cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ultra
Pemecahan tulisan rahsia
Armed with this Polish assistance, the British began work on German Enigma traffic. Work on Enigma after the outbreak of World War II in France, at PC Bruno outside Paris, was done by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland. Early in 1939 Britain's secret service had installed its Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, 50 miles (80 km) north of London, to work on enemy message traffic. They also set up a large interception network to collect enciphered messages for the cryptologists at Bletchley and at five near-by off-site outstations at Adstock, Gayhurst, Wavendon, Stanmore, and Eastcote. Eventually there was a very large organization controlling the distribution of the resulting – secret – decrypted information, which came to be called "Ultra." Strict rules were established to restrict the number of people who knew of Ultra (and its origins) in the hope of ensuring that nothing (e.g., leaks, actions) would alert the Axis powers that the Allies were reading any of their messages. Prior to use of the term Ultra, the product from Bletchley Park was for a time codenamed "Boniface" to give the impression to the uninitiated that the source was a secret agent. Such was the secrecy surrounding reports from "Boniface" that "his" reports were taken directly to Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a locked box to which he personally held the key.
The Bletchley Park workers included a mix of crossword enthusiasts, chess mavens, mathematicians and pioneer computer scientists. Amongst the latter was Alan Turing, one of the founders of modern computing. By 1943, a large proportion of intercepts (over 2,000 daily at the height of operations) were routinely read, including some from Hitler himself. Such information enabled the Allies to maintain an often remarkably accurate picture of enemy plans and orders of battle, and, when appropriately used, was of great value in formulating Allied strategy and tactics.
Perang Jambatan
Lokasi pertempuran ini terletak berdekatan dengan Sungai Furat, Kufah. Ketika hari pertempuran, tentera Islam pimpinan Abu Ubaid mara dan menguasai medan peperangan. Setelah keadaan tentera Parsi agak terdesak, Bahman kemudiannya menyerang balas terhadap tentera Islam dengan tentera bergajah mereka. Bahman Jadu berpendapat penggunaan tentera bergajah dapat menyerap dan menahan serangan pantas pasukan berkuda tentera Islam. Akibat daripada serangan tentera bergajah Parsi, tentera berkuda Islam yang tidak mempunyai pengalaman berhadapan dengan tentera bergajah terpaksa berundur dan ini membuatkan tentera Parsi berjaya mengalahkan mereka. Abu Ubaid terbunuh dalam serangan ini.
Ultra
Cara memecahkan tulisan rahsia
British attacks on the Enigmas were similar to the original Polish methods, but naturally continued evolving to keep pace with the growing complexity of German equipment and procedures. (For a discussion of the many identical techniques used by the Poles and the British, see Kozaczuk 1984, appendix F.) A particular challenge would be German Naval Enigma. Even before the war, it had been a challenge to the Poles; only a portion of Naval Enigma had been read at B.S.-4 (the Cipher Bureau's German section) due to limited Bureau personnel and resources and because knowledge of army and air force traffic had been deemed more important to Poland's defense. (Kozaczuk, pp. 31, 58.)
Perang Jambatan
Seramai 4,000 orang tentera Islam terkorban syahid. Ketika itu tentera Islam kemudiannya dipimpin oleh Muthanna ibn Harith. Memandangkan serangan kali ini gagal dan tidak mampu menembusi pertahanan pasukan bergajah tentera Parsi, Muthanna mengarahkan tentera Islam berundur dari medan perang. Pengunduran tentera Islam di bawah pimpinan Panglima Muthanna ibn Harith berjaya mengelakkan tentera Islam terkorban dengan lebih ramai.
Ultra
Cara memecahkan tulisan rahsia
One mode of attack on the Enigma relied on the fact that the reflector (a patented feature of the Enigma machines) guaranteed that no letter could be enciphered as itself, so an A could not be sent as an A. Another technique counted on common German phrases, such as "Heil Hitler" or "please respond," which were likely to occur in a given plaintext; a successful guess as to a plaintext was known at Bletchley as a crib. With a probable plaintext fragment and the knowledge that no letter could be enciphered as itself, a corresponding ciphertext fragment could often be identified. This provided a clue to message keys.
On some occasions, German cipher clerks helped Allied cryptanalysts. In one instance, a clerk was asked to send a test message, and hit the T key repeatedly and transmitted the resulting letters. A British analyst received from an intercept station a long message containing not a single "T" and immediately realised what had happened. In other cases, as they had before the war, Enigma operators would constantly use the same settings for their message keys, often their own initials or those of a girlfriend (one apparently had the initials "C.I.L.," so Bletchley Park named such hints "cillies"). Analysts were set to finding such messages in the sea of daily intercepts, which winnowed out enough possibilities to allow Bletchley to use other original Polish techniques as well to find the initial daily keys. Other German operators used "form letters" for daily reports, notably weather reports, so the same crib might be used every day.
Perang Jambatan
Selepas peperangan ini, tentera Islam mula memperlahankan rentak dan mengambil sikap hanya bertahan dengan membina sebuah markas pertahanan di Kufah. Ini kerana terdapatnya masalah logistik, kekurangan bekalan asas dan ketiadaan panglima perang yang cekap untuk memimpin tentera untuk menakluk negara Parsi. Dengan ini, operasi ketenteraan terhenti buat seketika waktu. Walau bagaimana pun tentera Parsi masih menganggap garisan pertahanan yang dibuat oleh tentera Islam memberi ancaman yang serius.
Ultra
Cara memecahkan tulisan rahsia
Had the Germans ever replaced every rotor at the same time, the British might not have been able to break back into the system. And had German operating practices been more secure, things would have been much more difficult for the British cryptologists. However, due to the expense and difficulty of getting new rotors to all ships and units, this was never done. Instead the Germans every so often added new rotors to the mix, thereby allowing the British to work out the wirings of the newest rotors.
Penggunaan Ultra
Usable Ultra information came too late to be of great help during the Battle of Britain.
The Allies were seriously concerned to conceal from the Axis command that they had broken into Enigma traffic. This was taken to the extreme that, for instance, though they knew from intercepts the whereabouts of U-boats lying in wait in mid-Atlantic, the U-boats often were not hunted unless a "cover story" could be arranged — a search plane might be "fortunate enough" to sight the U-boat, thus explaining the Allied attack. Ultra information was used to attack and sink many Afrika Korps supply ships bound for North Africa; but, as in the North Atlantic, every time such information was used, an "innocent" explanation had to be provided: often scout planes were sent on otherwise unnecessary missions, to ensure they were spotted by the Germans. The British were, it is said, more disciplined about such measures than the Americans, and this difference was a source of friction between them.
The distribution of Ultra information to Allied commanders and units in the field involved considerable risk of discovery by the Germans, and great care was taken to control both the information and knowledge of how it was obtained. Liaison officers were appointed for each field command to manage and control dissemination.
In the summer of 1940, British cryptanalysts, who were successfully breaking German Air Force Enigma-cypher variants, were able to give Churchill information about the issuing of maps of England and Ireland to the Sealion invasion forces.
From the beginning, the Naval version of Enigma used a larger selection of rotors than did the Army or Air Force versions, as well as operating procedures that made it much more secure than other Enigma variants. There was no hint at all to the initial settings for the machines, and there was little probable plaintext to use, either. Different and far more difficult methods had to be used to break into Naval Enigma traffic, and with the U-boats running freely in the Atlantic after the fall of France, a more direct approach recommended itself.
On 7 May 1941 the Royal Navy deliberately captured a German weather ship, together with cipher equipment and codes; and 2 days later U-110 was captured, together with an Enigma machine, code book, operating manual and other information that enabled Bletchley Park to break submarine messages until the end of June. And it was done again shortly afterwards.
Naval Enigma machines or settings books were captured from a total of 7 U-boats and 8 German surface ships. These included U-boats U-505 (1944) and U-559 (1942) and a number of German weather boats and converted trawlers such as the Krebs, captured during a raid on the Lofoten Islands off Norway. More fantastic scenarios were contemplated, such as Ian Fleming's James Bondian suggestion to "crash" captured German bombers into the sea near German shipping, hoping they would be "rescued" by a ship's crew, which would be taken captive by commandos concealed in the plane who would capture the cryptographic material intact.
In other cases, the Allies induced the Germans to provide them with cribs. To do this they would drop mines (or take some other action), then listen for messages thus provoked. In the case of mining this or that channel, they expected the word "Minen" to occur in some of the messages. This technique was, at Bletchley, called gardening.
Even these brief periods were enough to markedly affect the course of the war. Charting decrypted Enigma traffic against British shipping losses for a given month shows a strong pattern of increased losses when Naval Enigma was blacked out, and vice versa. But by 1943 so much traffic had been decrypted that Allied cryptologists had an excellent understanding of the messages coming from various locations at various times. Thus a brief message sent from the west at 6 a.m. was likely to have been broadcast by a weather-reporting boat in the Atlantic, and that meant the message would almost certainly contain these cribs; and similarly for other traffic. From this point on, Naval Enigma messages were being read constantly, even after changes to the ground settings.
However, the new tricks only reduced the number of possible settings for a message. The number remaining was still huge, and due to the new rotors that the Germans had added from time to time, that number was much larger than the Poles had faced. In order to solve this problem the Allies, especially the US, "went industrial" and produced much larger versions of the Polish bomba that could rapidly test thousands of possible key settings.
Some Germans had suspicions that all was not right with Enigma. Karl Dönitz received reports of "impossible" encounters between U-boats and enemy vessels which made him suspect some compromise of his communications. In one instance, three U-boats met at a tiny island in the Caribbean, and a British destroyer promptly showed up. They all escaped and reported what had happened. Dönitz immediately asked for a review of Enigma's security. The analysis suggested that the signals problem, if there was one, wasn't due to the Enigma itself. Dönitz had the settings book changed anyway, blacking out Bletchley Park for a period. However, the evidence was never enough to truly convince him that Naval Enigma was being read by the Allies. The more so, since his counterintelligence B-Dienst group, who had partially broken Royal Navy traffic (including its convoy codes early in the war), supplied enough information to support the idea that the Allies were unable to read Naval Enigma. Coincidentally, German success in this respect almost exactly matched in time an Allied blackout from Naval Enigma.
In 1941 British intelligence learned that the German Navy was about to introduce M4, a new version of Enigma with 4 rotors rather than 3. Fortunately for the Allies, in December a U-boat mistakenly transmitted a message using the four-rotor machine before it was due to be inaugurated. Realizing the error, the U-boat retransmitted the same message using the 3-rotor Enigma, giving the British sufficient clues to break the new machine soon after it became operational on February 1, 1942. The U-boat network which used the four-rotor machine was known as Triton, codenamed Shark by the Allies. Its traffic was routinely readable.
It is commonly claimed that the breaks into Naval Enigma resulted in the war being a year shorter, but given its effects on the Second Battle of the Atlantic alone, that might be an underestimate.
Breaking of some messages (not in German Enigma) led to the defeat of the Italian Navy at Cape Matapan, and was preceded by another "fortuitous" search-plane sighting. British Admiral Cunningham also did some fancy footwork at a hotel in Egypt to prevent Axis agents from taking note of his movements and deducing that a major operation was planned. Ultra information was of considerable assistance to the British (Montgomery being "in the know" about Ultra) at El Alamein in Western Egypt in the long-running battle with the Afrika Korps under Rommel. Intelligence from signals between Adolf Hitler and General Günther von Kluge was of considerable help during the campaign in France just after the Allied D-Day landings, particularly in regard to estimates of when German reserves might be committed to battle.
By 1945 almost all German Enigma traffic (Wehrmacht, Navy, Luftwaffe, Abwehr, SD, etc.) could be decrypted within a day or two, yet the Germans remained confident of its security. Had they been better informed, they could have changed systems, forcing Allied cryptologists to start over. The Germans considered Enigma traffic so secure that they openly discussed their plans and movements, handing the Allies huge amounts of information. However, Ultra information was also at times misused or ignored. Rommel's intentions just prior to the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in North Africa in 1942 had been suggested by Ultra, but this was not taken into account by the Americans. Likewise, Ultra traffic suggested an attack in the Ardennes in 1944, but the Battle of the Bulge was a surprise to the Allies because the information was disregarded.
After the War, American TICOM project teams found and detained a considerable number of German cryptographic personnel. Among the things they learned was that German cryptographers, at least, understood very well that Enigma messages might be read; they knew Enigma was not unbreakable. They just found it impossible to imagine anyone going to the immense effort required. (See Bamford's Body of Secrets in regard to the TICOM missions immediately after the war.)
Medellín
Medellín merupakan sebuah bandar dan komuniti yang terletak di wilayah Antioquia, Colombia.
Ultra
Penyahkodan Ungu di Eropah
In the Pacific theater, the Japanese cipher machine dubbed "Purple" by the Americans, and unrelated to the Enigmas, was used for highest-level Japanese diplomatic traffic. It was also cracked, by the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service. Some Purple decrypts proved useful elsewhere, for instance detailed reports by Japan's ambassador to Germany which were encrypted on the Purple machine. These reports included reviews of German strategy and intentions, reports on direct inspections (in one case, of Normandy beach defenses) by the ambassador, and reports of long interviews with Hitler.
The Japanese are said to have obtained an Enigma machine as early as 1937, although it is debated whether they were given it by their German ally or bought a commercial version which, except for plugboard and actual rotor wirings, was essentially the German Army / Air Force machine.
Pendedahan umum tentang Ultra selepas perang
While it is obvious why Britain and the United States went to considerable pains to keep Ultra a secret until the end of the war, it has been a matter of some conjecture why Ultra was kept officially secret for 29 years thereafter, until 1974. During that period the important contributions to the war effort of a great many people remained unknown, and they were unable to share in the glory of what is likely one of the chief reasons the Allies won the war — or, at least, as quickly as they did.
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Ultra
Pendedahan umum tentang Ultra selepas perang
At least three versions exist as to why Ultra was kept secret so long. Each has plausibility. All may be true. First, as David Kahn pointed out in his 1974 New York Times review of F.W. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret, after World War II the British gathered up all the Enigma machines they could find and sold them to Third World countries, confident that they could continue reading the messages of the machines' new owners. A second explanation relates to a misadventure of Winston Churchill's between the World Wars, when he publicly disclosed information obtained by decrypting Russian secret communications; this had prompted the Russians to change their cryptography, leading to a cryptological blackout. The third explanation is given by Winterbotham (The Ultra Secret, introduction), who recounts that two weeks after V-E Day Churchill requested that former recipients of Ultra intelligence be asked not to divulge the source or the information they had received from it, in order that there might be neither damage to the future operations of the Secret Service nor any cause for the Allies' enemies to blame it for their defeat.
The British ban was finally lifted in 1974, the year that a key participant on the distribution side of the Ultra project, F.W. Winterbotham, published The Ultra Secret. Winterbotham's book is very interesting, but is in error on many points. He worked on the operation to distribute Ultra to end consumers and, based on the evidence of his book, did not understand much about cryptography. Peter Calvocorressi's book, Top Secret Ultra (1980), is in this regard better written and more responsible. He was involved in Bletchley Park's intelligence analysis of decrypts, working between the cryptanalytic operation and Winterbotham's distribution network.
The official history of British intelligence in World War II was published in five volumes from 1979 to 1988. It was chiefly edited by Harry Hinsley, with one volume by Michael Howard. There is also a one-volume collection of reminiscences by Ultra veterans, Codebreakers (1993), edited by Hinsley and Alan Stripp.
As mentioned, after the war, surplus Enigmas and Enigma-like machines were sold to many countries around the world, which remained convinced of the security of the remarkable cipher machines. Their traffic was not so secure as they believed, however, which is of course one reason the British and Americans made the machines available. Switzerland even developed its own version of the Enigma, the NEMA, and used it for decades (at least into the late '70s).
Some information about Enigma decryption did get out earlier, however. In 1967 the Polish military historian Władysław Kozaczuk in his book Bitwa o tajemnice (Secret War) first revealed that the German Enigma had been broken by Polish cryptanalysts before World War II. The same year, David Kahn in The Codebreakers described the 1945 capture of a Naval Enigma machine from U-505 and mentioned, somewhat in passing, that Enigma messages were already being read by that time, requiring "machines that filled several buildings." In 1971 Ladislas Farago's The Game of the Foxes gave an early published version of the myth of the purloined Enigma that enabled the British (according to Farago, Alfred Dillwyn Knox) to crack the cipher (Farago also mentions an Abwehr Enigma). By 1970 newer, computer-based ciphers were becoming popular as the world increasingly turned to computerised communications, and the usefulness of Enigma copies (and rotor machines generally) rapidly decreased. It was shortly after this (1974) that a decision was taken to permit some revelations about some Bletchley Park operations.
Kesulitan terhadap sesebahagian pendedahan
As with other history, but more than for most, the history of cryptography, especially its recent history, should be read carefully, due to its complexity and to possibly confusing or misleading agendas.
Akit strategik Ultra
There has been controversy about the influence of Allied Enigma decryption on the course of World War II. Probably the question should be broadened to include Ultra's influence not only on the war itself, but on the postwar period as well.
Akibat masa perang
An exhibit in 2003 on "Secret War" at the Imperial War Museum, in London, quoted British Prime Minister Winston Churchill telling King George VI: "It was thanks to Ultra that we won the war." Churchill's greatest fear, even after Hitler had suspended Operation Sealion and invaded the Soviet Union, was that the German submarine wolf packs would succeed in strangling sea-locked Britain. He would later write, in Their Finest Hour (1949): "The only thing that ever really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril." A major factor that averted Britain's defeat in the Battle of the Atlantic was her regained mastery of Naval-Enigma decryption. However there were other technologies, equipment and tactics which moved the Battle of the Atlantic in the Allies' favour. As the air gap over the North Atlantic closed and convoys received escort-carrier protection, airborne anti-submarine aircraft became extremely efficient hunter-killers with the use of centimetric radar and airborne depth charges. Improvements to Huff-Duff (radio-triangulation equipment used as part of ELINT) meant that a U-boat's location could be found even if the messages they were sending could not be read. Improvements to ASDIC (sonar), coupled with Hedgehog depth charges, improved the likelihood of a surface attack sinking a U-boat.
From February 1942 when Air Marshal Arthur Harris became Commander-in-Chief  of  RAF Bomber Command, the RAF implemented large scale night area bombardment of German cities. The destruction of city centres not only destroyed factories, houses, and railways, but damaged and degraded the telephone network, which as the war progressed forced the German armed forces to rely ever more heavily on encrypted radio traffic, which of course the Allies were able to read.
After D-Day with the resumption of the strategic bomber campaign over Germany, Harris remained wedded to area bombardment. The historian Frederick Taylor argues that as Harris was not cleared to know about ULTRA, he was given some information gleaned from ENIGMA, but not where it had come from. This directly affected his attitude to the effectiveness of the post D-Day 1944 directives (orders) to target oil installations as he did not know that it was high level German sources which was being used by the Allied high command to assess just how much it was hurting the German war effort; so Harris tended to see the directives to bomb specific oil and munitions targets as a high level command "panacea" (his word), and as a distraction from the real task of making the rubble bounce in every large German city.
Akibat lepas perang
F.W. Winterbotham, the first author to limn, in his 1974 book The Ultra Secret, the influence of Enigma decryption on the course of World War II, likewise made the earliest contribution to an appreciation of Ultra's postwar influence, which now continues into the 21st century — and not only in the postwar establishment of Britain's GCHQ (Government Communication Headquarters) and the United States' NSA (National Security Agency). "Let no one be fooled," Winterbotham admonishes in chapter 3, "by the spate of television films and propaganda which has made the war seem like some great triumphant epic. It was, in fact, a very narrow shave, and the reader may like to ponder [...] whether [...] we might have won [without] Ultra."
Bacaan tambahan
A fictional version of this story is told in the novel Enigma by Robert Harris (ISBN 0099992000), the movie made from the novel—see "Enigma (2001 film)"—and is somewhat covered, also fictionally, in Neal Stephenson's Cryptonomicon (ISBN 0099410672). A short account of World War II cryptology is Battle of Wits (2000) by Stephen Budiansky; it covers more than just the Enigma story. Hugh Sebag-Montefiore's Enigma: the Battle for the Code (2000), which focuses largely on Naval Enigma, includes some previously unknown information&mdash;and many photographs of individuals involved; Bletchley Park had been his grandfather's house before it was purchased for GC&CS. David Kahn's Seizing the Enigma (1991) is essentially about the solution of Naval Enigma, based on seizures of German naval vessels; British success in the endeavor almost certainly saved Britain from defeat in the crucial Battle of the Atlantic and thereby made the United States' entry into the war's European theater possible. Thomas Parrish's The American Codebreakers (earlier published as The Ultra Americans) concentrates on the U.S. contribution to the codebreaking effort.
A brief description of the Enigma, as well as other codes/ciphers, can be found in Simon Singh's The Code Book (1999). Information on British cryptology appears in the official history of British intelligence in World War II, edited by Sir Harry Hinsley; he also co-edited, with Alan Stripp, a volume of memoirs by participants in the British cryptological effort, Codebreakers: the Inside Story of Bletchley Park (1993). Marian Rejewski wrote a number of papers on his 1932 break into Enigma and his subsequent work on the cipher, well into World War II, with his fellow mathematician-cryptologists, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski; most of Rejewski's papers appear in Władysław Kozaczuk's 1984 Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two (edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek), which remains the standard reference on the crucial foundations laid by the Poles for World War II Enigma decryption.
Broken Enigma messages are still extremely valuable today, as they provide some of the best surviving direct accounts of the Nazi war effort.
Nota-nota
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Pautan luar
Ультра
Theodore Roosevelt
Ketika tempoh pertama, beliau tidak melantik naib presiden, namun pada tempoh kedua beliau melantik Charles W. Fairbanks sebagai naib presiden. Presiden ini merupakan dekat presiden Franklin Delano Roosevelt yang lebih terkenal. Nama boneka mainan beruang Teddy, dinamakan sempena nama Roosevelt kerana dahulu,pada saat beliau berburu, beliau enggan membunuh seekor anak beruang.
Theodore Roosevelt adalah Presiden Amerika Syarikat yang Ke-26. Berkhidmat dua tempoh jawatan iaitu dari tahun 1901 hingga 1909. Sebelum menjadi presiden Roosevelt adalah naib presiden di bawah Presiden William McKinley.
Theodore Roosevelt dilahirkan di kota New York pada 27 Oktober 1858. Beliau berasal daripada keluarga yang sederhana.
Awal kerjaya
Sebelum menjadi presiden, Theodore Roosevelt telah berpengalaman luas. Ia pemah menjadi anggota Parlimen New York, anggota Jabatan Kepegawaian Pemerintah Amerika Syarikat, Ketua Dewan Polisi New York, Leftenan Kolonel dalam perang Sepanyol-Amerika, Gabernor New York, dan Wakil Presiden Amerika.
Masa kepresidenan
Pada 1901 sewaktu Presiden William Mckinley meninggal dunia akibat tembakan seorang pengganas.
Ketika itu, ia menjadi Presiden Amerika yang termuda dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat.
Sebagai Presiden, Theodore Roosevelt berpendirian bahawa pemerintah hendaklah;
Dan presiden sebagai "pemimpin rakyat" harus mengambil tindakan apa sahaja demi kepentingan rakyat kecuali tindakan-tindakan yang dengan tegas dilarang hukum atau Konstitusi.
Presiden Theodore Roosevelt menjaga supaya perusahaan-perusahaan besar jangan sampai mempermainkan politik dan ia memaksakan pembubaran perusahan-perusahaan besar, kerana melanggar undang-undang antimonopoli.
Ia dengan lebih giat melibatkan Amerika Syarikat dalam politik antarabangsa. Ia sering mengutip sebuah peribahasa,
Berbicaralah dengan lemah lembut, tapi jangan lupa membawa pentungan yang besar
Ia tegas dalam pendiriannya bahawa negara-negara asing tidak boleh membangunkan pangkalan di Carribean, dan Amerika Syarikat adalah satu-satunya negara yang boleh mencampuri urusan negara-negara Amerika lain.
Pada 1905 Presiden Theodore Roosevelt menenangi hadiah Nobel Perdamaian kerana mendamaikan Rusia dan Jepun yang sedang berperang. Ia juga merupakan presiden Amerika Syarikat yang pertama yang menggunakan Mahkamah Arbitrasi Antarabangsa di Den Haag, Belanda.
Kehidupan peribadi
Roosevelt mencintai alam dan menganjurkan kehidupan keras.
Theodore Roosevelt adalah saudara jauh Presiden Franklin Roosevelt, Presiden Amerika yang ketiga puluh dua, dan paman Nyonya Eleanore Roosevelt.
Dengan isteri pertama ia mempunyai seorang puteri, empat tahun setelah pernikahan mereka, isterinya meninggal dunia. Pada pernikahannya yang kedua ia dianugerahi empat orang putera dan seorang puteri.
Setelah meninggalkan Rumah Putih, ia pergi ke Afrika melihat-lihat alam terbuka.
Setelah masa kepresidenan
Roosevelt menjalankan dua masa jawatan dari 1901 sampai 1909. . Sekembalinya dari Afrika pada 1912, ia berusaha menjadi Presiden kembali. Namun kerana ia telah keluar dari Parti Republik, parti aslinya, ia tampil sebagai calon Presiden parti yang dibentuknya sendiri.
Sewaktu berkempen, seorang fanatik menembaknya di dada, tapi ia sembuh kembali.
Ia meninggal dunia pada 1919.
Blang Pante, Paya Bakong, Aceh Utara
Blang Pante merupakan sebuah gampong yang terletak di kecamatan Paya Bakong, Kabupaten Aceh Utara, provinsi Aceh, Indonesia.
Canelas (Arouca)
Canelas (Arouca) merupakan sebuah bandar yang terletak di dalam negara Portugal.
Pietroso
Pietroso ialah komun di jabatan Haute-Corse di Corse, Perancis.
Sabaneta, Antioquia
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Colmenarejo
Colmenarejo merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Sepanyol dalam wilayah Madrid
Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjong Pisau
Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjong Pisau atau nama ringkasnya SK Tanjong Pisau, merupakan sebuah Sekolah kebangsaan yang terletak di Beg Berkunci 02.
Pada 2009, Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjong Pisau memiliki 27 pelajar lelaki dan 28 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 55 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 13 orang guru.2009
Arauquita
Arauquita merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran dan komuniti yang terletak di wilayah Arauca, Colombia.
Blang Sialet, Paya Bakong, Aceh Utara
Blang Sialet merupakan sebuah gampong yang terletak di kecamatan Paya Bakong, Kabupaten Aceh Utara, provinsi Aceh, Indonesia.
Amar makruf nahi mungkar
Munkar atau Maksiat yang paling besar ialah manusia tidak Mengucap 2 Kalimah Syahadah diajak kepada kebaikan dengan diajak kepada mengucapkan 2 Kalimah Syhadah.
Munkar dan Maksiat setelah mengucapkan 2 Kalimah Syahadah ialah tidak memberi masa melakukan kerja Mengajak kepada Kebaikan, Mencegah Kemunkaran dan tidak menjaga Solat Fardhu berjemaah
Firman Allah mengenai amalan Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar di dalam Al-Quran
"Pertaubatan yang diterima oleh Allah hanyalah untuk orang-orang yang melakukan kejahatan dalam ketidaktahuan (atau kecerobohan) dan kemudian bertaubat sesaat kemudian. Itulah orang-orang yang Allah akan              memaafkan, dan Allah sentiasa Mengetahui dan Bijaksana." Ayat 17 “Wahai anak kesayanganku, dirikanlah sembahyang, dan ajaklah kepada kebaikan dan cegah kemungkaran , dan bersabarlah atas kesusahan yang menimpamu. Sesungguhnya yang demikian itu adalah dari perkara-perkara yang dikehendaki diambil berat melakukannya. , Ayat 17 Orang-orang yang bertaubat, yang beribadat, yang memuji Allah, yang mengembara), yang rukuk, yang sujud, yang mengajak kepada kebaikan dan mencegah kemungkaran , serta yang menjaga batas-batas hukum Allah dan gembirakanlah orang-orang yang beriman. Ayat 112 Iaitu mereka (umat Islam) yang jika Kami berikan mereka kekuasaan memerintah di bumi nescaya mereka mendirikan sembahyang serta memberi zakat, dan mereka mengajak kepada kebaikan  dan mencegah kemungkaran dan (ingatlah) bagi Allah jualah kesudahan segala urusan.  Ayat 41 '''
Hadis Rasulullah (SAW) yang menerangkan Sunnah Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar
"Barang siapa di antara kamu menjumpai kemungkaran maka hendaklah ia mencegah dengan tangan (kekuasaan)nya, apabila tidak mampu hendaklah dengan lisannya, dan jika masih belum mampu hendaklah ia mencegah dengan hatinya. Dan (dengan hatinya) itu adalah selemah-lemahnya iman". (Hadis riwayat Muslim)
"Apabila umatku mencintai dunia, luputlah mereka dari mencintai Islam. Apabila mereka berhenti dari mengajak kebaikan dan mencegah mungkar, mereka akan diangkat keberkatan wahyu(tidak faham Al-Quran), Apabila mereka mula caci mencaci sesama mereka, mereka akan terhindar dari rahmat Allah.
Hukum Amalan Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar
Sama seperti Rukun Harian Islam kedua iaitu Solat, Hukum amalan Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar terbahagi kepada 2 iaitu Fardhu Kifayah dan Fardhu Ain.
Fardhu Kifayah untuk semua lelaki di dalam kariah Masjid secara berjemaah dan Fardhu Ain untuk sesiapa yang mengucapkan Kalimah Syahadah lelaki atau perempuan secara perseoarangan
Masa yang diperuntukkan untuk Amalan Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar .
Sama atau lebih seperti masa yang diperuntukkan untuk ibadah Solat, (5 x 10 minit ) dalam sehari. Para Nabi memulakan hari mereka dengan amalan Amar Makruf Nahi Munkar.
Definasi atau Maksud Kebaikan dan Kemungkaran di dalam Al-Quran
Kebaikan yang paling besar di lakukan oleh manusia adalah mengucapkan pengakuan bahawa Aku bersaksi tiada tuhan melainkan Allah dan Aku bersaksi Muhammad pesuruh Allah, setelah mengucap Kalimah Pesaksian ini orang Islam dituntut memberi masa untukkerja mengajak kebaikan dan mencegah kemunkaran.
Kemungkaran yang paling besar di lakukan oleh manusia adalah tidak mengaku persaksian "Tiada tuhan melainkan Allah dan Muhammad pesuruh Allah" dicegah dengan kebaikan iaitu mengajak orang belum Islam untuk mengucapkan Kalimah Syahadah.
Kemungkaran yang paling besar dilakukan orang Islam ialah tidak menjalankan kerja mengajak kebaikan dan mencegah kemunkaran dan yang kedua tidak menjaga Solat, dicegah dengan berjumpa mereka dan diajak mereka meluangkan masa mentaati perintah Allah ini.
Dizaj-e Parvaneh
Dizaj-e Parvaneh merupakan sebuah kawasan yang terletak di Iran.
Senarai lapangan terbang mengikut kod ICAO: K
Format penyertaan adalah:
Awalan K biasanya dikhaskan untuk Tanah Besar Amerika Syarikat. Kod lapangan terbang ICAO (Kod ICAO) untuk lapangan terbang ini biasanya ialah Pentadbiran Penerbangan Persekutuan (FAA) pengecam lokasi yang diawali dengan kod K. IATA disenaraikan di mana berkenaan. Bandar yang ditunjukkan adalah yang dikaitkan dengan lapangan terbang mengikut (FAA), ini mungkin tidak selalunya lokasi yang tepat kerana lapangan terbang selalunya terletak di bandar yang lebih kecil di luar bandar yang mereka layani.
Nota: isi Laman ini memuat senarai Lapangan Terbang yang wujud di Amerika Syarikat (bahagian di Tanah Besar Amerika Syarikat - California + Florida + Texas dan beberapa Wilayah lainnya yang terasosiasi kepada Negara AS), dan Lapangan Terbang dengan Awalan Kod KQ, di Luar wilayah Amerika Syarikat yang tetap dalam Kawalan Pihak Amerika Syarikat.
Teluk Guantanamo
Nota:Lapangan Terbang yang berada di Wilayah Kedaulatan Cuba, namun dimiliki oleh Amerika Syarikat.
KQ - LT Luar Amerika Syarikat
Nota: (Stesen cuaca METAR yang dikendalikan oleh A.S. Jabatan Pertahanan)
Nota
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Badnawar
Badnawar ialah sebuah perbandaran ("nagar panchayat") dalam daerah Dhar di negeri Madhya Pradesh, India.
Demografik 2001
Menurut bancian India pada tahun 2001, Badnawar memiliki bilangan penduduk seramai 17,746. Dari jumlah tersebut, kaum lelaki membentuk 53% dari jumlah keseluruhan populasi dan wanita seramai 47%.
Pendidikan 2011
Menurut bancian India pada tahun 2001 Badnawar memiliki kadar pendidikan (kebolehan membaca) 64%, melebihi kadar purata kebangsaan 59.5%; dengan 59% lelaki dan 41% wanita mampu membaca. 16% dari populasi berusia di bawah 6 tahun. (2001)
Arauca, Arauca
Arauca merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran dan komuniti yang terletak di wilayah Arauca, Colombia.
Pulau Aro, Pelawan
Pulau Aro merupakan sebuah desa yang terletak dalam (daerah) kecamatan Pelawan, Kabupaten Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi, Indonesia.
Poskod
Poskod yang digunakan di Pulau Aro adalah 37482. Terdapat 11 buah desa di dalam daerah kecamatan Pelawan.
Perang Firaz
__STATICREDIRECT__
Daerah Astara
Astara merupakan rayon yang terletak di Azerbaijan tenggara. Bandar ini merupakan bandar pelabuhan laut Kaspia berhampiran dengan Iran. Bandar ini terletak berhampiran pergunungan Tavalesh dan dikelilingi sawah padi. Banyak pantai ditemui di Astara, dan airnya lebih bersih daripada air di semenanjung Apseheron. Astara adalah titik transit penting untuk semua jenis barang. Bandar ini adalah bandar dengan populasi kaum Talysh besar, kebanyakan adalah Syiah dan bertutur dengan bahasa Talysh.
Manzanares el Real
Manzanares el Real merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Sepanyol dalam wilayah Madrid
Memori Hits 1990-1996
Memori Hits 1990-1996 ialah judul album lagu kumpulan penyanyi Malaysia, kumpulan Exists yang dikeluarkan pada 2007. Ia terdiri daripada dua keping CD dengan 10 lagu setiap satu, menjadikan kesemuanya 20 lagu. Ia memuatkan lagu-lagu hits kumpulan Exists dari 1990-1996.
Senarai runut
CD 1
CD 2
Perang Nihawand
Pada peringkat awal, pasukan tentera Islam diketuai oleh Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas. Namun beliau dipanggil ke Madinah oleh Umar Al-Khattab kerana berlaku masalah pentadbiran. Seterusnya Umar melantik Nu'man ibn Muqarrin selaku Panglima Besar tentera Islam. Di bawah pimpinan Panglima Besar Nu'man ibn Muqarrin dan dibantu oleh Panglima Huzaifah Al-Yamani tentera Islam seramai 30,000 berhadapan dengan tentera Parsi seramai 100,000 orang pimpinan Panglima Besar Wahman Mardansyah dan pembantunya adalah Panglima Pirouzan.
Berikutan pengalaman berperangnya bersama Khalid ibn al-Walid dan Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas di awal perjuangannya, Nu'man ibn Muqarrin menggunakan kepantasan serangan tentera berkuda dan kecekapan pasukan pemanah sebagai tunjang utama untuk menewaskan pertahanan tentera Parsi.
Umat Islam menggelarkan peperangan ini sebagai "Kemenangan Bagi Segala Kemenangan" berikutan tumbangnya Empayar Parsi Sassanid. Peperangan ini berlaku pada tahun 642 M. Kedua-dua panglima Parsi terkorban dalam peperangan ini manakala di pihak tentera Islam, Nu'man ibn Muqarrin sendiri terkorban dan tempatnya digantikan oleh Huzaifah Al-Yamani.
Selepas kekalahan teruk di Nihawand, Yazdegerd gagal untuk menghimpunkan semula tenteranya dan kini menjadi pelarian. Beliau kemudiannya dibunuh oleh seorang petani di Merv pada 651 M
Meco (perbandaran)
Meco  merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Sepanyol dalam wilayah Madrid
Cravo Norte
Cravo Norte merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran dan komuniti yang terletak di wilayah Arauca, Colombia.
Buket Guru, Paya Bakong, Aceh Utara
Buket Guru merupakan sebuah gampong yang terletak di kecamatan Paya Bakong, Kabupaten Aceh Utara, provinsi Aceh, Indonesia.
Serdeng (kawasan negeri)
Serdeng ialah kawasan negeri di dalam negeri Sarawak, Malaysia. Ia telah diwakili oleh Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak sejak tahun 1987 sehingga 2006 dan mula dipertandingkan pada 1991. Kawasan ini dimandatkan mengembalikan seorang ahli kepada Dewan Undangan di bawah sistem undi pemenang undi terbanyak yang lalu.
Sejarah
Sebelum ia dimansuhkan, kawasan pilihan raya negeri Serdeng terlelak di bawah kawasan parlimen Kuala Rejang. Kawasan pilihan raya negeri ini telah dimansuhkan pada tahun 2006. Kini, ia digantikan oleh kawasan DUN Semop.
Daerah Babek
Babek (Babək) merupakan rayon Azerbaijan di Nakhchivan. Bandar ini mengelilingi kota Nakhchivan, tetapi tidak termasuk di dalamnya. Namanya berasal daripada Babak Khorramdin, orang yang memimpin pemberontakan selama 20 tahun melawan Arab di Iran, Nakhchivan dan Azerbaijan.
Caniçal
Caniçal merupakan sebuah bandar yang terletak di dalam negara Portugal.
Buket Pidie, Paya Bakong, Aceh Utara
Buket Pidie merupakan sebuah gampong yang terletak di kecamatan Paya Bakong, Kabupaten Aceh Utara, provinsi Aceh, Indonesia.
Majadahonda
Majadahonda merupakan sebuah kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di Sepanyol dalam wilayah Madrid
Záboří (Daerah Strakonice)
Záboří merupakan sebuah kampung dan kawasan perbandaran yang terletak di wilayah Strakonice, wilayah Bohemia Selatan, Republik Czech.
Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing
Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing atau nama ringkasnya SK Galing, merupakan sebuah Sekolah Kebangsaan yang terletak di Jalan Beserah.
Pada 2009, Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing memiliki 380 pelajar lelaki dan 298 pelajar perempuan, menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan murid seramai 678 orang. Ia mempunyai seramai 47 orang guru.2009
Sejarah
Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing, Jalan Beserah, 25250 Kuantan mula dibuka dengan rasminya pada tahun 1904. Sekolah ini telah diberi nama Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing kerana kedudukannya dalam kawasan Galing dan berhampiran dengan sungai Galing.
Sekolah ini merupakan salah sebuah sekolah gred A yang terletak kira-kira 3 Km dari bandar Kuantan. Ia dikategorikan dalam
kelompok sekolah bandar dan menggunakan kod sekolah iaitu CBA4002. Mempunyai dua blok bangunan utama, sebuah makmal komputer, bangunan Pra-sekolah, kantin sekolah, sebuah surau dan dewan terbuka.
Menurut sejarah, sekolah ini merupakan Sekolah Melayu yang ke dua didirikan di Wilayah Pahang Timur iaitu di bandar Kuantan. Tarikh pembinaannya yang sebenar tidak diketahui tetapi dijangkakan penghujung tahun 1890an. Tarikh yang diketahui
berkenaan sekolah ini ialah pada tahun 1904 apabila ia dipindahkan dari tapak asalnya di sudut Pasar Lama yang berhampiran dengan Jalan Lebai Ali ke tapak baru di Padang Lalang dan dikenali sebagai Sekolah Melayu Padang Lalang. Dalam tahun 1938, murid-murid lelaki sekolah ini telah dipindahkan ke Sekolah Melayu laki-laki Teruntum, Jalan Gambut, Kuantan. Murid-murid Perempuan dikekalkan
di sekolah lama yang diberi nama baru iaitu Sekolah Melayu Perempuan Padang Lalang.
Pada tahun 1948, Sekolah Melayu Perempuan Padang Lalang telah mendapat bangunan lain iaitu sebuah istana lama yang dianugerahkan oleh DYMM Sultan Pahang. Bangunan istana itu terletak di Galing. Oleh itu, dari Sekolah Melayu Perempuan Padang
Lalang ditukarkan kepada nama Sekolah Perempuan Galing. Guru Besar ketika itu ialah Puan Azizah binti Husin. Dalam tahun 1949, jumlah pelajarnya seramai lebih kurang 200 orang semuanya dengan tenaga pengajar seramai 7 orang. Mata Pelajaran termasuklah
Bahasa Melayu, Ilmu Bumi, Tawarikh, Ilmu Hisab, Lukisan dan Urusan Rumah Tangga.
Pada 14 Mac 1950, DYMM Sultan Pahang telah berangkat melawat sekolah ini dan mengesyorkan bahawa sekolah ini
dibekalkan dengan api elektrik. Pada tahun-tahun yang berikutnya bilangan murid-murid mula meningkat dan pihak sekolah meminta supaya bangunan sekolah dibesarkan. Pada 19 April 1955, Puan Sharifah Zainab binti Syed Abdullah mula bertugas sebagai Guru Besar yang baru. Bilangan murid pada masa itu adalah lebih kurang seramai 324 orang. Beliau menjawat jawatan Guru Besar sehingga 30 April 1969.
Selepas negara kita merdeka, kesedaran untuk belajar semakin meningkat. Sekolah ini mula mengadakan dua sesi iaitu sesi pagi dan petang dengan jumlah guru seramai 17 orang. Seramai 13 orang mengajar sesi pagi dan 5 orang sesi petang. Sukatan pelajarannya diperluaskan termasuklah pelajaran Bahasa Inggeris yang diajar oleh guru yang bertauliah. Dalam tahun 1960, dengan kemasukan murid lelaki, sekolah ini bertukar nama dari Sekolah Perempuan Galing kepada Sekolah umum Galing. Pada tahun 1962, sekolah ini sekali lagi bertukar nama dari Sekolah Umum Galing kepada Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing sehingga hari ini.
Pada tahun 1975, bangunan tambahan baru bagi Sekolah Kebangsaan Galing telah siap dibina setinggi 3 tingkat yang terdiri daripada 12 bilik darjah, sebuah pejabat, bilik guru, bilik Guru Besar dan 2 buah tandas. Menjelang tahun 1980, sekolah ini telah dinaikkan gred ke sekolah gred A dengan jumlah murid lebih kurang 1000 orang dan tenaga pengajar seramai 37 orang. Seterusnya pada tahun 1985, sebuah lagi bangunan baru siap dibina yang mengandungi 11 buah bilik darjah, sebuah perpustakaan dan 2 buah tandas. Ketika ini, SK Galing juga pernah menjadi pusat ujian bertulis bagi lesen belajar memandu ( Lesen L ) oleh JPJ Pahang ( iaitu dibangunan lama ( kayu ) pada setiap hari Sabtu, berlangsung selama 2 tahun.
murid, tempat letak kenderaan guru, setor sukan, bangsal kegiatan ko-kurikulum dan kolam ikan bagi mengindahkan kawasan sekolah.
Bilangan murid kian bertambah dari tahun ke setahun sehingga pernah mencapai tahap 1,600 orang murid dengan tenaga pengajarnya
seramai 60 orang. Malah SK Galing juga telah dijadikan Pusat Sumber Pendidikan Daerah Kuantan dengan menggunakan dua buah bilik
Pencapaian
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