Hongsawatoi_kingdom
Hongsawatoi of Kingdom (Mon: ဍုၚ် ဟံသာဝတဳ, [hɔŋsawətɔe]; Burmese: ဟံသာဝတီ နေပြည်တော်; also Hanthawaddy Pegu or simply Pegu) was the polity that ruled lower Burma (Myanmar) from 573to 1100, and from 1287 to 1552,from 1739 to 1757. The Mon-speaking kingdom was founded as Ramaññadesa (Mon: ရးမည, Burmese: ရာမည ဒေသ) by. era 573 king Sam Ma La broke off from Suvarnabhumi to establish the new Mon kingdoms of Hongsawatoi1(pegu) .The end of The Hongsawatoi1(hanthawadyy) kingdom in the reign of king Manuha vs with the Burma king kyan sit tha extending the territory down to the Mon kingdom in the south 1100. In 1287, the Pagan Kingdom collapsed due to Mongol invasions, and all its vassal states became independent. In present-day Lower Burma,king Wareru established a kingdom for the Mon-speaking people called Ramannadesa by unifying three Mon-speaking regions of Lower Burma: Martaban (Mottama), Pegu (Bago), the Irrawaddy delta.[8] The kingdom's first capital was at Martaban but the capital was moved to Pegu in 1369. the reign of King Raja dhi rat, who not only firmly unified the three Mon-speaking regions together but also successfully fended off the northern Burmese-speaking Kingdom of Ava in the Forty Years' War (1385–1424). The war ended in a stalemate but it was a victory for Hongsawatoi2 as Ava finally gave up its dream of restoring the Pagan Empire. In the years following the war, Pegu occasionally aided Ava's southern vassal states of Prome and Toungoo in their rebellions but carefully avoided getting plunged into a full-scale war. After the war, Hongsawatoi2 entered its golden age whereas its rival Ava gradually went into decline. From the 1420s to the 1530s, Hongsawatoi2(Hanthawaddy) was the most powerful and prosperous kingdom of all post-Pagan kingdoms. Under a string of especially gifted monarchs—King Binnya Ran1,king girl Mi Chao Puu ,king Dham Ma Ja toi, king binnya Ran2 ,the kingdom enjoyed a long golden age, profiting from foreign commerce. Its merchants traded with traders from across the Indian Ocean, filling the king's treasury with gold and silver, silk and spices, and all the other stuff of early modern trade. The kingdom also became a famous centre of Theravada Buddhism. It established strong ties with Ceylon, and encouraged reforms that later spread throughout the country.[9] The powerful kingdom's end came abruptly. Due to the inexperience of King Sa Kar Rot Poa ,the kingdom was captured by a smaller kingdom to the north, Kingdom of Toungoo in 1539 led by King Tabinshwehti and his deputy Gen. Bayinnaung. Toungoo captured the Irrawaddy delta and Pegu in 1538–1539, and Martaban in 1541.[10] The kingdom was briefly revived in 1550 after Tabinshwehti was assassinated. But Bayinnaung quickly defeated the rebellion in 1552. Though Toungoo kings would rule all of Lower Burma well into the mid-18th century, the golden age of Hanthawaddy was fondly remembered by the Mon. In 1740, they rose up against a weak Toungoo Dynasty on its last legs, and succeeded in restoring the fallen Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Supported by the French, the upstart kingdom quickly carved out a space for itself in Lower Burma, and continued its push northward. On 23 March 1752, its forces captured Ava, and ended the 266-year-old Toungoo dynasty.