cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ikimoso
Tumenye indwara y'Ikimoso
Ikimoso iyindwara abakuze bavugako atarinzaduka kuko bavuga ko bumvaga ababyeyi babo indwara bayita Ikimoso nukuvuga ngo babyirutse indwara ibaho.Ni indwara ifata abana mugatuza umutima ugatera cyane,gucika intege mumubiri iyo habayeho gutinda kuvura iyondwara habaho kunanuka cyane k'Umwana wafashwe niyondwara.Ibindi bimenyetso byindwara y'Ikimoso usanga umwana ananuka cyane bikabije kandi aryaneza,kugira imbeho mumubiri,aho umwana ananirwa kurya kandi ukanasanga akorora ubona yacitse intege cyane. Ikimoso ni indwara kuri ubu igaragara mukarere ka Rusizi mumurenge wa Nkombo ariko si umwihariko wo muri ako karere, bavuga ngo birashoboka ko haba hari ababa bayifite ntibamenyeko ihari kuberako badafite uwabwira kwari indwara y'Ikomoso.Uburyo bukoreshwa mukuyivura ni ukwahira imiti y'ibyatsi basekura mu isekuru ku umwana uyirwaye ahabwa amazi yabyo,umwe mubabyeyi biyambazwaga mukuvura iyondwara avugako yakuze abona Nyirakuru yahira imiti y'ibyatsi akayisekura akayiha abana avuga ko ari kubavura Ikimoso.
Ikimoso ni indwara ifata abana mu gituza bigatuma habaho gutera cyane ku umutima.
Igishanga cya Mushishito
ibirushijeho.
https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/abahinga-igishanga-cya-mushishito-barishimira-ko-imyaka-yabo-itazongera-kurengerwa-n-amazi
Imitunganyirizwe
Igishanga cya Mushishito gifite hegitari 70 ariko abaturage bahinga kuri hegitari 46 nyuma yo gutunganywa hanaciyemo amapariseri ubu cyahawe abaturage 1427 ariko 500 muribo n'impunzi zo munkambi ya kigeme.
impanvu yo guha impunzi igishinga
impunzi 500 bahawe guhinga mu gishanga cya Mushishito impanvu nyamukuru noko amafaranga ahambwa impunzi yagabanutse bityo akarere ka Nyamagabe gafata iyambe muguha impunzi zibarizwa munkambi ya kigeme ubufasha murwego rwokubarinda inzara.
Umugezi wa Mazowe
thumb|Aho Umugezi wa Mazowe uhererye Umugezi wa Mazowe ni umugezi uzamuka mu majyaruguru ya Harare, utemba ugana mu majyaruguru hanyuma ukagana mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba aho ugize igice cy'umupaka wa Mozambike kandi uhuza umugezi rwa Luenha, uruzi rw'umugezi wa Zambezi. Umugezi wa Mazowe ufite ikibaya gifata amazi kingana na kilometerokare 39,000. Mu mwaka wa 1920, urugomero rwa Mazowe rwubatswe ku ruzi mu birometero mirongo ine mu majyaruguru ya Harare mu kuhira imirima y'imbuto z'amacunga n' indimu.
Umugezi wa Mazowe n’inzuzi zawo biri ahantu hazwi cyane hashyirwa amabuye ya zahabu ndetse n’ibikorwa bito bito,  nubwo mu gihe cy’imvura, Mazowe ihinduka umugezi ukaze, akenshi usenya inkombe zawo kandi wangiriza abaturage baho n’imirima.
Reba
Ikiciro:Imigezi yo muri Afurika Ikiciro:Imigezi yo muri Zimbabwe
Kubungabunga Ibishanga haterwa Ibiti
Mugihe iterambere ririmo kwihuta hakenewe kwita kubuzima bw'abantu kugira ngo babe ahantu heza kandi bahumeke umwuka mwiza.
Tumenye bimwe mubyakorwa
Mugihe iterambere ririmo kwihuta hariho gahunda yo kwita kubuzima bwa muntu bikaba bimwe mubyatuma baba ahantu heza kandi bahumeke umwuka mwiza,ibyo biri mubyakorwa binyuze mu kubungabunga ibidukikije nk'ibishanga. Ni muri gahunda yabaho haterwa amashyamba n'ibiti, no kurwanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.Ni ibikorwa bizatuma habaho kugira igihugu kimeze neza kigira abantu, binatuma bamukerarugendo bakomeza kuza basura igihugu bagira ubuzima bwiza. Kimwe mubindi byafasha kubungabunga ibishanga ni ugutunganya neza amazi yo mubishanga bifasha ababituriye kugira ubuzima bwiza ndetse nabatunzwe no guhinga mubishanga.Kuko igishanga iyo kitabungabunzwe neza kirangirika cyangwa se kigenda gishira. Gutera ibiti mu kubungabunga ibishanga bifasha gutanga umwuka mwiza ni ibishanga mugihe byafashwe neza. Mu mujyi wa Kigali hashizweho ahantu ho kwidagadurira ariko hahujwe no kubungabunga ibidukikije hakikijwe n'ibiti. Ni uburyo bwo kugira ngo umujyi ugire umwihariko ushobora gutuma abantu baza kuwusura kandi bakaza kuburyo bwinshi, haba abatuye imbere mugihugu cyangwa abaturuka hanze y'igihugu. u Rwanda rwihaye intego yo guteza imbere kubungabunga ibidukikije aho imijyi igomba guterwamo ibiti,gukoresha ingufu z'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, kugabanuka ku gucanisha inkwi n'amakara kandi hagakomeza guterwa amashyamba.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibishanga Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Umugezi wa Insiza
Umugezi wa Insiza ni uruzi runini rw'umugezi wa Mzingwane muri Zimbabwe.
Irazamuka hafi ya Fort Rixon, Akarere ka Insiza, ikajya mu ruzi rwa Mzingwane hafi ya West Nicholson.
Imiterere y'umugezi wa Insiza
Inzuzi nini z'umugezi wa Insiza zirimo Inzuzi za Inkankezi na Siwaze.
Imigezi yo hejuru y'umugezi wa Insiza ntisanzwe, ariko munsi y'urugomero rwa Silalabuhwa, uruzi rutemba kuri bibiri bya gatatu by'umwaka.
Ibiraro no kwambuka
left|thumb|200x200px|Ikiraro cya Croft k'umugezi wa Insiza hafi ya Filabusi. Hari ibiraro bine by'ingenzi hejuru y'uruzi rwa Insiza:
Imijyi, imigi n'imidugudu bikikije umugezi
Hatuwe kuva aho umugezi utangiriye kugeza urangiye:
Inzira zifungwa n'Ibiziba
thumb|Inzira yangijwe n'imvura nyinshi. Ni ikibazo kigaragazwa nabaturage baturiye akarere ka Musanze.
Tumenye ikibazo cy'Ibiziba bifunga Inzira
Ni ibiziba biterwa n'imvura imaze imisi igwa mu karere ka Musanze aho usanga mumirenge igiye itandukanye nko mu murenge wa Muhoza ahitwa Kabogobogo mu kagari ka Cyabararika n'abo mu kagari ka Kabeza na Rwebeya no mu murenge wa Cyuve.Aho ni hamwe muhibasiwe n'ibiziba bifunga inzira bikaba byabuza abantu kugenda bagahera mu inzu zabo bigatuma batabona uburyo bwokujya mumirimo yabo ya buri musi. Ni ikibazo gihangayikishije abibasiwe nibyo biziba basaba Leta kubakiza ibyo biziba bifunga inzira bakabura uko bagenda.Ibiziba bifunga inzira bituma habaho ikibazo cyo kuba abana babura uko bajya ku ishuri baba banagerageje kwambuka ibiziba bakahatakariza inkweto,ni ikibazo gihangayikishije abaturage kuko ni ibiziba tuvuga bishobora gutera indwara zandura ziterwa nudukoko tuva mu mazi aba yiretse ahantu akahakora ikiziba.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Ubuzima bwumuturage Ikiciro:Ubuzima Ikiciro:Indwara
Ibishanga mubihe byo hambere mu Rwanda
mu myaka yo hambere mu Rwanda ndetse no mubindi bihugu bimwe nabimwe byo muri Afurika ibishanga byafatwaga nkahantu ho kumena imyanda ndetse no kuyobora amazi mabi ava mungo
Iterambere n'ibidukikije
mu Rwanda hashizweho icyerekezo 2050 gifite insanganyamatsiko igira iti igihe kirageze ngo twite kurusobe rwibinyabuzima ijyanye n' ikerekezo 2050 u Rwanda rwihaye ngo rube mubihugu biteye imbere, binyuze mu iterambere ritabangamiye ibidukikije kandi rifite ubudahangarwa ku ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
kuko abantu bari bataramenya akamaro kibidukikije ndetse n'ibinyabuzima biba mubishanga thumb|WETLAND
Akamaro Rusanjye
mu bishanga byo mu Rwanda habamo ibimera byi kimeza bivamo imiti iandukanye igirira rubanda thumb|IGISHANGA KIMUWEMO ABATURAGE nyamwinshi akamaro bakoresha bivuza bavura abana ndese nibindi sibyo gusa kuko nibinyabuzima bibamo ari ingezi. bityo rero bikaba ari ingenzi kubungabunga ibidukikije kuko bifitie akamaro rubanda cyane ko ari bimwe mu biungurura umwuka duhumeka.
Ibungabunga ry'ibishanga
nyuma yo gufata ingamba zo kubungabunga ibishanga ndetse nibidukikije mu Rwanda minisitiri w'ibidukikije yashimiye cyane abanyarwanda ndetse nabafatanyabikorwa bagira uruhare mukubungabunga ibishanga nibindi nkabyo bifitiye abuturage umumaro ndetse bakanagira uruhare
Barbara Minishi
Ubuzima bwamuranze
Imyitozo yanjye yagiye ihindagurika kandi hamwe nayo ibikoresho naremye hamwe, ubu birimo Filime, Imbyino, Irangi ryingufu, Inzozi hamwe nijwi rya Intuitive Ijwi +.
Ibihembo yatsindiye
Minishi yatsindiye Umuyobozi w’ubuhanzi mwiza kubera ibikorwa yakoze muri filime Nairobi Half Life muri 2014 muri 2014 Magic Magic Viewer Choice Awards muri Werurwe 2014.
Ubuzima bwamuranze
Minishi agira ati: "Gufotora nuburyo natangiye ubushakashatsi bwanjye bwo guhanga kandi hari ukuntu umuntu yavuga ko kamera yabaye igikoresho cyanjye cyo gushyira ahagaragara, gushushanya, no gukina nanditseho indangamuntu. Byari 'ijwi ryanjye' kandi uburyo bwo kuba ibyo yaremye 'ibyabaye' aho nashoboraga kwishora hamwe ninsanganyamatsiko nka stereotypes nubwoko, ubutaka nubwenegihugu, imvugo yerekana amarangamutima, imbaraga zumujyi nubwiza.
Ibishanga mubihe byo hambere mu Rwanda
Ibungabunga ry'ibishanga
muguhugura abaturage no kubasobanurira akamaro ko kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Barbara Minishi
Ubuzima bwamuranze
Barbara Minishi, ukomoka i Nairobi, muri Kenya, yarangije mu 2003 afite impamyabumenyi ya BA mu itumanaho. Umwuga we wo gufotora wabigize umwuga watangiye ubwo yamenyaga amashusho yumutima yatanzwe muri we.
Emma Miloyo
Umwuga
Muri Kamena 2015, yatorewe kuba Visi Perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya, akora muri urwo rwego kugeza muri Gashyantare 2017. Yabaye perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya muri Werurwe 2017.
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba
Ingano yigishanga
Igishanga cya nya Nyabicwamba Akarere ka Gatsibo kahisemo kukigabanya abanyarwanda ni mpunzi zabanyekongo baba munkambi ya nyabiheke kuburyo bukurikira:igishanga cya nyabicwamba gifite hegitari 29.
Emma Miloyo
Umwuga
Ashishikajwe no gushishikariza abakobwa bakiri bato kubona ubwubatsi nk'imyuga ifatika. Mu rwego rwo gutera inkunga urubyiruko, yitangira igihe cye kugira ngo afashe abakobwa bari mu bukene kwiga ku ishuri binyuze mu kigega cya Ex-Bomarian Education Trust kandi ni umwe mu bagize Inama ishinzwe FIRE (Abagore mu mutungo utimukanwa).
Barbara Minishi
Ubuzima bwamuranze
Ibikorwa bye bikomeje gutera imbere kandi kuri ubu arimo gukora ibijyanye no kwandika no kuyobora filime ye yerekana ndetse nindi mishinga nka firime ngufi zigerageza, amashusho yimyambarire, documentaire zashinzwe, Amashusho, hamwe no Kwandika.
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba
ibihingwa
igishanga cya Nyabicwamba n'igishanga giihingwamo ibihingwa bitandukanye thumb|Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba birmo:umuceri,na soya.
imitunganyirizwe yi gishanga.
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba nigishanga gifite hegitari 29 cyatunganyijwe n'akarere ka Gatsibo kubufatanye na minisiteri ishinzwe ibikorwa byubutabazi (MINEMA) kunkunga ya UNHCR kunkunga yamafaranga millioni 140 za manyarwanda.
Emma Miloyo
Umwuga
Muri 2015 Miloyo yatoranijwe kugira ngo yitabire gahunda ya 2 y'abayobozi bayobora abagore Eisenhower Fellows.
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba
ibirambuye.
https://www.gatsibo.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/hatangijwe-igihembwe-cyihinga-cya-2022babagera-kuri-456-basabwa-kubyza-umusaruro-igishanga-cyatunganyijwe
Ibishanga mubihe byo hambere mu Rwanda
Ingaruka zo kwangiza ibinyabuzima n'ibidukikije
Bimaze kugaragara ko kutabungabunga ibishanga ubwabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku binyabuzima biba mu bishanga ndetse no ku iterambere ry'igihugu kuko ari umutungo kamere
Emma Miloyo
Ibyo Kumenyekana kwe
Abandi wareba:
Emma Miloyo ni umwubatsi wo muri Kenya wavuzwe, mu 2017, akaba perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya. [1] Yabaye perezida wa mbere w’umugore w’ishyirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi muri Kenya kuva 2017. [2] Mu Kwakira 2016, Archinect.com yamushyize ku rutonde rw'abubatsi batanu bakomoka mu bagore bo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu bihugu byo mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika.
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba
Ingano yigishanga
abaturage baturiyeigishanga cya nyabicwamba bahawe guhinga hegitari 23 zihingwamo nabaturage 456 harimo 228 baba Nyarwanda na 228 Bimpunzi zabanyekongo naho hegitari 6 ziharirwa ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye biri muri icyo Gishanga. thumb|Gutunganya igishanga
Ibishanga mubihe byo hambere mu Rwanda
Ingaruka zo kwangiza ibinyabuzima n'ibidukikije
si ibyo gusa kandi kutabungabunga ibidukikije nibinyabuzima bidindiza itera mbere ry'igihugu muri rusange mu Rwanda cyane cyane mu mujyi wa kigali abaturage batuye mu bishanga batangiye kwimurwa kuko nabo byagaragaye ko babangamira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bituye mubishanga
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba n'igishanga giherereye Muntara y'iburasirazuba mu karere ka Gatsibo mumurenge wa Gatsibo.
Barbara Minishi
Ubuzima bwamuranze
Hariho imikoranire n’imigambi ihishe ndetse n’ubufatanye n’imvugo igenda ihinduka hiyongereyeho ubufatanye bwo guhanga hamwe n’imiterere mishya, umuco n'ibitekerezo. "
Emma Miloyo
Ibyo Kumenyekana kwe
[|Business Daily Africa] yamushyize ku rutonde rw’umwe mu bagore 40 ba mbere b’abagore muri Kenya muri 2011 na 2018.
Barbara Minishi
Ubuzima bwamuranze
Nubwo 'intsinzi' yubucuruzi natangiye kwibaza uruhare rwanjye nkumunyarwandakazi Visual Communicator n’ukuntu icyerekezo cyanjye, icyerekezo n'umubiri wanjye byakazi byahinduka biva mubikorwa bikomeye byo gushakisha no gushishikaza byitabiriwe nabateze amatwi ndetse binatanga umwanya wo kubigiramo uruhare no kwishora hamwe abumviriza.
Barbara Minishi
ni umukinnyi wa firime wumunyakenya, Umuhanzi, umufotozi wimyambarire numuyobozi wubuhanzi ufite insanganyamatsiko yubushakashatsi itwarwa ningendo zimpimbano zingendo zo kwigira, Kamere, Alchemy & Arcana hamwe nubuhanzi bwerekana amashusho yubuhanzi. Nkumuyobozi wubuhanzi yagiye akora kuri firime na videwo yindirimbo, ndetse anakorera Kapringen (A Hijacking), film yerekana Danemarke kuva 2003. Muri Kenya, ari mu bafotozi babigize umwuga bubahwa cyane. Amafoto ya Minishi yagaragaye mu gitabo 9 Abafotora bo muri Kenya cyasohowe ku bufatanye n’ingoro ndangamurage za Kenya.
Emma Miloyo
Umwuga
Kuva mu Kwakira 2018, yari umufatanyabikorwa mu kigo cy’ubwubatsi cyitwa Design Source, yashinze muri Mutarama 2007, akimara kwiga kaminuza. Ikigo gifite ibiro i Nairobi na Mombasa. Yari umwe mu bagize inama yashinze Ubuyobozi bw’Umujyi wa Konza.
Ubuzima bwe bwite
Yashakanye na Chris Naicca, umwubatsi mugenzi we bigana muri kaminuza. Bose hamwe, ni ababyeyi b'abana batatu. Miloyo na Naicca ni abafatanyabikorwa muri Design Source Limited, ikigo cyubwubatsi bafatanije mu 2007.
Septimius Awards
thumb|Septimius Awards Logo Septimius Awards ni umuhango wo gutanga ibihembo ngarukamwaka, uba buri mwaka mu mujyi wa Amsterdam, mu Buholandi. Ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo ku gutunganya amafilime mpuzamahanga no gukorana bizakorwa mugihe cyiminsi ibiri. Ibihembo bizashyikirizwa firime, abayobozi nabakinnyi mu ijoro risoza ibirori. Usibye amafilime yerekanwe, abatoranijwe harimo na firime ngufi, documentaire ndetse na tereviziyo. Umuhango wo gutanga ibihembo uzanyuzwa kuri televiziyo yo mu Buholandi Salto.
Igishanga cya Nyabicwamba
Umwihariko w'igishanga cya Nyabicwamba.
Igishanga cya nyabicwamba n'igishanga gihuriyeho nabanyarwanda ndetse nimpunzi zabanye congo zibarizwa munkambi ya Nyabiheke.
Septimius Awards
Abahoze bitabiriye harimo abatsindiye Oscar en:Christopher Hampton, Kevin Willmott & Jan Archibald, Nina Hartstone. Abandi bari bahari bari abakinnyi nka nl:Frank Lammers ,Thomas Jane, Sarah Steele, Rebecca Benson en artiesten als Calum Scott. thumb|Septimius Theater 2022 alt=Septimius Theater 2022|thumb|Septimius Theater 2022 alt=Septimius Theater 2022|thumb|Oscar Winner Christopher Hampton - ITA Theater Septimius
Amateka
Ibihembo bya Septimius byashinzwe na Jan-Willem Breure. Ibihembo bya mbere bya Septimius byabaye ku ya 6 na 7 Kamena 2022 i Amsterdam, mu Buholandi. Ikiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo cyabaye ku ya 6 Kamena muri Rode Hoed no mu birori byo gutanga ibihembo ku ya 7 Kamena muri ITA Theatre i Amsterdam.
Ibyiciro
Ibihembo bya Septimius bifite ibyiciro 38. Ibyiciro 30 ni amarushanwa naho ibyiciro 8 nibyo bihembo bya Lifetime Achievement Awards. Hano hari ibyiciro bitatu byaciwe numugabane: Umukinnyi mwiza, Umukinnyi mwiza nishusho nziza.
Akamaro k'ibishanga mu kuyungurura amazi
Ibishanga ni ingirakamaro muburyo bwinshi butandukanye kuko bifite akamaro mu kuyungurura amazi akoreshwa mungo zabaturage ndetse nayo bamaze gukoresha arongera agasubira mubishanga maze nabyo bikayayungurura akongera agakoreshwa thumb|wetland
Imyubakire mu bishanga
mu kubungabunga ibishanga cyane m' umujyi wa kigali hafashwe n'ingamba zo kwimura bamwe
mubaturage batuye mu bishanga gagtuzwa neza mu midugudu itabateza ibyago.
Ingamba nshya zo kubungabunga ibishanga
mu Rwanda hatangijwe ingamba zo kwimura abatuye mu bishanga maze hagakorerwa ibikorwa bikurura ba mukerarugendo ndetse hagashyirwa amashuri yo kwigisha ibijyanye n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. kuva ibishanga byatangira kubungabungwa muri kigali ndetse nahandi ibinyabuzima byinshi byyari byarahunze ariko ubu byatangiye kugaruka mu bishanga byahozemo. nk mu gishanga cya Nyandungu mu mujyi wa kigali
Imyubakire mu bishanga
mu bibangamira igishanga ndetse nibinyabuzima biba mu bishanga. kubaka mubishanga kandi nikimwe mubishobora gutera umwuzure. mu Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu byafashe iyambere
Kubungabunga ibishanga ni kimwe mu byafasha iyi si muguhorana amazi meza asukuye ikindi kandi kubaka mubishanga amazu yo guturamo cyangwa gucamo utuyira nyabagendwa nibimwe
Ingaruka zo gutura mubishanga no gukoreramo ibikorwa bya muntu
wubatse ahahoze igishanga ariko ni kenshi muzumva mubinyamakuru ko habaye umwuzure ukomeye ndettse ukangiza byinshi thumb|Nyandungu
Akamaro k '' ibishanga
Abahanga bavugako ibishanga aribyo biyungurura amazi dukoresha hurya no hino kw'isi maze ayo tumaze gukoresha nayo agasubira mu Bishanga maze bikayayungurura maze akongera agkoreshwa. kubera kwiyongera kwiterambere bituma ahantu henshi kw'Isi bakoresha ifumbire mva Ruganda nyinshi ibishanga bifite akamaro ko kunyunyuza ibyo binyabutabire by'uburozi biba byagiye mu  mazi yibishanga maze amazi akongera akaba mazima agakoreshwa
Cecil Kenneth Baker
Cecil Kenneth Baker (1921 - Ugushyingo 1996 [1]) yari umuhanzi wo muri Afrika yepfo.
Ibyaranze ubuzima bwe
Kenneth yashakanye na Joan, [5] umwanditsi w'inkuru, babyarana abana bane. Joan asobanura ubushyamirane buri hagati yubukungu busabwa bwo kurera umuryango nicyifuzo cye cyo kuba umuhanzi wigihe cyose. Kimwe mu bikorwa yari asanzwe azwiho ni nk'umwanditsi w'ibyapa ku kirwa cya Cape, aho nta gushidikanya ko yakiriye imbaraga ku bijyanye n'amashusho ye.
Baker yavukiye ahitwa Harfield Road, Claremont, Cape Town, Afurika y'Epfo, [3], igihe yavukaga, akaba yari yiganjemo abakozi.
Imiterere y'ibihangano bye
Imiterere ye, isobanurwa nkibitekerezo kandi byerekana. Yashushanyije ahantu nyaburanga, amashusho yumujyi, ibishushanyo nubuzima. Ibikorwa bye bifite ubworoherane bushishikaje, kandi akenshi bikora ku nsanganyamatsiko nkubukene nibinezeza bya buri munsi. Yashushanyije amashusho menshi yubuzima mu Karere ka gatandatu, umujyi wahoze ufite imbaraga kandi wamabara yaje gusenywa nubuyobozi nkicyiciro cya nyuma cyo kwimurwa ku gahato. Baker azwi nkumwe mubantu bake ugereranije bafashe ikintu cyumwuka wakarere ka gatandatu muburyo bwo guhanga.
Goddy Leye
Goddy Leye (24 Ugushyingo 1965 i Mbouda, muri Kameruni - 19 Gashyantare 2011 i Bonendale, muri Kameruni) [1] yari umuhanzi n'umunyabwenge wa Kameruni.
Ibikorwa bye byibanze kuri videwo, kwishyiriraho, ubuhanzi bwibitekerezo nintererano. Niwe washinze ikigo cy’ubuhanzi ArtBakery i Bonendale, muri Kameruni kandi yari umuyobozi ushinzwe guteza imbere ibihangano byihariye n’imishinga mpuzamahanga. Uruhare rwe rwabaye ingenzi mu muco n’ubuhanzi muri Kameruni no ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Ubuzima bwe n'umwuga we
Goddy Leye (izina nyaryo Godfried Kadjo [2]) yavutse 24 Ugushyingo 1965 i Mbouda, muri Kameruni. Yabonye impamyabumenyi ye mu mashuri yisumbuye y’indimi ebyiri mu 1989 yiga ubuvanganzo n’ubuvanganzo nyafurika muri kaminuza ya Yaoundé hagati ya 1986 na 1991. Mu 1990 yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu buvanganzo nyafurika. Amahugurwa ye y’ubuhanzi yatangiye mu 1987 n’umuhanzi n’amateka y’ubuhanzi Pascal Kenfack i Yaoundé kugeza mu 1992. Yakomeje imyitozo ye mu 1994 mu kigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuhanzi i Bamako, mu 1997 mu kigo cya ZKM Karlsruhe gishinzwe ubuhanzi n’itangazamakuru mu Budage, mu 1999 i Inzu y’ubuhanzi ya 18 i Santa Monica, muri Californiya no hagati ya 2002 na 2002 kuri Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten i Amsterdam. Mu Buholandi afatanya gutera inkunga maze aba umunyamuryango wa Rijksakademie International Network (RAIN), ihuriro ry’abahanzi bashyigikira umuco w’iki gihe mu bihugu bakomokamo. [3] By'umwihariko kubera ko ashishikajwe no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'ubuhanzi, Leye yasubiye i Douala mu 2002 ashinga ikigo cy’ubuhanzi ArtBakery i Bonendale, cyita cyane cyane ku koroshya amahugurwa y’ubuhanzi no kungurana ibitekerezo mu bahanzi no gushyigikira multimediya, kwishyiriraho, amashusho n’ubuhanzi.
Mu 2002 yabaye umuyobozi ushinzwe umushinga Bessengue City, amahugurwa hamwe nuruhererekane rwimishinga yihariye yubuhanzi mu gace ka Bessengue muri Douala; umushinga warimo Goddy Leye, James Beckett, Hartanto, Jesus Palomino n'abaturage baho. Muri 2006 yazamuye mu ntera kandi yitabira gusohoka. Mu 2007 yagize uruhare mu mahugurwa ya Ars & Urbis yateguwe i Douala na doual'art mu rwego rwo gutegura SUD Salon Urbain de Douala kandi yari atuye muri Fondasiyo ya Blachère i Apt, mu Bufaransa. Mu mwaka wa 2008, yari atuye mu muco wa Gasworks i Londres;
Ibikorwa bya Leye byahawe ibihembo na UNESCO, Fondasiyo ya Rockefeller na Minisiteri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga y'Ubuholandi. Nkumuhanzi numunyabwenge, yagize uruhare muri komite zinzobere nyinshi; yari umunyamuryango wibitekerezo byikigo cya Afrika Centre muri Cape Town kandi yari ambasaderi wa CAN (Creative Africa Network).
Imirimo yakoze
Leye yatangiye gukora nk'umuhanzi mu 1992. [11] Ibikorwa bye byibanze ku kwibuka, ubukoloni bwa Afurika no kubaka amateka. By'umwihariko yerekanaga ibikorwa bya multimediya, amashusho n'amashusho. Nyuma yigihe, yatangiye kugira uruhare runini mu gukora imishinga haba muri Kameruni ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Yatanze umusanzu mubitabo, akora kandi atunganya ibihangano byihariye byurubuga ashinga ikigo ArtBakery. Ikigo gitanga ibikoresho nibikorwa remezo kubahanzi bashishikajwe nibikorwa bya multimediya kandi birangwa nuruhare rugaragara mumahugurwa. Leye yafatwaga nkumuhanzi wingenzi nubwenge nabahanzi bo muri Kameruni bo mu gisekuru cye na bato.
Leye yerekanye ko yitaye ku buryo amateka avugwa kandi ubumenyi bukwirakwizwa kandi bukibagirana binyuze mu bihangano bye, inyandiko ndetse no kugira uruhare rugaragara mu nama no mu bitekerezo. Umusanzu we w'amahame yibanze ku miterere y'ibigo ndangamuco, kuri sisitemu y'urusobe, ku bikorwa by'ubuhanzi n'umuco [12] no guhindura imijyi.
Imurikagurisha Rusange
Prêt-à-pARTager, Mode-Fotografie-Workshop, curated by IFA Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen, Dakar, 2008 (touring exhibition)[29]
Umusanzu wa Theoretic nakazi ko kugenzura
Goddy Leye yagize uruhare mu bitabo n'ibinyamakuru nk'ikinyamakuru Chimurenga. Yashyigikiye byimazeyo ishyirwaho ryikinyamakuru DiARTgonale cyashinzwe numuhanzi Achilleka. Yashinze akaba n’umuyobozi w'ikigo ArtBakery, yatangiye mu 2002. Yabaye umuyobozi w’umushinga Bessengue City yateguye mu gace ka Bessengue muri Douala mu 2002 kandi yari umu promoteri mu 2006 muri Exit Tour.
Umujyi wa i Nouakchott
Nouakchott [Soma:Nwakishoti], ni Umurwa Mukuru wa Mauritanie, igihugu kiri mu Burengerazuba bwa Afurika. Byasaba ko wongeraho nk’uturere tubiri kugira ngo uyu mujyi ungane na Kigali.
Imiterere
Ni Umujyi w’imirambi gusa kimwe n’indi bihana imbibi nka Dakar, Yamoussoukro n’indi. Uri ku butumburuke bwa metero zirindwi, bivuze ko ari imirambi gusa, nta hantu hasaba umuntu kuzamuka hahari.
Iyo uri mu kirere werekeza muri uyu mujyi, ukareba hasi ugirango nta bantu bahari kuko ibintu byose biba bisa n’umucanga kuko ari ahantu hameze nk’ubutayu.
Ahantu h'ingenzi
Uzahagere hafi aho hari na za restaurant ku buryo ifi bayikurobera ugahita ujya kuyitamira uwo mwanya. Uzajye kandi kuri Plage de Nouakchott. Aha hantu hanyibukije i Saly mu Burengerazuba bwa Sénégal urenze mu cyaro cyo kwa ba Sadio Mane.
Umugezi wa Zambezi
alt=#Wiki Loves Africa in Namibia 2023#|thumb| Umugezi wa Zambezi Umugezi wa Zambezi (na none witwa Zambeze cyangwa Zambesi ) ni umugezi wa kane muremure muri Afurika, umugezi muremure utemba uturuka i burasirazuba muri Afurika kandi ufite amazi menshi winjira mu nyanja y'Abahinde uva muri Afurika. Ikibaya cy’amazi gifite kilometero1,390,000;  umugezi wa Zambezi uzamuka muri Zambiya kandi unyura mu burasirazuba bwa Angola, ku mupaka w’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba bwa Namibiya n’umupaka w’amajyaruguru wa Botswana, hanyuma ukanyura ku mupaka uhuza Zambiya na Zimbabwe kugera muri Mozambike, aho wambukiranya igihugu ugana mu nyanja y’Ubuhinde.
Amasoko abiri y’ingenzi y’amashanyarazi ku ruzi ni urugomero rwa Kariba, rutanga ingufu muri Zambiya na Zimbabwe, n’urugomero rwa Cahora Bassa muri Mozambike, rutanga ingufu muri Mozambike na Afurika yepfo. Byongeye kandi, amashanyarazi abiri mato ari ku ruzi rwa Zambezi muri Zambiya, imwe ku isoko ya Victoria indi i Zengamina, hafi y'umusozi wa Kalene mu Karere ka Ikelenge.
Reba
Ikiciro:Imigezi yo muri Afurika Ikiciro:Imigezi yo muri zimbabwe
Umujyi wa i Nouakchott
Ahantu h'ingenzi
Nta kintu cyiza nko kuharamukira mu gitondo kare, bikwereka indi sura, bikagufasha kwitekerezaho uganira n’umuhengeri w’inyanja gusa.
Imirire
Yassa nayibonye bwa mbere ahitwa Ouest Foire i Dakar, iranurira kabisa!
Ahantu h'ingenzi
Ntuzahave kandi utageze muri Pariki y’Igihugu ya Banc d’Arguin. Wumvise Pariki wahita utekereza amashyamba ariko si ko bimeze, kuko uyirimo n’ubundi uba uri ku mucanga. Ubona ahantu ushobora gukambika, ukaharara aho ku mucanga, ukabona inyoni cyane zimwe zidatangwa n’amazi.
Imiterere
Mu nkengero zawo hari icyambu gikora ku Nyanja ya Atlantique gihuza igihugu n’ibituranyi byacyo nka Mali, Sénégal na Algerie. Nouakchott yagizwe Umurwa Mukuru wa Mauritania mu 1958 ituwe n’abantu ibihumbi 15 gusa. Ubu ibarizwamo abantu barenga gato miliyoni imwe.
Ahantu h'ingenzi
Hari ahantu h’ingenzi ukwiriye kuzanyarukira ugeze i Nouakchott. Urugero ni nko ku cyambu gikunda gukorerwamo uburobyi cyitwa Port de Pêche. Uhasanga ubwato bwa kera, bushaje, bujyanye n’umuco wabo n’abasore biganjemo abana bato bazi kuroba pe!
Ururimi Gakondo
Ku Munyarwanda kurwumva uba utazi iyo biva n’iyo bijya [ibyo byo birumvikana]. Nko kuvuga ngo ‘meze neza’ muri uru rurimi uravuga uti ‘Maa ngi fi’ [Soma: Mangifi], washaka kuvuga uti Yego, ni ‘waaw’ [wawu] naho kuvuga uti ‘nitwa/izina ryanjye ni Philbert’ ni Maa ngi tudd Philbert’ [Soma: Mangitudu].
Imirire
Uzabasabe banaguhe Zrig, ni amata ya Camel (harya ni yo bita ingamiya?) gusa kimwe no muri Turikiya, ibiryo byinshi muri iki gihugu biherekezwa n’icyayi kiba kiri mu turahure duto. Uzajye muri restaurant iri i Kigali y’Abanya-Turikiya yitwa Umut [Umut bisobanuye icyizere mu rurimi rwo muri Turikiya] uzahabona icyo cyayi ndi kuvuga.
Ibiryo byaho nabyo ntibigoye ariko ni ibimenyerewe mu bihugu by’Abarabu. Hari indyo yaho ikundwa cyane, munyihanganire nibagiwe uko bayita ariko iba igizwe n’ifi n’umuceli. Wanarya kandi ibyitwa Yassa, aba ari inkoko itetse mu isosi y’ubutunguru n’inyanya.
Aho wanyura ujyayo uvuye mu Rwanda
Uramenye ntuzitwaze umupira w’imbeho kuko muri aka gace izuba riba riva kuva mu gitondo kugera mu masaha y’umugoroba kereka umuyaga ukunda kuhaba.
Ahantu h'ingenzi
Nk’igihugu kigendera ku mahame y’idini ya Islam, birumvikana ko uzabona imisigiti myinshi hirya no hino. Hari nka Saudi mosque, ni umwe mu myiza iri muri uwo mujyi gusa niba utari umuyisilamu ntiwakwemererwa kuwinjiramo.
Uzabona kandi undi witwa Ibn Abbas gusa wo aho uherereye kuva ku wa Mbere kugera ku wa Gatanu haba hari urujya n’uruza rw’abantu benshi. Ushatse no kugira icyo uhaha, hari ahantu umuntu yakurangira wanyarukira, urugero ni nko muri Al Khaimah Mall gusa bisaba kuba ufite umufuka uremereye kuko akenshi usanga ibiciro byaho biri hejuru.
Ni ahantu hari umucanga mwiza, ushobora kujya ukaruhuka nta kibazo, ukajya mu mazi ukoga ukumva ubyiza bitatse Isi mu Nyanja ya Atlantique. Hotel zaho ziba zifite utuntu tumeze nka Bungalow twubakishije ibyatsi ku buryo amahumbezi agutembera mu misokoro.
Ururimi Gakondo
Ururimi rukoreshwa muri iki gihugu ni Icyarabu cyane cyane ko Leta y’iki gihugu igendera ku mahame y’idini ya Islam. Gusa kubera abaturanyi ba Maurtanie n’ubundi biganjemo abakoresha ururimi rw’Igifaransa, nujya muri restaurant zaho cyangwa muri hotel ukavuga Igifaransa bazakumva neza, gusa Icyongereza cyo rwose ni uguhengekereza.
Imiterere
Nouakchott ubusanzwe bisobanuye agace karangwamo umuyaga mwinshi. Ni wo mujyi munini muri Mauritania, igihugu cya 11 mu bunini muri Afurika. Niho ubuzima bw’igihugu bwose buherereye kuko yaba inzego z’ubutegetsi, ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi byose niho wabikura.
Aho wanyura ujyayo uvuye mu Rwanda
Niba ushaka kujya i Nouakchott mu buryo bworoshye, uzave i Kigali unyure i Dakar. Aho RwandAir izahakugeza kuri make hanyuma ufate nka Air Senegal izakugeza i Nouakchott mu minota 55.
Ururimi Gakondo
Wolof narwo ni ururimi wavuga muri iki gihugu abantu bose bakakumva neza. Ni cyo kimwe n’ahandi muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba nka Côte d’Ivoire, Sénégal, Benin n’ahandi hafi aho.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Abatwara imihindagurikire y’ikirere kuva 1850–1900 kugeza 2010–2019. Nta ntererano ihambaye yatanzwe kuva imbere imbere cyangwa abashoferi b'izuba n'ibirunga.
thumb|Climate Change Mu mikoreshereze rusange, imihindagurikire y’ikirere isobanura ubushyuhe bw’isi - ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ubushyuhe bwo ku isi - n’ingaruka zabwo ku miterere y’ikirere ku isi. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu buryo bwagutse ikubiyemo n’imihindagurikire yigihe kirekire y’ikirere cy’isi. Ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe buringaniye ku isi burihuta kurusha impinduka zabanjirije iyi, kandi ahanini buterwa n'abantu batwika ibicanwa. [2] Gukoresha lisansi y’ibinyabuzima, gutema amashyamba, hamwe n’ubuhinzi n’inganda byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane karuboni ya dioxyde na metani. Imyuka ya parike ikurura ubushyuhe isi imurika nyuma yo gushyuha izuba. Umubare munini wiyi myuka ifata ubushyuhe bwinshi mukirere cyo hasi cyisi, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwisi.
Amavu n'amavuko
Kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubutayu buragenda bwiyongera, mu gihe imivumba y’ubushyuhe n’umuriro bigenda byiyongera. Ubushyuhe bwiyongera muri Arctique bwagize uruhare mu gushonga permafrost, umwiherero w’ibarafu no gutakaza urubura rwo mu nyanja. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru nabwo butera ibihuhusi bikaze, amapfa, hamwe n’ikirere gikabije. Imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije mu misozi, mu nyanja ya korali, no muri Arctique ihatira amoko menshi kwimuka cyangwa kuzimangana. Nubwo imbaraga zo kugabanya ubushyuhe buzaza zigenda neza, ingaruka zimwe zizakomeza ibinyejana byinshi. Muri byo harimo gushyushya inyanja, aside yo mu nyanja no kuzamuka kw'inyanja.
Uturere twisi dushyushye kubiciro bitandukanye. Igishushanyo cyigenga aho imyuka ihumanya ikirere isohoka, kubera ko imyuka ikomeza igihe kirekire kuburyo ikwirakwira kwisi. Kuva mu bihe byabanjirije inganda, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bw’ubutaka bwiyongereye hafi inshuro ebyiri n’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru ku isi. Ibyo biterwa nubushobozi bunini bwubushyuhe bwinyanja, kandi kubera ko inyanja itakaza ubushyuhe bwinshi mukumuka. Ingufu z’ubushyuhe muri gahunda y’ikirere ku isi ziyongereye hamwe n’ikiruhuko gito kuva byibura mu 1970, kandi hejuru ya 90% y’izo mbaraga ziyongereye zabitswe mu nyanja. [45] Ahasigaye hashyushye ikirere, ushonga urubura, kandi ususurutsa imigabane.
Impamvu
Imibare myinshi yigenga yerekana ibikoresho byerekana ko ikirere gishyuha. Imyaka icumi ya 2011–2020 yashyutswe ku kigereranyo cya 1.09 ° C [0,95–1,20 ° C] ugereranije n’ibanze byabanjirije inganda (1850–1900). Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buzamuka kuri 0.2 ° C mu myaka icumi, [30] hamwe na 2020 igera ku bushyuhe bwa 1,2 ° C hejuru y’inganda zabanjirije inganda. Kuva mu 1950, iminsi n'imbeho bikonje byagabanutse, kandi iminsi n'amajoro ashyushye byiyongera.
Habayeho ubushyuhe buke hagati yikinyejana cya 18 no hagati yikinyejana cya 19. Amakuru y’ikirere muri kiriya gihe aturuka ku miterere y’ikirere, nk'ibiti hamwe n’ibarafu. Inyandiko za Thermometer zatangiye gutanga amakuru ku isi hose mu 1850. [34] Uburyo bwamateka yubushyuhe no gukonja, nka Climate Animate ya Medieval hamwe nigihe gito cyibarafu, ntabwo byabaye icyarimwe mubice bitandukanye. Ubushyuhe bushobora kuba bwarageze nko mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 mu turere tumwe na tumwe. Habayeho ibice byabanjirije amateka yubushyuhe bwisi, nka Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum. [36] Nyamara, ubwiyongere bugezweho bwiyongera bwubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwa CO2 bwihuse cyane kuburyo ibintu bitunguranye bya geofiziki mumateka yisi bitegereye igipimo kiriho. thumb|Air Pollition Ibimenyetso by'ubushyuhe buturuka ku bipimo by'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bishimangirwa n'ibindi byinshi byagaragaye. [38] Urugero, impinduka z’amazi karemano zarahanuwe kandi zaragaragaye, nko kwiyongera inshuro n’uburemere bw’imvura nyinshi, gushonga kwa shelegi n’ibarafu y’ubutaka, ndetse n’ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bwiyongera. Ibimera n'ibinyabuzima nabyo bitwara muburyo bujyanye n'ubushyuhe; nk'urugero, ibimera birabya mbere mu mpeshyi. Ikindi kimenyetso cyingenzi ni ugukonjesha ikirere cyo hejuru, cyerekana ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ifata ubushyuhe hafi yisi kandi ikayirinda gukwirakwira mu kirere.
Ingaruka nyinshi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zimaze kugaragara ku kigero cya 1,2 ° C (2,2 ° F). Ubushyuhe bwiyongera buzongera izo ngaruka kandi burashobora gukurura ingingo, nko gushonga k'urubura rwa Greenland. Mu masezerano y'i Paris ya 2015, ibihugu byose byemeranije gukomeza gushyuha "munsi ya 2 ° C". Icyakora, imihigo yatanzwe mu masezerano, ubushyuhe bw’isi buzakomeza kugera kuri 2.7 ° C (4.9 ° F) mu mpera z'ikinyejana. Kugabanya ubushyuhe bugera kuri 1.5 ° C bizasaba kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu 2030 no kugera kuri net-zero bitarenze 2050. [14] thumb|Climate change Umuriro wa Bobcat muri Monrovia, CA, Ku ya 10 Nzeri 2020
Amashanyarazi ya koloni ya korali ya Acropora
rimwe na rimwe hamwe nigihe gihindagurika. Ubusanzwe, ingomero za hydro zifite ibigega hamwe ninganda zisanzwe zikoreshwa mugihe umusaruro uhindagurika ari muke. Kujya imbere, ububiko bwa batiri burashobora kwagurwa, ingufu zikenewe hamwe nibitangwa birashobora guhuzwa, kandi kohereza intera ndende birashobora guhinduranya neza umusaruro ushobora kuvugururwa. [230] Bioenergy ntabwo akenshi iba idafite aho ibogamiye kandi ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku kwihaza mu biribwa. Ubwiyongere bw'ingufu za kirimbuzi bugabanywa n'impaka zishingiye ku myanda ya kirimbuzi, ikwirakwizwa ry'intwaro za kirimbuzi, n'impanuka. [243] Iterambere ry’amashanyarazi rigarukira ku kuba ahantu heza hateguwe, kandi imishinga mishya ikaba ihanganye n’ibibazo by’imibereho n’ibidukikije byiyongera.
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Gukoresha ingufu neza no kubungabunga ingufu
Ubusumbane buriho bushingiye ku butunzi n'imibereho myiza bwarushijeho kwiyongera kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ingorane zikomeye mu kugabanya, guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zihura n’abantu bahejejwe inyuma badafite ubushobozi buke ku mutungo. [205] [201] Abasangwabutaka, batunzwe n'ubutaka bwabo ndetse n'ibidukikije, bazahura n'ingaruka z'imibereho yabo n'imibereho yabo bitewe n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. [206] Impuguke zatanzwe n’impuguke zanzuye ko uruhare rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro rwabaye ruto ugereranije n’ubusumbane bw’imibereho n’ubukungu n’ubushobozi bwa Leta. [207]
Amajyaruguru y'Amajyaruguru na Pole y'Amajyaruguru hashyushye cyane kurusha Pole y'Amajyepfo n'Amajyepfo y'isi. Amajyaruguru y’Amajyaruguru ntabwo afite ubutaka bwinshi gusa, ahubwo afite ibihe byinshi byurubura hamwe nubura bwinyanja. Mugihe iyi mibumbe ihindagurika yerekana urumuri rwinshi rukaba umwijima nyuma yuko urubura rumaze gushonga, batangira gukuramo ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ububiko bwa karubone bwaho bwirabura kuri shelegi na barafu nabyo bigira uruhare mubushyuhe bwa Arctique. Ubushyuhe bwa Arctique buriyongera inshuro zirenga ebyiri igipimo cy’isi yose. Gushonga kw'ibarafu n'ibibarafu muri Arctique bihagarika urujya n'uruza rw'inyanja, harimo n'umugezi wa Kigobe wagabanutse, bikomeza guhindura ikirere. thumb|Imihindagurikire y'ikirere Inshingano yubushyuhe bwa vuba
Ingaruka
Imibereho
Ku ruhande rw'ibisabwa, igice cy'ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni uguhindura abantu ku mafunguro ashingiye ku bimera. Kurandura umusaruro w’amatungo y’inyama n’amata byakuraho hafi 3/4 by’ibyuka bihumanya biva mu buhinzi n’ubundi buryo bukoreshwa ku butaka. Amatungo afite kandi 37% by'ubutaka butagira urubura ku isi kandi akoresha ibiryo biva kuri 12% by'ubutaka bukoreshwa mu bihingwa, gutwara amashyamba no kwangirika k'ubutaka. [262]
Ubuhinzi n'inganda
Iyo umusaruro w'ingufu cyangwa inganda zikomeye za CO2 zikomeje gutanga imyanda CO2, gaze irashobora gufatwa ikabikwa aho kurekurwa mu kirere. Nubwo ikoreshwa muri iki gihe ari rito mu bipimo kandi bihenze, [269] gufata no kubika karubone (CCS) birashobora kugira uruhare runini mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu kinyejana rwagati. [270] Ubu buhanga, bufatanije na bioenergy (BECCS) bushobora kuvamo imyuka ihumanya ikirere: CO2 ikurwa mu kirere. Kugeza ubu ntiharamenyekana neza niba tekinike yo gukuramo karuboni izagira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ubushyuhe kugera kuri 1.5 ° C. Ibyemezo bya politiki bishingiye ku gukuraho karuboni ya dioxyde byongera ibyago byo kuzamuka kw’isi kuzamuka kurenza intego mpuzamahanga.
Igice cyurukurikirane kuri
Igisenge kibisi kugirango gitange ubukonje mumijyi
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe
InshinganoIbikorwaMitigationAdaptation
Ibikorwa byabantu kuva Revolisiyo yinganda, cyane cyane gukuramo no gutwika ibicanwa biva mu kirere (amakara, peteroli, na gaze gasanzwe), [68] byongereye imyuka ya parike mu kirere, bivamo ubusumbane bukabije. Muri 2019, ingufu za CO2 na metani zariyongereyeho hafi 48% na 160%, kuva mu 1750. [69] Izi nzego za CO2 ziri hejuru kurenza uko zigeze mugihe cyimyaka miriyoni 2 ishize. Ihuriro rya metani riri hejuru cyane kuruta uko byari bimeze mu myaka 800.000 ishize.
Kugabanya ubukana
Kubungabunga ingufu
Kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ni "inzira yo guhindura imihindagurikire y'ikirere cyangwa iteganijwe mu kirere n'ingaruka zayo". Imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikenera imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y'ikirere, ishobora kuba ihenze cyane. Ubushobozi n'ubushobozi abantu bashobora kumenyera bikwirakwizwa mu turere dutandukanye ndetse no mu baturage, kandi ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere muri rusange bifite bike. Imyaka 20 yambere yikinyejana cya 21 hagaragaye kwiyongera mubushobozi bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y’ibihugu byinshi bikennye kandi biciriritse hamwe n’iterambere ry’isuku n’amashanyarazi, ariko iterambere riratinda. Ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa politiki yo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ariko, hariho itandukaniro rinini hagati yimari ikenewe kandi ihari.
Agashusho Urutonde rw'amagambo
Ikiyaga cyumye muri Kaliforuniya, kikaba kibamo megaderi mbi cyane mu myaka 1.200.
Kwimuka kw'ibidukikije. Imvura idasanzwe iganisha ku butayu bwangiza ubuhinzi kandi bushobora kwimura abaturage. Yerekanwa: Telly, Mali (2008). [213]
Ingingo nyamukuru: Uruhare rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
Mu myaka ya za 1980, ijambo ubushyuhe bw’isi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere byabaye byinshi. Nubwo ayo magambo yombi rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa mu buryo bumwe, [20] mu buhanga, ubushyuhe bw’isi bwerekeza gusa ku bushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, mu gihe imihindagurikire y’ikirere isobanura impinduka zose z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi. Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi - bwakoreshejwe mu 1975 [21] - bwabaye ijambo ryamamaye cyane nyuma y’uko umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere wa NASA, James Hansen ayikoresheje mu buhamya yatanze mu 1988 muri Sena y’Amerika. Kuva mu myaka ya za 2000, imihindagurikire y’ikirere yiyongereye mu mikoreshereze. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe irashobora kandi kwerekeza cyane ku mpinduka zatewe n'abantu cyangwa impinduka kamere mu mateka y'isi.
Impinduka mu buhinzi. Amapfa, kuzamuka kwubushyuhe, nikirere gikabije bigira ingaruka mbi mubuhinzi. Yerekanwa: Texas, Amerika (2013). [214]
Kumenyera kuzamuka kwinyanja bigizwe no kwirinda ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’akaga, kwiga kubana n’umwuzure wiyongereye no kurindwa. Niba ibyo binaniwe, umwiherero ucungwa urashobora gukenerwa. Hano hari inzitizi zubukungu mugukemura ingaruka zubushyuhe. Kwirinda akazi gakomeye cyangwa kugira ubukonje ntibishoboka kuri bose. [279] Mu buhinzi, uburyo bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere burimo guhinduranya indyo irambye, gutandukana, kurwanya isuri no kunoza imiterere y’imiterere hagamijwe kongera kwihanganira ikirere gihinduka. [280] Ubwishingizi butuma bagabana ibyago, ariko akenshi biragoye kubona abantu binjiza amafaranga make. Uburezi, abimukira hamwe na sisitemu yo kuburira hakiri kare birashobora kugabanya ingaruka z’ikirere. Gutera mangrove cyangwa gutera inkunga ibindi bimera byo ku nkombe birashobora guhagarika umuyaga. [283]
Kurwanya
Kwiyongera k'umuyaga. Bangaladeshi nyuma y’umuyaga witwa Sidr (2007) ni urugero rw’umwuzure w’ibiza uturutse ku mvura yiyongereye.
Kugera kuri 2050 kutabogama kwa karubone, ingufu zishobora kuba uburyo bwambere bwo kubyara amashanyarazi, bikazamuka kugera kuri 85% cyangwa birenga muri 2050 mubihe bimwe. Ishoramari mu makara ryavaho kandi ikoreshwa ry’amakara hafi ya 2050. [235] [236]
Gutezimbere ubwumvikane buke
Urebye ibyuka bihumanya bitaziguye kandi bitaziguye, inganda nizo nzego zifite uruhare runini rw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
Kugabanya ingufu zikenewe ni ikindi kintu gikomeye cyo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Niba ingufu nke zikenewe, haribintu byoroshye guhinduka byiterambere ryingufu. Bituma kandi byoroha gucunga umuyagankuba, kandi bikagabanya iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo byibanda cyane kuri karubone. Kwiyongera kwinshi mu ishoramari ry’ingufu bizasabwa kugera ku ntego z’ikirere, ugereranije n’urwego rw’ishoramari mu mbaraga zishobora kubaho. Impinduka nyinshi za COVID-19 zijyanye no gukoresha ingufu, ishoramari rikoresha ingufu, n’inkunga byatumye iteganyagihe ry’iyi myaka icumi rigoye kandi ridashidikanywaho.
Ukurikije ahantu
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Imihindagurikire y’ibihe hamwe n’imanza z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Amagambo
Ingaruka zimwe z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, yerekeza ku isaha uhereye hejuru ibumoso: Inkongi y'umuriro yakajije umurego kubera ubushyuhe n amapfa, ubukana bw’amapfa bwangiza amazi, no guhumanya amakorali yatewe n’ubushyuhe bwo mu nyanja.
Ubutaka burahinduka
Ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibintu nka Kamena 2019 ubushyuhe bw’uburayi buragenda bwiyongera. [217]
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ibangamiye abantu ibura ry’ibiribwa n’amazi, imyuzure yiyongera, ubushyuhe bukabije, indwara nyinshi, ndetse n’ubukungu. Kwimuka kwabantu namakimbirane nabyo birashobora kuba ibisubizo. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere ibangamiye ubuzima bw’isi yose mu kinyejana cya 21. [11] Abaturage barashobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere binyuze mu mbaraga nko kurinda inkombe cyangwa kwagura uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere, ariko ingaruka zimwe ntizishobora kwirindwa. Ibihugu bikennye bifite uruhare runini ku byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, nyamara bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Politiki na politiki
Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe ku isi mu myaka 2000 ishize ukoresheje amakuru ya porokisi avuye ku mpeta y'ibiti, amakorali, hamwe na ice cores mu bururu. Amakuru yakurikiranwe mu buryo butaziguye ari umutuku.
Aerosole nayo igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ngengo yimirasire yisi. Sulfate aerosole ikora nka nuclei yibicu kandi biganisha ku bicu bifite byinshi kandi bito bitonyanga. Ibyo bicu byerekana imirasire yizuba neza kuruta ibicu bifite ibitonyanga bike kandi binini. Bigabanya kandi imikurire yimvura, ituma ibicu birushaho kumurika izuba ryinjira. Ingaruka zitaziguye za aerosole nizo zidashidikanywaho cyane mu guhatira imirasire.
Ibyuka byinshi byangiza imyuka ya CO2 byinjijwe n’ibiti bya karubone, harimo gukura kw'ibimera, gufata ubutaka, no gufata inyanja (Ingengo y’imari ya 2020 ya Carbone).
Politiki yateguwe binyuze mu butabera bw’ikirere igerageza gukemura ibibazo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubusumbane mu mibereho. Urugero, ibihugu bikize bifite uruhare runini mu byuka bihumanya ikirere byagombaga kwishyura ibihugu bikennye kugira ngo bihuze. Mugihe ikoreshwa ryibicanwa bigabanuka, imirimo mumirenge iratakara. Kugirango bagere ku nzibacyuho iboneye, abo bantu bakeneye imyitozo kugirango bakore indi mirimo. Imiryango ifite abakozi ba peteroli benshi bakeneye gushora imari.
Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ruhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, inzira ishobora gushyigikirwa n'abantu. Mugukomeza guhuza urusobe rwibinyabuzima, amoko arashobora kwimuka mubihe byiza byikirere. Ubwoko burashobora kandi kwerekanwa mubice bifite ikirere cyiza. Kurinda no gusana ahantu nyaburanga nigice cya kamere bifasha kubaka imbaraga, byorohereza urusobe rwibinyabuzima kumenyera. Byinshi mubikorwa biteza imbere imihindagurikire y’ibinyabuzima, bifasha kandi abantu kumenyera binyuze mu kurwanya ibidukikije. Kurugero, kugarura uburyo busanzwe bwumuriro butuma umuriro wibiza udashoboka, kandi bikagabanya guhura kwabantu. Guha inzuzi umwanya munini bituma habaho kubika amazi muri sisitemu karemano, kugabanya ibyago byumwuzure. Amashyamba yagaruwe akora nk'icyuzi cya karubone, ariko gutera ibiti mu turere tudakwiye birashobora kongera ingaruka z’ikirere. [285]