cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर: लेखन आणि भाषणे
महाराष्ट्र शासनाने बाबासाहेबांचे अप्रकाशित साहित्य मराठी भाषेत लिहिण्यासाठी १५ मार्च १९७६ रोजी डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर चरित्र साधने प्रकाशन समिती स्थापन केली होती. विशेष कार्य अधिकारी म्हणून वसंत वामन मून यांची निवड केली. मून यांनी बाबासाहेबांच्या लेखनाचे, भाषणांचे देशविदेशातील संशोधन संकलित केले. त्यांच्या निधनापर्यंत १७ खंड प्रकाशित झाले. पुढील ५ खंड होतील एवढे साहित्य संपादित करून ठेवले होते. बाबासाहेबांचे विविध विषयांवरील समस्यांवर लेखन व भाषणांचे संकलन ग्रंथबद्ध करून खंडरूपात महाराष्ट्र शासनाकरवी प्रकाशित करून मून यांनी समोर आणले. विशेष असे की, बाबासाहेबांच्या इंग्रजी ग्रंथांचा मराठी अनुवाद प्रकाशित करण्यासंदर्भातील मंत्रिमंडळाचा निर्णय मून यांनी समितीवर असतानाच झाला होता. मात्र, मून यांचे निधन झाले. त्यानंतर आलेले सदस्य सचिव प्रा. हरी नरके, प्रा. दत्ता भगत, प्रा. अविनाश डोळस यांच्या कार्यकाळातही बाबासाहेबांच्या साहित्य प्रकाशन पूर्ण झाले नाही. डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचे विविध विषयांवरील मूळ इंग्रजी साहित्य महाराष्ट्र शासनाने प्रसिद्ध केले. परंतु, (जानेवारी २०२१ पर्यंत) बाबासाहेबांच्या मूळ इंग्रजी साहित्य १ ते ६ खंडाच्या मराठी अनुवादाचा एकही ग्रंथ शासनाने प्रकाशित केला नाही. २०१४ ते २०१९ या कालावधीत फडणवीस सरकारने सुद्धा बाबासाहेबांच्या चरित्र साधने समितीमार्फत एकही खंड प्रकाशित केला नाही.
जुलै २०२१ मध्ये, डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचे विचारधन महाराष्ट्रातील लोकांपर्यंत पोहोचवण्याच्या दृष्टीने राज्य शासनातर्फे आजवर प्रकाशित सर्व इंग्रजी खंडांचा मराठीत अनुवाद करून तो नव्याने प्रकाशित केला जाईल, अशी माहिती डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर चरित्र साधने प्रकाशन समितीचे सदस्य सचिव डॉ. प्रदीप आगलावे यांनी दिली.
प्रादेशिक भाषेतील खंड
२०१४ नंतर फडणवीस सरकार सत्तेवर आले आणि चरित्र साधने प्रकाशन समितीचे काम थांबले. विद्यमान शासनाने समिती बरखास्त केली. परंतु, नवीन समिती स्थापन करण्यात आली नाही. तथापि, महाराष्ट्राच्या तुलनेत देशातील इतर नऊ राज्यांनी बाबासाहेबांच्या मूळ इंग्रजी साहित्याचे प्रादेशिक भाषेत (अनुवादाचे) विविध खंड प्रकाशित केले.
बाह्य दुवे
वर्ग:डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचे साहित्य वर्ग:महाराष्ट्र शासन वर्ग:डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांच्या नावे असलेल्या गोष्टी
सुषेण (महाभारत)
हा महाभारतातील हस्तिनापुराचा राजा धृतराष्ट्र व राणी गांधारी यांचा पुत्र व शंभर कौरव भावंडांपैकी एक भाऊ होता. महाभारत युद्धामध्ये हा मारला गेला.
वर्ग:कौरव वर्ग:महाभारतातील व्यक्तिरेखा वर्ग:पुरुष चरित्रलेख
ॲलेसडेर इव्हान्स
ॲलेसडेर इव्हान्स (१२ जानेवारी, १९८९:केंट, इंग्लंड - हयात) हा undefinedच्या क्रिकेट संघाकडून खेळणारा खेळाडू आहे.
संदर्भ
वर्ग:स्कॉटलंडचे क्रिकेट खेळाडू वर्ग:इ.स. १९८९ मधील जन्म वर्ग:पुरुष चरित्रलेख
वारदरीखुर्द
हवामान
येथील हवामान उष्ण व कोरडे असून उन्हाळ्यात अतिउष्ण तर हिवाळ्यात अतिथंड असते.दिवसा उष्ण आणि रात्री थंड असे वर्षभर तापमान असते. पावसाळ्यात येथे मध्यम प्रमाणात पाऊस पडतो.
संदर्भ
वर्ग:मालेगाव तालुक्यातील गावे वर्ग:वाशिम जिल्ह्यातील गावे
वीणा सहस्रबुद्धे
(जन्मदिनांक : १४ सप्टेंबर, इ.स. १९४८; - पुणे, २९ जून, इ.स. २०१६) या एक लोकप्रिय हिंदुस्तानी गायिका होत्या. त्यांचे वडील शंकरराव बोडस. बंधू काशीनाथ आणि चुलत बंधू नारायणराव बोडस हे तिघेही शास्त्रीय गायक होते. संगणक क्षेत्रातले हरी सहस्रबुद्धे हे वीणाताईंचे पती होत.
पूर्वायुष्य
वडिलांच्या आग्रहाखातर वीणाताई लहानपणी कथ्थक नृत्य शिकल्या..
सांगीतिक कारकीर्द
वीणा सहस्रबुद्धे यांच्या शास्त्रीय गायनाचे कार्यक्रम अमेरिका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, मध्यपूर्वेतील देश, युरोप या देशांतील शहरांसह संपूर्ण भारतातील शहरांत झाले आहेत.
वीणा सहस्रबुद्धे एस.एन.डीटी विद्यापीठात संगीत विभागाच्या काही वर्षे प्रमुख होत्या.
वीणा सहस्रबुद्धे यांनी लिहिलेली पुस्तके
वर्ग:मराठी गायक वर्ग:हिंदुस्तानी गायक वर्ग:भारतीय शास्त्रीय गायक वर्ग:इ.स. १९४८ मधील जन्म वर्ग:इ.स. २०१६ मधील मृत्यू वर्ग:स्त्री चरित्रलेख
इंद्रायणी नदी
इंद्रायणी नदी भारतातील महाराष्ट्र राज्यातील नदी आहे. ही नदी पुणे जिल्ह्यात लोणावळ्याच्या कुरवंडे नावाच्या उंच डोंगरावर नागफणीजवळ उगम पावते. पुढे टाटा धरणामुळे नदी लुप्त होते आणि धरणापासून परत सुरू होते.
प्रवाह
लोणावळा शहरातील इंद्रायणीचा प्रवाह साधारणपणे सुमारे ४ किलोमीटर लांबीचा आहे. शहरातले नदीपात्र अत्यंत अरुंद आहे. कामशेत रेल्वे स्टेशनजवळ ते पात्र बऱ्यापैकी रुंद आहे. आळंदी गावातून वहात वहात पुढे जाऊन इंद्रायणी नदी ही भामा नदीला घेऊन तुळापूर गावाजवळ भीमा नदीस मिळते. कुंडलिका नदी (किंवा कुंडली) ही इंद्रायणीची उपनदी आहे. त्यांचा संगम वडिवळे या गावाजवळ होतो. त्या संगमापासूनच इंद्रायणी नदी वाहती होते, वडिवळे धरण कुंडलिकावर आहे. कुंडलिका (कुंडली) व इंद्रायणी यांच्या संगमावर शंकराचे प्राचीन मंदिर आहे. शिवरात्रीला या मंदिरात भाविकांची खूप गर्दी होते.
इंद्रायणीच्या वरच्या बाजूला धरणाजवळ कुबेरगंगा नावाची एक लहान नदी इंद्रायणीला मिळते. तेथे एक बेट झाले आहे, हेच सिद्धबेट म्हणून पुढे प्रसिद्ध झाले.
राम झरा
हळूहळू या झऱ्याला गटारगंगेचे स्वरूप आले. चिखली, कुदळवाडी, जाधववाडी, हरगुडे वस्ती व तेथील बंदिस्त गोदामात रसायने साठविणारे सर्व व्यापारी, त्रिवेणी नगर व तेथील पावडर कोटिंग व्यवसाय करणारे यांचे रिकामे रसायन कंटेनर, पोती, बॅगा वगैरे गोष्टी भंगाराचा व्यवसाय करणारे व्यापारी घेतात व राजरोजपणे त्या वस्तू धुऊन त्यांतले घातक रसायनयुक्त पाणी बेधडकपणे राम झऱ्यात सोडून देतात. रासायनिक कंपनीतील रसायनांचे रिकामे बॅरेल्स नाल्याशेजारच्या भंगार शेडमध्ये धुऊन पुन्हा विकले जातात.
कामशेत, वडिवळे, पाथरगांव, नाणे, नानोली, पारवडी या गावोगावच्या सांडपाण्यामुळे प्रदूषित झालेली इंद्रायणी नदी, राम झऱ्यात सोडल्या जाणाऱ्या घातक रसायनांमुळे आणखीनच प्रदूषित होत आहे. राम झऱ्यामधे भिंती बांधूनही त्यावर व्यावसायिकांचे आक्रमण चालू आहे.
पहा : राम नदी
राम नदी
पहा : राम नदी
इंद्रायणी नदीकाठची गावे
देहू आळंदी मोई
धार्मिक वैशिष्ट्ये
इंद्रायणी नदीच्या काठी वसलेले श्रीक्षेत्र आळंदी हे देवस्थान संत ज्ञानेश्वर यांच्या समाधी मंदिरामुळे विशेष प्रसिद्ध आहे. निवृत्तीनाथ, ज्ञानेश्वर, सोपानदेव आणि मुक्ताबाई ही भावंडे आपल्या कुटुंबीयांसह आळंदी येथे राहत असल्याने या गावाला धार्मिक महत्त्व प्राप्त झाले आहे.
सांस्कृतिक वैशिष्ट्ये
इंद्रायणी नदीच्या काठी आळंदी येथे पंढरपूरला आषाढी वारीला जाणाऱ्या वारकरी समूहाचे सदस्य दरवर्षी एकत्रित होतात. या काळात इंद्रायणी नदीचा घाट आणि परिसर सर्व आलेल्या वारकरी मंडळींच्या गर्दीने भरलेला असतो.
तीर्थक्षेत्र (घाट, इ.)
संत ज्ञानेश्वर महाराज यांचे समाधी मंदिर इंद्रायणी नदीच्या किनारी असल्याने येथील नदीकाठाला व त्यावर बांधलेल्या घाटांना पवित्र मानले गेले आहे.
कार्यरत लोक चळवळी, संस्था, इ.
नदी आणि तिचे होणारे प्रदूषण याविषयी लोकजागृती करण्याच्या हेतूने इंद्रायणी नदीमधून पंढरपूरपर्यंत जलदिंडी आयोजित केली जाते. बारा दिवसात ही जलदिंडी पंढरपूर येथे पोहोचते. आषाढ महिन्यातील पंढरपूर वारीसाठी दरवर्षी इंद्रायणी नदी आणि तिच्या घाटांची स्वच्छता स्वयंसेवी संस्थांच्या आणि ग्राम पंचायतीच्या माध्यमातून केली जाते.
चित्रपट
वर्ग:भारतातील नद्या वर्ग:महाराष्ट्रातील नद्या वर्ग:पुणे जिल्ह्यातील नद्या वर्ग:विकिप्रकल्प जलबोध
तळवलीबारगाव
तळवलीबारगाव हे भारतातील महाराष्ट्र राज्यातील ठाणे जिल्ह्यातील मुरबाड तालुक्यातील एक गाव आहे.
हवामान
येथील हवामान उन्हाळ्यात फारच उष्ण व दमट असते. हिवाळ्यात शीतल व कोरडे असते. पावसाळ्यात भरपूर प्रमाणात पाऊस पडतो व हवामान समशीतोष्ण व दमट असते.पावसाळ्यात भरपूर पाऊस पडत असल्याने मुख्य खरीप पीक म्हणून भाताची लागवड केली जाते.
संदर्भ
वर्ग:मुरबाड तालुक्यातील गावे वर्ग:ठाणे जिल्ह्यातील गावे
भारतीय क्रिकेट संघाचा श्रीलंका दौरा, २००८
१८ जुलै ते २९ ऑगस्ट २००८ दरम्यान भारतीय संघाने श्रीलंकेचा दौरा केला. . दौऱ्यावर ३-कसोटी सामने आणि ५-एकदिवसीय सामन्यांची मालिका खेळवली गेली.
संघ
=दौरा सामना=
=कसोटी मालिका=
३री कसोटी
=दौरा सामना=
=एकदिवसीय मालिका =
५वा एकदिवसीय सामना
=बाह्य दुवे= [http://www.espncricinfo.com/slvind/engine/series/343726.html भारताचा श्रीलंका दौरा - वेळापत्रक. क्रिकइन्फो]
=संदर्भ व नोंदी=
२००८ श्रीलंका
चित्र
चित्र हे एक दृष्य कलेचा एक प्रकार आहे. चित्रातून कलाकाराच्य भावना व्यक्त होतात. चित्र काढण्याचा अनेकाचा छंद असतो.
वर्ग:चित्रकला
ज्याँ-फ्रांस्वा मारमोंटेल
मारमोंटेल, ज्यॉं-फ्रांस्वा वर्ग:रिकामी पाने वर्ग:इ.स. १७२३ मधील जन्म वर्ग:इ.स. १७९९ मधील मृत्यू वर्ग:पुरुष चरित्रलेख
वात्रक नदी
वात्रक नदी भारताच्या गुजरात राज्यातील छोटी नदी आहे. मही नदीची उपनदी असलेल्या या नदीकाठी मेमदावाद शहर वसलेले आहे.
वर्ग:गुजरातमधील नद्या
बॉलीवूड
मुंबई येथे असलेल्या हिंदी चित्रपट सृष्टीला अनौपचारिकपणे बॉलिवुड असे म्हणतात. बऱ्याचदा बॉलिवुड ही संज्ञा संपूर्ण भारतीय चित्रपटसृष्टीसाठी वापरली जाते, परंतु प्रत्यक्षात बॉलिवुड हा भारतीय चित्रपटसृष्टीचा एक हिस्सा आहे. बॉलीवूड भारतातील सगळ्यात मोठी चित्रपटसृष्टी असून, ती जगातील मोठ्या चित्रपटसृष्टींपैकी आहे त्यामुळे त्याला स्वप्न नागरी असेही म्हणतात
Bollywood is formally referred to as Hindi cinema, though frequent use of poetic उर्दू भाषा words is fairly common. There has been a growing presence of Indian English in dialogue and songs as well. It is not uncommon to see films that feature dialogue with English words and phrases, or even whole sentences.
नावाची व्युत्पत्ती
बॉलिवुड हे नाव मुंबईचे इंग्रजी नाव बॉम्बे आणि अमेरिकेतील हॉलिवूड या शहराच्या नावांचे मिश्रण आहे. हॉलिवूड अमेरिकेतील चित्रपटव्यवसायाचे केंद्र समजले जाते.
However, unlike Hollywood, Bollywood does not exist as a physical place. Though some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood, it has its own entry in the ऑक्सफर्ड इंग्लिश डिक्शनरी.
The term "Bollywood" has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the world's largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by several different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna, and the journalist Bevinda Collaco.
The naming scheme for "Bollywood" was inspired by "Tollywood", the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal. Dating back to 1932, "Tollywood" was the earliest Hollywood-inspired name, referring to the Bengali film industry based in Tollygunge, which rhymed with "Hollywood" and was the center of the cinema of India at the time. The name "Bollywood" later arose as the Bombay-based film industry overtook the one in Tollygunge as the center of the Indian film industry.
इतिहास
१३ मे १९१३ रोजी दादासाहेब फाळके यांचा राजा हरिश्चंद्र हा भारतात निर्मित झालेला सर्वप्रथम चित्रपट होता. १९३० च्या सुमारास येथे दरवर्षी २००पेक्षा अधिक चित्रपटांची निर्मिती होऊ लागली होती. १९३१मध्ये प्रदर्शित झालेला आलम आरा हा अरदेशर इरानीचा चित्रपट सफल झाला. यानंतर बॉलिवुड तसेच इतर भाषांतील बोलपट प्रदर्शित होऊ लागले.
The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times: India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots.
In 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another colour film, Mother India. However, colour did not become a popular feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema.
सुवर्णयुग
Following India's independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the "Golden Age" of Hindi cinema.Following India's independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the "Golden Age" of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically-acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period. Examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; Awaara presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life. Some of the most famous epic films of Hindi cinema were also produced at the time, including Mehboob Khan's Mother India (1957), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam (1960). V. Shantaram's Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957) is believed to have inspired the Hollywood film The Dirty Dozen (1967). Madhumati (1958), directed by Bimal Roy and written by Ritwik Ghatak, popularized the theme of reincarnation in Western popular culture. Other acclaimed mainstream Hindi filmmakers at the time included Kamal Amrohi and Vijay Bhatt. Successful actors at the time included Dev Anand, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Guru Dutt, while successful actresses included Nargis, Meena Kumari, Nutan, Madhubala, Waheeda Rehman and Mala Sinha.
While commercial Hindi cinema was thriving, the 1950s also saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema movement. Though the movement was mainly led by Bengali cinema, it also began gaining prominence in Hindi cinema. Early examples of Hindi films in this movement include Chetan Anand's Neecha Nagar (1946) and Bimal Roy's Two Acres of Land (1953). Their critical acclaim, as well as the latter's commercial success, paved the way for Indian neorealism and the Indian New Wave. Some of the internationally-acclaimed Hindi filmmakers involved in the movement included Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal and Vijaya Mehta. Ever since the social realist film Neecha Nagar won the Grand Prize at the first Cannes Film Festival, Hindi films were frequently in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with some of them winning major prizes at the festival. Guru Dutt, while overlooked in his own lifetime, had belatedly generated international recognition much later in the 1980s. Dutt is now regarded as one of the greatest Asian filmmakers of all time, alongside the more famous Indian Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray. The 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll of greatest filmmakers ranked Dutt at #73 on the list. Some of his films are now included among the greatest films of all time, with Pyaasa (1957) being featured in Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies list, and with both Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) tied at #160 in the 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll of all-time greatest films. Several other Hindi films from this era were also ranked in the Sight & Sound poll, including Raj Kapoor's Awaara (1951), Vijay Bhatt's Baiju Bawra (1952), Mehboob Khan's Mother India (1957) and K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam (1960) all tied at #346 on the list.
Influences
Gokulsing and Dissanayake identify six major influences that have shaped the conventions of Indian popular cinema:
Influence
In the 2000s, Bollywood began influencing musical films in the Western world, and played a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the American musical film genre. Baz Luhrmann stated that his musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals. The film incorporated an Indian-themed play based on the ancient Sanskrit drama The Little Clay Cart and a Bollywood-style dance sequence with a song from the film China Gate. The critical and financial success of Moulin Rouge! renewed interest in the then-moribund Western musical genre, and subsequently films such as Chicago, The Producers, Rent, Dreamgirls, Hairspray, Sweeney Todd, Across the Universe, The Phantom of the Opera, Enchanted and Mamma Mia! were produced, fueling a renaissance of the genre.
A. R. Rahman, an Indian film composer, wrote the music for Andrew Lloyd Webber's Bombay Dreams, and a musical version of Hum Aapke Hain Koun has played in London's West End. The Bollywood musical Lagaan (2001) was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and two other Bollywood films Devdas (2002) and Rang De Basanti (2006) were nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Danny Boyle's Slumdog Millionaire (2008), which has won four Golden Globes and eight Academy Awards, was also directly inspired by Bollywood films, and is considered to be a "homage to Hindi commercial cinema". Several other Hollywood films are also believed to have been inspired by Bollywood films. For example, V. Shantaram's Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957) is believed to have inspired the Hollywood film The Dirty Dozen (1967). The theme of reincarnation was also popularized in Western popular culture through Bollywood films, with Madhumati (1958) inspiring the Hollywood film The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1975), which in turn inspired the Bollywood film Karz (1980), which in turn influenced another Hollywood film Chances Are (1989). The 1975 film Chhoti Si Baat is believed to have inspired Hitch (2005), which in turn inspired the Bollywood film Partner (2007).
The influence of Bollywood filmi music can also be seen in popular music elsewhere in the world. For example, Devo's 1988 hit song "Disco Dancer" was inspired by the song "I am a Disco Dancer" from the Bollywood film Disco Dancer (1982). The 2002 song "Addictive", sung by Truth Hurts and produced by DJ Quik and Dr. Dre, was lifted from Lata Mangeshkar's "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" from Jyoti (1981). The Black Eyed Peas' Grammy Award winning 2005 song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" was inspired by two 1970s Bollywood songs: "Ye Mera Dil Yaar Ka Diwana" from Don (1978) and "Ae Nujawan Hai Sub" from Apradh (1972). Both songs were originally composed by Kalyanji Anandji, sung by Asha Bhosle, and featured the dancer Helen. Also in 2005, the Kronos Quartet re-recorded several R. D. Burman compositions, with Asha Bhosle as the singer, into an album You've stolen my heart - Songs From R D Burman's Bollywood, which was nominated for "Best Contemporary World Music Album" at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Filmi music composed by A. R. Rahman (who would later win two Academy Awards for the Slumdog Millionaire soundtrack) has frequently been sampled by musicians elsewhere in the world, including the Singaporean artist Kelly Poon, the Uzbek artist Iroda Dilroz, the French rap group La Caution, the American artist Ciara, and the German band Löwenherz, among others. Many Asian Underground artists, particularly those among the overseas Indian diaspora, have also been inspired by Bollywood music.
Genre conventions
Bollywood films are mostly musicals, and are expected to contain catchy music in the form of song-and-dance numbers woven into the script. A film's success often depends on the quality of such musical numbers. Indeed, a film's music is often released before the movie itself and helps increase the audience.
Indian audiences expect full value for their money, with a good entertainer generally referred to as paisa vasool, (literally, "money's worth"). Songs and dances, love triangles, comedy and dare-devil thrills are all mixed up in a three-hour-long extravaganza with an intermission. Such movies are called masala films, after the Hindi word for a spice mixture. Like masalas, these movies are a mixture of many things such as action, comedy, romance etc. Most films have heroes who are able to fight off villains all by themselves. Bollywood plots have tended to be melodramatic. They frequently employ formulaic ingredients such as star-crossed lovers and angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, corrupt politicians, kidnappers, conniving villains, courtesans with hearts of gold, long-lost relatives and siblings separated by fate, dramatic reversals of fortune, and convenient coincidences.
There have always been Indian films with more artistic aims and more sophisticated stories, both inside and outside the Bollywood tradition (see Parallel Cinema). They often lost out at the box office to movies with more mass appeal. Bollywood conventions are changing, however. A large Indian diaspora in English speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have nudged Bollywood films closer to Hollywood models.
Film critic Lata Khubchandani writes,"..our earliest films...had liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures." Plots now tend to feature Westernised urbanites dating and dancing in clubs rather than centering on pre-arranged marriages. Though these changes can widely be seen in contemporary Bollywood, traditional conservative ways of Indian culture continue to exist in India outside the industry and an element of resistance by some to western-based influences. Despite this, Bollywood continues to play a major role in fashion in India. Indeed some studies into fashion in India have revealed that some people are unaware that the changing nature of fashion in Bollywood films which are presented to them are often influenced by globalisation and many consider the clothes worn by Bollywood actors as authentically Indian.
Cast and crew
Bollywood employs people from all parts of India. It attracts thousands of aspiring actors and actresses, all hoping for a break in the industry. Models and beauty contestants, television actors, theatre actors and even common people come to Mumbai with the hope and dream of becoming a star. Just as in Hollywood, very few succeed. Since many Bollywood films are shot abroad, many foreign extras are employed too.
Stardom in the entertainment industry is very fickle, and Bollywood is no exception. The popularity of the stars can rise and fall rapidly. Directors compete to hire the most popular stars of the day, who are believed to guarantee the success of a movie (though this belief is not always supported by box-office results). Hence many stars make the most of their fame, once they become popular, by making several movies simultaneously.
Only a very few non-Indian actors are able to make a mark in Bollywood, though many have tried from time to time. There have been some exceptions, one recent example is the hit film Rang De Basanti, where the lead actress is Alice Patten, an Englishwoman. Kisna, Lagaan, and The Rising: Ballad of Mangal Pandey also featured foreign actors.
Bollywood can be very clannish, and the relatives of film-industry insiders have an edge in getting coveted roles in films or being part of a film's crew. Industry connections are no guarantee of a long career: competition is fierce and if film industry scions do not succeed at the box office, their careers will falter. Some of the biggest stars, such as Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, and Shahrukh Khan have succeeded despite total lack of show business connections. For film clans, see List of Bollywood film clans.
ध्वनिमुद्रण
सहसा बॉलिवूड चित्रपटांचे ध्वनीमुद्रण चित्रीकरणासह होत नाही. चित्रीकरण संपल्यावर स्टु़डियोमध्ये अभिनेते व इतर ध्वनिकलाकार चित्रांसोबत संवाद/आवाचांचे मुद्रीकरण करतात. Process known as "looping in the sound" or ADR—with the foley and sound effects added later. This creates several problems, since the sound in these films usually occurs a frame or two earlier or later than the mouth movements or gestures. The actors have to act twice: once on-location, once in the studio—and the emotional level on set is often very difficult to recreate. Commercial Indian films, not just the Hindi-language variety, are known for their lack of ambient sound, so there is a silence underlying everything instead of the background sound and noises usually employed in films to create aurally perceivable depth and environment.
The ubiquity of ADR in Bollywood cinema became prevalent in the early 1960s with the arrival of the Arriflex 3 camera, which required a blimp (cover) in order to shield the sound of the camera, for which it was notorious, from on-location filming. Commercial Indian filmmakers, known for their speed, never bothered to blimp the camera, and its excessive noise required that everything had to be recreated in the studio. Eventually, this became the standard for Indian films.
The trend was bucked in 2001, after a 30-year hiatus of synchronized sound, with the film Lagaan, in which producer-star Aamir Khan insisted that the sound be done on location. This opened up a heated debate on the use and economic feasibility of on-location sound, and several Bollywood films have employed on-location sound since then.
Bollywood song and dance
Bollywood film music is called filmi music (from Hindi, meaning "of films"). Songs from Bollywood movies are generally pre-recorded by professional playback singers, with the actors then lip synching the words to the song on-screen, often while dancing. While most actors, especially today, are excellent dancers, few are also singers. One notable exception was Kishore Kumar, who starred in several major films in the 1950s while also having a stellar career as a playback singer. K. L. Saigal, Suraiyya, and Noor Jehan were also known as both singers and actors. Some actors in the last thirty years have sung one or more songs themselves; for a list, see Singing actors and actresses in Indian cinema.
Playback singers are prominently featured in the opening credits and have their own fans who will go to an otherwise lackluster movie just to hear their favourites. Going by the quality as well as the quantity of the songs they rendered, most notable singers of Bollywood are Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Geeta Dutt, Shamshad Begum and Alka Yagnik among female playback singers; and K. L. Saigal, Talat Mahmood, Mukesh, Mohammed Rafi, Manna Dey, Hemant Kumar, Kishore Kumar, Kumar Sanu, S.P.Balasubramanyam, Udit Narayan and Sonu Nigam among male playback singers. Mohammed Rafi is often considered arguably the finest of the singers that have lent their voice to Bollywood songs, followed by Lata Mangeshkar, who, through the course of a career spanning over six decades, has recorded thousands of songs for Indian movies. The composers of film music, known as music directors, are also well-known. Their songs can make or break a film and usually do. Remixing of film songs with modern beats and rhythms is a common occurrence today, and producers may even release remixed versions of some of their films' songs along with the films' regular soundtrack albums.
The dancing in Bollywood films, especially older ones, is primarily modelled on Indian dance: classical dance styles, dances of historic northern Indian courtesans (tawaif), or folk dances. In modern films, Indian dance elements often blend with Western dance styles (as seen on MTV or in Broadway musicals), though it is not unusual to see Western pop and pure classical dance numbers side by side in the same film. The hero or heroine will often perform with a troupe of supporting dancers. Many song-and-dance routines in Indian films feature unrealistically instantaneous shifts of location or changes of costume between verses of a song. If the hero and heroine dance and sing a pas de deux, it is often staged in beautiful natural surroundings or architecturally grand settings. This staging is referred to as a "picturisation".
Songs typically comment on the action taking place in the movie, in several ways. Sometimes, a song is worked into the plot, so that a character has a reason to sing; other times, a song is an externalisation of a character's thoughts, or presages an event that has not occurred yet in the plot of the movie. In this case, the event is almost always two characters falling in love.
Bollywood films have always used what are now called "item numbers". A physically attractive female character (the "item girl"), often completely unrelated to the main cast and plot of the film, performs a catchy song and dance number in the film. In older films, the "item number" may be performed by a courtesan (tawaif) dancing for a rich client or as part of a cabaret show. The dancer Helen was famous for her cabaret numbers. In modern films, item numbers may be inserted as discotheque sequences, dancing at celebrations, or as stage shows.
For the last few decades Bollywood producers have been releasing the film's soundtrack, as tapes or CDs, before the main movie release, hoping that the music will pull audiences into the cinema later. Often the soundtrack is more popular than the movie. In the last few years some producers have also been releasing music videos, usually featuring a song from the film. However, some promotional videos feature a song which is not included in the movie.
संवाद आणि गीत
The film script or lines of dialogue (called "dialogues" in Indian English) and the song lyrics are often written by different people.
Music directors often prefer working with certain lyricists, to the point that the lyricist and composer are seen as a team. This phenomenon is not unlike the pairings of American composers and songwriters that created old-time Broadway musicals (e.g., Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, or Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe). Song lyrics are usually about love. Bollywood song lyrics, especially in the old movies, frequently use Arabo-Persic Urdu vocabulary. Another source for love lyrics is the long Hindu tradition of poetry about the mythological amours of Krishna, Radha, and the gopis. Many lyrics compare the singer to a devotee and the object of his or her passion to Krishna or Radha.
Finances
Bollywood films are multi-million dollar productions, with the most expensive productions costing up to 100 crores rupees (roughly USD 20 million). Sets, costumes, special effects, and cinematography were less than world-class up until the mid-to-late 1990s, although with some notable exceptions. As Western films and television gain wider distribution in India itself, there is an increasing pressure for Bollywood films to attain the same production levels, particularly in areas such as action and special effects. Recent Bollywood films have employed international technicians to improve in these areas, such as Krrish (2006) which has action choreographed by Hong Kong based Tony Ching. The increasing accessibility to professional action and special effects, coupled with rising film budgets, has seen an explosion in the action and sci-fi genres.
Sequences shot overseas have proved a real box office draw, so Mumbai film crews are increasingly filming in ऑस्ट्रेलिया, Canada, न्यू झीलंड, the United Kingdom, the United States, continental Europe and elsewhere. Nowadays, Indian producers are winning more and more funding for big-budget films shot within India as well, such as Lagaan, Devdas and other recent films.
Funding for Bollywood films often comes from private distributors and a few large studios. Indian banks and financial institutions were forbidden from lending money to movie studios. However, this ban has now been lifted. As finances are not regulated, some funding also comes from illegitimate sources, such as the Mumbai underworld. The Mumbai underworld has been known to be involved in the production of several films, and are notorious for their patronisation of several prominent film personalities; On occasion, they have been known to use money and muscle power to get their way in cinematic deals. In January 2000, Mumbai mafia hitmen shot Rakesh Roshan, a film director and father of star Hrithik Roshan. In 2001, the Central Bureau of Investigation seized all prints of the movie Chori Chori Chupke Chupke after the movie was found to be funded by members of the Mumbai underworld.
Another problem facing Bollywood is widespread copyright infringement of its films. Often, bootleg DVD copies of movies are available before the prints are officially released in cinemas. Manufacturing of bootleg DVD, VCD, and VHS copies of the latest movie शीर्षकs is a well established 'small scale industry' in parts of South Asia and South East Asia. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) estimates that the Bollywood industry loses $100 million annually in loss of revenue from pirated home videos and DVDs. Besides catering to the homegrown market, demand for these copies is large amongst some sections of the Indian diaspora, too. (In fact, bootleg copies are the only way people in Pakistan can watch Bollywood movies, since the Government of Pakistan has banned their sale, distribution and telecast). Films are frequently broadcast without compensation by countless small cable TV companies in India and other parts of South Asia. Small convenience stores run by members of the Indian diaspora in the U.S. and the UK regularly stock tapes and DVDs of dubious provenance, while consumer copying adds to the problem. The availability of illegal copies of movies on the Internet also contributes to the piracy problem.
Satellite TV, television and imported foreign films are making huge inroads into the domestic Indian entertainment market. In the past, most Bollywood films could make money; now fewer tend to do so. However, most Bollywood producers make money, recouping their investments from many sources of revenue, including selling ancillary rights. There are also increasing returns from theatres in Western countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, where Bollywood is slowly getting noticed. As more Indians migrate to these countries, they form a growing market for upscale Indian films.
For an interesting comparison of Hollywood and Bollywood financial figures, see chart. It shows tickets sold in 2002 and total revenue estimates. Bollywood sold 3.6 billion tickets and had total revenues (theatre tickets, DVDs, television etc.) of US$1.3 billion, whereas Hollywood films sold 2.6 billion tickets and generated total revenues (again from all formats) of US$51 billion.
Advertising
Many Indian artists used to make a living by hand-painting movie billboards and posters (The well-known artist M.F. Hussain used to paint film posters early in his career) This was because human labour was found to be cheaper than printing and distributing publicity material. Now, a majority of the huge and ubiquitous billboards in India's major cities are created with computer-printed vinyl. The old hand-painted posters, once regarded as ephemera, are becoming increasingly collectible as folk art.
Releasing the film music, or music videos, before the actual release of the film can also be considered a form of advertising. A popular tune is believed to help pull audiences into the theaters.
Bollywood publicists have begun to use the Internet as a venue for advertising. Most of the better-funded film releases now have their own websites, where browsers can view trailers, stills, and information about the story, cast, and crew.
Bollywood is also used to advertise other products. Product placement, as used in Hollywood, is widely practiced in Bollywood.
Awards
The Filmfare Awards ceremony is one of the most prominent film events given for Hindi films in India. The Indian screen magazine Filmfare started the first Filmfare Awards in 1954, and awards were given to the best films of 1953. The ceremony was referred to as the Clare Awards after the magazine's editor. Modelled after the poll-based merit format of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, individuals may submit their votes in separate categories. A dual voting system was developed in 1956. Like the Oscars, the Filmfare awards are frequently accused of bias towards commercial success rather than artistic merit.
As the Filmfare, the National Film Awards were introduced in 1954. Since 1973, the Indian government has sponsored the National Film Awards, awarded by the government run Directorate of Film Festivals (DFF). The DFF screens not only Bollywood films, but films from all the other regional movie industries and independent/art films. These awards are handed out at an annual ceremony presided over by the President of India. Under this system, in contrast to the National Film Awards, which are decided by a panel appointed by Indian Government, the Filmfare Awards are voted for by both the public and a committee of experts.
Additional ceremonies held within India are:
Ceremonies held overseas are:
Most of these award ceremonies are lavishly staged spectacles, featuring singing, dancing, and numerous celebrities.
Popularity and appeal
Besides being popular among the India diaspora, such far off locations as Nigeria to Egypt to Senegal and to Russia generations of non-Indian fans have grown up with Bollywood during the years, bearing witness to the cross-cultural appeal of Indian movies. Over the last years of the twentieth century and beyond, Bollywood progressed in its popularity as it entered the consciousness of Western audiences and producers.
Africa
Historically, Hindi films have been distributed to some parts of Africa, largely by Lebanese businessmen. Mother India (1957), for example, continued to be played in Nigeria decades after its release. Indian movies have also gained ground so as to alter the style of Hausa fashions, songs have also been copied by Hausa singers and stories have influenced the writings of Nigerian novelists. Stickers of Indian films and stars decorate taxis and buses in Northern Nigeria, while posters of Indian films adorn the walls of tailor shops and mechanics' garages in the country. Unlike in युरोप and North America where Indian films largely cater to the expatriate Indian market yearning to keep in touch with their homeland, in West Africa, as in many other parts of the world, such movies rose in popularity despite the lack of a significant Indian audience, where movies are about an alien culture, based on a religion wholly different, and, for the most part, a language that is unintelligble to the viewers. One such explanation for this lied in the similarities between the two cultures. Other similarities include wearing turbans; the presence of animals in markets; porters carrying large bundles, chewing sugar cane; youths riding Bajaj motor scooters; wedding celebrations, and so forth. With the strict Muslim culture, Indian movies were said to show "respect" toward women, where Hollywood movies were seen to have "no shame". In Indian movies women were modestly dressed, men and women rarely kiss, and there is no nudity, thus Indian movies are said to "have culture" that Hollywood films lack. The latter choice was a failure because "they don't base themselves on the problems of the people," where the former is based socialist values and on the reality of developing countries emerging from years of colonialism. Indian movies also allowed for a new youth culture to follow without such ideological baggage as "becoming western."
Bollywood is also popular among Somalis and the Somali diaspora, where the emerging Islamic Courts Union found a bete noire. Chad and Ethiopia have also shown an interest in the movies.
Several Bollywood personalities have avenued to the continent for both shooting movies and off-camera projects. The film Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav (2005) was one of many movies shot in South Africa. Dil Jo Bhi Kahey (2005) was shot almost entirely in Mauritius, which has a large ethnically Indian population.
Ominously, however, the popularity of old Bollywood versus a new, changing Bollywood seems to be diminishing the popularity on the continent. The changing style of Bollywood has begun to question such an acceptance. The new era features more sexually explicit and violent films. Nigerian viewers, for example, commented that older films of the 1950s and 1960s had culture to the newer, more westernized picturizations. The old days of India avidly "advocating decolonization ... and India's policy was wholly influenced by his missionary zeal to end racial domination and discrimination in the African territories" were replaced by newer realities. The emergence of Nollywood, Africa's local movie industry has also contributed to the declining popularity of Bollywood films. A greater globalised world worked in tandem with the sexualisation of Indian films so as to become more like American films, thus negating the preferred values of an old Bollywood and diminishing Indian soft power.
Asia
Bollywood films are widely watched in South Asian countries, such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and श्रीलंका.
Many Pakistanis watch Bollywood films, as they understand Hindi (due to its linguistic similarity to उर्दू भाषा). Pakistan banned the legal import of Bollywood movies in 1965. However, a thriving trade in pirated DVDs and illegal cable broadcasts ensured the continued popularity of Bollywood releases in Pakistan. Exceptions were made for a few films, such as the 2006 colorized re-release of the classic Mughal-e-Azam or the 2006 film Taj Mahal. Early in 2008, the Pakistani government eased the ban and allowed the import of even more movies; 16 were screened in 2008. Continued easing followed in 2009 and 2010. The new policy is controversial in Pakistan. It is opposed by ardent nationalists and representatives of Pakistan's small film industry; it is embraced by cinema owners, who are booking large profits after years of poor receipts.
Bollywood movies are also popular in Afghanistan due to the country's proximity with the Indian subcontinent and certain other cultural perspectives present in the movies. A number of Bollywood movies were filmed inside Afghanistan while some dealt with the country, including Dharmatma, Kabul Express, Khuda Gawah and Escape From Taliban. Hindi films have also been popular in numerous Arab countries, including Palestine, Jordan, Egypt and the Gulf countries. Imported Indian films are usually subशीर्षकd in Arabic upon the film's release. Since the early 2000s, Bollywood has progressed in Israel. Special channels dedicated to Indian films have been displayed on cable television. Bollywood films are also popular across Southeast Asia (particularly the Malay Archipelago) and Central Asia (particularly in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan).
Some Hindi movies also became big successes in the People's Republic of China during the 1940s and 1950s. The most popular Hindi films in China were Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani (1946), Awaara (1951) and Two Acres of Land (1953). Raj Kapoor was a famous movie star in China, and the song "Awara Hoon" ("I am a Tramp") was popular in the country. Since then, Hindi films significantly declined in popularity in China, until the Academy Award nominated Lagaan (2001) became the first Indian film to have a nation-wide release there in decades. The Chinese filmmaker He Ping was impressed by Lagaan, especially its soundtrack, and thus hired the film's music composer A. R. Rahman to score the soundtrack for his film Warriors of Heaven and Earth (2003). Several older Hindi films also have a cult following in Japan, particularly the films directed by the late Guru Dutt.
युरोप
बॉलीवूडचे सिनेमे रशियामधे विशेषतः प्रसिद्ध आहेत. Bollywood films have been dubbed into Russian, and shown in prominent theatres such as Mosfilm and Lenfilm.
सुरिनाममधील भारतीय दूत अशोक शर्मा, जे आपल्या कारकिर्दीत तीन वेळेस स्वतंत्र राज्यांच्या राष्ट्रसंघात कार्यरत होते, म्हणतात :
The film Mera Naam Joker (1970), sought to cater to such an appeal and the popularity of Raj Kapoor in Russia, when it recruited Russian actress Kseniya Ryabinkina for the movie. In the contemporary era, Lucky: No Time for Love was shot entirely in Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet film distribution system, Hollywood occupied the void created in the Russian film market. This made things difficult for Bollywood as it was losing market share to Hollywood. However, Russian newspapers report that there is a renewed interest in Bollywood among young Russians.
उत्तर अमेरिका
गेल्या काही वर्षांत उत्तर अमेरिकेमध्ये बॉलिवूड चित्रपटांच लोकप्रियता वाढलेली आहे. मुख्यत्वे शिकागो, डॅलस सारख्या मोठ्या शहरांतील दक्षिण आशियाई लोकांमध्ये हे अधिक दिसून येते. Yash Raj Films, one of India's largest production houses and distributors, reported in September 2005 that Bollywood films in the United States earn around $100 million a year through theater screenings, video sales and the sale of movie soundtracks. In other words, films from India do more business in the United States than films from any other non-English speaking country. Numerous films in the mid-1990s and onwards have been largely, or entirely, shot in New York, Los Angeles, Vancouver and Toronto. Bollywood's immersion in the traditional Hollywood domain was further tied with such films as The Guru (2002) and Marigold: An Adventure in India (2007) trying to popularise the Bollywood-theme for Hollywood.
Oceania
Bollywood is not as successful in the Oceanic countries and Pacific Islands such as New Guinea. However, it ranks second to Hollywood in countries such as Fiji, with its large Indian minority, Australia and New Zealand.
Australia is one of the countries where there is a large South Asian Diaspora. Bollywood is popular amongst non-Asians in the country as well. Since 1997 the country has provided a backdrop for an increasing number of Bollywood films. Indian filmmakers have been attracted to Australia's diverse locations and landscapes, and initially used it as the setting for song-and-dance sequences, which demonstrated the contrast between the values. However, nowadays, Australian locations are becoming more important to the plot of Bollywood films. Hindi films shot in Australia usually incorporate aspects of Australian lifestyle. The Yash Raj Film Salaam Namaste (2005) became the first Indian film to be shot entirely in Australia and was the most successful Bollywood film of 2005 in the country. This was followed by Heyy Babyy (2007) Chak De! India (2007) and Singh Is Kinng (2008) which turned out to be box office successes. Following the release of Salaam Namaste, on a visit to India the then Prime Minister John Howard also sought, having seen the film, to have more Indian movies shooting in the country to boost tourism, where the Bollywood and cricket nexus, was further tightened with Steve Waugh's appointment as tourism ambassador to India. Australian actress Tania Zaetta, who co-starred in Salaam Namaste, among other Bollywood films, expressed her keenness to expand her career in Bollywood.
Plagiarism
Constrained by rushed production schedules and small budgets, some Bollywood writers and musicians have been known to resort to plagiarism. Ideas, plot lines, tunes or riffs have been copied from other Indian film industries or foreign films (including Hollywood and other Asian films). This has led to criticism towards the film industry.
In past times, this could be done with impunity. Copyright enforcement was lax in India and few actors or directors ever saw an official contract. The Hindi film industry was not widely known to non-Indian audiences (excluding the Soviet states), who would not even be aware that their material was being copied. Audiences may also not have been aware of the plagiarism since many audiences in India were unfamiliar with foreign films and music. While copyright enforcement in India is still somewhat lenient, Bollywood and other film industries are much more aware of each other now and Indian audiences are more familiar with foreign movies and music. Organizations like the India EU Film Initiative seek to foster a community between film makers and industry professional between India and the EU.