cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Penilaian Elo Bola Sepak Dunia
Pasukan terkuat sejak pertengahan hingga akhir 1960-an
Masa purata Elo atau Elo seperti markah secara rutin digunakan untuk membandingkan kekuatan pemain catur. Berikut ini adalah senarai pasukan negara dengan rata-rata tertinggi markah Elo dari 1 Jan 1970 hingga 1 Oktober 2014. Sebelum ini antara benua bermain dengan agak terhad dan banyak negara-negara di Afrika, Amerika Utara, dan Asia dengan memainkan terlalu sedikit permainan dan belum lagi mewujudkan wakil penilaian Elo. Sejak markah Elo mencerminkan prestasi masa lalu, Jadual melambangkan kekuatan relatif pasukan kebangsaan sejak pertengahan hingga akhir 1960-an.
Senarai nombor satu pasukan
Berikut ini adalah senarai negara-negara yang telah mencapai kedudukan nombor satu di Peringkat Dunia Bola Sepak Elo sejak tahun 2000:
Sepanjang masa peringkat tertinggi
Berikut ini adalah senarai pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan peringkat dengan markah Elo tertinggi pernah dicapai.
Ambil perhatian bahawa Pasukan B kehilangan lebih mata kedudukan dengan Pasukan C yang kalah daripada kepada pasukan A.
Bohemianisme
Bohemianisme [bo-hé-mi-a-nis-mĕ] merupakan suatu amalan gaya hidup yang tidak konvensional dan seringkalinya berkelompok dengan orang sefahaman serta giat dalam pelbagai jurusan seni termasuk muzik, lukisan, sastera atau kerohanian. Masyarakat yang terlibat dalam lingkungan sebegini sering dikaitkan dengan sudut pandangan yang tidak selari dengan pendapat politik umum yang sering diungkapkan melalui gaya hidup mereka; termasuk percintaan bebas, berjimat cermat malah juga hidup dalam keadaan bersederhana atau miskin.
Ranca Gede
Ranca Gede merupakan sebuah desa yang terletak dalam (daerah) kecamatan Gunung Kaler, Kabupaten Tangerang, Provinsi Banten, Indonesia.
Débété
Débété merupakan sebuah bandar dan komun di Ivory Coast.
Bohemianisme
Konsep ini mula muncul di Perancis pada awal abad ke-19 ketika para seniman dan pencipta di negara tersebut mula bertumpu dalam kalangan masyarakat Romani cenderung berkos rendah; ia datang daripada gelaran Bohémien yang diberikan kepada masyarakat minoriti ini yang disilap anggap datang ke Perancis pada melalui Bohemia (bahagian barat Republik Czech moden) pada abad ke-15. Perkataan "bohemian" yang muncul dalam bahasa Inggeris kemudiannya menggambarkan gaya hidup pelukis, penulis, wartawan, pemuzik dan pelakon yang cenderung miskin dan diasingkan masyarakat di kota-kota besar Eropah.
Ranca Gede
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Ranca Gede adalah 15620. Terdapat 8 buah desa di dalam daerah kecamatan Gunung Kaler.
Bury St Edmunds
Bury St Edmunds merupakan sebuah pekan pasar yang terletak dalam kaunti Suffolk, England dan ia dahulu dikenali sebagai pekan kaunti Suffolk Barat. Ia adalah bandar utama bagi daerah perbandaran St Edmundsbury dan pekan ini terkenal dengan runtuhan biara yang terletak berdekatan dengan pusat bandar.
Quincy Adams Sawyer
Quincy Adams Sawyer merupakan filem komedi-drama senyap Amerika Syarikat 1922 yang diarahkan oleh Clarence G. Badger. Diedarkan oleh Metro Pictures, filem ini berdasarkan novel Quincy Adams Sawyer and Mason's Corner Folks (1900), yang ditulis oleh Charles Felton Pidgin. Filem ini telah dikeluarkan semula pada tahun 1927 oleh Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer selepas kematian pelakonnya, Barbara La Marr dan kini dikategorikan sebagai filem hilang.
Yely Rivera
Yely Margoth Rivera Kroll (lahir 26 Disember 1994) ialah model dan ratu cantik Peru yang memenangi pertandingan Miss Peru 2021. Dia akan mewakili Peru pada pertandingan Miss Universe 2021 di Eilat, Israel.
Biografi
Rivera dilahirkan pada 26 Disember 1994 dan tinggal di Arequipa. Dia ialah kakak kepada Sofía Rivera Kroll dan Kelin Rivera. Beliau kini sedang membangunkan profesionnya sebagai Pengurus Pentadbiran di Klinik Éxito, sebuah syarikat yang berdedikasi untuk pembangunan dan pertumbuhan peribadi serta profesional orang.
Miss Peru 2021
Pada 10 Oktober 2021, Rivera mewakili Arequipa di Miss Peru 2021 dan bersaing dengan enam finalis yang tinggal dan memenangi gelaran Miss Peru Universe 2021. Di penghujung acara itu, dia berjaya memenangi Miss Peru 2020 dan Miss Universe 2020 tempat ketiga Janick Maceta.
Miss Universe 2021
Sebagai Miss Peru, Rivera akan mewakili Peru pada pertandingan Miss Universe 2021 di Eilat, Israel.
Cibiru Hilir
Cibiru Hilir merupakan sebuah desa yang terletak dalam (daerah) kecamatan Cileunyi, Kabupaten Bandung, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Cibiru Hilir adalah 40626. Terdapat buah desa di dalam daerah kecamatan Cileunyi.
Kereta kebal semasa Perang Dingin
Semasa Perang Dingin (1945-1990), dua kuasa bertentangan di Eropah iaitu negara Pakatan Warsaw di sebelah, dan Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara (NATO) dipihak yang lain. Pakatan Warsaw dilihat oleh Barat sebagai mempunyai pasukan agresif yang mengatasi kuasa-kuasa NATO.
Penguasaan Soviet ke atas Pakatan Warsaw membawa kepada piawaian yang berkesan bagi beberapa reka bentuk kereta kebal. Sebagai perbandingan, NATO mengambil sikap bertahan. Negara-negara yang banyak menyumbang, Perancis, Jerman, Amerika Syarikat, dan United Kingdom membangunkan reka bentuk kereta kebal mereka sendiri, dengan sedikit persamaan, manakala negara-negara kecil NATO membeli atau menyesuaikan reka bentuk ini.
Selepas Perang Dunia II, pembangunan kereta kebal terus berkembang sebahagian besarnya kerana kerana Perang Dingin. Kereta kebal bukan sahaja akan terus dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang besar, tetapi kemajuan teknologi turut berkembang secara mendadak juga. Kereta kebal menjadi lebih besar dan perisainya menjadi lebih tebal dan lebih berkesan. Aspek teknologi senjata berubah juga, dengan kemajuan besar dalam reka bentuk kerangka dan keberkesanan terminal. Walau bagaimanapun, pada masa kini kebanyakan kereta kebal dalam perkhidmatan masih mempunyai senjata api secara manual dimuatkan dari pangkal, sifat dari kereta kebal yang paling awal yang dikongsi dengan kebanyakan senjata api gerak sendiri dan meriam lapangan.
Banyak perubahan pada reka bentuk kereta kebal merupakan peningkatan penyasasaran dan julat (sistem kawalan tembakan), penstabilan meriam, sistem komunikasi dan keselesaan krew. Perisai telah berkembang seiring dengan peningkatan senjata dan meriam telah berkembang menjadi lebih besar. Tetapi tidak ada sebarang perubahan asas.
Reka bentuk dan belanjawan kereta kebal telah diketahui naik dan turun. Selepas perang, belanjawan reka bentuk kereta kebal telah dipotong dan kakitangan kejuruteraan sering bertaburan. Kebanyakan perancang perperangan mempercayai bahawa kereta kebal adalah lapuk, setelah senjata nuklear sudah ada dan ia dirasai bahawa senjata nuklear taktikal boleh memusnahkan mana-mana Briged atau rejimen, sama ada ia adalah berperisai atau tidak. Perang Korea membuktikan bahawa kereta kebal masih berguna di medan perang, memandangkan keraguan kuasa-kuasa besar untuk menggunakan senjata nuklear. Dalam tahun 1950-an, kereta kebal kebanyakan negara 'telah dilengkapi dengan perlindungan NBC, yang membolehkan unit jentera untuk bertahan terhadap senjata nuklear, biologi dan kimia, atau untuk menjalankan penembusan dengan mengeksploitasi medan perang serangan nuklear. <br style="clear:left;">
Pembangunan kereta kebal pertempuran utama
Pelbagai peningkatan senjata anti-kereta kebal dan ancaman yang dilihat akibat satu perang nuklear meningkatkan keperluan bagi perisai tambahan. Perisai tambahan mendorong reka bentuk meriam yang lebih berkuasa. Kereta kebal peperangan utama dengan itu mengambil peranan apa yang pernah dikenali sebagai 'tangki Universal' British, mengisi hampir semua peranan di medan perang. Kereta kebal pertempuran utama biasa sama bersenjata seperti mana-mana kenderaan lain di medan perang, sangat mudah alih, dan juga berperisai dengan baik. Namun ia cukup murah untuk dibina dalam jumlah yang besar. Kereta kebal klasik pertempuran utama tahun 1950 ialah Centurion British, Siri T-55 Soviet, dan siri M47 dan M48 Amerika Syarikat. Ketiga-tiga kenderaan asas telah dinaik taraf dengan ketara dari masa ke masa. Sebagai contoh, Centurion memulakan hayatnya dengan meriam Ordnance QF 17-pounder yang amat berkesan (76.2 mm), tetapi persenjataannya telah dinaik taraf kepada 20 pounder (84 mm) dan kemudiannya pada 105 mm meriam utama menjelang 1959, dengan kawalan api yang lebih baik dan enjin baru.
Kereta kebal T-55 Russia bermula dengan meriam 100 mm, tetapi telah dipertingkatkan dengan kedua meriam 115 mm dan 125 mm, sistem kawalan tembak dipertingkat, enjin baru, trek dll. Siri M47 berubah menjadi siri M60.Kereta kebal utama Soviet yang pertama adalah T-64 while the first American MBT was the M48 Patton.
Kenderaan ini dan hasilannya membentuk sebahagian besar dari pasukan perisai bagi NATO dan Pakatan Warsaw sepanjang Perang Dingin. Sesetengah dari mereka kekal digunakan sehingga kurun ke-21.
Kereta kebal ringan
Kereta kebal ringan terus dihasilkan tetapi bagi tujuan peranan terhad seperti penninjau afimbia, menyokong unit bawaan udara, dan dalam pasukan gerak pantas yang ditak dijangkakan akan bertembung dengan kereta kebal musuh. PT-76 Soviet merupakan contoh yang baik bagi kereta kebal khusus. Ia memiliki keupayaan afimbia dan memiliki kuasa tembakan bagi membinasakan kenderaan peninjau yang lain, tetapi ia juga berperisai ringan. M551 Sheridan Amerika SYarikat memiliki kekuatan dan kelemahan yang sama, tetapi juga boleh dijatuhkan dari udara, samaada melalui payung terjun atau LAPES.
Kereta kebal berat
Kereta kebal berat seperti T-10 terus dibangunkan dan digunakan bersama kereta kebal serdahana sehingga 1960-an dan 1970-an, sehingga pembangunan peluru berpandu anti-kereta kebal dan meriam kereta kebal berkuasa menjadikan ia tidak berkesan di medan pertempuran dalam peranan yang dimainkan oleh mereka.
Gabungan kepala peledak HEAT yang besar, digabung dengan julat berkesan yang jauh berbanding meriam kereta kebal, dan dengan ketepatan tinggi bererti kereta kebal berat tidak lagi dapat berfungsi dalam bertembungan, atau peranan pelindung. Peluru berpandu anti kereta kebal mampu mengisi peranan ini sama baik.
Kereta kebal serdahana juga lemah pada peluru berpandu baru, tetapi dapat digunakan dalam bilangan lebih besar dan memiliki pergerakan medan tempur yang lebih tinggi. Tambahan lagi, nilai kereta kebal ringan bagi meninjau berkurangan dengan banyaknya oleh helikopter, sungguhpun banyak kereta kebal ringan masih digunakan.
Pembangunaan senjata anti kereta kebal dan langkah penangkisan
Terdapat juga perbincangan bahawa kereta kebal adalah lapuk dan belanjawan mengurang sedikit selepas Perang Yom Kippur 1973 apabila kereta kebal Israel dibinasakan dalam bilangan besar yang tidak pernah berlaku menggunakan peluru berpandu berwayar disandang (ATGMs), ditembak oleh tentera pejalan kaki Mesir. Analisa berikutnya menunjukkan bahawa pasukan Israel memandang rendah lawan mereka pada fasa pertama perang; kesemua taktik kereta kebal mereka mengabaikan keupayaan baru tentera pejalan kaki yang dilengkapi dengan senjata AT murah bagi menghentikan kereta kebal. Penyelesaian pada persekitaran medan pertempuran baru ini adalah gabungan taktikal dan teknikal. Secara tektik, terdapat kesedaran baru bagi keperluan taktik gabungan persenjataan. Ini mendorong pada mekanisma pasukan infantri dan kemajuan taktik artileri maju dan kepala peledak. Kereta kebal bersendirian lemah pada infantri, tetapi gabungan pasukan kereta kebal, infantri mekanikal, dan artileri mekanikal masih mampu menang di persekitaran baru ini.
Pada tahun 1974, Amerika Syarikat memulakan program mengagumkan bagi memodenkan armada kereta kebal sedia adanya dan memulakan penghasilan pukal M60A1, dan kemudiannya M60A3; pada masa yang sama ketika M1 dibangunkan. Belanjawan bagi reka bentuk dan penghasilan kereta kebal meningkat semasa pentadbiran Ronald Reagan, berikutan ketegangan antara Amerika Syarikat dan Soviet Union.
Sebagai tindak balas pada ATGMS mudah-alih Infantri dan muatan kenderaan, perisai kenderaan lebih berkeupayaan telah dibangunkan. Perisai ruang, perisai komposit, perisai letupan reaktif, dan sistem perlindungan aktif—seperti sistem Russia Shtora, Drozd, dan Arena—dipasang pada kereta kebal baru dan lama. Di sebalik peningkatan ini peluru berpandu besar kekal sangat berkesan menentang kereta kebal. Ini dibuktikan pada tahun 1991 apabila kejadian tembakan sahabat, peluru berpandu anti-kereta kebal Hellfire membinasakan sebuah kereta kebal M1 Abrams terbaru.
Missile armed tanks
During the latter half of the 20th century, some tanks were armed with ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles) which could be launched through a smoothbore or (in the case of "Shillelagh") a rifled main gun barrel with a provision to prevent imparting "spin" to the missile. In the U.S., the M60A2, M551 Sheridan, and prototype MBT-70, with 152 mm barrel/launchers used the Shillelagh infrared-guided missile.
The MBT-70 was cancelled prior to production due to high cost, and superseded by the M1 Abrams, which used a conventional gun. The M551 and the M60A2 were widely considered disappointing due to problems of overall complexity, sensitive advanced electrical systems (some components of which involved the Shillelagh guidance system) and issues related to the conventional rounds with combustible cases, though the Sheridan would serve into the 1990s before finally being withdrawn. The M60A2's were eventually replaced by M60A3s using conventional 105 mm guns.
While U.S. experiments with gun-launched missiles led to a dead end, the Soviet Union put this technology into service in the mid-1970s, and it continues to be used in CIS forces. Tanks capable of firing gun-launched missiles in Russian service include the T-72, T-90, and upgraded T-55 (T-55AM2). Ukraine also employs missile-armed T-64, T-80, and T-84 tanks.
Korean War
In the Korean War M24 Chaffee's were the first U.S. tanks to fight the North Korean T-34-85s. The M24 fared poorly against these much better-armed and armored medium tanks which were superior to the M-24. M24s were more successful later in the war in their reconnaissance role, supported by heavier tanks such as the kereta kebal M4 Sherman, M26, and M46.
The heavier but older M26 Pershing was deemed unsatisfactory due to its inferior mobility, which was unsuitable for a medium tank role as it used the same engine that powered the much lighter M4 Sherman, and in November, 1949, the upgraded M26 received a new power plant and a main gun with bore evacuator, and the M46 Patton designation. Less than a thousand were upgraded to M46 standard.
On 8 August 1950 the first M46 Pattons landed in South Korea. The tank proved superior to the much lighter North Korean T-34-85, which were encountered in relatively small numbers. By the end of 1950, 200 M46 Pattons had been fielded, forming about 15% of US tank strength in Korea; the balance of 1,326 tanks shipped to Korea during 1950 included 679 M4A3 Shermans, 309 M26 Pershings, and 138 M24 Chaffee light tanks. Subsequent shipments of M46 and M46A1 Pattons allowed all remaining M26 Pershings to be withdrawn during 1951, and most Sherman equipped units were also reequipped.
British tanks, the Centurion tank with Cromwell tanks for reconnaissance, arrived in Korea in late 1950. The tanks had to operate in much colder conditions than their usual North German Plain deployments. The Centurions covered the retreat at the battle of the Imjin River with the tanks from C Squadron, 8th Hussars, under the command of Major Henry Huth and by 55 Squadron, Royal Engineers. The British position on the Imjin river "was deemed safe" but vulnerable in case of an attack which prove to be case, and the tanks were able stand their ground in the battle. The Centurions were also in Operation Commando and were used to capture high ground earning praise from the commander of I Corps. Thereafter the war was largely static and the Centurions were used as artillery against the infantry attacks which generally happened at night.
Interwar
The M47 Patton was intended to replace the M46 Patton and M4 Sherman tanks. It had a 90 mm gun and a crew of 5. Despite it being the primary tank of the US it never saw combat while in US service. In Early 1951, the U.S. initiated the design of the M48 Patton, designated the T-48 with a 90 mm cannon. The T48 featured a new turret, new redesigned hull and an improved suspension. The hull machine gunner position was removed, reducing the crew to 4. On 2 April 1953, the Ordnance Technical Committee Minutes (OTCM), standardized the last of the Patton series tanks as the M48 Patton.
Nearly 12,000 M48s were built from 1952 to 1959. The early designs, up to the M48A2, were powered by a gasoline 12-cylinder engine which was coupled with an auxiliary 8-cylinder engine. The gas engines gave the tank a short operating range and were prone to catching fire when hit. This version was considered unreliable.
The M103 heavy tank was manufactured at the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant and the first units were accepted in 1957.
The M103 was designed to counter Soviet heavies. Its long-ranged 120 mm cannon was designed to hit enemy tanks at extreme distances, but it was never used in combat. Of the 300 M103s built, most went to the Marines. The tank was relatively underpowered and the drive systems were fragile.The turret of the M103 was larger than that of the M48 or the M60 to make room for the huge 120 mm gun and the two loaders assigned to it, in addition to the gunner and the commander. The driver sat in the hull. The gun was capable of elevation from +15 to -8 degrees.
The British introduced their Heavy Gun Tank F214 Conqueror with the same 120mm gun as the M103 into service in 1955. It stayed in service until 1960; the upgrading of Centurion tank to the L7 105mm gun having removed its purpose.
While the US Army deactivated its heavy armor units with the reception of the new M60 series main battle tanks in 1960, the remaining M103s stayed within the US Marine Corps inventory until they began receiving the M60 series MBT. With the disappearance of the heavy tank from US forces came the full acceptance of the main battle tank in 1960 for the US Army, and later for the US Marine Corps.
The British successor to Centurion was Chieftain in 1966. Chieftain was heavily armoured and had a 120mm gun following a doctrine of long range fire and survivability that would be needed against the more numerous Warsaw Pact tanks in the event of an invasion of West Germany.
Vietnam War era
The M48s saw extensive action during the Vietnam War, over 600 Pattons would be deployed with US Forces during the war. The initial M48s landed with the US Marines in 1965. Remaining Pattons deployed to South Vietnam were in three U.S. Army battalions, the 1-77th Armor near the DMZ, the 1-69th Armor in the Central Highlands, and the 2-34th Armor near the Mekong Delta. Each battalion consisted of approximately fifty seven tanks. M48s were also used by Armored Cavalry Squadrons in Vietnam, until replaced by M551 Sheridan tanks. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam.
When US forces commenced redeployment operations, many of the M48A3 Pattons were turned over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces, in particular creating the ARVN 20th Tank Regiment; which supplemented their M41 Walker Bulldog units. During the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) Easter Offensive in 1972, tank clashes between NVA T-54/PT-76 and ARVN M48/M41 units became commonplace, but on 23 April 1972, tankers of the 20th Tank Regiment were attacked by an NVA infantry-tank team, which was equipped with the new 9M14M Malyutka (NATO designation: Sagger) wire guided anti-tank missile. During this battle, one M48A3 Patton tank and one M113 Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle (ACAV) were destroyed, becoming the first losses to the Sagger missile; losses that would echo on an even larger scale a year later during the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in 1973.
In the mid-1970s, the M48A5 upgrade was developed to allow the vehicle to carry the heavier 105 mm gun. This was designed to bring the M48s up to speed with the M60 tanks then in regular use. Most of the M48s were placed into service with reserve units by this time. By the mid-1990s, the M48s were phased out.
The M48s performed admirably in Vietnam in the infantry-support role. However, there were few actual tank versus tank battles. The M48s provided adequate protection for its crew from small arms, mines, and rocket-propelled grenades.
The plans were laid in the US in the late fifties, for a tank with a 105 mm main gun and a redesigned hull offering better armor protection. The resulting M60 largely resembled the M48 it was based on, but has significant differences. The M60 mounted a bore evacuated 105 mm main gun, had a hull with a straight front slope whereas the M48's hull was rounded, had three support rollers per side to the M48's five, and had road wheels constructed from aluminum rather than steel.
The hull of the M60 was a single piece steel casting divided into three compartments, with the driver in front, fighting compartment in the middle and engine at the rear. The driver looked through three M27 day periscopes, one of which could be replaced by a night vision periscope. Initially, the M60 had essentially the same turret shape as the M48, but this was subsequently replaced with a distinctive "needlenose" design that minimized frontal cross-section to enemy fire. The M60 was the last US main battle tank to utilize homogeneous steel armor for protection. It was also the last to feature either the M60 machine gun or an escape hatch under the hull.
Originally designated the M68, the new vehicle was put into production in 1959, reclassified as the M60, and entered service in 1960. Over 15,000 M60s (all variants) were constructed.
In 1963, the M60 was upgraded to the M60A1. This new variant, which stayed in production until 1980, featured a larger, better-shaped turret and improvements to the armor protection and shock absorbers. The M60A1 was also equipped with a stabilization system for the main gun. However, the M60A1 was still not able to fire on the move, as the system only kept the gun pointed in the same general direction while the tank was traveling cross country. It did however enable the coaxial machine gun to be brought to bear while moving.
The M551 Sheridan was initiated when the replacement for the M41 Walker Bulldog, the T92 Light Tank, was canceled.
The need for even lighter weight to make the tank transportable presented the design with a particularly difficult problem; guns capable of defeating modern tanks at reasonable ranges were so large that they demanded a large vehicle to carry them, so large that they couldn't be used as a "light" tank. The use of HEAT rounds instead of conventional penetrating ammunition could address this, but HEAT rounds work better at larger calibers. Gun weight is typically the product of caliber and muzzle velocity, so in the case of the XM551 they sacrificed the muzzle velocity, producing the low-velocity but relatively large-caliber 152 mm M81. HEAT rounds fired by the M81 could defeat any contemporary tank at shorter ranges, but its low velocity made it difficult to use at longer ranges, especially against moving targets. The large low-velocity gun was also ideal for infantry support, where higher performance anti-tank guns would often fire right through soft targets and their small-caliber guns left little room for explosive filler. The M551 Sheridan tank would thus be ideal for both direct fire support as well as short-distance anti-tank engagements.
The only niche where the M551 Sheridan was not ideal was the medium and long-range anti-tank engagement. The muzzle velocity was so low that a HEAT round fired at longer ranges would have to be "lofted", making aiming difficult, and the flight time would be so long that a moving target would be very difficult to hit. However, it appeared there was a solution to this problem by equipping the tank with gun-fired anti-tank missiles. For longer range engagements a missile would be fired instead of a HEAT round, and although its velocity would also be relatively slow, the guidance system would make a hit highly likely anyway. The M551 Sheridan appeared to offer the best of both worlds; for infantry support the large calibre gun allowed it to fire full-sized artillery rounds and canister shot, while also giving it reasonable short-range anti-tank performance from the same gun.
The M551 Sheridan had a steel turret and aluminum hull. It was powered by a large diesel engine. The M551 thus had excellent mobility, able to run at speeds up to 45 mph, which at that time was unheard of for a tracked vehicle. Swimming capability was provided by a flotation screen. Production started on late July 1966, and entered service in June 1967. More than 1,600 M551s were built between 1966 and 1970. Total cost of the M551 program was $1.3 billion.
The Sheridan saw extensive action in the Vietnam War, being assigned to nearly all armored cavalry squadrons in country. In 1969, armored cavalry units began replacing their M48 Patton tanks.
The battle reports from the troops were sometimes glowing, while the reports higher up the chain of command were often negative. A 1969 evaluation of the vehicles found the M551 was employed in reconnaissance, night patrol and road clearing, accumulating 39,455 road miles and 520 combat missions, with a ready rate of 81.3 percent. Despite vulnerability to rockets and mines, it was judged worth applying modifications and equip all cavalry squadrons with the Sheridan.
A common field-modification was to mount a large steel shield, known as an "ACAV set" (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle), around the commander's 50-cal. (12.7 mm) gun, allowing it to be fired with some level of protection. The driver has an unusual rotating hatch which has vision blocks when rotated forward. Included with the set was an extra layer of steel belly armor which was bolted onto the vehicle's bottom, although only covering from the front to halfway to the end, possibly due to weight reasons.
A standard modification made during the mid-70's was the addition of the "Cereal Bowl" commander's cupola. This mod came about due to the broken rib effect that occurred when the Sheridan fired conventional rounds, the recoil would pitch the TC against the armor plating resulting in cracked ribs.
Post-Vietnam
The US Army began to phase out the Sheridan in 1978, although at the time there was no real replacement. Nevertheless the 82nd Airborne were able to keep them on until 1996. The Sheridan was the only air-deployable tank in the inventory, and as an elite force they had considerably more "pull" than general infantry and armor units who were forced to get rid of them. Their units were later upgraded to the M551A1 model, including a thermal sighting system for the commander and gunner.
The Sheridan's only air drop in combat occurred during Operation Just Cause in Panama in 1989, when fourteen M551's were deployed; four were transported by C-5 Galaxies and ten were dropped by air, but two Sheridans were destroyed upon landing. The Sheridans' performance received mixed reviews. They were lauded by their operators and some commanders as providing firepower in needed situations to destroy hard targets. However, the Sheridans' employment of only HEAT rounds limited their effectiveness against reinforced concrete construction.
Fifty-one Sheridans were deployed in the Gulf War as some of the first tanks sent. They would not be very effective against the Russian-built T-72s. Their role was limited by age and light armor to reconnaissance duties, possibly 6 or less Shillelagh missiles were fired at Iraqi bunkers, these fewer than a half-dozen missiles, were the only time that the Shillelagh had been fired in a combat environment, from the inventory of the aforementioned 88,000 missiles produced.
Several attempts to upgun or replace the Sheridan have been made, but none were successful. Several experimental versions of the Sheridan mounting a new turret carrying a 105 mm gun were made, but the resulting recoil was too great. Several possible replacements for the M551 were tested as a part of the XM8 Armored Gun System and Expeditionary tank efforts of the early and late 1980s respectively, but none of these entered service. The Stryker Mobile Gun System has replaced the light tank role of the United States.
During the 1960s, the US and West Germany entered a joint project for a new tank common to both armies and intended to enter service in the 1970s. The MBT-70 project was technically advanced with sophisticated suspension, a low silhouette, spaced armor and advanced gun systems but suffered from excessive costs and the Germans pulled out of the project at the end of the decade.
The M60A2 proved a disappointment, though technical advancements would pave the way for future tanks. The Shillelagh/M60A2 system was phased out from active units by 1981, and the turrets scrapped. Most of the M60A2 tanks were rebuilt as M60A3.
In 1978, work began on the M60A3 variant. It featured a number of technological enhancements, including smoke dischargers, a new rangefinder, and M21 ballistic computer, and a turret stabilization system. In addition it reverted to the 105 mm cannon. All active American M60s eventually underwent the conversion to the A3 model. The M60A3 was phased out of US service in 1997.
The German Leopard tank, another 105mm armed tank, was introduced in 1965. It was sold widely to several nations in NATO as well as worldwide. It was followed in 1979 by the Leopard 2 with a 120mm smoothbore gun.
In 1976, prototypes of a new tank which became the M1 Abrams were delivered by Chrysler Defense and General Motors armed with a 105 mm rifled cannon. The Chrysler Defense design was selected for development as the M1. In 1979, General Dynamics Land Systems Division purchased Chrysler Defense. The M1 Abrams came from the diverted funds from the over budget and impractical MBT-70 and XM815 projects.
As the Abrams entered service in the 1980s, they would operate alongside M60A3 Patton. These exercises usually took place in Western Europe, especially West Germany, but also in some other countries like South Korea. During such training, Abrams crews honed their skills for use against the Soviet Union. However, by 1991 the USSR had collapsed and the Abrams would have its trial by fire in the Middle East.
The British FV4030/4 Challenger, continuing with a 120mm rifled gun for long range accuracy and the use of widest type of rounds, and protected by Chobham armor entered service in 1983.
Gulf War/Iraq war
The Gulf War saw the US Marines still deploying obsolete M60 Pattons while the rest of the tank forces had Abrams. The Iraqi forces were initially regular army units, equipped with tanks such as T-54/55 tanks and T-62s. The Coalition main battle tanks, such as the U.S. M1 Abrams, British Challenger 1, and Kuwaiti M-84AB were vastly superior to the Chinese Type 69 and domestically built T-72 tanks used by the Iraqis, with crews better trained and armoured doctrine better developed. The majority of Iraqi armored forces still used old Chinese Type 59s and Type 69s, Soviet-made T-55s from the 1950s and 1960s, and some poor quality Asad Babil tanks (domestically assembled tank based on Polish T-72 hulls with other parts of mixed origin). These machines were not equipped with up-to-date equipment, such as thermal sights or laser rangefinders, and their effectiveness in modern combat was very limited.
In addition to the T-54/55 and T-62 tanks that Iraq had, the most feared to US amoured forces were the T-72 tanks in the Iraqi forces. Only Republican Guard divisions were equipped with Iraqi-modified T-72s. Many of the Iraqi T-72s were dug-in or hidden in groves, and then used to ambush the US or British tanks. In the war, the Iraqi T-72s were the preferred target for Apache helicopters and A-10s, in an attempt to diminish the combat power of Republican Guard divisions. The only chance for the Asad Babil T-72s against American tanks was to lure them to close range combat, or trying to ambush them from dug-in positions.
But even in those conditions, the M1s usually prevailed, as proven in circumstances like the Battle of Baghdad, and the drive to the capital, where dozens of Iraqi MBTs were obliterated, or near Mahmoudiyah, south of Baghdad, April 3, 2003, (Iraqi Freedom) when US tanks engaged their counterparts from just 50 yards, shattering seven enemy T-72s without losses. The Lion of Babylon T-72 was utterly outclassed by the M1 Abrams, the Challenger and by any other contemporary Western main battle tank during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Limasawa
atau lebih dikenali sebagai Perbandaran  merupakan sebuah perbandaran di wilayah,. Perbandaran ini mempunyai jumlah penduduk seramai dalam isi rumah. Ia mempunyai luas kilometer persegi dan ketinggian  meter di atas permukaan laut. Ia diberikan dengan kod kawasan telefon dan poskod.
Barangay
• Cabulihan
• Lugsongan
• Magallanes
• San Agustin (Tawid)
• San Bernardo (Tigib)
• Triana
Dèdègbeu
Dèdègbeu merupakan sebuah bandar dan komun di Ivory Coast.
Najafabad, Azerbaijan Barat
Najafabad merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Felsberg, Switzerland
Felsberg merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Graubünden, Switzerland. Ia juga merupakan salah satu daripada 180 buah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Graubünden.
Saka Haphong
Saka Haphong merupakan puncak di Bangladesh, dan kerap dianggap sebagai tempat tertinggi negara itu dengan ketinggian 1052 m. Terletak di sempadan Bangladesh-Myanmar, tempat ini berada di antara Bandarban, Bangladesh dan negeri Chin, Myanmar.
Saka Haphong bukan puncak tertinggi secara rasmi di Bangladesh, tetapi peta dan data lain menunjukkan bahawa tiada lagi puncak yang lebih tinggi di negara itu. Pada bulan Februari 2006, bacaan GPS setinggi 1064 m dicatat di puncak ini oleh penjelajah Inggeris Ginge Fullen.
Kampong Apal Lama
Kampung Apal Lama merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Jerteh, dalam Terengganu, iaitu sebuah negeri di Malaysia. Terengganu merupakan sebuah negeri yang mempunyai sultan dan salah sebuah negeri yang membentuk negara Malaysia. Ia juga dikenali dengan gelaran Terengganu Darul Iman. Terdapat banyak pulau peranginan yang terletak berhampiran pantai Terengganu, seperti Pulau Kapas, Pulau Redang, Pulau Perhentian Besar, Pulau Perhentian Kecil dan Pulau Tenggol. . Terengganu terkenal dengan hidangan nasi dagang, dan keropok lekor.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Kampung Apal Lama, Jerteh, Terengganu ialah 22020.
Hinunangan
atau lebih dikenali sebagai Perbandaran  merupakan sebuah perbandaran di wilayah,. Perbandaran ini mempunyai jumlah penduduk seramai dalam isi rumah. Ia mempunyai luas kilometer persegi dan ketinggian  meter di atas permukaan laut. Ia diberikan dengan kod kawasan telefon dan poskod.
Barangay
• Ambacon
• Badiangon
• Bangcas A
• Bangcas B
• Bugho
• Calag-itan
• Calayugan
• Calinao
• Catublian
• Ilaya
• Ingan
• Labrador
• Lumbog
• Manalog
Naderabad, Azerbaijan Barat
Naderabad merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Manlico
• Matin-ao
• Nava
• Nueva Esperanza
• Otama
• Palongpong
• Panalaron
Valentino Lazaro
Valentino Lando Lazaro (lahir 24 Mac 1996) merupakan seorang pemain bola sepak Austria yang beraksi di posisi pemain tengah untuk kelab Inter Milan dan pasukan kebangsaan Austria.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Poblacion
Valentino Lazaro
Kehidupan awal
Lazaro telah dilahirkan di Graz, Austria. Bapanya merupakan orang Angola manakala ibunya pula merupakan orang Greece.
Presiden Barbados
Presiden Barbados adalah jawatan ketua negara pulau Barbados serta panglima tertinggi Angkatan Pertahanan negara tersebut. Ia ditubuhkan dengan berdirinya Barbados sebagai sebuah republik pada 30 November 2021 menggantikan kerusi Gabenor Jeneral yang pernah bertanggungjawab dalam negara tersebut dalam alam kerajaan British.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Pondol
Valentino Lazaro
Kerjaya kelab
Lazaro melakukan penampilan sulungnya untuk Red Bull Salzburg pada 3 November 2012 ketika menentang Admira Wacker dalam aksi liga. Semasa usia 16 tahun dan 224 hari, beliau merupakan pemain termuda yang beraksi dalam sejarah Bundesliga Austria.
Presiden Barbados
Pemegang jawatan ini adalah Sandra Mason yang dilantik kedua-dua pihak pemerintah dan pembangkang parlimen Barbados pada 12 Oktober 2021 serta dalam pilihan raya presiden pada 20 haribulan sama. Mason bakal naik jawatan ini pada 30 November 2021.
Valentino Lazaro
Kerjaya kelab
Rundingan antara Red Bull Salzburg dan Hertha BSC telah bersetuju untuk membeli Lazaro secara tetap pada tahun 2017 setelah beliau hanya di bawah status sebagai pemain pinjaman untuk kelab Jerman itu. Beliau telah menandantangani kontrak jangka masa panjang untuk Hertha. Beliau menjaringkan gol sulungnya untuk Hertha BSC ketika pasukannya menewaskan Bayer Leverkusen 2-0 pada 10 Februari 2018.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Salog
Ferrera
Ferrera merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Graubünden, Switzerland. Ia juga merupakan salah satu daripada 180 buah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Graubünden.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Salvacion
Valentino Lazaro
Kerjaya kelab
Pada 1 Julai 2019. Lazaro telah melakukan perpindahan ke kelab Serie A, Inter Milan. Beliau telah menandatangani kontrak selama empat tahun dan perpindahan tersebut menelan kos sebanyak 22 juta euro bersama bonus.
Presiden Barbados
Pemilihan
Presiden dipilih secara tidak langsung oleh Parlimen Barbados.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• San Pablo Island
Valentino Lazaro
Kerjaya antarabangsa
Lazaro melakukan penampilan sulungnya untuk pasukan kebangsaan Austria ketika perlawanan persahabatan menentang Iceland pada 30 Mei 2014. Beliau telah menggantikan Marko Arnautović ketika 15 minit terakhir permainan dan perlawanan berkesudahan kedua-dua pasukan terikat seri 1-1.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• San Pedro Island
Valentino Lazaro
Kelab
.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Santo Niño I
Valentino Lazaro
Antarabangsa
.
Hinunangan
Barangay
• Talisay
• Tawog
• Toptop
• Upper Bantawon
• Libas
Muhammad Uthman El-Muhammady
Datuk Dr. Muhammad ‘Uthman El-Muhammady (Jawi: محمد عثمان المحمدي;‭ 9 Februari 1943 – 25 Mac 2013) merupakan seorang tokoh agamawan Malaysia dan juga seorang penulis akademik. Beliau dinobatkan sebagai Tokoh Maal Hijrah Kebangsaan 1426 H pada 10 Februari 2005. Beliau merupakan antara ulama terkenal tanah air yang mempertahankan ajaran Ahli Sunnah Waljamaah yang bertunjangkan kepada akidah manhaj Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari dan Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi. Beliau pernah menulis lebih 200 bahan ilmiah termasuk buku, artikel dan terjemahan, di mana kebanyakannya menyentuh aspek akhlak, ilmu tasawuf dan peradaban Islam. Antara tulisan-tulisan beliau termasuklah lebih 50 bahan tulisan berbahasa Inggeris.
Kehidupan peribadi
Beliau mendapat pendidikan awal di sekolah Melayu, sebelum memasuki Special Malay Class (Kelas Melayu Khas) pada tahun 1943 di Sekolah Sultan Ismail, yang kemudiannya menjadi Maktab Sultan Ismail, atau Sultan Ismail College hingga ke Tingkatan 5. Beliau kemudian mengambil Higher School Certificate (HSC) di Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid, Alor Star Kedah.
Pada tahun 1963, beliau melanjutkan pengajian Ijazah Sarjana Muda Pengajian Islam di Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur dan mendapat B.A. dalam Pengajian Islam tahun 1966. Kemudian beliau menjadi tutor dan mendapat M.A. tahun 1969. Beliau juga pernah ditawarkan melanjutkan pengajian di Universiti Harvard, namun menolaknya dan menyambung pengajian di universiti tempatan.
Beliau terus mengajar di Jabatan Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya hingga ke tahun 1973, apabila beliau kembali ke Kelantan untuk menumpu masa sebagai seorang penulis dan pendakwah bebas.
Pada tahun 1995, beliau dikurniakan Ijazah Doktor Persuratan Kehormat (D. Litt.) oleh Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) kerana usaha-usaha dan penulisannya dalam pemikiran Islam dan dakwah.
Beliau berkahwin dengan Mariam Hussain, dan mendapat 11 orang cahaya mata, tujuh daripadanya ialah perempuan manakala empat ialah lelaki.
Beliau meninggal dunia di kediamannya di Institut Antarabangsa Pemikiran Islam dan Ketamadunan (ISTAC), Kuala Lumpur pada 25 Mac 2013, akibat sakit jantung.
Kerjaya
Beliau banyak membuat kajian di dalam bidang ilmu-ilmu Islam dan falsafah Barat yang merupakan antara minatnya. Selain daripada itu, beliau turut menulis tentang pemikiran semasa serta pandangan Islam tentangnya, dan juga tentang akidah Ahli Sunnah Waljamaah, faham ilmunya serta pandangan hidupnya.
Beliau banyak menunjukkan minat untuk mengetengahkan Nusantara sebagai rantau Ahli Sunnah Waljamaah yang menurutnya perlu dipertahankan demi menjaga kebenaran akidah dan demi mengawal sifat homogennya untuk keselamatan dan pembinaan ummat.
Žabari
Žabari merupakan sebuah tempat yang terletak di Serbia.
Muhammad Uthman El-Muhammady
Kerjaya
Beliau juga telah menterjemah buku-buku dari bahasa Arab dan Inggeris selain daripada tulisan-tulisan asli. Ustaz 'Uthman dilantik sebagai Felo Kehormat Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia (Distinguished Fellow of IKIM), Kuala Lumpur, sejak tahun 1995 sehingga beliau meninggal. Beliau juga menjadi ahli dewan redaksi majalah “Pengasuh” keluaran Majlis Agama Islam Kelantan. Beliau juga menjadi salah seorang ahli jamaah Pemegang Amanah Yayasan Karyawan Kuala Lumpur. Beliau pernah dilantik sebagai Pakar Perunding Agama bagi Yayasan Pembangunan Keluarga (YPK) Terengganu.
Beliau banyak menumpukan masanya di dalam masyarakat setempat dengan melaksanakan pengajian kitab di masjid-masjid sekitar Pasir Mas dan Kota Bharu, Kelantan selain dari menunaikan jemputan ceramah di merata tempat.
Kematian
Pada 25 Mac 2013, Ustaz 'Uthman yang telah menghidap sakit jantung selama setahun telah kembali ke rahmatullah pada kira-kira jam 7:30 malam. Menurut anak lelakinya, Dr. Ahmad El-Muhammady, beliau tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan atau mengadu sakit, namun hanya kelihatan letih pada siang hari itu. Beliau sedang membaca buku sebelum mengadu kepada isterinya, Mariam Hussain, bahawa beliau letih dan ingin tidur, sebelum isterinya menyedari bahawa beliau telah meninggal dunia dalam tidur.
Jenazah Allahyarham diurus dan disembahyang di Masjid Universiti Islam Antarabangsa (UIA), Gombak pada pagi 26 Mac berikutnya, sebelum dikebumi di Tanah Perkuburan Islam UIA selepas solat fardhu Zohor.
Karya
Di antara penulisannya yang telah dihasilkan beliau ialah:
Berçinçatak, Kızılcahamam
Berçinçatak, Kızılcahamam merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Turki.
Sanfront
Sanfront merupakan sebuah komun dan bandar yang terletak di Cuneo di Piedmont dalam kawasan Itali.
Berçinyayalar, Kızılcahamam
Berçinyayalar, Kızılcahamam merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Turki.
Resident Evil: Apocalypse
Resident Evil: Apocalypse ialah filem seram aksi 2004 diarahkan oleh Alexander Witt dan ditulis oleh Paul W. S. Anderson. Susulan kepada Resident Evil (2002), ia merupakan ansuran kedua dalam siri filem Resident Evil, yang tidak lama lagi berdasarkan siri permainan video dengan nama yang sama. Filem itu menandakan penampilan sulung filem Witt; Anderson, pengarah filem pertama, menolak kerja itu kerana komitmen lain, walaupun kekal sebagai salah seorang penerbitnya. Milla Jovovich melakonkan semula peranannya sebagai Alice, dan disertai oleh Sienna Guillory sebagai Jill Valentine dan Oded Fehr sebagai Carlos Oliveira.
Jambatan Westminster
Jambatan Westminster adalah jambatan di atas Thames River antara Westminster dan Lambeth, di London. Jambatan ini adalah betul-betul bersebelahan dengan Majlis Parlimen.
Sejarah
Sehingga Jambatan Westminster telah dibina pada tahun 1750, terdapat satu sahaja jambatan yang menyeberangi Sungai Thames.
Pada 22 Mac 2017, jambatan ini adalah tapak sebuah insiden pengganas apabila fanatik Islam sengaja memandu kenderaannya dan melanggar pejalan kaki sebelum melanggar besi tempa perimeter pagar Istana Westminster, dan kemudian menikam seorang pegawai polis dalam pagar istana. Kejadian itu mengakibatkan kematian lima orang, termasuk pelakunya, dan mencederakan lebih 40 yang lain.
Cibiru Wetan
Cibiru Wetan merupakan sebuah desa yang terletak dalam (daerah) kecamatan Cileunyi, Kabupaten Bandung, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
Nader Goli
Nader Goli merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Cibiru Wetan
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Cibiru Wetan adalah 40625. Terdapat buah desa di dalam daerah kecamatan Cileunyi.
Diabo
Diabo merupakan sebuah bandar dan komun di Ivory Coast.