cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Pentadbiran Magdalena
Basins
The territory of the Department of Magdalena is formed by four drainage basins which are very different in composition and importance.
The drainage basin of the Sierra Nevada’s western slope is located in the northern part of the department. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta creates different rivers that run mainly through the municipality of Santa Marta, and that finally end up draining into the Caribbean Sea.
The rivers that form part of this basin are:
This basin gathers its waters from the rivers coming from the southern and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The basin irrigates great extensions of the municipalities of Ciénaga, Zona Bananera, Fundación, Aracataca, and El Retén, which are the heart of the agricultural and livestock economy of the department. The rivers that form part of this basin are:
It also consists of a small number of arroyos that only flow during the rainy seasons.
This basin also encompasses the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, the largest marsh in the north of the country, which is formed by 16 smaller marshes that are connected by means of arms within the march. The balance of the march is a delicate one that depends on the fresh waters coming from the Sierra Nevada, and the periodical flooding of the Magdalena River, and the salt water coming from the mouth of the March to the sea, that is carried by the current and winds into the marshland.
The Magdalena River Basin is the largest drainage basin in the department, it is formed by the Magdalena River and its tributaries that feed on to the river and the Marsh.
The Mompóx Depression is found within this basin, this depression runs from the Zapatosa Marsh to the delta of the Magdalena River. This depression collects the most water in the department as its where the Cauca River, Cesar River, and the San Jorge River drain its waters. The Magdalena River is by far the most affluent river of these, and during the rainy season when it overflows, it causes the other rivers to flow backwards, not before overflowing the marshes and sometimes flooding some valleys.
The Ariguaní River drains into the Magdalena River through the Zapatosa Marsh and washes over the central valleys of the departments of Magdalena and Cesar that are the principal areas of agriculture and animal husbandry in the Caribbean Region.
The department of Magdalena is characterized by its many marshes and extensive marshland valleys. The whole western side of the department its dotted with marshes and lakes due to the Magdalena River that borders the department on this side. Most of this marshes are located in the northwestern side. The permanent marshes are, Chilloa, La Rinconada, Tesca, Pijiño, Juan Criollo, Jaraba, Playa Afuera, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, and Zapatosa.
The Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, is the biggest and by far the most important marsh in the department of Magdalena and one of the most important marshes in the country. It is located in the northwest of the department and is separated from the sea by a very thin margin of land, only a few meters away. It has an extension of 4,280 km², of which 730 km² are just water mirrors with a depth of 2 to 6 meters.
The Zapatosa Marsh, located in the municipality of El Plato in the southernmost part of the department, it is shared with the Cesar Department, who controls most of its waters. It has an extension of 310 km² and at its deepest it reaches about 8m. In it many rivers of different importance merge. The Zapatosa Marsh drains into the Magdalena River by an arm of about 16 km of length.
Climate
The Department of Magdalena, because of its terrain, and proximity to the sea has an unstable weather. Its Climate is mainly dictated by its global positioning, and because the department of Magdalena is located on the Intertropical Convergence Zone it possess an inter-tropical climate. Temperature in the department is affected by ocean currents, precipitation and atmospheric pressure, it mainly has a hot temperatures with high humidity, but temperatures vary as altitude raises.
The altitude of the department goes from 0m to 5,775m above sea levels, the drastic changes of altitude divide the territory into what is called thermal floors. There are no solid or determined divides between these floors as local factors can affect the temperature. The first 200m of altitude are considered the warm lands, they occupy a great extension of the departmental territory, the average temperature is of 30 °C. The main urban centers are located in the warm lands, including all of the downtown urban area of Santa Marta. The altitude increase because of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated mountain, the highest at sea level, and temperatures raise as it goes up.
Winds
The presence of the Sierra Nevada in this area of the country has consequences in the climate of the department, the SNSM stands windward blocking the path of the Trade winds that blow from the North and Northeast creating a greater cloud accumulation and precipitation. The winds that crash into the mountain ascend in an Orographic lift, this cooler air cannot hold the moisture as well as warm air and this effectively raises the relative humidity, creating clouds and frequently precipitation. The clouds that manage to pass over the mountain, move hastily downwards creating foehn winds that raise the temperature of the area west of the Sierra, which include the Santa Marta, and Ciénaga.
In the coastal area, droughts are cause by the diversion of the cold and warm katabatic winds coming down the Sierra, however the sea breezes help to cool down temperatures a bit, but by because of their direction, they end up extending the drought effects farther inland.
Rainfall
The department of Magdalena due to its location in the Intertropical Convergence Zone has only two seasons. The Rainy season takes place between April and November, with a period of less intensity between June and August. The dry season takes place during December and March.
The Mompox Depression presents its own climatic conditions due to its many permanent bodies of water, like the different ciénagas or mashes, and rivers and lakes. This wet habitat, permanently exposed to solar radiation, makes for a very humid environment, with an average annual rainfall of between 1,500 to 2,000mm, these rains are Convection rains as they are created by evaporation of its waters by high temperatures, this is typical precipitation around the equatorial belt.
Due to its complicated geography, the precipitation in the department ranges from 250mm in the driest areas, to 4,000mm in the cold floors of the Sierra Nevada.
Environment
The territory of Magdalena has an area of approximately 23,188 km², small compared to other regions, but in its territory various types of different ecoregions are found. From the beaches and sea landscape in the North, the snow covered peaks in the Sierra, the swampy marshes in the west, the cloud forests, to the grasslands inland, the urban districts, the farmlands, the dry desert like, the deep rain forest, the rocky rivers to many other small ecosystems. These ecosystem support different fauna and flora and house many delicate species.
Ecoregions
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the Magdalena Department 8 different distinct ecoregions are found in its territory.
Administrative divisions
The Department of Magdalena is subdivided into 30 municipalities and one district. The municipalities are governed by a democratically elected municipal mayor and a municipal council. The Touristic, Cultural and Historic District of Santa Marta is administered by the Municipality of Santa Marta and has special distinction within the country.-->
Perbendaharaan kata
Perbendaharaan kata atau kosa kata daripada segi individu ialah set perkataan yang diketahuinya dalam sesebuah bahasa. Biasanya, perbendaharaan kata bertumbuh dan berkembang melalui usia, serta merupakan satu alat komunikasi dan perolehan pengetahuan yang asas dan berguna.
Memperoleh perbendaharaan kata yang luas adalah salah satu cabaran terbesar dalam mempelajari bahasa kedua.
Mengetahui dan menggunakan perkataan
Perbendaharaan kata ditakrifkan sebagai "semua perkataan yang dikenali dan digunakan oleh seseorang yang tertentu". Bagaimanapun, perkataan-perkataan yang dikenali dan digunakannya tidak merangkumi kesemua perkataan yang pernah terdedahnya. Mengikut takrif, "perbendaharaan kata" hanya merangkumi kedua-dua kategori yang tersenarai di bawah:
Perbendaharaan kata tumpuan
"Perbendaharaan kata tumpuan" ialah sekumpulan istilah dan perbezaan yang khusus dan sangat penting kepada kumpulan yang menumpukan pengalaman atau kegiatan yang tertentu. Leksikon atau perbendaharaan kata ialah kamus bahasa, iaitu ia merangkumi satu set nama untuk benda, peristiwa, dan gagasan. Sesetengah ahli bahasa percaya bahawa leksikon mempengaruhi tanggapan seseorang terhadap sesuatu perkara (hipotesis Sapir-Whorf), misalnya orang Nuer di Sudan memiliki perbendaharaan kata yang besar untuk memerikan lembu. Mereka mempunyai berpuluh-puluh nama untuk lembu, berdasarkan sejarah, ekonomi, dan persekitaran lembu itu. Jenis perbandingan ini telah menimbulkan sesetengah kontroversi linguistik, seperti dengan kes bilangan "perkataan Eskimo untuk salji". Para penutur bahasa Inggeris kekadang juga meluaskan perbendaharaan kata salji dan lembu, apabila diperlukan.
Perkembangan perbendaharaan kata
Pada awalnya, dalam fasa masa bayi, perkembangan perbendaharaan kata berlaku tanpa memerlukan sebarang usaha. Bayi mendengar perkataan dan menirunya, lalu beransur-ansur mengaitkan perkataan yang dibelajar dengan benda atau perbuatan yang sepadan. Ini merupakan perbendaharaan kata dengar yang disusuli pula dengan perbendaharaan bacaan apabila seseorang kanak-kanak semakin bergantung kepada keupayaannya untuk menyatakan pendapat tanpa membatas diri kepada gerak isyarat dan bunyi sahaja. Sebaik sahaja perbendaharaan kata bacaan dan perbendaharaan kata bertulis diperoleh — menerusi soalan dan pendidikan — kejanggalan dan ketaknalaran bahasa dapat ditemui.
Sewaktu menyertai darjah satu, seseorang murid yang kenal huruf akan memahami sekitar dua kali lebih banyak perkataan daripada yang tidak kenal huruf. Umumnya, jurang perbezaan ini tidak disempitkan. Ini mengakibatkan perbezaan saiz perbendaharaan kata yang amat besar menjelang umur lima atau enam tahun, dengan kanak-kanak berbahasa Inggeris mengetahui sekitar 2,500–5,000 patah perkataan. Setiap murid yang sederhana akan mempelajari sekitar 3,000 perkataan setahun, atau lebih kurang lapan perkataan setiap hari.
Selepas tamat sekolah, pengembangan perbendaharaan kata mencapai tahap mendatar. Namun demikian, setiap orang masih dapat memperluas perbendaharaan kata mereka dengan membaca, bermain permainan kata, menyertai program perbendaharaan kata, dan sebagainya.
Perbendaharaan kata pasif lwn. aktif
Walau jika kita mempelajari sesuatu perkataan, banyak latihan dan perhubungan konteks masih diperlukan untuk menguasainya. Sekumpulan perkataan yang kita fahami apabila kita mendengarnya merangkumi perbendaharaan kata "pasif" kita, manakala perbendaharaan kata "aktif" kita terdiri daripada perkataan-perkataan yang muncul dalam fikiran kita dengan segera apabila kita menggunakannya dalam ayat semasa bertutur. Dalam kes ini, kita seringnya perlu mewujudkan sesuatu perkataan dalam jangka masa beberapa milisaat. Justera, kita perlu menguasai perkataan itu dengan baik, seringnya dengan menggabungkan perkataan itu dengan perkataan yang lain di dalam frasa yang biasanya digunakan oleh perkataan tersebut.
Perbendaharaan kata bahasa ibunda
Perbendaharaan kata penutur asli amat berbeza dalam setiap bahasa dan bergantung terutamanya kepada tahap pendidikan penutur. Satu kajian 1995 menganggarkan saiz perbendaharaan kata pelajar kolej pada sekitar 17,000 famili kata, dan pelajar sekolah tinggi pada sekitar 12,000 famili kata.
Kesan saiz kosa kata pada pemahaman bahasa
Francis dan Kucera mengkaji teks sejumlah sejuta perkataan dan mendapati bahawa jika seseorang mengetahui perkataan yang paling kerap ditemui, dia akan memahami kebanyakan perkataan dalam sesebuah teks dengan segeranya:
Dengan memahami 2,000 perkataan yang paling umum digunakan, seseorang akan dapat memahami 80% daripada perkataan di dalam sesebuah teks. Peratusan itu akan meningkat sehingga 96% jika kita merangkumi perkataan yang pernah kita temui dalam kontek pertuturan tak formal. Gambaran tersebut harus menggalakkan para pelajar bahasa yang baharu, khususnya kerana angka di dalam jadual di atas adalah untuk lema perkataan dan mengetahui banyak keluarga kata akan memberikan liputan yang lebih tinggi. Tetapi sebelum anda mula berfikir bahawa anda dapat belajar sesuatu bahasa dengan cepat, fikirlah adakah anda dapat memahami sebuah buku dalam bahasa anda sendiri jika setiap perkataan kelimanya dihitamkan. Kita biasanya tidak dapat meneka makna daripada konteksnya apabila perkataaan sebanyak itu hilang. Justera, kita perlu memahami sekitar 95% daripada semua perkataan di dalam sesuatu teks supaya dapat memahami hampir seluruh teks itu. Namun demikian, kita kelihatan perlu memahami melebihi 10,000 untuk mencapai matlamat tersebut.
Perolehan Kosa Kata Bahasa Kedua
Belajar perbendaharaan kata ialah salah satu langkah pertama untuk mempelajari sesuatu bahasa kedua. Walaupun demikian, peringkat terakhir pemerolehan perbendaharaan kata, baik dalam bahasa ibunda sendiri mahupun dalam bahasa kedua, jarang dicapai kerana pemerolehan perbendaharaan kata merupakan satu proses yang berterusan. Bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak kaedah yang dapat membantu seseorang memperoleh perbendaharaan kata yang baharu.
Penghafalan
Meskipun penghafalan boleh dilihat sebagai sesuatu perbuatan yang menjemukan, mengaitkan satu perkataan dalam bahasa ibunda dengan perkataan padanannya dalam bahasa kedua sehingga perkataan itu dapat dihafaz masih merupakan salah satu kaedah pemerolehan perbendaharaan kata yang terbaik. Menjelang waktu seseorang pelajar mencapai kedewasaan, dia umumnya telah mengumpulkan sebilangan kaedah penghafalan peribadi. Walaupun banyak orang berpendapat bahawa penghafalan biasanya tidak memerlukan pemprosesan kognitif yang rumit yang dapat meningkatkan simpanan ingatan, hal ini biasanya memerlukan sejumlah besar pengulangan. Sebaliknya, kaedah yang lain biasanya memerlukan lebih banyak masa dan lebih lama untuk mengingat.
Wonomulyo, Tanjung Palas Timur, Bulungan
Wonomulyo merupakan sebuah desa di kecamatan Tanjung Palas Timur, Bulungan, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia. Desa ini memiliki 9 RT.
Perbendaharaan kata
Penghafalan
Sesetengah perkataan tidak dapat dikaitkan dengan mudah melalui perkaitan kata atau kaedah yang lain. Apabila sepatah perkataan dalam bahasa kedua adalah mirip dengan perkataan dalam bahasa ibunda daripada segi fonologi atau tampak, pelajarnya sering menganggap kedua-dua perkataan itu sebagai mempunyai makna yang sama. Walaupun ini biasanya tidak salah, ia tidak sentiasa benar. Apabila menghadapi kognat palsu, penghafalan dan pengulangan ialah kunci penguasaan. Jika seorang pelajar bahasa kedua hanya bergantung kepada perkaitan kata untuk mempelajari perbendaharaan kata yang baharu, orang itu akan mengalami banyak masalah untuk menguasai kognat palsu. Penghafalan ialah kaedah yang terbaik untuk:
Kaedah Kata Kunci
Salah satu kaedah yang berguna untuk membina perbendaharaan kata dalam bahasa kedua ialah kaedah kata kunci. Apabila ada masa yang lebih atau jika seseorang hendak menegaskan sebilangan kata kunci, dia boleh mencipta alat mnemonik atau perkaitan kata. Walaupun strategi ini cenderung memerlukan lebih banyak masa serta lebih banyak masa untuk mengingat kembali, ia dapat mencipta hubungan yang baharu atau hubungan yang luar biasa yang dapat meningkatkan simpanan. Kaedah ini adalah sepadan dengan teori pengekodan duaan Paivio (1986) kerana ia menggunakan kedua-dua sistem ingatan lisan dan sistem ingatan imej. Bagaimanapun, kaedah ini harus digunakan hanya untuk perkataan yang melambangkan benda yang fizikal atau benda yang dapat digambarkan. Konsep dan perkataan yang abstrak yang tidak dapat menghasilkan imej yang jelas dalam fikiran sangat susah untuk dikaitkan. Tambahan lagi, kajian menunjukkan bahawa pembelajaran perbendaharaan kata perkaitan adalah lebih berkesan bagi pelajar yang lebih muda. Apabila pelajar maju dan semakin berusia, mereka cenderung tidak begitu bergantung kepada perkaitan kata untuk mengingat perbendaharaan kata.
Kosa kata Bahasa Inggeris Asas
Sebilangan senarai kata telah dibangunkan untuk membekalkan perbendaharaan kata yang terbatas, baik untuk mencapai kemahiran bahasa dengan pantas mahupun untuk memberikan cara komunikasi yang berkesan. Pada 1930, Charles Kay Ogden mencipta Bahasa Inggeris Asas (Basic English) yang terdiri daripada 850 perkataan. Senarai kata yang lain termasuk:
Perbezaan kosa kata antara kelas sosial di Amerika Syarikat
James Flynn melaporkan perbezaan pendedahan perbendaharaan kata yang ketara antara kanak-kanak prasekolah bagi kelas-kelas sosial yang berbeza di Amerika Syarikat. Dapatannya adalah seperti yang berikut:
Piala Emas CONCACAF 1993
Piala Emas CONCACAF 1993 merupakan edisi kedua kejohanan Piala Emas CONCACAF, yang telah dianjurkan oleh persekutuan bola sepak CONCACAF yang telah diadakan bermula pada 10 Julai 1993 hingga 23 Julai 1993 bertempat di Amerika Syarikat dan Mexico.
Bahabón de Esgueva
Bahabón de Esgueva merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran di Sepanyol di Burgos, di komuniti autonomi Castile dan León.
Piala Emas CONCACAF 1993
Lapan pasukan dipecahkan kepada dua kumpulan yang terdiri daripada empat pasukan. Dua pasukan teratas layak ke perlawanan separuh akhir.
Penentuan tempat ke-3
Pasukan Costa Rica dan Jamaika berkongsi tempat ketiga.
Penjaring gol
11 gol 5 gol 4 gol 3 gol
2 gol
1 gol
Rambin
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Jerman.
Membrey
Membrey ialah komun di jabatan Haute-Saône di Perancis.
Bogdan Lobonț
Bogdan Ionuț Lobonț (lahir 18 Januari 1978 di Hunedoara) ialah pemain bola sepak Romania yang bermain sebagai penjaga gol untuk A.S. Roma dan pasukan kebangsaan Romania.
Rudolec
Rudolec merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di daerah Žďár nad Sázavou, wilayah Vysočina, Republik Czech.
Tanjung Palas Utara, Bulungan
Tanjung Palas Utara merupakan sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Bulungan, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia.
Batas wilayah
Batas-batas wilayah kecamatan Tanjung Palas Utara adalah sebagai berikut :
Kompleks Sukan Tawau
Kompleks Sukan Tawau merupakan pusat sukan di daerah Tawau, Sabah. Pusat ini mempunyai kemudahan seperti padang bola sepak, hoki, bola keranjang dan olahraga. Kompleks sukan ini telah digunakan untuk pelbagai jenis acara seperti kejohanan Majlis Sukan Sekolah Gabungan Tawau. Kompleks ini juga pernah digunakan Sabah FA untuk kejohanan Liga Malaysia. Padang bola sepak Kompleks Sukan Tawau berkapasiti 15,000. Perlawanan bola sepak rasmi yang pertama berlangsung disini ialah perlawanan Piala Malaysia 2007 antara Sabah FA dan Negeri Sembilan FA.
Khaibar
Khaibar (خيبر) ialah nama oasis yang terltak lebih kurang 153 km ke utara Yathrib di semenanjung Arabia. sebelum kebangkitan Islam, ia sebuah kubu yang dihuni Yahudi yang terlibat dengan perdagangan senjata. Khaibar diserang dan jatuh ke tangan orang Islam pada tahun 629 M.
Sejarah
Pada tahun 567, Khaibar diserang oleh raja Kristian Arab, al-Harith ibn Jabalah yang menyingkir peduduk Yahudi. Raja al-Harith kemudiannya membebaskan tawanannya apabila beliau pulang ke Levant. Kempen ini dirakamkan Ibn Qutaibah. , dan Inskripsi Harran.
Myštěves
Myštěves merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di daerah Hradec Králové, wilayah Hradec Králové
Khaibar
Sejarah
Dalam abad Ketujuh Masihi, Khaibar diduduki kaum Yahudi yang bercucuk tanam dan menyara hidup dengan menanam pokok tamar dan dengan menjalankan perdagangan dan kerja tangan.
Oasis Khaibar terbahagi kepada tiga kawasan: al-Natat, al-Shikk, dan al-Katiba, yang berkemungkinan besar dibagaikan oleh pembahagian alami seperti tanah gurun, alira lava dan kawasan paya. Setiap kawasan ini mengandungi beberapa kubu yang diduduki sebuah keluarga setiap satu.
Samtens
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Jerman.
Pentadbiran La Guajira
right|220px|Letak Departemen Guajira di Kolombia Pentadbiran Guajira merupakan sebuah pentadbiran di Colombia yang memiliki keluasan wilayah 20,848 km² dan penduduk 524,619 orang pada tahun (2003). Ibu kotanya ialah Riohacha.
<!--Various indigenous tribes populated the vast arid plains, such as the Wayuu, Guajiros, Macuiros, Anates, Wayunaiki, Cuanaos and Eneales among others prior to the Spanish arrival to the Americas. In 1498 Alonso de Ojeda navigated around the peninsula of La Guajira, but the one who disembarked in what today is La Guajira was Juan de la Cosa. During the colonial era the territory was disputed by the governors of Santa Marta and Venezuela due to deposits of pearls. English pirates, French, Germans also disputed the territory. Martin Fernandez de Enciso found the city of Nuestra Señora Santa Maria de los Remedios del Cabo de la Vela, first village in the territory but due to constant attacks, in 1535 Don Nicolas de Federman had to refounded as the village of Riohacha and in 1544 was moved present-day Riohacha. In 1871 the region is separated from the Department of Magdalena and is created La Guajira as part of the national territories. In 1898 was created the Intendance of La Guajira.
In 1911 the Colombian government created the Commissary of la Guajira, followed by a wave of Middle Eastern immigrants (Christians and Maronites) from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and Jordan, countries under the Ottoman Empire arrived to La Guajira in the c. 1930s and establishing mostly in Maicao. In 1954 was once again created the Intendance of la Guajira and Riohacha was declared a municipality. Finally in 1964 the Department of La Guajira was created.
The economy of the department is mostly based on royalties from the coal mining at Cerrejón, which produced 24.9 million tons of export coal in 2004, Natural gas exploitation and salt mine. A popular tourist destination is Cabo de la Vela, a small fishing village located on the tip of the peninsula in the Guajira desert.
Etymology
The name of Guajira comes from the Carib languages. According to Picon (1996: p. 313) the word "Guajiros" was first used in the year 1600 to designate some 200 indigenous families that inhabited in the region of Riohacha, which were known for having large herds of goats. The term expanded to define all the indigenous in the peninsula who seemed to be goat herders. According to Oliver (1990: p. 84) the term "Guajiro" did not appeared on Spanish records until the year 1626 in a document by a Friar named Pedro Simón.
Lapangan Terbang Mungalalu-Truscott
Lapangan Terbang Mungalalu-Truscott adalah sebuah lapangan terbang yang terletak di bandar Mungalalu-Truscott, Australia.
Pentadbiran La Guajira
Geography
The northern part of the department is arid plains, the Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub, in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta which rise to 5,775 meters in the south. The Sinú Valley dry forests lie in between. In the far south are the headwaters of the Cesar River which turns south towards the Magdalena River.
The Ranchería River also born in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta crosses the Guajira Peninsula from south to north and flows through the Valley of Upar and into the Caribbean sea. The Serrania del Perija and the Montes de Oca lay on the southeastern part of the department and bordering Venezuela.
Lapangan Terbang Mungalalu-Truscott
Lapangan Terbang Mungalalu-Truscott terletak pada kedudukan Latitud S14* 05.3833', Longitud E126* 22.8500' pada ketinggian 53.34 meter dari aras laut..
Pentadbiran La Guajira
Geography
The department was subdivided into three subregions based on geographical characteristics; Upper Guajira, Middle Guajira and Southern Guajira. The Upper Guajira covers the northern most area of the peninsula, mostly semi-desertic and scarce vegetation, only presenting an isolated low altitude mountain range, the Serrania de Macuira (865 m over sea level). The Middle Guajira region is mostly flat and wavy in some areas, presenting also an arid environment and the Southern Guajira covers the region of the Montes de Oca and the Serrania del Perija mountain ranges on the border with Venezuela and the valley formed with the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range. Southern Guajira has more wetlands and more rivers.
Ecoregions
The Department of La Guajira is within the Colombian Caribbean region, one of the five natural regions in Colombia.
Serranía de Macuira
The Serrania de Macuira mountain range is located to the northwest of the Guajira Peninsula occupying an are of 35,000 ha, 25,000 of which pertain to the Macuira National Park. The mountain range is an isolated ecosystem in the middle of the La Guajira Desert, near the Caribbean sea between the villages of Nazareth, Ichipa and Tawara. The mountain range works as a barrier to the trade winds which hit from the northeast charged with humidity.
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is located by the Caribbean sea and is also shared with the Department of Magdalena and the Department of Cesar. Most of the hydrographic reserves in the Department of La Guajira are born in this mountain range, including the Ranchería River which crosses from south to north most of the department. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve.
Cerro Pintao
The Cerro Pintao ("Painted Hill") which also covers the municipalities of San Juan del Cesar, El Molino, Villanueva and Urumita and in the Department of Cesar the municipalities of Manaure, La Paz, San Diego and Codazzi covering an area of 25,000 ha and with an altitude ranging from 1600 to 3,688 m (Paramo) giving birth to some 13 rivers in Colombia.
Flamingos Fauna and Flora Sanctuary
The Santuario de Flora y Fauna los Flamencos (Flamingos Fauna and Flora Sanctuary) is located on the coastline of the municipality of Riohacha, between the village of Camarones and the Tapias River, covering 7,000 ha. The area has four lagoons (Manzanillo, Navío Quebrado, Tocoromanes and Laguna Grande) and numerous streams which serve as habitat to the Flamingos and numerous other endemic species.
Flamingos Protection Area
Located in the village of Musichi, the Flamingos Protection Area is within the municipality of Manaure and presents numerous lagoons which are also used by locals for the artisan exploitation of salt. -->
Cuaca
<!--==History==
Pre-Colombian
The area of present-day La Guajira was inhabited predominantly during the Pre Colombian era by indigenous tribes pertaining mostly to the Wayuu (Guajiros, Macuiros, Anates, Caquetios, Wayunaiki, Cuanaos, Onotos and Eneales) and Cocinas in the northern lower and drier areas; in the south, Koguis, Arhuacos, Guanebucanes and Chimilas ethnic groups, among others. Archaeological findings have shown the presence of fishing communities with pottery on the central eastern side of the Guajira Peninsula dating to 10 BC, which also determined that these practiced pottery for the exploitation of marine resources.
These groups coexisted on the Guajira Peninsula. The upper indigenous peoples were nomads, traveling across the peninsula hunting, fishing, and collecting fruits. The indigenous groups in the south were semi-sedentary, practicing agricultural techniques and exploiting coastal resources.
Spanish conquest and colonization
The Guajira Peninsula was first seen by Spanish explorers led by Alonso de Ojeda upon reaching the coasts of the Guajira Peninsula in 1498, but without disembarking. The first Spanish expedition to disembark went in 1502 led by Juan de la Cosa at Cabo de la Vela. La Guajira was one of the territories in Colombia that endured a periods of isolation during the Spanish colonization of the Americas due to the resistance of the indigenous peoples, predominantly the Wayuu. It was until the 18th century that the Spanish monarchy ordered capitulations to conquest and pacify the indigenous in the region. This did not improve after the independence and the conflict between colonizers and indigenous prevailed throughout the 19th century.
In 1524 Bastidas had created the Government of Santa Marta which covered an area from Cabo de la Vela to the mouth of the Magdalena River.
Schaprode
merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran terletak di daerah Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Jerman.
Menoux
Menoux ialah komun di jabatan Haute-Saône di Perancis.
Pentadbiran La Guajira
Spanish conquest and colonization
Between 1609 and 1640, the Spanish colonizers imported some 800 or more African slaves. Most of these later escaped and formed Palenques. In 1679 the Government of Santa Marta offered these palenques their freedom in exchange of protecting the territory from English pirates and the Government of Venezuela who pretended the Guajira Peninsula due to large reserves of pearls in the area.
Perasa
thumb|Bahan-bahan untuk [[Recado rojo|pes achiote: annatto kisar, oregano, jintan kisar dan cengkih kisar]] Perasa (Tulisan Jawi: ڤراس ) ialah proses menambahkan garam, herba, atau rempah-rempah ke dalam makanan untuk meningkatkan rasa.
Pentadbiran La Guajira
The Guajira rebellion
The Wayuu had never been subjugated by the Spanish. The two groups were in a more or less permanent state of war. There had been rebellions in 1701 (when they destroyed a Capuchin mission), 1727 (when more than 2,000 Indians attacked the Spanish), 1741, 1757, 1761 and 1768. In 1718 Governor Soto de Herrera called them "barbarians, horse thieves, worthy of death, without God, without law and without a king." Of all the Indians in the territory of Colombia, they were unique in having learned the use of firearms and horses.
Perasa
Makna umum
Perasa termasuk herba dan rempah-rempah, yang mereka sendiri sering disebut sebagai "perasa". Bagaimanapun, Larousse Gastronomique menyatakan bahawa "untuk memperasa dan untuk memperisa bukan hal yang sama", menegaskan yang perasa termasuk menambah sedikit atau banyak garam ditambah untuk persediaan. Garam boleh digunakan untuk menarik keluar air, atau untuk menaikkan rasa asli makanan lalu menjadikannya diperkaya atau lebih halus, bergantung pada hidangan. Prosedur jenis ini adalah serupa dengan pengawetan. Misalnya, garam laut (garam kasar halus) disapu ke ayam, kambing, dan lembu untuk mengempukkan daging dan meningkatkan rasa. Lain perasa seperti lada hitam dan basil memindahkan beberapa rasa mereka ke makanan. Hidangan direka dengan baik boleh bergabung perasa yang saling melengkapi.
Pentadbiran La Guajira
The Guajira rebellion
In 1769 the Spanish took 22 Wayuus captive, in order to put them to work building the fortifications of Cartagena. The reaction of the Indians was unexpected. On May 2, 1769 at El Rincón, near Río de la Hacha, they set their village afire, burning the church and two Spaniards who had taken refuge in it. They also captured the priest. The Spanish immediately dispatched an expedition from El Rincón to capture the Indians. At the head of this force was José Antonio de Sierra, a mestizo who had also headed the party that had taken the 22 Guajiro captives. The Guajiros recognized him and forced his party to take refuge in the house of the curate, which they then set afire. Sierra and eight of his men were killed.
This success was soon known in other Guajiro areas, and more men joined the revolt. According to Messía, at the peak there were 20,000 Indians under arms. Many had firearms acquired from English and Dutch smugglers, sometimes even from the Spanish. These enabled the rebels to take nearly all the settlements of the region, which they burned. According to the authorities, more than 100 Spaniards were killed and many others taken prisoner. Many cattle were also taken by the rebels. The Spaniards who could took refuse in Río de la Hacha and sent urgent messages to Maracaibo, Valle de Upar, Santa Marta and Cartagena. Cartagena send 100 troops. The rebels themselves were not unified. Sierra's relatives among the Indians took up arms against the rebels to avenge his death. A battle between the two groups of Indians was fought at La Soledad. That and the arrival of the Spanish reinforcements caused the rebellion to fade away, but not before the Guajiro had regained much territory.
Republican era
In 1846 the new government of the Republic of New Granada created then the "Guajiro territory" segregated from the State of Magdalena. The indigenous practiced contraband at a large scale and the problems with authority continued and the territory was once again put under the Government of Santa Marta.
Perasa
Makna umum
Dalam beberapa budaya, daging mungkin diperasakan dengan menuangkan sos di atas hidangan di meja. Pelbagai teknik perasa wujud dalam pelbagai budaya.
Pentadbiran La Guajira
Republican era
In 1871 once again the territory of La Guajira was segregated and became a national territory to become an intendencia in 1898 and commissary in 1911. In 1954 is demoted back to intendencia until 1964 when the Department of La Guajira was created.
Perasa
Infusi minyak
Minyak terinfusi juga digunakan untuk perasa. Ada dua kaedah untuk melakukan infusi—panas dan sejuk. Minyak zaitun membuat asas infusi yang baik untuk beberapa herba, tapi cenderung untuk tengik dengan lebih cepat daripada minyak yang lain. Minyak terinfusi harus disimpan sejuk.
Escoffier
Dalamj Le Panduan kuliner, Auguste Escoffier membahagikan perasa dan bahan perasa ke dalam kumpulan berikut:
Pentadbiran La Guajira
The Evangelization of the Indigenous Peoples
The Capuchin Friars began building orphanages for Wayuu children in 1903, beginning with La Sierrita orphanage built in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains. The San Antonio orphanage, located by the Calancala River, was built in 1910 and the Nazareth orphanage in the Serrania de Macuira mountains in 1913. The orphanages created a direct influence over the Rancherías of Guarrachal, El Pájaro, Carazúa, Guaraguao, Murumana, Garra Patamana and Karraipía. The Nazareth Orphanage had some control over the rancherías of Taroa, Maguaipa, Guaseipá, and Alpanapause. The friars frequently visited the settlements, inviting the people to attend mass. Wayuu children in the orphanages were educated with traditional European customs. Conflicts between the Wayuu people and the Colombian government have decreased since then. In 1942 Uribia celebrated Christmas and New Year's Eve for the first time.
Lapangan Terbang Murray Field
Lapangan Terbang Murray Field adalah sebuah lapangan terbang yang terletak di bandar Murray Field, Australia.
Lapangan Terbang Murray Field terletak pada kedudukan Latitud S32* 30.3000', Longitud E115* 50.1000' pada ketinggian 17.07 meter dari aras laut..
Pentadbiran La Guajira
Thousand days civil war
During the Thousand Days War (1899–1902) the region was affected by the struggle between liberals and conservatives. The indigenous in La Guajira sided with members of either side depending on parental affiliation or economic advantage rather than on political views. A cacique named Jose Dolores came to an agreement with Liberal radical Rafael Uribe Uribe, but later sided with the conservatives after having a parental affiliation to General Iguarán, one of the conservative commanders.
Colombian armed conflict
The Department of La Guajira was influenced by the Colombian armed conflict since the 1970s initially by the two main guerrilla groups; the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) mostly in the southern Guajira between the mountain of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serrania del Perija bordering Venezuela. The influence in the northern Guajira was disputed with the indigenous Wayuu who since the 1970s controlled contraband in the area; mainly narcotics. In the southern Guajira the FARC operates its Caribbean Bloc's 59th Front and influences from the 19th and 41st fronts. The ELN structure in the area is called the Gustavo Palmesano Front.
During the 1990s paramilitary groups set in La Guajira, mainly the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) and the Wayuu Resistance Front led by the Northern Bloc of the AUC and its commander alias "Jorge 40". The paramilitaries led a cleansing campaign in the early 2000s against rival communist guerrillas and rival drug trafficking groups, preventing the guerrillas from acquiring provisions, ammunitions, weapons and the cut on the illegal drug trade.
In 2004 rivalries aroused between paramilitary factions between "Jorge 40" and another paramilitary commander known as "Chema Balas" for the control of the port of Bahía Portete. In April 2004 paramilitaries executed a number of people in that village, the incident became known as the Bahía Portete massacre in which some 30 members of the Wayuu were executed, 60 disappeared and some 250 forcedly displaced into Venezuela. Paramilitaries pertaining to the AUC demobilized in 2006, but new drug trafficking organizations arose, such as the Aguilas Negras. Between 2000 and 2005 the FARC and the AUC perpetrated two massacres each while the ELN perpetrated one.
Politics
The Department of La Guajira is governed by the three regional representatives branches of power in Colombia. The Executive branch representative is the Governor of the Department of La Guajira elected every four years by popular vote in regional elections along with the Legislative branch by the Department Assembly of La Guajira; and the judicial branch by the regional courts under the Superior Tribunal of Riohacha whose members are appointed by the Supreme Court of Colombia. Control institutions also have their regional representatives. These institutions also have control over the 15 municipalities which are governed locally by a mayor, a town council and by the regional courts and control institutions.-->
Kawasan perbandaran
<!--==Defense===
The Colombian National Police has a regional command post in the Department of La Guajira, usually under the command of a colonel and based in the capital of the department, Riohacha. The Colombian National Army has two major units in the department, part of the 1st Division; the 2nd Mechanized Cavalry Battalion (based in Distracción) and the 6th Mechanized Battalion (Based in Riohacha). The Colombian Air Force division Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 3 (CACOM-3), in Barranquilla, Atlantico, covers the Department of La Guajira using as airstrip the Almirante Padilla Airport.
Demographics
According to the DANE (Colombian statistics bureau) 2005 Census, the Department of La Guajira; 44.9% of the population was indigenous pertaining to the Arhuaco, Koguis, Wiwa and Wayuu primarily; 7.5% of Afro-Colombian descent, while the remaining 47,6% of the population did not consider itself part of a particular ethnic group, except for the Middle Eastern descendants who have migrated throughout the 20th century.
The Department of La Guajira contains the largest population of indigenous peoples in Colombia with 20.2% of the total and followed by the departments of Cauca and Narino with 18% and 11,2% of the total indigenous population of Colombia. The municipalities with the largest indigenous populations are those in which the Wayuu people are present Uribia (95.9%), Manaure (88.2%), and Maicao (40.1%).
The population of 623,250 constituted 1.5% of the total population of Colombia (42,090,502) and 7% of the Caribbean Region of Colombia (8,910,195). The Department of La Guajira had a population density of 29.9 inhabitants per square kilometer. From those 623,250 total inhabitants 50.6% were females and 49.4% were males.
Economy
The Economy of the Department of La Guajira is mainly based on the exploitation of mineral resources, such as coal in the Cerrejon mines, natural gas, salt mines in Manaure constituting 53.48% of the total revenues in 2005.
The service industry follows including electricity, gas, potable water, transport and communications, accounting for 11.06% of the total revenue. Education, health, community service and domestic services account for 9.60% of the total.
Agriculture, silviculture and fishing accounts for 7.99% of the total followed by commerce, hotel industry and restaurant industry which together account for 6.65% of the total revenues in the Department of La Guajira. In a lower scale public administration accounts for 5.47%, Construction for 3.01%, Real State with 2.21% and Industrial sector 0.52%.
Agriculture
The Department of La Guajira in 2005 produced mainly tobacco, coffee, yuca, plantain, coconuts, ñame, arracacha, oil palm, sugar cane, and perico. 1,211 plantations were transitory while 59,830 plantations were of permanent production.
Culture
Cultural aspects in the Department of La Guajira have been mostly influenced by the traditions of the Wayuu culture, European culture, mainly through Roman Catholic traditions, Afro-Colombian and since the mid-20th Century from the Middle Eastern culture, including Islamic traditions. There is also a great influence from Venezuela, as the Wayuu traditional territory is shared by the two nations.
Language
There are three main languages in La Guajira, the most spoken in terms of population is the Spanish language followed by the Wayuu language. The growing population of Middle Eastern immigrants has contributed with the Arabic language in the region. Koguis and Wiwas are more associated with the Chibchan languages speaking also in their own variation.
Spanish in La Guajira has developed also its own dialect by taking words from mostly the Wayuu language. The Wayuus and other indigenous grooups are also being introduced to bilingual education from their native language to Spanish. Numerous software companies such as Microsoft and Ubuntu have developed products in Wayuu language.
Literature
Literature in La Guajira has been both written in Spanish and Wayuunaiki, most of it describing the myths, the sacred, the tragic, the epics, the legends, heroism, the magic, the comedy and romanticism autochthonous to the region and directly influenced by the Costumbrismo, including physiology and sexuality.
Wayuu tribes feature prominently in Papillon by Henri Charriere, about an escaped convict who takes refuge with one such tribe. La Guajira has been subject to numerous writings describing the culture.
Perasa
Perasa
thumb|Garam
Bahan perasa atau rerempah
thumb|Rerempah
Pentadbiran La Guajira
Music
Music is the Department of La Guajira has been directly associated to the indigenous peoples, as well as the influence from the Afro-Colombians and the European cultural influences. Such is the case of the vallenato music, which was allegedly originated in the region formed between Riohacha and Valledupar, some considering it larger and reaching from Riohacha to the central region of the Department of Cesar. Accordions and guitar first used for vallenato music were allegedly acquired in La Guajira as contraband arriving from the nearby island of Aruba, in the Caribbean sea.
The Wayuu has contributed with their own traditional music and instrument. Their culture directly associates economy and social life with music; such as in the case of raising cattle, in which the indigenous sang to their animals. They also used music for meetings and celebrations, as well as mourning in funerals. The Yonna is the traditional dance of the Wayuu and is used to honor guests.
The Wayuus created many rustic musical instruments called Kashi, Sawawa (type of flute), ma'asi, totoy and the taliraai (tubular flute), wootoroyoi (type of clarinet), among others. The Majayura or ritual of the "young wayuu virgin" in which the female dances towards the male for marriage, while other males perform rhythms with their traditional instruments until the male tumbles onto the ground.
Gastronomy
Gastronomy in the Department of La Guajira is directly associated to the traditional gastronomy of the indigenous Wayuu, based on local fauna and flora, as well as some influence from the Spanish cuisine. The most representative of the Guajira cuisine is the Friche; a fried or stewed goat seasoned with salt and its own blood and guts. Arroz con camarones (Rice with shrimp); rice is cooked with a previously boiled shrimp and put to dry on the sun. The Iguana stew with coconuts. The Iguaraya; fruit from the cactus, Wayuus use this for drinking juice or wine. Turtles; cooked in a variety of ways usually with rice, in soup or stewed, cooked in a similar way; deers and Capybaras. -->
Kampung Batu 3, Jalan Lunas
Kampung Batu 3, Jalan Lunas merupakan sebuah kampung yang terletak di Kulim, dalam negeri Kedah Darul Aman, iaitu negeri di utara di Malaysia, dan yang bersempadan dengan negara Thailand di timur lautnya, dan bersempadan dengan negeri Perak di tenggara, Pulau Pinang di barat daya dan Perlis di bahagian utara.
Negeri Kedah merupakan sebuah negeri yang terkenal sebagai sebuah negeri pertanian yang maju di Malaysia, terutamanya sebagai pengeluar padi terbesar, menghasilkan 70% pengeluaran hasil padi.2017. Salah satu makanan tradisi istimewanya adalah laksa Kedah.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Kampung Batu 3, Jalan Lunas, Kulim, Kedah adalah 09000.
Gunung Kuli
Gunung Kuli merupakan sebuah gunung yang terdapat di negeri Sabah Negeri di bawah Bayu, Malaysia. Gunung Kuli mempunyai ketinggian setinggi 1,387 meter.
Gunung Kuli mempunyai kawasan hutan Dipterokarp Bukit, hutan Dipterokarp Atas dan kawasan hutan Montane.
Di gunung Kuli terletak air terjun yang mengalir turun lapan lapisan kepingan granite, yang menghasilkan kabus yang mercik ke pucuk hutan. Apabila matahari bersinar, pelingi akan kelihatan pada kabus yang terhasil di air terjun Kuli.
Ağrı
Ağrı, dulunya Karaköse atau Karakilise, ialah ibu kota Ağrı Wilayah di hujung timur Turki, berdekatan sempadan Iran. Populasi Ağrı terdiri daripada Kurdish dan orang Turki.
Celoret
Celoret atau juga dikenali sebagai Arit atau Celurit merupakan sejenis senjata tajam yang terbuat dari besi biasa. Fungsinya seperti parang tetapi melengkung seperti sabit.
Celoret juga merupakan senjata khas orang Madura dan digunakan sebagai salah satu senjata pertempuran.