cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
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Nonverbal actions
According to Matsumoto and Juang, the nonverbal motions of different people indicate important channels of communication. Nonverbal actions should match and harmonize with the message being portrayed, otherwise confusion will occur. For instance, an individual would normally not be seen smiling and gesturing broadly when saying a sad message. The author states that nonverbal communication is very important to be aware of, especially if comparing gestures, gaze, and tone of voice amongst different cultures. As Latin American cultures embrace big speech gestures, Middle Eastern cultures are relatively more modest in public and are not expressive. Within cultures, different rules are made about staring or gazing. Women may especially avoid eye contact with men because it can be taken as a sign of sexual interest. In some cultures, gaze can be seen as a sign of respect. In Western culture, eye contact is interpreted as attentiveness and honesty. In Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Native American cultures, eye contact is thought to be disrespectful or rude, and lack of eye contact does not mean that a person is not paying attention. Voice is a category that changes within cultures. Depending on whether or not the cultures is expressive or non expressive, many variants of the voice can depict different reactions.
Piano di Sorrento
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Nonverbal actions
The acceptable physical distance is another major difference in the nonverbal communication between cultures. In Latin America and the Middle East the acceptable distance is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with. This is why an American or a European might wonder why the other person is invading his or her personal space by standing so close, while the other person might wonder why the American/European is standing so far from him or her. In addition, for Latin Americans, the French, Italians, and Arabs the distance between people is much closer than the distance for Americans; in general for these close distance groups, 1 foot of distance is for lovers, 1.5–4 feet of distance is for family and friends, and 4–12 feet is for strangers. In the opposite way, most Native Americans value distance to protect themselves.
Children's learning in indigenous American communities
Nonverbal communication is commonly used to facilitate learning in indigenous American communities. Nonverbal communication is pivotal for collaborative participation in shared activities, as children from indigenous American communities will learn how to interact using nonverbal communication by intently observing adults. Nonverbal communication allows for continuous keen observation and signals to the learner when participation is needed. Children from both US Mexican (with presumed indigenous backgrounds) and European American heritages who watched a video of children working together without speaking found that the Mexican-heritage children were far more likely to describe the children’s actions as collaborative, saying that the children in the video were “talking with their hands and with their eyes.”
A key characteristic of this type of nonverbal learning is that children have the opportunity to observe and interact with all parts of an activity. Many Indigenous American children are in close contact with adults and other children who are performing the activities that they will eventually master. Objects and materials become familiar to the child as the activities are a normal part of everyday life. Learning is done in an extremely contextualized environment rather than one specifically tailored to be instructional. For example, the direct involvement that Mazahua children take in the marketplace is used as a type of interactional organization for learning without explicit verbal instruction. Children learn how to run a market stall, take part in caregiving, and also learn other basic responsibilities through non-structured activities, cooperating voluntarily within a motivational context to participate. Not explicitly instructing or guiding the children teaches them how to integrate into small coordinated groups to solve a problem through consensus and shared space. These Mazahua separate-but-together practices have shown that participation in everyday interaction and later learning activities establishes enculturation that is rooted in nonverbal social experience. As the children participate in everyday interactions, they are simultaneously learning the cultural meanings behind these interactions. Children’s experience with nonverbally organized social interaction helps constitute the process of enculturation.
Nonverbal cues are used by most children in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation community within the parameters of their academic learning environments. This includes referencing Native American religion through stylized hand gestures in colloquial communication, verbal and nonverbal emotional self-containment, and less movement of the lower face to structure attention on the eyes during face-to-face engagement. Therefore, children's approach to social situations within a reservation classroom, for example, may act as a barrier to a predominantly verbal learning environment. Most Warm Springs children benefit from a learning model that suits a nonverbal communicative structure of collaboration, traditional gesture, observational learning and shared references.
It is important to note that while nonverbal communication is more prevalent in Indigenous American Communities, verbal communication is also used. Preferably, verbal communication does not substitute one's involvement in an activity, but instead acts as additional guidance or support towards the completion of an activity.
Banyu Resmi
Poskod
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Genetics
"In the study of nonverbal communications, the limbic brain is where the action is...because it is the part of the brain that reacts to the world around us reflexively and instantaneously, in real time, and without thought." There is evidence that the nonverbal cues made from person-to-person do not entirely have something to do with environment.
Other than gestures, phenotypic traits can also convey certain messages in nonverbal communication, for instance, eye color, hair color and height. Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed and Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the United Kingdom and found that height was a key factor in who was promoted. Height can have benefits and depressors too. "While tall people often command more respect than short people, height can also be detrimental to some aspects of one-to-one communication, for instance, where you need to 'talk on the same level' or have an 'eye-to-eye' discussion with another person and do not want to be perceived as too big for your boots."<ref name="Pease B. 2004"/>
Kinesics
The term "kinesics" was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell, an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement. Part of Birdwhistell's work involved making films of people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise. Several other anthropologists, including Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, also studied kinesics.
Kinesic messages are more subtle than gestures. Kinesic messages comprise the posture, gaze, and facial movements. American looks are short enough just to see if there is recognition of the other person, Arabs look at each other in the eye intensely, and many Africans avert the gaze as a sign of respect to superiors. There are also many postures for people in the Congo; they stretch their hands and put them together in the direction of the other person.
It is the study of body movements.The aspects of kinesics are face,eye contact,gesture,posture,body movements. 1.Face:-The face and eyes are the most expressive means of body communication.It can facilitate or hamper feedback. 2.Eye contact:-It is the most powerful forms of non-verbal communication.It builds emotional relationship between listener and speaker. 3.Gesture:-It is the motion of the body to express the speech. 4.Posture:-The body position of an individual conveys variety of messages. 5.Body movements:-It is used to understand what people are communicating with their gestures and posture
Haptics: touching in communication
Touches among humans that can be defined as communication include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slapping, high fives, a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an arm. Touching of oneself may include licking, picking, holding, and scratching. These behaviors are referred to as "adapters" or "tells" and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a communicator and a listener. The meaning conveyed from touch is highly dependent upon the culture, the context of the situation, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch.
Touch is an extremely important sense for humans; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. It can be both sexual (such as kissing) and platonic (such as hugging or tickling).
In chimpanzees the sense of touch is highly developed. As newborns they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers. Harry Harlow conducted a controversial study involving rhesus monkeys and observed that monkeys reared with a "terry cloth mother," a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in soft terry cloth that provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort, the monkey who had the real parent were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere wire mother.(Harlow,1958)
Touching is treated differently from one country to another and socially acceptable levels of touching vary from one culture to another (Remland, 2009). In Thai culture, for example, touching someone's head may be thought rude. Remland and Jones (1995) studied groups of people communicating and found that touching was rare among the English (8%), the French (5%) and the Dutch (4%) compared to Italians (14%) and Greeks (12.5%). Striking, pushing, pulling, pinching, kicking, strangling and hand-to-hand fighting are forms of touch in the context of physical abuse.
Proxemics
Proxemics is the study of the cultural, behavioral, and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals. Every person has a particular space that they keep to themselves when communicating, like a personal bubble. When used as a type of nonverbal signal in communication, proxemics helps to determine the space between individuals while they interact. There are four types of proxemics with different distances depending on the situation and people involved. Intimate distance is used for close encounters like embracing, touching, or whispering. Personal distance is for interactions with close friends and family members. Social distance is for interactions among acquaintances. It is mostly used in workplace or school settings where there is no physical contact. Public distance is for strangers or public speaking.
Functions
Argyle (1970) put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations.
Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:
In regards to expressing interpersonal attitudes, humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of nonverbal actions known as immediacy behaviors. Examples of immediacy behaviors are smiling, touching, open body positions, and eye contact. Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are considered high-contact cultures.
Versus verbal communication
An interesting question is: When two people are communicating face-to-face, how much of the meaning is communicated verbally, and how much is communicated non-verbally? This was investigated by Albert Mehrabian and reported in two papers. The latter paper concluded: "It is suggested that the combined effect of simultaneous verbal, vocal, and facial attitude communications is a weighted sum of their independent effects – with coefficients of .07, .38, and .55, respectively."
Since then, other studies have analysed the relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal signals under more naturalistic situations. Argyle, using video tapes shown to the subjects, analysed the communication of submissive/dominant attitude and found that non-verbal cues had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues. The most important effect was that body posture communicated superior status in a very efficient way. On the other hand, a study by Hsee et al. had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy/sad and found that words spoken with minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face expressions seen in a film without sound. Thus, the relative importance of spoken words and facial expressions may be very different in studies using different set-ups.
Mazraeh-ye Akbarabad
Mazraeh-ye Akbarabad merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
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Interaction
When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways: repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/moderating.
Conflicting
Conflicting Verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction. Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration.[23]When mixed messages occur, nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when people perceive mixed messages during interactions. Definitions of nonverbal communication creates a limited picture in our minds but there are ways to create a clearer one. There are different dimensions of verbal and nonverbal communication that have been discovered. They are (1)structure versus non-structure, (2)linguistic versus non-linguistic, (3)continuous versus discontinuous, (4)learned versus innate, and (5)left versus right hemispheric processing.
Complementing
Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals; messages have been shown to be remembered better when nonverbal signals affirm the verbal exchange.
Structure versus non-structure
Verbal communication is a highly structured form of communication with set rules of grammar. The rules of verbal communication help to understand and make sense of what other people are saying. For example, foreigners learning a new language can have a hard time making themselves understood. On the other hand nonverbal communication has no formal structure when it comes to communicating. Nonverbal communication occurs without even thinking about it. The same behavior can mean different things such as crying of sadness or of joy. Therefore these cues need to be interpreted carefully to get the correct meaning of them.
Linguistic versus non-linguistic
There are only a few assigned symbols in the system of nonverbal communication. Nodding the head is one symbol that indicates agreement in some cultures but in others it means disagreement. On the other hand, verbal communication has a system of symbols that have specific meanings to them.
Continuous and discontinuous
Verbal communication is based on discontinuous units whereas nonverbal communication is continuous. Communicating nonverbally cannot be stopped unless one would leave the room but even then the intrapersonal processes still take place (individuals communicating with themselves). Without the presence of someone else the body still manages to undergo nonverbal communication. For example, after a heated debate there are no other words being said but there are still angry faces and cold stares being distributed. This is an example of how nonverbal communication is continuous.
Learned versus innate
Learned non-verbal cues require a community or culture for their reinforcement. For example, table manners are not innate capabilities upon birth. Dress code is a non-verbal cue that must be established by society. Hand symbols, whose interpretation can vary from culture to culture, are not innate nonverbal cues. Learned cues must be gradually reinforced by admonition or positive feedback.
Tona, Bangladesh
Tona, Bangladesh merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Bangladesh.
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Learned versus innate
Innate non-verbal cues are "built-in" features of human behavior. Generally, these innate cues are universally prevalent and regardless of culture. For example, smiling, crying, and laughing do not require teaching. Similarly, some body positions, such as the fetal position, are universally associated with weakness. Due to their universality, the ability to comprehend these cues is not limited to individual cultures.
Left versus right-hemispheric processing
This type of processing involves the neurophysiological approach to nonverbal communication. It explains that the right hemisphere processes nonverbal stimuli such as those involving spatial, pictorial, and gestalt tasks while the left hemisphere involves the verbal stimuli involving analytical and reasoning tasks. It is important to know the implications in processing the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication messages. It is possible that individuals may not use the correct hemisphere at appropriate times when it comes to interpreting a message or meaning.
Clinical studies
From 1977 to 2004, the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar paradigm. Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University and Ohio State University had subjects observe gamblers at a slot machine awaiting payoffs. The amount of this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement. This technique was developed by and the studies directed by psychologist, Dr. Robert E. Miller and psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts and phencyclidine abusers was contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts. Men with major depression manifested significantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when compared with euthymic men.
In some subjects tested for ability to read nonverbal cues, intuitive paradigms were apparently employed while in others a cause and effect approach was used. Subjects in the former group answered quickly and before reinforcement occurred. They could not give a rationale for their particular responses. Subjects in the latter category delayed their response and could offer reasons for their choice. The level of accuracy between the two groups did not vary nor did handedness.
Freitas-Magalhaes studied the effect of smile in the treatment of depression and concluded that depressive states decrease when you smile more often.
Obese women and women with premenstrual syndrome were found to also possess diminished abilities to read these cues. In contradistinction, men with bipolar disorder possessed increased abilities. A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial expression was found unable to transmit or receive any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever. Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity, the members of the research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for reception of nonverbal cues. Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it, the neurotransmitters dopamine and endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate. Based on the available data, however, the primary cause and primary effect could not be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed.
Child comprehension
An increased emphasis on gestures exists when intonations or facial expression are used. "Speakers often anticipate how recipients will interpret their utterances. If they wish some other, less obvious interpretation, they may "mark" their utterance (e.g. with special intonations or facial expressions)." This specific emphasis known as 'marking' can be spotted as a learned form of non-verbal communication in toddlers. A groundbreaking study, from the Journal of Child Language has concluded that the act of marking a gesture is recognized by three-year-olds, but not by two-year-olds.
In the study, two and three-year-old toddlers were tested on their recognition of markedness within gestures. The experiment was conducted in a room with an examiner and the test subjects, which for the first study were three-year-olds. The examiner sat across from each child individually, and allowed them to play with various objects including a purse with a sponge in it and a box with a sponge in it. After allowing the child to play with the objects for three minutes, the examiner told the child it was time to clean up and motioned by pointing to the objects. They measured the responses of the children by first pointing and not marking the gesture, to see the child's reaction to the request and if they reached for the objects to clean them up. After observing the child's response, the examiner then asked and pointed again, marking the gesture with facial expression, as to lead the child to believe the objects were supposed to be cleaned up. The results showed that three-year-old children were able to recognize the markedness, by responding to the gesture and cleaning the objects up as opposed to when the gesture was presented without being marked.
In the second study in which the same experiment was performed on two-year-olds, the results were different. For the most part, the children did not recognize the difference between the marked and unmarked gesture by not responding more prevalently to the marked gesture, unlike the results of the three-year-olds. This shows that this sort of nonverbal communication is learned at a young age, and is better recognized in three-year-old children than two-year-old children, making it easier for us to interpret that the ability to recognize markedness is learned in the early stages of development, somewhere between three and four years of age.
Boone and Cunningham conducted a study to determine at which age children begin to recognize emotional meaning (happiness, sadness, anger and fear) in expressive body movements. The study included 29 adults and 79 children divided into age groups of four, five and eight year olds. The children were shown two clips simultaneously and were asked to point to the one that was expressing the target emotion. The results of the study revealed that of the four emotions being tested the 4-year-olds were only able to correctly identify sadness at a rate that was better than chance. The 5-year-olds performed better and were able to identify happiness, sadness and fear at better than chance levels. The 8-year-olds and adults could correctly identify all four emotions and there was very little difference between the scores of the two groups. Between the ages of 4 and 8 nonverbal communication and decoding skills improve dramatically.
Comprehension of nonverbal facial cues
A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh/Yale/ Ohio State team was an investigation of the role of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape. Males who were serial rapists of adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities. Their scores were the highest of any subgroup. Rape victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had been raped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders. These results were troubling, indicating a predator-prey model. The authors did note that whatever the nature of these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level, diminished.
The final target of study for this group was the medical students they taught. Medical students at Ohio State University, Ohio University and Northest Ohio Medical College were invited to serve as subjects. Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family practice, psychiatry, pediatrics and obstetrics-gynecology achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons, radiologists, or pathologists. Internal medicine and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near the mean.
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The Atomic Cafe
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The Atomic Cafe
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Penerbitan
Selepas keluaran Nona (1984), Chrisye menamatkan kolaborasi tiga album bersama Eros Djarot dan Jockie Soerjoprajogo kerana beliau letih dengan genre rock seni. Inginkan perubahan, beliau mendekati Addie MS sebagai pengarah muzik. Addie, yang menyifatkan Chrisye idolanya, pada mulanya tidak pasti samada beliau merupakan kaliber yang sama seperti rakan Chrisye terdahulu. Chrisyee, yang telah memerhatikan hasil karya Addie bersama rakannya Keenan Nasution dan juga album sulung Vina Panduwinata Citra Biru (1981) dan merasakan ia sesuai.
Kemudian Addie yakin untuk bekerja pada album, dia mendekati isu itu secara agresif. Trilogi baru-baru ini Chrisye itu telah banyak diilhamkan oleh seni rock, yang berlainan daripada bunyi pop romantis asal yang Chrisye telah mempunyai dengan album berjaya Badai Pasti Berlalu (1977) dan Sabda Alam (1978); Addie menegaskan bahawa album baru perlu merujuk semula kepada album terdahulu. Chrisye dan Addie sama-sama merancang untuk membikin album di kediaman Addie di Tebet, Jakarta Selatan; Addie kemudian teringat bahawa kedua-dua mereka mengatasi isu-isu, kerana kedua-duanya adalah sempurna. Addie juga berkhidmat sebagai jurutera bunyi bersama Irsan. Eros menulis lirik sembilan lagu di dalam album.
Addie menggubah untuk pemuzik. Heidi Awuy bermain harp, Yudhianto bermain cor anglais dan oboe, sementara abang ipar Chrisye, Raidy Noor (yang juga mencipta lagu "Windy") bermain bes. Uce Haryono bermain gitar, while Ian Antono bermain gitar. Bahagian string, terdiri daripada Suryati Supilin, Su Yin, Edo, Kwang Tju, dan Zulkifli, telah diupah untuk menyediakan latar. Vina Panduwinata telah dipilih untuk menyanyikan "Lestariku" bersama Chrisye; Addie kemudian memberitahunya bahawa lagu itu telah ditulis dengan duet dengannya di dalam fikiran.
Gaya
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Keluaran semula
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Sendiri telah dikeluarkan semula dua kali, sekali sebagai CD pada 2004 dan sekali sebagai sebahagian daripada Chrisye Masterpiece Trilogy Limited Edition pada 2007.
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Istana kota Colchester merupakan salah sebuah istana kota yang terletak di Britain. Ia dibina di atas bilik bawah tanah Kuil Claudius. Istana kota Colchester melambangkan Menara Ibu Norman yang terbesar di Eropah. Berukuran 46 X 34 meter ("152 X 112 kaki") dan dibina kebanyakannya dari batu dan bata bandar lama Rom Camulodunum, istana kota ini dipercayai hasil Gundulph, Bishop Rochester, yang turut bertanggungjawab bagi mereka Menara Putih (Menara Ibu bagi Menara London) yang merupakan satu-satunya bangunan di British dengan pelan binaan yang sama.
Kerja pembinaan istana kota Colchester dipercayai bermula pada c1076 dan disiapkan 50 tahun kemudiannya. Struktur asas terdiri daripada blok segi empat bujur dengan menara menonjol di setiap pepenjuru, dan gereja melengkung separuh bulat di hujung bagi tingkat tinggi timur. Ciri menonjol adalah garis luar battlements pada aras tingkat pertama, yang kelihatannya ditambah tergesa-gesa semasa pembinaan apabila diancam dengan serangan dari pihak Dane.
Agak luar biasa, istana kota ini tidak mengalami sebarang pertemporan sebahagian besar kewujudannya, kecuali tempoh singkat semasa pemerintahan Raja John. Menjelang kurun ke-14 istana kota menjadi ketinggalan sebagai kubu tentera dan Menara Ibu digunakan kebanyakannya sebagai penjara. Pada tahun 1637 siling Dewan Besar roboh. Semasa Perang Saudara Inggeris, Sir Charles Lucas dan Sir George Lisle ditahan di istana kota Colchester, dan kemudiannya dibunuh di tanah belakang istana kota tersebut pada tahun 1648. Istana kota Colchester kemudiannya dijual pada ahli peniagaan tempatan pada akhir kurun ke-17 untuk dibinasakan. Selepas merobohkan tingkat atas Menara Ibu pada tahun 1683, projek tersebut terbukti tidak menguntungkan dan John Wheeler menghentikan usaha merobohkan istana kota tersebut. Pada tahun 1727, istana kota Colchester dibeli sebagai hadiah perkahwinan bagi Charles Gray, penduduk tempatan yang kemudiannya menjadi wakil rakyat MP bagi bagi Colchester. Ketika tinggal di rumah agam Georgian, dia mula memulihkan istana kota Colchester pada keadaan boleh didiami, menambah atap genting dan kubah. Majlis Perbandaran tempatan mengambil alih pada tahun 1930-an dan membuat kerja pemulihan dan dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1983 dengan usaha meluas bagi menstabilkan Menara Ibu lama. Kerja pembinaan akhirnya disiapkan pada tahun 1992 dan kini ia merupakan tempat bagi Muzium Colchester dan Essex.
Pemilik
Warisan lanjut istana kota dan laman sekitar digambarkan di bawah. Yanya yang dikelabukan pada satu masa tidak memiliki bangunan. Sungguhpun Charles Gray Round mati sebelum kawasan dijual pada korperate bagi Colchester, wasiatnya memastikan ia dipegang oleh tabung amanah bagi tujuan tersebut.
Ujalhati
Ujalhati merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Bangladesh.
Airplane!
Airplane! (atau bertajuk Flying High!) ialah filem bencana satira Amerika 1980 ditulis dan diarahkan oleh David dan Jerry Zucker dan Jim Abrahams, dan dihasilkan oleh Jon Davison. Ia dibintangi oleh Robert Hays dan Julie Hagerty serta menampilkan Leslie Nielsen, Robert Stack, Lloyd Bridges, Peter Graves, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, dan Lorna Patterson. Ia merupakan filem parodi genre filem bencana terutamanya filem Paramount Zero Hour! (1957), dari mana meminjam plot dan watak-watak utama, serta banyak unsur dari filem-filem lain dalam siri Airport sejak filem pertama tahun 1975. Filem ini terkenal dengan penggunaan humor sureal dan komedi slapstick pantas, termasuk visual dan kata-kata lisan, lelucon, dan humor tidak jelas.
Filem ini laris hebat dengan kutipan lebih dari AS$83 juta di Amerika Utara sahaja melebihi belanja anggaran hanya AS$3,5 juta. Pencipta film ini menerima Writers Guild of America Award untuk Komedi Adaptasi Terbaik serta dicalonkan Anugerah Golden Globe dalam kategori Filem Terbaik – Muzikal atau Komedi dan BAFTA Award untuk Skenario Terbaik.
Pada tahun-tahun sejak rilis, reputasi Airplane!' telah tumbuh dengan pesat di luar tujuan komik sederhana. Film ini terpilih sebagai film komedi Amerika terlucu ke-10 pada daftar 100 Years... 100 Laughs di AFI pada tahun 2000, dan peringkat ke-6 pada 100 Funniest Movies di Bravo. Dalam survei 2007 utama oleh Channel 4 di Britania Raya, film itu dinilai film komedi terbesar kedua di sepanjang masa. Pada tahun 2008, Airplane! dipilih majalah Empire dalam senarai The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.
Poggiomarino
Poggiomarino merupakan sebuah komun dan bandar yang terletak di Naples di Campania dalam kawasan Itali.
Kampung Tanam
Kampung Tanam merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Kuala Rompin, dalam Pahang, iaitu sebuah negeri di Malaysia.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Kampung Tanam, Kuala Rompin, Pahang ialah 26810.
Allmendingen bei Bern
Allmendingen bei Bern merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Bern, Switzerland. Ia juga merupakan salah satu daripada 383 buah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Bern.
Rohovce
Rohovce merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di daerah Dunajská Streda, wilayah Trnava, Slovakia.
Grime
Grime [graim] ialah suatu genre muzik tarian elektronik yang muncul di London, United Kingdom pada awal tahun 2000-an Ia dibangunkan dari gaya muzik elektronik yang wujud di negara tersebut sebelum ini termasuk garage dan jungle serta juga terapan menarik pengaruh genre muzik lain seperti dancehall, ragga, dan hip hop.
Mazraeh-ye Ayzadi
Mazraeh-ye Ayzadi merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Grime
Gaya muzik ini sering dikenalpasti daripada breakbeat cepat dan tersendiri (umumnya pada sekitar 140 bpm) dan sering mempunyai bunyi elektronik yang agresif atau tajam. Ia turut disampaikan dengan lirik rap yang sering menyentuh gaya hidup pengarang - ia merupakan elemen penting dalam genre ini.
Sejarah
Nama "grime" datang daripada penggambaran sesetengah wartawan terhadap bunyi bes bawahan genre ini yang dilihat agak "kotor" atau "kasar" - lebih tepat lagi "grimy". Ia turut difikirkan merujuk kepada kandungan muzik yang menggambarkan keadaan serba kekurangan ("grimy goings-on") dialami persekitaran didiami artis-artis genre ini.
Genre ini muncul pada awal dekad 2000-an di London dan disebarkan stesen-stesen radio haram seperti Rinse FM, Deja Vu FM, Major Fm, Freeze 92.7 dan Raw Mission.
8-bar
Subgenre ini menonjolkan penukaran rentak muzik setiap lapan bar muzik i instrumental yang dinyanyikan. Ia This was in contrast to "nu shape", another style of grime which encouraged 16-32 bar patterns.
Indian (buruj)
Indian, Orang Indian, atau Indus (Ind) ialah sebuah buruj di langit selatan. Dicipta pada hujung abad keenam belas, buruj ini mewakili orang Indian atau orang India, merujuk mana-mana orang peribumi Asia atau Amerika.
Grime
Rhythm and Grime
Pecahan ini mula muncul pada 2004-5 dipelopori Terror Danjah, DaVinChe dan Scratcha DVA; malah ia dimasyhurkan BBC 1Xtra - sebuah stesen radio milik BBC yang mengkhusus kepada rap dan hip-hop Britain.
Sinogrime
Subgenre ini pertama kali digambarkan tahun 2005 merujuk kepada suatu gaya dalam grime yang menerapkan motif muzik yang lazim dalam budaya-budaya Asia Timur (imbuhan "Sino-" merujuk kepada Alam Cina) seperti yang dimainkan alat muzik tertentu mahupun pensampelan daripada potongan media berkaitan seperti filem-filem kungfu lama; Ia tifk semestinya merujuk kepada muzik bergenre sedemikian yang terhasil di Jepun atau China melainkan ia juga menerapkan unsur tradisi setempat mereka..
Subgenre ini dipelopori banyak artis seperti DJ Target, Wiley, Terror Danjah, Ruff Sqwad, Jammer, Geenus, DJ Wonder dan Wookie hasil kecenderungan terhadap pengaruh ketimuran melalui pendedahan kepada permainan video Jepun dan filem lama dari China. Ia lama kelamaan mendapat perhatian di Asia Timur sendiri, terutamanya mempengaruhi penerbit-penerbit di Shanghai and Beijing pada tahun 2009.
Beygtuli-ye Olya
Beygtuli-ye Olya merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Grime
Sublow
Sublow merupakan antara subgenre atau pecahan awal dalam genre ini;  ia dicirikan penggunaan kerap synthesizer, irama tajam serta bunyi bes yang rendah dan dalam.
Ujalpur
Ujalpur merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Bangladesh.
Lil Jon
Awal hidup
Jonathan Smith lahir di kejiranan Southwest kota Atlanta, Georgia, beliau anak sulung lima adik-beradik. Bapanya, seorang jurutera sebuah syarikat aeroangkasa dan pertahanan manakala ibunya seorang pegawai tentera.
Jon pernah menyertai kumpulan pancaragam sekolah tingginya. Beliau belajar sendiri cara ber-DJ pada usia 15 tahun, ibu bapanya membenarkan beliau melakukan hobi ini yang mengelakkannya daripada berpelesaran malah membenarkan beliau mengadakan parti muzik bawah rumah mereka untuk rakan-rakan sebayanya. Beliau turut bekerja sambilan sebagai seorang DJ beberapa kelab malam di kotanya.
Mazraeh-ye Barikabad
Mazraeh-ye Barikabad merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Dübekli, Bozüyük
Dübekli, Bozüyük merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Turki.
Sap (kampung)
Sap merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di daerah Dunajská Streda, wilayah Trnava, Slovakia.
Dudaş, Söğüt
Dudaş, Söğüt merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Turki.
Chakhmaqlui-ye Sofla
Chakhmaqlui-ye Sofla merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Tanjungmanis
Tanjungmanis merupakan sebuah desa yang terletak dalam (daerah) Kecamatan Anyer, Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten, Indonesia.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Tanjungmanis adalah 42166. Terdapat 10 buah desa di dalam daerah Kecamatan Anyer.
Umajuri
Umajuri merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Bangladesh.
Pollena Trocchia
Pollena Trocchia merupakan sebuah komun dan bandar yang terletak di Naples di Campania dalam kawasan Itali.
Our Better Selves
Our Better Selves (1919) merupakan filem perang senyap yang diarahkan oleh George Fitzmaurice. Ia dibintangi oleh Fannie Ward dan Lew Cody. Filem ini telah diterbitkan oleh Astra Films dan diedarkan oleh Pathé Exchange.
Kampung Petuh
Kampung Petuh merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Kuala Rompin, dalam Pahang, iaitu sebuah negeri di Malaysia.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Kampung Petuh, Kuala Rompin, Pahang ialah 26810.
Our Better Selves
Filem ini dikategorikan sebagai hilang.
Pomigliano d'Arco
Pomigliano d'Arco merupakan sebuah komun dan bandar yang terletak di Naples di Campania dalam kawasan Itali.
Mitsubishi Materials
Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (三菱マテリアル株式会社), atau MMC, ialah sebuah syarikat Jepun yang menghasilkan simen, tembaga, aluminum, peralatan karbida bersimen, dan bahan elektronik. Syarikat ini merupakan salah satu syarikat utama Mitsubishi Group.
Syarikat ini tersenarai di Bursa Saham Tokyo dan Bursa Saham Osaka, serta merupakan komponen indeks pasaran saham Nikkei 225.
Pada tahun 2018, Mitsubishi Materials mengakui bahwa lima anak syarikatnya, Mitsubishi Cable Industries Ltd., Mitsubishi Shindoh Co., Mitsubishi Aluminum Co., Tachibana Metal MFG Co., dan Diamet Corp. telah memalsukan data kualiti mengenai komponen aitomotif dan aluminium buatannya untuk tujuan perkapalan. Mitsubishi Materials kemudian menjalankan siasatan terhadap 120 kilang miliknya.
Gayatri Su-Lin Pillai
Gayatri Su-Lin Pillai (lahir 1975) merupakan seorang penerbit televisyen dan filem Malaysia, beliau berkhidmat sebagai penerbit eksekutif syarikat penerbitan filem Malaysia, Tayangan Unggul.
Arch, Switzerland
Arch merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Bern, Switzerland. Ia juga merupakan salah satu daripada 383 buah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Bern.
Gayatri Su-Lin Pillai
Kehidupan awal
Beliau dilahirkan dalam keluarga campuran. Beliau membesar di Petaling Jaya, Selangor dan mendapat pendidikan awal di Sekolah Rendah Assunta dan Sekolah Menengah Assunta. Pada tahun 1991, beliau menyambung pelajaran ke United World Colleges di Singapura, dan International Baccalaureate untuk mendapatkan General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). Beliau berjaya memperoleh ijazah dalam bidang undang-undang, Llb Hons. di University of Bristol, Bristol, UK pada tahun 1996.
Kerjaya
Ketika berumur 33 tahun, beliau telah memulakan kerjayanya sebagai Admin Instructive Executive bersama Astro sejak Disember 1996. Beliau juga mendapat didikan daripada Dr. D. B. Nihalsingha. Beliau memegang jawatan Pengurus Penerbitan untuk filem perdana Astro Shaw, "Nafas Cinta" pada tahun 1999. Kemudian, beliau dinaikkan pangkat ke Penerbit Langsung sewaktu menjayakan filem KL Menjerit. Pada tahun 2002, beliau ditawarkan ke Penerbit Eksekutif dan Penerbit Senior. Seterusnya, pada Mac 2003, beliau dilantik sebagai Penerbit Eksekutif Senior. Kini, beliau memegang jawatan Pengurus Besar dan Penerbit Eksekutif Senior untuk Tayangan Unggul Sdn. Bhd.
Kehidupan peribadi
Gayatri Su-Lin tidak pernah berkahwin. Beliau pernah menjalin hubungan dengan pelakon Zul Ariffin pada 2013 dan mula mengenalinya ketika Zul berlakon dalam filem Penanggal arahan Ellie Suriati dan mula rapat selepas Bikers Kental difilemkan. Gayatri bagaimanapun, tidak memikirkan soal usia dan bukan satu masalah buatnya. Malah beliau turut mengakui bergaduh dengannya setiap hari. Gayatri dan Zul berpisah pada 2015, namun masih menjalin hubungan baik.
Pompei
Pompei merupakan sebuah komun dan bandar yang terletak di Naples di Campania dalam kawasan Itali.
Mazraeh-ye Hamidabad
Mazraeh-ye Hamidabad merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Arni, Bern
Arni merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Bern, Switzerland. Ia juga merupakan salah satu daripada 383 buah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Bern.
Mitsubishi Materials
Butiran perniagaan
Mitsubishi Materials Corporation memiliki lapan pembahagian perniagaan, iaitu:
Batu Jajar
Batu Jajar merupakan sebuah desa yang terletak dalam (daerah) kecamatan Cigudeg, Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
My Madonna
My Madonna merupakan filem senyap Amerika Syarikat 1915 yang diarahkan oleh Alice Guy dan dibintangi oleh Olga Petrova.
Filem ini dikategorikan sebagai hilang.
Walter Gargano
Walter Alejandro Gargano Guevara (lahir 23 Julai 1984) merupakan pemain bola sepak Uruguay yang kini bermain untuk Napoli dan pasukan kebangsaan Uruguay di posisi pemain tengah bertahan.