cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ibikomoka ku buhinzi byoherezwa mu mahanga
Tumenye bimwe mubikomoka k'ubuhinzi
Ikawa yoherejwe mu mahanga yiyongereyeho 73%, icyayi cyiyongereyeho 5.9%, mu gihe ibireti byagabanyutseho 11.4%. Ibyinjizwa n’imboga n’imbuto zoherezwa mu mahanga byiyongereyeho 84.4%, aho agaciro k’imboga kiyongereyeho 175.6% naho imbuto kiyongera ku kigero cya 76%.Ingano y’indabo zoherejwe mu mahanga yagabanyutseho 24% naho ibyo zinjiza bigabanyukaho 41.8%.Amadovize u Rwanda rwinjije aturutse mu binyampeke n’ibinyamisogwe yiyongereye ku kigero cya 67%, bikaba bingana na 19.7% by’umusaruro wose w’ibyoherejwe mu mahanga bikomoka ku buhinzi.Ibiciro by’icyayi, ikawa, imbuto n’imboga byarazamutse bituma umusaruro w’ibyoherejwe mu mahanga wiyongera ugereranyije n’uwabonetse mu mwaka 2021. Ubwiyongere bw’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bushingiye kuri gahunda yo kuzahura ubukungu guverinoma yashyizeho, aho ibikorwa byinshi by’ubukungu byasubukuwe, ingendo z’abantu n’ibicuruzwa zikongera gukorwa mu karere no hanze yako bituma ubucuruzi buzanzamuka.
Ibindi Wamenya
Umuyobozi Mukuru wa NAEB yavuze ko bishimishije kubona uko ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bikomoka ku buhinzi bikomeje kugira uruhare mu ngeri zitandukanye zirimo no guhanga imirimo.avuga ko hazubakirwa ku migendekere myiza y’iki gihembwe hagahangwa uburyo butuma ubuhinzi bw’u Rwanda bukomeza gukorwa hagamijwe inyungu kandi bugahangana ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Ni imibare yakusanyijwe guhera mu Ukwakira kugeza mu Ukuboza mu mwaka 2022. NAEB igaragaza ko habayeho ukwiyongera kwa 64.1%, aho umusaruro wavuye kuri madolari 158,538,598, ukagera ku madolari 260,206,619.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi
Nyirabarazana
thumb|ikiyongoyongo Nyirabarazana ni igisiga kizwi na benshi ndetse bamwe bajya bagiteraho urwenya mu mvugo igira iti “N’aha hari ahacu”. Urwo rwenya bashobora kuba barushingira ku majwi iki gisiga kigenda kivuga iyo kiguruka.
Nyirabarazana ni kimwe mu bisiga bibana neza kuko ushobora kubisanga hamwe birenga nka 30 kandi biri kumwe n’ibindi bigendagenda mu mazi bishakamo ibyo kurya.
Kubona Nyirabarazana uri mu Rwanda ntabwo bigoranye kuko ahantu henshi zirahaboneka. Ikintu kitazakorohera kubona kuri iki gisiga ni ukukibona cyagurutse mu kirere hejuru cyane kuko kibitinya ku rwego rwo hejuru bitewe n’indwara kigira yitwa Acrophobia.
Imiterere
Nyirabarazana ni igisiga gishobora kugira uburebure bwa 75cm. Ikigabo n’ikigore byose biba bisa. Nyirabarazana ikuze iba ifite ibara ry’umweru rikoze nk’umuheto.
Iryo bara ry’umweru rikoze umuheto rigaragara ku itama ariko ntabwo rigera ku munwa. Amababa agaragara inyuma aba asa n’ibara rya move rishashagirana.
Nyirabarazana igira umunwa muremure ujya gusa n’umukara ariko ku gice cyawo cyo hejuru hasa n’umutuku iyo iri mu gihe cyo kororoka. Amaguru ya Nyirabarazana ajya gusa n’umukara. Uburemere bw’iki gisiga bubarirwa muri garama 1300 g kandi gishobora kurama imyaka iri hagati ya 16-20.
Aho iba
Nyirabarazana ni igisiga kiboneka ahantu henshi mu bihugu biri munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ni igisiga kiboneka ahantu hari ibyatsi bigufi, umukenke no mu bishanga.
Nyirabarazana ntabwo imeze nk’ibindi bisiga byo mu muryango wayo kuko byo bibeshwaho no kuba mu mazi ariko yo ntabwo ariko bimeze n’ubwo na yo yungukira byinshi mu kuba hafi y’ibiyaga, imigezi, amasoko n’ibindi.
Nyirabarazana zikunda kuboneka mu bishanga n’ubwo ushobora kuzibona mu mijyi ziguruka mu kirere. Nyirabarazana nyinshi zikunda kuba mu giti. Iyo bigeze mugitondo zirasakuza cyane.
Ibiyitunga
Nyirabazana ni indyanyama kuko itungwa n’udusimba duto, ibinyamagurijana, ibitangarurirwa, imiserebanya, inzoka, amafi n’ibinyamunjonjorerwa. Ku munywa wa Nyirabarazana habaho akobo kayifasha kumenya ahari iminyorogoto n’udusimba duto.
Imyorokere
Nyirabarazana y’ingabo n’ingore bibana neza cyane ariko uwo mubano kenshi umara umwaka umwe nubwo hari igihe bishobora gukomeza kubana. Igihe cyo kororoka kiba kuva mu kwezi kwa karindwi kugera mu kwezi kwa mbere. Iyo ikigore kimaze gutera amagi abarirwa hagati ya 3-4 ikigabo kigifasha kuyararira. Igihe cyo kurarira ayo magi ni iminsi 26.
Mu kugaburira umushwi hakoreshwa uburyo bwo kuwuhekenyera ikigore cyangwa ikigabo iyo kimaze guhekenya gicira mu kanwa k’uwo mushwi. Kubera ko Nyirabarazana zubaka ibyari mu biti hejuru cyane imishwi myinshi irahanuka ikagwa hasi kandi igapfa. Imishwi itarahanutse iba imaze gukura neza ku minsi 33 kandi iyo igize iminsi 40 irigendera ikajya kwigenga.
Ibiyibangamira
Ibisiga byo mu muryango wa Kagoma byitwa Tawny eagles, ibyitwa African crowned eagle na Black sparrowhawk birya Nyirabarazana.
Ntabwo ari ibyo gusa kuko abantu bafata iya mbere mu kubangamira ibi bisiga binyuze mu kubyicisha uburozi no kwangiza ibidukikije harimo n’ahantu nyirabarazana zikunda kuba. Nyamara nubwo bimeze bityo, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku bidukikije (IUCN) ushyira Nyirabarazana ku rutonde rw’ibisiga bitageramiwe.
VERREAUX'S EAGLE
Verreaux's Eagle
thumb ni inyoni nini cyane, cyane muri africa akaba ari inyoni ihiga
yitwa kandi kagoma yirabura cyane cyane muri afrika yepfo, igaragara no
mu muburasirazuba bwa Aziya, ituye mu misozi no mumajyepfo ya nomuburasirazuba
bwa africa,ndetse no muri africa y'iburengera zuba mu gace ki burasirazuba bwo hagati.
Iyi nyoni nimwe mubwoko bwihariye bwa Accipitride kw'isi hamwe n'ikwirakwiza ryayo
kubwoko bukunda guhiga Hyraxes.
Imiterere
thumb iyi kagoma nini cyane ingana na (75 to 96Cm (30 to 38 in) ikaba ari kagoma ya 3 kw'isi.
akaba ari kagoma ya karindwi cyangwa umunani iremereye kw'isi.
verreaux's ifite ibara ry'umuhondo,ifite kandi umweru uri inyuma ndetse numurizo
y'umukara.ikunda gutotera kumazi, amafi, utundi tunyabuzi duto duto nk'utunyenzi
amphibia n'ibindi.
Urutarangwe
Urutarangwe rwahoze mu mashyamba yo mu Buhinde hamwe n’izindi nyamaswa nk’intare, ingwe n’izindi ariko ruza gushyirwa ku rutonde rw’inyamaswa zazimiye muri iki gihugu kuva mu 1952.
Abahanga bavuga ko guhiga, gutakaza indiri yazo ndetse no kubura ibiryo byatumye izi nyamaswa zibura mu Buhinde.
Inkomoko
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko nibura 200 muri zo ziciwe mu Buhinde. Ahanini zishwe mu gihe cy’ubukoloni n’abashumba b’ihene n’intama kubera ko zinjiraga ahatuwe zije guhiga amatungo.
Iyi nyamaswa ni imwe mu zihuta cyane ku isi, zishobora kugenda ku muvuduko wa kilometero 113 ku isaha.
Gukura izi nyamaswa muri Namibie, bibaye ubwa mbere inyamaswa nini zitarisha nk’iyi zimurwa zikavanwa ku mugabane umwe zijya ku wundi kandi zigasubizwa mu gasozi.
Ubu ku isi hose hasigaye inyamaswa z’ubu bwoko 7,000 hateganyijwe ko nibura muri izo 20 zitwarwa mu Buhinde ziturutse muri Afurika y’Epfo na Namibia.
Ibindi
Zizagezwa mu Buhinde zibanze gushyirwa mu kato mu gihe kingana n’ukwezi kumwe nyuma yaho zirekurwe zishyirwe muri pariki y’igihugu yitwa Kuno.
Amacumbi y’abimukira
thumb|Amacumbi Ni inyubako biteganyijwe ko zizatwara miliyari 60 Frw aho hagiye kubakwa inzu 528 zikazuzura mu gihe cy’amezi atandatu, i Gahanga mu karere ka Kicukiro.
Ibyo wamenya kumacumbi
Umushinga wo kubaka ariya mazu agomba kuzakira bariya bantu, ukaba ari umushinga munini uzajya kuri hegitari hafi 12.Ugiye gutangirira ku mazu 528 azajya kuri hegitari 5.7, icyiciro cya mbere kikaba kigomba gukorwa mu gihe kitarenze amezi atandatu.umushinga uzaba ukomatanyijemo ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye bikazagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’abazahatuzwa.Usibye amazu harimo n’ibindi bikorwa, harimo imihanda, amashanyarazi, hazaba hari amazi, amashuri y’abana, ibibuga byo gukina, za Gym (siporo ngororamubiri), ahantu ho guhahira, ku buryo ari ahantu umuntu azajya aba ari ikintu cyose yakenera akakibona hafi ye. Imashini zirahari, ubu akazi kagiye gutangira.Ibihugu byombi byasinyanye amasezerano yemerera Ubwongereza kohereza abimukira n’abashaka ubuhungiro binjiye muri iki gihugu mu buryo bunyuranyije amategeko nubwo kuri ubu atarashyirwa mu bikorwa.Ni ukureba ubushobozi bafite bwo kwakira aba bantu, akaba ari umushinga munini uzajya kuri hegitare hafi 12 ariko bagiye gutangirira ku nzu 528 zizajya kuri hegitare zirenze zirindwi.Kugeza ubu ni umushinga ufite agaciro kagera kuri miliyari 60 Frw cyane ko uzaba ari umushinga munini uzatuma abazabamo babaho neza.Biteganyijwe ko izo nzu zizubakwa zizaba zifite uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije nk’intego u Rwanda rwihaye mu cyerekezo cyo kurengera ibidukikije.
Ibindi wamenya kubimukira
Aba bimukira mugihe bagombaga kugera mu Rwanda, bagombaga guhabwa ubushobozi bubafasha kuba bakwitunga, bajya mu mashuri ku buryo babona ubumenyi bubafasha kwitunga no gutanga umusanzu ku iterambere ry’igihugu.Ubwongereza bumaze igihe bufite umubare munini w’abimukira binjira mu gihugu mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Umwaka ushize, abimukira ibihumbi 45 binjiye mu Ubwongereza bifashishije ubwato buto.Guverinoma y’Ubwongereza ivuga ko ikoresha asaga miliyari 2,4$ mu kubacumbikira.Bavuga ko batazashyirwa mu mudugudu wabo bihariye ahubwo bazatuzwa hamwe n’abandi Banyarwanda. Iyi gahunda Igihugu cy’Ubwongereza cyashyizemo amafaranga azabafasha kwakira abo bantu bakabaha aho gutura, kandi n’Abanyarwanda bakaboneraho bagaturana na bo. Ntabwo bazabashyira mu mudugudu wabo wihariye, bazajya baba bari kumwe n’Abanyarwanda nk’uko basanzwe babikora buri mwaka, amafaranga amwe azajya muri iyo gahunda.Minisiteri y’Ibikorwa Remezo ivuga ko umushinga wose ari munini ku buryo uzajya kuri hegitari 12, ukazaba ugizwe n’amazu 1500 azubakwa mu buryo butangiza ibidukikije, ukazarangira utwaye amafaranga y’u Rwanda Miliyari 60.
Amashakiro
Ikiciro:Ibidukikije
Christopher Mfuyi
Christopher Nzay Mfuyi (Yavutse Ku ya 3 Nyakanga 1989)ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka muri congo wavukiye i Geneve, mu Busuwisi. Yakinaga nka myugariro wo hagati hamwe na FC Stade Lausanne Ouchy.
Umwuga
Christophe Mfuyi yagaragaye bwa mbere mu mwuga mu cyiciro cya kabiri cy’Ubusuwisi hamwe na Servette FC muri 2007-2008. Yatijwe muriikipe ya Sportif Chênois mu cyiciro cya gatatu muri shampiyona ikurikira mbere yo gusubira i Geneve muri 2009-2010. Mu mpeshyi yo muri 2010 yasinyanye na Valenciennes Football Club aho yatangiriye bwa mbere ku ya 26 Ukwakira 2010, muri Coupe de la Ligue yakinnye na Boulogne.
Ku ya 21 Kamena 2012, yagarutse mu ikipe ye yitoreza muri Servette FC.
amahuza yo hanze
Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Congo
Etran Finatawa
thumb|Itsinda rya Etran Finatawa riri ku rubyiniro Etran Finatawa ni itsinda rya muzika riherereye muri Nigeri, ryashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2004 mu birori byitwa festival au Désert byabereye hafi ya Timbuktu, muri Mali. Umuziki wa Etran Finatawa uhuza umuziki gakondo w'abantu ba Wodaabe na Tuareg n'ibikoresho bya muzika byo mu burengerazuba nka gitari y'amashanyarazi.
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 bazengurutse cyane ku mugabane w'Iburayi, Amerika, Kanada no muri Ositaraliya. Mu mwaka wa 2007, alubumu yabo ya mbere yitwa Introducing Etran Finatawa (yo mu mwaka wa 2006) yatorewe guhatanira igihembo cya Radio BBC kikaba Igihembo cy'umuziki w'isi. Basohoye follow-up, Desert Crossroads, mu 2008, naho 2010 basohora Tarkat Tajje / Reka tugende. Muri 2013, itsinda ryasohoye alubumu yabo ya kane yitwa, The Sahara Sessions.
Izina ry'itsinda risobanura "inyenyeri gakondo".
David Asiamah
Dr. Asiamah ni inzobere mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu ukorana cyane cyane n’abaturage badafite uburenganzira kandi bahejejwe inyuma kugira ngo bagabanye itandukaniro ry’ubuzima binyuze mu mpinduka za buri muntu na sisitemu. Umwizera ushishikaye muburyo bwinshi bwo kumenya, yizera ko bigira ingaruka kumpinduka zifatika binyuze mumuryango mwiza, gufata ibyemezo hamwe no kubaka umubano. David yarakoze kandi abona intsinzi mubice bitandukanye kuva mubigo kugeza kudaharanira inyungu. Yigisha kandi mu ishami ry’ubuzima rusange muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Montclair. David azobereye mubuzima bwabaturage, ubushakashatsi bwibikorwa byabigizemo uruhare, ibikorwa rusange byimibereho, iterambere ryumuryango no gucunga no kugisha inama inyungu.
Amashuri
David afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. muri Clinical-Community Psychology yo muri kaminuza ya Carolina yepfo.
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica
Umushinga "Dusubire ku bimera"
right|thumb|ibimera Umushinga "Dusubire ku bimera" cyangwa gusubira ku bimera ni uburyo bwo kubaho bushimangira kubungabunga ibimera, aho kwimakaza ibihangano bikorwa n'abantu mu bundi buryo. Muri ibi, ibikorwa biboneye byubuzima bwigihugu bikundwa nk'myambarire yo mumijyi kandi y'ubuhanga. Urugero ruzwi ni Henry David Thoreau wamaze imyaka ibiri abaho ubuzima bworoshye mu kazu k’ibiti ku cyuzi cya Walden.
wareba kandi
butaka
Tabitha Karanja
Tabitha Mukami Muigai Karanja ni umucuruzi w’umunyakenya, rwiyemezamirimo, inganda n’umusenateri w’intara ya Nakuru. Niwe washinze kandi akaba n'Umuyobozi mukuru muri iki gihe cya Keroche Breweries, uruganda rwa mbere rukora inzoga nini muri Kenya rufite sosiyete idaharanira inyungu. Uruganda rwa Keroche rufite 20% by’inzoga za Kenya, guhera mu Kwakira 2012
Ubuzima n'uburezi
Tabitha yavukiye hafi ya Kijabe, muri Kenya rwagati. Amaze kwiga amashuri yo muri Kenya, yatangiye akazi muri Minisiteri y'Ubukerarugendo nk'umwanditsi w'ibaruramari. Yahuye arongora umugabo we, wari ufite iduka ryibikoresho byiza mumujyi wa Naivasha. Mu 1997, abo bashakanye bafunze ububiko bw’ibikoresho maze bajya mu bucuruzi bwo gukora divayi
Akazi
Guhera mu 1997, Tabitha Karanja n'umugabo we batangiye gukora divayi ikomeye, yibasira isoko ryo hepfo. Mu 2007, igihe guverinoma yashyizeho imisoro iremereye kuri divayi ikorerwa mu karere, ibicuruzwa bye byaguzwe ku isoko. Yahinduye gukora gin na vodka yiteguye kunywa, uruganda rwe rugezweho rukora na nubu. Mu mwaka wa 2008, yongeyeho inzoga mu ndirimbo ze z’ibinyobwa bisindisha, ahereye ku kirango cyitwa Summit. Muri 2013, uruganda rwatangiye gahunda yo kwagura umusaruro winzoga uva kumacupa 60.000 kumunsi ugera kumacupa 600.000 kumunsi Uruganda rwavuguruwe rwatwaye miliyari 5 KSh (miliyoni 55.5 zamadorali y’Amerika), rwashinzwe na Adan Mohammed, umunyamabanga w’inama y’abaminisitiri y’inganda, ku ya 31 Werurwe 2015
Umuyobozi mukuru wa Keroche Breweries, Tabitha Karanja yatsindiye umwanya wa Senateri ya Nakuru mu 2022, akaba n'umusenateri w'intara ya Nakuru, muri Kenya.
Indanganturo
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Kenya Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere Ikiciro:Uburezi Ikiciro:Inganda
Ikigo nderabuzima
thumb|Ibitaro bya Hartford i Hartford, muri leta ya Connecticut . Ibitaro ni ubwoko bumwe bwikigo nderabuzima. Ikigo nderabuzima, muri rusange, ahantu hose hatangirwa ubuvuzi. Ibigo nderabuzima biva ku mavuriro mato no ku biro bya muganga kugeza ku bigo byita ku barwayi byihutirwa ndetse n’ibitaro binini bifite ibyumba byihutirwa n’ibigo by’ihungabana. Umubare nubwiza bwibigo nderabuzima mu gihugu cyangwa mu karere ni kimwe mu bipimo rusange byerekana ko ako karere gatera imbere n’ubuzima bwiza. Mu bihugu byinshi, ibigo nderabuzima bigengwa ku rugero runaka n’amategeko ; uruhushya rwikigo gishinzwe kugenzura rusabwa akenshi mbere yuko ikigo gishobora gufungura ubucuruzi. Ibigo nderabuzima birashobora gutunga no gukoreshwa nubucuruzi bugamije inyungu, imiryango idaharanira inyungu, guverinoma, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n’abantu ku giti cyabo, ibipimo bitandukanye bitewe n’igihugu. Reba kandi impapuro zisubiramo ziherutse,
Ibikorwa byubuzima
thumb|Ivuriro ry'amaso, ugutwi, izuru, n'umuhogo i Durham, muri Karoline y'Amajyaruguru, ryerekana ikigo gito gisanzwe. Imirimo yikigo nderabuzima ikoreshwa kenshi kugirango yerekane ubunini bwayo. Ibigo nderabuzima binini nibyo bifite umutwaro munini w'abarwayi.Muri Ositaraliya akazi k'ikigo nderabuzima gakoreshwa mu kumenya urwego rw'inkunga ya leta ihabwa icyo kigo. Guverinoma ipima ikigo (cyangwa imyitozo yubuzima) ukurikije ibipimo bisanzwe by’abarwayi bose ( SWPE ). Kubara SWPE bigenwa nisesengura ryabarwayi bitabira icyo kigo. Kubara hitabwa ku kigereranyo cya serivisi z'ubuzima (mu madorari) yatanzwe kuri icyo kigo ugereranije n'abandi buri murwayi yitabira. Harimo ibintu biremereye bishingiye kuri buri barwayi demografiya kugirango babaze urwego rutandukanye rwa serivisi zisabwa n'abarwayi bitewe n'uburinganire n'imyaka yabo. Ikibanza cyo kuremera ni uko abarwayi bakeneye serivisi zitandukanye zubuzima bitewe nimyaka yabo nuburinganire. Kurugero, impuzandengo yumurwayi wumugabo isaba inama nke ugereranije na bakuru be nimpinja. Imbonerahamwe yerekana ibintu biremereye bikoreshwa muguhuza imirimo.
Ibitaro
Ibitaro ni ikigo cyita kubuzima gitanga ubuvuzi bwihariye kuburwayi (cyangwa nijoro). Ibitaro bimwe byakira cyane cyane abarwayi bafite uburwayi cyangwa ububabare runaka, cyangwa bigenewe gusuzuma no kuvura indwara zifata imyaka runaka. Abandi bafite manda yaguka irenze gutanga serivisi zita kubuvuzi no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kugira uruhare mu kuzamura, gukumira no kwigisha mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi bw'ibanze. Muri iki gihe, ibitaro ubusanzwe biterwa inkunga na leta, imiryango y’ubuzima ( ku nyungu cyangwa idaharanira inyungu ), n’ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima cyangwa n’abagiraneza ndetse n’impano. Amateka ariko, akenshi yashinzwe kandi agaterwa inkunga namategeko y’amadini cyangwa abantu n’abagiraneza n’abayobozi. Muri iki gihe ibitaro bikorerwamo n'abaganga, abaforomo, abaganga b'inkeragutabara babigize umwuga, n'ibindi, mu gihe mu mateka, ubusanzwe iki gikorwa cyakorwaga n'amabwiriza ashingiye ku idini cyangwa abakorerabushake.
Ikigo nderabuzima
Ibigo nderabuzima, birimo amavuriro, ibiro by’abaganga, ibigo byita ku barwayi byihutirwa n’ibigo nderabuzima bya ambulatory, bibera umwanya wa mbere w’inzobere mu buzima kandi bitanga ubuvuzi bw’ubuvuzi, ubuforomo, amenyo, n’ubundi bwoko bwa serivisi zita ku barwayi. thumb|Ameza yo muri laboratwari ariho n'ibikoresho.
Laboratoire y'ubuvuzi n'ubushakashatsi
Laboratoire yubuvuzi cyangwa laboratoire ni laboratoire ikorerwa ibizamini ku ngero z’ibinyabuzima hagamijwe kubona amakuru y’ubuzima bw’umurwayi. Laboratwari nk'izo zishobora kugabanywamo amashami atandukanye nka mikorobe, indwara ya hematologiya, ibinyabuzima by’ubuvuzi, immunologiya, serologiya, amateka y’amateka, cytologiya, cytogenetike, cyangwa virusi. Mu bihugu byinshi, hari ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwa laboratoire itunganya ubwinshi bwubuvuzi. Laboratoire y'ibitaro ifatanye n'ibitaro, kandi ikora ibizamini kuri aba barwayi. Laboratoire yigenga cyangwa iy'abaturage yakira ingero z'abakora ibikorwa rusange, amasosiyete y'ubwishingizi, n'andi mavuriro y’ubuzima kugira ngo babisesengure.
= Referances = Ikiciro:Health Ikiciro:Ubuzima
Igishwi gito
Igishwi gito ( Accipiter minullus ) ni ubwoko bwinyoni ya Afrotropical yinyamanswa mu muryango wa Accipitridae. Ni umunyamuryango muto muto wo mubwoko bwa Acipiter.
Ibisobanuro
Igishwi gito ni, nkuko izina ryacyo ryerekana inyoni ntoya cyane yinyamanswa nayo itandukanijwe amababa abiri yera kuruhande rwamababa yumurizo wacyo hagati hamwe nigitambara cyera cyera kumurongo wo hasi. Abana bato bafite ibara ryijimye muri rusange bafite amabara yera kumababa yo hejuru kandi agaragara hamwe yakuze munsi aho kubuzwa kandi amababa ya rump afite inama zera gusa, kandi yerekana umwijima. Ku bantu bakuru fagitire ni umukara, amaguru maremare n'amano maremare ni umuhondo, cere ni umuhondo kandi amaso ni umuhondo mwinshi; mu bana bato bafite ibara ry'umuhondo-icyatsi n'amaso yijimye. Uburebure ni 23–27 cm (9.1-10.6 in) ; amababa ni 39–50 cm (15-20 muri), igitsina gabo gipima 74–85 g (2.6–3.0 oz) n'umugore 68–105 g (2.4–3.7 oz).
Ikwirakwizwa n'aho uba
Igishwi gito kiboneka mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara muri Etiyopiya mu majyepfo kugera muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo no mu majyaruguru ya Angola, mu majyepfo kugera mu burasirazuba bwa Cape muri Afurika y'Epfo.
Igishwi gito ni inyoni yo mu ishyamba ishobora kuboneka mu mashyamba y’ibiti na scrub, ubusanzwe hafi y’ibibaya.
Reba
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Mutabaruka Angelbert
Amateka
Mutabaruka Angelbert ni umunyamakuru wa Radio/TV1 akaba azwi mu biganiro bitandukanye.
Chop Bar
thumb| Urugero rwibiryo bishobora kuboneka mu kabari kitwa Chop Bar thumb| Icyapa cy'ikibaho kiharanga thumb| Isupu yintoki iboneka muri Chop Bar Chop bar ni resitora itunganya ibiryo gakondo iherereye mu gihugu cya Gana ahanini iherereye mu gace  k'amajyepfo y'igihugu. Muri gakondo yaba-pidgin bo muri Gana, Ijambo Chop, rihabanye kure n'ubusobanuro busanzwe bivuga gukata, ahubwo barikoresha bashaka gusobanura kurya. Rishobora kandi kugira ikindi gisobanuro, ku bijyanye n'amafaranga, bishatse gusobanura gukoresha cyangwa gusesagura. Mu y'andi magambo, Chop bifite igisobanuro cyuko ari ahantu dushobora kurira �chop� [ni ukuvuga kurya]. Kandi rero uhereye kuri ibi byahindutse icyo ntekereza ko aha hantu ari ahantu nyaburanga hakomeye ku muco hakaba ingenzi cyane muri iki gihugu mu kubambatira umuco, kimwe nkuko utubari twa burger ari umwihariko w'Abanyamerika naho amaduka y'amafi na chip ari amaduka y'umwihariko w'Abongereza. Nijeriya niyo ifite inyama zizwi cyane zitwa �suya�, zuzuyemo ubunyobwa bwaho. Amafunguro agaburwa ari mu bikombe by'ibumba byaho kandi ibyo ibiryo nibyo bikunze kuribwa cyane muri ako gacecyangwa ibyo bibanza. Ahenshi muri utwo tubari haba habitsemo ibinyobwa bisindisha byengewe aho hamwe n’ibinyobwa bike by’amahanga bihari. Ni igishushanyo ndangamuco cya Gana, kandi gikundwa nabenegihugu.
Inkomoko y'izina
Ijambo 'chop' rikomoka ku nshinga isobanura 'kurya' mu rurimi kavukire rwa pidjin yo muri Gana cyangwa bikagira igisobanuro cyo gukatwamo ibice mu gisobanuro gakondo. Utubari twa Chop ahanini tugurisha ibiryo kavukire bya Gana nka fufu, banku, konkonte, na omotuo (imiceri izinze) hamwe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'isupu. thumb| Umugurisha wa Banku
Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo muri Afurika Ikiciro:Resitora
Gucuruza abantu
thumb|Umunsi w'Isi wahariwe kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu thumb|Guhagarika icuruzwa ry'Abantu Gucuruza abantu ni ubucuruzi bwabantu hagamijwe imirimo y'agahato, ubucakara, cyangwa gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku mucuruzi cyangwa abandi. [1] Ibi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo guha uwo mwashakanye murwego rwo gushyingirwa ku gahato, [3] [4] [5] cyangwa gukuramo ingingo cyangwa ingirangingo, [6] [7] harimo no gusama no gukuramo ova. Gucuruza abantu birashobora kugaragara mu gihugu cyangwa mu mahanga. Gucuruza abantu nicyaha cyibasiye umuntu kubera guhonyora uburenganzira bw’uwahohotewe bwo kugenda binyuze ku gahato no kubera ubucuruzi bwabo. Gucuruza abantu ni ubucuruzi mu bantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana, kandi ntibisobanura ko byanze bikunze umuntu yimuka ava ahantu hamwe akajya ahandi. [10]
Abantu ba magendu (nanone bita magendu y'abantu na magendu y'abimukira) ni imyitozo ifitanye isano irangwa no kwemererwa na magendu. Ibicuruzwa bya magendu birashobora kuva mu icuruzwa ry’abantu binyuze ku gahato no kubakoresha. Abantu bacuruzwa bafatirwa kubushake bwabo binyuze mubikorwa byagahato, bagahatirwa gukorera cyangwa gutanga serivisi kubacuruza cyangwa abandi. thumb|abikorera mukurwana icuruzwa ry'abanttu Ishami mpuzamahanga ryita ku murimo (ILO) rivuga ko imirimo y'agahato yonyine (kimwe mu bigize icuruzwa ry'abantu) yinjiza inyungu zigera kuri miliyari 150 z'amadolari ku mwaka guhera mu 2014. [14] Muri 2012, ILO yagereranije ko miliyoni 21 zahohotewe zafatiwe mu bucakara bwa none. Muri bo, miliyoni 14.2 (68%) bakoreshejwe imirimo, miliyoni 4.5 (22%) bakoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina, naho miliyoni 2.2 (10%) bakoreshwa imirimo y'agahato yashyizweho na Leta. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo watangaje ko abakozi b'abana, abato, n'abimukira badasanzwe bafite ibyago byinshi byo gukoreshwa nabi cyane. Imibare irerekana ko kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni 215 z'abakozi bakiri bato ku isi bigaragara ko bari mu mirenge iteje akaga, harimo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ku gahato no gusabiriza ku gahato. Bavuga ko amoko mato hamwe n’amatsinda y’abantu bahejejwe inyuma cyane bakorera cyane mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zikoreshwa cyane kandi zangiza, nko gutunganya uruhu, gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, ndetse no gucukura amabuye.
Gucuruza abantu n’inganda ya gatatu mu bucuruzi bw’ibyaha ku isi, inyuma y’ubucuruzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge n’icuruzwa ry’intwaro, kandi ni cyo gikorwa cyihuta cyane cy’imitwe yitwara gisirikare ihuza ibihugu. [18] [19] [20]
Icuruzwa ry'abantu ryamaganwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu n'amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Byongeye kandi, icuruzwa ry’abantu rigomba gukurikizwa mu Muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Dukurikije inyandiko za 2018 na 2019 zasohotse buri mwaka Raporo y’icuruzwa ry’abantu yatanzwe na Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika: Biyelorusiya, Irani, Uburusiya, na Turukimenisitani bikomeje kuba mu bihugu bibi cyane mu bijyanye no kurinda umutekano w’icuruzwa ry’abantu n’imirimo ikoreshwa ku gahato. [10] [22]
Ibisobanuro
Isoko ry'Africa
Ibihugu by'africa bikwiye gushirahamwe muguhagurukira kuyoboka isoko Rusange ribihuje ndetse bagakuraho
Gucuruza abantu
Hindura thumb|Human Trafficking Awareness Umunsi w'isi wo kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu
Isoko ry'Africa
inzitizi zose zibangamira ubuhahirane
Ibigo by'ubucuruzi muri Africa
Inama ngarukamwaka ihuje abayobozi b'ibigo bikomeye by'ubucurizi iriga uko Afurika yarushaho kuba isoko rimwe ku bayituye kandi igakuraho n'inzitizi zikibangamiye ubucuruzi bwayo.
Gucuruza abantu
Nubwo icuruzwa ry’abantu rishobora kugaragara ku nzego z’ibanze cyangwa iz'imbere mu gihugu, rifite ingaruka ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nk'uko byemejwe n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Porotokole yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry'abantu, cyane cyane abagore n'abana (nanone ryitwa Protokole yo gucuruza cyangwa Palermo) Protokole), amasezerano mpuzamahanga ashingiye ku Masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya ibyaha byateguwe n’amahanga (CTOC) yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 25 Ukuboza 2003. Porotokole ni imwe muri eshatu zuzuza CTOC. Amasezerano yo gucuruza n’igikoresho cya mbere ku isi, cyemewe n'amategeko mu gucuruza mu gihe kirenga igice cy’ikinyejana, kandi kikaba ari cyo cyonyine gifite ibisobanuro byemeranijweho ku bijyanye no gucuruza abantu. Imwe mu ntego zayo ni ukorohereza ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu iperereza no gukurikirana ubwo bucuruzi. Ikindi ni ukurinda no gufasha abahohotewe n’abantu bubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo nkuko bigaragara mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Amasezerano yo gucuruza, yari afite abayashyizeho umukono 117 kandi guhera mu Gushyingo 2018, amashyaka 173, [24] asobanura ko icuruzwa ry’abantu ari:
(a) yumwanya wintege nke cyangwa gutanga cyangwa kwakira ubwishyu cyangwa inyungu kugirango ugere kubwumvikane bwumuntu ufite kugenzura undi muntu, agamije kubikoresha. Ubusambo bukubiyemo, byibuze, gukoresha cyangwa uburaya bwabandi cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina, imirimo y'agahato cyangwa serivisi, uburetwa cyangwa ibikorwa bisa n'ubucakara, uburetwa cyangwa kuvanaho, gukoresha cyangwa gushyira ingingo;
(b) Uruhushya rw’uwahohotewe mu bantu ku bikorwa bigamije gukoreshwa mu gika cya (a) cy’iyi ngingo ntaho bihuriye n’aho hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose buvugwa mu gika (a);
(c) Gushaka, gutwara, kwimura, kubakira cyangwa kwakira umwana hagamijwe kubakoresha bifatwa nk "gucuruza abantu" ndetse niba ibi bitarimo uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose buvugwa mu gika (a) cy'iyi ngingo;
(d) "Umwana" bivuga umuntu uwo ari we wese uri munsi yimyaka cumi n'umunani. thumb|ibikorwa byo kurwanya ishimutwa rya Muntu Amafaranga yinjira
Hindura
Mu mwaka wa 2014, Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku murimo wagereranije miliyari 150 z'amadolari y'inyungu y’umwaka yaturutse ku mirimo y'agahato yonyine.
Ikoreshwa ry'ijambo
Abaharanira gucuruza abantu kuri 10 Downing Street, London
Abantu bacuruzwa bafatirwa kubushake bwabo binyuze mubikorwa byagahato, bagahatirwa gukorera cyangwa gutanga serivisi kubacuruza cyangwa abandi. Akazi cyangwa serivisi birashobora kuba bikubiyemo ikintu cyose uhereye ku mirimo ifitanye isano cyangwa ku gahato kugeza ku bucuruzi bw'imibonano mpuzabitsina. [1] Gahunda irashobora kuba yubatswe nkamasezerano yakazi, ariko nta kwishyura cyangwa make, cyangwa kumagambo akoreshwa cyane. Rimwe na rimwe, gahunda itunganijwe nk'ubucakara bw'umwenda, uwahohotewe atemerewe cyangwa adashobora kwishyura umwenda.
Imirimo y'agahato ni ibihe abantu bahatirwa gukora kubushake bwabo babangamiwe n’ihohoterwa cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhanwa; umudendezo wabo urabujijwe kandi hashyizweho urwego rwa nyirubwite. Umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abakozi uvuga ko abagabo n'abagore bafite ibyago byo gucuruzwa kubera imirimo idafite ubuhanga, ku isi yose yinjiza miliyari 31 z'amadolari y'Amerika. Ubwoko bw'imirimo y'agahato bushobora kubamo uburetwa bwo mu rugo, imirimo y'ubuhinzi, imirimo yo mu ruganda rwa swatshop, isuku, serivisi y'ibiribwa n'indi mirimo ikora inganda, no gusabiriza. Bimwe mu bicuruzwa bishobora kubyara imirimo y'agahato ni: imyenda, kakao, amatafari, ikawa, ipamba, na zahabu.
Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka (IOM), ikigo kimwe rukumbi ku isi gitanga serivisi ku bahohotewe, raporo zivuga ko umubare w’imanza ziyongera aho abahohotewe bakorerwa imirimo y'agahato. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2012 bugaragaza ko "… 2010 byagaragaye cyane nk'umwaka wa mbere aho IOM yafashaga abantu benshi bahohotewe mu bucuruzi kurusha abari baracurujwe bagamije gusambanya." [29] Intego nyamukuru ya IOM ni "gutanga umutekano, serivisi zizewe, zoroshye kandi zihendutse kubantu bakeneye ubufasha bw’abimukira mpuzamahanga. Gutezimbere imicungire y’ikiremwamuntu kandi itunganijwe neza no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abimukira hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga. Gutanga inama, ubushakashatsi, ubufatanye mu bya tekiniki n'ubufasha bukoreshwa mu bihugu, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ndetse n'abandi bafatanyabikorwa, hagamijwe kubaka ubushobozi bw'igihugu no korohereza ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n'ibihugu byombi ku bibazo by'abimukira ... "[30]
Imirimo ikoreshwa abana ni uburyo bw'akazi bushobora kubangamira iterambere ry'umubiri, mu mutwe, mu mwuka, mu myifatire, cyangwa mu mibereho y'abana kandi rishobora kubangamira imyigire yabo. Ishami ry'umuryango mpuzamahanga ryita ku murimo rivuga ko umubare w'abana ku isi bakora imirimo ivunanye wagabanutse mu myaka cumi n'ibiri kugeza mu 2012 - wagabanutseho kimwe cya gatatu, uva kuri miliyoni 246 mu 2000 ugera kuri miliyoni 168 mu 2012. [31] Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ni akarere gafite umubare munini w'abana bakoreshwa imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, mu gihe umubare munini w'abakozi bakorera abana uboneka muri Aziya no muri pasifika.
Jenerali
Igishushanyo cyerekana icuruzwa ry’abantu ku isi bava mu bihugu bakomokamo
Ibihugu bikomokamo
Icunga: Umubare munini wabantu
Umutuku: Umubare munini cyane wabantu
Ibihugu bigana
Ubururu bwerurutse: Umubare munini wabantu
Ubururu: Umubare munini wabantu
Ibihugu byerekanwe imvi ntabwo ari ibihugu bikomokamo cyangwa ibihugu bigana
Ikarita y'isi yerekana uko amategeko yifashe mu bihugu bitandukanye kugira ngo hirindwe icuruzwa ry'abagore guhera mu 2009 nk'uko umushinga WomanStats ubitangaza.
Icyatsi: Nta makuru
Icyatsi: Gucuruza ntibyemewe kandi ntibisanzwe
Umuhondo: Gucuruza ntibyemewe ariko ibibazo biracyahari
Ubururu: Gucuruza ntibyemewe kandi birakorwa
Umutuku: Gucuruza ntabwo byemewe kandi bikunze gukorwa [32]
Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n’ubugizi bwa nabi (UNODC) ryakomeje gufasha imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri Leta mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Intambara yo mu 2006 yabereye muri Libani, aho abakozi 300.000 bo mu rugo baturutse muri Sri Lanka, Etiyopiya na Filipine badafite akazi kandi bakibasirwa n’abacuruzi, byatumye habaho ubukangurambaga bwihutirwa n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Caritas Migrant mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu gucuruza abantu. Byongeye kandi, Mata 2006 raporo, Gucuruza abantu: Global Patterns, yafashije kumenya ibihugu 127 bikomokamo, ibihugu 98 bitambuka n’ibihugu 137 bigenewe gucuruza abantu. Kugeza ubu, ni ya kabiri ikururwa cyane muri raporo ya UNODC. Kuva mu 2007, UNODC yashyigikiye ibikorwa nk'umushinga wa Vigilance Community ku mupaka uhuza Ubuhinde na Nepal, ndetse inatanga inkunga mu bikorwa byo gukumira icuruzwa ry'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta muri Bosiniya na Herzegovina na Korowasiya.
Imbaraga za UNODC mu gushishikariza ibikorwa zatangije ubukangurambaga bw’umutima w’ubururu bwo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu ku ya 6 Werurwe 2009, [34] Mexico yatangije verisiyo y’igihugu yayo muri Mata 2010. [35] [36] Ubukangurambaga bushishikariza abantu kwerekana ubufatanye n’abahohotewe n’abantu bambaye umutima wubururu, nkukuntu kwambara lente itukura biteza imbere kwandura virusi itera SIDA mpuzamahanga. Ku ya 4 Ugushyingo 2010, Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, Ban Ki-moon yatangije ikigega cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyita ku bushake cy’abakorewe icyaha cyo gucuruza abantu kugira ngo gitange ubufasha bw’ikiremwamuntu, amategeko ndetse n’imari ku bahohotewe n’ubucuruzi bw’abantu hagamijwe kongera umubare w’abatabazi kandi bashyigikiwe, no kwagura ubufasha bahabwa.
Mu 2013, Umuryango w'Abibumbye washyizeho 30 Nyakanga nk'umunsi w'isi urwanya icuruzwa ry'abantu.
Muri Mutarama 2019, UNODC yasohoye inyandiko nshya ya Raporo ku Isi ku bijyanye no gucuruza abantu. Raporo ku isi ku icuruzwa ry’abantu 2018 yerekanye ko 30 ku ijana by’abantu bose bahohotewe n’icuruzwa ry’abantu ryamenyekanye ku isi ku isi hagati ya 2016 na 2018 ari abana, bikiyongeraho 3 ku ijana mu gihe cya 2007–2010.
Raporo y’isi yose yanditseho abahohotewe n’ibihugu 137 bitandukanye byagaragaye mu bihugu 142 hagati ya 2012 na 2016, muri icyo gihe hagaragaye imigezi 500 itandukanye. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’icuruzwa ryabereye mu karere kamwe naho 42 ku ijana bibera mu mbibi z’igihugu. Kimwe kidasanzwe ni uburasirazuba bwo hagati, aho abantu benshi bagaragaye ni abahohotewe nabanya Aziya yepfo. Abagaragaye mu bucuruzi bw’abaturutse muri Aziya y’iburasirazuba bagaragaye mu bihugu birenga 64, bituma baba itsinda ryatatanye cyane ku isi. Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye ryakarere muburyo bwagaragaye bwo gukoresha. Ibihugu byo muri Afurika no muri Aziya muri rusange bifata ibibazo byinshi byo gucuruza imirimo y'agahato, mu gihe imibonano mpuzabitsina ikunze kugaragara cyane mu Burayi no muri Amerika. Byongeye kandi, gucuruza gukuramo ingingo byagaragaye mu bihugu 16 ku isi. Raporo igaragaza impungenge z’imibare mike y’abakatiwe - 16 ku ijana by’ibihugu bitanga raporo ntibigeze bahamwe n’icyaha kimwe cyo gucuruza abantu hagati ya 2007 na 2010. Kugeza muri Gashyantare 2018, ibihugu 173 byemeje amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gucuruza abantu, muri yo UNODC. ni umurinzi. Intambwe ishimishije imaze guterwa mu bijyanye n'amategeko: guhera mu 2012, 83% by'ibihugu byari bifite itegeko rihana icuruzwa ry'abantu hakurikijwe Amasezerano.
Mutuyeyezu Oswald
"Mutuyeyezu Oswald ni Umunyamakuru wa TV10 akaba n'umusesenguzi"
Gucuruza abantu
Abantu bagurishwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga na porogaramu za telefoni.
Inga Gubeka
Inga Gubeka ni we washinze Indalo Décor akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa sitidiyo ya Cape Town ikorera mu mujyi wa Cape Town izobereye mu bicuruzwa byo muri iki gihe.
Mutuyeyezu Oswald
Amateka
Mutuyeyezu Oswald
Gucuruza abantu
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga agezweho (rusange)
Inga Gubeka
Ishakiro
Ikiciro:Afurika Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica
Mutuyeyezu Oswald
Umwuga w'itangazamakuru
Mutuyeyezu Oswald n'umunyamakuru ubimazemo igihe aho akora ikiganiro "Zinduka" kuri Radio/TV10 buri munsi.
Ibindi
Mutuyeyezu Oswald uretse kuba ari umunyamakuru akunda umuziki ku rwego ashyira bumwe mu butumwa atanga kuri Radio muburyo bumeze nk'indirimbo.Oswald yashize hanze kandi indirimbo hanze yo guhimbaza Imana, indirimbo yafatanije na Korali Mutagatifu Pawulo(Chorale Saint Paul)
Ines Ghislaine Nyinawumuntu
Amateka
Ines Ghislaine Nyinawumuntu ni umunyamakuru wa Kigali Today
Gucuruza abantu
Amasezerano y'inyongera yerekeye gukuraho ubucakara, yatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1957
Porotokole yo gukumira, guhagarika no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane Abagore n’abana
Amasezerano yo kurwanya magendu y’abimukira ku butaka, ku nyanja no mu kirere
Porotokole idahitamo kugurisha abana, uburaya bwabana hamwe nubusambanyi bwabana
ILO ikuraho amasezerano y’umurimo ku gahato, 1957 (No 105)
Amasezerano ntarengwa ya ILO, 1973 (No 138)
ILO Uburyo bubi bwamasezerano yumurimo wabana, 1999 (No 182)
Amasezerano hagati y'Abanyamerika ku bijyanye n’umuhanda mpuzamahanga mu bana bato
Leta zunz'ubumwe
Ingingo nyamukuru: Gucuruza abantu muri Amerika
Mu 2007, Sena y’Amerika yemeje ko ku ya 11 Mutarama ari umunsi w’igihugu w’ubukangurambaga bw’abantu mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu kumenya iki kibazo ku isi, ku rwego rw’igihugu ndetse no mu karere. Mu mwaka wa 2010, 2011, 2012 na 2013, Perezida Barack Obama yatangaje ko Mutarama ari ukwezi kwahariwe ubucakara no gukumira icuruzwa ry'abantu. Hamwe niyi gahunda, amasomero yo muri Amerika yose yatangiye kugira uruhare mukumenyekanisha icuruzwa ryabantu. Buhorobuhoro, amasomero yahindutse ibigo byuburezi kubatazi iki kibazo. Amasomero kandi yafatanije n’imiryango guhugura abakozi kugira ngo bamenye abahohotewe n’abantu kandi batange ubufasha.
Muri 2014, DARPA yateye inkunga gahunda ya Memex ifite intego igaragara yo kurwanya gucuruza abantu binyuze mubushakashatsi bwihariye. Ubushobozi bwo gushakisha bwateye imbere, harimo n'ubushobozi bwabwo bwo kugera ku rubuga rwijimye butuma hakurikiranwa imanza z’icuruzwa ry’abantu, zishobora kugorana gukurikirana kubera amayeri y’uburiganya bw’abacuruza abantu.
Mu mwaka wa 2015, umurongo wa telefoni utishyurwa w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucuruza abantu wakiriye raporo z’abantu barenga 5.000 bashobora gucuruza abantu muri Amerika Abana bagera kuri kimwe cya gatatu cy’abahohotewe, mu gihe abagore bagize kimwe cya kabiri. [51] Abakozi ba umurongo wa telefoni barashobora kuvugana n'abantu mu ndimi zirenga 200. Gucuruza abantu nubucuruzi bukomeye. Nikibazo gikomeye muri Floride yepfo, hamwe na hamwe muri hoteri ni Miami Beach. Polisi yo muri uwo mujyi yataye muri yombi abantu batatu bakekwaho gucuruza abantu mu 2017. Bivugwa ko ari yo mibare myinshi muri Floride y'Amajyepfo. Usibye kwibanda ku gufata abacuruza, abashinzwe iperereza batanga ubufasha ku bahohotewe.
Inama y’Uburayi
Ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2005, Komite y'Abaminisitiri yemeje Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (CETS No 197). [54] Aya masezerano yafunguwe kugira ngo asinywe i Warsaw ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2005 mu gihe cy’inama ya 3 y’abakuru b’ibihugu na guverinoma y’Inama y’Uburayi. Ku ya 24 Ukwakira 2007, ayo masezerano yakiriwe ku ncuro ya cumi bityo bituma inzira itangira gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Gashyantare 2008. Kuva muri Kamena 2017, ayo masezerano yemejwe n’ibihugu 47 (harimo na Biyelorusiya, igihugu kitari Inama y’Uburayi), Uburusiya nicyo gihugu cyonyine kitaremeza (cyangwa ngo gisinywe).
Amasezerano ntagarukira gusa mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’Uburayi; ibihugu bitari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nabyo bifite amahirwe yo kuba Ishyaka ry’amasezerano. Mu 2013, Biyelorusiya ibaye igihugu cya mbere kitari Inama y’Uburayi cyinjiye muri ayo masezerano. [56]
Amasezerano yashyizeho itsinda ry’impuguke mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (GRETA) rikurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano binyuze muri raporo z’igihugu. Guhera ku ya 1 Werurwe 2013, GRETA yasohoye raporo 17 zo mu gihugu.
Kurinda byiyongera ku icuruzwa ry’abana rikorwa binyuze mu Masezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye kurengera abana kwirinda ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ndetse n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina (ryashyizweho umukono i Lanzarote, ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2007). Amasezerano yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2010. [59] Kuva mu Gushyingo 2020, ayo masezerano yemejwe n'ibihugu 47, Irlande ikaba yarasinye ariko ikaba itaremezwa.
Umuryango w’umutekano n’ubufatanye mu Burayi
Ingingo nyamukuru: Umuryango w’umutekano n’ubufatanye mu Burayi
Mu 2003, Umuryango w'abibumbye washyizeho uburyo bwo kurwanya icuruzwa rigamije gukangurira abaturage kumenya iki kibazo no kubaka ubushake bwa politiki mu bihugu byayitabiriye kugira ngo bikemuke neza.
Ibikorwa bya OBS byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu bihuzwa n’ibiro by’intumwa idasanzwe ishinzwe kurwanya ibinyabiziga by’abantu. [63] Muri Mutarama 2010, Maria Grazia Giammarinaro yabaye uhagarariye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Umuryango w’abibumbye akaba n'umuhuzabikorwa mu kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. Dr. Giammarinaro (Ubutaliyani) yabaye umucamanza mu rukiko mpanabyaha rw’i Roma kuva mu 1991. Yakoze kuva mu 2006 kugeza mu 2009 mu buyobozi bukuru bwa komisiyo y’Uburayi ishinzwe ubutabera, ubwisanzure n’umutekano i Buruseli, aho yari ashinzwe imirimo yo kurwanya abantu gucuruza no gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bana, ndetse no ku bihano by’abinjira mu mahanga mu buryo butemewe n’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya ibyaha byateguwe. Muri icyo gihe, yahujije itsinda ry’impuguke zerekeye gucuruza abantu muri komisiyo y’Uburayi. Kuva mu 2001 kugeza 2006 yari umucamanza w'iperereza ry'ibanze mu rukiko mpanabyaha rwa Roma. Mbere yibyo, guhera mu 1996 yari Umuyobozi w’ibiro bishinzwe amategeko akaba n'umujyanama wa minisitiri w’amahirwe angana. Kuva mu 2006 kugeza Ukuboza 2009, ibiro byari biyobowe na Eva Biaudet wahoze ari umudepite, akaba na minisitiri w’ubuzima n’imibereho myiza mu gihugu cye cya Finlande.
Ibikorwa bya Biro ya Raporo idasanzwe imyumvire itandukanye kuva guhugura inzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko guhangana n’icuruzwa ry’abantu kugeza guteza imbere politiki igamije kurandura burundu ruswa n’ibyaha byateguwe. Uhagarariye bidasanzwe kandi asura ibihugu kandi ashobora, abisabye, gushyigikira ishyirwaho n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki yabo yo kurwanya icuruzwa. Mu bindi bihe, uhagarariye bidasanzwe atanga inama zijyanye no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by’icuruzwa ry’abantu, kandi agafasha guverinoma, abaminisitiri n’abayobozi kugera ku ntego bagaragaje zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu.
Ubuhinde
Preity Zinta muri ACT (Kurwanya icuruzwa ry'abana)
Mu Buhinde, icuruzwa ry’abantu kugira ngo bakoreshwe mu bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi, imirimo y'agahato, gushyingirwa ku gahato ndetse n’uburetwa bwo mu rugo bifatwa nkicyaha cyateguwe. Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde ikurikiza itegeko mpanabyaha (Ivugurura) Itegeko 2013, ritangira gukurikizwa kuva ku ya 3 Gashyantare 2013, ndetse n’ingingo ya 370 na 370A IPC, risobanura icuruzwa ry’abantu kandi "ritanga ibihano bikaze ku icuruzwa ry’abantu; gucuruza abana kugira ngo babakoreshe mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose; harimo gukoreshwa ku mubiri; cyangwa uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose bwo gukoresha imibonano mpuzabitsina, uburetwa, uburetwa cyangwa kuvanaho ku gahato ingingo. " Byongeye kandi, Task Force yo mu karere ishyira mu bikorwa amasezerano ya SAARC yerekeye gukumira icuruzwa ry’abagore n’abana.
Bwana R.P.N. Ku ya 20 Gashyantare 2014, Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga w’Ubuhinde, Singh, yatangije imbuga za interineti ya guverinoma, Urubuga rwo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. , Ibihugu / UTs [Intara z’Ubumwe] n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa neza ingamba zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu. "
Imfashanyo mugukurikirana imanza hamwe na leta ihuriweho.
Tanga umurongo kuri "Trackchild", Urubuga rwigihugu ku bana babuze rukorera muri leta nyinshi.
Ku ya 20 Gashyantare kandi, guverinoma y'Ubuhinde yatangaje ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda yuzuye ikubiyemo ishyirwaho ry’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu (AHTUs) mu turere 335 tw’abapolisi batishoboye bo mu Buhinde, ndetse no kongerera ubushobozi harimo amahugurwa y’abapolisi, abashinjacyaha n’ubutabera. . Nkuko byatangajwe, AHTUs 225 zashyizwe mu bikorwa, mu gihe izindi AHTU 100 zasabwe mu mwaka w’ingengo yimbere.
Singapore
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, Singapore yemeye amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe gucuruza abantu kandi yemeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2015, icyemezo cyo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana. [65]
Singapore isa nkaho ikunzwe cyane gucuruza abantu hamwe n’abagore n’abakobwa baturutse mu Buhinde, Tayilande, Filipine n'Ubushinwa.
Raporo ya Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2018 ivuga ko Singapuru irimo gushyira ingufu mu guca burundu icuruzwa ry’abantu kuko ritanga ibihano bikomeye ku bacuruza ibyaha, guteza imbere ubwisanzure bwo kugenda ku bantu bakuze kandi bikongerera abakozi bimukira kumenya uburenganzira bwabo. Icyakora, ntirujuje ubuziranenge kuko abakozi benshi bimukira mu kazi bagaragaza icuruzwa ry’abakozi, ariko ntihaboneka ukwemera. Mu Gushyingo 2019, abenegihugu b’Ubuhinde bahamwe n’icyaha cyo gukoresha abagore bimukira mu mahanga, kikaba ari cyo gihano cya mbere muri Leta. Uku kujijuka kwerekanye ko Singapore yahisemo gufata ingamba zikomeye zo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu.
Igipimo cya politiki yo kurwanya icuruzwa
Icyegeranyo cya 3P cyo kurwanya icuruzwa ryagaragaje imikorere ya politiki ya leta yo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu hashingiwe ku gusuzuma ibisabwa na politiki yashyizweho n’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo gukumira, guhashya no guhana icuruzwa ry’abantu, cyane cyane abagore n’abana (2000). ]
Urwego rwa politiki rwasuzumwe hifashishijwe igipimo cy amanota atanu, aho amanota atanu yerekana imyitozo myiza ya politiki, mugihe amanota 1 ari mabi. Iki gipimo cyakoreshejwe mu gusesengura ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bya politiki yo kurwanya icuruzwa: (i) gukurikirana (guhana) abacuruza, (ii) kurinda abahohotewe, no (iii) gukumira icyaha cyo gucuruza abantu. Buri sub-index yubushinjacyaha, kurinda no gukumira yakusanyirijwe ku cyegeranyo rusange hamwe n’amafaranga ataremereye, hamwe n’ibipimo rusange kuva ku manota 3 (bibi) kugeza kuri 15 (byiza). Iraboneka mubihugu bigera kuri 177 buri mwaka muri 2000 kugeza 2015; raporo ya 2015, yasohotse mu 2016, ni yo ya nyuma guhera ku ya 26 Ugushyingo 2018.