cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sejarah Republik Rom
Perang Macedonia Keempat (150 - 148 SM)
Perang-perang Macedonia akhirnya bertamat, bersama-sama dengan kemerdekaan Yunani.
Muzium Sungai Lembing
MAKLUMAT TENTANG PEGAWAI/KETUA MUZIUM YANG BOLEH DIHUBUNGI
Sejarah Republik Rom
Pemerolehan Asia
Pada tahun 133 SM, Raja Attalus III dari Pergamon yang hampir mati mewasiatkan seluruh kemaharajaannya kepada Republik Rom untuk mengelakkan sebarang pertikaian antara waris-warisnya, serta untuk mengelakkan kemungkinan Rom mengambil kesempatan untuk menawan Pergamon. Peristiwa-peristiwa kemudian dirumitkan oleh pemberontakan Aristonicus, salah seorang saudara Attalus III yang mengisytiharkan diri sebagai raja Pergamon dengan gelaran Eumenes III. Selepas empat tahun berperang (133–129 SM), Eumenes III ditewaskan dan ditangkap oleh Rom. Pergamon disusun semula untuk dijadikan asas wilayah Asia, dan menjadi salah satu wilayah terkaya yang Rom pernah menguasai. Disebabkan kekayaan Asia, wilayah ini tertarik banyak senator yang korup dan tamak, dan gabenor-gabenornya adalah terkenal untuk sikap yang amat dasyhat selama hampir satu abad selepas perolehan wilayah ini.
Imbleville
ialah komun di jabatan Seine-Maritime dan di kawasan Haute-Normandie di utara Perancis.
Muzium Sungai Lembing
Rebiah bt Mohd Yusof Ketua Muzium Jabatan Muzium Malaysia Wilayah Timur Muzium Sungai Lembing 26200 Kuantan Pahang Tel:09-5412378 Fax:09-5412377 E-Mail: rebiahmyusof@gmail.com
Risum-Lindholm
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Holstein, Jerman.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Pemerolehan Asia
Durian runtuh yang tiba-tiba ini menjejaskan politik Rom serta gerakan pembaharuan politik dengan cara yang tidak diramalkan, dan mungkin bersifat malang.
Persengketaan ekonomi dan politik di Rom
Kejayaan-kejayaan tentera dan diplomatik Rom di sekitar Mediterranean mengakibatkan tekanan-tekanan ekonomi dan politik terhadap negaranya yang tidak diramalkan. Sedangkan persengketaan puak sentiasa merupakan sebahagian kehidupan politik Rom, kepentingan-kepentingan kini adalah jauh lebih tinggi; seorang gabenor wilayah yang korup boleh memperoleh kekayaan yang luar biasa; seorang komander yang berjaya hanya memerlukan sokongan daripada legion-legionnya untuk memerintah wilayah-wilayah yang besar.
Mulai dari Perang-perang Punic, ekonomi Rom mula bertukar, dengan kekayaan ditumpukan dalam tangan hanya beberapa puak yang berkuasa, dan menyebabkan ketegangan politik di dalam Rom.
Kebanyakan daripada wilayah-wilayah yang baru ditaklukkan telah dirampas oleh keluarga-keluarga yang kaya dan berkuasa. Selain itu, oleh sebab hanya lelaki-lelaki yang mampu mempersenjatai diri berlayak untuk berkhidmat dalam legion-legion, kebanyakan askar Rom datangnya daripada pemilik-pemilik tanah kelas menengah yang secara teori akan mempertahankan tanah-tanah sendiri.
Dengan kempen-kempen tentera kini berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun, bukannya hanya beberapa bulan, askar-askarnya tidak dapat kembali ke ladang masing-masing. Dengan ladang-ladang mereka ditinggalkan sebagai tanah-tanah rang, keluarga-keluarga mereka dengan cepatnya mula berhutang, dan tanah-tanah mereka diambil oleh pemberi hutang yang biasanya merupakan pemilik-pemilik tanah kaya yang menggabungkan harta-harta ini untuk dijadikan latifundia yang besar. Bekas askar-askar kelas menengah akan pulang daripada kempen-kempen bertahun-tahun untuk mendapati diri telah merupakan seorang tanpa tanah dan oleh itu, tidak dapat menyarakan keluarga mereka. Secara ironi, mereka tidak boleh mendapat pekerjaan kerana kejayaan-kejayaan legion telah menyebabkan hamba-hamba abdi menjadi satu sumber buruh yang jauh lebih murah.
Menjelang 133 SM, ketakseimbangan ekonomi Rom telah menjadi terlalu serius untuk dibiarkan, tetapi ningrat-ningrat yang kaya serta keluarga-keluarga lama dalam Senat mempunyai kepentingan diri untuk memeliharakan status quo. Pembaharuan tanah melalui saluran-saluran tradisional kelihatan tidak merupakan satu prospek yang mungkin.
Pembaharuan Gracchus (133 - 121 SM)
Pada tahun 133 SM, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, seorang tribun, mencuba untuk memperkenalkan pembaharuan tanah melalui pengagihan semula "tanah-tanah milik awam" kepada askar-askar yang kembali tanpa tanah. Beliau mencadangkan penguatkuasaan satu undang-undang Rom yang mengehadkan penggunaan tanah-tanah awam, tetapi biasanya tidak diendahkan. Sedangkan berdasarkan alasan-alasan teknik, "tanah-tanah" ini dimiliki oleh negara, tanah-tanah ini sering digunakan oleh pemilik-pemilik yang kaya, kebanyakan mereka merupakan senator-senator. Di bawah penguatkuasaan undang-undang ini, kebanyakan mereka akan menghilangkan "harta" mereka.
Oleh sebab Senat kelihatan tidak mungkin akan bersetuju dengan penguatkuasaan undang-undang ini, Tiberius melangkau Senat, dan mencuba untuk meluluskan pembaharuannya melalui Dewan Undangan Marhaen sebagai satu ketentuansuara, dengan menggunakaan prinsip undang-undang Lex Hortensia. Walaupun ini merupakan sesuatu yang sah di sisi undang-undang, perbuatan ini merupakan satu pencabulan adat resam politik, dan menimbulkan kemarahan banyak ningrat. Senat Rom cuba menyekat Tiberius dengan memberikan rasuah kepada tribun yang lain untuk memveto rang undang-undang ini. Tiberius kemudian meluluskan satu rang undang-undang untuk menggulingkan rakan sekerjanya dan dengan itu, mencabul prinsip kekolejan. Dengan veto ditarik balik, pembaharuan tanah diluluskan. Senat yang naik berang enggan membiayai suruhanjaya tanah yang telah ditubuhkan. Tiberius menggunakan Dewan Undangan Marhaen untuk memindahkan wang daripada pendapatan Pergamon untuk membiayai suruhanjaya itu, dan mencabarkan kuasa Senat terhadap kewangan negara dan dasar luar negara. Ketika kebenaran menjadi jelas bahawa Tiberius tidak mempunyai masa yang mencukupi untuk menghabiskan pembaharuan-pembaharuan tanahnya, walaupun dengan sokongan politik dan ekonomi yang mencukupi, beliau mengumumkan keinginannya untuk melanjutkan tempoh jawatan dan dengan itu, mencabulkan prinsip ketahunan. Ningrat-ningrat habis sabar dan disebabkan ketakutan bahawa Tiberius akan menjadikan diri sebagai penzalim, bertindak balas dengan membunuh beliau bersama-sama dengan 300 orang pengikutnya di jalan raya Rom.
Hampir sepuluh tahun kemudian, adik lelaki Tiberius, Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, mencuba untuk meneruskan pembaharuan-pembaharuan politik dengan menggunakan taktik-taktik yang serupa. Beliau kelihatan lebih merupakan seorang demagog yang mencuba meluluskan banyak undang-undang yang popular untuk memperoleh sokongan popular berbanding menjadi seorang reformis politik dengan agenda yang khusus seperti abangnya. Beliau tidak berjaya atau menjadi popular seperti abangnya tetapi sebaliknya, membuat banyak musuh politik. Ketegangan-ketegangan politik yang semakin bertambah akhirnya meletus sekali lagi dengan keganasan di Bukit Capitoline di mana Gaius Gracchus dan 3,000 orang pengikutnya dibunuh.
Apa-apa sahaja tujuan-tujuan mereka, kerjaya-kerjaya politik adik beradik Gracchus telah menyimpang daripada tradisi-tradisi politik Rom, dan memperkenalkan keganasan gerombolan sebagai satu alat kehidupan politik Rom. Ini merupakan satu perubahan yang Republik Rom tidak dapat memulihkan.
Sprakebüll
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Holstein, Jerman.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Gaius Marius, Pembaharu tentera (107 - 100 SM)
Menyusul skandal Gracchus, politik Rom menjadi satu campuran yang terdiri daripada bentuk-bentuk tradisional, kedemagogan, dan pengganasan gerombolan. Selain itu, Rom mendapati bahawa tanggungan tentera untuk tanah-tanah pemegangannya terlalu berat.
Rodenäs
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Holstein, Jerman.
Orang Paitan
Orang Paitan merujuk kepada Kaum yang bertutur dalam Bahasa Paitanik, iaitu Orang Asli yang berasal dari Kawasan Daerah Kecil Paitan, Beluran, Sabah, Malaysia.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Gaius Marius, Pembaharu tentera (107 - 100 SM)
Perang Jugurthine (112 - 105 SM) yang tidak popular dan yang telah dilaksanakan dengan buruk berlarutan di Numidia. Perang ini kemudian melancarkan kerjaya Gaius Marius dan membawa perubahan-perubahan yang asas kepada Republik.
Marius ialah seorang "novus homo" dari Arpinum yang mempunyai kekayaan dan sedikit pengaruh politik, tetapi bukan seorang ahli bangsawan Rom. Selepas berkhidmat sebagai pegawai yang tidak penting dalam Perang Jugurthine, Marius kembali ke Rom, dan menawarkan diri untuk pemilihan sebagai Konsul pada tahun 107 SM, berdasarkan janjinya untuk menamatkan Perang Jugurthine dalam tempoh setahun. Tanpa dijangka, Marius dipilih.
Masjid Kuantan Singingi
Masjid Kuantan Singingi merupakan sebuah masjid yang terletak di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi, Kecamatan Kuantan Tengah, Provinsi Riau.
Masjid Kuantan Singingi memiliki kubah terdiri dari satu kubah utama, empat kubah pendamping sebagai penopang, dan empat kubah kecil sebagai hiasan. Kelima kubah besar tersebut menjadikan bahagian dalam masjid menjadi luas dan terasa lega.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Gaius Marius, Pembaharu tentera (107 - 100 SM)
Setelah menyelamatkan Rom, Marius dipilih sebagai Konsul untuk kali keenam pada tahun 100 SM, suatu kejadian yang tidak pernah berlaku dahulu. Bagaimanapun, Marius terbukti merupakan seorang Jeneral, dan bukannya seorang ahli politik. Selepas satu skandal politik yang malu mengenai Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, Marius menarik diri sama sekali daripada hidup politik awam.
Masjid Kuantan Singingi
Sejarah
Masjid Kuantan Singingi yang terletak di alamat Jl. Proklamasi no.1 Sungai Jering Taluk Kuantan, Kab.Kuantan Singingi (Kuansing), Prov.Riau telah dibuka pada tahun 2010. Ia merupakan sebuah masjid dengan status Wakaf.
Pentadbiran
Masjid Kuantan Singingi yang dibuka pada tahun 2010 merupakan sebuah masjid Wakafyang berstatus Masjid Negara.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Perang Sosial (91 - 88 SM)
Pada 91 SM, sebagai tribun dan pejuang untuk hak-hak sekutu Latin, Livius Drusus cuba meluluskan satu undang-undang untuk memberikan kewarganegaraan Rom yang penuh kepada semua sekutu Itali, khususnya mereka daripada Samnit. Peristiwa itu meletuskan pemberontakan Perang Sosial (Socii ialah bahasa Latin untuk "sekutu").
Yang ironiknya, dalam percubaan untuk menamatkan perang, Rom menawarkan kewarganegaraan penuh kepada mana-mana satu sekutu yang menghentikan pertempuran mereka. Kebanyakan sekutu berhenti bertempur, tetapi banyak lagi meneruskan pemberontakan mereka. Sebagai gerak balas, Gaius Marius kembali daripada persaraannya untuk mengetuai angkatan-angkatan Rom di Itali utara, sedangkan Lucius Cornelius Sulla mengetuai legion-legion Rom di Itali selatan, dan mereka menamatkan perang itu pada tahun 88 SM. Menyusul kemenangan bersama itu, Sulla menawarkan diri untuk pemilihan Konsul, dan dipilih.
Perang Mithridates pertama, dan perang-perang saudara Rom (88 - 83 SM)
Ketika Mithridates VI dari Pontus menakluki Bithynia selepas Perang Sosial bertamat dan membunuh berpuluh-puluh ribu warganegara Rom dalam peristiwa Vesper Asia, Senat memberikan kuasa pemerintahan Konsul kepada Sulla untuk menghantar sepasukan ekspedisi untuk menghadapi Mithridates bagi membalas dendam.
Gaius Marius tidak ingin kembali ke hidup tanpa dikenali ramai dan memberi rasuah untuk pelulusan sebuah rang undang-undang melalui Dewan Undangan Marhaen yang memberikannya kuasa pemerintahan untuk mengetuai angkatan-angkatan Sulla. Ketika Sulla terdengar ini semasa membentuk legion-legionnya di Itali selatan, beliau berpatah balik untuk menyerang Rom. Legion-legionnya menawan kota itu selepas sebuah pertempuran yang berpanjangan dan berdarah di jalanraya-jalanraya Rom, dan Marius terpaksa melarikan diri ke Afrika. Sulla kemudian bertolak untuk menghadapi Mithridates dan sekutunya.
Marius kemudian kembali ke Rom dengan Lucius Cornelius Cinna dan menawan kota itu dengan legion-legionya. Beliau melantikkan diri sebagai Konsul buat kali ketujuh, dan membunuh penyokong-penyokong Sulla dengan kejam. Bagaimanapun, hanya beberapa minggu kemudian, Marius meninggal dunia disebabkan perdarahan otak besar-besaran. Cinna mengekalkan kuasanya, dan dengan takdir yang hampir lucu, memutuskan untuk tidak mengendahkan kewujudan Sulla sama sekali, malahan beliau menurunkan angkatan tentera kedua ke Pontus. Akhirnya, Sulla mengambil alih angkatan itu dan menggabungkannya dengan angkatan sendiri. Perang itu tamat dengan Perjanjian Dardanos pada tahun 85 SM.
Sulla kemudian kembali ke Rom dengan Legion-legionnya pada tahun 83 SM.
Kediktatoran Sulla (82 - 80 SM)
Cinna dibunuh oleh askar-askar sendiri ketika beliau mencuba berbaris mereka untuk menghadapi legion-legion Sulla yang kembali dan oleh itu, meninggalkan Gnaeus Papirius Carbo dan penyokong-penyokong Maurius yang lain untuk menentang kepulangan Sulla. Pada tahun 83 SM, Sulla mendarat di Itali selatan, dan perang saudara Rom tercetus di kawasan luar bandar Itali. Perang ini berterusan selama satu tahun setengah, tetapi legion-legion Sulla (dibantu oleh Metellus Pius, Marcus Licinius Crassus dan seorang pemuda, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) akhirnya menang, dan menawan kota Rom dalam Perang Pintu Dinding  Colline.
Sulla kemudian memulakan satu siri penyingkiran yang berdarah, dan mengenakan proskripsi (proses untuk menonjolkan nama-nama orang yang dihukum mati dalam forum Rom) terhadap musuh-musuhnya. Perbuatan ini membenarkan Sulla mengekalkan ketakutan di kalangan mereka yang kini di bawah kuasanya dan mencegahkan sesiapa yang ingin berkomplot terhadapnya disebabkan oleh ketakutan bahawa namanya akan termuncul pada bila-bila masa dalam senarai-senarai yang terdasyhat. Orang-orang yang telah disenaraikan dilucuti daripada semua hak dan perlindungan undang-undang mereka, dengan harta-harta mereka (termasuk harta-harta keluarga) diimpaun, dan ganjaran diberikan untuk nyawa mereka. Beribu-ribu orang Rom yang menentang Sulla, termasuk juga orang yang mempunyai kekayaan yang didambakan oleh Sulla dan pengikut-pengikutnya, telah dibunuh dengan kecam dalam tempoh dua tahun.
Sulla dilantik sebagai diktator – rei publicae constituendae causa – dan memulakan penyusunan semula negara untuk mengembalikan kuasa kepada Senat Rom. Antara pembaharuan-pembaharuan perlembagaan yang lain, Sulla:
Selepas pembaharuan-pembaharuannya telah siap dilaksanakan, Sulla kemudian meletakkan jawatan kediktatorannya pada tahun 80 SM, dan dipilih sebagai konsul bersama-sama dengan Metellus Pius. Pada tahun 79 SM, beliau menarik diri secara langsung daripada kehidupan awam, dan bersara di ladang-ladang desanya di mana beliau menulis kisah kenangannya (kini hilang) sebelum meninggal dunia pada tahun 78 SM. <!---
Pemerintahan Bertiga Pertama
Throughout the decade of the 70's, Roman politics was controlled by the conservatives, due to Sulla's reforms. Some of these reforms would be wiped away over the next ten years (eg. Tribunal veto was restored) due to gradual legislative change. Sulla's tactic of using military force to seize power in Rome was the legacy that endured.
Pompey di Barat: Pemberontakan Lepidus dan Sertorius (78 - 72 SM)
Within two years of Sulla's death, someone attempted to emulate him. When one of the Consuls of 78 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, failed to carry out his intended political agenda, or have his Consulship extended, he attempted to raise an army in Cisalpine Gaul and march on Rome to seize power. The Senate turned to a military general who had aided Sulla in his civil war, and shown himself also to be a competent commander in Africa for Sulla: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
Pompey put down Lepidus's rebellion, and then marched his own legions on Rome. Pompey camped his army outside the walls of Rome, and "requested" that he be given the right to campaign against the rebellion of Quintus Sertorius in Hispania (Sertorius was an opponent of Sulla's who had fled to Hispania during the proscriptions, and set up his own "counter-Rome" in that province). Though the brilliant guerilla tactics and leadership of Sertorius proved a thorn in Pompey's side, his murder by his former allies ended the campaign against his forces. The Senate, having "blessed" Pompey with the undertaking, was pleased at the young generals success and he was able to gain great political and military influence from his campaigns.
Crassus: Spartacus dan Perang Abdi Ketiga (73 - 71 SM)
One of the more easily over-looked social aspect in classical antiquity and of Roman society is Slavery. At that time almost all societies used slaves in various positions. The vast majority would perform back-breaking and dangerous labor and the more educated slave (a small minority) would work in a more bureaucratic position. The lives of the majority of slaves would usually consist of hard work and their living conditions would be quite harsh. From time to time slaves would revolt and military might would be used to crush the rebellion and the matter would be conveniently forgotten and nothing would happen. This time, it would be different.
Pompey dan Crassus (70 SM)
With the slave rebellion crushed, Pompey once again marched his legions on Rome, and encamped outside its walls. He then demanded that he be elected Consul for the year 70 BC. In response Crassus immediately marched his legions towards Rome. However, instead of blocking Pompey's extortion, he camped his own legions outside Rome and demanded that he be elected co-Consul with Pompey. The Senate had no real choice but to agree.
Crassus and Pompey spent most of the year trying to outdo each other in the lavishness of their public expenditures. However they also pushed through several laws which wiped away the last vestiges of the "Sullan Reforms", and restored the problematic power of the Plebeian Assembly.
Pompey di Timur: Perang Mithradates Ketiga
Meanwhile, Lucullus was fighting quite successfully, against Mithridates and his ally and son-in-law, Tigranes the Great, King of Armenia, but was unable to completely pacify the territories he conquered. At the same time, Marcus Antonius Creticus (father of Mark Antony) and Q. Caecilius Metellus were attempting to stamp out the plague of piracy afflicting the Mediterranean, with reportedly grotesque incompetence.
Due to these lack of successes, Pompey was given an extraordinary military command in 66 BC. He stamped out piracy within forty-nine days and then began pursuing Mithridates. Pompey annihilated his army, and Mithridates remained a fugitive for the last three years of his life. Pompey followed up these successes by conquering the entirety of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, ending the rule of the Syrian Seleucid dynasty. The captured wealth of the conquests more than doubled the income of the Roman state, and Pompey now surpassed Crassus as the wealthiest man in Rome.
Pengkomplotan Catilina
The economic situation in Rome itself, however, was still problematic. Debt was the intractable problem and many, both noble and not, found themselves burdened with incredible debts. Their mantle was taken up by Lucius Sergius Catilina, who ran for consul in 64 BC for the year 63 BC on the platform of a wholesale debt cancellation – essentially a redistribution of wealth. Despite his noble birth, his policies scared the optimates, who instead supported the novus homo Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cicero was duly elected; Catilina finished third and out of office. Catilina ran again the following year, but this time he was defeated even more heavily. He then, along with several dissolute senators, began planning a coup d'état that would include arson throughout Rome, the arming of slaves, and the accession of Catilina as dictator. Cicero found out and informed the Senate in a series of brilliant speeches, and was given absolute power by the senate ("senatus consultum ultimum"), in order to save the republic. He ordered the execution of the conspirators in the city without due trial; and his fellow consul, Gaius Antonius Hybrida defeated the army of Catilina near Pistoria. None of Catilina's soldiers were taken alive.
Julius Caesar dan Pemerintahan Bertiga Pertama
In 62 BC Pompey returned from the east. Many senators, especially among the optimates, feared that Pompey would follow in the footsteps of Sulla and establish himself as dictator. Instead, Pompey disbanded his army upon arriving in Italy. Nevertheless, the Senate maintained its opposition to land grants for Pompey's veterans and the ratification of Pompey's eastern settlement. In addition, the Senate was also stonewalling Pompey's old enemy, Crassus, in his attempts to gain some measure of relief for his allies, the tax farmers. Now arriving onto the scene was a young politician who had a heretofore successful, but not brilliant, career — Gaius Julius Caesar. Caesar took advantage of the two enemies' dissatisfaction to bring them into an informal alliance known as the First Triumvirate. In addition, he reinforced his alliance by marrying his daughter, Julia, to Pompey. The three triumvirs would be able to dominate Roman politics due to their collective influence; the first step was Caesar's election to the consulship for 59 BC.
Attempting to pass the laws which would benefit both Pompey and Crassus, Caesar ran into heavy opposition from his very conservative consular colleague Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, who used all manner of parliamentary tactics to stall the legislation. Caesar resorted to violence and Bibulus ended up under house arrest for most of the year, while Caesar was able to pass almost all of his legislation. He was then appointed Governor of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for a five year period. When the Governor of Transalpine Gaul died unexpectedly, the Senate assigned that province to him as well. Caesar took up his governorships in 58 BC. He immediately launched a series of military campaigns across all of Gaul known as the Gallic Wars, and even raided Germania and Britannia. For a nine year period he carefully played the gallic tribes against each other (divide and rule) and crushed all military opposition. These wars caused massive death and destruction and were, technically, illegal, as Caesar had exceeded his authority (which was supposedly limited to his provinces) in launching the invasions, but in Rome no one, except his enemies in the Senate, was too concerned. Meanwhile, the Triumvirate at home needed a boosting. In 56 BC, the three triumvirs met at Lucca, just inside Caesar's province of Cisalpine Gaul (as a man in control of an army, he was not allowed to cross into Italy). The three triumvirs reached a new settlement: Crassus and Pompey were once again to be elected consuls for the year 55 BC; Pompey kept the command of the Roman legions in Spain (which he ruled in "absentia"), and Crassus, desiring military glory so that he could be on the same level as Pompey and Caesar, was given a military command in the east. Caesar's governorships were extended for another five years.
Kejohanan Tinju Amatur Asia
Kejohanan Tinju Amatur Asia ialah pertandingan tertinggi bagi amatur tinju di Asia. Pertandingan yang pertama berlangsung pada tahun 1963, dengan Bangkok, Thailand sebagai tuan rumah.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Kematian Crassus dan Pembubaran Pemerintahan Bertiga
In 53 BC, Crassus launched an invasion of the Parthian Empire. He marched his army deep into the desert; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory, surrounded and routed at the Battle of Carrhae. Crassus himself was killed in battle, the story being that the Parthians, upon finding his body poured molten gold down his throat, symbolising Crassus' obsession with money.
Masjid Al-Ansar, Taman Seri Keramat
Masjid Al-Ansar merupakan sebuah Masjid Qariah yang terletak dalam daerah Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia. Ia menjadi pusat ibadat bagi masyarakat setempat.
Kejohanan Tinju Amatur Asia
Wanita
Setakat 2015
Masjid Al-Ansar, Taman Seri Keramat
Latar belakang
Masjid Al-Ansar terletak di kedudukan Latitud 3 darjah, 10 minit, 11 saat Selatan dan Longitud 101 darjah, 44 minit, 40 saat Timur. Arah kiblatnya adalah pada 292 darjah, 30minit, 47 saat.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Kematian Crassus dan Pembubaran Pemerintahan Bertiga
The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate; consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. In 52 BC, Julia died, widening the gap emerging between the two. Pompey, who previously had been the leader of the Triumvirate and, indeed, of the republic, was beginning to see his authority threatened by Caesar, whose campaigns in Gaul were vastly increasing his prestige, fortune and power. Consequently, Pompey began to align increasingly with the optimates, who themselves were very much opposed to Caesar and his "party" (i.e., the populares).
Sekolah Kebangsaan Mupong
Sekolah Kebangsaan Mupong atau nama ringkasnya SK Mupong, merupakan sebuah Sekolah kebangsaan yang terletak di D/A Pejabat Pelajaran Daerah Meradong.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Kematian Crassus dan Pembubaran Pemerintahan Bertiga
At the same time an united Gallic uprising, led by Vercingetorix, nearly succeeded in toppling the Roman military presence in Gaul; but Caesar, with his usual speed and brilliant mix of military strategy and ruthlessness, was able to defeat Vercingetorix at the siege of Alesia. The Gallic Wars were essentially over (a third of all male Gauls had been slain; another third had been sold into slavery).
By 50 BC all Gallic resistance had been stamped out and Caesar had a veteran and loyal army to further his political ambitions. With Caesar's governorship drawing to a close, the two greatest political and military leaders of the Roman Republic were hard-pressed to find any common ground, and a crisis was growing which would be the final nail in the coffin of the Republic.
Perang Saudara dan kediktatoran Caesar
The key issue was whether or not Caesar would be able to stand for the consulship of 48 BC in absentia. Caesar's governorship's would expire at the end of 49 BC, and so would his immunity from trial. He was sure to be charged with violations of the constitution stemming from his consulship of 59 BC, which could result in his political and probably even physical, death. If he was allowed to run in absentia, he could immediately assume another consulship, and then following that, immediately assume a new governorship, always maintaining his immunity. The optimates were heavily opposed to Caesar's standing in absentia, and on the first of January, 49 BC, passed a law declaring Caesar a public enemy and demanded his return to Rome to stand trial. Pompey was given absolute authority to defend the Roman Republic. This news reached Caesar probably on January 10, and proclaiming "alea iacta est" - "the die is cast" (in fact, he said it in Greek, quoting Menander), Caesar crossed the Rubicon River (the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and Italy) with his army. Civil war had begun again.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Mupong
Pada 2009, Sekolah Kebangsaan Mupong memiliki 39 pelajar lelaki dan 32 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 71 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 13 orang guru.2009
Sejarah Republik Rom
Perang Saudara dan kediktatoran Caesar
Caesar, leading a tough veteran army, quickly swept down the Italian peninsula, and encountered meager resistance from freshly recruited legions. The only exception was at Corfinium, where Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus was defeated. Caesar pardoned him, under his notable policy of clemency — he wanted to let everyone know that he would not be the next Sulla. He took Rome without opposition, and then marched south to try and stop Pompey, who was trying to withdraw from Brundisium across the Adriatic Sea to Greece. Caesar came close, but Pompey and his armies were able to escape at the last minute.
In 48 BC Pompey controlled the seas, and his legions heavily outnumbered Caesar's; but the legions of Caesar, after ten years of vigorous campaigns, were experienced veterans. Caesar, for his lack of a navy, solidified his control over the western Mediterranean, notably at Massilia and in Spain. Then he invaded Greece. The two leaders first faced each other at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, where Pompey won. Nevertheless, Pompey failed to follow up on his victory, and Caesar was able to regroup and win a decisive victory at the Battle of Pharsalus on the 9th of August. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he hoped to find assistance.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Mupong
Pencapaian
Dalam pencapaian Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) 2015, seramai 6 orang calon mengambil kertas ujian tersebut. 5 orang murid lulus dengan baik dan seorang murid gagal dalam kertas Bahasa Melayu Pemahaman. seorang murid telah memperoleh 5 A iaitu adik Herryson Rimmy Anak Hitam.
Pada tahun 2016, format ujian UPSR telah berubah sepenuhnya berdasarkan Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah (KSSR).
Cercy-la-Tour
thumb|kanan|200px ialah komun di jabatan Nièvre di tengah Perancis.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Perang Saudara dan kediktatoran Caesar
In 46 BC Caesar went to North Africa to deal with the regrouping remnants of the pro-Pompeian forces under Cato the Younger and Titus Labienus. After a slight setback in the Battle of Ruspina he defeated them at the Battle of Thapsus. Much to Caesar's chagrin, Cato committed suicide. Caesar had wanted to pardon Cato, his most intractable foe, in order to gain popularity through further clemency. In 45 BC, he went to Spain, and won the final victory over the pro-Pompeian forces in the terrifying Battle of Munda. He said that before, he always had fought for victory, but in Munda he had fought for his life. He then returned to Rome; he had less than a year to live.
Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 14 Jakarta
Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri N 14 Jakarta atau nama ringkasnya SMAN 14 Jakarta, merupakan sebuah Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri Negeri yang terletak di Jl. Sma Barat Cililitan. Jakarta Timur, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia.
Sejarah Republik Rom
Perang Saudara dan kediktatoran Caesar
In that final year Caesar launched many reforms. He tightly regulated the distribution of free grain, keeping those who could afford private grain from having access to the grain dole. He reformed the calendar, changing from a Lunar to a Solar calendar and giving his gens name to the 7th month (July). This calendar, with minor changes made by Octavian (who would later rename the 8th month (August) after one of his titles) and Pope Gregory in 1582, has survived until now. He also reformed the debt problem. At the same time, he continued to accept enormous honors from the Senate. He was named Pater Patriae - "Father of his Country", and began wearing the clothing of the old Roman kings. This deepened the rift between Caesar and the aristocratic republican Senators, many of whom he had pardoned during the civil war. In 45 BC he had been named dictator for ten years. This was followed up in 44 BC with his appointment of dictator for life. A two-fold problem was created; firstly, all political power would be concentrated in the hands of Caesar for the foreseeable future, in effect subordinating the Senate to his whims; and secondly, only Caesar's death would end this. As such, a group of about 60 senators, led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus, conspired to assassinate Caesar in order to save the republic. They carried out their deed on the Ides of March 15 of March 44 BC, three days before Caesar was scheduled to go east to defeat the Parthians.
Pemerintahan Bertiga Kedua dan kemenangan Octavian
After Caesar's assassination, his friend and chief lieutenant, Marcus Antonius, seized the last will of Caesar and using it in an inflammatory speech against the murderers, incited the mob against them. The murderers panicked and fled to Greece. In Caesar's will, his grand-nephew Octavianus who also was the adopted son of Caesar, was named as his political heir. Octavian returned from Apollonia (where he and his friends Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Gaius Maecenas had been studying and helping in the gathering of the Macedonian legions for the planned invasion of Parthia) and raised a small army from among Caesar's veterans. After some initial disagreements, Antony, Octavian, and Antony's ally Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate. Their combined strength gave the triumvirs absolute power. In 42 BC, they followed the assassins into Greece, and mostly due to the generalship of Antony, defeated them at the Battle of Philippi on 23 October. To pay for about forty legions that were engaged by the triumvirate for this purpose, proscriptions were declared against about 300 senators and 2000 equites, including Cicero, who was killed at his villa. After the victory, about 22 of the largest Italian cities suffered confiscations to provide land for the veterans.
In 40 BC, Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus negotiated the Pact of Brundisium. Antony received all the richer provinces in the east, namely Achaea, Macedonia and Epirus (roughly modern Greece), Bithynia, Pontus and Asia (roughly modern Turkey), Syria, Cyprus and Cyrenaica and he was very close to Ptolemaic Egypt, then the richest state of all. Octavian on the other hand received the Roman provinces of the west: Italia (modern Italy), Gaul (modern France), Gallia Belgica (parts of modern Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg), and Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal), these territories were poorer but traditionally the better recruiting grounds; and Lepidus was given the minor province of Africa (modern Tunisia) to govern. Henceforth, the contest for supreme power would be between Antony and Octavian.
Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 14 Jakarta
Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri N 14 Jakarta memiliki kod NPSN 20103284. Pada 2010, SMAN 14 Jakarta memiliki 62 pelajar lelaki dan 99 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 161 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 2 orang guru.2010
Sejarah Republik Rom
Pemerintahan Bertiga Kedua dan kemenangan Octavian
In the west, Octavian and Lepidus had first to deal with Sextus Pompeius, the surviving son of Pompey, who had taken control of Sicily and was running pirate operations in the whole of the Mediterranean, endangering the flow of the crucial Egyptian grain to Rome. In 36 BC, Lepidus, while besieging Sextus forces in Sicily, ignored Octavian's orders that no surrender would be allowed. Octavian then bribed the legions of Lepidus, and they deserted to him. This stripped Lepidus of all his remaining military and political power.
Antony, in the east, was waging war against the Parthians. His campaign was not as successful as he would have hoped, though far more successful than Crassus. He took up an amorous relationship with Cleopatra, who gave birth to three children by him. In 34 BC, at the Donations of Alexandria, Antony "gave away" much of the eastern half of the empire to his children by Cleopatra. In Rome, this donation, the divorce of Octavia Minor and the affair with Cleopatra, and the seized testament of Antony (in which he famously asked to be buried in his beloved Alexandria) was used by Octavian in a vicious propaganda war accusing Antony of "going native", of being completely in the thrall of Cleopatra and of deserting the cause of Rome. He was careful not to attack Antony directly, for Antony was still quite popular in Rome; instead, the entire blame was placed on Cleopatra.
Octavian continued on his march around the Mediterranean towards Egypt, receiving the submission of local kings and Roman governors along the way. He finally reached Egypt in 30 BC, but before Octavian could capture him, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra did the same within a few days. The period of civil wars were finally over. Thereafter, there was no one left in the Roman Republic who wanted, or could to stand against Octavian, as the adopted son of Caesar moved to take absolute control. He designated governors loyal to him to the half dozen "frontier" provinces, where the majority of the legions were situated, thus, at a stroke, giving him command of enough legions to ensure that no single governor could try to overthrow him. He also reorganized the Senate, purging it of unreliable or dangerous members, and "refilled it" with his supporters from the provinces and outside the Roman aristocracy, men who could be counted on to follow his lead. However, he left the majority of Republican institutions apparently intact, albeit feeble. Consuls continued to be elected, tribunes of the plebeians continued to offer legislation, and debate still resounded through the Roman Curia. However it was Octavian who influenced everything and ultimately, controlled the final decisions, and had the legions to back it up, if necessary.
The Roman Senate and the Roman citizens, tired of the never-ending civil wars and unrest, were willing to toss aside the incompetent and unstable rule of the Senate and the popular assemblies in exchange for the iron will of one man who might set Rome back in order. By 27 BC the transition, though subtle and disguised, was made complete. In that year, Octavian offered back all his extraordinary powers to the Senate, and in a carefully staged way, the Senate refused and in fact titled Octavian Augustus - "the revered one". He was always careful to avoid the title of rex - "king", and instead took on the titles of princeps - "first citizen" and imperator, a title given by Roman troops to their victorious commanders. All these titles, alongside the name of "Caesar", were used by all Roman Emperors and still survive slightly changed to this date. Prince derives from "Princeps" and Emperor from "Imperator", Caesar became "Kaiser" (German) and "Czar" (Russian). The Roman Empire had been born. Once Octavian named Tiberius as his heir, it was clear to everyone that even the hope of a restored Republic was dead. Most likely, by the time Augustus died, no one was old enough to know a time before an Emperor ruled Rome. The Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic regime, which, underneath a competent and strong Emperor, could achieve military supremacy, economic prosperity, and a genuine peace, but under a weak or incompetent one saw its glory tarnished by cruelty, military defeats, revolts, and civil war. The Roman Empire was eventually divided between the Western Roman Empire which fell in 476 AD and the Eastern Roman Empire (also called the Byzantine Empire) which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Punca subversi Republik
Technically, the republic didn't end. Octavian (and his "heirs") was said to have "saved the republic" and ruled by "will of the Senate" until a future date, when he would return his extraordinary powers. All of Octavians successors carefully maintained this lie (at least at the beginning). In truth, however, the Republic had been dying since 133 BC, with the killing of the Gracchi brothers. Their deaths signaled the end of debate and legal procedure — from that point on, whoever was willing to go the farthest dictated policy. Murder became commonplace during election time, and mobs were often whipped up by opposing parties to frighten enemies into submission. It became accepted, even encouraged, to use force to 'preserve the Republic'. Senators who could not legally block reform used assassination and trumped-up criminal charges to stop it; reformers who could not legally pass their bills used the steadily growing anger of the Roman populace to terrify the Senate or appealed to powerful generals and their armies for military support. Each time someone used violence to achieve an end, someone else hit back even harder to counter it. When Marius used his army of gladiators, slaves, and plebeians to seize Rome, Sulla hit back using professional legions. The result was a short-term stability and further weakening of the underlying structure of government.
The change also became one that put the men before the Republic — no longer was it possible to survive in the new vicious world of Roman politics by being humble and loyal to the ideals of the ancestors. Powerful politicians vied to become "Primus inter pares" - "First amongst equals" through whatever means necessary, and ambitious men were only kept in check by other equally ambitious competitors. Marius and Sulla were the first, and their example gave rise to the first Triumvirate of Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, and of the second one composed by Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus.
Moreover, the Senate had proven, time and time again, to be so selfish, arrogant, incompetent and shortsighted that the Roman population no longer trusted them to lead. The Senate was often too willing to protect its friends, allies and members from lawful prosecution for even the most evident and extraordinary crimes; and because of this it lost the trust of the Roman citizens at large. When someone did come from their ranks and proved himself capable, the Romans flocked to them in a desperate hope that he might pull together the Republic and restore peace, law, and order. The Senate, using what means necessary, struck down these champions one by one, starting with the Gracchi. Each time this happened, the Roman people became more willing to accept the extreme measures of the reformers to ensure their laws, and their lives. Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon was technically treason, but no one outside the Senate cared, because it promised real change for a corrupt and unworkable Republic.
Within the Senate itself, the heavily entrenched, tradition-bound, rich conservative party was constantly at odds with any reformer that arose. The Gracchi worked outside the constitutional system by using the popular assemblies instead of the Senate; Marius had to fight tooth and nail just to get the necessary changes needed to recruit lower class soldiers; Sulla terrified the Senators with executions to enact reforms that were intended to actually preserve the powers of the Senate; and Caesar had to effectively conquer the whole Roman dominion in order to pass laws that were at least a century overdue. The harder the Senate fought to keep the status quo, the farther the reformers were willing to go, until at last it ended in Caesar's dictatorship.
The distrust the Roman citizens felt for the Senate was evident in the reaction of the troops to their commanders asking them to commit treason. The legions were willing to follow their commanders because they had no special love for the Senate, who only refused them pay and often fought over their rights to receive land upon returning home from war. There was no time when a commander asked his men to march with him on Rome and they refused, not one time where legionaries sided with the Senate. They chose to rally around names like Sulla and Pompey and Caesar, not the antiquated ideals of a Republic that rarely worked for them. The only thing that kept them in check, was each other. The Senate's inability to see this new reality cost it dearly. The Senate could not and did not want to adapt itself to the changing power structure, and as a result was pushed aside by those who could.
Part of the problem was that Rome's government was not designed to rule an empire. The Republic was meant to govern a city-state; one that was, even at its founding, growing in scope and power, but nevertheless only supposed to extend through the regions of central Italy. When territory was captured overseas, the Republic proved itself unable to effectively govern it. The provinces became fiefdoms of the governors, who proceeded to plunder them at will and engage in military adventures that did not have the approval of the Senate. These governors eventually took on Rome itself whenever they were threatened. There was no system of accountability, no ancient tradition of dealing with corrupt governors — the problem was new, and the Republic, so tradition-bound, would not change to handle it. Once the Republic became an Empire, only an Emperor could effectively rule it, not an oligarchic assembly. But it took nearly a century before that was fully realized. In the end, the failure to control the generals caused the downfall of Rome's Republic. When Caesar finally took Rome for himself, he was greeted with thunderous applause, because he, at long last, promised, and even delivered, reforms the Roman people had wanted since the Gracchi.
The legions of Rome physically dismantled the Republic, but it was the Senate that set up a world where such a thing could happen as the citizens looked on and cheered.
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thumb|[[SK_Semop_2018]]
Sekolah Kebangsaan Semop atau nama ringkasnya SK Semop, merupakan sebuah Sekolah kebangsaan yang terletak di D/A Pejabat Pelajaran Daerah Daro.
Pada 2009, Sekolah Kebangsaan Semop memiliki 68 pelajar lelaki dan 76 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 144 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 16 orang guru.2009
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Pada asalnya,Nama sekolah ini adalah Tong's School yang diasaskan dalam tahun 1800an
Tempatnya berada di pinggir laut dan merupakan sekolah pertama sewaktu pemerintahan British. Tidak diketahui siapa guru-guru di situ,Tetapi banyak pelajar yang pernah menuntut di situ.
Seiring berjalan waktu,Tong's School dirobohkan dan ditukar namanya kepada SK Semop.