cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
မုဟ်ဒုန်၊ တကအ်ခၟိုင်
ကွာန်မုဟ်ဒုန်(Muhdoon၊ မုဒူးရွာ Mudu)ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ ခရိုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်၊ ဂကောံကွာန်မုဟ်ဒုန်၊ ဂၞန်ကောဒ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၉၅၁၉၃။ အတိုင်စရင်မၞိဟ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကွာန်မုဟ်ဒုန် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် နွံ ၂၃၈၅၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ နွံ ၂၇၇၃ တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂှ် ၅၁၅၈ တၠရ။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်
ရတနာမန်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ဘာရတနာမန် ဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယဝွံ နွံပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။
ကျာ်ဒေါဝ်သာသနာ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ဘာကျာ်ဒေါဝ်သာသနာ ဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယဝွံ နွံပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။
ရတနာမန်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
သၞာံ ၂၀၂၂ ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဝွံ သင်လုပ်ဒဂိုန် ခမဳ ၆၊ ထပိုယ် ၃ ဇကု။
ကျာ်ဒေါဝ်သာသနာ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
သၞာံ ၂၀၂၂ ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဝွံ သင်လုပ်ဒဂိုန် ခမဳ ၅၊ ထပိုယ် ၀ ဇကု။
ရတနာမန်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ကျာ်ဇၞော်မနွံပိုန်ဘာဂမၠိုင်
ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘဒ္ဒန္တဥတ္တမ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၈၃ က္လိဂွံအာယုက် ၇၀၊ ဝှ် ၅၀။
ကျာ်ဒေါဝ်သာသနာ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ကျာ်ဇၞော်မနွံပိုန်ဘာဂမၠိုင်
ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘဒ္ဒန္တတေဇနိယ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၈၃ က္လိဂွံအာယုက် ၇၀၊ ဝှ် ၅၀။
ရတနာမန်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန် ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန် ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ကျာ်သုက်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ဘာကျာ်သုက် ဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယဝွံ နွံပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။
သၞာံ ၂၀၂၂ ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဝွံ သင်လုပ်ဒဂိုန် ခမဳ ၁၊ ထပိုယ် ၀ ဇကု။
ကျာ်ဇၞော်မနွံပိုန်ဘာဂမၠိုင်
ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘဒ္ဒန္တဝိလာသ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၈၃ က္လိဂွံအာယုက် ၇၀၊ ဝှ် ၅၀။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန် ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန် ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ဝါလာန်၊ တကအ်ခၟိုင်
ကွာန်ဝါလာန်(Waelan၊ ဝယ်လမ်းရွာ Weilan)ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ ခရိုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်၊ ဂကောံကွာန်ဝါလာန်၊ ဂၞန်ကောဒ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၉၅၁၆၉။ အတိုင်စရင်မၞိဟ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကွာန်ဝါလာန် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် နွံ ၃၇၈၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ နွံ ၄၁၀ တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂှ် ၇၈၈ တၠရ။
မုဟ်ရိုတ်ဇၞော်၊ တကအ်ခၟိုင်
ကွာန်မုဟ်ရိုတ်ဇၞော်(Murut-hnook၊ မုရစ်ကြီး Muyitgyi)ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ ခရိုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်၊ ဂကောံကွာန်မုဟ်ရိုတ်ဇၞော်၊ ဂၞန်ကောဒ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၉၅၁၃၃။ အတိုင်စရင်မၞိဟ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကွာန်မုဟ်ရိုတ်ဇၞော် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် နွံ ၁၂၃၂၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ နွံ ၁၅၆၆ တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂှ် ၂၇၉၈ တၠရ။
ဝါလာန်၊ တကအ်ခၟိုင်
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်
တကအ်ၜိုပ်၊ တကအ်ခၟိုင်
ကွာန်တကအ်ၜိုပ်လဆောဝ်ကော် တကအ်ၜတ် (Kawbot၊ ဟင်္သာကျွန်းရွာ Hintharkyun)ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ ခရိုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်၊ ဂကောံကွာန်တကအ်ၜိုပ်၊ ဂၞန်ကောဒ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၉၅၁၇၀။ အတိုင်စရင်မၞိဟ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကွာန်တကအ်ၜိုပ် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် နွံ ၄၂၉၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ နွံ ၄၁၃ တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂှ် ၈၄၂ တၠရ။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်
ပရိယတ္တိဝေဒဳ၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ဘာပရိယတ္တိဝေဒဳ ဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယဝွံ နွံပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။
ကျာ်ဇၞော်မနွံပိုန်ဘာဂမၠိုင်
ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘဒ္ဒန္တပါလရာမည သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၈၃ က္လိဂွံအာယုက် ၇၀၊ ဝှ် ၅၀။
မန်ကျာ်ဇိန၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
ဘာမန်ကျာ်ဇဳန ဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယဝွံ နွံပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု။
သၞာံ ၂၀၂၂ ဂှ် ပ္ဍဲဘာဝွံ သင်လုပ်ဒဂိုန် ခမဳ ၁၊ ထပိုယ် ၀ ဇကု။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန် ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန် ပွိုင်ဍုင်မတ်မလီု
သေဋ္ဌဳကဵုကောန်ကမၠောန်
သေဋ္ဌဳကဵုကောန်ကမၠောန်
လုပ်ဗှ်ဖျုန်လိက်အိုတ်စိုအ်၊
ပိုဲဏံတက်မံၚ်ကျာကဵုဍေံလေဝ်အရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲကီု တုဲတှ်ေ ပိုဲဏံသုၚ်စောဲစကာဍေံလေဝ်အရိုဟ်တ္ၚဲတုဲ ဍေံဒးကၠောန်ကမၠောန်ကဵုပိုဲဂှ်သွက်ပိုဲဏံဂွံဍောၚ်အောန်အာကီုမဒှ်ရ၊ သေဋ္ဌဳကီုကောန်ကမၠောန်တံသီုညးၜါဂှ်ဒှ်ဆသ္ကံရဲမိတ်သဟာဲညးရီုအဲအဲရီုညးတုပ်တုပ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဍိက်ကီုသေဋ္ဌဳကီုပိုဲတံဟွံပါ်ကဆံၚ်ညးသ္ကံအိုတ်တုဲ နွံဆသ္ကံရဲကၠောန်ကမၠောန်မွဲစွံအိုတ်ရ၊ ယဝ်ဒှ်သာ်ဏံတုဲပိုဲတံဒးမၚ်မွဲရံၚ်စံၚ်ညးသ္ကံခိုဟ်ခိုဟ်အိုတ်တုဲ ပိုဲဏံဒးဆက်ကၠောန်အာကမၠောန်မွဲစွံတၟာလအ်ဏီရ။
ကောန်ကမၠောန်ကီုသေဋ္ဌဳကီုသီုညးၜါဂှ်ဂုဏ်လ္တူညးလ္တူအဲနွံမံၚ်တုဲ သေဋ္ဌဳကောန်ကမၠောန်ဟွံမွယ်လေဝ်ဟွံဂွံ၊ ကောန်ကမၠောန်ဂှ်ပၠန်လေဝ်ယဝ်သေဋ္ဌဳဟွံမွယ်မ္ဂးတှ်ေလေဝ်ဟွံဂွံရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရတှ်ေ သေဋ္ဌဳကဵုကောန်ကမၠောန်ဂှ်ဒှ်သ္ကံရဲမွဲစွံသွက်ဂွံကၠောန်အာကမၠောန်လၟေၚ်လၟေၚ်တ္ၚဲညံၚ်ဂွံခိုဟ်တိုန်မာန်ကီု၊ ပြသၞာသေဋ္ဌဳလေဝ်ကောန်ကမၠောန်ဒးတီ၊ ပြသၞာကောန်ကမၠောန်လေဝ်သေဋ္ဌဳတံဒးတီမှ ဣဏံဟေၚ်ဒှ်နဲကဲခိုဟ်အိုတ်ပိုဲတံဒးသိုၚ်မာန်ပ္တိုန်ဂၠးတိဏံဂွံမံၚ်မိပ်ဟွံမွယ်ကဵုပွမပါ်ကဆံၚ်သၟဝ်သၠုၚ်ဗုဗ္စံက်အိုတ်တုဲ ဂျိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံသီုညးဖ္အိုတ်ဂှ်ဒးကၠုၚ်ကၠောန်ဖဵုတာလျိုၚ်ညးကဵုညးအိုတ်ရ။
အုပ်နိဂီုတုဲဆဝွံကၠာရ ။
သၞေဟ်မုက်၊ အၜေတ်
ကွာန်သၞေဟ်မုက်(Hnih-moke၊ နှီးမှုတ်ရွာ Hnyeehmoke)ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ ခရိုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်၊ ဂကောံကွာန်အၜေတ်၊ ဂၞန်ကောဒ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၉၅၁၇၃။ အတိုင်စရင်မၞိဟ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကွာန်အၜေတ် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် နွံ ၇၇၇၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ နွံ ၇၉၇ တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၅၇၄ တၠရ။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်
သိခဘာသာ
alt=|thumb|262x262px|Guru Nanak (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539), founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus သိခဘာသာ၊ ဘာသာသိခ် (Sikhism) ; ပုန်ဇပဳ: ਸਿੱਖੀ or Sikhi (,  [ˈsɪkːʰiː], from ਸਿੱਖ, Sikh, မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် 'ကွးသာဝက၊ ညးလ္ၚတ်) ဂှ် ဒှ်ဘာသာမပတှ်ေကျာ်မွဲဇကု မကၠုင်နူ တမ်မူလ ဒေသပုန်ဇာပ် ပ္ဍဲဒကုတ်တိုက် အိန္ဒိယ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကၞောတ် အေဒဳ ၁၅ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ။    သိခဘာသာဝွံ ပ္ဍဲဘာသာဇမၞော်ဂမၠိုင် ဒှ်ဘာသာတၟိအိုတ်တုဲ ဒှ်ဘာသာဇၞော်အိုတ် ပ္ဍဲဂၠးတိ မရနုက်ကဵုမသုန်၊ ညးလျုင်ပတှ်ေ နွံၜိုတ် ၂၅ ပြကောဋိကိုဋ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၉။
သိခဘာသာဂှ် စကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူကဵု အစာဓရ်ဂုရုနနက်၊ မဒှ် ဂုရုကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် (၁၄၆၉-၁၅၃၉)၊ တုဲ ဆက်ကေတ်အာလျိုင်ဒၞာဲညး သီုဖအိုတ် ဂုရု နွံဒစိတ်တၠရ။ ဂုရု မရနုက်ကဵုစှ် ဂုရုဂေါဗိန် သိင်္ဃ (Guru Gobind Singh) (အကြာသၞာံ ၁၆၇၆ - ၁၇၀၈)၊ ဂုရုဂရေန်သဟိဗ် (Guru Granth Sahib) မဒှ် ညးဆက်ဒုင်ကေတ်အာဲညးဂှ် ဒှ်ဂုရုမကြပ်ကဵု ကောန်မၞိဟ်ဂၠိုင်တုဲ ခၞံဗဒှ်ပတိုန် လိက်ဂၠံင်တရဴဓရ်သိခဘာသာရ။ ဂုရုနနက် ဗ္တောန် ဒဒှ်မဂျိုင်တန်တဴ "နကဵုဘဝမၞုံကဵု ကတိုင်ကၟဟ်၊ ခၞံဗဒှ်၊ ကေုာံ ဒ္ဂေတ်လ္ၚတ် ကုဒဒှ်မဍာံစၟတ် မနွံကဵုသစ္စ၊ မနွံကဵု မထိင်ဒဝ် ကေုာံ အးဇ္ၚးဂှ် ဒှ်အရာသမၠုင်အိုတ် လတူဒ္ဂေတ်လၟေတ်တၞဟ်တအ်ရ၊ တုဲပၠန် မဒက်ပ္တန် ပရေင်ပံင်ကောံ ကုကျာ်၊ မတီကေတ် ပၟိက်ဆန္ဒကျာ်တုဲ ဒ္ဂေတ်ဗက် ဂၠံင်တရဴကျာ်ရ။ ဂုရုဟာဂေါဗိန်( Guru Hargobind)၊ မဒှ်ဂုရု မရနုက်ကဵုတြဴ (ပ္ဍဲအကြာသၞာံ ၁၆၀၆ - ၁၆၄၄) ဂှ် ခၞံဗဒှ်ပတိုန် သဘဴဓဝ် အကြာ ဒတန်မိရိ (ပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်) ကေုာံ ဒတန်ပိရိ (ဒ္ဂေတ်ဓရ်) တအ်ရ။
The Sikh scripture opens with the Mul Mantar (ਮੂਲ ਮੰਤਰ), fundamental prayer about ik onkar (ੴ, 'One God'). The core beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator; divine unity and equality of all humankind; engaging in seva ('selfless service'); striving for justice for the  benefit and prosperity of all; and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. Following this standard, Sikhism rejects claims that any particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth.
Sikhism emphasizes simran (ਸਿਮਰਨ, meditation and remembrance of the words of God), which can be expressed musically through kirtan, or internally through <i id="mweA">naam japna</i> ('meditation on His name') as a means to feel God's presence. It teaches followers to transform the "Five Thieves" (i.e. lust, rage, greed, attachment, and ego).
ဂကောံဗွဝ်(၁၀၈)ဂမၠိုၚ်
ဂကောံဗွဝ်(၁၀၈)ဂမၠိုၚ်
ဗီုဒှ်တဏှာ(၁၀၈)
တဏှာပိကျဝ် တန်စွံလဝ် ပၟဝ်ကဵု သန် ကာ အာ ကာမတဏှာ ဘဝတဏှာ ဝိဘဝတဏှာ ပိဝွံတန်လဝ်တုဲ ပၟဝ်ကဵုအာရီု(၆) တိတ်ဒှ်(၁၈)ရ၊ (၁၈)ဂှ် ထပ်ပၟဝ်ကဵုကာလပိမတွံဂး ကာလအတိက် အနာဂတ် ပစ္စုပ္ပန်တုဲ တိတ်ဒှ်အာ(၅၄)ရ၊ (၅၄)ဂှ် ထပ်ပၟဝ်ကဵုသန္ထာန်(၂)မတွံဂ: အဇ္စျတ္တသန္ထာန် ဗဟိဒ္ဓသန္ထာန်(၂)ပြကာပၠန်တုဲ တိတ်ဒှ်အာတဏှာ(၁၀၈)ရ။
နိဿဲ
တၠဂုဏ်အ္စာဘဒ္ဒန္တဩဝါဒ ဘာမ္ၚဵုကျာ်သြဳမန်၊ လိက်အုပ် - သ္ကအ်တဲမန်ကောန်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ။ ဥက္ကလာပသၟဝ်ကျာ။ ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
ဒ္ဂေတ်ဝတ်သာမဏဳ
ဣဝွံ မဒှ်လၟေၚ်ဒ္ဂေတ်ဝတ်သာမဏဳတံ ဂပ်ဝ် ဒးဒ္ဂေတ်ဒးမၚ်မွဲရောၚ်။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပရေၚ်ဘာသာ
အၜေတ်၊ တကအ်ခၟိုင်
ကွာန်အၜေတ်(Abit၊ အဘစ်ရွာ Abhit) ဂှ် နွံ ပ္ဍဲ တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်၊ ခရိုင်မတ်မလီု၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်၊ ဂကောံကွာန်အၜေတ်၊ ဂၞန်ကောဒ်ကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၉၅၁၇၂။ အတိုင်စရင်မၞိဟ် ကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာ သၞာံ ၂၀၁၄ မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲဂကောံကွာန်အၜေတ် မၞိဟ်တြုဟ် နွံ ၇၇၇၊ မၞိဟ်ဗြဴ နွံ ၇၉၇ တုဲ သီုဖအိုတ် မၞိဟ်ပဒတဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဂှ် ၁၅၇၄ တၠရ။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပွိုင်ဍုင်ၜါသွာင်
ဂကောံဗွဝ်(၅၅၀)ဂမၠိုၚ်
ဂကောံဗွဝ်(၅၅၀)ဂမၠိုၚ်
၁ ။ ပ္ဍဲဨကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်             (၁၅၀) ။
၂ ။ ပ္ဍဲနကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်             (၅၀) ။
၃ ။ ပ္ဍဲတိကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်           (၅၀) ။
၄ ။ ပ္ဍဲစတုက္ကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်         (၂၀) ။
၅ ။ ပ္ဍဲပဥ္စကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်           (၂၅) ။
၆ ။ ပ္ဍဲဆတ္တနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်            (၂၁) ။
၈ ။ ပ္ဍဲသတ္တကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်        (၁၀) ။
၉ ။ ပ္ဍဲနဝကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်             (၁၂) ။
၁၀ ။ ပ္ဍဲဒသနပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်             (၁၆) ။
၁၁။ ပ္ဍဲဨကာဒသနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်      (၉) ။
၁၂ ။ ပ္ဍဲဒွါဒသနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်          (၁၀) ။
၁၃ ။ ပ္ဍဲတေရသနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်        (၁၀) ။
၁၄ ။ ပ္ဍဲပကိဏ္ဏကနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်      (၁၃) ။
၁၅ ။ ပ္ဍဲဝိသတိနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်           (၁၄) ။
၁၇ ။ ပ္ဍဲစတ္တာလိသနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်     (၅) ။
၁၈ ။ ပ္ဍဲပညာသနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်          (၃) ။
၁၉ ။ ပ္ဍဲသဋ္ဌိနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်                (၂) ။
၂၀ ။ ပ္ဍဲသတ္တတိနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်          (၂) ။
၂၁ ။ ပ္ဍဲအသဳတိနိပါတ် ပံၚ်ဇာတ်           (၅) ။
သီုဖအိုတ်ပံၚ်ဇာတ်(၅၃၇)ဇာတ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နဂွံကော်လောဲသွာညိဂးတုဲ ဇာတ်(၅၅၀)ရဴဝွံ ကော်ဟီုဂးအိုတ်ရ။
နိဿဲ
နူလိက်အုပ် တၠဂုဏ်အ္စာဘဒ္ဒန္တဩဝါဒ ဘာမ္ၚဵုကျာ်သြဳမန်၊ ဥက္ကလာပသၟဝ်ကျာ လိက်အုပ်မၞုံယၟု(သ္ကအ်တဲမန်ကောန်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ) ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် မခ္ဍဳလျတ်အာရီု
စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် မခ္ဍဳလျတ်အာရီု Neuroaffective Developmental Psychology
လိက်ပရေင်ဝွံ ဒှ်လိက်ပရေင်သကေမ်(ခမၞန်) ပရူ စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် မခ္ဍဳလျတ်အာရီု။
စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် မခ္ဍဳလျတ်အာရီုဂှ် ဒှ်အာ မစၠောအ်ဒဒန် အကြာ သဝဟ်မကလိဂွံ နူသုတေသန မဆေင်စပ် ကုက္ဍဟ် ကဵု တေသြရဳထၞေန်စွပ် (tilknytningsteori) ကဵု စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် (udviklingspsykologi)။ လညာတ်တေသြရဳစိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် မခ္ဍဳလျတ်အာရီု ဏအ်ဂှ် တၠပညာစိတ္တဇ ဂကူဒိန်နေတ် မနွံယၟု Susan Hart ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ်ရ။ စပ်ကဵု တေသြရဳထၞေန်စွပ် ကဵု စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ်မ္ဂး Susan Hart ဒုင်သဇိုင် နိဿဲ ဗွဲတၟေင် ကုတေသြရဳ Peter Fonagy, Allan N. Schore, John Bowlbys ကေုာံ Daniel N. Stern တအ်တုဲ စပ်ကဵု သုတေသနကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဒုင်လဝ်သဇိုင် လညာတ် Paul McLean မဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် အစာံက္ဍဟ်ပိကထိုက် (model af den tredelte hjerne) ကဵု Antonio Damasio မလ္ၚတ်လဝ် ဗီုကာယ ကဵု စိတ္တ မဆက်စပ်ရေင်သကအ်တအ်ရ။
စပ်ကဵု စိတ္တဇဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် မခ္ဍဳလျတ်အာရီုဝွံတုဲ ညံင်ရဴ Susan Hart ကီု Bruce Perry လေဝ် ကၠောန်ကၠုင်ကမၠောန် လွဳကၠုင် ကောန်င္ၚာ်မနွံကဵုဂွဵုစိုတ် (traumatiserede børn) ကေင်ချူကၠုင် နွံကီုရ။
သုတေသနကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်
သုတေသနကၠေင်က္ဍဟ် ဗိုင်ရနုက်ဗပေင်ကဵု လညာတ် ပ္ဍဲ တေသြရဳဏအ် ဗီုလဵု ကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်မၞိဟ်တအ် မဒက်ပတန်လဝ် ကဵု ဗီုဍေဟ်ဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန် ကဆံင်ကဆံင်။
လဒက်ပတန် ကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်
လဒက်ပတန်ကၠေင်က္ဍဟ်ဂှ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ပရေင်အပြံင်အလှာဲဇမၞော်မၟောဝ် ပိကထိုက်၊ ကထိုက်တၟိဂှ် မနွံကဵု ပကာရနာနာ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဗဝ်ဗပေင်စုတ် လတူက္ဍဟ်တြေံ။ ကထိုက်ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် ကဵု တြေံအိုတ်ဂှ် ဒှ်က္ဍဟ်မၟာ (ဝါ) က္ဍဟ်တိရစ္ဆာန်ဂၟာ မဒှ်က္ဍဟ်အာရီု။ ကထိုက်ဂတဂှ် ဒှ်က္ဍဟ်မၟဴ (ဝါ) က္ဍဟ်တိရစ္ဆာန်မမဴတှ် မဒှ်က္ဍဟ်မဒုင်စသိုင်တုဲ ကထိုက်ဇၞော်မောဝ် လက်ကြဴအိုတ်ဂှ် က္ဍဟ်မၞိဟ် မဒှ်က္ဍဟ်မကၠောန်ကမၠောန် သွက်ဂွံစင်ခြင်၊ က္ဍဟ်ဂမြင် လေဝ် ကော်စဂွံကီုရ။
က္ဍဟ်အာရီု (က္ဍဟ်မၟာ) ဂှ် ဒှ်က္ဍဟ် မနွံကဵု သၞောတ်အာရီုတၞဟ်ခြာ (det autonome nervesystem) မဒှ်သၞောတ် မဆိင် ယဝီုကျာ၊ ကသဳဂြိုဟ် ကေုာံ စက်ယန်ခန္ဓလမျီုဂမၠိုင်ရ။ က္ဍဟ်အာရီု ကၠောန် ကမၠောန် သွက်လမျီု မဂွံဆက်ဂျိုင်အာ မပ္တံကဵု ဗဒှ်ကောန် (အရီုကိစ္စလိင်)၊ စၞ (မဖျဵုထင်)၊ ဗတိုက် (စဵုဒၞာ၊ ကလေင်တက်)၊ လလဴ (မဒြေပ်ဒဴ) ကေုာံ ဒၞေင် (မဒေင်ဒေါအ်)။ မကၠောန်ပ နကဵုကဆံင်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာမကၠောန်ပ မကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင် နူကဵု မကလိဂွံ ပသာဒ မသုန်ပြကာ မပ္တံကဵု ဒွအ် (မဒးကာယ)၊ အမြာဲ (မဂွံသၟူ)၊ ဗဗဵု (မဂွံဆဵု)၊ လမိင် (မဂွံမိင်) တအ်ရ။ ဟီုမွဲသာ်ပၠန် အရာမကလေင်ဂတး ဟိုတ်နူ မဂွံဒုင်စသိုင် နကဵုခန္ဓကာယပိုယ်တအ်ရ။
က္ဍဟ်မဒုင်စသိုင် (က္ဍဟ်မၟဴ) ဂှ် ဒှ်က္ဍဟ် မနွံကဵု သၞောတ်မဒုင်စသိုင် မဒှ်သၞောတ် မရပ်စပ် ကဏ္ဍ ပရေင်ဒုင်စသိုင်နာနာ မပ္တံကဵု မိပ်၊ ထေဲ၊ ကသ္ၚောမ်၊ ဂွ၊ က္ဍုဟ်၊ အမ်သဝ်၊ ဆာန်၊ ဆာန်ဍူ ကေုာံ ရီုဗင်တအ်ရ။ ပါဲနူဂှ်တုဲ က္ဍဟ်မဒုင်စသိုင်ဂှ် ကမၠောန်ပရေင်မၞိဟ်တၞဟ် မပ္တံကဵု စၟတ်သမ္တီ ကေုာံ မဗတောန်ကေတ် (ဝါ) မကေတ်ခန်လ္ၚတ် မဆေင်ကဵု ပရေင်ဒုင်စသိုင်ဂမၠိုင်၊ ပါဲနူဂှ်ပၠန် ပရေင်ဆက်စၠောအ် အကြာ ဂကူဗဳဇမတုပ်တအ်လေဝ် ဍေဟ်ကၠောန်ကဵုကမၠောန်ကီုရ။ က္ဍဟ်မဒုင်စသိုင်ဂှ် သြိုင်ခၞံဗဝ်စုတ်လဝ် လတူ က္ဍဟ်အာရီု၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ က္ဍဟ်ဏအ်ဂှ် တန်တဴဒၟံင် ဂလိုင်လဵု က္ဍဟ်အာရီု ဇၞော်မောဝ်မစိုပ်ကဆံင်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် က္ဍဟ်မဒုင်စသိုင် ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်မာန်၊ ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ်ဂွံဂှ် တန်တဴဒၟံင် ကုက္ဍဟ်အာရီု မဒှ်က္ဍဟ် မပကဵု ညံင်ဂွံတီ အရာမကတဵုဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကာယရ။
က္ဍဟ်ဂမြင် (က္ဍဟ်မၞိဟ်) ဂှ် ဒှ်က္ဍဟ်မနွံလတူအိုတ်တုဲ မကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ဗီုကဵု အရေဝ်၊ မဗဒှ်ဗဒှ် အဓိပ္ပါယ်၊ မချပ်ဗစာ (abstract thinking)၊ ပရေင်မၞိဟ် ဗွဲတၟေင်၊ မအေင်ဒုင် (ဝါ) ဇမၠိင်လလအ်အခိင် သွက်ပၟိက်ဇကု၊ မပါ်ကရေက် အကြာ အခိင်အတိက်၊ အခိင်ပစ္စုပ္ပန် ကဵု အခိင်အနာဂတ် တုဲပၠန် မနွံကဵု အစောမ်မကၠိုဟ်ကေတ်မာန် မပသောင်ကဵုမာန် အရာမကတဵုဒှ် အပ္ဍဲစိုတ်ဇကု ဗီုကဵု ဗီုလဵုဇကု မဒုင်စသိုင်၊ ဗီုလဵုဇကုမချပ်ဒၟံင် ဗီုလဵုဇကုမနွံပၟိက်တအ်ရ။ (mentalize)။
ဆက်လ္ၚတ်အာ ဇမၞော်မၟော်က္ဍဟ် ဗီုလဵု ဍေဟ်မဒက်ပတန်လဝ်ရောစိုအ်။
ဇမၞော်မၟော်က္ဍဟ်
က္ဍဟ်မၞိဟ်ပိုယ်ဂှ် လ္ၚတ်ရံင် ဗီုဍေဟ် မဇၞော်မောဝ် မပြံင်လှာဲတိုန်ဂှ်မ္ဂး ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဗွဲမကၠးဖ္ဍး နွံ ပိကထိုက်၊ ဆဂး ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင်၊ ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗ၊ ပရေင်မချပ်ကၠောန် ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဗၟံက်ရုပ်ရဴကမၠောန်တအ်ဂှ် ကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ပရေင်ဒုင်စသိုင် ကဵု ပရေင်မဒုင်ကေတ်အာရီုဂၠိုင်အိုတ်ရ။
ဂလိုင် ကေုာံ လျိုင်က္ဍဟ်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ် နူစကောန်င္ၚာ်မသၠးဂၠံဂဝ် စဵုကဵု အာယုက်ၜိုတ် ၂ သၞာံ။ နူစၜံင် က္ဍဟ်အံင်င္ၚေဝ် နွံစ ၜိုတ်လျိုင် ၃၀၀ ဂရာမ်၊ ၜိုတ်အာယုက် မွဲသၞာံမ္ဂး က္ဍဟ်ဂှ် ဇၞော်တိုန် ၜိုတ်ပိဆ (မနွံၜိုတ် ၆၀% ဂလိုင် က္ဍဟ်မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်မွဲ)။ အခိင်ကောန်င္ၚာ်မွဲ ပေင်အာယုက် ၁၀ သၞာံမ္ဂး လျိုင်က္ဍဟ်ဍေဟ် တုပ်ကဵု လျိုင်က္ဍဟ် မၞိဟ်ဇၞော်မွဲရ။ ဆဂး က္ဍဟ်မၞိဟ် ဇၞော်မောဝ် တုဲဒှ်အိုတ် ကာလမၞိဟ်ဂှ် နွံအာယုက် အကြာ ၂၀-၂၃ သၞာံ။
နူအခိင်မစၜံင်တိတ်ကၠုင်တေအ်ဂှ်ရ ကလာပ်ရုပ်က္ဍဟ် သီုဖအိုတ်ဂှ် နွံဒၟံင်တုဲတုဲရ။ ဍေဟ်ဂွံဇၞော်တိုန် ဂွံဇြိုင်တိုန်ဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူကဵု ကလာပ်ရုပ်တအ်ဇၞော်တိုန် ကဵု အဆက် စမၠောအ်အာရီု (neural circuits) တအ် ဂၠိုင်တိုန် ခိုဟ်တိုန်ရ။ အဆက် စမၠောအ်အာရီုတအ်ဂှ် ဆက်ကတဵုဒှ်ဒၟံင် အလုံမွဲအာယုက်ရ။ နကဵု အဆက်စမၠောအ်ကတေင်အာရီုတအ်ဂှ်ရ ဗဒှ်ကဵု က္ဍဟ် မဂွံဒှ် စိစောန် လ္ၜန်လ္ၜုဲရ။ ကဆမ် ကသဳဒမြာင်တအ်ဂှ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်ကဵု ဗီုပြင်စမၠောအ်အာရီု - လးဂၠံင်၊ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ဗွဲကြဴ ပကဵု လောဲသွာရ။ ဟိုတ်ဂှ်ရ ကဆမ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ သွက်ဂွံဗတောန်အဓိကမွဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵု လပါ်ခိုဟ်ကီု သီုကဵု လပါ်ပရေအ်ရ။
ကာလပိုယ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်ပတိုန် ပရေင်မပံင်ဖက် ကဵုညးတၞဟ်၊ အရာဏအ်ဂှ် လုပ်စိုပ်အာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု စမၠောအ်အာရီုရ။ က္ဍဟ်ဂှ် ဇၞော်မောဝ် သီုၜါဗီု မကော်ဂး ဗီုနူသၟဝ်တိုန်လတူ၊ နူလတူစှ်ေသၟဝ်။ ဗီုနူသၟဝ်တိုန်လတူဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ ဗီုကဵု ပရေင်မဆေင်ကဵု မဒုင်စအာရီု (ဥပမာ- သၟူ စၞ ဂှ် ပံင်ဗစိုပ် ကဵု မိပ် တုဲ ပင္ၚုဟ်ကဵု ညံင်စိုတ်ဂွံခိုဟ် တုဲပၠန် ပကဵု ညံင်ဂွံချပ် (“ဂွံစ မွဲစွံမ္ဂး ၜိုတ်လဵုခိုဟ်ဟွံတီ)။ ဗီုနူလတူစှ်ေသၟဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ ဗီုကဵု အရာမိက်ဂွံကဵုဒှ် ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး မချပ် (“ဟေအ်! ဍေဟ်ထေဲကဵုအဲဣရ) တုဲ ပင္ၚုဟ်ကဵု ညံင်ဂွံဒုင်စသိုင် (စိုတ်ဟွံခိုဟ်)၊ မပံင်ဗစိုပ် ကဵု အကာဲအရာ မဒုင်စသိုင် (ဗုင်ဂိ)။
ပရေင်မဒုင်စသိုင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်မကေင်ဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘဝပိုယ်တအ်ဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု ပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် လပါ်ခိုဟ်ကီု သီုကဵု လပါ်ပရေအ်၊ ဆဂး ပရေင်မကေင်ဒှ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု အခိင်ကိုပ်ကၠာတအ်ဂှ် ဗဒှ်ကဵု ဓဇဲက္ဍဟ် (ဖျေဟ်ဗီုပ္ဍဲက္ဍဟ်) ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂၠေင်မာန်ရ။
အစောမ်သတိ ပရေင်ပကေင် ပိုယ်တအ်ဂှ် တန်တဴဒၟံင် အစောမ်သတိ မရေင်တၠုင်မွဲစွံ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ညးမဆက်စပ် ပိုယ်မဇၞော်မောဝ်တိုန် ဇကုပိုယ်ရ။
နိဿဲ
လိက်ပရေင်ဝွံ ကၠာဲနူ Neuroaffektiv udviklingspsykologi (ဘာသာဒိန်နေတ်)
ကဏ္ဍ:စိတ္တဗေဒ
ကၟိန်ဍုင်သမ္မတဒဳမံက်ကရေဇြဳ ထဳမဝ်လေဝ်သ်တေ
East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until 28 November 1975, when the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) declared the territory's independence. Nine days later, it was invaded and occupied by the Indonesian military, and was declared as the country's 27th province the following year. The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent, decades-long conflict between separatist groups (especially Fretilin) and the Indonesian military.
In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory. East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. In 2011, East Timor announced its intention to become the eleventh member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines, as well as the only Asian country to be located completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
Etymology
"Timor" derives from timur, the word for "east" in Malay, which became recorded as Timor in Portuguese, thus resulting in the tautological toponym meaning "East East": In Portuguese Timor-Leste (Leste being the word for "east"); in Tetum Timór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e being the word for "east" (literally "rising sun")). In Indonesian, the country is called Timor Timur, thereby using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for "east", as adjectives in Indonesian are put after the noun.
The official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English, República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese, and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) official short form in English and all other languages is Timor-Leste (codes: TLS & TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations, the European Union, and the national standards organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States (ANSI), United Kingdom (BSI), Germany (DIN), and Sweden (SIS), all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World Factbook.
Prehistory
Cultural remains at Jerimalai on the eastern tip of East Timor have been dated to 42,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest known sites of modern human activity in Maritime Southeast Asia. Descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed still to live in East Timor. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the Veddo-Australoid type. Around 3000 BC, a second migration brought Melanesians. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior. Finally, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina. Hakka traders are among those descended from this final group. Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors who sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. Some stories recount Timorese ancestors journeying from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra. Austronesians migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.
Classical era
Before European colonialism, Timor was included in Indonesian/Malaysian, Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. Since the 1500s, the Timorese people had military ties with the Luções of present-day northern Philippines. It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century. During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.
တၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုစၞစဇၟာပ်ဗဂါပ်
တၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုစၞစဇၟာပ်ဗဂါပ်
လုပ်ဗှ်ဖျုန်လိက်အိုတ်စိုအ်၊
ကၟိန်ဍုင်သမ္မတဒဳမံက်ကရေဇြဳ ထဳမဝ်လေဝ်သ်တေ
Portuguese period (1769–1975)
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.
တၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုစၞစဇၟာပ်ဗဂါပ်
အတိုၚ်မွဲဘဝပိုဲဏံလေဝ် အရာနာနာဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်လုပ်ကၠုၚ်တိတ်အာလေဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်ဂၠၚ်တုဲ လဆောဝ်တှ်ေပိုဲဏံဝိုတ်ကၠေံအာသွက်ညးတၞဟ်ဂွံကဵုကၠုၚ်ကဵုပိုဲဂွံနွံဂျိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ်စဵုကဵုတ္ၚဲဏံအိုတ်ရ၊ ပိုဲမၞိဟ်ဏံဒးစမံၚ်ပုၚ်ဇၟာပ်တ္ၚဲအိုတ်တုဲ ဆဂးပိုဲဏံဝိုတ်ကၠေံအာသွက်သၟာဗ္ၚကၠောန်ဝါတံဂှ်ကီုတုဲ ပိုဲတံစပုၚ်ဟွံအိုတ်ကၠဟ်ထောံပေၚ်ပြးသၟဝ်ခုၚ်ဟွံစွံၚုဟ်မးပုၚ်သ္ၚုအိုတ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပုၚ်ပိုဲစဒၟံၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်သြောံသ္ၚုဂှ်လေဝ် သၟာဝါဗ္ၚတံဒုၚ်ကၠုၚ်ဒဒိုက်နာနာသာ်သ္ဂောံဂွံကၠုၚ်ဍောၚ်သြောံမွဲမွဲဍောၚ်မာန်၊ တုဲပၠန် ပြေၚ်ဂၠဴတံပၠန်လေဝ် ဒးပ္တိတ်ဒြဟတ်ဇိက်ထဲတိအကြာဗြဲကျာထတ်ဂံက်လေဝ်ဒးကၠောန်ညံၚ်သ္ဂောံဂွံနၚ်သြောံသ္ၚုပုၚ်ပိုဲစဒၟံၚ်ပ္ဍဲတ္ၚဲဏံဂှ်ရ၊ ပိုဲဏံဂွံစသတ်ကြုက်မွဲမဏံမာန်ဂှ် ညးတဵုလွဳလဝ်တၞံကြုက်တံဒးဖအိုတ်အခိၚ်မူစိသၞာံတ္ၚဲဂိတုတုဲသ္ဂောံဂွံနၚ်ကြုက်နွံကဵုရှ်သာမွဲမဏံဂှ်ကီု၊ သတ်ဆုသတ်ဒုန်ပိုဲဂွံစဒၟံၚ်တ္ၚဲဏံဂှ်လေဝ် သွက်ညးၜှ်နၚ်ကဵုပိုဲတံဂှ် ညးတံဒးတိုန်ၜှ်တၞံသၠုၚ်သၠုၚ်ဒးဆဵုဘဲအန္တရာဲနာနာတုဲမှ ပိုဲဏံဂွံစနွံကဵုရှ်တုဲ စဟွံအိုတ်ပိုဲကၠဟ်ထောံပေၚ်ပြးဂှ်ဂုဏ်ဏံကူစိုပ်ဂွံတုဲဆာန်ဍူညးဂံၚ်သၠးဗွးသွက်စၞစဗဂါပ်ပိုဲတ္ၚဲဏံဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ။
ကၟိန်ဍုင်သမ္မတဒဳမံက်ကရေဇြဳ ထဳမဝ်လေဝ်သ်တေ
Portuguese period (1769–1975)
During World War II, first the Allies and later the Japanese occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese. The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated.
တၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုစၞစဇၟာပ်ဗဂါပ်
ညံၚ်ရဴကဵုကွာၚ်ၜဲယိုဟ်ၜန်လ္ၚဵုလ္ၚဵုတံဂှ်လေဝ် ဒးသုၚ်စောဲခၟာဲစာၚ်မူစိမဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ကွာၚ်ပိုဲစနွံကဵုရှ်သာဂလိုၚ်ဏံဂှ်ရော၊ စာၚ်တံလေဝ်သၠးဗွးသွက်ပိုဲဂလိုၚ်လဵုဂှ်လေဝ်ကူချပ်ဂွံတုဲဒးတၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုစာၚ်တံဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ဂွံသၠးဗွးလဝ်ခၟာဲဂွံဒှ်ကၠုၚ်ကွာၚ်စခိုဟ်ပ္ဍဲကဵုဗဂါပ်ဏံဇၞော်ကဵုဒြဟတ်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ ပိုဲမၞိဟ်ဏံဂွံဂျိုၚ်ဒၟံၚ်စဵုကဵုတ္ၚဲဏံဂှ်တှ်ေကၠုၚ်နူစၞစအဟာရမွဲတုဲ စၞစဏံဂှ်ဒှ်ၚုဟ်မးဇၞော်အိုတ်သွက်ပိုဲမၞိဟ်သၟးဟွံကတုဲ သတ်နွံကဵုလမျီုလ္တူဂၠးတိဏံဖအိုတ်ဂှ်လေဝ် နွံဗၟိက်ကဵုစၞစအဟာရတုပ်တုပ်ဗီုကဵုပိုဲမၞိဟ်ဏံကီုရ၊ တ္ၚဲဏံၜိုန်ရပိုဲသြန်နွံမွဲဗွဝ်ဒဵုကီုလေဝ် ယဝ်ရပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်ပိုဲဟွံမွယ်တှ်ေသြန်ဂှ်ဒှ်အာမးမးရ၊ တုဲပၠန် ယဝ်သြန်လေဝ်နွံပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်လေဝ်ခိုဟ်တုဲ ယဝ်ရစၞစအဟာရဟွံမွယ်သွက်ပိုဲဟွံမွယ်မ္ဂးတှ်ေ သြန်ကဵုပရေၚ်ထတ်ယုက်ဂှ်ဒှ်အာမးမးပၠန်ရ၊ ဟိုတ်ဒှ်သာ်ဂှ်တုဲ စၞစဏံမွဲဟေၚ်ရဒှ်ရိုဟ်ကၞဟ်ခိုၚ်အိုတ်သွက်သတ်နွံကဵုလမျီုတံလၟေၚ်မွဲရ။
ကၟိန်ဍုင်သမ္မတဒဳမံက်ကရေဇြဳ ထဳမဝ်လေဝ်သ်တေ
Portuguese period (1769–1975)
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975, and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975. Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976. The UN Security Council opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration".
တၚ်ဂုဏ်ကဵုစၞစဇၟာပ်ဗဂါပ်
အုပ်နိဂီုတုဲဆဝွံကၠာရ။
ကၟိန်ဍုင်သမ္မတဒဳမံက်ကရေဇြဳ ထဳမဝ်လေဝ်သ်တေ
Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
Indonesia's occupation of East Timor was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 "excess" deaths from hunger and illness, with an estimated figure based on Portuguese, Indonesian and Catholic Church data of approximately 200,000 deaths. The East Timorese guerrilla force (Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, Falintil) fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1998.
The 1991 Dili Massacre was a turning point for the independence cause and an East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, the Philippines, Australia, and other Western countries.
Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999. A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militia with the support of elements of the Indonesian military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led multi-national peacekeeping force (INTERFET) was deployed until order was restored. On 25 October 1999, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), headed by Sergio Vieira de Mello. The INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.
Contemporary era
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution. By May 2002, over 205,000 refugees had returned. On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN. The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament and Xanana Gusmão was sworn in as the country's first President after Indonesian occupation. On 27 September 2002, East Timor was renamed to Timor-Leste, using the Portuguese language, and was admitted as a member state by the UN.
The following year, Gusmão declined another presidential term, and in the build-up to the April 2007 presidential elections there were renewed outbreaks of violence. José Ramos-Horta was elected President in the May 2007 election, while Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became Prime Minister. Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order. In 2006, the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012.
Politics and government
The head of state of East Timor is the President of the Republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although their executive powers are somewhat limited, the President does have the power to appoint the Prime Minister and veto government legislation. Following elections, the President usually appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition as Prime Minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter. As head of government, the Prime Minister presides over the cabinet. The unicameral East Timorese parliament is the National Parliament or Parlamento Nacional, whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese constitution was modelled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions. Government departments include the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (police), East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration, Civil Aviation Division of Timor-Leste, and Immigration Department of Timor-Leste.
Administrative divisions
East Timor is divided into 14 municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 66 administrative posts, 452 sucos (villages), and 2,233 aldeias (hamlets).
Articles 5 and 71 of the 2002 constitution provide that Oetcussi Ambeno be governed by a special administrative policy and economic regime. Law 3/2014 of 18 June 2014 created the Special Administrative Region of Oe-Cusse Ambeno (Região Administrativa Especial de Oecusse, RAEOA).
Foreign relations and military
East Timor is a full member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language. East Timor sought membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal application was submitted in March 2011.
The East Timor Defence Force (Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste, F-FDTL) is the military body responsible for the defence of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units.
The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the National Police of East Timor (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.
The F-FDTL's problems came to a head in 2006 when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.
Since the discovery of petroleum in the Timor Sea in the 1970s, there have been disputes surrounding the rights to ownership and exploitation of the resources situated in a part of the Timor Sea known as the Timor Gap, which is the area of the Timor Sea which lies outside the territorial boundaries of the nations to the north and south of the Timor Sea. These disagreements initially involved Australia and Indonesia, although a resolution was eventually reached in the form of the Timor Gap Treaty. After declaration of East Timor's nationhood in 1999, the terms of the Timor Gap Treaty were abandoned and negotiations commenced between Australia and East Timor, culminating in the Timor Sea Treaty.
Australia's territorial claim extends to the bathymetric axis (the line of greatest sea-bed depth) at the Timor Trough. It overlaps East Timor's own territorial claim, which follows the former colonial power Portugal and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in claiming that the dividing line should be midway between the two countries.
It was revealed in 2013 that the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) planted listening devices to listen to the East Timorese government during negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gasfields. This is known as the Australia–East Timor spying scandal.
Geography
Located in Southeast Asia, the island of Timor is part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea. The Timor Sea separates the island from Australia to the south, and the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara lies to East Timor's west. The total land size is 14,919 km2. East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 70,326 km2.
Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 m. The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital, largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau. East Timor lies between latitudes 8° and 10°S, and longitudes 124° and 128°E. The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park. It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated. The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk.
Economy
East Timor has a market economy that used to depend upon exports of a few commodities such as coffee, marble, petroleum, and sandalwood. East Timor's economy grew by about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.
The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had reached a worth of US$8.7 billion. East Timor is labelled by the International Monetary Fund as the "most oil-dependent economy in the world". The Petroleum Fund pays for nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70 million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012. East-Timor's income from oil and gas stands to significantly increase after its announcement to cancel a controversial agreement with Australia, which has given Australia half of the income from oil and gas since 2006. The economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors. Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment. After petroleum, the second largest export is coffee, which generates about $10 million a year. Starbucks is a major purchaser of East Timorese coffee. 9,000 tonnes of coffee, 108 tonnes of cinnamon and 161 tonnes of cocoa were harvested in 2012 making the country the 40th ranked producer of coffee, the 6th ranked producer of cinnamon and the 50th ranked producer of cocoa worldwide. According to data gathered in the 2010 census, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.
The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active population. In 2009, about 67,000 households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor. Currently, the gross margins are about $120 per hectare, with returns per labour-day of about $3.70. There were 11,000 households growing mungbeans as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers.
The country was ranked 169th overall and last in the East Asia and Pacific region by the Doing Business 2013 report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the "registering property", "enforcing contracts" and "resolving insolvency" categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.
Tourism is still of minor importance. In 2017, East Timor was visited by 74,000 tourists.
As regards telecommunications infrastructure, East Timor is the second to last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), with only Myanmar falling behind it in southeast Asia. NRI is an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. East Timor ranked number 141 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 134 in 2013.
The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to the Australia-bound Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976. The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989. East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence. A provisional agreement (the Timor Sea Treaty, signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia. An agreement in 2005 between the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated at A$26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project) from the Greater Sunrise development. In 2013, East Timor launched a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to pull out of a gas treaty that it had signed with Australia, accusing the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) of bugging the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004. East Timor is part of the Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle (TIA-GT).
There are no patent laws in East Timor.
Demographics
East Timor recorded a population of 1,183,643 in its 2015 census.
The CIA's World Factbook lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese, as does the Government of Timor-Leste's website. Other reference sources list it as East Timorese.
The word Maubere, formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride. Native East Timorese consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian/Papuan descent. The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetum (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the Mambai (80,000), in the central mountains; the Tukudede (63,170), in the area around Maubara and Liquiçá; the Galoli (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and Makasae; the Kemak (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the Baikeno (20,000), in the area around Pante Macassar.
The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the Bunak (84,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the Fataluku (40,000), at the eastern tip of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae (70,000), toward the eastern end of the island. As a result of interracial marriage which was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as mestiços. There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka. Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.
Languages
East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. English and Indonesian are sometimes used. Tetum belongs to the Austronesian family of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
The 2015 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 30.6% of the population), Mambai (16.6%), Makasai (10.5%), Tetum Terik (6.05%), Baikenu (5.87%), Kemak (5.85%), Bunak (5.48%), Tokodede (3.97%), and Fataluku (3.52%). Other indigenous languages accounted for 10.47%, while 1.09% of the population spoke foreign languages natively.
Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business. During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing Javanese culture. Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to Lusophone nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
According to the observatory of the Portuguese language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77.8% in Tetum, 55.6% in Indonesian, and 39.3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012. Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report. Portuguese is recovering as it is now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools. It is estimated that English is understood by 31.4% of the population. East Timor is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth) and of the Latin Union.
Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a. According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a.
Education
East Timor's adult literacy rate in 2010 was 58.3%, up from 37.6% in 2001. Illiteracy was at 95% at the end of Portuguese rule.
The National University of East Timor is the country's main university. There are also four colleges.
Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools. Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district. The Philippines has sent Filipino teachers to East Timor to teach English, so that a program between the two countries can begin, where deserving English-knowledgeable East Timorese nationals will be granted university scholarships in the Philippines.
Health
See Health in East Timor
Religion
According to the 2015 census, 97.57% of the population is Roman Catholic; 1.96% Protestant; 0.24% Muslim; 0.08% Traditional; 0.05% Buddhist; 0.02% Hindu, and 0.08% other religions. A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98.3% of the population, Protestants 1.2%, and Muslims 0.3%.
The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994, with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs. East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguese mass was replaced by Indonesian mass. While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion. In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretised with local animist beliefs. With over 95% Catholic population, East Timor is currently one of the most densely Catholic countries in the world.
The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999 because these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia and among the Indonesian civil servants assigned to work in the province from other parts of Indonesia, many of whom left the country in 1999. There are also small Protestant and Muslim communities. The Indonesian military forces formerly stationed in the country included a significant number of Protestants, who played a major role in establishing Protestant churches in the territory. Fewer than half of those congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor. The Assemblies of God is the largest and most active of the Protestant denominations.
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble (although this has no legal value). Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Roman Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as West Timor and Flores also have Roman Catholic majorities.
The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Diocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana.
Culture
The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on Timor's indigenous Austronesian and Melanesian cultures. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East Timorese creation myth has it that an ageing crocodile transformed into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had helped the crocodile when it was sick. As a result, the island is shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese who inhabit it. The phrase "leaving the crocodile" refers to the pained exile of East Timorese from their island. East Timor is currently finalising its dossiers needed for nominations in the UNESCO World Heritage List, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, UNESCO Creative Cities Network, UNESCO Global Geoparks Network, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Network. The country currently has one document in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, namely, On the Birth of a Nation: Turning points.
Arts
There is also a strong tradition of poetry in the country. Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker "poet warrior".
Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as uma lulik ("sacred houses") in Tetum and lee teinu ("legged houses") in Fataluku. Craftsmanship and the weaving of traditional scarves (tais) is also widespread.