cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Puteri Gunung Ledang (filem 2004)
Ulasan kritis
Filem ini menerima pelbagai ulasan yang baik daripada pengkritik filem. Suraiya Mohd Nor, dalam ulasannya di Berita Minggu memuji plot dan persembahan para pelakon sambil menulis bahawa Puteri Gunung Ledang telah berjaya "merdekakan sinema nasional". Menulis untuk Berita Harian, Izza Safinaz Ibrahim berpendapat bahawa "gabungan bintang filem handalan dua negara bukan saja memperhebatkan filem epik Puteri Gunung Ledang (PGL) tetapi kombinasi pelakon dari pentas teater serta pelakon komersial juga memberikan hasil yang positif kepada filem kebanggaan negara". Seorang penulis yang menamakan dirinya sebagai Penyokong Filem Melayu dalam satu coretannya di akhbar sama menyifatkan filem ini "berada dalam kelasnya yang tersendiri dan jauh meninggalkan filem Malaysia yang lain". Lim Chang Moh, dalam ulasan retrospektif beliau di The Malay Mail memerhatikan bahawa jalan cerita filem ini "bergaya tetapi cacat cela" dan beranggapan "seperti pembikinan semula King Arthur baru-baru ini, Puteri Gunung Ledang ialah kisah revisionis yang mengahwini dua lagenda popular Malaysia". Mohd Yaakob Yusof dari akhbar sama pula berpendapat intipati untuk filem ini terdiri daripada "sinematografi artistik dan hebat" kepada "lambat" malah "mengecewakan". Meor Shariman, juga dari akhbar sama mempunyai pendapat sama dengan Lim dan Yaakob, dan menyifatkannya sebagai "sebuah filem yang cantik". Zainal Alam Kadir dan Amir Hafizi, juga daripada akhbar sama menghuraikan bahawa filem ini "secara visualnya kaya dan cantik, tetapi jalan ceritanya memerlukan rangsangan". Azlina Ahmad, menulis untuk Sunday Mail memuji persembahan para pelakon atas "usaha [mereka] yang gigih". Ahmad Omar Bashai, dalam satu ulasannya di New Straits Times menakrifkan filem ini ialah "hasil imaginasi subur orang tua kita".
Anggur
Cara pembuahan
According to the "Food and Agriculture Organization" (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year. <!-- references needed: Popularity for the purple grape has increased tremendously over the past decade. In March 2006, the purple grape reached its peak in popularity by being preferred 83% of the time over green grapes in a University of Michigan poll. The following list of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes for wine making:
Puteri Gunung Ledang (filem 2004)
Komen retrospektif
Pengarah filem, U-Wei Hj Saari menyatakan kepujian beliau terhadap filem ini sambil berkata: "Puteri Gunung Ledang harus diberi perhatian oleh industri, peminat filem dan masyarakat. Jika kita abaikan filem ini, bermakna ia petanda masa depan filem Malaysia sukar untuk berkembang dengan lebih baik. Kita tahu bukan mudah untuk hasilkan karya seperti ini dengan kos yang besar. Ia menunjukkan seni budaya kita cukup tinggi dan meluas". Dua pelakon ternama Indonesia, Alex Komang dan Slamet Rahardjo yang turut beraksi dalam Puteri Gunung Ledang menyifatkan "inti pati filem itu mampu merangsang semangat perpaduan masyarakat Melayu Nusantara untuk mengenang kembali susur galur zaman silam yang berasal daripada rumpun sama, selain sebagai satu pendekatan membina jambatan diplomatik dua negara atas nama seni perfileman". Rotten Tomatoes memberikan markah 80%, dengan purata penarafan 35.5 daripada 10, mengulas bahawa "Tetapi semua itu tidak dapat dibandingkan dengan saat yang tidak dapat dilupakan selama-lamanya... apabila Hang Tuah menyertainya, menghasilkan Puteri Gunung Ledang yang subteks sensualnya menyentuh hati".
Adaptasi teater
Kejayaan Puteri Gunung Ledang turut membawa kepada pementasan teater muzikal yang sama jalan ceritanya arahan Zahim Albakri dengan arahan bersama oleh Adlin Aman Ramlie. Pementasan pertama Puteri Gunung Ledang The Musical dipentaskan di Istana Budaya pada Februari 2006, diikuti oleh dua lagi pementasan dan yang ketiga pada Februari 2009. Tiara kembali sebagai Gusti Putri manakala Stephen Rahman-Hughes memegang watak sebagai Hang Tuah bagi menggantikan M. Nasir yang melakonkan watak sama dalam versi filem.
Konsert
Sebuah konsert muzikal berdasarkan filem ini juga telah diterbitkan. Konsert yang diberi judul Puteri Gunung Ledang Reunion Concert: Rebirth of a Legend itu sepatutnya diadakan dari 27 November hingga 1 Disember 2014 tetapi ditangguhkan kerana Tiara mengalami simpul pita suara. Diarahkan oleh Adlin Aman Ramlie, konsert ini diadakan secara rasmi pada 20 hingga 24 Mac 2015 di Istana Budaya. Tiara dan Stephen kembali melakonkan watak masing-masing dan AC Mizal memegang watak Gusti Adipati dengan ramai lagi pelakon yang melakonkan pelbagai watak.
Kontroversi
Pada Februari 2003, pasukan penerbitan filem ini dikesan melakukan pencerobohan haram dan vandalisme terhadap kawasan Hutan Simpan Ulu Bertam dan Gunung Brinchang di Cameron Highlands. Enfiniti Productions menafikan dakwaan bahawa mereka melakukan penebangan pokok hingga memusnahkan kawasan rizab hutan tersebut. Menteri Besar Pahang ketika itu, Adnan Yaakob bagaimanapun berkata penebangan pokok-pokok kecil untuk penggambaran Puteri Gunung Ledang oleh Enfiniti disifatkan tidak serius berbanding pembersihan besar-besaran tanah dan pembalakan haram. Laporan polis telah dibuat oleh penduduk Cameron Highlands berhubung set filem di hutan simpan di sana yang didakwa telah memusnahkan tumbuhan endemik.
Anugerah
Di acara Festival Filem Antarabangsa Venice ke-61, Puteri Gunung Ledang telah dinobatkan sebagai penerima trofi Anugerah Istimewa Penyertaan kerana "menunjukkan pencapaian hasil kerja yang baik untuk imej negaranya". Di Festival Filem Malaysia ke-18, filem ini telah memenangi 5 daripada 10 pencalonan termasuk Pengarah Terbaik yang dimenangi oleh Saw Teong Hin dan Anugerah Khas Juri bagi "Filem Inovatif & Berinspirasi". Pelakon utamanya, Tiara Jacquelina telah memenangi Pelakon Wanita Terbaik dalam Festival Filem Asia Pasifik ke-50 di Kuala Lumpur pada 2005. Filem ini turut dicalonkan bagi kategori Pilihan Kaki Wayang ERA di Anugerah Era 2005, tetapi ia dimenangi oleh filem Sepet arahan Yasmin Ahmad. Di Anugerah Oskar Malaysia ke-4 yang berlangsung pada 27 Ogos 2005, filem ini telah menerima 11 anugerah. Puteri Gunung Ledang bersama-sama dengan filem Sepet dan Qaisy & Laila dipilih mewakili Malaysia di Festival Filem Asia Pasifik Ke-50 (FFAP) yang berlangsung dari 28 September hingga 1 Oktober 2005.
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan (Federal Bureau of Investigation, juga dikenali dengan singkatan 'FBI) merupakan badan penyiasatan utama bagi Jabatan Kehakiman Amerika Syarikat. Buat masa ini, badan ini mempunyai bidang kuasa yang amat luas iaitu berkuasa menyiasat lebih 200 kategori jenayah persekutuan di Amerika Syarikat.
Anggur
Cara pembuahan
Sources: FAO, Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf), Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation.
Comparing diets among western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, surprisingly the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been named the French Paradox. Many scientists now believe the reason is the greater consumption of red wine in France. Something in the grape helps to lower cholesterol levels in the body and thus slows the build up of deposits in the arteries. Compounds such as resveratrol (a polyphenol antioxidant) have been discovered in grapes and these have been positively linked to fighting cancer, heart disease, degenerative nerve disease and other ailments. Doctors do not recommend excessive consumption of red wine, but three or four glasses a week is beneficial and encouraged.
Red or not, grapes of all colors offer comparable benefits. Red wine offers health benefits not found in white wine, because many of the beneficial compounds are found in the skins of the grapes, and only red wine is fermented with the skins.
Raisins, currants, and sultanas
A raisin is any dried grape. A currant is a dried Zante grape, the name being a corruption of the French raisin de Corinthe (Corinth grape). A sultana was originally a raisin made from a specific type of grape of Turkish origin, but the word is now applied to raisins made from common North American grapes and chemically treated to resemble the traditional sultana.
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan
Misi
Misi FBI ialah untuk melindungi dan mempertahankan Amerika Syarikat daripada ancaman pengganas dan risikan negara asing, untuk menegakkan dan menguatkuasakan undang-undang jenayah AS, dan menjadi pemimpinan dan menegakkan sistem perundangan jenayah di peringkat persekutuan, negeri, munisipal, dan agensi antarabangsa.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Panzerkampfwagen IV (Pz.Kpfw. IV), biasanya dikenali sebagai Panzer IV, adalah kereta kebal serdahana yang dibangunkan oleh Nazi Jerman pada akhir 1930-an dan digunakan dengan meluasnya semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Nama inventori pelurunya adalah Sd.Kfz. 161.
Embaloh Hulu, Kapuas Hulu
Embaloh Hulu merupakan sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia.
Anggur
Raisins, currants, and sultanas
Note also that currant has come to refer also to the blackcurrant and redcurrant, two berries completely unrelated to grapes.
Seedlessness
Seedlessness is a highly desirable trait in table grape selection, and seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are vegetatively propagated by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is, however, an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using tissue culture techniques. There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivars get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka. All are members of Vitis vinifera.
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Chivaúlo
Chivaúlo merupakan sebuah bandar dan komun yang terletak di dalam negara Angola.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Panzer IV adalah kereta kebal Jerman yang paling banyak dihasilkan dan kenderaan perisai kedua yang paling banyak dibuat oleh Jerman selama Perang Dunia Kedua, dengan sekitar 8,500 dibina. Sebagai kereta kebal Jerman paling meluas dihasilkan dan digunakan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, kereta kebal Panzer IV digunakan sebagai asas bagi kebanyakan kenderaan tempur lain, termasuk pemusnah kereta kebal Sturmgeschütz IV, senjata anti pesawat gerak sendiri Wirbelwind, dan meriam gerak sendiri Brummbär.
Panzer IV dilihat dalam perkhidmatan di semua teater pertempuran yang melibatkan Jerman dan merupakan satu-satunya kereta kebal Jerman yang kekal dalam pengeluaran sepanjang perang. Panzer IV menerima pelbagai peningkatan dan pengubahsuaian reka bentuk, bertujuan untuk mangatasi kereta kebal baru sekutu. Secara amnya, melibatkan peningkatan perisai perlindungan Panzer IV dan menaik taraf senjata.
Panzer IV sebahagiannya digantikan oleh kereta kebal serdahana Panther, yang diperkenalkan untuk menentang kereta kebal T-34 Soviet, walaupun Panzer IV terus komponen dalam formasi perisai Jerman sehingga akhir perang. Panzer IV merupakan kereta kebal yang paling banyak dieksport dalam perkhidmatan Jerman, dengan kira-kira 300 yang dijual kepada sekutu Jerman seperti Finland, Romania, Sepanyol dan Bulgaria. Selepas perang, Syria memperoleh Panzer IV dari Perancis dan Czechocslovakia, yang menyaksikan pertempuran pada Perang Enam Hari 1967. 8,533 Panzer IV dari semua versi dibina semasa Perang Dunia Kedua.
Montauville
ialah komun di jabatan Meurthe-et-Moselle di timur-laut Perancis.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Asal
Pada asal kerangkanya direka dengan penggantungan "interleave" enam roda, tetapi Tentera Jerman meminda pilihan ini kepada sistem gantungan batang torsi. Ia membenarkan pesongan menegak yang lebih besar bagi rodajalan, ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi dan keselesaan krew bagi kedua-dua di jalan raya dan di luar jalan. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan keperluan mendesak bagi kereta kebal yang baru ini, kedua cadangan tidak diterima, dan Krupp sebaliknya melengkapinya dengan sistem penggantungan spring daun double-bogie.
Prototaip memerlukan krew lima orang; kerangkanya mengandungi ruang enjin di belakang, dengan pemandu dan pengendali radio, yang juga bertugas sebagai penembak mesingan, yang duduk di bahagian hadapan kiri dan hadapan-kanan. Di turet, komander kereta kebal duduk di bawah bukaan bumbung, manakala juru tembak itu duduk di sebelah kiri bukaan meriam dan pemuat di sebelah kanan. Turet senget 66.5 mm ke sebelah kiri garis pusat kerangka, manakala enjin dipindahkan 152.4 mm ke kanan. Ini membolehkan aci tork untuk melepasi persimpangan asas putar, yang membekalkan kuasa elektrik bagi menggerakkan turet, sementara sambungan pada kotak transmisi yang dipasang di badan antara pemandu dan pengendali radio. Oleh kerana susun aturan simetri, sebelah kanan kereta kebal mengandungi sebahagian besar daripada ruang penyimpanan, yang telah diisi dengan loker peluru sedia diguna.
DIterima dalam perkhidmatan sebagai Versuchskraftfahrzeug 622 (Vs.Kfz. 622), pengeluaran bermula pada tahun 1936 di kilang Krupp-Grusonwerke AG di Magdeburg.
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan
Nilai tunggak
Pihak FBI akan mengikuti nilai-nilai bersama seperti dibawah:
Klaus Ebner
Klaus Ebner (lahir 8 Ogos 1964 di Wina) adalah seorang pengarang Austria. Dia menulis naratif prosa dan esei, dan puisi dalam bahasa Jerman dan bahasa Catalonia. Beliau mula menerbitkan majalah sastera pada tahun 1983. Buku pertamanya (cerita pendek) diterbitkan pada tahun 2007. Dia merupakan ahli beberapa persatuan penulis di Austria, termasuk Grazer Autorenversammlung.
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan
Sejarah
FBI diasaskan daripada sepasukan Ejen Khas atau Special Agents yang ditubuhkan pada 26 Julai, 1908, oleh Peguam Negara Charles Joseph Bonaparte sewaktu pentadbiran Presiden Theodore Roosevelt. Pada mulanya ia dinamakan Biro Penyiasatan Bureau of Investigation (BOI) dan ia berubah kepada FBI hanya pada tahun 1935.thumb|Bangunan J. Edgar Hoover, ibupejabat FBI di [[Washington DC]]
Di bawah J. Edgar Hoover, yang pernah menjadi Pengarah Biro pada 10 Mei, 1924, agensi ini banyak melibatkan tenaganya dalam menyiasat aktivis politik yang tidak terlibat dalam jenayah seperti Albert Einstein iaitu seorang sosialis yang berasal dari Jerman.
Makmal Penyiasatan Sains FBI (atau lebih dikenali dengan nama FBI Crime Lab) telah dibuka secara rasminya pada 24 November, 1932.
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pengiran Omar II
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pengiran Omar II atau nama ringkasnya SMK Pengiran Omar II, merupakan sebuah Sekolah menengah kebangsaan yang terletak di Peti Surat 292.
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan
Sejarah
Sewaktu era 30an, agensi ini memainkan peranan utama memberkas sebilangan penjenayah terkenal yang terlibat dalam aktiviti seperti penculikan, rompakan serta pembunuhan. Ini termasuklah John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, Kate "Ma" Barker, Alvin Karpis dan George "Machine Gun" Kelly. Agensi ini juga memainkan peranan penting dalam mengurangkan skop dan pengaruh kumpulan Ku Klux Klan. Disamping itu pada tahun 20an, melalui usaha Edwin Atherton, pihak FBI telah berjaya menahan kesemua tentera pemberontak Mexico di sepanjang sempadan California.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Asal
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Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pengiran Omar II
Pada 2009, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pengiran Omar II memiliki 473 pelajar lelaki dan 407 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 880 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 49 orang guru.2009
Sejarah
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pengiran Omar II terletak kira-kira enam kilometer dari Pekan Sipitang. Sekolah ini telah mula dibina pada tahun 2003 dan siap sepenuhnya pada tahun 2005. Pembinaan sekolah ini merupakan salah satu projek di bawah RMK-9 dengan perbelanjaan kira-kira 11 juta billion yang dipertanggungjawabkan kepada Jasamu Development Sdn. Bhd.
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Pengiran Omar II merupakan sekolah menengah ketiga di Daerah Sipitang selain SMK Pengiran Omar dan SMK Padang Berampah. Pembinaan sekolah ini adalah bertujuan untuk menampung bilangan pelajar yang kian bertambah dari tahun ke tahun khususnya di Daerah Sipitang.
Pada tanggal 01 Ogos 2006, sekolah ini telah mula beroperasi dengan menempatkan lebih kurang 523 orang pelajar dari sekolah-sekolah menengah yang berdekatan. Pengetua sulung bagi sekolah ini ialah Encik Alim Muntu @ Alfred. Beliau dibantu oleh 23 orang guru dan 5 orang Anggota Kumpulan Sokongan. Pada awalnya, kelas-kelas yang dibuka ialah tingkatan satu, tingkatan dua dan tingkatan empat sahaja. Penempatan awal ini hanya menggunakan 16 buah kelas.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Ausf. A to Ausf. F1
The first mass-produced version of the Panzer IV was the Ausführung, A (abbreviated to Ausf. A meaning "Batch A"), in 1936. It was powered by Maybach's HL 108TR, producing 250 PS, and used the SGR 75 transmission with five forward gears and one reverse, achieving a maximum road speed of 31 km/h. As main armament, the vehicle mounted the Kampfwagenkanone 37 L/24 (KwK 37 L/24) 75 mm tank gun, which was a low-velocity gun designed to mainly fire high-explosive shells. Against armored targets, firing the Panzergranate (armor-piercing shell) at 430 m/s the KwK 37 could penetrate 43 mm, inclined at 30 degrees, at ranges of up to 700 m. A 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun was mounted coaxially with the main gun in the turret, while a second machine gun of the same type was mounted in the front plate of the hull. The Ausf. A was protected by 14.5 mm of steel armor on the front plate of the chassis, and 20 mm on the turret. This was capable only of stopping artillery fragments, small-arms fire, and light anti-tank projectiles.
In response to the difficulty of penetrating British Matilda Infantry tanks during the Battle of France, the Germans had tested a 50 mm gun—based on the 5 cm PaK 38 L/60 anti-tank gun—on a Panzer IV Ausf. D. However, with the rapid German victory in France, the original order of 80 tanks was canceled before they entered production.
In September 1940 the Ausf. E was introduced. This had 50 mm of armor on the bow plate, while a 30 mm appliqué steel plate was added to the glacis as an interim measure. Finally, the commander's cupola was moved forward into the turret. Older model Panzer IV tanks were retrofitted with these features when returned to the manufacturer for servicing. Two hundred and eighty Ausf. Es were produced between December 1939 and April 1941.
In April 1941 production of the Panzer IV Ausf. F started. It featured 50 mm single-plate armor on the turret and hull, as opposed to the appliqué armor added to the Ausf. E, and a further increase in side armor to 30 mm. The weight of the vehicle was now 22.3 t, which required a corresponding modification of track width from 380 to 400 mm to reduce ground pressure. The wider tracks also facilitated the fitting of ice sprags, and the rear idler wheel and front sprocket were modified. The designation Ausf. F was changed in the meantime to Ausf. F1, after the distinct new model, the Ausf. F2, appeared. A total of 464 Ausf. F (later F1) tanks were produced from April 1941 to March 1942, of which 25 were converted to the F2 on the production line.
Ausf. F2 to Ausf. J
On May 26, 1941, mere weeks before Operation Barbarossa, during a conference with Hitler, it was decided to improve the Panzer IV's main armament. Krupp was awarded the contract to integrate again the same 50 mm Pak 38 L/60 gun into the turret. The first prototype was to be delivered by November 15, 1941. Within months, the shock of encountering the Soviet T-34 medium and KV-1 heavy tanks necessitated a new, much more powerful tank gun. In November 1941, the decision to up-gun the Panzer IV to the 50 mm gun was dropped, and instead Krupp was contracted in a joint development to modify Rheinmetall's pending 75 mm anti-tank gun design, later known as 7.5 cm PaK 40 L/46. Because the recoil length was too long for the tank's turret, the recoil mechanism and chamber were shortened. This resulted in the 75 mm KwK 40 L/43. When firing an armor-piercing shot, the gun's muzzle velocity was increased from 430 m/s to 990 m/s. Initially, the gun was mounted with a single-chamber, ball-shaped muzzle brake, which provided just under 50% of the recoil system's braking ability. Firing the Panzergranate 39, the KwK 40 L/43 could penetrate 77 mm of steel armor at a range of 1830 m.
The Ausf. F tanks that received the new, longer, KwK 40 L/43 gun were named Ausf. F2 (with the designation Sd.Kfz. 161/1). The tank increased in weight to 23.6 t. One hundred and seventy-five Ausf. F2s were produced from March 1942 to July 1942. Three months after beginning production, the Panzer IV. Ausf. F2 was renamed Ausf. G. There was little to no difference between the F2 and early G models.
During its production run from May 1942 to June 1943, the Panzer IV Ausf. G went through further modifications, including another armor upgrade. Given that the tank was reaching its viable limit, to avoid a corresponding weight increase, the appliqué 20 mm steel plates were removed from its side armor, which instead had its base thickness increased to 30 mm. The weight saved was transferred to the front, which had a 30 mm face-hardened appliqué steel plate welded (later bolted) to the glacis—in total, frontal armor was now 80 mm thick. This decision to increase frontal armor was favorably received according to troop reports on November 8, 1942, despite technical problems of the driving system due to added weight. At this point, it was decided that 50% of Panzer IV productions would be fitted with 30 mm thick additional armor plates. Subsequently on January 5, 1943, Hitler decided to make all Panzer IV with 80 mm frontal armor. To simplify production, the vision ports on either side of the turret and on the right turret front were removed, while a rack for two spare road wheels was installed on the track guard on the left side of the hull. Complementing this, brackets for seven spare track links were added to the glacis plate. For operation in high temperatures, the engine's ventilation was improved by creating slits over the engine deck to the rear of the chassis, and cold weather performance was boosted by adding a device to heat the engine's coolant, as well as a starter fluid injector. A new light replaced the original headlight, and the signal port on the turret was removed. On March 19, 1943, the first Panzer IV with Schürzen skirts on its sides and turret was exhibited. The double hatch for the commander's cupola was replaced by a single round hatch from very late model Ausf. G. and the cupola was up-armored as well. In April 1943, the KwK 40 L/43 was replaced by the longer 75 mm KwK 40 L/48 gun, with a redesigned multi-baffle muzzle brake with improved recoil efficiency.
The next version, the Ausf. H, began production in April 1943 and received the designation Sd. Kfz. 161/2. This variant saw the integrity of the glacis armor improved by manufacturing it as a single 80 mm plate. To prevent adhesion of magnetic anti-tank mines, which the Germans feared would be used in large numbers by the Allies, Zimmerit paste was added to all the vertical surfaces of the tank's armor. The vehicle's side and turret were further protected by the addition of 5 mm side-skirts and 8 mm turret skirts. During the Ausf. H's production run its rubber-tired return rollers were replaced with cast steel; the hull was fitted with triangular supports for the easily-damaged side-skirts. A hole in the roof, designed for the Nahverteidigungswaffe, was plugged by a circular armored plate due to shortages of this weapon. These modifications meant that the tank's weight jumped to 25 t, reducing its speed, a situation not improved by the decision to adopt the Panzer III's six-speed SSG 77 transmission, which was inferior to that of earlier-model Panzer IVs.
Despite addressing the mobility problems introduced by the previous model, the final production version of the Panzer IV—the Ausf. J—was considered a retrograde from the Ausf. H. Born of German necessity to replace heavy losses, it was greatly simplified to speed production. The electric generator that powered the tank's turret traverse was removed, so the turret had to be rotated manually. The space was later used for the installation of an auxiliary 200 l fuel tank; road range was thereby increased to 320 km, The pistol and vision ports in the turret were removed, and the engine's radiator housing was simplified by changing the slanted sides to straight sides. In addition, the cylindrical muffler was replaced by two flame-suppressing mufflers. By late 1944, Zimmerit was no longer being applied to German armored vehicles, and the Panzer IV's side-skirts had been replaced by wire mesh, while to further speed production the number of return rollers was reduced from four to three.
In a bid to augment the Panzer IV's firepower, an attempt was made to mate a Panther turret—carrying the longer 75 mm L/70 tank gun—to a Panzer IV hull. This was unsuccessful, and confirmed that the chassis had, by this time, reached the limits of its adaptability in both weight and available volume.
Production
The Panzer IV was originally intended to be used only on a limited scale, so initially Krupp was its sole manufacturer. Prior to the Polish campaign, only 262 Panzer IVs were produced: 35 Ausf. A; 42 Ausf. B; 140 Ausf. C; and 45 Ausf. D. After the invasion of Poland, and with the decision to adopt the tank as the mainstay of Germany's armored divisions, production was extended to the Nibelungenwerke factory (managed by Steyr-Daimler-Puch) in the Austrian city of St. Valentin. Production increased as the Ausf. E was introduced, with 223 tanks delivered to the German army. By 1941, 462 Panzer IV Ausf. Fs had been assembled, and the up-gunned Ausf. F2 was entering production. The yearly production total had more than quadrupled since the start of the war.
Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan
Sejarah
Walaupun mereka berusaha untuk membendung Ku Klux Klan iaitu suatu gerakan yang menentang kaum kulit hitam, ini tidaklah bermakna mereka menyokong hak asasi kulit hitam. Agensi ini akan menyiasat dan menumpas sebarang organisasi politik yang dianggap militan termasuk juga gerakan yang aman non-violent movements. Martin Luther King, Jr. misalnya adalah dianggap seorang yang tidak ganas dan berjuang untuk hak asasi manusia. Namun beliau juga telah dijadikan sasaran FBI. Pihak FBI telah gagal mencari bukti bahawa beliau pernah terlibat dalam jenayah, tetapi cuba menggunakan rakaman tapes aktiviti seksualnya sebagai blackmail. Dalam memoir 1991, wartawan Washington Post Carl Rowan mendakwa pihak FBI pernah menghantar suatu srat layang kepada King menggalakkannya untuk membunuh diri. Selain King, FBI didakwa terlibat dengan pembunuhan seorang lagi aktivis kulit hitam terkenal iaitu Malcolm X.
Bermula tahun 1940an sehinggalah 1970an, agensi ini telah menyiasat beberapa kes perisikan terhadap Amerika Syarikat dan konconya. Lapan agen Nazi yang merancang operasi sabotaj ke atas sasaran Amerika telah ditangkap oleh FBI.
Walaupun Hoover pada awalnya tidak percaya dengan kewujudan jaringan jenayah terancang di AS, biro ini telah melaksanakan beberapa operasi untuk menjatuhkan sindiket jenayah ini, termasukkan geng yang diketuai Sam Giancana dan John Gotti.
Pengarah
FBI adalah diterajui oleh seorang Pengarah atau Director yang dilantik oleh Presiden dan disahkan oleh Senat. Pada 15 Oktober, 1976, sebagai reaksi kepada J. Edgar Hoover yang telah menjadi pengarah selama penggal 48 tahun, Kongres meluluskan Public Law 94-503, yang menghadkan penggal setiap Director FBI selama hanya 10 tahun.
Buat masa ini Pengarah FBI ialah Robert S. Mueller, III, yang telah disahkan oleh Senat sebagai Pengarah FBI pada 2 Ogos, 2001.
Lokasi
Ibubejabat FBI ialah di Washington DC dan cawangannya terdapat dimerata Amerika Syarikat dan beberapa negara lain. Setiap Pejabat Field Office adalah diketuai oleh seorang Ejen Khas Special Agent in Charge (SAC), kecuali cawangan-cawangan di Los Angeles, Bandar raya New York, dan Washington, D.C. Oleh kerana saiznya yang besar, pejabat-pejabat ini adalah diurus oleh seorang Penolong Pengarah Assistant Director in Charge (ADIC) yang dibantu oleh beberapa SAC yang bertanggungjawab keatas program-program tertentu.
Lokasi Antarabangsa
Disamping itu, FBI mempunyai 45 pejabat yang dipanggil Legal Attachés atau "Legats" dimerata dunia. Legats dianggap sebagai pertahanan barisan pertama bagi menjaga kepentingan Amerika Syarikat di negara asing. Tujuan utamanya ialah untuk membendung jenayah antarabangsa supaya ia tidak sampai ke tanah Amerika Syarikat dan menyelesaikannya secepat mungkin.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Production
As the later Panzer IV models emerged, a third factory, Vomag (located in the city of Plauen), began assembly. In 1941 an average of 39 tanks per month were built, and this rose to 83 in 1942, 252 in 1943, and 300 in 1944. However, in December 1943, Krupp's factory was diverted to manufacture the Sturmgeschütz IV, and in the spring of 1944 the Vomag factory began production of the Jagdpanzer IV, leaving the Nibelungenwerke as the only plant still assembling the Panzer IV. With the slow collapse of German industry under pressure from Allied air and ground offensives — in October 1944 the Nibelungenwerke factory was severely damaged during a bombing raid — by March and April 1945 production had fallen to pre-1942 levels, with only around 55 tanks per month coming off the assembly lines.
Export
The Panzer IV was the most exported German tank of the Second World War. In 1942 Germany delivered 11 tanks to Romania and 32 to Hungary, many of which were lost on the Eastern Front between the final months of 1942 and the beginning of 1943. Romania received approximately 120 Panzer IV tanks of different models throughout the entire war. To arm Bulgaria, Germany supplied 46 or 91 Panzer IVs, and offered Italy 12 tanks to form the nucleus of a new armored division. These were used to train Italian crews while Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was deposed, but were retaken by Germany during its occupation of Italy in mid-1943. The Spanish government petitioned for 100 Panzer IVs in March 1943, but only 20 were ever delivered, by December. Finland bought 30, but received only 15 Panzer IVs in 1944, and the same year a second batch of 62 or 72 were sent to Hungary (although 20 of these were diverted to replace German losses). In total some 297 Panzer IVs of all models were delivered to Germany's allies.
Combat history
The Panzer IV was the only German tank to remain in both production and combat throughout World War II, and measured over the entire war it comprised 30% of the Wehrmacht's total tank strength. Although in service by early 1939, in time for the occupation of Czechoslovakia, at the start of the war the majority of German armor was made up of obsolete Panzer Is and Panzer IIs. The Panzer I in particular had already proved inferior to Soviet tanks, such as the T-26, during the Spanish Civil War.
Western Front and North Africa (1939–1942)
When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, its armored corps was composed of 1,445 Panzer Is, 1,223 Panzer IIs, 98 Panzer IIIs and 211 Panzer IVs; the more modern vehicles amounted to less than 10% of Germany's armored strength. The 1st Panzer Division had a roughly equal balance of types, with 17 Panzer Is, 18 Panzer IIs, 28 Panzer IIIs, and 14 Panzer IVs per battalion. The remaining panzer divisions were heavy with obsolete models, equipped as they were with 34 Panzer Is, 33 Panzer IIs, 5 Panzer IIIs, and 6 Panzer IVs per battalion. Although the Polish army possessed less than 200 tanks capable of penetrating the German light tanks, Polish anti-tank guns proved more of a threat, reinforcing German faith in the value of the close-support Panzer IV.
Despite increasing production of the medium Panzer IIIs and IVs prior to the German invasion of France on 10 May 1940, the majority of German tanks were still light types. According to Heinz Guderian, the Wehrmacht invaded France with 523 Panzer Is, 955 Panzer IIs, 349 Panzer IIIs, 278 Panzer IVs, 106 Panzer 35(t)s and 228 Panzer 38(t)s. Through the use of tactical radios and superior tactics, the Germans were able to outmaneuver and defeat French and British armor. However, Panzer IVs armed with the KwK 37 L/24 75 mm tank gun found it difficult to engage French tanks such as Somua S35 and Char B1. The Somua S35 had a maximum armor thickness of 55 mm, while the KwK 37 L/24 could only penetrate 43 mm at a range of 700 m. Likewise, the British Matilda Mk II was heavily armored, with at least 70 mm of steel on the front and turret, and a minimum of 65 mm on the sides.
Kampung Pida 13
Kampung Pida 13 merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Ayer Hitam, dalam negeri Kedah Darul Aman, iaitu negeri di utara di Malaysia, dan yang bersempadan dengan negara Thailand di timur lautnya, dan bersempadan dengan negeri Perak di tenggara, Pulau Pinang di barat daya dan Perlis di bahagian utara.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Western Front and North Africa (1939–1942)
Although the Panzer IV was deployed to North Africa with the German Afrika Korps, until the longer gun variant began production, the tank was outperformed by the Panzer III with respect to armor penetration. Both the Panzer III and IV had difficulty in penetrating the British Matilda II's thick armor, while the Matilda's 40-mm QF 2 pounder gun could knock out either German tank; its major disadvantage was its low speed. By August 1942, Rommel had only received 27 Panzer IV Ausf. F2s, armed with the L/43 gun, which he deployed to spearhead his armored offensives. The longer gun could penetrate all American and British tanks in theater at ranges of up to 1500 m. Although more of these tanks arrived in North Africa between August and October 1942, their numbers were insignificant compared to the amount of matériel shipped to British forces.
Kampung Pida 13
Negeri Kedah merupakan sebuah negeri yang terkenal sebagai sebuah negeri pertanian yang maju di Malaysia, terutamanya sebagai pengeluar padi terbesar, menghasilkan 70% pengeluaran hasil padi.2017. Salah satu makanan tradisi istimewanya adalah laksa Kedah.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Kampung Pida 13, Ayer Hitam, Kedah adalah 06150.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Eastern Front (1941–1945)
The Panzer IV continued to play an important role during operations in 1943, including at the Battle of Kursk. Newer types such as the Panther were still experiencing crippling reliability problems that restricted their combat efficiency, so much of the effort fell to the 841 Panzer IVs that took part in the battle. Throughout 1943, the German army lost 2,352 Panzer IVs on the Eastern Front; some divisions were reduced to 12–18 tanks by the end of the year. In 1944, a further 2,643 Panzer IVs were destroyed, and such losses were becoming increasingly difficult to replace. By the last year of the war, the Panzer IV was outclassed by the upgraded T-34-85, which had an 85 mm gun, and other late-model Soviet tanks such as the 122 mm-armed IS-2 heavy tank. Nevertheless, due to a shortage of replacement Panther tanks, the Panzer IV continued to form the core of Germany's armored divisions, including elite units such as the II SS Panzer Corps, through 1944.
In January 1945, 287 Panzer IVs were lost on the Eastern Front. It is estimated that combat against Soviet forces accounted for 6,153 Panzer IVs, or about 75% of all Panzer IV losses during the war.
Western Front (1944–1945)
The Allies had also been developing lethality improvement programs of their own; the widely-used American-designed M4 Sherman medium tank, while mechanically reliable, suffered from thin armor and an inadequate gun. Against earlier-model Panzer IVs, it could hold its own, but with its 75 mm M3 gun, struggled against the late-model Panzer IV (and was unable to penetrate the frontal armor of Panther and Tiger tanks at virtually any range). The late-model Panzer IV's 80 mm frontal hull armor could easily withstand hits from the 75 mm weapon on the Sherman at normal combat ranges, though the turret remained vulnerable.
The British up-gunned the Sherman with their highly effective QF 17 pounder anti-tank gun, resulting in the Firefly; although this was the only Allied tank capable of dealing with all current German tanks at normal combat ranges, few (about 300) were available in time for the Normandy invasion. The other British tank with the 17 pdr gun could not participate in the landings and had to wait for port facilities. It was not until July 1944 that American Shermans, fitted with the 76 mm M1 tank gun, began to achieve a parity in firepower with the Panzer IV.
However, despite the general superiority of its armored vehicles, by August 29, 1944, as the last surviving German troops of Fifth Panzer Army and Seventh Army retreated toward Paris, the twin cataclysms of the Falaise Pocket and the Seine crossing had cost the Wehrmacht dearly. Of the 2,300 tanks and assault guns it had committed to Normandy (including around 750 Panzer IVs ), over 2,200 had been lost. Field Marshal Walter Model reported to Hitler that his panzer divisions had remaining, on average, five or six tanks each.
Nilssonia
Nilssonia ialah genus labi-labi dari (keluarga Trionychidae) yang mendiami kawasan berair seperti sungai, kolam, tasik, dan paya di Asia Selatan dan Burma. Kebiasaannya, ia sering dianggap monotipik, dengan hanya satu spesies, iaitu Labi-labi Merak Burma (N. formosa). Walau bagaimanapun, genus Aspideretes atau Labi-labi Merak, mempunyai pertalian dengan N. formosa, dan yang membezakannya adalah kewujudan plat neural di antara sepasang tulang pleural pertama pada karapasnya, yang bercantum menjadi satu pada spesie N. formosa dan tiada pada spesies yang lain.
Namun, terdapat cadangan menyatukan dua genus di bawah satu nama, Nilssonia kerana Labi-labi Merak Burma mempunyai pertalian dengan Labi-labi India (A./N. gangeticus) dan Labi-labi Leith (A./N. leithii), menjadikan penyatuan ini dilihat wajar.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Western Front (1944–1945)
During the winter of 1944–45, the Panzer IV was one of the most widely used tanks in the Ardennes offensive, where further heavy losses—as often due to fuel shortages as to enemy action—impaired major German armored operations in the West thereafter. The Panzer IVs that took part were survivors of the battles in France between June and September 1944, with around 260 additional Panzer IV Ausf. Js issued as reinforcements.
Ayam Hitam Muka Putih Sepanyol
Ayam Sepanyol atau Ayam Hitam Muka Putih Sepanyol, Cara Blanca atau Española Cara Blanca, adalah satu baka ayam domestik yang berasal daripada Sepanyol. Akan tetapi, ia dibiakkan menjadi standard sekarang di Britain pada kurun ke-18. Ia merupakan baka ayam yang lebih tua daripada Minorca. Meskipun populasinya bertaburan di seluruh dunia, ia amat jarang ditemui di Sepanyol.
Sejarah
Baka ini telah diterima oleh Persatuan Unggas Amerika pada tahun 1874.
Ciri-ciri
Ayam Sepanyol mempunyai bulu berwarna hitam berkilat dan mempunyai kaitan rapat dengan baka ayam Minorca dan Castellana Negra. Ciri perbezaan utamanya adalah cuping telinga yang besar dan berwarna putih. Ia mempunyai balung sisir tunggal, empat jari kaki dan tiada jambul kepala.
Kegunaan
Ayam betina bukan merupakan jenis yang mengeram. Ia mampu menghasilkan telur berwarna putih sebanyak 160–180 biji setahun dengan berat sekitar
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Post-1945
The Finns bought 15 new Panzer IV Ausf J in 1944, for 5,000,000 Finnish markkas each (about twice the production price). The tanks arrived too late to see action against the Soviets, but were instead used against the Germans in the Lapland War. After the war, they served as training tanks, and one portrayed a Soviet KV-1 tank in the movie The Unknown Soldier in 1955.
Nilssonia
Etimologi
Nama genus, Nilssonia, adalah sebagai penghormatan kepada pakar zoologi Sweden, Sven Nilsson.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Post-1945
After 1945, Bulgaria incorporated its surviving Panzer IVs in defensive bunkers as gunpoints on the border with Turkey, along with T-34 turrets. This defensive line known as the "Krali Marko Line", remained in use until the fall of communism in 1989.
Nilssonia
Spesies
Jika kesemua genus disatukan, terdapat lima spesies:
Nota bene: Tatanama Binomial menunjukkan spesies ini dahulunya disenaraikan sebagai genus selain daripada Nilssonia.
Kereta kebal Panzer IV
Post-1945
Most of the tanks Romania had received, were lost in 1944 and 1945 in combat. These tanks, designated T4 in the army inventory, were used by the 2nd Armoured Regiment. On 9 May 1945 only two Panzer IV were left. Romania received another 50 Panzer IV tanks from the Red Army after the end of the war. These tanks were of different models and were in very poor shape. Many of them were missing parts and the side skirts. The T4 tanks remained in service until 1950, when the Army decided to use only Soviet equipment. By 1954, all German tanks were scrapped.
Variants
In keeping with the wartime German design philosophy of mounting an existing anti-tank gun on a convenient chassis to give mobility, several tank destroyers and infantry support guns were built around the Panzer IV hull. Both the Jagdpanzer IV, initially armed with the 75 mm L/48 tank gun, and the Krupp-manufactured Sturmgeschütz IV, which was the casemate of the Sturmgeschütz III mounted on the body of the Panzer IV, proved highly effective in defense. Cheaper and faster to construct than tanks, but with the disadvantage of a very limited gun traverse, around 1,980 Jagdpanzer IV's and 1,140 Sturmgeschütz IVs were produced. The Jagdpanzer IV eventually received the same 75 millimeter L/70 gun that was mounted on the Panther.
Another variant of the Panzer IV was the Panzerbefehlswagen IV (Pz.Bef.Wg. IV) command tank. This conversion entailed the installation of additional radio sets, mounting racks, transformers, junction boxes, wiring, antennas and an auxiliary electrical generator. To make room for the new equipment, ammunition stowage was reduced from 87 to 72 rounds. The vehicle could coordinate with nearby armor, infantry or even aircraft. Seventeen Panzerbefehlswagen were converted from Ausf. J chassis, while another 88 were based on refurbished chassis.
The Panzerbeobachtungswagen IV (Pz.Beob.Wg. IV) was an artillery observation vehicle built on the Panzer IV chassis. This, too, received new radio equipment and an electrical generator, installed in the left rear corner of the fighting compartment. Panzerbeobachtungswagens worked in cooperation with Wespe and Hummel self-propelled artillery batteries.
Also based on the Panzer IV chassis was the Sturmpanzer IV Brummbär 150 mm infantry-support self-propelled gun. These vehicles were primarily issued to four Sturmpanzer units (Numbers 216, 217, 218 and 219) and used during the battle of Kursk and in Italy in 1943. Two separate versions of the Sturmpanzer IV existed, one without a machine gun in the mantlet and one with a machine gun mounted on the mantlet of the casemate. Furthermore, a 105 mm artillery gun was mounted in an experimental turret on a Panzer IV chassis. This variant was called the Heuschrecke, or Grasshopper. Another 105 mm artillery/anti-tank prototype was the 10.5 cm K (gp.Sfl.) nicknamed Dicker Max.
Four different self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicles were built on the Panzer IV hull. The Flakpanzer IV Möbelwagen was armed with a 37 mm anti-aircraft cannon; 240 were built between 1944 and 1945. In late 1944 a new Flakpanzer, the Wirbelwind, was designed, with enough armor to protect the gun's crew and a rotating turret, armed with the 20mm quadmount Flakvierling anti-aircraft cannon system; at least 100 were manufactured. Sixty-five similar vehicles were built, named the Ostwind, but with a single 37 mm anti-aircraft cannon instead. This vehicle was designed to replace the Wirbelwind. The final model was the Flakpanzer IV Kugelblitz, of which only five were built. This vehicle featured a covered turret armed with twin 30 mm anti-aircraft cannons.
Although not a direct modification of the Panzer IV, some of its components, in conjunction with parts from the Panzer III, were utilized to make one of the most widely-used self-propelled artillery chassis of the war—the Geschützwagen III/IV. This chassis was the basis of the Hummel artillery piece, of which 666 were built, and also the 88 mm gun armed Nashorn tank destroyer, with 473 manufactured. To resupply self-propelled howitzers in the field, 150 ammunition carriers were manufactured on the Geschützwagen III/IV chassis.
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Hořice na Šumavě
Hořice na Šumavě merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Český Krumlov, wilayah Bohemia Selatan, Republik Czech.
Machhiwara
Machhiwara ialah sebuah perbandaran ("nagar panchayat") dalam daerah Ludhiana di negeri Punjab, India.
Demografik 2001
Menurut bancian India pada tahun 2001, Machhiwara memiliki bilangan penduduk seramai 18,363. Dari jumlah tersebut, kaum lelaki membentuk 53% dari jumlah keseluruhan populasi dan wanita seramai 47%.
Pendidikan 2001
Menurut bancian India pada tahun 2001 Machhiwara memiliki kadar pendidikan (kebolehan membaca) 60%, melebihi kadar purata kebangsaan 59.5%; dengan 57% lelaki dan 43% wanita mampu membaca. 14% dari populasi berusia di bawah 6 tahun. (2001)
Lamitan
atau lebih dikenali sebagai Bandar  merupakan sebuah bandar di wilayah,. Bandar ini mempunyai jumlah penduduk seramai dalam isi rumah. Ia mempunyai luas kilometer persegi dan ketinggian  meter di atas permukaan laut. Ia diberikan dengan kod kawasan telefon dan poskod.
Barangay
• Arco
• Ba-as
• Baimbing
• Balagtasan
• Balas
• Balobo
• Bato
• Boheyakan
• Buahan
• Boheibu
• Bohesapa
• Bulingan
• Cabobo
• Colonia
• Limo-ok
• Lo-ok
• Lumuton
• Luksumbang
• Malo-ong Canal
• Malo-ong San Jose
• Parangbasak
• Santa Clara
• Tandong Ahas
• Tumakid
• Ubit
• Bohebessey
• Baungos
• Sabong
• Sengal
• Ulame
• Bohenange
• Boheyawas
• Bulanting
• Maganda
• Malakaseduc
• Matatag
• Matibay
• Simbangon