cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Richard Winters
Perang Dunia II
Richard mengambil pedoman kedudukan beliau dan mula mengumpul askar-askar payung terjun yang beliau jumpa untuk menuju ke objektif yang ditugaskan kepada unit beliau berhampiran Sainte-Marie-du-Mont. Semasa di Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, Richard Winter ditugaskan oleh pemerintah batalionnya untuk menyerang satu kedudukan artileri 88mm Jerman yang membedil askar-askar di Pantai Utah dan dikatakan mengakibatkan kemalangan jiwa yang tinggi di kalangan askar-askar di sana. Kedudukan itu dipertahankan oleh hampir 50 orang askar Jerman sedangkan Richard Winters hanya mempunyai kekuatan anggota seramai 12 orang.
Richard membawa kumpulannya ke kedudukan artileri Jerman tersebut dan mendapati meriam di itu adalah meriam 105mm bukan meriam 88mm. Richard dengan cepat membuat perancangan serangannya. Dia membahagikan pasukannya kepada 3 kumpulan di mana dia mengetuai pasukan seramai 6 orang yang akan membuat serangan utama. Serangan yang dibuat mengejutkan pasukan Jerman yang bertahan di kedudukan artileri tersebut dan pasukan pimpinan Richard Winters berjaya menawan 3 daripada 4 buah meriam di situ. Richard Winters juga menjumpai sebuah peta yang menunjukkan kedudukan semua meriam artileri Jerman di sekitar Pantai Utah.
Ketika itu, kumpulan dari kompeni “D” di bawah pimpinan Leftenan Ronald Speirs datang membantu dan menawan meriam keempat. Serangan ini dikenali sebagai Serangan Brécourt Manor dan sehingga ini masih ditunjukkan di Akademi Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di West Point sebagai satu serangan buku teks oleh pasukan kecil ke atas satu kedudukan yang mempunyai pertahanan kukuh.
Nama Richard Winters dimajukan oleh Kolonel Robert F. Sink untuk pertimbangan penganugerahan Medal of Honor tetapi cadangan itu diturun taraf kepada pingat Distinguished Service Cross, pingat anugerah perkhidmatan yang kedua paling tinggi disebabkan oleh dasar Jabatan Pertahanan yang menetapkan hanya satu pingat Medal of Honor diberikan bagi setiap Divisyen semasa kempen di Normandy. Pingat Medal of Honor bagi Divisyen 101 Payung terjun diberikan kepada Leftenan Kolonel Robert G. Cole.
Semasa Operasi Market-Garden di negeri Belanda dalam bulan September 1944, Richard Winters dilantik menjadi XO Batalion 2/506 PIR. Biasanya jawatan ini disandang oleh seorang Mejar, tetapi Richard diberikan keyakinan menyandang jawatan tersebut walaupun hanya berpangkat Kapten. Semasa di negeri Belanda, Richard Winters memimpin satu kumpulan 20 orang askar yang menyerang dan menewaskan lebih 200 orang askar Waffen SS (Episode “Crossroads” dalam mini siri “Band of Brothers”)
Selepas operasi di negeri Belanda, Divisyen 101 Payung Terjun dikerahkan ke Bastogne untuk direhatkan dan dilengkapkan semula. Semasa Pertempuran Bulge yang bermula pada 18 Disember 1944, Richard Winters dan Kompeni Easy ditugaskan mempertahankan barisan pertahanan bertentangan bandar Foy. Selepas Pertempuran Bulge, Richard Winters dinaikkan pangkat menjadi Mejar.
Selepas Perang Dunia II
Selepas Perang Dunia II, Richard Winters menerima tawaran bekerja dengan firma milik keluarga sahabat karibnya Lewis Nixon sebagai Pengurus Personnel. Apabila Perang Korea meletus dalam tahun 1950, Richard Winters dipanggil semula bertugas dengan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat untuk melatih askar infantri dan askar Renjer untuk Tentera Darat. Tetapi kali ini, Richard memilih untuk tidak pergi bertugas di Korea.
Kod berpakaian Barat
Kod berpakaian Barat ialah satu set kod pakaian yang memperincikan baju apa yang patut dipakai untuk majlis-majlis tertentu. Memandangkan kebanyakan budaya mempunyai ciri-ciri khas yang setara dengan tradisi kod pakaian Barat yang lebih formal, kod pakaian ini adalah rangka kerja serba guna yang sebenar, terbuka pada percantuman kostum tempatan dan antarabangsa. Keserbagunaan ini menjadikan skala formaliti sebagai skala formaliti antarabangsa yang praktikal.
Richard Winters
Selepas Perang Dunia II
Selepas perkhidmatan kali keduanya dengan Tentera Darat, Richard Winters membuka perniagaan sendiri menjual makanan ternakan. Dia membeli sebuah ladang kecil dan bersama Ethel, isterinya, membesarkan dua orang anak di sana. Richard bersara dan berpindah untuk menetap di Hershey, Pennsylvania, berhampiran Harrisburg.
Kod berpakaian Barat
Klasifikasi dibahagikan kepada pakaian formal (full dress), pakaian separuh formal (half dress), dan pakaian tidak formal (undress). Apa-apa sahaja dibawah level ini dirujuk sebagai pakaian kasual, walaupun kadangkala dalam kombinasi seperti "smart kasual" atau "bisnes kasual" untuk menunjukkan harapan lebih tinggi daripada langsung tiada apa-apa.
Richard Winters
Selepas Perang Dunia II
Richard Winters menjadi ikon Generasi Paling Cemerlang ("The Greatest Generation") melalui pendedahan daripada buku Stephen E. Ambrose terbitan tahun 1992 bertajuk Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest dan juga mini siri HBO Band of Brothers, yang didasarkan kepada buku tersebut.
Richard Winters juga menjadi tumpuan buku “Biggest Brother: The Life of Major Dick Winters, The Man Who Led the Band of Brothers", tulisan Larry Alexander diterbitkan dalam tahun 2005.
Taman Kanak-kanak Islam Azzahro
Taman Kanak-kanak Islam Azzahro atau nama ringkasnya TK Islam Azzahro, merupakan sebuah Taman Kanak-kanak Swasta yang terletak di Jl. Raya Pulo Gebang Rt. 03/04 Cakung, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia.
Taman Kanak-kanak Islam Azzahro memiliki kod NPSN 20109834. Pada 2010, TK Islam Azzahro memiliki jumlah pelajar yang tidak diketahui.. 2010
Paddhari
Paddhari ialah sebuah bandar banci ("census town") dalam daerah Rajkot di negeri Gujarat, India.
Demografik 2001
Menurut bancian India pada tahun 2001, Paddhari memiliki bilangan penduduk seramai 9,225. Dari jumlah tersebut, kaum lelaki membentuk 51% dari jumlah keseluruhan populasi dan wanita seramai 49%.
Pendidikan 2001
Menurut bancian India pada tahun 2001 Paddhari memiliki kadar pendidikan (kebolehan membaca) 65%, melebihi kadar purata kebangsaan 59.5%; dengan 55% lelaki dan 45% wanita mampu membaca. 13% dari populasi berusia di bawah 6 tahun. (2001)
Minderlittgen
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jerman.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Peringat
Sekolah Kebangsaan Peringat atau nama ringkasnya SK Peringat, merupakan sebuah Sekolah kebangsaan yang terletak di Km 13 Jalan Pasir Puteh Melor.
Kampung Paya Besar, Kedah
Kampung Paya Besar merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak dalam Mukim Sungai Seluang, Daerah Kulim, negeri Kedah. Kampung paya besar mempuyai popularati kaum yang berbeza yaitu sebanyak 50% india,48% melayu dan 2% cina
Paranormal
Peristiwa paranormal ialah fenomena yang digambarkan dalam budaya, masyarakat dan badan-badan pengetahuan yang tidak diketahui umum, yang kewujudannya dalam konteks ini digambarkan sebagai di luar pengalaman biasa atau penjelasan saintifik.
Lapangan Terbang El Manteco
Lapangan Terbang El Manteco adalah sebuah lapangan terbang yang terletak di bandar El Manteco, Venezuela.
Lapangan Terbang El Manteco terletak pada kedudukan Latitud N07* 21.0255', Longitud W62* 31.9450' pada ketinggian 242.01 meter dari aras laut..
Paranormal
Cadangan mengenai paranormal ialah berbeza daripada hipotesis sains atau spekulasi yang diekstrapolasi daripada bukti saintifik kerana idea ilmiah didasarkan pada pemerhatian empirikal dan data eksperimen yang diperoleh melalui kaedah saintifik. Sebaliknya, orang-orang yang berhujah untuk kewujudan paranormal secara eksplisit tidak mendasarkan hujah mereka terhadap keterangan empirik melainkan pada anekdot, kesaksian, dan kecurigaan. Kepercayaan paranormal yang ketara termasuklah yang berkaitan dengan telepati, persepsi luar biasa, kerohanian dan pseudosains memburu hantu, kriptozoologi, dan ufologi.
Etimologi
Istilah "paranormal" telah wujud dalam bahasa Inggeris sejak sekurang-kurangnya 1920. Perkataan itu terdiri daripada dua bahagian: para dan normal. Definisi ini membayangkan bahawa penjelasan saintifik tentang dunia di sekeliling kita adalah 'normal' dan apa pun yang di atas, di luar, atau bertentangan dengan itu adalah 'para '.
Subjek paranormal
Mengenai klasifikasi subjek paranormal, Terence Hines dalam bukunya Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003) menulis:
Kampung Batu 8, Lunas
Kampung Batu 8, Lunas merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak dalam Mukim Lunas, Daerah Kulim, negeri Kedah.
Landak Nibung
Landak Nibung ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya Atherurus macrourus.
Malaysia merupakan salah satu daripada 12 negara yang telah diiktiraf sebagai kepelbagaian raya "mega diversity" dari segi bilangan dan kepelbagaian flora dan fauna dengan 15,000 spesies pokok berbunga yang diketahui, 286 spesies mamalia, lebih 1,500 vertebrata darat, lebih 150,000 spesies invertebrata, lebih 1000 spesies rama-rama dan 12,000 spesies kupu-kupu, dan lebih 4,000 spesies ikan laut.
Taburan
Landak Nibung boleh didapati di Malaysia.
Ciri-ciri
Jantung Landak Nibung terdiri daripada 4 kamar seperti manusia. Kamar atas dikenali sebagai atrium, sementara kamar bawah dikenali sebagai ventrikel.
Pembiakan
Sebagai mamalia, Landak Nibung berdarah panas, melahirkan anak, menjaga anak, dan mempunyai bulu di badan. Landak Nibung akan menjaga anaknya sehingga mampu berdikari.
Pengekalan
Di Malaysia, Landak Nibung (Hystrix brachyura) merupakan haiwan yang tersenarai di bawah Jadual Dua - Hidupan Liar Yang Diperlindungi, Bahagian II - Haiwan Perburuan di dalam Akta Perlindungan Hidupan Liar No.76/72
Memburu, membunuh, menembak, mengurung atau memiliki spesies ini atau sebahagian daripadanya atau terofinya tanpa lesen adalah suatu kesalahan. Menjerat haiwan ini adalah tidak dibenarkan sama sekali.
Rujukan
Bahagian Konservasi Kepelbagaian Biologi, Ibu Pejabat PERHILITAN, KM 10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur. ( No.Tel. : 03-90752872 )
Landscheid
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jerman.
Zil Çalınca
Zil Çalınca merupakan sebuah siri TV Disney Channel Turki yang disiarkan mulai 23 April 2012.
Lapangan Terbang El Palmar
Lapangan Terbang El Palmar adalah sebuah lapangan terbang yang terletak di bandar El Palmar, Venezuela.
Lapangan Terbang El Palmar terletak pada kedudukan Latitud N10* 11.8555', Longitud W67* 26.6524' pada ketinggian 473.96 meter dari aras laut..
7.5 Fuyu Fuyu Morning Musume. Mini!
200px|thumb|Edisi Biasa. 200px|thumb|Edisi Terhad.
'''7.5 Fuyu Fuyu Morning Musume. Mini!''' (7.5冬冬モーニング娘. ミニ!) ialah album mini pertama dari kumpulan Morning Musume.Ia telah dipasarkan pada 13 November 2006.
Senarai Lagu
Lirik dan Muzik oleh Tsunku
Senarai Lagu DVD
Lagu semasa konsert Morning Musume Concert Tour 2006 Aki ~Odore! Morning Curry~ :
Oricon dan jualan
Jumlah Jualan: 29,645
Sweet, Savage Family
Sweet, Savage Family ialah sebuah drama Korea Selatan tahun 2015 dibintangi oleh Jung Joon-ho, Moon Jung-hee, Jung Woong-in dan Yoo Sun. Drama ini disiarkan menerusi saluran MBC pada hari Rabu dan Khamis pukul 10:00 malam bermula 18 November 2015.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Pulau Gajah
Pada 2009, Sekolah Kebangsaan Pulau Gajah memiliki 157 pelajar lelaki dan 118 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 275 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 30 orang guru.2009
Niersbach
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jerman.
Menara Nakheel
Menara Nakheel (برج نخيل) adalah sebuah pencakar langit yang dicadangkan di Dubai, Emiriah Arab Bersatu oleh pemaju Nakheel. Projek ini dahulunya digelar Al Burj (البرج "Menara").
Pada Januari 2009, telah diumumkan bahawa projek itu dihentikan sementara kerana masalah kewangan. Akibat daripada kebuntuan hutang Dubai World 2009, masalah kewangan Kumpulan Nakheel bertambah dan menara ini dibatalkan pada Disember 2009.
Reka bentuk
A later redesign had the basic shape remain the same - three towers connected by sky bridges with two twin spires and one tower shorter than the others. As for the number of sky bridges, the original design showed only 4, but later renderings showed at first 6, then 9 or 10. The building was also to be mixed-use rather than wholly residential.
Osann-Monzel
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jerman.
Joe Fernandez
Dr Joseph Fernandez merupakan seorang Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri Kedah kawasan Lunas yang ditembak mati pada 4 November 2000.
Menara Nakheel
Reka bentuk
With Woods Bagot replacing Pei Partnership as the architectural partner, the latest released design had named the development Nakheel Harbour and Tower. Though in exterior appearance and function it would be a single tower over 1000 m tall, this even grander incarnation would have been "made up of four towers with four individual cores forming an approximate 100 meters in diameter." Nakheel also claimed on their engineering page that the towers would be joined by four-level, full diameter sky bridges at approximately every twenty-five floors. The sky bridges would act to tie the buildings together structurally as well as to provide each part of the building with its own village centre in the sky. It is the four codependent foundations that would have provided the necessary structural support for such a great relative height increase over existing supertalls. The design included a distinctive crescent-shaped podium encircling the base of the tower.
Joe Fernandez
Isterinya Dr Rosemary Lourdes dan anak perempuannya Ophelia Anne (23) pelajar perubatan tahun akhir. Beliau menyertai MIC pada 1975 dan terpilih menjadi Ketua Pemuda MIC Kedah pada 1979 - 1990. Beliau menang pilihan raya 1995 dan 1999 di kawasan Lunas, Kedah.
Menara Nakheel
Reka bentuk
The tower would have been serviced by 156 lifts at sufficient speeds and capacities to allow for travel from the ground floor to the observation deck in four minutes.
Crézancy-en-Sancerre
Crézancy-en-Sancerre ialah komun di jabatan Cher di tengah Perancis.
Menara Nakheel
Ketinggian
Projections of Nakheel Tower's final height varied widely. Nakheel was believed to be engaging in a strategy of secrecy similar to that employed by Emaar with Burj Khalifa. According to officials at Nakheel, the tower was originally designed to be at least 700 m tall and have more than 160 floors, although an early render showed the tower with more than 200 floors. Companies involved in the project reported an initial height expectation of 1600 m which was later reduced to 1200 m. In July, 2007, Nakheel CEO Chris O'Donnell was reported to have said that "height isn't everything" and suggested that Al Burj might not be any taller than the Burj Khalifa, which is 828 m. Yet only a week later, Nakheel reaffirmed that the tower would be taller than 1 kilometre. A report on 20 June 2008 claimed that the tower was planned to be 1400 m tall.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Cheras
Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Cheras merupakan sebuah sekolah kebangsaan yang terletak di Km 5, Jalan Cheras, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Taman Kanak-kanak Islam Babul 'Ilmi
Taman Kanak-kanak Islam Babul 'Ilmi memiliki kod NPSN 20110080. Pada 2010, TK Islam Babul 'Ilmi memiliki jumlah pelajar yang tidak diketahui.. 2010
Joe Fernandez
Pilihan raya 1999
Dalam pilihan raya umum 1999, Dr Joe Fernandez (BN) mendapat 9760 undi. M Kathiravelo (DAP) 5060 dan Ibrahim H Md Rashdi (Bebas) mendapat 2168. Majoriti undi ialah 4700.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Cheras
Pada 2009, Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Cheras memiliki jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 787 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 57 orang guru.2009
Menara Nakheel
Nama
During the history of the project it was known by three different names: Al Burj, Tall Tower, and Nakheel Tower. Initially named Al Burj, the project was renamed Tall Tower for a few months, until being changed to Nakheel Tower.
Joe Fernandez
Pilihan raya 1999
Lunas merupakan salah satu kerusi DUN di bawah P 17 Padang Serai. Dua DUN lain ialah Kuala Ketil dan Merbau Pulas. Majoriti pengundi Lunas ialah Melayu tetapi diserahkan kepada MIC atas dasar kerjasama dalam Barisan Nasional.
Pembunuhan
Pada 4 November 2000, kira-kira pukul 1.30 petang, Dr. Joe yang dalam perjalanan pulang ke rumah dan terperangkap dalam kesesakan jalan raya di persimpangan Jalan Maju dan Jalan Harapan dekat Bukit Mertajam. Kejadian berlaku di di Jalan Maju, Bukit Mertajam ketika dalam perjalanan makan di rumahnya di Taman Bukit, Bukit Mertajam , hanya 500 meter dari klinik beliau.
Dua lelaki bermotosikal telah melepaskan tembakan ke atas kenderaan jenis Nissan Terrano yang dipandu oleh Joe Fernandez dan melarikan diri ke arah Sungai Rambai, Lunas, Kedah.Suspek itu dipercayai pembunuh upahan.Dr. Doshinda Singh memberi rawatan kecemasan dan kemudian membawa mendiang ke Hospital Pakar Bukit Mertajam. Pakar patologi, Datuk Dr. Bupinder Singh mengesahkan mendiang meninggal dunia akibat tembakan tepat di kepala dengan pistol jenis .38.
Zhelezna
Zhelezna merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Bulgaria.
Joe Fernandez
Arah siasatan semula
Pada 25 April 2008, Mahkamah Koroner Bukit Mertajam ,Koroner M. Mageswari mengarahkan polis membuat siasatan lanjut (open verdict) kerana tiada keputusan yang jelas. Ini kerana mahkamah tidak mengesyaki dan menolak kemungkinan Dr. Joe telah dibunuh akibat masalah perniagaan, politik atau perhubungan peribadi si mati dengan mana-mana pihak.
Platten, Jerman
Platten merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jerman.
Joe Fernandez
Arah siasatan semula
Ahli kimia dan balistik telah mengesahkan bahawa senjata api yang digunakan dalam rompakan Southern Bank, Petaling Jaya dan pembunuhan Dr. Joe Fernandez adalah senjata api yang sama. Seorang suspek kes rompakan di Southern Bank, Petaling Jaya pada 18 Mei, 2001, dalam kenyataan beramarannya mengakui bahawa dia dan tiga rakannya merancang untuk membunuh Dr. Fernandez. Dua rakannya terbunuh dalam rompakan bank itu.
Pusat Amaran Taufan Bersama
Pusat Amaran Taufan Bersama (Joint Typhoon Warning Center, JTWC) ialah gabungan pasukan petugas Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat dan Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat yang berpusat di Pusat Ramalan Tentera Maritim di Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. JTWC bertanggungjawab mengeluarkan amaran siklon tropika di kawasan barat laut dan selatan Lautan Pasifik serta Lautan Hindi untuk kegunaan Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat dan kegunaan orang awam di Amerika Syarikat dan Mikronesia dalam kawasan kawalan yang dipertanggungjawabkan. JTWC menyediakan sokongan dalam semua cabang Jabatan Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat dan agensi-agensi kerajaan AS yang lain. Produk terbitan dikhususkan untuk perlindungan kapal-kapal dan pesawat-pesawat tentera terutamanya serta bangunan-bangunan tentera yang dikendalikan bersama negara-negara lain di seluruh dunia.
Joe Fernandez
Arah siasatan semula
Pada 26 April 2008, Ketua Polis Negara Tan Sri Musa Hassan menyatakan kes pembunuhan Dr Joe Fernandez ditutup melainkan jika ada saksi dan petunjuk baru. Sepucuk pistol telahpun ditemui dan ujian balistik membuktikan bahawa senjata itu digunakan untuk membunuh Dr. Fernandez, tetapi ia hanya merupakan keterangan forensik sahaja.
Pusat Amaran Taufan Bersama
Sejarah
Pembentukan suatu pusat amaran taufan di Lautan Pasifik ini bermula ekoran daripada Taufan Cobra pada 18 Disember 1944. Taufan ini mengakibatkan 790 kematian dan merupakan bencana taufan yang terburuk bagi tentera Amerika Syarikat sejak 1889 walaupun sistem taufan ini kecil. Oleh sebab yang demikian, stesen cuaca mula dibina di Kepulauan Caroline dan seterusnya di Manila, Iwo Jima dan Okinawa. Pejabat pusat cuaca baharu untuk pengagihan maklumat dibina di Guam dan Leyte. Pada tahun 1959, JTWC ditubuhkan di Nimitz Hill, Guam dengan gabungan bekas pangkalan tentera laut di Guam, Hawaii dan Filipina, dan pangkalan tentera udara di Jepun.
Pada bulan November 1962, Taufan Karen membinasakan bangunan Pusat Cuaca Armada/JTWC. Maka pejabat dipindahkan ke bangunan yang kalis taufan pada tahun 1965. Pada 1 Januari 2000, pusat ini dipindahkan ke Pearl Harbor atas sebab pengaturan semula dan penutupan pangkalan (Base Realignment and Closure, BRAC).
Piawaian
JTWC mematuhi panduan yang digariskan oleh Pertubuhan Kaji Cuaca Sedunia (WMO) dari segi nama sistem ribut dan penetapan kekuatan angin siklon tropika kecuali penggunaan piawai ukuran kekuatan purata angin berterusan dalam tempoh seminit. Manakala piawai yang digalakkan WMO ialah kekuatan purata angin berterusan dalam tempoh sepuluh minit (rujuk Skala Hurikan Saffir-Simpson). JTWC bukanlah salah satu daripada Pusat Meteorologi Khusus Serantau atau Pusat Amaran Siklon Tropika yang dipilih oleh WMO atas sebab tujuan utamanya sebagai sokongan Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat dan selebihnya dalam kerajaan AS. JTWC memantau, menganalisis dan mengeluarkan ramalan berkaitan pembentukan, perkembangan dan pergerakan siklon tropika sepanjang tahun. Kawasan pemantauannya meliputi 90% kawasan aktiviti siklon tropika.
Tenaga kerja
Tenaga kerja pusat ini digerakkan oleh 20 orang kakitangan tentera udara dan laut AS dengan penggunaan beberapa sistem satelit dan pengesan, radar, data sinoptik aras permukaan dan aras tinggi, serta model atmosfera dalam menjalankan tugasnya.
Tianyar Barat
Tianyar Barat merupakan sebuah desa/kelurahan yang terletak dalam (daerah) kecamatan Kubu, Kabupaten Karangasem, Wilayah Bali, Indonesia.
Pelaburan wang haram
Pelaburan wang haram adalah proses mengubah jumlah besar wang diperolehi dari jenayah serius, seperti penyeludupan dadah, ke dalam keasalan dari sebuah sumber yang sah. Ia adalah jenayah dalam banyak bidang kuasa denga pelbagai takrifan. Ia merupakan suatu operasi utama ekonomi bawah tanah.
Pada masa lalu, istilah "pelaburan wang haram" telah digunakan hanya pada urusan kewangan berkaitan dengan jenayah terancang. Kini takrifannya sering diperluas oleh kerajaan dan pengawal atur antarabangsa seperti Office of the Comptroller of the Currency AS untuk bermakna mana-mana urusan kewangan yang menghasilkan aset atau suatu nilai disebabkan tindakan haram, yang mungkin melibatkan tindakan seperti pengelakan cukai atau perakaunan palsu. Di UK, ia malah tidak perlu melibatkan wang, tetapi mana-mana barang ekonomi. Mahkamah-mahkamah melibatkan pelaburan wang haram dilakukan oleh individu peribadi, pengedar dadah, perniagaan, pegawai rasuah, ahli pertubuhan jenayah seperti Mafia, dan juga negeri-negeri.
Apabila jenayah kewangan menjadi lebih kompleks, dan "Financial Intelligence" (FININT) telah menjadi lebih diakui dalam memerangi jenayah dan keganasan antarabangsa, pelaburan wang haram telah menjadi lebih menonjol dalam debat politik, ekonomi, dan undang-undang. Pelaburan wang haram adalah haram ipso facto; tindakan menghasilkan wang itu hampir sentiasa bersifat jenayah dari sesetengah segi (kerana jika tidak, wang itu tidak perlu untuk dilaburkan haram).
Perkembangan moden
Money laundering is not a crime invented during the Prohibition era in the United States, but techniques were developed and refined then. Many methods were devised to disguise the origins of money generated by the sale of illegal alcohol. After Al Capone's 1931 conviction for tax evasion, mobster Meyer Lansky transferred funds from Florida "Carpet Joints" to accounts overseas. After the 1934 Swiss Banking Act, which created the principle of bank secrecy, Lansky bought a Swiss bank into which he could transfer his illegal funds through a complex system of shell companies, holding companies, and offshore bank accounts.
In the post-World War II era, legislators found themselves in a quandary as they were confronted with a growing list of commercial, fiscal, and environmental offenses that did not actually cause direct harm to any one identifiable victim; there was no stinking corpse. They decided that confiscating the proceeds of crime would adequately deter potential criminals. Anxious to avoid confiscation, organized criminals now needed to give these huge sums of money – not easily consumed or invested in the legal economy without raising eyebrows – a patina of legitimacy: they needed to "launder" it. Money laundering has been dubbed the "Achilles’ heel of organized crime", for it compels mobsters to seek out and co-opt established businessmen and women with highly technical know-how and access to legal institutions like banks to launder their plunder.
The term "money laundering" does not derive, as is often said, from Al Capone having used laundromats to hide ill-gotten gains. It is more likely to mean that dirty money is made clean. At some point in the process there must be a switch between the two; necessarily the art is to keep that switch hidden.
Meyer Lansky perfected a predecessor of money laundering, "capital flight," transferring his funds to Switzerland and other offshore places. The first reference to the term "money laundering" itself actually appears during the Watergate scandal. US President Richard Nixon's "Committee to Re-elect the President" moved dirty campaign contributions to Mexico, then brought the money back through a company in Miami. It was Britain's The Guardian newspaper that coined the term, referring to the process as "laundering." (See Jeffrey Robinson's three books on money laundering, The Laundrymen, The Merger and The Sink.)
Money may be laundered through a complex business network of shell companies and trusts based in tax havens. "Smurfing" is an example of a money laundering technique.
Cashing up
A business taking large amounts of small change each week (e.g. a convenience store) needs to deposit that money in a bank. If its deposits vary greatly for no obvious reason this can draw suspicion; but if the transactions are regular and roughly the same the suspicion is easily discounted. This is the basis of all money laundering, a track record of depositing clean money before slipping through dirty money.
In the United States, for example, cash transactions and deposits of more than $10,000 must be reported by the cashier (the bank etc) as "significant cash transactions" to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network FinCEN, with any other suspicious financial activity identified as "suspicious activity reports" (SARs).
In other jurisdictions suspicion-based requirements may be placed on financial services employees and firms to report suspicious activity to the authorities.
Libkov (Daerah Chrudim)
Libkov merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di daerah Chrudim, wilayah Pardubice, Republik Czech.
Pelaburan wang haram
Bisnes tangkapan
Cara lain adalah dengan memulakan perniagaan yang aliran tunai masuknya tidak boleh dipantau dan mencorongkan perubahan kecil dan membayar cukai ke atasnya. Bagaimanapun semua pekerja bank telah dilatih untuk secara berterusan mencari transaksi-transaksi yang cuba untuk memanipulasikan keperluan pelaporan. To avoid suspicion, shell companies should deal directly with the public, perform some service (not provide physical goods), and have a business that reasonably would accept cash as a matter of course. Dealing directly with the public in cash gives a plausible reason for not having a record of customers.
Kekhalifahan Yogyakarta
Sultan Indonesia Yogyakarta secara sejarah menggunakan Khalifatullah (Khalifah Tuhan) sebagai salah satu gelaran baginda. Pada tahun 2015 Sultan Hamengkubuwono X meninggalkan sebarang tuntutan kepada Khilafah untuk memudahkan anak perempuannya mewarisi takhta, kerana pendapat teologi pada masa itu ialah seorang wanita boleh memegang jawatan sekular sultan tetapi bukan jawatan rohani khalifah.
Pelaburan wang haram
Penggubalan undang-undang
Banyak bidang kuasa menggunakan senarai jenayah khusus untuk hukuman pelaburan wang haram sebagai "pelabur wang haram sendiri". <!--
Bangladesh
Di Bangladesh, isu ini telah diuruskan dengan oleh Akta Prevention of Money Laundering, 2002 (Akta No. VII dari 2002). Dari segi seksyen 2 (tha), "Pengubahan wang haram bermakna (a) Harta milik diperolehi atau digajikan secara lanjut atau tidak lanjut melalui cara haram; (b) Pemindahan, penukaran, penyembunyian lokasi atau bantuan haram di akta di atas harta milik diperolehi atau secara tidak lanjut melalui cara halal atau haram." Dalam Akta ini, “Harta milik bermakna harta milik yang dapat dialih atau tidak dapat dialih dari mana-mana sifat dan penjelasan”.
Kanada
The battle against money laundering is directly related to the war against drugs and drug criminals. The United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs estimates the annual volume of drug trafficking is close to $500 billion. Of that amount, about 70% is laundered. In Canada, the RCMP estimates that the drug trade has the ability to reach more than US$3 billion at the wholesale level which translates to about US$13 billion at street level for the criminals. Canada's war against drug abuse includes implementing laws, but they focus mainly on prevention, education, treatment, and rehabilitation. Canada has also increased guidelines for testing, law enforcement and research. In addition, Canada has focused it's resources in reducing the supply and demand for the illegal drugs. The 11 federal agencies and departments dealing will this issue spent US$500 million in 2001 and an additional US$500 million in 2002.
Canada launched the first comprehensive drug enforcement strategy, Canada's Drug Strategy(CDS). This national drug strategy was the result of the original National Drug Strategy, launched in 1987 being merged with the already functioning National Strategy to Reduce Impaired Driving. This new, combined, strategy has the goal to: “reduce the harm associated with alcohol and other drugs to individuals, families, and communities. The strategy reflects a balance between reducing the supply of drugs and reducing the demand for drugs. It involves a variety of partners including 14 federal departments, provincial/territorial governments and addictions agencies, non-governmental organizations, professional associations, law enforcement agencies, the private sector, and community groups.”
The National Initiative to Combat Money Laundering, with the involvement of the Solicitor General of Canada, the RCMP, Justice Canada, Canada Customs and Revenue Agency, and, Citizenship and Immigration, began operation in 1998.
India
The Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002 came into effect on 1 July 2005. Section 3 of the Act makes the offense of money-laundering cover those persons or entities who directly or indirectly attempt to indulge or knowingly assist or knowingly are party or are actually involved in any process or activity connected with the proceeds of crime and projecting it as untainted property, such person or entity shall be guilty of offense of money-laundering.
Section 4 of the Act prescribes punishment for money-laundering with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to five lakh rupees and for the offences mentioned [elsewhere] the punishment shall be up to ten years.
Section 12 (1) prescribes the obligations on banks, financial institutions and intermediaries (a) to maintain records detailing the nature and value of transactions which may be prescribed, whether such transactions comprise of a single transaction or a series of transactions integrally connected to each other, and where such series of transactions take place within a month; (b) to furnish information of transactions referred to in clause (a) to the Director within such time as may be prescribed and to (c) verify and maintain the records of the identity of all its clients. Section 12 (2) prescribes that the records referred to in sub-section (1) as mentioned above, must be maintained for ten years after the transactions finished.
The provisions of the Act are frequently reviewed and various amendments have been passed from time to time. The recent activity in money laundering in India is through political parties corporate companies and share market.
United Kingdom
Money laundering legislation in the UK is governed by four Acts of primary legislation:-
Secondary regulation is provided by the Money Laundering Regulations 2003. and 2007
Professional guidance (which is submitted to and approved by the UK Treasury) is provided by industry groups including the Joint Money Laundering Steering Group. and the Law Society
In the UK "money laundering" does not necessarily involve money (relating to assets of any kind, both tangible and intangible, and to the avoidance of a liability), also not necessarily passing on the assets: a thief's possession himself is included. There is no lower limit to what has to be reported— a suspicious transaction involving 1 penny must be reported. Technically, everyone, not just financial services employees or firms, is required to report, and get consent for, his own involvement in crime or suspicious activities involving money or assets of any kind. A thief who steals a vest from a clothes store commits, as well as common theft, a money laundering offense: because he has possession of an asset derived from crime. He is technically required to seek consent from law enforcement for his continued possession of the vest if he is to avoid risk of prosecution for money laundering.
Under the UK law, it is a money laundering offense when a person enters into, or becomes concerned in, an arrangement which facilitates by whatever mean the acquisition, retention, use, or control of criminal property by another person. This has concerned lawyers and other professional advisers who act for clients charged with these offences, since they are brought under the same law themselves.
Because the UK legislation is wide-ranging, the Serious Organised Crime Agency receives many SARs; in 2005 nearly 200,000. The number of SARs appears to be growing by almost 50% each year.
The UK legislation was relaxed slightly in 2005 to allow banks and financial institutions to proceed with low value transactions involving suspected criminal property without requiring specific consent for every transaction, but the reporting of all transactions is still required.
Bureaux de change
All UK Bureaux de change are registered with HMRC using form MLR100, which issues a trading licence for each location. MLR8 is also applied to each outlet making AML checks a requirement. Checks can be carried out by HMRC on all MSB's, however this tends to be conducted only against money transmitters.
Amerika Syarikat
In US law, "reasonably accepting cash" means the business must regularly perform services that on average are less than $500 each. It is assumed that above that amount most people pay with a check, a credit card, or another (traceable) payment method. The company should actually function on a legitimate level. In the hairstyler example, it is perfectly reasonable for a lot of the business to involve mostly labour (dyes and machine oil and so forth being relatively small concerns), and for most transactions to be settled in cash. But it is unreasonable for all of the business to work without parts and just on cash. So the legitimate business will generate a legitimate (if low) level of parts use, and enough traceable transactions to mask the illegitimate ones.
Anti-money laundering (AML/CFT) laws typically have other offences such as "tipping off (warning)", "willful blindness", "not reporting suspicious activity", "conscious facilitation of a money launderer", "assisting a terrorist financier with moving terrorist financing".
The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 requires banks to report cash transactions of $10,000.01 or more. The Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 further defined money laundering as a federal crime. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 expanded the scope of prior laws to more types of financial institutions, and added a focus on terrorist financing, specifying that financial institutions take specific actions to "know your customer" (KYC).
In the United States, Federal law provides: "Whoever ... knowing[ly] ... conducts or attempts to conduct ... a financial transaction which in fact involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity ... with the intent to promote the carrying on of specified unlawful activity ... shall be sentenced to a fine of not more than $500,000 or twice the value of the property involved in the transaction, whichever is greater, or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.''
While money laundering typically involves the flow of "dirty money" (criminal proceeds) into a clean bank account or negotiable instrument, terrorist financing frequently involves the reverse flow: apparently clean funds converted to "dirty" purposes. A hawala may launder drug proceeds and help fund a terrorist, netting the incoming and outgoing funds with only occasional small net settlement transactions.
Kes NASA
From 1992 to 1996 a nine-agency Federal Task Force investigation led by NASA's Office of Inspector General investigated Omniplan Corporation of Houston and California. It became the largest count indictment and conviction in NASA history, with the owner of Omniplan, Ralph Montijo, being convicted of 179 felonies in his multi-million dollar embezzlement scheme. Five of his companies were also convicted of felonies, they were, Omniplan, Papa Primo's of Texas, Papa Primo's of Arizona, Omnipoint Production Services and Mercury Trust. These companies, together with two unincorporated companies, Space Industries Leasing and Space Industries Properties were liquidated. Each embezzlement count was associated with a corresponding money laundering count which resulted in dozens of convictions for money laundering. In a New York Times story, NASA Office of Inspector General Senior Special Agent Joseph Gutheinz, who led the Omniplan investigation, said "We didn't get any pizzas, but we got the bills", referring to the fact that some of the alleged mischarging to the NASA contract also involved costs associated with two of Ralph Montijo's pizza companies, Papa Primo's of Texas, and Papa Primo's of Arizona.
Pengubahan wang haram atau bukan?
Money obtained by an illegal action is not, of itself, laundered money. The laundering offence comes from the attempt to conceal its source, not because the transaction was itself illegal (which is a separate offence).
The Supreme Court of the United States on June 2, 2008, rendered two judgments in favour of defendants, narrowing the application of the federal money-laundering statute.
In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Clarence Thomas, the Court reversed Acuna, Mexico's Humberto Cuellar's conviction and ruled that "hiding $81,000 in cash under the floorboard of a car and driving toward Mexico is not enough to prove the driver was guilty of money laundering; instead, prosecutors must also prove the driver was traveling to Mexico for the purpose of hiding the true source of the funds." That is, the prosecution had not made its prima facie case. The Court further ruled "that federal prosecutors have gone too far in their use of money laundering charges to combat drug traffickers and organized crime; that money laundering charges under the Money Laundering Control Act of 198, Sec. (a)(2)(B)(i) apply only to profits of an illegal gambling ring and cannot be used when the only evidence of a possible crime is when a courier headed to the Texas-Mexico border with $81,000 in cash proceeds of a marijuana transaction; it cannot be proven merely by showing that the funds were concealed in a secret compartment of a Volkswagen Beetle; instead, prosecutors must show that the purpose of transporting funds in a money laundering case was to conceal their ownership, source or control; the secrecy must be part of a larger design to disguise the source or nature of the money."
Later, in a divided decision, the Court reversed the convictions of Efrain Santos of Indiana and Benedicto Diaz for money laundering based on cash from an illegal lottery. In the plurality opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote that the law referred to the "proceeds of some form of unlawful activity; paying off gambling winners and compensating employees who collect the bets don't qualify as money laundering; the word “proceeds” in the federal money-laundering statute,, and §1956(a)(1)(A)(i) and §1956(h), applies only to transactions involving criminal profits, not criminal receipts; those are expenses, and prosecutors must show that profits were used to promote the illegal activity." Congress clarified the meaning of the statute in the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, defining proceeds explicitly to include both profits and gross receipts.
Congress enacted the 1986 statute after the President's Commission on Organized Crime stressed the problem of "washing" criminal proceeds through overseas bank accounts and legitimate businesses. It imposes a 20-year maximum prison term.
Stesen MRT one-north
Stesen MRT one-north (CC23) merupakan sebuah stesen Sistem Pengangkutan Gerak Cepat di Singapura. Stesen ini dibuka pada 8 Oktober 2011. Stesen ini merupakan sebuah stesen Tahap 4 Laluan Bulatan. Kini, terdapat cadangan bagi sebuah laluan Sistem Rel Ringan (LRT) yang baru untuk menyambung Stesen MRT one-north dengan pembangunan di kawasan itu. Stesen ini akan mempunyai 3 laluan masuk dan keluar.
Pelaburan wang haram
Menyerang pengubahan wang haram
The first defence against money laundering is the requirement on financial intermediaries to know their customers— often termed KYC know your customer requirements. Knowing one's customers, financial intermediaries will often be able to identify unusual or suspicious behavior, including false identities, unusual transactions, changing behaviour, or other indicators of laundering. But for institutions with millions of customers and thousands of customer-contact employees, traditional ways of knowing their customers must be supplemented by technology. Many Companies provide software and databases to help perform these processes. Bank and corporate security directors can also play an important role in fighting money laundering.
Stesen MRT one-north
Perkhidmatan Bas
Perkhidmatan-perkhidmatan bas berikut melalui perhentian-perhentian bas pada Ayer Rajah Avenue:
Pelaburan wang haram
Menggunakan teknologi maklumat
Information technology can never be a replacement for a well-trained investigator, but as money laundering techniques become more sophisticated, so too does the technology used to fight it. Before anti-money laundering programs became commonplace, in the U.S. the Bank Secrecy Act required financial institutions to file Currency Transaction Reports for cash transactions of more than $10,000. These CTRs prove invaluable for investigators, but money launderers began to structure their transactions to avoid the reporting requirements. As a result, the U.S. passed laws against structuring transactions to avoid the reporting requirements, and most structuring would trigger a Suspicious Activity Report by the financial institution.
The various software packages are capable of name analysis, rule-based systems, statistical and profiling engines, neural networks, link analysis, peer group analysis, and time sequence matching. Also, there are specific KYC solutions that offer case-based account documentation acceptance and rectification, as well as automatic risk scoring of the customer taking account of country, business, entity, product, transaction risks that can be reviewed intelligently. Other elements of AML technology include portals to share knowledge and e-learning for training and awareness.
This software is not used exclusively to track money laundering, but more often the common theft of credit cards or bank details. Unusual activity on an account may trigger a call from the card issuer to make sure it has not been misused.
9/11 dan jawapan antarabangsa pada ekonomi bawah tanah
After September 11, 2001, money laundering became a major concern of the United States' war on terror, although critics argue that it has become less and less important for the White House.
Clearstream International, based in Luxembourg, was a central securities depository and clearing house, a "bank of banks" which practiced financial clearing and centralized debit and credit operations for hundreds of banks. It was accused of being a major operator of the underground economy via a system of unpublished accounts. Bahrain International Bank, owned by Osama bin Laden, would have profited from these transfer facilities. The scandal prompted André Lussi, Clearstream's CEO, to resign on 31 December 2001; several judicial investigations were opened and the European Commission was interpelled by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) Harlem Désir, Glyn Ford, and Francis Wurtz, who asked the Commission to investigate the accusations and to ensure that the 10 June 1990 directive (91/308 CE) on control of financial establishment was applied in all member states, including Luxembourg, effectively.
The international response to the underground economy has been coordinated by the "FATF" (also known by its French acronym of "GAFI"), whose original 40 principles form the basis of most international responses to money laundering. A further 8 principles, designed to counteract funding to terrorist organisations, were added on 30 June 2003, in response to the 9/11, with another added 22 October 2004, to form what are now known as the (AML/CFT). Compliance with these principles, or at least a move towards them, is now seen as a requirement of an internationally active bank or other financial service entity.
Jumlah
Many regulatory and governmental authorities quote estimates each year for the amount of money laundered, either worldwide or within their national economy. A frequently cited figure is 2-5% of the worldwide global economy, stated by the IMF. But some academics note that such figures are usually simply "best guesses". In 1997 the FATF, an arm of the OECD set up to combat money laundering, frankly admitted "the vast majority of FATF members lack sufficient data to support any credible estimate." Although admissions of that nature are no longer maintained, there is still a dearth of data on the actual amounts of money laundered worldwide. Some academic commentators have expressed real concerns about the reliability and basis of figures used by governmental and multinational organizations. It is always hard to find out real figures about illegal acts.
Plein
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Jerman.