cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kudzipha
Kudzipha ndi chinthu chimene munthu amachita pochotsa moyo wake mwadala n'cholinga choti afe. Kuvutika maganizo, matenda ovutika maganizo, matenda a maganizo, matenda okhudza makhalidwe, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo – kuphatikizapo kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala abenzodiazepine, ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu adziphe. Anthu ena amadzipha ngati njira yachidule yothawira mavuto monga azachuma, mavuto obwera chifukwa chosagwirizana maubale, kapenanso kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ena. Anthu amene achitapo zinthu zosonyeza kuti ankafuna kudzipha ndi amene ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kudzipha nthawi ina m'tsogolomu. Pali njira zambiri zothandiza munthu kuti asadziphe ndipo zina mwa njirazi ndi kuchita zinthu zoti munthu yemwe angadzipheyo asapeze zinthu monga mfuti, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso poizoni. Njira zinanso ndi kupereka thandizo la chipatala kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; kuthandiza munthuyo kuti amve uthenga kudziwitsa anthu ena ngati munthu wina akufuna kudzipha, ndiponso kuchita zinthu zothandiza kuti zachuma ziyambe kuyenda bwino pa moyo. Ngakhale kuti pali malo oimbira foni ulere ambiri, umboni ukusonyeza kuti malowa sakuthandiza kwenikweni.
Njira zofala kwambiri zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito podziphera zimasiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyananso. Zina mwa njira zodziphera zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi monga kudzimangirira, kumwa poizoni, ndiponso kudziwombera ndi mfuti. Padziko lonse, m'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu 828,000 anadzipha, ndipo chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera kwambiri tikayerekezera ndi anthu 712,000 omwe anadzipha mu 1990. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa zinthu zimene zikuchititsa imfa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kudzipha kuli pa nambala 10.
Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 0.5-1.4% amadzipha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu 12 pa 100,000 amadzipha chaka chilichonse. Anthu atatu pa anthu anayi alionse amene amadzipha padziko lonse amakhala a kapena ochokera m’mayiko osauka. Ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti azibambo ambiri amadzipha poyerekezera ndi azimayi, ndipo chiwerengero cha azibambo odziphawo n’chokwera ndi 1.5 m’mayiko osauka, koma m’mayiko olemera, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 3.5. M’madera ambiri, anthu omwe apitirira zaka 70 ndi amene amakonda kudzipha. Koma m’madera ena, anthu a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka 30 ndi omwe amadzipha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 anthu ochuluka kwambiri amene anadzipha anali a ku Ulaya. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse, anthu oyambira pa 10 miliyoni mpaka 20 miliyoni amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha. Anthu omwe anayesera kudzipha koma sanafe nthawi zambiri amavulala ngakhalenso kulumala kumene. M’mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anthu ochuluka zedi amene amadzipha kapena kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha amakhala achinyamata ndiponso akazi.
Anthu amadzipha pazifukwa zosiyanasiyanamonga zokhudza chipembedzo, kufuna ulemu, kapenanso kukhala ndi moyo wopanda tanthauzo. Chipembedzo cha Abulahamu chimaona kuti kudzipha ndi lochimwira Mulungu, ndipo anthu a m’chipembedzochi amakhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa amaona kuti moyo ndi wopatulika. M'nthawi ya chisamurai ku Japan, mwambo wodzipha wotchedwa seppuku (harakiri) unkaonedwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka chikwa anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yokonzera zimene munthu walakwitsa kapenanso kuti njira yochitira zionetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake. Mwambo winanso wotchedwa Sati, womwe unathetsedwa ndi a British Raj, unkachitika m’njira yakuti namfedwa wamkazi wa ku Indiya ankafunika kudzipha podziponya pamoto wa maliro a mwamuna wake. Mkaziyo ankafunika kuchita zimenezi kaya mwakufuna kwake kapena mochita kukakamizidwa ndi achibale ake ngakhalenso anthu ena. M’mbuyomu, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi ku America anali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha komanso kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha, koma masiku ano, lamulo limeneli linathetsedwa m’mayikowo. Komabe, mayiko ambiri ngakhalenso kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kuti munthu akufuna kudzipha. M’zaka za m’ma 1900 komanso m’ma 2000, anthu ena akhala akudzipha mwa apo ndi apo ngati njira yochitira ziwonetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake ndipo njira yodzipherayi imatchedwa kamikazekomanso zigawenga zakhala zikudzipha pophulitsa mabomba a timkenawo komanso pofuna kupha anthu ena.
Kamuzu Banda
Kubwera ku Mozambique
Banda akumana ndi Purezidenti wa Zambia Kenneth Kaunda. Zambia idapereka chithandizo chothandizira magulu a anthu akuda ku Rhodesia ya Ian Smith, South West Africa, Angola, ndi Mozambique.
Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1898- 25 Novembala 1997) anali nduna yaikulu ndipo kenako pulezidenti wa dziko la Malawi kuyambira 1964 mpaka 1994 British protectorate of Nyasaland). Mu 1966, dzikolo lidakhala republic ndipo adakhala purezidenti.
Kubwera ku Mozambique
Pofika m'ma 1980, a Banda adathandizira boma komanso zigawenga pankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Mozambique. Anapatsa bwino gulu lankhondo la Malawi ndi a Malawi Young Pioneers ku Mozambique kuyambira 1987 mpaka 1992. Anali ndi gulu lankhondo la Malawi kuti lithandizire boma la Mozambique lomwe linkalamulidwa ndi FRELIMO dzikolo litalandira ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1975, pofuna kuteteza zofuna za Malawi ku Mozambique. Izi zidachitika mwa pangano mu 1984 ndi Samora Machel. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, a Banda adagwiritsa ntchito MYP ngati otengera mabuku komanso othandizira a Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), omwe anali akulimbana ndi boma la Machel kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. Dziko la Malawi lidagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka thandizo lakunja kuchokera ku boma la tsankho la South Africa. Machel adapereka chikalata ku Frontline States ndi umboni wosonyeza kuti a Banda akuchirikizabe zigawengazo ngakhale adagwirizana mu 1984 kuti asiye. Pofika September 1986, Machel, Robert Mugabe, ndi Kenneth Kaunda anapita ku Banda kukamunyengerera kuti asiye kuchirikiza RENAMO. Wolowa m'malo mwa Machel, Joaquim Chissano, adapitilizabe kudandaula kuti dziko la Malawi silikufuna kusiya kuthandiza RENAMO. Koma a Banda amayesa kusunga zofuna za Amalawi pa doko la Nacala ku Mozambique ndipo sadafune kudalira madoko a Tanzania ndi South Africa kuti atuluke ndi kutumiza kunja chifukwa cha ndalamazo. Mozambique ndi Malawi adagwirizana kuti akhazikitse asilikali a mayiko awiriwa ku Nayuchi pafupi ndi doko.Zochitika za kuphedwa kwa asitikali aku Malawi pazaka zinayi zidakwiyitsa Asilikali chifukwa mamembala a MYP adachita nawo zigawengazo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti awiriwa azitsutsana.
Ulamuliro wake umadziwika kuti ndi "ulamuliro wopondereza kwambiri." Ataphunzira zambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu, zilankhulo, mbiri yakale, ndi udokotala kunja kwa nyanja, Banda adabwerera ku Nyasaland kuti akalankhule zotsutsa utsamunda komanso kulimbikitsa ufulu wodzilamulira kuchokera ku United Kingdom. Anasankhidwa kukhala nduna yaikulu ya Nyasaland, ndipo anatsogolera dzikolo ku ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1964.
Moyo Wakunja (1925-1958)
Chigawochi sichitchula malo aliwonse. Chonde thandizani kukonza gawoli powonjezera mawu opezeka ku malo odalirika. Zinthu zopanda ntchito zitha kutsutsidwa ndikuchotsedwa. (March 2011) (Phunzirani momwe ndi nthawi yochotsera uthenga wa template iyi)
Kufa kwa ndale
Kutha kwa Cold War kunamveka ngati imfa ya Banda wamaliseche. Atsogoleri aku Western ndi opereka thandizo padziko lonse lapansi sanagwiritsenso ntchito maulamuliro aulamuliro odana ndi Chikomyunizimu m'dziko lachitatu, zonse zomwe zidakakamizidwa kuti zikhazikitse demokalase. Madonors adauza a Banda kuti akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu pofuna kuti boma lake lichite zinthu poyera komanso kuti liziyankha kwa anthu ndi mayiko ena pofuna thandizo lina. Boma la Britain linasiyanso thandizo lawo lazachuma. Mu March 1992, mabishopu achikatolika ku Malawi analemba kalata ya abusa a Lenten yomwe inadzudzula Banda ndi boma lake. Ophunzira akusukulu ya ukachenjede ya Malawi pasukulu ya ukachenjede ya Chancellor College ndi Polytechnic adachita nawo ziwonetsero komanso zionetsero zolimbikitsa maepiskopiwa zomwe zidakakamiza akuluakulu a boma kuti atseke masukuluwo.
Mbiri ya moyo wake
Adachoka kusukulu kwawo kufupi ndi Mtunthama kupita kwawo kwa agogo ake amake ndipo adakaphunzira ku Chayamba Primary School ku Chikondwa. Mu 1908, anasamukira ku Chilanga mission station ndipo anabatizidwa mu 1910.
Dzina lakuti Kamnkhwala, kutanthauza "mankhwala ang'onoang'ono", adalowetsedwa ndi Kamuzu, kutanthauza "muzu waung'ono". Dzina lakuti Kamuzu anapatsidwa chifukwa chakuti iye anatenga pakati mayi ake atapatsidwa zitsamba za mizu ndi sing'anga kuti achiritse kusabereka. Adatenga dzina lachikhristu la Hastings atabatizidwa mu Church of Scotland ndi Dr George Prentice, waku Scotland, mu 1910, adadzitcha dzina la John Hastings, mmishonale waku Scotland yemwe amagwira ntchito pafupi ndi mudzi wake yemwe amasilira. Mawu akuti "dokotala" anapezedwa ndi maphunziro ake.
United States
Banda adaphunzira kusukulu ya sekondale ya Wilberforce Institute, koleji ya African American AME (membala wa AME), yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti Central State University, ku Wilberforce, Ohio, ndipo adamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1928 ndi diploma. Thandizo lake lazachuma litatha, Banda adapeza ndalama zokambilana zomwe zidakonzedwa ndi mphunzitsi wa ku Ghana Kweyir Aggrey yemwe adakumana naye ku South Africa.
Malamulo atsopano ndi kuphatikiza mphamvu
Mu 1970, chipani cha MCP chinalengeza kuti a Banda ndi mtsogoleri wadziko lonse. Mu 1971, nyumba yamalamulo idalengeza kuti Banda ndi Purezidenti wa Moyo wa Malawi. Mutu wake unali wakuti " His Excellency the Life President of the Republic of Malaŵi, Ngwazi Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda." Dzina lakuti Ngwazi limatanthauza “mkulu wa mafumu” (litali kwenikweni, “mkango waukulu,” kapena, ena anganene, “wogonjetsa”) m’Chicheŵa.
United States
Polankhula pamsonkhano wa kilabu ya Kiwanis adakumana ndi Dr Herald, yemwe mothandizidwa adalembetsa ngati wophunzira wachipatala ku Indiana University, komwe adakhalako **** ndi Akazi W. N. Culmer. Ku Bloomington, analemba nkhani zingapo zokhudza fuko lakwawo la Chewa kwa katswiri wamaphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu Stith Thompson, yemwe anamudziwitsa kwa Edward Sapir, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya Chicago, kumene, pambuyo pa semesita zinayi, adasamutsirako. M’nthaŵi imene anali kumeneko, anagwirizana ndi katswiri wina wa chinenero cha Afro-America Mark Hanna Watkins, akumapereka chidziŵitso cha chinenero chake cha Chichewa. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti buku la galamala litulutsidwe m'chinenerocho. Ku Chicago, adagona ndi munthu waku Africa-America, Corinna Saunders. Adachita bwino kwambiri m'mbiri, adamaliza maphunziro a B.Phil. digiri mu 1931.
Malamulo atsopano ndi kuphatikiza mphamvu
Ngakhale kuti malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ankapereka ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu, iwo sankatanthauza chilichonse, ndipo dziko la Malawi linali la apolisi. Imelo idatsegulidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa. Matelefoni amangoimbidwa, ndipo mafoni ankadziwika kuti sangadulidwe ngati wina wanena mawu odzudzula okhudza boma.
Kufa kwa ndale
Mu Epulo 1992, Chakufwa Chihana, wogwirizira ntchito, adapempha poyera kuti pakhale chisankho chokhudza tsogolo la ndale la Malawi. Anamangidwa asanamalize zokamba zake pabwalo la ndege la Lilongwe. Pofika mchaka cha 1992, chikakamizo chomwe chikukulirakuliraku kuchokera mkati ndi kunja kwa mayiko chinakakamiza a Banda kuti avomere kupanga referendum ngati akuyenera kukhalabe ndi chipani chimodzi. Referendumu inachitika pa 14 June 1993, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mavoti achulukane (64 peresenti) mokomera demokalase ya zipani zambiri. Zitatha izi, zipani za ndale kupatula MCP zidakhazikitsidwa ndipo kukonzekera zisankho zinayamba. A Banda adagwira ntchito ndi zipani zomwe zidangokhazikitsidwa kumene komanso mpingo, ndipo sanachite ziwonetsero pomwe msonkhano wapadera unamuchotsera udindo wake wa President for Life, komanso mphamvu zake zambiri. Kusintha kuchokera ku umodzi mwa maulamuliro opondereza kwambiri mu Africa kupita ku demokalase kunali kwamtendere.
Malamulo atsopano ndi kuphatikiza mphamvu
Nthawi zambiri a Banda ankamuona ngati mtsogoleri wabwino, ngakhale wooneka bwino, yemwe analimbikitsidwa ndi ma suti ake a chingerezi atatu, mipango yofananira, ndodo ndi whisk. Mu June 1967, adalandira udokotala wolemekezeka ndi yunivesite ya Massachusetts ndi encomium "... dokotala wa ana ku dziko lake lakhanda". Banda mwiniyo adafotokoza mosapita m'mbali maganizo ake olamulira dzikolo ponena kuti, "Chilichonse ndi ntchito yanga. Chilichonse. Chilichonse chimene ndinganene ndi lamulo ... kwenikweni malamulo." mantha.
Mbiri ya moyo wake
Cha m’ma 1915–1916, Banda anachoka kunyumba wapansi ndi Hanock Msokera Phiri, amalume amene anali mphunzitsi pasukulu yaumishonale ya Livingstonia, ku Hartley, Southern Rhodesia (tsopano Chegutu, Zimbabwe). Zikuoneka kuti ankafuna kulembetsa ku Scottish Presbyterian Lovedale Missionary Institute yotchuka ku South Africa koma anamaliza maphunziro ake a Standard 8 popanda kuphunzira kumeneko. Mu 1917, ananyamuka wapansi kupita ku Johannesburg ku South Africa. Anagwira ntchito ku Witwatersrand Deep Mine ku Transvaal Reef kwa zaka zingapo. Pa nthawiyi, anakumana ndi Bishopu William Tecumseh Vernon wa tchalitchi cha African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) amene anadzipereka kuti azimulipirira maphunziro pasukulu ya Methodist ku United States ngati akanatha kudzilipira yekha ndimeyi. Mu 1925, anapita ku New York.
United Kingdom
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, adakhazikitsa mchitidwe ku London kozungulira Kilburn ndipo adayamba ndale polowa nawo bungwe la Labor Party ndi Fabian Colonial Bureau, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1940.
Kubwererani ku Nyasaland
Ndi Banda yemwe adasankha dzina loti "Malawi" kutchula Nyasaland wakale; anali ataona pa mapu akale a Chifalansa ngati dzina la "Nyanja ya Maravi" m'dziko la Bororo, ndipo anakonda kumveka ndi maonekedwe a mawu akuti "Malawi". Pa 6 July 1964, patadutsa zaka 6 ndendende Banda atabwerera m’dziko muno, Nyasaland inalandira ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo inadzitcha kuti Malawi.
Anti-communism
Pautsogoleri wa a Banda, dziko la Malawi poyamba linakana kukhazikitsa ubale waukazembe ndi maboma aliwonse achikomyunizimu ku Eastern Europe kapena Asia (komabe ubale unakhazikitsidwa ndi North Korea mu 1982 komanso ndi Romania ndi Albania mu 1985).
Zomangamanga
Komabe, pofika 1979-80, kuphulika kunali kuphulika chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma padziko lonse omwe anayambitsa nkhondo ya Yom Kippur pakati pa Israeli ndi Aluya mu 1973.
United Kingdom
M’chaka cha 1945, molamulidwa ndi mfumu Mwase wa ku Kasungu, yemwe adakumana naye ku England m’chaka cha 1939, komanso amalawi ena okonda ndale, adaimira chipani cha Nyasaland African Congress ku Fifth Pan-African Congress ku Manchester. Kuyambira nthawiyi, adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi dziko lakwawo, ndikulangiza a Congress ndikuwathandizira ndalama. Mothandizidwa ndi a Britons achifundo, adalimbikitsanso ku London m'malo mwa Congress.
Ubale ndi mayiko aku Africa
Ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri akummwera kwa Africa adachita malonda ndi nthawi ya tsankho ku South Africa chifukwa chofuna chuma, Malawi ndi dziko lokhalo mu Africa lomwe lidazindikira dziko la South Africa ndikukhazikitsa ubale waukazembe ndi dzikolo, kuphatikiza mgwirizano wamalonda womwe udakwiyitsa atsogoleri ena a mu Africa. Adawopseza kuti achotsa dziko la Malawi mubungwe la Organisation of African Unity mpaka a Banda atachoka pampando. Banda anayankha podzudzula maiko ena a mu Afirika kuti ndi achinyengo, ndipo polankhula pagulu ku nyumba yake yamalamulo, Banda anati: “Palibe choopsa, Cassius, pakuopseza kwanu” (Julius Caesar). Anawauza kuti akhazikike mtima pa kutsimikizira boma la South Africa kuti tsankho silinali lofunika. Kuwonjezera apo, iye anawonjezera kuti “[Atsogoleri a mu Afirika] amachita zosagwirizana, osati mgwirizano, kwinaku akudzionetsa ngati omasula Afirika. Pamene akuimba m’gulu la oimba la Pan Africanism, Aroma awo omwe akuyaka.”
United Kingdom
Banda anasamukira ku London mu 1945, kukagula chizolowezi ku North London ku Harlesden. Poyamba, anakhala kunyumba ya Mayi French, ndipo Bambo French anagwirizana nawo mu October 1945. Pambuyo pake, anagula nyumba yake ku Brondesbury Park. Akazi a French anasamuka monga wowasamalira m'nyumba, pamodzi ndi mwamuna wake. fkutchulidwa] Malinga ndi nkhani zina, anagona mu hotelo, The Conway Court, ku Paddington yoyendetsedwa ndi Mayi Janet Evans. Akuti adazemba kubwerera ku Nyasaland kuopa kuti ndalama zomwe adapezazi zitha kudyetsedwa ndi achibale ake kwawo.
1964 vuto la cabinet
Patangotha ​​mwezi umodzi dziko la Malawi litalandira ufulu wodzilamulira, lidakumana ndi vuto la Cabinet Crisis mu 1964. A Banda anali atadzudzulidwa kale chifukwa chongofuna kudzilamulira okha. Nduna zingapo za a Banda zidamupatsa maganizo ofuna kuchepetsa mphamvu zake. Adayankha choncho a Banda pochotsa nduna zinayi. Atumiki ena anasiya ntchito chifukwa cha chifundo. Otsutsawo anathawa m’dzikolo.
1973 UEFA Cup Final
Liverpool
Liverpool idakwanitsa kuchita nawo UEFA Cup chifukwa chomaliza pachitatu mu 1971-72 Soccer League First Division. Adani awo mugawo loyamba anali timu yaku West Germany Eintracht Frankfurt. Liverpool idapambana masewera oyamba pabwalo lawo lanyumba, Anfield, 2-0. Masewera achiwiri pabwalo lanyumba la Frankfurt, Waldstadion idathera 0-0, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti Liverpool idapitilira gawo lachiwiri ndikupambana 2-0. Gulu lachi Greek AEK Athens anali otsutsa. Liverpool idapambana mpikisano woyamba ku Anfield 3-0, chigonjetso cha 3-1 pabwalo lanyumba la AEK Nikos Goumas Stadium idawonetsetsa kuti Liverpool ipambana 6-1 pawiri.
Kamuzu Banda
Malawi Young Pioneers
Gulu la a Malawi Young Pioneers linali gulu lodziwika bwino lachipani cha MCP, lomwe linkakonda kuopseza ndi kuzunza anthu. A Pioneers adanyamula zida, kuchita ntchito zaukazitape komanso zanzeru, komanso anali alonda odalirika a Banda. Anathandiza kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha mantha chimene chinalipo muulamuliro wake.
1973 UEFA Cup Final
Liverpool
Osewera omwe akulamulira Tottenham Hotspur anali otsutsa mu semi-final. Liverpool idapambana masewera owukira ku Anfield 1-0. Mwendo wachiwiri ku White Hart Lane unalinso zochitika. Tottenham idatsogolera gawo lachiwiri pomwe Martin Peters adagoletsa kuti Spurs atsogolere. Mphindi zisanu ndi ziwiri Liverpool idafanana pomwe Steve Heighway adagoletsa izi ndikuwongolera machesi ndikupangitsa Liverpool kutsogola 2-1 pakuphatikiza. Tottenham idakwera 2-1 pomwe Peters adagoletsanso, izi zidakweza zigoli zonse pa 2-2, koma Liverpool idagoletsa chigoli chakutali, motero, ipita patsogolo mpaka mugawo lotsatira.
Kamuzu Banda
Mwambo wotsegulira manda a Banda Mausoleum, 14 May 2006 - Lilongwe, Malawi
Chipanichi Banda adachitsogolera kuyambira pomwe adatenga udindo wa Orton Chirwa mchaka cha 1960, Malawi Congress Party, chidakali chovuta kwambiri pandale zaMalawi.
Kubwererani ku Nyasaland
Zomwe zikuchitika ku Britain, panthawiyi, zidakhala zikuyenda kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi madera ake. Banda adatuluka kundende mu Epulo 1960 ndipo adaitanidwa ku London kukakambirana zobweretsa ufulu wodzilamulira. Chisankho chinachitika mu Ogasiti 1961. Pamene a Banda adasankhidwa kukhala nduna ya za nthaka, zachilengedwe ndi maboma ang'onoang'ono, adakhala nduna yaikulu ya Nyasaland - udindo womwe adapatsidwa pa 1 February 1963. Iye ndi anzake a MCP mwamsanga. anakulitsa maphunziro a sekondale, anakonzanso makhoti otchedwa Native Courts, anathetsa mitengo ina yaulimi yautsamunda ndi kukonza zina. Mu December 1962, R. A. Butler, Mlembi wa Boma la Britain wa African Affairs, anavomera kuthetsa Federation.
Zomangamanga
M’chaka cha 1964, atakhala nduna ya boma mu ulamuliro wa atsamunda, a Banda adatengera ndondomeko yazachuma yomwe cholinga chake chinali kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha chuma kuti Amalawi atukuke. Adakhazikika pazachitsanzo cha Rostow pazachuma, pomwe dziko la Malawi lidalimbikira kuchitapo kanthu pakusintha kwa mafakitale (ISI). Izi zinaphatikizapo kufunitsitsa “kudzikwanilitsa” kwa dziko la Malawi – kusadalila mtsogoleli wao wakale wa atsamunda – komanso kukula kwa mafakitale amene angapangitse kuti dziko la Malawi lizitha kupanga katundu ndi nchito zake. Mphamvu yoteroyo ikadagwiritsidwa ntchito kumenya ngakhalenso kugonjetsa Kumadzulo. Dongosolo lachitukuko cha zomangamanga linayambika pansi pa zikalata za Development Policies (DEVPOLs) zomwe dziko la Malawi lidalandira kuyambira 1964 kupita mtsogolo. Zambiri mwa izi zidaperekedwa ndi bungwe la Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation, bungwe la Boma lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuti litukule chuma cha dziko la Malawi poonjezera kuchuluka kwa malonda a zaulimi komanso kutukula misika yakunja ya zokolola za m’Malawi. Pamaziko ake, ADMARC idapatsidwa mphamvu zothandizira chitukuko cha zachuma ku bungwe lililonse la boma kapena lachinsinsi. Kuchokera ku kupangidwa kwake chinaloŵetsedwamo m’kupatutsa chuma kuchokera ku ulimi waung’ono kupita ku minda ya fodya, yomwe nthaŵi zambiri inali ya mamembala a anthu osankhika olamulira. Izi zidadzetsa katangale, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika udindo komanso kusachita bwino mu ADMARC,
Kuletsa
Alendo amene anaswa malamulo amenewa nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa Oletsedwa Osamukira m'mayiko ena ndipo amathamangitsidwa.
Kuitanidwa kuti abwerere kunyumba
Several influential Congress leaders, including Henry Chipembere, Kanyama Chiume, Dunduzu Chisiza and T.D.T. Banda (no relation) adamuchonderera kuti abwerere ku Nyasaland kuti akatsogolere ntchito yawo. Nthumwi zomwe zidatumizidwa ku London zidakumana ndi Banda ku Port of Liverpool komwe amakonzekera zobwerera ku Ghana.
Ziphaso za umembala wachipani
Anthu onse akuluakulu akuyenera kukhala a MCP. Makhadi a chipani amayenera kunyamulidwa nthawi zonse ndikuperekedwa mwachisawawa apolisi. Makhadiwa ankagulitsidwa, nthawi zambiri ndi a Banda a Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP). Nthaŵi zina, achichepere ameneŵa anagulitsanso makadi kwa ana osabadwa.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1993, pakati pa zovuta zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse, adavomera kupanga referendum yomwe inathetsa dongosolo la chipani chimodzi. Posakhalitsa, msonkhano wapadera unathetsa utsogoleri wake wa moyo wonse ndipo unamulanda mphamvu zake zambiri. A Banda adapikisana nawo paudindo wa pulezidenti pazisankho za demokalase zomwe zidatsata ndipo adagonja. Anamwalira ku South Africa pa 25 November 1997.
Kavalidwe ndi Conservatism
Azimayi apaulendo sadzaloledwa kulowa mdziko muno ngati atavala madiresi achifupi kapena ma thalauza, kupatula paulendo kapena ku Lake Holiday Resorts kapena National park. Masiketi ndi madiresi ayenera kuphimba mawondo kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a Boma. Kulowa kwa ma hippies ndi amuna atsitsi lalitali ndi mathalauza oyaka ndi koletsedwa.
Kuletsa
Makanema onse owonetsedwa m'makanema adawonedwa koyamba ndi a Malawi Censorship Board ndikusinthidwa kuti awonekere. Umaliseche ndi zinthu zina zosavomerezeka pagulu kapena ndale zidaletsedwa ndipo makanema sanathe ngakhale kuwonetsa maanja akupsompsona. Matepi a vidiyo anayenera kutumizidwa ku Bungwe la Censorship Board kuti awonedwe. Kanemayo atasinthidwa, anapatsidwa chomata chosonyeza kuti tsopano ndi woyenera kuonedwa ndi kutumizidwanso kwa mwini wake. Zinthu zogulitsidwa m'malo ogulitsa mabuku zidasinthidwanso. Masamba, kapena zigawo za masamba, zinadulidwa m’magazini monga Newsweek ndi Time. Mabuku achikomyunizimu, magazini olaula, ndi Lonely Planet's Africa on a Shoestring analetsedwa. Nyumba zoulutsira mawu—wailesi imodzi, nyuzipepala imodzi yatsiku ndi tsiku, ndi nyuzipepala imodzi yamlungu ndi mlungu—zinali zolamuliridwa mwamphamvu ndipo makamaka zinkakhala ngati zoulutsira nkhani zabodza za boma, pamene boma linakana kuyambitsa wailesi yakanema. Komabe, Amalawi olemera adagula ma seti ngati oyang'anira ma VCR awo. Chidziwitso cha mbiri ya Banda asanakhalepo chidalephereka, ndipo mabuku ambiri okhudza nkhanizi adawotchedwa. A Banda akuti amazunza ena mwa mafuko akumpoto (makamaka a Tumbuka), kuletsa zilankhulo ndi mabuku awo komanso aphunzitsi.
Kubwera ku Mozambique
Kutengapo gawo kwa Banda ku Mozambique kudayamba nthawi ya atsamunda a Chipwitikizi ku Mozambique pomwe a Banda adathandizira boma la atsamunda la Portugal ndi zigawenga zomwe zidathandizira. Dziko la Malawi litalandira ufulu wodzilamulira, a Banda adalimbitsa ubale wake ndi boma la atsamunda la Portugal posankha Jorge Jardim kukhala kazembe wa dziko la Malawi ku Mozambique mu September 1964. Anagwiranso ntchito yolimbana ndi gulu lankhondo la Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO) ku Malawi popitiliza kuthandiza atsamunda achi Portugal. Bungwe la Organisation of African Unity lidasankha dziko la Malawi kukhala limodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali Frontline kuti athandizire mabungwe odziyimira pawokha ku Mozambique.
Chochitika cha Mwanza Four
Mu 1983, nduna zitatu - Dick Matenje, Twaibu Sangala, Aaron Gadama - ndi phungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo David Chiwanga adamwalira pa ngozi yomwe idadziwika kuti "ngozi yapamsewu". A Banda adayitana "mkangano wamkati wokhudza demokalase ya zipani zambiri" m'Malawi. Pamsonkhano wa nduna zitatu, nduna zitatuzi zidati zikugwirizana ndi ganizo la zipani zambiri, zomwe zidatsutsa zomwe a Banda adafuna kuti akhale mtsogoleri wadziko lonse. A Banda atakwiya, "adathetsa nduna" nthawi yomweyo ndipo adalengeza kuti nyumba ya malamulo ikumana nthawi yomweyo. Kumapeto kwa msonkhano wa nyumba yamalamulo umenewo, aliyense m’zipindazo analandidwa udindo wawo wandale. Anthu atatuwa adawatola kunyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Zomba kuti akawafunse mafunso. Chiwanga chidachitika pomwe adazunzidwa kuchipinda chakumbuyo ndipo adayeneranso kutonthola. Anthu anayiwo adawamanga mugalimoto ya Peugeot 604 ya Matenje ndi kupita ku Thambani m'boma la Mwanza kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Blantyre komwe ngoziyi idachitikira: magwero akuti galimoto yawo "idagubuduka pomwe anthuwo amayesa kuthawira ku dziko loyandikana nalo la Mozambique". zofunika] Pambuyo pake, kunapezeka kuti anaphedwa mwa kukhomeredwa zikhomo za hema m’mitu yawo. A Banda adalamula kuti malirowo aikidwe usiku ndipo adalamula kuti mabokosiwo asatsegulidwe kuti awonedwe komaliza.
Kavalidwe ndi Conservatism
Boma lake linkayang’anira miyoyo ya anthu mosamala kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake, a Banda adakhazikitsa ndondomeko ya kavalidwe yochokera pamalingaliro ake osasamala. Azimayi sankaloledwa kuvala zovala zooneka bwino, kukhala ndi mikwingwirima yooneka, mathalauza, kapena kuvala masiketi kapena madiresi opita pamwamba pa bondo. Kupatulapo pa izi kunali ku malo ochitira tchuthi ndi m'makalabu akumidzi, komwe anthu sakanatha kuwawona. A Banda adalongosola kuti ziletsozi sizinapangidwe pofuna kupondereza amayi, koma kuwapatsa ulemu ndi ulemu. Tsitsi la amuna siliyenera kukhala lalitali kuposa kutalika kwa kolala, ndipo alendo ochokera kumayiko ena pabwalo la ndege adapatsidwa kumeta kovomerezeka ngati kuli kofunikira. Mwamuna aliyense amene anapita pagulu ali ndi tsitsi lalitali ankathanso kugwidwa ndi apolisi n’kumumeta mwadala.
Chipembedzo cha umunthu
A Banda anali munthu wokonda kupembedza. Nyumba iliyonse yamabizinesi inkafunika kukhala ndi chithunzi chovomerezeka chake atapachikidwa pakhoma, ndipo palibe chithunzi, wotchi kapena chithunzi chomwe chikanakhala chapamwamba kuposa chithunzi chake. Filimu iliyonse isanakwane, kanema wa Banda akuwayimbira anthu uku akuimbidwa nyimbo ya fuko. A Banda atayendera mzinda wina, gulu la amayi likuyembekezeka kumulandira pabwalo la ndege ndi kumuvina. Nsalu yapadera, yokhala ndi chithunzi cha pulezidenti, inali chovala chofunika pamasewerowa. Nyumba zolambirira zinkafunika chilolezo cha boma kuti zizigwira ntchito, ndipo zikhulupiriro zina monga Mboni za Yehova zinali zoletsedwa kotheratu.
Mwambo wotsegulira manda a Banda Mausoleum, 14 May 2006 - Lilongwe, Malawi
Pambuyo pa mafunso okhuza thanzi lake, a Banda adapikisana nawo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti woyamba wa demokalase m'Malawi mu 1994. Anagonjetsedwa kotheratu ndi a Bakili Muluzi, wa ku Yao wochokera kuchigawo chakumwera kwa dzikolo. A Banda sanachedwe kuvomera kugonja. ″Ndikufuna kumuyamikira ndi mtima wonse ndikumupatsa [Muluzi] chichirikizo changa chonse ndi mgwirizano wanga,” adatero pawailesi ya boma, posonyeza kutha kwa zaka 30 za ulamuliro wa chipani chimodzi cha Malawi.
Zogwirizana ndi South Africa
Onaninso: Maubale a Malawi-South Africa
United Kingdom
Kuti agwiritse ntchito mankhwala m'madera a Ufumu wa Britain, komabe, Banda amayenera kupeza digiri yachiwiri yachipatala; adapita ku yunivesite ya Edinburgh ndipo pambuyo pake adapatsidwa dipuloma yolumikizana katatu yaku Scottish (yokhala ndi mayina a LRCP(Edin), LRCS(Edin) ndi LRCPSG) mu 1941. Maphunziro ake adathandizidwa ndi ndalama zokwana £300 pachaka kuchokera boma la Nyasaland (kuti atsogolere kubwerera kwake kumeneko ngati dotolo) komanso kuchokera ku Church of Scotland; palibe aliyense wa opindula amenewa amene ankadziwa za mnzake. (Pali nkhani zotsutsana za izi. Ayenera kuti adathandizidwabe ndi Mayi Smith.) Pamene adalembetsa maphunziro a matenda a m'madera otentha ku Liverpool, boma la Nyasaland linathetsa malipiro ake. Anakakamizika kuchoka ku Liverpool pamene anakana pazifukwa za chikumbumtima kuti alembetsedwe kukhala dokotala wankhondo. Anakhalanso mkulu wa parishi ya Church of Scotland.
Zogwirizana ndi South Africa
Adakumana ndi John Tembo ndi apulezidenti. Ubale pakati pa maboma awiriwa udapitilirabe kukhala wabwino zitadziwika kuti a Banda ankathandiza chipani cha ANC mobisa mu nthawi ya tsankho. Boma la Malawi ndi dziko la South Africa lidapitilizabe ubale waukazembe.
Mwanza trials
Mu 1995, a Banda anamangidwa ndikuimbidwa mlandu wopha anzake omwe kale anali nduna ya boma zaka khumi zapitazo. Anamasulidwa chifukwa chosowa umboni.
Mwambo wotsegulira manda a Banda Mausoleum, 14 May 2006 - Lilongwe, Malawi
Operation Bwezani inali gulu la asilikali a Malawi pofuna kulanda zida za a Malawi Young Pioneers pa nthawi ya kusintha kwa ndale mu December 1993. Bwezani amatanthauza "kubwezera."
1973 UEFA Cup Final
The 1973 UEFA Cup Final inali masewera a mpira wamagulu omwe adaseweredwa miyendo iwiri pakati pa Liverpool yaku England ndi Borussia Mönchengladbach yaku West Germany. Masewera oyamba adaseweredwa ku Anfield, Liverpool pa 10 May 1973 ndipo mwendo wachiwiri udaseweredwa pa 23 Meyi 1973 ku Bökelbergstadion, Mönchengladbach. Unali komaliza kwa nyengo ya 1972-73 ya mpikisano wa European Cup secondary Cup, UEFA Cup. Liverpool ndi Mönchengladbach onse adawonekera komaliza komaliza, ngakhale Liverpool idafika komaliza mu European Cup Winners' Cup itagonja 2-1 ndi Borussia Dortmund.
Kamuzu Banda
Malamulo atsopano ndi kuphatikiza mphamvu
A Banda adalimbikitsa anthuwo kuti anene anthu omwe amamudzudzula ngakhale atakhala achibale. Otsutsa ankamangidwa, kuthamangitsidwa (monga Kanyama Chiume) kapena kufa mokayikira (monga Dick Matenje kapena Dr Attati Mpakati).
Kubwererani ku Nyasaland
Kumasulidwa kundende ndi njira yopita ku ufulu wodzilamulira
Posakhalitsa anayamba kuyendayenda m'dzikolo, kuyankhula zonyoza Central African Federation (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Federation of Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland), ndikulimbikitsa nzika zake kukhala mamembala a chipanichi. Zikuoneka kuti anali wotopa kwambiri m’Chichewa chawo moti ankafunika womasulira, ntchito imene John Msonthi ankaigwira kenako ndi John Tembo, yemwe anakhala naye pafupi kwa nthawi yonse ya ntchito yake). Iye ankalandiridwa mwansangala kulikonse kumene ankalankhula, ndipo kukana ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Amalawi kunakula kwambiri. Pofika mwezi wa February 1959, zinthu zinali zitafika poipa kwambiri moti asilikali a Rhodesian anatumizidwa kuti athandize kusunga bata, ndipo kunalengezedwa kuti pachitika ngozi. Pa 3 March, Banda, pamodzi ndi mazana a anthu a ku Africa, adamangidwa panthawi ya "Operation Sunrise". Anatsekeredwa m’ndende ku Gwelo (komwe tsopano ndi Gweru) ku Southern Rhodesia (tsopano Zimbabwe), ndipo utsogoleri wa Malawi Congress Party (Nyasaland African Congress pansi pa dzina latsopano) unatengedwa kwa kanthawi ndi Orton Chirwa, yemwe anatuluka m’ndende ku. Ogasiti 1959.
Zomangamanga
Zomangamanga za dziko lino zidapindula ndi mapologalamu akuluakulu omanga misewu. Ndi ganizo losamutsa likulu la mzindawu kuchoka ku Zomba kupita ku Lilongwe (motsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi zomwe Briteni zimakonda ku Blantyre yathanzi pazachuma komanso yotukuka), nsewu watsopano unamangidwa wolumikiza Blantyre ndi Zomba kupita ku Lilongwe. Bungwe la Capital City Development Corporation (CCDC) ku Lilongwe nalonso linali mng'oma wa chitukuko cha zomangamanga, mothandizidwa ndi mapulani ndi ndalama zochokera ku South Africa nthawi ya tsankho. A British adakana kupereka ndalama zosamukira ku Lilongwe. ACCDC idakhala yokhayo yomwe idapereka chitukuko ku Lilongwe; Kukhazikitsa misewu, mpando wa boma ku Capital Hill, ndi zina zotero. Mabungwe ena a zomangamanga anawonjezeredwa, monga Malawi Hotels Limited, yomwe inachita ntchito zazikulu monga Mount Soche, Capital Hotel ndi Mzuzu Hotel. Kumbali ya mafakitale, Malawi Development Corporation (MDC) idapatsidwa ntchito yokhazikitsa mafakitale ndi mabizinesi ena. Panthawiyi, Dr. Banda mwiniwake wa Press Corporation Limited ndi MYP's Spearhead Corporation anayamba kuchita bizinesi zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chuma chitukuke chapakati mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.
Kavalidwe ndi Conservatism
Ngakhale anthu akunja omwe ankabwera ku Malawi ankamvera kavalidwe ka Banda. M’zaka za m’ma 1970, oyembekezera kudzabwera m’dzikolo anauzidwa zinthu zotsatirazi kuti apeze ma visa:
Zogwirizana ndi South Africa
Banda anali wolamulira yekha wa mu Africa amene adakhazikitsa ubale waukazembe ndi dziko la South Africa pa nthawi ya tsankho komanso ulamuliro wa Apwitikizi ku Mozambique. Pambuyo pavuto la nduna mu 1964, Banda adayamba kudzipatula mu ndale za ku Africa. [ Kumbali ina, kudana kwake ndi Roy Welensky ndi zomwe adazitcha "chitaganya chopusa" chinali chiwombankhanga chomwe adagwiritsa ntchito kukana dziwe lamagetsi la Bangula Hydro-electric - lomwe likuyembekezeka kukhala lalikulu kuposa Damu la Gezira ku Khartoum - lomwe Welensky's Federation idafunafuna ndikupeza ndalama kuchokera ku boma la Britain. A Banda anapitiliza kudzudzula zonse kuphatikizapo nkhono (zomwe zingayambitse matenda a Bilharzia) kuti zithetse ntchitoyi. Kenako, a British adakana kuti a Banda amupatse ndalama ndi thandizo la ndalama zomwe amafunikira kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake chofuna kukhala ndi likulu latsopano ku Lilongwe, mdera lakwawo. Chifukwa chake adatembenukira ku South Africa - komwe kumasewera masewera andale mderali - zomwe zidamupatsa ngongole yofewa ya 300 miliyoni rand. Zomwe zidalipo zinali zoti a Banda amayenera kutsata mfundo za tsankho la dziko la South Africa pakati pa atsogoleri a mu Africa. Chifukwa chake, nthawi ina adayendera dziko la South Africa komwe adakumana ndi anzawo aku South Africa ku Stellenbosch. Banda adanenapo kuti, “Kulumikizana kotere [pakati pa dziko la South Africa ndi Malawi] kumene kungaululire kwa anthu anu kuti pali anthu otukuka osati azungu...” ubale ndi South Africa.
1973 UEFA Cup Final
Liverpool
Otsutsa mgawo lachitatu anali Dynamo Berlin waku East Germany. Masewera oyamba pamasewera a Dynamo Sportforum adathera mphamvu 0-0. Masewera achiwiri ku Anfield anali ochita bwino kwambiri Liverpool idatsogola Phil Boersma mphindi yoyamba ndipo Dynamo idafanana mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake. Zigoli zina ziwiri za Liverpool zidapambana 3-1 pamasewerawa komanso pakuphatikiza. Mu quarterfinals Liverpool idakumananso ndi chitsutso cha East Germany, adani awo anali Dynamo Dresden. Liverpool idapambana 2-0 mumsewu woyamba ku Anfield, ndipo idapambana 1-0 ku East Germany, kumenya Dresden 3-0 pakuphatikiza.
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Timu yaku Dutch Twente ndi yomwe idatsutsana ndi Borussia mu semi-finals. Mpikisano woyamba udachitikira ku West Germany ndipo Borussia idapambana 3-0 kudziyika pabwino kuti ifike komaliza kupita kumasewera achiwiri ku Netherlands. Borussia idapambana mwendo wachiwiri 2-1 kuti ipambane tayi 5-1 pamagulu onse ndikupita komaliza komaliza ku Europe.
Kamuzu Banda
Malamulo atsopano ndi kuphatikiza mphamvu
Dziko la Malawi lidalandira malamulo atsopano pa 6 July 1966, pomwe dzikolo lidatchedwa republic. Banda adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri woyamba wa dziko lino kwa zaka zisanu; anali yekha phungu. Chikalata chatsopanochi chinapatsa a Banda mphamvu zambiri za utsogoleri ndi malamulo, komanso kuti MCP ikhale chipani chokhacho chazamalamulo. Komabe, dzikolo linali kale lachipani chimodzi kuyambira pomwe lidalandira ufulu wodzilamulira. Malamulo atsopanowa adasandutsa utsogoleri wa a Banda kukhala ulamuliro wankhanza.
Nkhani za akazi
Banda adakhazikitsa Chitukuko Cha Amai m'Malawi (CCAM) kuti athetsere nkhawa, zosowa, ufulu ndi mwayi kwa amayi m'Malawi. Bungweli lidalimbikitsa amayi kuchita bwino pamaphunziro ndi boma ndipo lidawalimbikitsa kuti azigwira ntchito molimbika mdera lawo, mipingo ndi mabanja awo. National Advisor wa Foundation anali Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira, yemwe ndi wolandila alendo kwa Purezidenti wakale.
Zomangamanga
Gawoli likufunika mawu owonjezera kuti atsimikizire. Chonde thandizani kukonza nkhaniyi powonjezera mawu opezeka kumalo odalirika. Zinthu zopanda ntchito zitha kutsutsidwa ndikuchotsedwa. (Julayi 2020) (Dziwani momwe mungachotsere komanso liti uthenga wa template iyi)
Anti-communism
A Banda anali m'modzi mwa atsogoleri ochepa a mu Africa omwe adathandizira dziko la United States pankhondo ya Vietnam, udindo womwe adautengera mwa zina chifukwa chodana ndi chikominisi.
Mwanza trials
Chikalata chopepesa chinaperekedwa pa 4 January 1996 mdzina la H. Kamuzu Banda kwa anthu amtundu wake atangomasulidwa ku makhoti a Mwanza. Mawuwa adakumana ndi mkangano, kukayikira komanso kunyozedwa. Adafunsidwanso ngati a Banda adalemba yekha chikalatacho kapena ngati wina adalemba m'malo mwake. M'malo mwake, adanenanso kuti:
Edgar de Wahl
Edgar de Wahl (Olviopol, Ogasiti 11, 1867 - Estonia, 1948) ndi amene adapanga chilankhulo chothandizira padziko lonse lapansi chotchedwa Interlingue.
Moyo ku Estonia yodziimira
Anali wolunjika kwambiri, choncho akanatha kukangana ndi aphunzitsi ena. Mwachitsanzo, iye sanakonde luso lamakono lamakono, mfundo imene anaifotokoza poyera pa ulendo wopita ku chionetsero cha zojambulajambula ataitanidwa ndi mphunzitsi wa zojambulajambula pasukulupo. Anayerekeza luso lamakono ndi chikominisi:
1973 UEFA Cup Final
Kuwonedwa ndi gulu la 41,169 ku Anfield, Liverpool idatsogola mumyendo woyamba pomwe Kevin Keegan adagoletsa mphindi ya 21. Chigoli china cha Keegan mchigawo choyamba chidakulitsa chitsogozo cha Liverpool ndipo chigoli china cha Larry Lloyd chidapangitsa kuti Liverpool idapambana 3-0 mumsewu woyamba. Chifukwa chake, mumyendo wachiwiri ku Bökelbergstadion, Liverpool idayenera kupewa kutayika ndi zigoli zitatu zomveka bwino kuti apambane mpikisano. Khamu la 34,905 lidawonera Borussia ikutsogolera mphindi ya 29 mothandizidwa ndi chigoli cha Jupp Heynckes, adagoletsanso mphindi 11 pambuyo pake kuti atsogolere Borussia kawiri. Borussia sanathe kupeza chigoli chachitatu chomwe amafunikira kuti atengere masewerawa mu nthawi yowonjezera ndipo adapambana masewera achiwiri 2-0. Chifukwa chake, Liverpool idapambana mpikisano womaliza wa 3-2 kuti apambane mpikisano wawo woyamba waku Europe.
Edgar de Wahl
Utumiki wa usilikali
Memoirs of Olev Mikiver, lofalitsidwa mu 1993
de Wahl anaphunzitsidwa ku Saint Petersburg ndipo modzifunira anamaliza ntchito ya usilikali mu Imperial Russian Navy. Mu 1894, anasamukira ku Tallinn, kumene anakhalako pafupifupi moyo wake wonse. Anagwira ntchito yophunzitsa pasukulu, kuphunzitsa m’masukulu osiyanasiyana ku Tallinn. Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse isanayambe ndiponso ili mkati, analinso phungu wa mzinda wa Tallinn.
1973 UEFA Cup Final
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Anzathu aku West Germany mbali 1. FC Köln anali otsutsa m'gawo lachitatu. Ulendo woyamba pabwalo lanyumba la Köln Müngersdorfer Stadion udatha 0-0. Borussia idapambana mosavuta mwendo wachiwiri kunyumba kwawo 5-0 kuti apambane chigolichi ndi zigoli zomwezo pakuphatikiza. Iwo adakokedwanso motsutsana ndi otsutsa a West Germany mu quarter-finals, gululi panthawiyi linali 1. FC Kaiserslautern. Masewera oyamba omwe adachitikira pabwalo lanyumba la Kaiserlautern Fritz-Walter-Stadion idapambana 2-1 ndi Borussia ndipo chigonjetso cha 7-1 mumsewu wachiwiri pabwalo lawo lanyumba idatsimikizira kuti apita ku semi-finals mothandizidwa ndi 9-2 aggregate. chigonjetso.
Edgar de Wahl
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
Mu 1939, mosiyana ndi okondedwa ake, de Wahl sanachoke m'kati mwa kusamukira kwawo ndipo anaganiza zokhala ku Estonia. De Wahl, yemwe ankaimira maganizo a anthu a ku Ulaya, sanali kukondweretsa boma la National Socialist la Germany. Anatchulanso dziko la Germany kuti ndi "chiswe". N’kuthekanso kuti chifukwa chimene anakhalira ku Estonia n’chakuti pamene ankachoka, anayenera kusiya nkhokwe zake zambiri, ndiponso ngozi yoti akakhale ku nyumba yopumirako ku Germany ingakhale inathandiza, monga mmene zinalili ndi anzake ena. ..
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Wahl adaphunzira zilankhulo zingapo ali mwana komanso wachinyamata. Ali mwana, anaphunzira Chijeremani, Chirasha, Chiestonia ndi Chifalansa, kusukulu ya sekondale yapamwamba anaphunzira Chilatini ndi Chigiriki chakale, ndi Chispanya ku yunivesite. M’mawu a Wahl mwiniwake, iye anali kale ndi chikhumbo chopanga chinenero chatsopano ali mwana. Kwa masewera a ku India, adapanga "chinenero cha Indian", galamala yomwe inachokera ku Greek ndi Estonian.
Mbiri
Iye anali ndi khalidwe losakhazikika, nthawizonse chinachake chatsopano. Chifukwa cha khalidweli, pamene anali wamng'ono, ankakonda kulimbikitsa mapangidwe atsopano a zilankhulo zopanga [...].
de Wahl adapereka mwayi wokhazikika ku Germany mu 1939, akukhala ku Estonia ndikupita ku chipatala cha amisala cha Seewald panthawi yomwe Germany idalanda. Mu 1945, ali m’chipatala cha anthu odwala matenda amisala, anapulumuka mwangozi kuthamangitsidwa ndipo anafera komweko mu 1948.
Kulenga ndi mawu oyamba
Mu 1916, anthu okonda chinenero cha ku Russia anayambitsa bungwe la Cosmoglot Association ku St. de Wahl sanali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa bungweli, koma pambuyo pake adalowa nawo, monga momwe adachitira katswiri wa zilankhulo waku Estonia Jakob Linzbach. de Wahl adakhala wolankhulira "sukulu yachilengedwe" pagulu; potero ndikukonza njira yolengezera Kumadzulo. Ndi zochitika zakusintha mu 1917 ndi kuchoka kwa mamembala ake ku St. Zochita zamayanjano zidatsitsimutsidwa ndi de Wahl pamodzi ndi Linzbach, ndipo dzina la bungweli linasinthidwa kukhala Cosmoglott. Maulalo adasungidwanso ndi omwe kale anali mamembala a bungweli, omwe tsopano akugwira ntchito m'maiko angapo a ku Europe. de Wahl analinso mkonzi wa magazini ya Cosmoglott yofalitsidwa ndi bungwe kuchokera ku 1922 mpaka 1926. M'magazini yoyamba ya magazini yomweyi, de Wahl anayambitsa chinenero chochita kupanga chomwe adalenga, Occidental. Kuyambira 1923 mpaka 1928, adayambitsanso chilankhulo cha Occidental, unic natural, vermen neutral e max facil e comprensibil lingue por International relationes. de Wahl adatulutsa buku mu 1925 lotchedwa ''Radicarium directiv del lingue International (Occidental). En 8 lingues''.
Masiku otsiriza ndi imfa
Wahl anamwalira pa 3 koloko masana pa March 9, 1948. Anaikidwa m'manda pa March 14 ku manda a Alexander Nevsky ku Tallinn.
Utumiki wa usilikali
Mu 1892, de Wahl anadzipereka kutumikira m’gulu la asilikali apamadzi a ku Russia. Pautumiki wake, de Wahl adayenda kwambiri, akuyendera zilumba za Caribbean ndi United States, pakati pa ena. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1894, adalandira udindo wa mitchman, ndikupuma posakhalitsa. Anatumikira ku Baltic Fleet mpaka October 1905. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, sanaloŵe nawo m’nkhondo za Nkhondo ya Russo-Japan.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
Tikumbukenso kuti pambuyo kutha kwa Bolshevism, cha m'ma 1944, pamene German-Allied asilikali kuyandikira Asia Minor oopsa kuchokera kumpoto kuti athetse kuukira Aarabu, koma osati kale, n'zokayikitsa kuti pochotsa asilikali m'mayiko anagonjetsa. ndi Germany, a Poles amayesa kuyambitsa zipolowe (ali kale ndi misasa ya zida zachinsinsi), ndiyeno mkangano waudani womwe wakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ukhoza kusanduka kuphana koopsa komwe kumakhala m'midzi yakale ya ku Poland ndi nyumba zazikulu. A Balt ali pachiwopsezo. Chifukwa chake, ndikufuna kukuchenjezani inu ndi ena onse omwe ali mumkhalidwe womwewo ndikukupemphani kuti muchoke ku Wartegau ngati kuli kotheka, kapena njira iliyonse yothawirako pamene chipwirikiti cha Aarabu chikayamba. Tumizani Reich pa nthawi yake. Ndikupempha kuti kalata imeneyi, imene ndakulemberani tsopano, mu July 1943, isungidwe monga chikalata ndipo, ngati n’kotheka, ipatsidwe kwa ena kuti aifufuze.
Gwero
Bambo ake a Edgar von Wahl, Oskar von Wahl, katswiri wa njanji ndi ntchito yake, anakwatira Lydia Amalie Marie von Husen (1845-1907) ku Tallinn mu 1866.
Kufalitsa
Mu 1949, pambuyo pa imfa ya Wahl, Western inatchedwanso Chinterligue kuchotsa kutchulidwa kwa Kumadzulo ndikupangitsa chinenerocho kukhala chapadziko lonse. Malinga ndi Pekka Erelt, dzina lokhudzana ndi "Western" la chinenerocho linachedwetsa kufalikira kwake ku Eastern bloc. Pambuyo pakusintha dzina la chilankhulo, Occidental-Union idakhala Interlingue-Union monga momwe zilili lero. Mgwirizanowu uli ndi sukulu yawoyawo ndipo magazini ya Cosmoglotta imasindikizidwabe ndi bungweli.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
Kalata yochokera kwa Edgar von Wahl kupita kwa Lieselotte Riesenkampff ku Tallinn pa Julayi 18, 194337
Nthawi yoyambirira ya Tallinn
Zokumbukira za Alexander Oddma
Moyo ku Estonia yodziimira
Mawu akuti adanenedwa nthawi ndi malo osadziwika ndi Edgar von Wahl
Zokonda
Kuwonjezera pa zinenero, Edgar de Wahl ankayeserera kuyenda panyanja. Mu 1895 anakhala membala wa gulu la Estonian Imperial Maritime Yacht Club, ndipo m’zaka zotsatira anagwira nawo ntchito mwakhama, pokhala membala wa komiti yake ya luso ndi kukhala mlembi wa gululo. Anapanganso buku la chaka lomwe linaperekedwa pazaka 25 za kalabu mu 1913. Mu 1922, de Wahl anakhala membala wolemekezeka wa gululo. Iye anali ndi zombo zingapo pazaka zambiri, imodzi mwa izo, ketch yotchedwa Auli, akuti inapangidwa ndi iyemwini.
Moyo ku Estonia yodziimira
N.Rg. wophunzira wakale wasukulu yachifumu adayamba mu 1934
Edgar de Wahl ankakonda kuphunzira zinenero monga ntchito yosangalatsa, anali asanaiphunzire, ndipo sanagwire ntchito yaukatswiri monga katswiri wa zinenero. Chidwi cha De Wahl m'zinenero, ndipo makamaka zinenero zopanga, zinayamba kale pamene adaphunzira ku St. Iye anayamba monga wochirikiza Volapük ndipo kenaka anayamba kuloŵerera m’Chiesperanto, pokhala mmodzi wa Achiesperanto oyambirira. Komabe, m’zaka khumi zomalizira za zaka za zana la 19, kufunafuna chinenero chatsopano choyenerera chapadziko lonse kunayamba, chimene mu 1922 chinatsogolera ku kuyambitsidwa kwa chinenero chotchedwa chinenero cha Azungu ndipo, makamaka, kufalitsidwa kwa magazini a Kosmoglott, amene analinganizidwiratu. kulimbikitsa chilankhulo.
Kufalitsa
Ngakhale kuti bungwe la League of Nations linalephera, azungu anakopa anthu ambiri okonda Ido, koma Aesperantisti anakhalabe okhulupirika ku chinenero chawo. Malingana ndi Paul Ariste, panali zotsutsana pakati pa ma idistas, ndipo pambuyo pa pempho la Wahl kuti ayambe kulimbikitsa zochitika za occidental.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse
M'chaka choyamba cha kuponderezedwa kwa Soviet, de Wahl anatha kuthawa. Pambuyo pa chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Germany, iye ankakayikira ntchito zotsutsana ndi boma. de Wahl anamangidwa pa Ogasiti 12, 1943, chifukwa cha makalata omwe adatumizidwa kwa Posen, mlamu wake, koma adalowa muulamuliro ku Königsberg mu Julayi chaka chimenecho, pomwe adaneneratu za kuwukira ku Poland ndikulangiza okondedwa omwe amakhala kumeneko kupita ku Germany:
Mbiri
Paul Ariste mu 1967.