cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Amasezerano ya Kyoto yo mu 1997 yongereye UNFCCC kandi akubiyemo amasezerano yiyemeje kubahiriza ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Muri iyo mishyikirano, G77 (ihagarariye ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere) yasunikiraga manda isaba ibihugu byateye imbere "gufata iyambere" mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, [310] kubera ko ibihugu byateye imbere byagize uruhare runini mu kwegeranya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu kirere. Umwuka w’umuturage nawo wari ukiri muto mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kandi ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byakenera kohereza byinshi kugira ngo bikemure iterambere ryabyo.
Igisubizo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku gahato ka mbere gihindurwa n’ibisubizo: byongerewe no "kwikomeza" cyangwa "ibyiza" kandi bigabanywa no "kuringaniza" cyangwa "ibibi". [103] Ibyingenzi byingenzi bishimangira ibitekerezo ni ibitekerezo byamazi yumuyaga, ibitekerezo bya ice-albedo, hamwe ningaruka nziza yibicu. [104] [105] Uburyo bwibanze bwo kuringaniza ni ubukonje bukabije, kuko ubuso bwisi butanga ubushyuhe bwinshi mukirere bitewe nubushyuhe bwiyongera. Usibye kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe, hari n'ibisubizwa mu cyerekezo cya karubone, nk'ifumbire mvaruganda ya CO2 ku mikurire y'ibihingwa. Kudashidikanya ku bisubizo ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma imiterere y’ikirere itandukanye yerekana ubushyuhe butandukanye bw’ubushyuhe ku mubare runaka w’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike
Horizons
A horizon ni igice cyo hejuru cyubutaka bwubutaka butambitse, bakunze kwita 'ubutaka'. Iki gipimo kirimo ibinyabuzima byijimye byangirika, aribyo bita "humus". Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki ya horizon birashobora gutandukana hagati ya sisitemu, ariko bikunze gusobanurwa mumagambo ugereranije nibice byimbitse. "A" utambitse dushobora kuba twijimye mu ibara kuruta ibice byimbitse kandi bikubiyemo byinshi organic organic, cyangwa birashobora kuba byoroshye ariko bikabamo bike ibumba cyangwa pedogenic oxyde s. A ni ubuso butambitse, kandi nkuko bizwi kandi nka zone igaragaramo ibikorwa byibinyabuzima. Ibinyabuzima byubutaka nka inzoka s, potworm s (enchytraeids), arthropod s, nematode, fungi, nubwoko bwinshi bwa bagiteri na archaea yibanze hano, akenshi ifatanije cyane n imizi yibihingwa. Rero, A horizon irashobora kwitwa biomantle. Wilkinson, M.T. na G.S. Humphreys. 2005. Ikinyamakuru cyo muri Ositaraliya cy’ubushakashatsi ku butaka, umurongo wa 43, pp. 767-779. A horizon irashobora kugabanywa muri A1 (umwijima, ibikorwa bya biologiya ntarengwa), A2 (paler), na A3 (inzibacyuho kuri B horizon).
Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka
Muri sisitemu nyinshi gutondekanya ubutaka, utambitse dukoreshwa mugusobanura ubwoko bwubutaka. Sisitemu y'Ubudage ikoresha urutonde rwose rw'ibisobanuro kugirango isobanurwe. / ref> Ubundi sisitemu itoranya uturere tumwe na tumwe, "ibipimo byo gusuzuma", kubisobanuro; ingero nizo [ । icon.svg | 50px]] Inyandiko yakuwe muri iyi soko, iboneka munsi ya Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Uruhushya mpuzamahanga. the USDA ubutaka bwubutaka  {{Tanga urubuga | url = https: umutwe = Urufunguzo rwubutaka bwa Taxonomy | integuro = 12 {{Vuga urubuga | url = http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/ubutaka.htm|title = Australiya Gutondekanya Ubutaka | integuro = Icya 2 | umwanditsi = R.F. Isbell | ubufatanye = Komite yigihugu ishinzwe ubutaka nubutaka | umwaka = 2016 | kwinjira-itariki = 11 Gashyantare 2016 | uwatangaje = CSIRO | url-status = yapfuye | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20190416143235 /http://www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm|archive-date=2019-04-16}} < "cambic horizon" cyangwa "spodic horizon". WRB yerekana urutonde 40 rwo gusuzuma. Usibye ibi bisobanuro byo gusuzuma, ibindi bintu biranga ubutaka birashobora gukenerwa kugirango dusobanure ubwoko bwubutaka. Ubutaka bumwe ntabwo bufite iterambere risobanutse neza.
Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi
Icyitegererezo cy’ikirere cyerekana uburyo bw’umubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima bigira ingaruka ku miterere y’ikirere. Icyitegererezo kandi kirimo inzira karemano nkimpinduka zuzenguruka isi, impinduka zamateka mubikorwa byizuba, hamwe no guhatira ibirunga. Icyitegererezo gikoreshwa mukugereranya urugero rwubushyuhe bwoherezwa mu kirere bizazatera mugihe hagaragaye imbaraga z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, [123] hagati y'ubutaka n'ikirere. [125]
Amasezerano ya Copenhagen yo mu 2009 yagaragaye cyane ko atengushye kubera intego zayo nkeya, kandi yangwa n’ibihugu bikennye harimo na G77. [312] Amashyaka yunze ubumwe yari agamije kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi ku gipimo cya 2 ° C. [313] Amasezerano yashyizeho intego yo kohereza miliyari 100 z'amadolari ku mwaka mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere mu rwego rwo kugabanya no kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu mwaka wa 2020, anasaba ko hashyirwaho ikigega cy’ibidukikije. [314] Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020, iki kigega cyananiwe kugera ku ntego cyari giteganijwe, kandi gishobora kugabanuka mu nkunga yacyo. [315]
Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo guhakana ikirere: bamwe bahakana ko ubushyuhe bubaho na gato, bamwe bakemera ubushyuhe ariko bakavuga ko ari ingaruka kamere, ndetse bamwe bagabanya ingaruka mbi z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. [334] Gukora ibintu bidashidikanywaho kuri siyanse nyuma byaje kuba impaka zakozwe: bituma abantu bemera ko hari ukutamenya gushidikanya ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bumenyi bwa siyansi hagamijwe gutinza impinduka za politiki. Mu ngamba zo guteza imbere ibyo bitekerezo harimo kunenga ibigo bya siyansi, [336] no kwibaza impamvu abahanga ku giti cyabo. Urugereko rwerekana imbuga za interineti n’ibinyamakuru byamagana ikirere byateje ikibazo cyo kutumva neza imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ingengo y’imari ya karubone isigaye igenwa no kwerekana icyerekezo cya karubone hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kuri gaze ya parike. Nk’uko IPCC ibivuga, ubushyuhe bw’isi burashobora kubikwa munsi ya 1.5 ° C hamwe na bibiri bya gatatu niba imyuka ihumanya nyuma ya 2018 itarenze 420 cyangwa 570 gigatonnes ya CO2. Ibi bihuye nimyaka 10 kugeza 13 yimyuka ihumanya ikirere. Hano hari byinshi bidashidikanywaho kubyerekeye ingengo yimari. Kurugero, irashobora kuba gigatonnes 100 ya CO2 ntoya bitewe na metani irekurwa na permafrost nigishanga. [137] Icyakora, biragaragara ko ibikomoka kuri peteroli y’ibinyabuzima ari byinshi ku buryo ibura ridashobora gushingirwaho mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu kinyejana cya 21. [138]
Impamyabumenyi nini y’ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi byongera ibyago byo kunyura muri 'tipping point' - inzitizi zirenze izo ngaruka zimwe na zimwe zidashobora kwirindwa nubwo ubushyuhe bwagabanutse. [155] [156] Urugero ni ugusenyuka kw'ibarafu ya Antaragitika y’iburengerazuba na Greenland, aho ubushyuhe bwazamutse bwa 1,5 kugeza kuri 2 ° C bushobora gutuma amabuye ashonga, nubwo igihe cyo gushonga kitazwi kandi biterwa n'ubushyuhe buzaza. [157] [158] ] Impinduka nini nini zishobora kubaho mugihe gito, nko guhagarika imigezi imwe nimwe yinyanja nka Atlantike Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). [159] Ingingo zitanga inama zirashobora kandi kwangirika bidasubirwaho kwangiza ibidukikije nkibiti byamashyamba ya Amazone hamwe nubutayu bwa korali.
Ku muntu, Amerika itanga CO2 ku kigero cyihuse cyane ugereranije n'utundi turere twibanze. [303]
Andi makuru: Igikorwa cyizuba nikirere
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe yatumye imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo igabanuka kandi igabanuka ku rubura rwo mu nyanja ya Arctique. Mu gihe biteganijwe ko icyi kitagira urubura kizaba gake kuri dogere 1.5 ° C z'ubushyuhe, biteganijwe ko bizaba rimwe mu myaka itatu kugeza ku icumi ku bushyuhe bwa 2 ° C. [151] Ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bwa CO2 bwatumye habaho impinduka muri chimie yo mu nyanja. Ubwiyongere bwa CO2 yashonze butera inyanja aside. Byongeye kandi, umwuka wa ogisijeni uragabanuka kubera ko ogisijeni idashonga mu mazi ashyushye. Uturere twapfuye mu nyanja, uturere dufite ogisijeni nkeya, nazo ziraguka. [154]
Gutera Mangrove hamwe no kubungabunga ibidukikije birashobora kugabanya imyuzure yo ku nkombe.
Kuruka kw'ibirunga biturika byerekana imbaraga nini nini mu bihe by'inganda. Iyo kuruka gukomeye bihagije (hamwe na dioxyde de sulfure igera kuri stratosifera), urumuri rwizuba rushobora guhagarikwa igice mumyaka ibiri. Ikimenyetso cy'ubushyuhe kimara hafi kabiri. Mu gihe cy’inganda, ibikorwa by’ibirunga byagize ingaruka zitari nke ku bijyanye n’ubushyuhe bw’isi. Muri iki gihe imyuka y’ibirunga ya CO2 ihwanye na munsi ya 1% y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya CO2.
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Imvugo ya Gikuyu: [ᵑɡoɣe wá ðiɔŋɔ]; yavutse ; ​​5 Mutarama 1938) Yavuzweho kuba "afatwa nk'umwanditsi w'ibitabo ukomeye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba". Mubikorwa bye harimo ibitabo, amakinamico, inkuru ngufi, hamwe ningingo, uhereye kunegura ubuvanganzo n’imibereho kugeza ubuvanganzo bwabana. Niwe washinze ikinyamakuru Mũtĩiri cyo mu rurimi rwa Gikuyu. Inkuru ye ngufi Impinduramatwara Upright: Cyangwa Impamvu Abantu Bagenda Upright, yahinduwe mu ndimi 100 zo hirya no hino ku isi.
Mu 1977, Ngũgĩ yatangiye uburyo bushya bwo gukinisha amakinamico mu gihugu cye kavukire cya Kenya cyashakaga kuvana inzira y’ikinamico mubyo yise "gahunda rusange y’uburezi bwa burugumesitiri", ashishikariza abantu ubwabo ndetse n’abitabira kwitabira ibyo bitaramo. Umushinga we washatse "kwerekana" inzira yikinamico, no kwirinda "inzira yo kwitandukanya [itanga] ingoro y’inyenyeri zikora hamwe n’imbaga itandukanijwe n’abashimira", nk'uko Ngũgĩ abivuga, ishishikariza abantu gutambuka mu "bantu basanzwe". [6] Nubwo umukino we w'ingenzi, Ngaahika Ndeenda, wanditswe na Ngũgĩ wa Mirii, wagenze neza mu bucuruzi, wahagaritswe n'ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bwa Kenya nyuma y'ibyumweru bitandatu bufunguwe.
Ngũgĩ yaje gufungwa umwaka urenga. Uyu muhanzi yemerewe kuba imfungwa y’umutimanama mpuzamahanga Amnesty, yavuye muri gereza, ahunga Kenya. Muri Amerika, kuri ubu ni Umwarimu w’icyubahiro w’ubuvanganzo bugereranya n’icyongereza muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Irvine. Yabanje kandi kwigisha muri kaminuza ya Northwestern, Yale University, na New York University. Ngũgĩ yakunze gufatwa nk'umukandida ushobora guhabwa igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu buvanganzo. Yatsindiye igihembo mpuzamahanga cya Nonino 2001 mu Butaliyani, ndetse na Park Kyong-ni 2016. Mu bana be harimo abanditsi Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.
Igihe cy'fungwa
Igihe amaze muri gereza cyanashishikarije ikinamico Urubanza rwa Dedan Kimathi (1976). Yanditse ibi ku bufatanye na Micere Githae Mugo.
Ahasaga mumyaka yo mu 2000
Ku ya 10 Ugushyingo 2006, ubwo yari i San Francisco muri Hotel Vitale kuri Embarcadero, Ngũgĩ yarahohotewe maze ategekwa kuva muri hoteri n'umukozi. Ibirori byateje rubanda kandi birakaza Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika ndetse n’abanyamuryango ba diaspora nyafurika baba muri Amerika, [36] [37] bituma hoteri isaba imbabazi. Mu bitabo aheruka gukora harimo Globalectics: Theory na Politiki yo Kumenya (2012), n'ikintu cyatanyaguwe kandi gishya: Afurika Renaissance yo muri Afurika, icyegeranyo cy'inyandiko zasohotse mu 2009 zitanga igitekerezo cy'uruhare rukomeye rw'indimi nyafurika mu "izuka ry'urwibutso rwa Afurika. . Ibyo byakurikiwe nibikorwa bibiri byakiriwe neza byandika ku buzima: Inzozi mugihe cyintambara: Memoire yubwana (2010) [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] no munzu yumusobanuzi: Memoire (2012) ), wasobanuwe ko ari "mwiza kandi w'ingenzi" n'ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times, [45] mu bindi bitekerezo byiza. [46] [47] [48]
Ibyaranze ubuzima bwe
Uko yize naho yigiye amashuri abanza Ngũgĩ yavukiye Kamiriithu, hafi ya Limuru [13] mu karere ka Kiambu, muri Kenya, ukomoka mu Kikuyu, maze abatiza James Ngugi. Umuryango we wafatiwe mu myigaragambyo ya Mau Mau; murumuna we Mwangi yagize uruhare rugaragara mu gisirikare cya Kenya cy’Ubwisanzure n’Ubwisanzure (ari naho yiciwe), undi muvandimwe yarashwe mu gihe cy’ibihe bidasanzwe, nyina akorerwa iyicarubozo ku biro by’abashinzwe umutekano mu rugo rwa Kamiriithu.
Ubuhungiro
Ibikorwa bye byaje nyuma birimo Gufungwa, ikarita ye ya gereza (1981), Decolonising the Mind: Politiki y'ururimi mu buvanganzo nyafurika (1986), inyandiko ivuga ko abanditsi b'Abanyafurika bavuga mu ndimi zabo kavukire aho kuba indimi z'i Burayi, kugira ngo bareke gutinda. amasano y'abakoloni no kubaka ubuvanganzo nyabwo bwo muri Afurika, na Matigari (byahinduwe na Wangui wa Goro), (1987), kimwe mu bikorwa bye bizwi cyane, urwenya rushingiye ku mugani wa Gikuyu.
Igihe cy'fungwa
Mu 1976, Thiong'o yafashije gushinga ikigo cy’uburezi n’umuco cya Kamiriithu cyateguye ikinamico nyafurika muri ako karere. Umwaka wakurikiyeho hasohotse Amababi yamaraso. Ubutumwa bwa politiki bukomeye, ndetse n'ubw'ikinamico ye Ngaahika Ndeenda (Nzashyingirwa Iyo nshaka), yandikiranye na Ngũgĩ wa Mirii ndetse anasohoka mu 1977, byateje Visi-Perezida wa Kenya icyo gihe Daniel arap Moi gutegeka ko atabwa muri yombi. Hamwe na kopi z'imikino ye, hafashwe ibitabo bya Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, na Vladimir Lenin. Yoherejwe muri gereza nkuru y’umutekano ya Kamiti, agumayo aho hafi umwaka wose ataburanishijwe.
Ahasaga mumyaka yo mu 2000
Muri Werurwe 2021, Icyenda Cyuzuye kibaye igitabo cya mbere cyanditswe mu rurimi kavukire rw’Afurika rwashyizwe ku rutonde rw’igihembo mpuzamahanga cy’ibitabo, aho Ngũgĩ abaye umukandida wa mbere nk'umwanditsi akaba n'umusemuzi w'igitabo kimwe.
Guhindura izina, ingengabitekerezo no kwigisha
Igitabo cya Ngũgĩ cyo mu 1967 cyitwa 'Ingano y'ingano' cyerekanaga ko yakiriye Marxism ya Fanoniste. Nyuma yaje kureka kwandika mu Cyongereza, n'izina James Ngugi nk'abakoloni; mu 1970 yari yarahinduye izina ayita Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, [29] atangira kwandika mu gihugu cye Gikuyu. Mu 1967, Ngũgĩ yatangiye kandi kwigisha muri kaminuza ya Nairobi nk'umwarimu w’ubuvanganzo bw’icyongereza. Yakomeje kwigisha muri kaminuza imyaka icumi mugihe yakoraga nka Mugenzi wandika guhanga i Makerere. Muri icyo gihe, yanatumiwe muri kaminuza ya Northwestern mu ishami ry’icyongereza n’Africa umwaka umwe.
Ibyaranze ubuzima bwe
Yagiye mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Alliance, akomeza kwiga muri kaminuza ya Makerere i Kampala, muri Uganda. Nkumunyeshuri yitabiriye inama nyafurika y’abanditsi yabereye i Makerere muri Kamena 1962, [Muri iyo nama Ngũgĩ yasabye Chinua Achebe gusoma inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki z’igitabo cye cyitwa Uruzi Hagati na Nturirire, Umwana, nyuma kikazasohoka mu gitabo cyitwa Heinemann's African Writer Series, cyatangiriye i Londres muri uwo mwaka, Achebe akaba umwanditsi mukuru wa mbere w’ubujyanama. ] Ngũgĩ yakiriye B.A. mu Cyongereza kuva muri Makerere University College, Uganda, mu 1963.
Impamyabumenyi z'icyubahiro
Albright College, Doctor of Humane Letters honoris causa, 1994 University of Leeds, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2004 Walter Sisulu University (formerly U. Transkei), South Africa, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Literature and Philosophy, July 2004. California State University, Dominguez Hills, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, May 2005. Dillard University, New Orleans, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, May 2005. University of Auckland, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2005 New York University, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Letters, 15 May 2008 University of Dar es Salaam, Honorary doctorate in Literature, 2013[79] University of Bayreuth, Honorary doctorate (Dr. phil. h.c.), 2014[57] KCA University, Kenya, Honorary Doctorate degree of Human Letters (honoris causa) in Education, 27 November 2016 Yale University, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt. h.c.), 2017[80] University of Edinburgh, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt.), 2019[81] Honorary PhD, Roskilde, Denmark
Ibitabo byambere nubushakashatsi bwe mu Bwongereza
Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, amaze kubona buruse muri kaminuza ya Leeds kwiga MA, Ngũgĩ yagiye mu Bwongereza, aho yari ari igihe igitabo cye cya kabiri yise Uruzi Hagati, cyasohokaga mu 1965. [22] Uruzi Hagati, rufite amateka y’imyigaragambyo ya Mau Mau, rukanasobanura urukundo rudashimishije hagati y’abakristu n’abatari abakirisitu, mbere yari kuri gahunda y’ishuri ryisumbuye ry’igihugu cya Kenya. [24] [25] [26] Yavuye i Leeds atarangije isomo rye ku buvanganzo bwa Karayibe, [27] aho ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze kuri George Lamming, uwo Ngũgĩ yavuze mu cyegeranyo cye cyo mu 1972 yakusanyije imuhira: "Yankanguye, ishusho itazibagirana y’imyigarambyo y'abahinzi muri isi yiganjemo abazungu. Kandi mu buryo butunguranye namenye ko hashobora gukorwa igitabo kugira ngo tuvugane, gishobora, hamwe nihutirwa cyane, imigozi yo gukoraho [sic] muri njye. Isi ye ntiyari idasanzwe kuri njye nk'iya Fielding., Defoe, Smollett, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Dickens, D. H. Lawrence.
Guhindura izina, ingengabitekerezo no kwigisha
Mugihe umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi, Ngũgĩ yabaye umusemburo wibiganiro byo gukuraho ishami ryicyongereza. Yavuze ko nyuma y’ubukoloni burangiye, byabaye ngombwa ko kaminuza yo muri Afurika yigisha ubuvanganzo nyafurika, harimo n’ubuvanganzo bwo mu kanwa, kandi ko ibyo bigomba gukorwa hagamijwe kumenya ubukire bw’indimi nyafurika.
Umuryango we
Bane mu bana be na bo ni abanditsi: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.
Ibitabo byambere nubushakashatsi bwe mu Bwongereza
Igitabo cye cya mbere yise “Kurira, Umwana,” cyasohotse muri Gicurasi 1964, kiba igitabo cya mbere mu Cyongereza cyanditswe n'umwanditsi ukomoka muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. [23]
Ubuhungiro
Ngũgĩ yasuye Porofeseri w’icyongereza n’ubuvanganzo bugereranya muri kaminuza ya Yale hagati ya 1989 na 1992. [21] Mu 1992, yari umushyitsi muri Kongere y’abanditsi bo muri Afurika yepfo maze amara igihe mu mujyi wa Zwide hamwe na Mzi Mahola, umwaka abaye umwarimu w’ubuvanganzo bugereranya n’ubushakashatsi muri kaminuza ya New York, aho yari afite intebe ya Erich Maria Remarque. Kugeza ubu ni Umwarimu w’icyubahiro w’icyongereza n’ubuvanganzo bugereranya ndetse akaba yarabaye umuyobozi wa mbere w'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe kwandika no guhindura [34] muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Irvine.
Igihe cy'fungwa
Amaze kurekurwa mu Kuboza 1978, [21] ntabwo yasubijwe ku mirimo ye yo kuba umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi, maze umuryango we uhohoterwa. Kubera inyandiko yanditse ku karengane ka guverinoma y'igitugu icyo gihe, Ngũgĩ n'umuryango we bahatiwe kubaho mu buhungiro. Gusa nyuma yuko Arap Moi, perezida wa Kenya umaze igihe kinini mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru, yeguye mu 2002, byari byiza ko bagaruka.
Ahasaga mumyaka yo mu 2000
Igitabo cye cyitwa The Nine Nine, cyanditswe mbere kandi gisohoka muri Gikuyu nka KendaBane mu bana be na bo ni abanditsi: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, na Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ. Muiyuru: Rugano Rwa Gikuyu na Mumbi (2019), cyahinduwe mu Cyongereza na Ngũgĩ kugira ngo gisohore mu mwaka wa 2020, kandi ni ugusubiramo mu mivugo y’amateka y’inkomoko y'abaturage be. 49] Ikinyamakuru Los Angeles Times cyasobanuye ko ari "ubushakashatsi bwanditswe ku murongo ku murongo wa rubanda bugaragaza imigani ya rubanda, imigani n'imigani binyuze mu ndimi zishingiye ku gitsina gore ndetse no muri Afurika." "Ngũũ .Ibintu byose bihurira kumurongo ufite imbaraga kugirango icyenda Cyuzuye kiba inkuru yibitangaza no kwihangana; amateka yerekana ibihe bigezweho n imigani; gutekereza ku ntangiriro nimpera; hamwe na palimpsest yibuka kera na none, nkuko Ngũgĩ atwikiriye igitsina gore Cyuzuye. imbaraga ku nkomoko y'imigani y'abaturage ba Gĩkũyũ bo muri Kenya mu buryo butangaje bwo kwerekana imiterere. "
Igihe cy'fungwa
Yafungiye muri kasho hamwe n’abandi bagororwa ba politiki. Mu gihe cyo gufungwa kwabo, bemererwaga isaha imwe y'izuba ku munsi. Ngũgĩ yaranditse ati: "Urwo ruganda rwahoze ari urw'abakatiwe mu mutwe mbere yo gukoreshwa neza nk'akazu k '' abanyapolitiki." Yabonye ihumure mu nyandiko maze yandika igitabo cya mbere kigezweho i Gikuyu, Sekibi ku musaraba (Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ), ku mpapuro z'umusarani zatanzwe na gereza.
Ahasaga mumyaka yo mu 2000
Fiona Sampson yanditse mu kinyamakuru The Guardian yashoje avuga ko "ari umurimo mwiza wo kwishyira hamwe utanga gusa gutandukanya 'ubuhanzi buhanitse' no kuvuga inkuru gakondo, ahubwo ko butanga ibyo abantu bakeneye cyane: kumva ko ubuzima bufite intego." [52 ]
Marariya
'Malariya'  ni indwara yanduza imibu yibasira abantu ndetse n’andi matungo. -indwara zanduye | url = https: ururimi = en}} Malariya itera ibimenyetso mubisanzwe birimo umuriro, ]], kuruka, na kubabara umutwe s. Mu bihe bikomeye, irashobora gutera jaundice,  gufatwa, [ > Ibimenyetso mubisanzwe bitangira iminsi icumi kugeza kuri cumi n'itanu nyuma yo kurumwa nuwanduye umubu. abaherutse kurokoka kwandura, kwisubiraho mubisanzwe bitera ibimenyetso byoroheje. Iki gice [[Ubudahangarwa (ubuvuzi) | kurwanya izina = Cara2014>
Indwara ikwirakwira mu turere twa tropique na subtropical ziri mu gace kagari gakikije ekwateri. Ibi birimo byinshi Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara, Aziya, na Amerika y'Epfo. miliyoni zanduye malariya ku isi hose hapfa abantu bagera ku 627.000. Hafi ya 95% by'imanza n'impfu byabereye muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ibipimo byindwara byagabanutse kuva 2010 kugeza 2014 ariko byiyongera kuva 2015 kugeza 2020. </ ref > Malariya isanzwe ifitanye isano n'ubukene kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye ku iterambere ry'ubukungu. ; miliyari ku mwaka kubera ubuvuzi bwiyongeraibiciro, gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gukora, n'ingaruka mbi mubukerarugendo. [
Ibimenyetso nibibazo
Ibimenyetso mubisanzwe bitangira nyuma yiminsi 10-15 nyuma yo kurumwa kwinzitiramubu, ariko birashobora kubaho mugihe cyamezi menshi nyuma yo kwandura bamwe  P. vivax  ihangayikishije.
Abakuze barwaye malariya bakunda kugira ubukonje n'umuriro - mubisanzwe mugihe cyigihe ubukana bukabije kimara amasaha atandatu, gikurikirwa nigihe cyo kubira ibyuya no kugabanya umuriro - kimwe no kubabara umutwe, umunaniro, kubura inda, na  ububabare bwimitsi. Abana bakunda kugira ibimenyetso rusange: umuriro, inkorora, kuruka, no gucibwamo.
Malariya iterwa na mikorobe ngengabuzima imwe yo mu itsinda rya  Plasmodium  '. ] '' imibu. Kurumwa n'umubu byinjiza parasite biva mu mibu amacandwe mu maraso y’umuntu. ]] aho bakura kandi bakororoka. P. & nbsp; falciparum]] , mu gihe  P. & nbsp; vivax ,   P. & nbsp; ovale , na   P. & nbsp; malariya '' muri rusange itera ubwoko bworoheje bwa malariya. Ubwoko   gake gitera indwara mu bantu. -bishingiye]] ikizamini cyihuse cyo gusuzuma s. ct ya parasite ADN yatejwe imbere, ariko ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane mubice bikunze kurwara malariya, bitewe nigiciro cyabyo kandi bigoye.
Ibimenyetso nibibazo
Malariya ikabije iterwa na  P. & nbsp; falciparum  (bakunze kwita malariya ya falciparum). Ibimenyetso bya malariya ya falciparum bivuka nyuma yiminsi 9-30 nyuma yo kwandura. ], conjugate gaze palsy (kunanirwa kw'amaso guhurira hamwe mu cyerekezo kimwe), [ "/>
Ibyago byindwara birashobora kugabanuka mukurinda inzitiramubu hakoreshejwe inzitiramubu cyangwa kurwanya udukoko cyangwa hamwe na ingamba zo kurwanya imibu nko gutera umuti wica udukoko] ] no kuvoma [[amazi ahagaze. ingano yimiti ikomatanya sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine irasabwa impinja na nyuma yigihembwe cya mbere cyo gutwita mu bice bifite malariya nyinshi. urukingo]] byagaragaye ko bigabanya ibyago byo kurwara malariya hafi 40% in abana muri Afrika. .ninde = Kamena 2022}} Imbaraga zo guteza imbere inkingo nziza ziracyakomeza. Ubuvuzi busabwa kuvura malariya ni guhuza ya imiti igabanya ubukana irimo [ [artemisinin]]. Imiti ya kabiri irashobora kuba mefloquine, lumefantrine, cyangwa sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine. 92-4-154792-5 | page = ix | integuro = Icya 2}} Quinine, hamwe na doxycycline, birashobora gukoreshwa niba artemisinin idahari. > Birasabwa ko mu turere dukunze kwibasirwa n’indwara, malariya yemezwa niba bishoboka mbere yuko imiti itangira kubera impungenge zo kwiyongera kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge. <Ref name = OMS 2014 / imiti; kurugero, [ urubuga | umutwe = Urupapuro rwukuri rwa Malariya N ° 94 | url = https: //www.wowe.int/mediacentre/ibikorwa/fs094/en/ | urubuga = Ninde | -url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20140903002027/http: // www.
Ibimenyetso nibibazo
Kugaragara kwa mbere kwindwara-ihuriweho nubwoko bwose bwa malariya-isa na ibimenyetso bisa n’ibicurane, kandi irashobora kumera nkibindi bihe nka sepsis, [ [gastroenteritis]], na indwara ya virusi s. Ikiganiro gishobora kuba kirimo kubabara umutwe, umuriro, guhinda umushyitsi, ububabare bw'ingingo]], kuruka, anemia anemia, jaundice, [ s.
Impamvu
Ubusanzwe parasite itangizwa no kurumwa n  Anopheles  'umubu. Icyo izo parasite zatewe, zitwa "sporozoite s", zikora mu ruhu na lymphatique, neza na neza, ntikiramenyekana neza. Ariko, ijanisha rya sporozoite rikurikira amaraso kugera kuri umwijima, aho bateye hepatocyte s. Bakura kandi bagabana mu mwijima iminsi 2-10, buri hepatocyte yanduye amaherezo ibamo parasite zigera ku 40.000. uburyo butera bwa  Plasmodium  selile, bita "merozoite s" mumaraso. Mu maraso, merozoite yibasiye byihuse umuntu selile yamaraso itukura, yigana amasaha arenga 24-72 kugirango habeho merozoite nshya 16-32. <! - Cowman ref ati "amasaha 48 . umubare wa parasite kumuntu wanduye. Nyamara, ibyinshi muri  P. vivax  yigana biomass ya merozoite ubu (kuva 2021) izwiho kwihisha mu gihimba no mu magufa (ahari nahandi hose), bityo igashyigikira abashishoza, bamaze igihe kirekire (kuva 2011) ariko mbere birengagijwe ko inyigisho zidakwirakwizwa na merozoite ari inkomoko benshi  P. vivax  malariya yongeye kugaruka (reba igice cya "Malariya Yisubiramo" hepfo). < igitsina gore "gametocyte s". Iyi gametocytes ikura mu igufwa ry'amagufa mu gihe cy'iminsi 11, hanyuma igasubira mu maraso kugira ngo itegereze gufatwa no kurumwa n'indi mibu. Onc
Ingorane
Malariya ifite byinshi bikomeye ingorane. Muri ibyo harimo iterambere rya ibibazo by'ubuhumekero, bibaho ku bantu bagera kuri 25% bakuze na 40% by'abana bafite malariya ikabije  P. & nbsp; falciparum  malariya. Impamvu zishobora kubaho zirimo indishyi z'ubuhumekero za aside metabolike acide, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, ihuza umusonga, hamwe na anemia. Nubwo bidakunze kugaragara ku bana bato bafite malariya ikabije, syndrome de acute respiratory distress iboneka ku bantu 5-25% bakuze ndetse n’abagore batwite bagera kuri 29%. Coinfection ya VIH hamwe na malariya byongera impfu. [ kumeneka mu nkari.
Impamvu
Malariya iterwa no kwandura parasite s mu bwoko  Plasmodium .na | itariki = 2022-03-22 | umutwe = CDC - Malariya - Ibyerekeye Malariya - Indwara | url = https: //www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html | kwinjira-itariki = 2022-04-28 | urubuga = www.cdc.gov | ururimi = en-us}} Mu bantu, malariya iterwa n'ubwoko butandatu  Plasmodium :  P. & nbsp; falciparum ' ',' ' P. & nbsp; malariya' ',' ' ovale wallikeri]] ,   P. & nbsp; vivax  na   P. & nbsp; knowlesi . ikinyamakuru | abanditsi = Ashley EA, Pyae Phyo A, Woodrow CJ | umutwe = Malariya | ikinyamakuru = Lancet | umuzingo = 391 | ikibazo = 10130 | impapuro = 1608–1621 | itariki = Mata 2018 | pmid = 29631781 | doi = 10.1016 / S0140 -6736 (18) 30324-6 | s2cid = 208791451}} Mu banduye,  P. & nbsp; falciparum  ni ubwoko bukunze kugaragara (~ 75%) bukurikirwa na  P. & nbsp; vivax  (~ 20%). Nubwo  P. & nbsp; falciparum  gakondo izwi ts kubantu benshi bapfa, ibimenyetso biheruka kwerekana ko  P. & nbsp; vivax  malariya ifitanye isano nubuzima bushobora guhitana ubuzima nkigihe cyose hamwe no gusuzuma '' P. kwandura falciparum ''. ya  Plasmodium  kuva kuri inguge zo hejuru; icyakora, usibye  P. & nbsp; knowlesi  - ubwoko bwa  zoonotic butera malariya muri macaques - ibi ahanini bifite ubuzima buke bwabaturage akamaro.
[ Sporozoite itangizwa no kurumwa n'umubu. Bimukira mu mwijima, aho bagwira mu bihumbi bya merozoite. Merozoite yanduza selile yamaraso itukura kandi irigana, yanduza selile nyinshi zitukura. Udukoko tumwe na tumwe dukora gametocytes, ifatwa n'umubu, ikomeza ubuzima.]]
Ibimenyetso nibibazo
Ikimenyetso cya mbere cya malariya ni paroxysm - ibintu byikurikiranya byubukonje butunguranye bikurikirwa no guhinda umushyitsi hanyuma umuriro no kubira ibyuya, bibaho buri minsi ibiri ([[Umuriro # Ubwoko | . & nbsp; vivax  na  P. & nbsp; ovale  kwandura, kandi buri minsi itatu ([[Umuriro # Ubwoko Indwara ya  P.
Ingorane
Malariya ku bagore batwite ni impamvu ikomeye itera kubyara, [ "Hartman 2010" /> cyane cyane muri  P. & nbsp; falciparum , ariko kandi hamwe na  P. & nbsp; vivax .
Kwandura  P. & nbsp; falciparum  bishobora kuviramo malariya yo mu bwonko, uburyo bwa malariya ikabije irimo encephalopathie. Bifitanye isano no kwera kwa retina, bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cyamavuriro mugutandukanya malariya nizindi mpamvu zitera umuriro. An spleen nini] ] cyangwa [[hepatosplenomegaly | byombi, kubabara umutwe cyane,  isukari nke mu maraso, na [ "Bartoloni 2012" /> Ingorane zirashobora kuba zirimo kuva amaraso bidatinze, coagulopathie, na [[gutembera kw'amaraso