cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Edgar de Wahl
Moyo ku Estonia yodziimira
Zamakono! Chotero phunzitsani anyamata chikominisi! Palinso chinachake chamakono ponena za zimenezo!
Nthawi yoyambirira ya Tallinn
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana, ntchito yotsatsa ya Wahl inayamba. Anasindikiza nkhani zokhudzana ndi zinenero m'mabuku apadera, komanso zolemba m'manyuzipepala ndi m'magazini osiyanasiyana a Tallinn.
Masiku otsiriza ndi imfa
Atathawa kuthamangitsidwa, de Wahl adathabe kulemberana makalata ndi anzake akunja. Madokotala a Seewald ayenera kuti adazindikira kudzipereka kwake ku philology pamene adapanga kulumikizana ndi dziko lakunja kukhala kotheka.
Khansala wa mzinda nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanayambe komanso ili mkati
Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Ajeremani omwe ankakhala mu Ufumu wa Russia anazunzidwa, zomwe sizinamusiye de Wahl osakhudzidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kalabu ya Tallinn Noble Club, imene Wahl anali m’gulu lake, inatsekedwa. Chakumapeto kwa 1914, iye anapezeka ali pachimake pa nkhani zabodza zosintha mayina a malo achijeremani. Monga phungu wa mzindawo, adatenga nawo mbali pazokambirana za kusintha dzina la mzinda wa Tallinn, zomwe zinatsatira maganizo a Meya Jaan Poska kuti alowe m'malo mwa Revel wolankhula Chijeremani ndi Kolyvan wakale wa chinenero cha Chirasha (potero, dzina linagwiritsidwa ntchito). pokambirana za nkhaniyi). de Wahl anapeza kuti mayina akale kwambiri a mzindawu anali Ledenets kapena Lindanisa. Anachitanso chidwi ndi ndalama zosinthira dzinali, zomwe akuti zidakumana ndi "kuseka kwachiwopsezo" m'bwaloli. Mavoti ofunikira kuti asinthe dzina adasonkhanitsidwa ku khonsolo, koma kusintha komweko sikunapangidwe.
Mu 1949, chinenero chimene iye anachipanga chinadzatchedwanso kuti Chinterligue, ndipo ndi dzina limeneli chikudziwikabe mpaka pano.
Kulenga ndi mawu oyamba
de Wahl anatenga njira zoyamba kupanga chinenero chatsopano m'zaka zomaliza za zaka za m'ma 1900. Mu 1896 ndi 1897 adasindikiza nkhani ziwiri m'magazini ya Linguist yofalitsidwa ku Hannover, momwe adafotokozera malingaliro ake. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, Rosenberger, yemwe adadziwana ndi de Wahl m'zaka khumi zomaliza za zana lino ndipo panthaŵiyo anali pulezidenti wa Volapük Academy ku Saint Petersburg, anadziwitsa mamembala a sukuluyi chinenero chatsopano cha chilengedwe chake: osalowerera ndale. chinenero. Kuyambira mu 1906, Rosenberger adafalitsanso magazini ya Progress m'chinenero chatsopano ku Saint Petersburg. M'buku lomwelo, de Wahl adapanga malingaliro ake mu 1906 kuti asinthe chinenerocho, chomwe Rosenberg adachilandira patatha chaka chimodzi. Ngakhale kusinthaku, mwambi wosalowerera ndale sunatchuke ndipo unazimiririka. Nthawi yomweyo, de Wahl adapanga AULI (Auxiliari Lingue International), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi zilankhulo za Romance, zomwe zidakhala gawo lapakati pachilankhulo chakumadzulo, ndipo adaziwonetsa mu 1909 m'magazini ya Academia pro Interlingua - Discussiones. Mu 1911, de Wahl adapanga lamulo lopanga mawu lomwe lidapanga maziko a Occidental.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
Pakuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba mu March 1944, nkhokwe ya de Wahl inawonongedwa, zomwe zinamudabwitsa kwambiri. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, m’kalata yopita kwa Wakumadzulo wa ku Finnish A. Z. Ramstedt, iye anakumbukira kuti zimene zinachitikazo zinali tsoka lenileni, pamene zinthu zambiri zosasinthika ndi zapadera zinatayika.
Mbiri
Kuyesetsa kwa Wahl kuti apange chilankhulo chatsopano komanso choyenera kuti azilankhulana ndi mayiko ena kudayamba ndi chidwi chofala cha zilankhulo zopanga mu Ufumu wa Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Ku Saint Petersburg, de Wahl anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi Volapük yongopangidwa kumene, ndipo kenako Esperanto. Nthawi ina pakati pa 1887 ndi 1888, de Wahl, kupyolera mwa abambo ake, anakumana ndi mnzake Waldemar Rosenberger, yemwe anali kuchita nawo Volapük panthawiyo, kotero Wahl poyamba adatsatira Volapük mwiniwakeyo. Anakhala wothandizira wa Volapük, koma posakhalitsa, theka loyamba la 1888, adadziwika ndi Esperanto ndipo adasintha. buku loyamba la Esperanto lofalitsidwa mu 1887. Iye anali mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa Espera, gulu loyamba la Esperanto ku Russia, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku Saint Petersburg mu 1891, komanso anakhala mtolankhani wa magazini ya La Esperantisto. Iye anamasulira nkhani zopeka za Chirasha m’Chiesperanto n’kupanga dikishonale ya Chiesperanto-Chisipanishi.
Gwero
Mizu ya Edgar von Wahl inafikira ku England. Mmodzi mwa agogo ake aakazi, Henriette Edwards, mkazi woyamba wa Carl Gustav von Wahl, anali mwana wamkazi wa wamalonda wachingelezi George Edwards. Agogo aakazi ena, Kornelia Elisabeth Knirsch, mkazi wa Alexei von Wahl, anali amayi a Marie Turner wa ku England.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
M'kalata yomweyi, Wahl adanena kuti adaneneratu za kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor ndi kuphulika kwa nkhondo pakati pa United States ndi Japan. de Wahl sanakane zomwe analemba panthawi yomvetsera ndipo adabwereza zifukwa zingapo zomwe adaziimba kumeneko, "akukhulupirira mwamphamvu" zoona za maulosi ake. de Wahl anachitidwa kwa nthawi ndithu ku Tallinn Labor and Education Camp, koma umboni womwe unaperekedwa panthawi ya mafunso ake unkaonedwa kuti ndi wachilendo ndi SD ndipo chifukwa chake de Wahl anayesedwa ku chipatala cha mitsempha ya Seewald. Kumeneko anamupeza kuti anali wofooka muukalamba ndipo anagonekedwa m’chipatala cha anthu amisala, chimene chinamupulumutsanso ku chilango cha imfa chomwe chingatheke. Wahl nayenso anatetezedwa ndi achibale angapo apamtima ndi anzake omwe ankati iye sanali ndi udindo pa zochita zake.3436
Utumiki wa usilikali
Malinga ndi zokumbukira za Olev Mikiver, wojambula waku Estonia yemwe amamudziwa bwino de Wahl ali wachinyamata, adanyadira kwambiri yunifolomu ya mkulu wake wanthawi yachifumu ndipo nthawi zina amavala zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake:
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
de Wahl nayenso anapewa kusamuka kumene kunachitika m’chaka cha 1941. Mulimonsemo, iye ankadziwa za kusamuka komwe kunatsatira, chifukwa atafunsidwa za zolinga zake, iye anayankha mosakayikira kuti chigamulo chake chinali choti akhalebe ku Estonia. :
Kamuzu Banda
Federation of Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland ndikusamukira ku Ghana
Mphekesera zinamveka mosangalala kuti abwerera ku Nyasaland mu 1951, koma adasamukira ku Gold Coast ku West Africa. Anapita kumeneko mwina chifukwa cha chipongwe chokhudza wolandira alendo ku Harlesden, Merene French (Mrs French); ngakhale pali malipoti oti anatenga pakati pa mwana wake, izi sizinatsimikizidwe. Banda adatchulidwa kuti adayankhapo nawo pa chisudzulo cha Mr French ndipo akumuimba mlandu wochita chigololo ndi Mayi French. Anatsatira Banda ku West Africa, koma iye sankafunanso kuchita naye chilichonse. (Anamwalira mu 1976.)
Edgar de Wahl
Utumiki wa usilikali
E. de Wahl, mwa njira, anali msilikali wa asilikali ankhondo a Tsar ali wamng'ono ndipo, malinga ndi mawu ake, analetsa kupanduka kwa oyendetsa sitima ku Sveaborg, doko la asilikali kapena linga la nyanja la Helsinki, lomwe tsopano limatchedwa Suomenlinna, mu 1905. kapena 1906. Ayenera kuti ankaona kuti nthawiyi ndi yopatulika, chifukwa patapita zaka makumi angapo, mwachitsanzo, paukwati wa mlongo wanga, adawonekera mu yunifolomu ya tsarist.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Banjali linasamukira ku Saint Petersburg mu 1876 pambuyo pa nthawi yapakati ku Tallinn. M’chaka chomwecho, Edgar von Wahl anayamba kuphunzira pa 3rd St. Petersburg Gymnasium, ndipo anamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1886. Kenako anaphunzira za zomangamanga ndipo kenako anaphunzira kujambula pa yunivesite ya St. Petersburg Faculty of Physics and Mathematics komanso pa Academy of Petersburg Arts. Atalowa ku yunivesite mu 1886, Wahl adalowa nawo ku Nevania Baltic German corporation, yomwe inkagwira ntchito ku St. zojambulajambula pa Sukulu ya Elementary ya Academy of Arts mu 1893. Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku koleji, Wahl anagwira ntchito mwachidule monga mphunzitsi wolowa m'malo ku St. Petersburg chakumapeto kwa 1891, koma kuti alowe usilikali.
Moyo ku Estonia yodziimira
Pakati pa omwe ankafuna kupanga zida, ndimakumbukira mmodzi yekha: mphunzitsi wanga wa physics, wochokera ku Wahl. Ndikuwoneka kuti ndikukumbukira chifukwa cha maganizo omwe akanatha kubwera m'moyo wa wophunzira wachichepere pamene mphunzitsi wake amupempha chida.
Masiku otsiriza ndi imfa
Mndandanda wa zochita zothamangitsidwa ku Germany zomwe zinalembedwa mu February 1945 zinaphatikizapo dzina la de Wahl, monga momwe Ajeremani ena ankakhala ku Estonia. Komabe, pothamangitsidwa m’mwezi wa Ogasiti, de Wahl anali m’gulu la anthu khumi ndi aŵiri omwe sanathamangitsidwe m’dzikolo kapena amene sakanadziŵika kumene anali. Ngakhale zifukwa zomwe de Wahl athawire sizidziwika bwino, zimadziwika kuti nthawi zina mkulu wa gulu lomwe linathamangitsa anthuwo adasankha kuti asatengere odwala kwambiri kapena olumala, chigamulocho chikhoza kutengera maganizo a ogwira ntchito m’chipatala. Choncho, kunali kukhalapo kwake kuchipatala cha amisala omwe mwina adapulumutsa de Wahl kachiwiri.
Utumiki wa usilikali
Kuyambira 1921 de Wahl adalembetsedwanso ngati woyang'anira nkhokwe wa Republic of Estonia.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Edgar von Wahl anabadwira ku Olviopol, Ukraine, pa August 23, 1867. Makolo ake adasamukira kumeneko chifukwa Oskar von Wahl anayamba kugwira ntchito pa njanji ya Odesa-Balta-Krementšuk-Kharkov ku 1866. 4 Pali zotsutsana zokhudzana ndi malo enieni a njanji. Kubadwa kwa Wahl. Monga lamulo, mzinda umene anabadwira ndi mzinda wa Olviopol, koma pali magwero35 omwe akuphatikizapo mzinda wa Bogopil (komanso Bogopol) pafupi ndi Olviopol, kudutsa Mtsinje wa South Bug, monga malo ake obadwira. Mizinda yonse iwiriyi yadziwika m’magwero ena.
Moyo ku Estonia yodziimira
de Wahl adapuma pantchito chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1920, koma anapitirizabe kuphunzitsa kwa nthawi yochepa mpaka 1933. Atapuma pantchito, adachita zokonda zake, makamaka zilankhulo zopanga zomwe zidakhala nkhani yaumwini kuyambira masiku a St. analinso mkonzi wa magazini yotchedwa Estländische Wochenschau kuyambira 1929 mpaka 1930. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chidwi chake pa wolosera wa ku France wa m’zaka za zana la 16 Nostradamus ndi maulosi ake chinakula, zimene anakambirana ndi The News m’chilimwe cha 1932.
Nthawi yoyambirira ya Tallinn
Masamu ndi physics adaphunzitsidwanso ndi Edgar von Wahl, yemwe kale anali msilikali wa panyanja yemwe nthawi zonse anali ndi ndemanga zochepa zokopa za chochitika kapena munthu. Anali wodetsedwa kwambiri poyesa physics: ziwiya ndi magalasi nthawi zambiri zimasweka. Maganizo ake kwa ophunzira anali ophweka, omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi dzina lakutchulidwa la Sass.
Banja
Wahl anakwatira Maria von Hübbenet (1871-1933), mwana wamkazi wa dokotala waumwini wa Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, ku Saint Petersburg mu 1894. Anali ndi ana asanu: Johann kapena Hans (1895-1968), Guido (1896-?), Ellen (wobadwa ndi kufa 1900), Anatol (1903-1972), ndi Lydia Maria (1907-1989). Ukwatiwo unatha mu 1913, kenako Johann, Guido ndi Lydia anakhala ndi bambo ake a Maria. Anatol anakhala ndi amayi ake, amene anasamukira ku Finland, ndipo patapita nthaŵi Lydia Maria anapitanso kumeneko. Ana aakulu a de Wahl anasamukira ku Germany kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndipo anali m’gulu la asilikali a ku Germany pankhondoyo. Guido anakhala patchuthi chachifupi ku Tallinn pa nthawi imene dziko la Germany linalanda dziko la Germany, koma chakumapeto kwa chaka chino iye anazimiririka pankhondoyo. , Volker (wobadwa 1935) ndi Asko (wobadwa 1937), amakhala ku Germany ndikuchita nawo ntchito za Baltic Cavalry Association kumeneko.
Khansala wa mzinda nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanayambe komanso ili mkati
Kuphatikiza pa kugwira ntchito yophunzitsa, de Wahl adalowanso ndale nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanayambe. Mu 1913 anasankhidwa kukhala m’bungwe la mzinda wa Tallinn. M’chaka chomwecho, anakhala membala wa komiti ya khonsolo yoteteza zipilala za nyumba zakale. Ngakhale kuti anali kuphunzitsa, Wahl sanagwirizane ndi nkhani za maphunziro pa City Council. Anali wokangalika pamisonkhano ya khonsolo, koma samalankhula zochepa.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pofika 1869 posachedwa, banja la Wahl linasamukira ku Krementšuk. Abale ake onse a Wahl anabadwira kumeneko: Oskar Paul Karl, yemwe anamwalira ali khanda mu 1869, ndi Arthur Johann Oskar (anamwalira 1951) mu 1870. Alongo ake awiri a Wahl, Lydia Jenny Cornelia (1871-1917) ndi Harriet Marie Jenny (1873-1873- 1920) anabadwira ku Tallinn ndi Jenny Theophile (anamwalira 1961) ku Saint Petersburg mu 1877.
Banja
Mu 1914, de Wahl anakwatira Agnes Riesenkampff. Mofanana ndi mwamuna wake, Agnes anali mphunzitsi, akuphunzitsa masewera olimbitsa thupi m’masukulu osiyanasiyana a ku Tallinn.
Kufalitsa
Komabe, m’zaka za m’ma 1920, magulu atsopano a Azungu anatulukira. Mu 1927, International Cosmoglot Association inakhazikitsidwa, yomwe patapita chaka inadzatchedwa Occidental-Union. Kuyambira 1927 magazini ya Cosmoglott inayamba kusindikizidwa ku Vienna m'malo mwa Tallinn pansi pa dzina lakuti Cosmoglotta. M'nkhani yaposachedwa ya Tallinn, de Wahl adasindikiza, mwa zina, ndakatulo ya Lydia Koidula pamutu wakuti "Max galimoto donation". Kwa de Wahl payekha, kutchuka kwa chilankhulo chatsopano kunabweretsa kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Ankachita ulaliki m’mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya ndipo ankalankhulana kwambiri ndi akatswiri a zinenero. Mu 1939, mwina anali munthu wa ku Estonia yekha amene anaitanidwa ku msonkhano wa 5 wa Linguistic Conference ku Brussels. Zochita zake zamalankhulidwe sizinafike pamavuto akulu achilankhulo, koma zidangopanga chilankhulo chake chopanga komanso kuthana ndi mafunso okhudzana nawo.
Gwero
Edgar von Wahl anali membala wa mzere wosayendetsedwa wa Päinurme wa Wahls (Haus Assick). Agogo aamuna a Edgar von Wahl anali a Carl Gustav von Wahl omwe adapeza nyumba za Pajusi, Tapik ndi Kavastu komanso anali eni ake a Kaave Manor kwakanthawi kochepa. Carl Gustav von Wahl anali ndi ana okwana 14 ochokera m'maukwati awiri, omwe mizere ingapo ya Wahl idachokera. Mmodzi wa iwo, agogo ake a Edgar von Wahl, Alexei von Wahl, yemwe anali mkulu wa boma amene anagula Päinurme mu 1837, anayala maziko a mzere wa Päinurme. Kuphatikiza apo, anali wobwereka ku Taevere Manor, komwe abambo a Edgar von Wahl, Oskar von Wahl (1841-1906), adabadwa.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
Hitler ameneyu, wamisala ameneyu, amaletsa chinenero changa m’maiko onse amene amawagonjetsa. Munthu uyu ndi wamisala! Edgar von Wahl m'nyengo yozizira ya 1941
Kufalitsa
Occidental sanapeze kutchuka kofanana ndi kwa Esperanto, ngakhale kuti de Wahl ankafuna kupanga chinenero choyenera kulankhulana ndi mayiko. Mosiyana ndi Esperanto, yomwe idakhala chilankhulo chodziwika bwino pakati pamagulu ogwira ntchito, olankhula Occidental munthawi yankhondo anali ambiri aluntha aku Western Europe.
Nthawi yoyambirira ya Tallinn
Kumapeto kwa 1894, de Wahl anasamukira ku Tallinn, kumene anakhala zaka zambiri za moyo wake. M’dzinja la chaka chomwecho, analandira udindo wa mphunzitsi wa masamu ndi physics pa Sukulu ya Sekondale ya Sayansi ya St. Peter’s ku Tallinn. Anapitirizabe kuphunzitsa zojambulajambula kusukulu ya Baroness von der Howen Girls, Hanseatic School, Cathedral School, ndi kwina kulikonse. , wophunzitsa pambuyo pake yemwe adaphunzira ku Royal School of Saint Peter kuyambira 1906 mpaka 1909:
1973 UEFA Cup Final
Gulu lililonse limayenera kudutsa maulendo anayi kuti lifike komaliza. Machesi amapikisana pamiyendo iwiri, ndi machesi pabwalo lanyumba la timu iliyonse. Maubwenzi ambiri a Liverpool adapambana ndi zigoli zosachepera ziwiri, kupatulapo semi-final motsutsana ndi Tottenham Hotspur, yomwe Liverpool idapambana pa lamulo la zigoli zakutali. Maubwenzi a Borussia Mönchengladbach makamaka anali mbali imodzi. Gulu la West Germany lidapambana ndi zigoli zosachepera zinayi pazolumikizana zonse zinayi, chigonjetso cha 9-2 pa 1. FC Kaiserslautern idayimira malire awo opambana.
2022 Russia ikuukira Ukraine
Pa February 24, 2022, dziko la Russia linayambitsa nkhondo yaikulu ku Ukraine, yomwe inali imodzi mwa oyandikana nawo kumwera chakumadzulo, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti nkhondoyo inayamba mu 2014. kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko II.
Kutsatira Kusintha kwa Ulemu ku Ukraine mu 2014, dziko la Russia lidalanda dziko la Crimea, pomwe magulu odzipatula omwe amathandizidwa ndi Russia adalanda mbali ina ya Donbas kum'mawa kwa Ukraine, zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo yazaka zisanu ndi zitatu m'derali. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2021, panali gulu lankhondo laku Russia kuzungulira malire a Russia ndi Ukraine. A US ndi ena adadzudzula dziko la Russia kuti likukonzekera kuukira ku Ukraine, koma akuluakulu aku Russia adakana mobwerezabwereza mpaka 20 February 2022. Panthawi yamavuto, pulezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin adawonetsa kuwonjezereka kwa NATO pambuyo pa 1997 ngati chiwopsezo cha chitetezo cha dziko lake. zomwe NATO idakana, ndikulamula kuti Ukraine iletsedwe kulowa nawo NATO. Putin adawonetsa malingaliro aku Russia osazindikira, ndikukayikira ufulu waku Ukraine wokhala ndi boma. Kuukira kusanachitike, poyesa kupereka casus belli, Putin adadzudzula dziko la Ukraine chifukwa chopha anthu olankhula Chirasha ku Ukraine; milandu imeneyi inafotokozedwa mofala ngati yopanda pake.
Invasion
Nthawi yomweyo kuukirako, Zelenskyy adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ankhondo ku Ukraine; usiku womwewo, adalamula kuti amuna onse azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 60 apite patsogolo. Asilikali a ku Russia adalowa ku Ukraine kuchokera kumbali zinayi zazikulu: kumpoto kuchokera ku Belarus, akupita ku Kyiv; kumpoto chakum'mawa kuchokera ku Russia, kulowera ku Kharkiv; kum’maŵa kuchokera ku Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) ndi Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR); ndi kum'mwera kuchokera ku dera lolandidwa la Crimea.
Pa February 21, 2022, dziko la Russia linavomereza mwalamulo Donetsk People's Republic ndi Luhansk People's Republics, mayiko awiri odzitcha okha omwe akulamulidwa ndi asilikali odzipatula ogwirizana ndi Russia ku Donbas. Tsiku lotsatira, Bungwe la Federation of Russia linavomereza mogwirizana kuti Putin agwiritse ntchito asilikali kunja, ndipo asilikali a Russia anatumizidwa poyera m'madera onse awiri. Pa 24 February, pafupifupi 05:00 EET (UTC + 2), Putin adalengeza "ntchito yapadera yankhondo", yomwe malinga ndi iye inali ndi cholinga cha "demilitarization" ndi "denazification" ya Ukraine. Patangopita mphindi zochepa, zida zoponya zidayamba kugunda kudera lonse la Ukraine, kuphatikiza likulu la Kyiv. Bungwe la State Border Guard Service la Ukraine linanena kuti malire ake ndi Russia ndi Belarus adawukiridwa. Patatha maola awiri, asilikali a ku Russia analowa m’dzikoli. Purezidenti wa Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy adayankha pokhazikitsa malamulo ankhondo, kuthetsa ubale waukazembe ndi Russia, ndikulamula kuti anthu onse azilimbikitsana mdziko lonse.
Kusintha kwa Chiyukireniya ndi nkhondo
Pambuyo pa masabata angapo a zionetsero monga gawo la gulu la Euromaidan (2013-2014), pulezidenti wovomerezeka wa Russia Viktor Yanukovych ndi atsogoleri a otsutsa a nyumba yamalamulo ku Ukraine pa 21 February 2014 adasaina mgwirizano wothetsa chisankho chomwe chinafuna kuti chisankho chichitike. Tsiku lotsatira, Yanukovych anathawa ku Kyiv asanavotere mlandu womuchotsera udindo wake monga purezidenti. Atsogoleri a zigawo zakum'mawa kwa Ukraine zomwe amalankhula Chirasha adalengeza kuti akupitilizabe kukhulupirika kwa Yanukovych, zomwe zidayambitsa zipolowe za 2014 zotsutsana ndi Russia ku Ukraine. Zipolowezo zidatsatiridwa ndi kulandidwa kwa Crimea ndi Russia mu Marichi 2014 ndi Nkhondo ku Donbas, yomwe idayamba mu Epulo 2014 ndikukhazikitsidwa kwamayiko otsogozedwa ndi Russia a Donetsk ndi Luhansk People's Republics.
Pa Seputembara 14, 2020, Purezidenti waku Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy adavomereza njira yatsopano yachitetezo cha dziko la Ukraine, "yomwe imapereka chitukuko cha mgwirizano wapadera ndi NATO ndi cholinga chokhala membala wa NATO." Pa 24 March 2021, Zelenskyy adasaina Lamulo la 117/2021 lovomereza "ndondomeko yochotsa ntchito ndikubwezeretsanso gawo lomwe linalandidwa kwakanthawi la Autonomous Republic of Crimea ndi mzinda wa Sevastopol."
Kutsogolo kwa kumpoto
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, kupita patsogolo kwa Russia kumadzulo kwa Dnipro kunali kochepa, kuvutitsidwa ndi chitetezo cha Ukraine. Gulu lalikulu lankhondo laku Russia, lomwe linali lalitali makilomita 64, "lidapita patsogolo pang'ono" ku Kyiv. Kutsogola m'mbali mwa Chernihiv kudayima pomwe mzindawo ukuzingidwa. Russia idapita patsogolo kwambiri panjira ya Sumy kutsogolo Kum'mawa: Konotop idagwa pomwe Nkhondo ya Sumy inali kupitilira. Asilikali aku Russia, akuyenda m'misewu ikuluikulu kuchokera ku Sumy kudutsa malo athyathyathya, otseguka omwe anali malo osatetezeka otetezeka, adafika ku Brovary, dera lakum'mawa kwa Kyiv.
Kuchokera Kum'mawa kutsogolo
Kumpoto chakum’mawa, asilikali a ku Russia anayesa kulanda Kharkiv ndi Sumy, omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita osakwana 35 (22 mi) kuchokera kumalire a Russia. Malinga ndi ankhondo aku Ukraine, Nkhondo ya Konotop idatayika pa 25 February. Mu Nkhondo ya Kharkiv, akasinja Russian anakumana ndi kukana kwambiri. Pa 28 February, mzindawu udayang'aniridwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidapha anthu angapo. Nkhondoyo inafotokozedwa ndi mlangizi wa pulezidenti wa ku Ukraine monga "Stalingrad m'zaka za zana la 21". Mu Nkhondo ya Sumy, ngakhale kukana pang'ono koyambirira, asitikali aku Ukraine ndi asitikali ankhondo adayamba kulimbana ndi asitikali aku Russia mkati mwa mzindawo, zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo zazikulu zamatawuni.
Kutsogolo kwa kumpoto
Ntchito yoti atenge mzinda wa Kyiv inaphatikizapo ntchito yaikulu yolowera kum'mwera kuchokera ku Belarus m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Dnipro, ndipo zikuoneka kuti ankayesa kuzungulira Kyiv kuchokera kumadzulo. Imathandizidwa ndi nkhwangwa ziwiri zosiyana zakuukira ku Russia m'mphepete mwakum'mawa kwa Dnipro: kumadzulo ku Chernihiv ndi kum'mawa ku Sumy. Nkhwangwa zakum'mawa zakuukira zikuwoneka kuti zizungulira Kyiv kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kum'mawa.
Malinga ndi a UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni a ku Ukraine adathawa mdzikolo sabata yoyamba yachiwembuchi, zomwe zidayambitsa vuto la othawa kwawo ku Europe konse.
Chikhalidwe cha post-Soviet
`Pambuyo pa kutha kwa Soviet Union mu 1991, Ukraine ndi Russia anapitirizabe kugwirizana. Mu 1994, Ukraine idavomereza kusiya zida zake zanyukiliya ndipo idasaina Budapest Memorandum pa za chitetezo potengera kuti Russia, United Kingdom, ndi United States zipereka chitsimikiziro motsutsana ndi ziwopsezo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu motsutsana ndi kukhulupirika kapena kudziyimira pawokha pazandale. Ukraine. Zaka zisanu pambuyo pake, dziko la Russia linali m'modzi mwa omwe adasaina Charter for European Security, pomwe "idatsimikiziranso za ufulu wadziko lililonse lomwe likuchita nawo ufulu wosankha kapena kusintha makonzedwe ake achitetezo, kuphatikiza mapangano a mgwirizano, pomwe akusintha". Mu 2008, pulezidenti wa Russia Vladimir Putin anatsutsa zoti dziko la Ukraine lingalowe m'gulu la NATO Mu 2009, katswiri wa ku Romania, Iulian Chifu ndi olemba anzake, adanena kuti ponena za dziko la Ukraine, dziko la Russia latsatira Chiphunzitso cha Brezhnev, chomwe chimapereka ufulu wodzilamulira. ya Ukraine singakhale yokulirapo kuposa ya mayiko omwe ali mamembala a Warsaw Pact kugwa kwa gawo la Soviet Union kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa 1990s.
Kusintha kwa Chiyukireniya ndi nkhondo
Mu Julayi 2021, a Putin adafalitsa nkhani yotchedwa On the Historical Unity of Russia and Ukrainians, pomwe adatsimikiziranso malingaliro ake kuti aku Russia ndi aku Ukraine anali "anthu amodzi". Wolemba mbiri waku America Timothy Snyder adafotokoza malingaliro a Putin ngati imperialism. Mtolankhani waku Britain Edward Lucas adafotokoza kuti ndikusinthanso mbiri yakale. Owonera ena anena utsogoleri wa Russia kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika a Ukraine yamakono ndi mbiri yake.
Russia yati kutha kulowa m'malo a Ukraine ku NATO ndi kukulitsa kwa NATO kuwopseza chitetezo cha dziko. Momwemonso, Ukraine ndi mayiko ena aku Europe oyandikana ndi Russia adadzudzula a Putin kuti amayesa kusamvetsetsana ndi Russia komanso kutsatira mfundo zankhondo.
Kuchokera Kum'mawa kutsogolo
M'mawa pa February 25, Asilikali ankhondo aku Russia adakwera kuchokera kudera la DPR chakum'mawa kupita ku Mariupol ndipo adakumana ndi asitikali aku Ukraine pafupi ndi mudzi wa Pavlopil, komwe adagonjetsedwa. Asitikali ankhondo aku Russia akuti adayamba kuwukira panyanja ya Azov pamtunda wa makilomita 70 (43 mi) kumadzulo kwa Mariupol madzulo a 25 February. Msilikali wina wachitetezo ku US adanenanso kuti aku Russia atha kutumiza masauzande ankhondo aku Russia Naval Infantry kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanjayi. Pa 1 Marichi, Denis Pushilin, wamkulu wa DPR, adalengeza kuti magulu ankhondo a DPR azungulira pafupifupi mzinda wapafupi wa Volnovakha ndipo posakhalitsa achita zomwezo ku Mariupol.
Kutsogolo kwa kumpoto
Pa Nkhondo ya Chernobyl, anthu a ku Russia adagonjetsa mizinda ya Chernobyl ndi Pripyat; Kupita kwawo kunalepheretsedwa ndi kukana kwamphamvu kwa asitikali aku Ukraine. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwawo ku Chernobyl, Russia ikupita patsogolo pa Nkhondo ya Ivankiv, dera lakumpoto la Kyiv. Russian Airborne Forces anayesa kulanda ndege ziwiri kuzungulira Kyiv m'masiku oyambirira akumenyana, poyamba pa Antonov Airport ndiyeno, pa 26 February, pa Nkhondo ya Vasylkiv pa Vasylkiv Air Base kumwera kwa Kyiv. Masiku oyambirirawa adawoneka ngati kuyesa kwa Russia kuti agwire Kyiv mofulumira ndi Spetsnaz adalowa mumzindawu mothandizidwa ndi machitidwe a ndege komanso kutsogola kwachangu kuchokera kumpoto, koma sizinaphule kanthu.
Thandizo lankhondo lakunja ku Ukraine
Akatswiri ena anena kuti kukana kwa mayiko a NATO kutumiza magulu ankhondo ku Ukraine ndi mfundo yosangalatsa.
Ntchito zamtendere
Pa 28 February, okambirana ku Ukraine ndi ku Russia adayamba kukambirana zokambirana ku Belarus kuti athetse nkhondo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti anthu wamba athawe. Pambuyo pa zokambirana zitatu, mgwirizano wonse sunafikidwe.
Kuchokera kutsogolo Kumwera
Asilikali ena aku Russia adapita kumpoto kuchokera ku Crimea pa 26 February, ndi Gulu Lankhondo la 22 la Russia likuyandikira ku Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. Pa 3 Marichi, adayamba kuzungulira Enerhodar poyesa kuwongolera malo opangira mphamvu zanyukiliya. Moto unayambika panthawi yomenyana ndi mfuti. Bungwe la International Atomic Energy Agency linanena kuti zida zofunika sizinawonongeke. Pofika pa Marichi 4, Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant idagwidwa ndi asitikali aku Russia, koma pomwe moto udanenedwa, panalibe kutayikira kwa radiation.
Zokambirana zam'mlengalenga ndi zapamadzi
Pa 24 February, State Border Guard Service ya Ukraine idalengeza za 18:00 nthawi yakomweko kuti kuwukira kwa Snake Island ndi zombo zankhondo zaku Russia zayamba. Sitima yapamadzi ya Moskva ndi bwato loyang'anira Vasily Bykov adaphulitsa chilumbachi ndi mfuti zawo. Pamene sitima yankhondo ya ku Russia inadzizindikiritsa yokha ndi kulangiza asilikali a ku Ukraine omwe anali pachilumbachi kuti adzipereke, yankho lawo linali "Sitima yankhondo ya ku Russia, pita kukamenyana!" Kuphulika kwa mabomba kutatha, gulu la asilikali a ku Russia linatera ndikugonjetsa Snake Island.
Kuukiraku kudadzudzulidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza zilango zatsopano zomwe zidaperekedwa ku Russia, zomwe zidayambitsa mavuto azachuma. Ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi zotsutsana ndi kuwukiraku zidachitika, pomwe ziwonetsero zaku Russia zidamangidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Nkhondo isanachitike komanso panthawi yomwe adaukira, mayiko osiyanasiyana adapereka thandizo lakunja ku Ukraine, kuphatikiza zida ndi zida zina. Poyankha, a Putin adayika zida zanyukiliya zaku Russia kukhala tcheru.
Thandizo lankhondo lakunja ku Ukraine
Pa 27 February, EU idavomereza kugula zida ku Ukraine pamodzi. Mkulu wa malamulo akunja ku EU a Josep Borrell adati igula € 450 miliyoni (US $ 502 miliyoni) ngati chithandizo chakupha komanso ma euro 50 miliyoni ($ 56 miliyoni) pazinthu zosapha. Borrell adati nduna za chitetezo ku EU zikufunikabe kudziwa tsatanetsatane wa momwe angagulire zidazo ndikuzitumiza ku Ukraine, koma Poland idavomereza kuti ikhale ngati malo ogawa. Borrell adanenanso kuti akufuna kupereka Ukraine ndege zomenyera nkhondo zomwe azitha kuyendetsa kale. Poland, Bulgaria, ndi Slovakia anali ndi MiG-29s ndi Slovakia analinso ndi ma Su-25, omwe anali ndege zankhondo zomwe Ukraine idawuluka kale ndipo zitha kusamutsidwa popanda maphunziro oyendetsa ndege. Komabe kusamutsidwa kwa ma jets kudakhala kovuta chifukwa cha eni ake kuti azitha kupereka zida zofunika kwambiri zodzitetezera kudera lawo, komanso kuopa kuti Russia ingawone ngati nkhondo ngati ndege ziwuluka kuchokera kumabwalo awo amlengalenga kukamenyana ndi Ukraine.
Ntchito zamtendere
Pa Marichi 5, Russia idalengeza kuti kuyimitsa kwachidule kwa maola asanu ndi theka ku Mariupol ndi Volnovakha, kuti atsegule njira zothandizira anthu kuti anthu wamba asamuke. Ukraine idadzudzula asitikali aku Russia chifukwa chophwanya mobwerezabwereza kuletsa mizinda iwiriyi, ngakhale Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Russia udati kuwomberako kudachokera m'mizinda yonseyi motsutsana ndi Russia. Bungwe la International Committee of the Red Cross linanena kuti zoyesayesa zochotsa anthu wamba zalephera. Patsiku lomwelo, nduna yaikulu ya Israeli, Naftali Bennett, adawulukira ku Moscow ndipo adachita misonkhano ya maola atatu ndi Putin, asanapite ku Germany ndikuchita misonkhano ndi Chancellor waku Germany Olaf Scholz. Bennett analankhula pasadakhale ndi Zelenskyy, yemwe adamupemphapo kuti amuthandize kukhala mkhalapakati. Anagwirizananso ndi US ndi France.
Kuchokera kutsogolo Kumwera
Pa February 24, asilikali a ku Russia adagonjetsa North Crimea Canal, kulola kuti Crimea ipeze madzi a peninsula, yomwe idachotsedwa kuyambira 2014. kutsogolo ndi zigawo za Donbas separatist. Pa 1 Marichi, asitikali aku Russia adayamba kukonzekera kuyambiranso kuukira kwawo ku Melitopol ndi mizinda ina, kuyambira Nkhondo ya Melitopol. Ivan Fedorov, meya wa Melitopol, pambuyo pake ananena kuti anthu a ku Russia analanda mzindawo. Pa Marichi 2, nkhondo ya Kherson idapambana ndi asitikali aku Russia. Asilikali aku Russia ndiye adapita ku Mykolaiv, yomwe ili pakati pa Kherson ndi Odesa. Pa Marichi 4, omenyera ufulu waku Ukraine adabweza kuwukira kwa mzindawu ndikugwiranso Kulbakino Air Base.
Thandizo lankhondo lakunja ku Ukraine
Pa 26 February, Blinken adalengeza kuti walola $350 miliyoni zothandizira zankhondo zakupha, kuphatikiza "njira zolimbana ndi zida zankhondo ndi ndege, zida zazing'ono ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, zida zankhondo, ndi zida zofananira nazo". Russia idati ma drones aku US adapereka nzeru kwa asitikali aku Ukraine kuti athandizire kuwongolera zombo zake zankhondo ku Black Sea, zomwe US ​​idakana. Pa 27 February, Portugal idalengeza kuti idzatumiza mfuti za Heckler & Koch G3 ndi zida zina zankhondo. Sweden ndi Denmark onse adaganiza zotumiza zida za 5,000 ndi 2,700 zotsutsana ndi akasinja, motero, ku Ukraine. Denmark idaperekanso mbali zoponya 300 zosagwira ntchito za Stinger, zomwe US ​​​​idzathandiza kaye kuti igwire ntchito. Turkey idaperekanso ma drones a TB2.
Zokambirana zam'mlengalenga ndi zapamadzi
Pa February 25, asilikali a ku Ukraine anaukira bwalo la ndege la Millerovo ndi mizinga ya OTR-21 Tochka, kuwononga ndege za Russian Air Force, ndikuyatsa moto, malinga ndi akuluakulu ena a ku Ukraine. Mu Zhytomyr Airport kuukira 27 February, zinanenedwa kuti Russia ntchito 9K720 Iskander mizinga machitidwe ili mu Belarus, kuukira wamba Zhytomyr Airport.
Thandizo lankhondo lakunja ku Ukraine
Mu Januware 2022, Germany idaletsa kutumiza zida ku Ukraine ndikuletsa Estonia, kudzera muulamuliro wotumiza zida zopangidwa ku Germany, kutumiza omwe kale anali a East Germany D-30 howwitzers ku Ukraine. Germany idalengeza kuti ikutumiza zipewa za 5,000 ndi chipatala chakumunda ku Ukraine, pomwe meya wa Kyiv Vitali Klitschko adayankha monyoza kuti: "Adzatumiza chiyani pambuyo pake? Mitsamiro?" Pa 26 February, posintha momwe analili m'mbuyomu, Germany idavomereza pempho la Netherlands kuti litumize mabomba 400 othamangitsidwa ndi rocket ku Ukraine, komanso mizinga 500 ya Stinger ndi zida zolimbana ndi akasinja 1,000 kuchokera pazogulitsa zake.
Kutsatira kuukiraku, a US adalumbira kuti sadzatumiza asitikali aku Ukraine kuti ateteze dzikolo, ngakhale US ndi mayiko ena adayamba kulonjeza kutumiza zida kwa anthu aku Ukraine. Belgium, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Netherlands, Portugal, ndi UK adalengeza kuti atumiza zinthu zothandizira ndi kuteteza asilikali ndi boma la Ukraine. Pa February 24, Poland idapereka zida zankhondo ku Ukraine, kuphatikiza zida 100, zida zosiyanasiyana, ndi zipewa zopitilira 40,000. Ngakhale ena mwa mamembala a 30 a NATO adavomera kutumiza zida, NATO monga bungwe silinatero.
Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Viktor Yanukovych, asilikali a ku Ukraine anali atawonongeka; idafowokanso kutsatira kugwa kwa Yanukovych komanso kutsata kwake atsogoleri owoneka akumadzulo. Pambuyo pake, mayiko angapo a Kumadzulo (Australia, Canada, mayiko a Baltic, France, Germany, Poland, Turkey, UK, ndi US) ndi mabungwe (EU ndi NATO) anayamba kupereka thandizo lankhondo kuti amangenso asilikali ake. Kuyambira 2019, Asitikali Ankhondo aku Ukraine akhala akugula ku Turkey magalimoto omenyera nkhondo osayendetsedwa ndi anthu ngati Bayraktar TB2, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu Okutobala 2021 kulunjika komwe kuli zida zankhondo zaku Russia ku Donbas.
Pamene dziko la Russia linkayamba kupanga zida zake ndi asilikali ake kumalire a Ukraine, mayiko omwe ali m'bungwe la NATO anawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zida. Purezidenti wa US a Joe Biden adagwiritsa ntchito Authorities Drawdown Authorities mu Ogasiti ndi Disembala 2021 kuti apereke $260 miliyoni zothandizira. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuperekedwa kwa FGM-148 Javelins ndi zida zina zolimbana ndi zida, zida zazing'ono, zida zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi zida zina.
Ntchito zamtendere
Pa 7 Marichi, ngati njira yothetsa kuwukira, a Kremlin adafuna kusalowerera ndale kwa Ukraine, kuzindikira kulandidwa kwa Crimea ndi Russia mu 2014, ngati gawo la Russia, komanso kuzindikira mayiko odzipatula a Donetsk ndi Luhansk ngati mayiko odziyimira pawokha. Tsiku lomwelo, Russia idalengeza kuti kutha kwakanthawi ku Kyiv, Sumy, ndi mizinda ina iwiri, kuyambira 10:30 Moscow Time (UTC + 3). Adalengezedwa kuti asiya nkhondo kuti alole anthu wamba kutuluka m'mizinda inayi yaku Ukraine. Asilikali aku Russia anali atalengeza za kutsegulidwa kwa makonde angapo othandizira anthu ndikutuluka ku Ukraine..
Zokambirana zam'mlengalenga ndi zapamadzi
Pa 4 Marichi, Mtumiki wa Chitetezo ku Ukraine adatsimikizira kuti mbendera ya Ukraine Navy Hetman Sahaidachny idaphwanyidwa ku Mykolaiv kuti aletse kugwidwa ndi asitikali aku Russia. Tsiku lapitalo, chithunzi chidatuluka chowonetsa Hetman Sahaidachny atamira pang'ono padoko.