inzira ya balkoni kugirango igere ku magorofa aho kugira koridoro y'imbere no gukoresha neza umwanya w'imbere mu nyubako 47 m2 (510 sq ft). [71] [72] ]
Bruno Taut, Inzu ya Cabin ya nyirarume Tom, Wilskistrasse, Berlin.
Abubatsi Martin Wagner, Bruno Taut n'abandi bubatse amazu y’imyubakire ya Berlin Modernism, ubu akaba ari Umurage w’isi, ugizwe n’amazu ibihumbi yubatswe muri Berlin no hafi yayo, harimo n’umutungo wa Horseshoe (witiriwe imiterere), n’umutungo wa Cabin wa nyirarume Tom (witwa nyuma ya resitora yaho). [73] I Frankfurt, umwubatsi Ernst May ayoboye umushinga w’amazu rusange ya Frankfurt, aho hubatswe amazu arenga 12.000 1925–1930. Gicurasi yayoboye ikigo cye kinini cy’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo akore iperereza, urugero, uburyo bwo gutembera mu kirere mu buryo butandukanye, mu buhanga bwo kubaka, n'ibindi. Ernst Gicurasi. [74]
Berlin-Marzahn, Ubudage bunini bwa Neubaugebiet ("Agace gashya k'iterambere"), 1987.
Ndayisenga Patrick
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Imiturire Rusange
Usibye ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki Gicurasi yanasohoye ibinyamakuru bibiri maze itangira umushinga ukomeye w’umubano rusange, hamwe na firime, amasomo ndetse n’imurikagurisha rusange, kugirango Neues Bauen yemerwe na rubanda. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1920, amahame yo kugera kuri Licht angana, Luft und Sonne ('umucyo, ikirere n'izuba') n'ingaruka z'imibereho ya Existenzminimum yemewe na leta ("urwego rwo hasi rwo kubaho") yabaye ikibazo cy'impaka zamamaye hirya no hino. Ubudage. Imwe mu ngaruka zitaziguye zamenyekanye ni ukumenyekanisha imiturire y'Abanyamerika: umusore Catherine Bauer yitabiriye imwe mu nama yo muri Gicurasi mu 1930, yandika igitabo cye gikomeye cyitwa Modern Housing (1934) ashingiye ku bushakashatsi bwakorewe i Frankfurt hamwe n’umwubatsi w’Ubuholandi JJP Oud. [75]
Umuvuduko ukabije w’Abanazi bariyongereye watumye iki gihe kirangira mu 1933. Benshi mu mpuguke mu bijyanye n’imiturire rusange mu Budage bari bafite impuhwe za demokarasi cyangwa abakomunisiti kandi birukanwa mu gihugu.
Mu Budage bw'Iburasirazuba, ubuyobozi bw'abakomunisiti bubatse amazu ya monolithic Plattenbau n'inzu. Amazu mashya menshi yo guturamo guhera mu myaka ya za 1960 yubatswe muri ubu buryo, kubera ko bwari uburyo bwihuse kandi buhendutse bwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazu mu gihugu, cyari cyatewe n’ibitero by’ibisasu mu gihe cy’intambara ndetse n’impunzi nyinshi z’Abadage baturutse mu burasirazuba. [citation ikenewe]
Hongiriya
Ingingo nyamukuru: Panelház
Panelház i Budapest-Kispest.
Panelház (ifishi ngufi: panel) nizina ryubwoko bwamazu yamagorofa (inyubako yibibaho) muri Hongiriya. Nubwoko bwimiturire nyamukuru yubatswe mugihe cyabasosiyaliste. Kuva 1959 kugeza 1990 muri Hongiriya hubatswe amagorofa 788.000. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 2, hafi kimwe cya gatanu cyabatuye igihugu cyose, batuye muri ayo magorofa. Guverinoma ya Hongiriya hamwe n’amakomine y’ibanze batangiye gahunda yo kuvugurura mu myaka ya za 2000. Muri porogaramu bashizemo izo nyubako, basimbuza inzugi n'amadirishya bishaje ibirahuri byinshi bya termo, bavugurura uburyo bwo gushyushya kandi basiga amabara inyubako mu buryo bushimishije.
Muri Irilande, amazu rusange hamwe n’ahantu hahagarara (ibibanza bikoreshwa n’abaturage ba nyakwigendera b'abagenzi) byubatswe n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze kandi bizwi nk'icumbi ry’ibanze. Isosiyete ya Dublin hamwe n’icyahoze ari Njyanama y’Intara ya Dublin yatanze umugabane w’intare ku miturire y’inzego z’ibanze za Irilande, hamwe na County Longford ifite umubare munini w’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze n’amazu yigenga muri leta.
Amazu manini y’imibereho yubatswe mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1960, aho byombi byakurikijwe nyuma yo gutuzwa. Abakenguzamateka bavuga ko Ikigo c'igihugu gishinzwe imyubakire cyibanze cyane ku itangwa ry'amazu, kandi kikananirwa gutanga ibicuruzwa n'ibindi bikorwa.
Guverinoma yateje imbere kugura abapangayi ku buryo bunoze, kandi ahantu henshi hahoze ari amazu y’imibereho ubu ni ay'abikorera ku giti cyabo cyangwa hafi ya yose. Amashyirahamwe yimiturire, cyangwa imiryango yigenga, idaharanira inyungu, ubu ifite uruhare runini mugukodesha amazu yimibereho.
Kubera ko leta ya Irlande ifite ubushobozi bwo kuguza igabanuka politiki ya leta ishyigikira uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo amashyirahamwe yimiturire aho kuba inkunga yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Muri iki gihe Irilande ifite ikibazo cyo kubura amazu n’imibereho n’inama njyanama, kandi ifite ikibazo cy’imiturire n’abatagira aho baba.
Mu Buholandi, ubukode bw'amazu akodeshwa ahendutse buguma hasi binyuze mu kugenzura no kugenzura leta. Ubu bwoko bwamazu buzwi nka sociale huurwoningen.
Mubikorwa ibi bigerwaho nimiryango idaharanira inyungu yimishinga yimishinga cyangwa amashyirahamwe (toegelaten instellingen). Kubera guhuza kenshi umubare wiyi miryango wagabanutse ugera kuri 430 muri 2009. Bacunga amazu miliyoni 2.4. Ibyinshi mu byumba bikodeshwa bikodeshwa mu Buholandi bifite imiryango nkiyi. Kuva politiki yahinduka mu 1995 amashyirahamwe yimiturire yigenga yigenga mu bijyanye n’amafaranga, yibanda ku ruhare rwabo nka ba rwiyemezamirimo. Mu makomine menshi yo mu Buholandi habayeho ubushobozi buke bwimiturire yimibereho mumyaka mirongo ishize. Mu mijyi myinshi nka Amsterdam, La Haye, Rotterdam na Utrecht ijanisha ryimiturire yegereyegere cyangwa irenga 50%. Igenzura rusange (imari) rikorwa n'ikigega gikuru gishinzwe imiturire (Centraal Fonds Volkshuisvesting). [80]
Rumaniya
Ingingo nyamukuru: Sisitemu (Romania)
Guverinoma yubatse amazu i Bucharest, muri Rumaniya.
Igishushanyo cy’imijyi myinshi yo muri Rumaniya cyiganjemo amazu asanzwe yubatswe muri politiki yahoze ari guverinoma ya gikomunisiti yo kubaka umunara. Guhera mu 1974, gahunda yari igizwe ahanini no gusenya no kongera kubaka imidugudu, imigi, n'imijyi yari isanzweho, yose cyangwa igice, intego yari ifite yo guhindura Rumaniya "umuryango w’abasosiyalisiti wateye imbere mu bihugu byinshi". Mu mwaka wa 2012, amazu miliyoni 2.7 yatangiriye mu gihe cy’abakomunisiti, bangana na 37% by’amazu yose muri Rumaniya naho hafi 70% mu mijyi no mu mijyi. Nyuma y’abikorera ku giti cyabo nyuma y’abakomunisiti, igipimo cy’abafite amazu muri ubu buryo bw’amazu cyageze kuri 99.9%. Amashyirahamwe mashya ya ba nyir'urugo (HOAs) yamaganwe imbere n’ingaruka ziterwa n’imisanzu itishyurwa, kubura ubushobozi ndetse n’imikorere yashyizweho ya serivisi isanzwe ituye muri HOAs, akenshi byateje imiyoborere mibi. Ku rundi ruhande, HOAs yamaganwe hanze n’uburyo budahwitse bwo gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu, nk’uburyo bwihuse bw’urukiko bwihuse bwo kutubahiriza inshingano, ubufasha bw’amafaranga ku miryango itishoboye ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo batiteguye gufata imicungire y’agakingirizo. [84]
Kur Kur
Kur Gai Kur (yavutse ku ya 20 Gashyantare 2000) ni umukinnyi wu mupira wa maguru wabigize umwuga wo muri Sudani yepfo ukina nku mukinnyi wo hagati mu ikipe ya Rabotnički ya majyaruguru ya Makedoniya ndetse n’ikipe y'igihugu ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo.
Imiturire Rusange
Amazu rusange, yatsindiye igihembo cyibidukikije, muri El Astillero, Cantabria, Espanye.
Kuba Abesipanyoli badashaka gukodesha amazu, no kugabanya amafaranga leta yakoresheje mu myaka ya za 1980, byagabanije amazu rusange yakodeshwaga muri Esipanye. Amazu rusange yakodeshwaga yari asanzwe mugihe cya Franco (1939–75). Haje kubaho demokarasi n’Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1978, uburenganzira bwo gutura bwarahawe ingwate, kandi imicungire y’imiturire ishingiye ahanini ku turere twigenga. Ibi byavuyemo amategeko atandukanye, atuma ikibazo gishingiye cyane mukarere.
Kur Kur
Umwuga muri ikipe
Kur yavukiye muri Sudani yepfo impunzi muri Kenya, yimukira muri Ositaraliya afite imyaka 2. Yatangiye gukina umupira na Modbury Vista kuva ku myaka 8 kugeza 9, mbere yo kwinjira muri gahunda ya Skillaroos kugeza afite imyaka 16. Nyuma yaje gusinyana na Modbury mbere yo kwinjira muri Croydon Kings muri 2020. Yimukiye mu mujyi wa Adelaide mu 2021, ari naho yatangiriye umwuga we mukuru.
Imiturire Rusange
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gahunda ya viviendas de protección oficial (VPO) yakoreshejwe henshi, igizwe ninama njyanama zemerera abubatsi n’abateza imbere kubaka mu bibanza rusange cyangwa hamwe n’inguzanyo rusange kugira ngo igice runaka cy’amazu gikomeze guterwa inkunga kandi kugenzurwa n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze. Ibi bizwi nka VPO de promoción privada ('yateje imbere abikorera ku giti cyabo'), bitandukanye na VPO de promoción pública ('yatejwe imbere ku mugaragaro'), aho umutungo wose ufite kandi ucungwa n'ubuyobozi bwa leta. Amazu yatejwe imbere kumugaragaro akorerwa hafi ya nyirayo-umwuga, ntabwo akodeshwa, kandi 11% byimiturire mumwaka wa 2010. [85]
Kur Kur
Umwuga mpuzamahanga
Kur yatangiye gukinira ikipe y'igihugu ya Sudani yepfo mu mukino wa gicuti yatsinzwe na Yorodani ibitego 2-1 ku ya 31 Mutarama 2022.
Imiturire Rusange
Gahunda nshya (Plan estatal español de vivienda y rehabilitación para el período 2009–2012) yashyizwe ahagaragara na guverinoma ya Rodríguez Zapatero, igamije gutuma amazu agera kuri miliyoni aboneka mu mazu rusange, ashingiye ku iyubakwa rishya no kuvugurura amazu adakoreshwa.
Kur Kur
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa sudani yepho
Imiturire Rusange
Ibice byinshi by’imijyi ya Espagne byaraguwe [mu magambo akenewe] mu myaka 20 ishize hamwe n’imishinga ishingiye cyane ku mishinga y’imiturire rusange n’abaturage, yashimangiye akamaro kayo mu mashuri makuru y’imyubakire, yakemuye ikibazo hifashishijwe iterambere ry’inzobere nyinshi. amasomo na gahunda yo gushinga, nka Madrid UPM -Kubera ko leta ya Irlande ifite ubushobozi bwo kuguza igabanuka politiki ya leta ishyigikira uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo amashyirahamwe yimiturire aho kuba inkunga yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Muri iki gihe Irilande ifite ikibazo cyo kubura amazu n’imibereho n’inama njyanama, kandi ifite ikibazo cy’imiturire n’abatagira aho baba.
Ubuholandi
Politiki y’imiturire y’Ubuholandi ishingiye ku gitekerezo cyo kugera ku isi hose amazu ahendutse kuri bose no gukumira amacakubiri. Kugeza mu 2020, guverinoma y'Ubuholandi iragerageza kubaka amazu 10,000 yo kubamo abadafite aho baba, mu 2022. [81] Hariho ikigega c'ingwate yo gutunga amazu kugira ngo gishyigikire ingwate y'igihugu ishinzwe gutanga inguzanyo, itanga uburyo bwo kubona imari no kugura amazu akorerwamo na nyirayo.
Espanye
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2000, hashyizweho "inzandiko zishingiye ku guhitamo" (CBL) [95] kugira ngo zifashe mu buryo bw'imiturire mu buryo bwihuse uko abapangayi bimukiye. Ibi birashobora gutonesha abenegihugu kurenza abatari abashaka gukodesha. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze, kubera ikibazo cy’amazu y’inama njyanama, imitungo itatu kuri ine irashobora kugenwa mu manza z’ibanze (abatuye ahantu habi huzuye abantu, bafite ubuvuzi cyangwa imibereho myiza, cyangwa bakeneye inkunga y’umuryango) cyangwa abasaba amazu batagira aho baba gutegeka kuzuza inshingano z’inama njyanama zo gucumbikira abantu bakeneye ubufasha. Ijanisha ryumutungo washyizwe kumatsinda atishoboye rizatandukana bitewe nibisabwa amazu yinama njyanama. Inzego zose z’ibanze zifite ingamba z’imiturire kugira ngo amazu y’inama njyanama arekurwe kandi yuzuze inshingano z’inama njyanama; gukorana n'abantu bakeneye ubufasha; kandi ugire uruhare mu iterambere ry’imiturire, kuvugurura abaturanyi, no kwishyira hamwe kwabaturage.
Guverinoma ishinzwe umurimo yashyizeho "inzira ya gatatu": Ishami rishinzwe gucunga intwaro (ALMO), aho ububiko bw’amazu bugumana n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze ariko bugacungwa n’umuryango udaharanira inyungu ku burebure bw’ubuyobozi bukuru. Yatangije kandi gahunda ya Amazu meza, ikigega cy’imari kugirango izane amazu yimibereho kugeza kurwego rwumubiri rugezweho. Kugira ngo ukoreshe iki kigega, umuyobozi, yaba ALMO cyangwa HA, yagombaga kugera ku ntera ya 2 cyangwa 3 uhereye ku igenzura ryakozwe na komisiyo y'ubugenzuzi. Ibi byari bigamije kuzamura ibipimo byubuyobozi. Ba nyirinama Njyanama ntibashobora kubona iyi nkunga, indi mpamvu yo kwimura imicungire yimiturire yinama njyanama kuri ALMO cyangwa HA.
Guverinoma kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 90 nazo zashishikarije "manda ivanze" mu bice bishya ndetse no ku "nyubako nshya" amazu y’imiturire, itanga uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunga no gukodesha, hagamijwe guhuza ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi binyuze mu gushyiramo "amazu y’imibereho" na "bihendutse. amazu "amahitamo. Raporo y'ubushakashatsi iherutse [100] yavuze ko ibimenyetso bifatika byo kuvanga manda bikomeza kuba bike. Abatuye amazu yimibereho barashobora gupfobya kandi bagahatirwa gukoresha umuryango wumukene utandukanye kandi utorohewe kuruta umuryango abadafite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha kandi amazu yimibereho ashobora kuba adahari.
Nyuma yo kwemeza politiki yo kugabanya ubukana mu mwaka wa 2010 icyitegererezo cy’umutekano w’umutekano cyagumishijwe n’ubuyobozi bwatanzwe nk’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Ecosse n’Inteko za Welsh na Irilande y'Amajyaruguru.
Benshi mubakodesha amazu yimibereho yo mubwongereza bafite uburenganzira bwo guhinduranya amazu nundi ukodesha nubwo ba nyirinzu batandukanye. Ibi byitwa "guhanahana amakuru". Guhera mu 2017, mu Bwongereza, abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze barashobora gusenya ingo zidafite amazu mu bukode bwaho, mu gihe muri otcosse amazu y’imibereho yakomeje kuba politiki ya mbere yatoranijwe. Inzu ndangamurage idafite aho kuba, mu 2020 Ubwongereza bwanditse byibuze 976 mu bantu batagira aho baba. Muri 2019 Ubwongereza na Wales byagereranije ko hapfuye abantu 778 hiyongereyeho 7.2% mu mwaka ushize.
Icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti
Reba kandi: Khrushchyovka
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, amazu menshi yubatswe nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose ubusanzwe yari afite amagorofa 3-5, hamwe n'amagorofa mato. Muri utu turere, intego yari iyo kuzigama umwanya no gukora ibyumba byinshi bishoboka. Ubwubatsi bwatangiye mu myaka ya za 70 bwatoneshaga amagorofa 9- na 16 yamazu ya beto yimiturire ya komine mumijyi minini, inkuru 7-12 mumijyi mito mito. Iyi mishinga yimiturire iracyakoreshwa mubihugu bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane mubihugu byo mu Burayi bwo hagati n’iburasirazuba, kandi ibyinshi muri byo bigenda bivugururwa buhoro.
Oceania
Australiya
Amazu rusange azamuka cyane mu mujyi wa Sydney imbere mu mujyi wa Waterloo, iminara ibiri muri cumi n'umwe muri iyo mitungo itatu itandukanye yakwirakwiriye mu mujyi wa Sydney imbere mu mujyi wa Waterloo, Redfern na Surry Hills.
Amazu rusange muri Ositaraliya atangwa ninzego zubutegetsi bwa leta, hamwe ninkunga itangwa na leta na reta. Muri Ositaraliya hari amazu arenga 300.000 yimiturire rusange, igizwe namazu yubucucike buke kumitungo iteganijwe gutegurwa iherereye mu nkengero z’umugi, ndetse n’amazu maremare yo mu mujyi rwagati muri Melbourne na Sydney.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, amazu yo guturamo no gutabara abadafite aho baba yeguriwe abikorera ku giti cyabo, kandi mu myaka yashize iyi nzu yagurishijwe kugira ngo birinde amafaranga yo kuyitaho no kubyaza umusaruro.
kurikirana imvano
Ibyiza bya siporo
Urashaka kumererwa neza, kugira imbaraga nyinshi ndetse no kubaho igihe kirekire?
Igisubizo nta kindi ni ugukora imyitozo ngorora mubiri (sport)
1. Sport igufasha gucunga no kugira ibiro bikwiye
Imyitozo ngorora mubiri ikurinda kwiyongera ibiro cyane, ikaguha ibiro bikwiye. Mu gihe cy’imyitozo umubiri ukoresha imbaraga bikagufasha gutwika ibinure; ibi bikakurinda umubyibuho utajyanye nuko uteye.
2. Sport igufasha kumererwa neza mu mubiri
Mu gihe wumva ufite ibibazo byinshi, wigunze, cg wumva ubabaye, utamerewe neza mu mubiri cg ufite stress; mu gihe cy’imyitozo ibi byose birashira. Kuko mu gihe cy’imyitozo ubwonko busohora imisemburo ituma wishima ukarushaho kumererwa neza.
Muri macye sport igabanya stress, ikakongerera kwigirira icyizere, ndetse no kwishimira uko uteye.
3. Sport ifasha mu kurwanya indwara nyinshi zikomeye
Indwara z’umutima (umuvuduko ukabije w’amaraso, guhagarara k’umutima, gufungana k’ udutsi dutwara amaraso, n’izindi) zibasiye abantu benshi muri ibi bihe turimo, diyabete ya 2, kwigunga gukabije (depression), indwara nyinshi z’imitsi ndetse n’umugongo ushobora kugabanya ibyago byo kuba wazandura ukoresha umubiri wawe imyitozo ngorora mubiri ikwiye. Siporo ifasha amaraso gutembera neza, no gusukura imiyoboro y’amaraso ivanamo imyanda ishobora guteza ziriya ndwara twavuze haruguru.
4. Siporo ifasha gusinzira neza
Niba ugira ikibazo cyo gusinzira bikugoye, uryama ushikagurika cg uryamira cyane; imyitozo ngorora mubiri igufasha kuruhuka neza ugasinzira igihe gikwiye, bikongerera umusaruro mu gihe cyo gukora. Gusa si byiza gukora sport amasaha yo kuryama yegereje (nibura amasaha 3 mbere yo kuryama) kuko nabwo bishobora kugutera kubura ibitotsi rimwe na rimwe
5. Siporo ikongerera ingufu mu gihe cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina
Mu gihe wumva utagira akabaraga cg wumva udashimisha umukunzi wawe uko bikwiye mu buriri, imyitozo ngorora mubiri ishobora kugufasha kongera ubushake n’imbaraga.
6. Sport yongera ibyishimo n’ubusabane
Siporo n’imyitozo ngorora mubiri bigufasha gusabana, kwishimira abandi no kumenyana n’abantu bashya. Ibi byose bikurinda kwigunga, kuba wenyine cg kwiheba, bituma ubuzima bwawe muri sosiyete burushaho kuba bwiza.
Ibindi
Ushobora gukora sport iyariyo yose wifuza yaba; gukina umupira, kwiruka, basketball, volleyball, koga, kunyonga igare, kugenda n’amaguru wihuta, yoga, gusimbuka umugozi, kugorora ibice bitandukanye by’umubiri, kujya muri gym tonic, pompage, guterura ibyuma n’izindi zose wifuza.
Icyiza nuko iyo bikurambiye ubivaho ugatangira ibindi gutyo gutyo.
Nahimana Justine
Nahimana Justine (wavutse ku ya 6 Kanama 1979) ni umukinnyi wo mu Burundi wazobereye ufite inararibonye mu kwiruka marato, Niwe mugore wa mbere waserukiye u Burundi mu mikino y'Olempike.
Ku myaka 16, Nahimana ni we mukobwa wenyine wahatanaga kuva mu Burundi wakinnye imikino Olempike yo mu 1996 yabereye i Atlanta ubwo yirukankaga metero 10000, yarangije ari ku mwanya wa 18. Mu 1997, yitabiriye amarushanwa y’isi mu 1997 yaberaga muri Atenayi, aho yaje ku mwanya wa 18 muri metero 5000 gusa ntiyabasha ku mukino wa nyuma.
Reba
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi w'iruka na maguru
Madonna wa Kyiv
Madonna wa Kyiv ni ishusho igaragaza umugore urimo konsa umwana yahungiye mu nzira ya gari ya moshi ya Kyiv kugira ngo yirinde igitero cyagabwe cy'ibisasu mu murwa mukuru wa Ikereni (Ukraine) ari wo mujyi wa Kyiv mu mwaka wa 2022, kikaba ari igitero cyagabwe n’ingabo z’igihugu cy’Uburusiya. Ifoto yafashwe n'umunyamakuru Andraş Földes yamenyekanye cyane kuri interineti. Yahindutse urugero rw'ibibazo bya muntu n'intambara irenganya. Iyo shusho niyo yabaye inkomoko y'igishushanyo cyerekanwe muri kiliziya gatolika i Mugnano di Napoli, mu Butaliyani, ikaba yarahindutse ikimenyetso cy'ubugeni cyo kwirwanaho no kwiringira.
Amateka
Mu minsi ya mbere y’intambara y’Uburusiya muri Ikereni, ishusho y’umukobwa Tatiana Blizhniak w’imyaka 27 arimo yonsa umukobwa we Marichika w’amezi atatu, aho yari yahungiye mu mwobo w'ubuvumo bw'inzira ya gari ya moshi ya Kyiv kugira ngo yirinde igitero mu gihe cyo gutera ibisasu mu mujyi wa Kiev byaterwaga n’ingabo z’Uburusiya, byakuruye ibyiyumviro by'umunyamakuru wo muri Hongiriya, witwa András Földes, maze ahita afata ayo mashusho. Uyu mugore yahungiye mu buvumo bw'inzira ya gari ya moshi hamwe n'umugabo we n'umwana we kuva ku ya 25 Gashyantare 2022. Nubwo bagombaga kwimurwa ku ya 26 Gashyantare, ntibashoboye kuva muri ubwo buvumo bari bahungiyemo kubera imirwano. Ifoto yagiye ahagaragara, iramamara cyane ndetse isangizwa ku rubuga rwa murandasi rwemewe rwa Vatikani. Umuhanzi ukomoka muri Ikereni, witwa Marina Solomennikova wo muri Dnieper ni umwe mu bayibonye. Yakoresheje ishusho ikigereranya umugore nk'inkomoko y'inganzo yo kurema imashusho igaragaza Mariya yonsa umwana we. Kuri iyo shusho, umugore wo muri Ikereni wambaye igitambaro mu mutwe gitwikiriye n'intugu cyakoreshejwe nk'umwenda w'umwitero wa Mariya, kandi umutwe we ugaragara imbere y'ikarita ya gari ya moshi. Ku ya 5 Werurwe 2020, umuhanzi yashyize ahagaragara ayo mashusho yakoze ayasakaza kuri interineti.
Bisabwe n'umupadiri w'Abayezuwiti witwa Vyacheslav Oku, kopi y'icyo gihangano cyerekana "Madonna wo ku muhanda wa gari ya moshi" yoherejwe mu Butaliyani kugira ngo ibikwe aho uwo mupadiri azakorera. Ku wa kane mutagatifu, Arkiyepiskopi wa Naples yeguriye iyo shusho nk'ikintu gitagatifu cyo gusenga. Agashusho kerekanwe mu Itorero ry'umutima Mutagatifu wa Yesu, rihabwa izina rya "Madonna wa Kiev", riherereye muri komini ya Munyano di Napoli. Agashusho kejejwe na Papa Fransisiko ku ya 25 Werurwe 2022.
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Agace k'Ubucuruzi Nyafurika ku Buntu ( African Continental Free Trade Area( AfCFTA) ) ni agace k'ubucuruzi ku buntu gakubiyemo igice kinini cy'Afurika. Yashinzwe mu mwaka wo muri 2018 n’amasezerano ny'afurika y’ubucuruzi ku mugabane wa Afurika, afite amashami 43 n’abandi 11 bashyize umukono ku masezerano, akaba ari yo gace k’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu byinshi, nyuma y’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi, kandi kikaba kinini mu baturage ingano yaho hose, igera kuri miliyari 1,3 ku mugabane wa kabiri munini ku isi.
Madonna wa Kyiv
Amateka
Nyuma Tatyana Blijniak yahungiye i Lviv.
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Amasezerano yashinze AfCFTA yashyizweho n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe ( AU ) ashyirwaho umukono n’ibihugu 44 mu bihugu 55 bigize uyu muryango i Kigali, mu Rwanda ku ya 21 Werurwe 2018. Iki cyifuzo cyashyizwe mu bikorwa nyuma yiminsi 30 yemejwe n’ibihugu 22 byashyize umukono ku masezerano. Ku ya 29 Mata 2019, Repubulika ya Saharawi yashyize ku nshuro ya 22 ibikoresho byemeza, bituma amasezerano atangira gukurikizwa ku ya 30 Gicurasi; yinjiye mu cyiciro cyayo gikurikira nyuma y’inama yo ku ya 7 Nyakanga 2019, itangira ku mugaragaro ku ya 1 Mutarama 2021. Imishyikirano ya AfCFTA no kuyishyira mu bikorwa bigenzurwa n’ubunyamabanga buhoraho bufite icyicaro i Accra, muri Gana.
Madonna wa Kyiv
Akamaro
Iyi shusho yabaye urugero rw’ibibazo bya muntu n’intambara irenganya, ndetse n'ikimenyetso cy'amizero no kwirwanaho bucece kw'abanya Ikereni. Igishushanyo nacyo, nka nyina wa Yesu w'i Nazareti, wahunze akaga k'umwami Herode uyu munsi ufatwa nk'ikimenyetso cya Mariya w'iki gihe uhunga mu ihohoterwa ry'intambara kandi akonsa umwana we nkuko byagenze kuri Yesu.
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Amavu n'amavuko
Muri 1963, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika washinzwe n’ibihugu byigenga by'Afurika. OAU yari igamije guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y’ibihugu by'Afurika. Gahunda y'ibikorwa ya Lagos yo muri 1980 yemejwe n'umuryango. Umugambi wasabye ko Afurika igomba kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku Burengerazuba mu guteza imbere ubucuruzi hagati y’Afurika. Ibi byatangiye hashyirwaho imiryango myinshi y’ubufatanye mu karere mu turere dutandukanye twa Afurika, nk’inama yo guhuza iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo. Amaherezo, ibyo byatumye Amasezerano ya Abuja muri 1991, ashyiraho Umuryango w’ubukungu w’Afurika, umuryango wateje imbere iterambere ry’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi, ihuriro ry’imisoro, Banki nkuru y’Afurika, n’ubumwe bw’Afurika rusange.
Soso Mado
Gasasira Jean Félix bitaga Soso Mado nu umuhanzi w'umunyarwanda wamenyekanye mu itsinda ry'abaririmbyi ryitwaga orchestre Impala. Soso mado yari umuhanga mu muziki ku buryo ngo yacurangaga ibikoresho hafi ya byose by’umuziki
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Amavu n'amavuko
Muri 2002, OAU yasimbuwe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe ( AU ), yari ifite imwe mu ntego zayo zo kwihutisha ubukungu bw’umugabane. Intego ya kabiri yari guhuza no guhuza politiki hagati y’umuryango w’ubukungu w’akarere uhari n’ejo hazaza kugira ngo intego z’Ubumwe zigerweho buhoro buhoro.
Soso Mado
= Ubuzima bwite = Soso Mado, yavutse ku itariki 12 Kanama 1955, avukana n’abana 12 akaba uwa kane muri bo. yavutse kuri se witwa Ntakavuro Elias na nyina Nyirabunuma Elisabeth. Soso Mado yavukiye muri Kongo Kinshasa nyuma y’uko ababyeyi be bavuye mu Rwanda bakajya gukorera abakoroni b’Ababiligi muri icyo gihugu cyitwaga Zaire, icyo gihe mukuru we Kari wa Njenje yari afite umwaka n’igice batura ahitwa Kibushi muri Zaire
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
2018 Inama ya Kigali
Muri Werurwe 2018, mu nama ya 10 idasanzwe y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika Yunze ubumwe kuri AfCFTA, hasinywe amasezerano atatu atandukanye: Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi ku mugabane wa Afurika ku mugabane wa Afurika, Itangazo rya Kigali na Porotokole ku Kwimuka kwabantu. Amasezerano agenga urujya n'uruza rw'abantu arashaka gushyiraho akarere katarangwamo viza mu bihugu bya AfCFTA, no gushyigikira ishyirwaho rya Passe porti y’ubumwe bw’afurika. Mu nama yabereye i Kigali ku ya 21 Werurwe 2018, ibihugu 44 byashyize umukono kuri AfCFTA, 47 bishyira umukono ku Itangazo rya Kigali, naho 30 bishyira umukono ku masezerano yerekeye kugenda kw’abantu. Nubwo byagenze neza, hari abantu babiri bazwi: Nijeriya na Afurika y'Epfo, ubukungu bubiri bukomeye muri Afurika.
Soso Mado
Soso Mado yize amashuri abanza ahitwa Cartier Nord muri Kivu y’Amajyaruguru, akomereza ahitwa kuri Cycle d’Orientation agiye kwiga ubukanishi
Muselenge Bodrick
Bobó Ungenda, (yavutse Ku ya 19 Ugushyingo 1989 i Kasa-Vubu,) Ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ari mpuzamahanga ukomoka muri congo ukina nka myugariro wo hagati hamwe na ikipe ya Angola 1 ° de Agosto.
Soso Mado
= Urugendo rwe mu muziki = Soso Mado yatangiye kugaragaza impano ye y’umuziki ubwo yigaga amashuri yisumbuye ahitwa Cartier Nord, ariko ngo ahanini yakomezaga gufashwa na mukuru we Kari wa Njenje. Icyakora bose ngo iyo mpano bayikesha se ubabyara, Ntakavuro wari waravuye mu Rwanda ari umuhanzi w’icyo gihe akaba yari azwi mu gucuranga inanga, iyamenyekanye ikaba inanga ya Ryangombe, rwabugiri n’izindi
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
2018 Inama ya Kigali
Kimwe mu bintu bigoye mu mishyikirano ni uko Afurika yari imaze kwigabanyamo ibice umunani bitandukanye by’ubucuruzi bwigenga na cyangwa ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe ya gasutamo, buri gihugu gifite amabwiriza atandukanye. Izi nzego zo mu karere zizakomeza kubaho, Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’umugabane wa Afurika ku mugabane wa mbere arashaka kugabanya inzitizi z’ubucuruzi hagati y’inkingi zinyuranye z’umuryango w’ubukungu bw’Afurika, hanyuma amaherezo agakoresha iyo miryango yo mu karere nk’inzitizi z’intego nya mukuru y’ubumwe bwa gasutamo muri Afurika.
Muselenge Bodrick
Muri ikipe
Hamwe na ikipe yo muri Angola ya 1 ° de Agosto, yitabiriye inshuro nyinshi muri Afrika Champions League. Yageze muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza aya marushanwa muri 2018.
Soso Mado
Umuryango wa Ntakavuro ugeze mu Rwanda Soso Mado yahitiye mu mujyi wa Kigali ajya gukomeza amashuri ye y’ubukanishi muri ETO Kicukiro aho yanakomereje umuziki mu itsinda rya les amants de la chanson
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Inzego
Inzego zikurikira zashyizweho kugirango zorohereze ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye. Kubera imishyikirano y'icyiciro cya kabiri hashobora gushyirwaho komite nyinshi binyuze mu masezerano.
Muselenge Bodrick
Mu ikipe y'igihugu
Yakiriye bwa mbere mu ikipe ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Ku ya 2 Kamena 2012, kurwanya Kameruni. Uyu mukino batsinzwe 1-0 ni umwe mu majonjora yo gushaka itike yo kuzakina igikombe cy'isi muri 2014.
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Inzego
Hashyizweho komite nyinshi, z’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa, ubucuruzi muri serivisi, ku mategeko akomokaho, imiti y’ubucuruzi, inzitizi zidasoreshwa, inzitizi za tekinike zibangamira ubucuruzi ndetse n’ingamba z’isuku na phytosanitarite. Amategeko nuburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane biracyaganirwaho, ariko birashoboka ko bizaba birimo gushyiraho urwego rushinzwe gukemura amakimbirane. Komite y'abayobozi bakuru mu bucuruzi ishyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by'Inama Njyanama. Komite ishinzwe guteza imbere gahunda na gahunda y'ibikorwa byo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y'AfCFTA.
Soso Mado
Soso Mado yatabarutse ku itariki 16 Ukuboza 1993 azize uburwayi atari amaranye igihe kirekire
Ibitaro bya Gisenyi
thumb|Ibitaro bya Gisenyi Ibitaro bya Gisenyi byubatswe mu mwaka wa 1930 biherereye mu karere ka Rubavu mu ntara y'uburengerazuba azwi nki Gisenyi, uretse kuba bifite inyubako zangijwe n’imitingito, ziranashaje ndetse bikaba byugarijwe n’impanuka z’imodoka nini zibura feri zikabigonga kenshi, ndetse rimwe na rimwe zikagwa mu bitaro, ibitaro by’Akarere ka Rubavu bikeneye kwimurirwa mu birometero bitanu uvuye aho biri ubu, nk’igisubizo kirambye, Hazakenerwa miliyari 1.9 mu ku byubaka byimurirwe mu Murenge wa Rugerero. byakira abarwayi benshi barimo abo mu Karere ka Rubavu, Rutsiro na Nyabihu.
Soso Mado
Soso Mado yatabarutse afite abana icyenda, barimo n’ab’umugore we witwa Mukaremera Euphrasie ari na we mugore we babanye igihe kirekire babyarana abana batanu, barimo na Olivier Kwizera, umuzamu w’ikipe y’Igihugu amavubi, babyaranye kandi undi muhungu uzwi nka Zizou, Honoré n’uwitwa Jean Luck
= Amashakiro =
Ibitaro bya Gisenyi
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Rwanda Ikiciro:Ubuvuzi mu Rwanda Ikiciro:Ibitaro mu Rwanda
Agace k'ubucuruzi ku mugabane w'afurika
Ibindi bihugu bigize AU
Eritereya ntiyasinye kubera amakimbirane na Etiyopiya, ariko guhera muri 2019, nyuma y’inama ya Eritereya na Etiyopiya 2018, Komiseri w’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri AU yari yiteze ko amaherezo Eritereya izasinya ayo masezerano.
Isuzuma ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu
Muri Nyakanga 2017, raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ubukungu muri afurika, ivuga ko CFTA ishobora kugira uruhare mu guhangana n’ubukene n’ubusumbane kuko ubwinshi bwayo buzafasha impinduka zishingiye ku miterere y’ubukungu bwa Afurika. Bibonwa ko ari intambwe iganisha kuri Gahunda yo muri 2063 y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika hamwe n’intego zirambye z’iterambere. Inyandiko yari igamije kureba niba uburenganzira bwa muntu bwasuzumwe mu biganiro.
Source
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture​, FAO, FAO. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ricky Mavuba
thumb|Ricky Mavuba Ricky Mavuba Mafuila Ku Mbundu, witwa Ricky Mavuba, (yavukiye Ku ya 15 Ukuboza 1949  yapfuye Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 1996) yahoze ari umukinnyi mpuzamahanga w'umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri Zayire (ubu ni Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ). Ni se wa Rio Mavuba.
Ubuzima
Ku myaka 15-17, Ricky Mavuba yakinnye mu byiciro bya komini kuri stade rusange ya Komine Matete (uyumunsi Stade Jean Kembo). Muri kiriya gihe (1964-1968), imbaga yi yi mikino yo hanze b'amwitaga Larousse, nkaho twavuga umuntu w'ibitabo, intiti cyangwa umuntu ukomeye w'umupira w'amaguru.
Mu 1968, afite imyaka 19, yatangiriye bwa mbere muri Vita Club mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’Umujyi wa Kinshasa, nku mukinnyi wo hagati wa gabye igitero muri sisitemu 4-2-4. Hagati mu kibuga, Mavuba aha sanga Kibonge Gento, inyenyeri ikomeye ya Kinshasa, na Diantela, umukinnyi mpuzamahanga hafi yo kurangiza umwuga we.