cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
မာရ်သ်
Tectonic sites
The large canyon, Valles Marineris (Latin for "Mariner Valleys", also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of 4000 km and a depth of up to 7 km. The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the Grand Canyon on Earth is only 446 km long and nearly 2 km deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area, which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. In 2012, it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a graben, but a plate boundary where 150 km of transverse motion has occurred, making Mars a planet with possibly a two-tectonic plate arrangement.
Holes
Images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter have revealed seven possible cave entrances on the flanks of the volcano Arsia Mons. The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the "seven sisters." Cave entrances measure from 100 to 252 m wide and they are estimated to be at least 73 to 96 m deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is possible that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. "Dena" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 m deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, solar flares and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.
Atmosphere
Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago, possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes, so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars, and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of 30 Pa on Olympus Mons to over 1155 Pa in Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600 Pa. The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 km above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of Earth 101.3 kPa. The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 km, which is higher than Earth's, 6 km, because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.
The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water. The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 µm in diameter which give the Martian sky a tawny color when seen from the surface. It may take on a pink hue due to iron oxide particles suspended in it.
Methane
Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere; it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane is released from discrete regions. The concentration of methane fluctuates from about 0.24 ppb during the northern winter to about 0.65 ppb during the summer.
Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6 to 4 years, so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Methanogenic microbial life forms in the subsurface are among possible sources. But even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.
Aurora
In 1994, the European Space Agency's Mars Express found an ultraviolet glow coming from "magnetic umbrellas" in the Southern Hemisphere. Mars does not have a global magnetic field which guides charged particles entering the atmosphere. Mars has multiple umbrella-shaped magnetic fields mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, which are remnants of a global field that decayed billions of years ago.
In late December 2014, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft detected evidence of widespread auroras in Mars's Northern Hemisphere and descended to approximately 20–30° North latitude of Mars's equator. The particles causing the aurora penetrated into the Martian atmosphere, creating auroras below 100 km above the surface, Earth's auroras range from 100 km to 500 km above the surface. Magnetic fields in the solar wind drape over Mars, into the atmosphere, and the charged particles follow the solar wind magnetic field lines into the atmosphere, causing auroras to occur outside the magnetic umbrellas.
On 18 March 2015, NASA reported the detection of an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars.
In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.
Climate
Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about -143 C at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 C in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.
If Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its axial tilt is similar to Earth's. The comparatively large eccentricity of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near perihelion when it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere and winter in the north, and near aphelion when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 C-change.
Mars has the largest dust storms in the Solar System, reaching speeds of over 100 mph. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.
Orbit and rotation
Mars's average distance from the Sun is roughly 143 e6mi, and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or sol) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.
The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19° relative to its orbital plane, which is similar to the axial tilt of Earth. As a result, Mars has seasons like Earth, though on Mars they are nearly twice as long because its orbital period is that much longer. In the present day epoch, the orientation of the north pole of Mars is close to the star Deneb.
Mars has a relatively pronounced orbital eccentricity of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only Mercury has a larger orbital eccentricity. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more circular orbit. At one point, 1.35 million Earth years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today. Mars's cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to Earth's cycle of 100,000 years. Mars has a much longer cycle of eccentricity, with a period of 2.2 million Earth years, and this overshadows the 96,000-year cycle in the eccentricity graphs. For the last 35,000 years, the orbit of Mars has been getting slightly more eccentric because of the gravitational effects of the other planets. The closest distance between Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.
Habitability and search for life
The current understanding of planetary habitability – the ability of a world to develop environmental conditions favorable to the emergence of life – favors planets that have liquid water on their surface. Most often this requires the orbit of a planet to lie within the habitable zone, which for the Sun extends from just beyond Venus to about the semi-major axis of Mars. During perihelion, Mars dips inside this region, but Mars's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life.
The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar wind and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.
In situ investigations have been performed on Mars by the Viking landers, Spirit and Opportunity rovers, Phoenix lander, and Curiosity rover. Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown. The Viking probes of the mid-1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil at their respective landing sites and had positive results, including a temporary increase of CO2 production on exposure to water and nutrients. This sign of life was later disputed by scientists, resulting in a continuing debate, with NASA scientist Gilbert Levin asserting that Viking may have found life. A re-analysis of the Viking data, in light of modern knowledge of extremophile forms of life, has suggested that the Viking tests were not sophisticated enough to detect these forms of life. The tests could even have killed a (hypothetical) life form. Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars lander have shown that the soil has an alkaline pH and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride. The soil nutrients may be able to support life, but life would still have to be shielded from the intense ultraviolet light. A recent analysis of martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO4-, 1.4 ppm ClO3-, and 16 ppm NO3-, most likely of Martian origin. The ClO3- suggests the presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines, such as ClO2- or ClO, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis of ClO4-. Thus, only highly refractory and/or well-protected (sub-surface) organics or life forms are likely to survive.
A 2014 analysis of the Phoenix WCL showed that the Ca(ClO4)2 in the Phoenix soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form, perhaps for as long as 600 million years. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO4)2 in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO4. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction.
Scientists have proposed that carbonate globules found in meteorite ALH84001, which is thought to have originated from Mars, could be fossilized microbes extant on Mars when the meteorite was blasted from the Martian surface by a meteor strike some 15 million years ago. This proposal has been met with skepticism, and an exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has been proposed.
Small quantities of methane and formaldehyde detected by Mars orbiters are both claimed to be possible evidence for life, as these chemical compounds would quickly break down in the Martian atmosphere. Alternatively, these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or other geological means, such as serpentinite.
Impact glass, formed by the impact of meteors, which on Earth can preserve signs of life, has been found on the surface of the impact craters on Mars. Likewise, the glass in impact craters on Mars could have preserved signs of life if life existed at the site.
ကျာ်တြဲသုမန
ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
မာရ်သ်
Habitability and search for life
In May 2017, evidence of the earliest known life on land on Earth may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite and other related mineral deposits (often found around hot springs and geysers) uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. These findings may be helpful in deciding where best to search for early signs of life on the planet Mars.
In early 2018, media reports speculated that certain rock features at a site called Jura looked like a type of fossil, but project scientists say the formations likely resulted from a geological process at the bottom of an ancient drying lakebed, and are related to mineral veins in the area similar to gypsum crystals.
On 7 June 2018, NASA announced that the Curiosity rover had discovered organic compounds in sedimentary rocks dating to three billion years old, indicating that some of the building blocks for life were present.
In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a subglacial lake on Mars, the first known stable body of water on the planet. It sits 1.5 km below the surface at the base of the southern polar ice cap and is about 20 km wide. The lake was discovered using the MARSIS radar on board the Mars Express orbiter, and the profiles were collected between May 2012 and December 2015. The lake is centered at 193° East, 81° South, a flat area that does not exhibit any peculiar topographic characteristics. It is mostly surrounded by higher ground except on its eastern side, where there is a depression.
Moons
Mars has two relatively small (compared to Earth's) natural moons, Phobos (about 22 km in diameter) and Deimos (about 12 km in diameter), which orbit close to the planet. Asteroid capture is a long-favored theory, but their origin remains uncertain. Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall; they are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread), who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Mars was the Roman counterpart of Ares. In modern Greek, the planet retains its ancient name Ares (Aris: Άρης).
From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear different from that of the Moon. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit – where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation – rises as expected in the east but slowly. Despite the 30-hour orbit of Deimos, 2.7 days elapse between its rise and set for an equatorial observer, as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.
Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet.
The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory. The unstable orbit of Phobos would seem to point towards a relatively recent capture. But both have circular orbits, near the equator, which is unusual for captured objects and the required capture dynamics are complex. Accretion early in the history of Mars is plausible, but would not account for a composition resembling asteroids rather than Mars itself, if that is confirmed.
A third possibility is the involvement of a third body or a type of impact disruption. More-recent lines of evidence for Phobos having a highly porous interior, and suggesting a composition containing mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals known from Mars, point toward an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit, similar to the prevailing theory for the origin of Earth's moon. Although the VNIR spectra of the moons of Mars resemble those of outer-belt asteroids, the thermal infrared spectra of Phobos are reported to be inconsistent with chondrites of any class.
Mars may have moons smaller than 50 to 100 m in diameter, and a dust ring is predicted to exist between Phobos and Deimos.
Exploration
On 24 September 2014, Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), reached Mars orbit. ISRO launched MOM on 5 November 2013, with the aim of analyzing the Martian atmosphere and topography. The Mars Orbiter Mission used a Hohmann transfer orbit to escape Earth's gravitational influence and catapult into a nine-month-long voyage to Mars. The mission is the first successful Asian interplanetary mission.
The European Space Agency, in collaboration with Roscosmos, launched the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Schiaparelli lander on 14 March 2016. While the Trace Gas Orbiter successfully entered Mars orbit on 19 October 2016, Schiaparelli crashed during its landing attempt.
In 2019, MAVEN spacecraft mapped high-altitude global wind patterns at Mars for the first time. It was discovered that the winds which are miles above the surface retained information about the land forms below.
Future
NASA launched the Mars 2020 mission on 30 July 2020. The rover Perseverance successfully landed on the surface of Mars on 18 February 2021. The mission will cache samples for future retrieval and return of them to Earth. The current concept for the Mars sample-return mission would launch in 2026 and feature hardware built by NASA and ESA. The European Space Agency will launch the ExoMars rover and surface platform sometime between August and October 2022.
သဳလာစာရ (ဓမ္မကထိုက်)
တၠဂုဏ်အစာသဳလာစာရ (ၜံင် ၁၉၇၈ ဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၂၀) အစာဓမ္မကထိုက် မပြာကတ်တဴ နကဵုယၟု တၠဂုဏ်အစာမှေအ်ဝွံ ဒှ်အစာဓရ်ဒယှ်မွဲဇကုတုဲ သီုကေင်ယိုက်ဂၠေင်လဝ် ဂလေင်သာသနာ နဒဒှ် အစာလိက်ပရိယတ္တိ သၞာံဗွဲမလအ်ကီုရ။ ရာမညရဋ္ဌဗုဒ္ဓတက္ကသိုလ် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်မတ်မလီုဂှ် တၠဂုဏ်အစာသဳလာစာရဝွံရ ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပဓာန မပ္တန်လဝ်တုဲ ရာမညရဋ္ဌဗုဒ္ဓတက္ကသိုလ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒတန် ပရေင်ပညာဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ နကဵုနဲခေတ်တၟိကီု သီုဒှ် ဒတန်ပရေင်ပညာနာနာ သွက်ကောန်ဂကူမန် ကေုာံ ကောန်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာတအ်ကီုရ။
မာရ်သ်
Future
The United Arab Emirates' Mars Hope orbiter was launched on 19 July 2020, and successfully entered orbit around Mars on 9 February 2021. The probe will conduct a global study of the Martian atmosphere. With this accomplishment, UAE became the second country, after India, to reach Mars on its first attempt.
ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ
ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် (ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ကွာန်ယၚ်ဒိန်)ဝွံ နွံပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ တွဵုရးဍုၚ်မန် လၟုဟ်ကော် (ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ခေါဇာ)။
မာရ်သ်
Future
Several plans for a human mission to Mars have been proposed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, but no human mission has yet launched. SpaceX founder Elon Musk presented a plan in September 2016 to, optimistically, launch a crewed mission to Mars in 2024 at an estimated development cost of US$10 billion, but this mission is not expected to take place before 2027. In October 2016, President Barack Obama renewed United States policy to pursue the goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s, and to continue using the International Space Station as a technology incubator in that pursuit. The NASA Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to get humans near or on the surface of Mars by the early 2030s.
သဳလာစာရ (ဓမ္မကထိုက်)
ဘဝသၟဝ် ကေုာံ အဝေါင်သာသနာ
တၠဂုဏ်အစာသဳလာစာရဝွံ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၇၈ ဂိတုဒဳဇြေမ်ဗါ ၂၀ (သက္ကရာဇ်ဍုင် ၁၃၄၀ ဂိတုမြေက္ကသိုဝ် ၆ စွေက်) တ္ၚဲသိုက် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ရေဝ် အရာပ်အံင်သုခ၊ မဒှ်ကောန် နာဲအောင်ညွန့်၊ မိတင်လှ။ ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ကောဒေအ် သီုဖအိုတ် ၆ တၠဂှ် ညးဒှ်ကောန်မရနုက်ကဵု မသုန်၊ နူဍောတ်တ် မိမတအ် ခုတ်လဝ်ကဵုယၟု မာံဆန်းဝင်း။
ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ
ဝၚ်
ဍာ်နူဒဵုကေုာံကၠအ်စောဝ်နူလ္တူကွာန်ယၚ်ဒိန်လ္တူဂှ် ဇွောဝ်စှ်ေတဝ်တပ်စှ်ေအာပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ဝွံတုဲ ဇွောဝ်ပြးအာၜဳရေဝ်တေံ၊ သာ်ဝွံဟေၚ် ဗွဲသဘာဝဂှ် အရာမၞုံကြပ်ကဵုဒေသကွာန်လဵုဂှ် ကော်တဴယၟုကွာန်ဒေသတံဂှ်ဂှ်ရ၊ သာ်ဝွံရတုဲ ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ကော်ခဴစရ။
မာရ်သ်
Astronomy on Mars
With the presence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is possible to practice astronomy from Mars. Although Mars's moon Phobos appears about one-third the angular diameter of the full moon on Earth, Deimos appears more or less star-like, looking only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth.
သဳလာစာရ (ဓမ္မကထိုက်)
ဘဝသၟဝ် ကေုာံ အဝေါင်သာသနာ
အခိင်ညးမကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၅ သၞာံဂှ် စမံင်ဘာ တန်မူလ စၟတ် (၉) အရာပ်အံင်သုခ၊ ဍုင်ရေဝ်တုဲ စတမ်နူသၞာံ ၁၃၄၇ ဂှ် မိမၜါ အာပအပ်ညး ဘာလကျာ် ဘာသိမ်၊ ဍုင်ရေဝ် ရ။ ကာလမကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၈ သၞာံ ပ္ဍဲ ၁၉၈၇ ဂိတုဇာန်နဝါရဳ ၁၀ (၁၃၄၈ ပုဟ် ၁၁ မမံက်) တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗတိ(?) ဂှ် မိမၜါ ဒုင်ပစ္စယ်၊ ပဥပ္ပဇ္ဇျာယ် ကုကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘာဝယ်ပူး ဘဒ္ဒန္တဝရဒဳပတုဲ မဂွံအာစိုပ် ဒဒှ်ဘဝထပိုယ်သာမဏဳတုဲ ကလိဂွံ မဟိမု သဳလာစာရ။ သၞာံ ၁၉၉၈ မေ ၂၁ (၁၃၆၀ ပသာ် ၄ မမံက်) တ္ၚဲဗြဴဗတိ အခိင်သဝ်တ္ၚဲ ၅ နာဍဳ ၃၀ မိနေတ် နိုင်စိန်းဖေ၊ မိငွေကျန် ဒုင်ပစ္စယ်၊ ပဥပ္ပဇ္ဇျာယ် ကုကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘာကလျာဏမိတ္တ၊ ဍုင်ရေဝ် ဘဒ္ဒန္တဣန္ဒောဘာသတုဲ ကတဵုဒှ် ဘဝခမဳမပြဲ ပ္ဍဲ သိမ်ဘာကလျာဏ ရ။
ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ
ပွဳပွူသဘာဝ
ကြုၚ်ဝွံ ဍာ်ဖ္ဍုၚ်တိုန်စှ်ေဗွဲသဘာဝတုဲ သတ်ဍာ်ဗွဲမဂၠိုၚ်နွံပ္ဍဲကြုၚ်ကေုာံအကြာဂြိုပ်ကဏိ (တၞံကဏိ) အကြာတရးဂှ် နွံတဴဂကူစုၚ်ဇဳရ၊ ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန်ဝွံ အခိၚ်ကသီုဗြဲဂူတှ်ေ ဍာ်ဗတေက်နူစောဝ်ကၠအ်ဒဵုဇွောဝ်စှ်ေအာကြုၚ် စိုပ်အာၜဳရေဝ် ပလိုတ်ကွာန်ပါၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန်ဂှ်ရ။
မာရ်သ်
Astronomy on Mars
On 19 October 2014, comet Siding Spring passed extremely close to Mars, so close that the coma may have enveloped Mars.
သဳလာစာရ (ဓမ္မကထိုက်)
ပရေင်ပညာ
သက္ကရာဇ်ဍုင် ၁၃၅၁ ဂှ် ထပိုယ်သဳလာစာရ အာကတ်လိက် ပ္ဍဲဘာတၟိ၊ ကွာန်ကအ်ခပုင်၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မုဟ်ဍုင် ဇရေင်ဘဒ္ဒန္တဇောတိပါလ၊ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၅၂ ဂှ် ကတ်လိက် ပ္ဍဲတိုက်လိက်မန်ဒယှ် ဘာကၠအ်ပၞဟ်၊ ဍုင်မုဟ်ဍုင် ဇရေင် ဘဒ္ဒန္တခေမာသာရတုဲ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၅၃ ဂှ် ဂွံအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် တန်မူလ။ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၅၄ ဂိတုအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် တန်ဍောတ်။ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၅၆ ဂှ် အာကတ်လိက် ပ္ဍဲတိုက်လိက် ဘာဗဂေါပရိယတ္တိ၊ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု ဇရေင် ဘဒ္ဒန္တသဳလာစာရ။ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၆၇ ညးအာကတ်လိက် ဘာဗိုလ်လ္ၚီ၊ ပွိုင်ဍုင်မ္ၚးထံင် (ဗိုလ်တထောင်) ဍုင်လ္ဂုင် ဇရေင် ဘဒ္ဒန္တပါလ၊ ကေုာံ ဘဒ္ဒန္တကေသရ၊ သၞာံဂှ် ဂွံအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် တန်လဒေါဝ်။ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၅၉ဂှ် ညးအာကတ်လိက် ဘာမြာင်၊ အရာပ်မုဟ်ပန်၊ ဍုင်မတ်မလီု ဇရေင်ဘဒ္ဒန္တထေရာနန္ဒ၊ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၆၀ ဂှ် ဂွံအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် တန်ဇၞော်။ သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၆၃ အာကတ်လိက် ဘာဒေါနခြံ၊ တိုက်ကျာ်ဇၞော် (ဘုရားကြီးတိုက်) ဍုင်မာန္တလေ ဇရေင် ဘဒ္ဒန္တဝဏ္ဏိဿရ သၞာံဂှ် ဂွံအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် တန်ဓမ္မာစရိယ ပြကိုဟ်သဳလက္ခန်၊ သၞာံ ၁၃၆၄ ဂှ် ဂွံအံင်ဇၞးကေတ် ပြကိုဟ်ပါရာဇိကဏ် ကေုာံ ပြကိုဟ်ဓမ္မသင်္ဂဏဳတုဲ ကလိဂွံ တဆိပ်ကြာ သာသနဓဇဓမ္မာစရိယ နူအလဵုအသဳကၟိန်ဍုင်ဗၟာရ။
ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ
ၜဳကြုၚ်ဆက်
ဒိုဟ်ပလိုတ်ဂှ် နွံပြၚ်ဗ္တဳပါၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန်မွဲဍောတ်တုဲ ဇိုၚ်ဂြိုပ်ပြၚ်ဗ္တဳဝွံဟေၚ် ဒှ်သုသာန်မွဲရ၊ လၟုဟ်တှ်ေ သုသာန်ဏံညးဟွံသုၚ်စောဲတုဲ သီုကွာန်ပါၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန်ကေုာံကွာန်ယၚ်ဒိန်လ္တူတံဂှ် အာသုၚ်စောဲသုသာန်တြေမ်ကွာန်ယၚ်ဒိန် နွံဗွဲဒိုဟ်သၟဝ်ကျာနူပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ဂှ်ဟွံသ္ၚောဲရ၊ တုဲပၠန် မွဲအဆက်ကဵုပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ဂှ် သၠာတ်ဗလးပြၚ်ၜဳပါၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန်ဒုတ်ဒုတ်မွဲကောန်မတ်တန်တဴဆက်ရေၚ်နွံရ၊ ကွာန်ပါၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန်နွံ၊ တ္ကံကၠဵုနွံ၊ တ္ကံဇၞော်နွံရ၊ ဒိုဟ်ဗၟံက်ဂှ်ပၠန် ဝါပလိုတ်ကွာန်ယၚ်ဒိန် ၜက်အာဝါပလိုတ်ဂှ်တုဲ ဆက်စိုပ်အာကွာန်ယၚ်ဒိန်လ္တူရ၊ သၠုၚ်ကျာပၠန်ဂှ် ဂၠံၚ်ပိသွာၚ်နူယၚ်ဒိန်စှ်ေပါၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ကေုာံပါ်ပိသွာၚ်အာလပါ်ပြၚ်ၜဳပါၚ်မ္ၚဵုကေုာံကွာန်ပါၚ်မ္ၚဵုတေံ။
မာရ်သ်
Viewing
As Mars approaches opposition, it begins a period of retrograde motion, which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.
Relative
The point at which Mars's geocentric longitude is 180° different from the Sun's is known as opposition, which is near the time of closest approach to Earth. The time of opposition can occur as much as 8.5 days away from the closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about 54 and 103 e6km due to the planets' elliptical orbits, which causes comparable variation in angular size. The last Mars opposition occurred on 27 July 2018, at a distance of about 58 e6km. The next Mars opposition occurs on 13 October 2020, at a distance of about 63 e6km. The average time between the successive oppositions of Mars, its synodic period, is 780 days; but the number of days between the dates of successive oppositions can range from 764 to 812.
ပါၚ်ကြုၚ်ယၚ်ဒိန် ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ရေဝ်သၠုၚ်ကျာ
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ပွိုင်ဍုင်ရေဝ်
မာရ်သ်
Relative
As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of retrograde motion, which makes it appear to move backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days.
သဳလာစာရ (ဓမ္မကထိုက်)
အစာလိက်
တၠဂုဏ်သဳလာစာရဝွံ ကြဴနူပြကိုဟ်မအာစိုပ်ဒတုဲ မကလိဂွံ မဟိမုသာသနဓဇဓမ္မာစရိယတုဲ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်အာယုက် ၂၆-၂၈ ဂှ် ဖျေဟ်လိက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တိုက်လိက်ပရိယတ္တိမန် ဘာမြာင် ဍုင်မတ်မလီု၊ အကြာအာယုက် ၂၉-၃၂ ပွိုင်ပန်သၞာံ ပံက်တိုက်လိက် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာပရိယတ္တိမန်သန္တိသုခ အရာပ်ကုန်တိဍာဲ၊ ဍုင်မတ်မလီုကီုရ။ ကာလမစိုပ်အာယုက် ၃၃ စပတန် ရာမညဗုဒ္ဓတက္ကသိုလ် ပ္ဍဲအရာပ်ဖျာ၊ ဍုင်မတ်မလီုရ။
မာရ်သ်
Absolute, around the present time
Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness in nearly 60,000 years, 55758006 km, magnitude −2.88, on 27 August 2003, at 09:51:13 UTC. This occurred when Mars was one day from opposition and about three days from its perihelion, making it particularly easy to see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to have been on 12 September 57,617 BC, the next time being in 2287. This record approach was only slightly closer than other recent close approaches. For instance, the minimum distance on 22 August 1924, was 0.373 AU, and the minimum distance on 24 August 2208, will be 0.373 AU.
ကျာ်တြဲရေဝတ
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
ကျာ်တြဲမၚ်္ဂလ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
သဳလာစာရ (ဓမ္မကထိုက်)
ဓမ္မကထိုက်
တၠဂုဏ်သဳလာစာရဝွံ နူအခိင်မပဒၟံင် အစာလိက် ပ္ဍဲဘာသန္တိသုခ ဍုင်မတ်မလီုဂှ်ရ မွဲလပါ်ဂှ် သီုတွဟ်ဓရ် ကဵုဒါယကာတအ်ကီုတုဲ ယၟုမြဟ်ပြာကတ်တဴ နကဵု ယၟု တၠဂုဏ်မှေအ်။ ဗွဲကြဴ ကာလမပတန် ရာမညရဋ္ဌဗုဒ္ဓတက္ကသိုလ်ဂှ်လေဝ် စဵုကဵုအခိင်လၟုဟ် နဒဒှ် အစာဓမ္မကထိုက်ဒယှ်မွဲဇကု ဟီုတွဟ်ဒၟံင် ဍောင်ဓရ်ကျာ် ကုဒါယကာဂမၠိုင် အလုံဒေသရးမန်ဂမၠိုင်ကီု သီုကဵု ဍုင်သအာင် မပ္တံကဵု ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ ဍုင်ဥရောပဂမၠိုင်၊ ဍုင်ဂျပါန်၊ ဍုင်ကဝ်ရိယျာ၊ ဍုင်အဝ်သတေလျာ၊ ဍုင်သေင်္ကာပူရ်၊ ဍုင်မလေရှာ၊ ဍုင်သေံတအ်ကီုရ။
ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ယဲကပ်ကဝ်ဝိဒ်-၁၉ မကတဵုဒှ် ဟိုတ်နူတိတ်တရဴဟွံဂွံ၊ ပကောံမၞိဟ်ဟွံဂွံတုဲ နကဵုအန်လာင်ဂှ် ဟီုတွဟ်ဒၟံင်ဓဝ် ကုဒါယကာဥပ္ပးဇန်တအ်ဖိုဟ်ရ။
တဆိပ်ကြာ
သဘင်ဂကောံမဟာမိတ်ဂၠးကဝ် သကိုပ်သကဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ (World Alliance of Buddhist Leaders) မကၠောန်ဗဒှ် ပ္ဍဲၝောအ်ခန် AIT Conference Center, ပထုမ်ဌာနဳ၊ ဍုင်သေံ ပ္ဍဲစၟတ်တ္ၚဲ ၂၃ ဖေဖဝ်ဝါရဳ ၂၀၁၆ဂှ် တၠဂုဏ်သဳလာစာရ မဂွံဒုင်ပူဇဴဗဂိန်ကဵု လာပ်တဆိပ်ကြာ သကိုပ်သက ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ မစိစောန် ဂၠးကဝ် (World Buddhist Outstanding Leader Award) ရ။
နိဿဲ
ထေရုပတ္တိ တၠဂုဏ်အစာသဳလာစာရ။
ကဏ္ဍ:အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ ကဏ္ဍ:BEHM
ကျာ်တြဲအနောမဒဿဳ
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
မာရ်သ်
Absolute, around the present time
Every 15 to 17 years, Mars comes into opposition near its perihelion. These perihelic oppositions make a closer approach to earth than other oppositions which occur every 2.1 years. Mars comes into perihelic opposition in 2003, 2018 and 2035, with 2020 and 2033 being close to perihelic opposition.
Historical observations
The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars, when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars, which occur every 15 or 17 years and are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to Earth.
Ancient and medieval observations
The ancient Sumerians believed that Mars was Nergal, the god of war and plague. During Sumerian times, Nergal was a minor deity of little significance, but, during later times, his main cult center was the city of Nineveh. In Mesopotamian texts, Mars is referred to as the "star of judgement of the fate of the dead." The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient Egyptian astronomers and, by 1534 BCE, they were familiar with the retrograde motion of the planet. By the period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Babylonian astronomers were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior. For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 synodic periods, or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years. They invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets. In Ancient Greece, the planet was known as Πυρόεις.
In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle noted that Mars disappeared behind the Moon during an occultation, indicating that the planet was farther away. Ptolemy, a Greek living in Alexandria, attempted to address the problem of the orbital motion of Mars. Ptolemy's model and his collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi-volume collection Almagest, which became the authoritative treatise on Western astronomy for the next fourteen centuries. Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by Chinese astronomers by no later than the fourth century BCE. In the East Asian cultures, Mars is traditionally referred to as the "fire star" (Chinese: 火星), based on the Five elements.
During the seventeenth century, Tycho Brahe measured the diurnal parallax of Mars that Johannes Kepler used to make a preliminary calculation of the relative distance to the planet. When the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun-Earth distance. This was first performed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672. The early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments. The only occultation of Mars by Venus observed was that of 13 October 1590, seen by Michael Maestlin at Heidelberg. In 1610, Mars was viewed by Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who was first to see it via telescope. The first person to draw a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens.
Martian "canals"
By the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified. A perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on 5 September 1877. In that year, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli used a 22 cm telescope in Milan to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called canali, which were later shown to be an optical illusion. These canali were supposedly long, straight lines on the surface of Mars, to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term, which means "channels" or "grooves", was popularly mistranslated in English as "canals."
Influenced by the observations, the orientalist Percival Lowell founded an observatory which had 30 and 45 cm telescopes. The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on the planet, which had a great influence on the public. The canali were independently found by other astronomers, like Henri Joseph Perrotin and Louis Thollon in Nice, using one of the largest telescopes of that time.
The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals led to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long-held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight canali were observed. During an observation in 1909 by Camille Flammarion with an 84 cm telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no canali were seen.
Even in the 1960s, articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars. Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published.
Spacecraft visitation
Once spacecraft visited the planet during NASA's Mariner missions in the 1960s and 1970s, these concepts were radically broken. The results of the Viking life-detection experiments aided an intermission in which the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.
Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the data from these missions, and another major leap forward was the Mars Global Surveyor mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that allowed complete, extremely detailed maps of the Martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals to be obtained. These maps are available online; for example, at Google Mars. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express continued exploring with new instruments, and supporting lander missions. NASA provides two online tools: Mars Trek, which provides visualizations of the planet using data from 50 years of exploration, and Experience Curiosity, which simulates traveling on Mars in 3-D with Curiosity.
In culture
Mars is named after the Roman god of war. In different cultures, Mars represents masculinity and youth. Its symbol, a circle with an arrow pointing out to the upper right, is used as a symbol for the male gender.
The many failures in Mars exploration probes resulted in a satirical counter-culture blaming the failures on an Earth-Mars "Bermuda Triangle", a "Mars Curse", or a "Great Galactic Ghoul" that feeds on Martian spacecraft.
Intelligent "Martians"
The fashionable idea that Mars was populated by intelligent Martians exploded in the late 19th century. Schiaparelli's "canali" observations combined with Percival Lowell's books on the subject put forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling, dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrigation works.
Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed "Mars Fever." In 1899, while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab, inventor Nikola Tesla observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901 interview, Tesla said:
"It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another."
Tesla's theories gained support from Lord Kelvin who, while visiting the United States in 1902, was reported to have said that he thought Tesla had picked up Martian signals being sent to the United States. Kelvin "emphatically" denied this report shortly before leaving: "What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity."
In a New York Times article in 1901, Edward Charles Pickering, director of the Harvard College Observatory, said that they had received a telegram from Lowell Observatory in Arizona that seemed to confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with Earth.
"Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe, it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable."
Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas, intended to signal Martians.
In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by "intelligent" life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland. Reminiscent of the canali controversy, these speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images, such as "pyramids" and the "Face on Mars." Planetary astronomer Carl Sagan wrote:
"Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears."
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface conditions might support not just life but intelligent life. Thus originated a large number of science fiction scenarios, among which is H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds, published in 1898, in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth.
Influential works included Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles, in which human explorers accidentally destroy a Martian civilization, Edgar Rice Burroughs' Barsoom series, C. S. Lewis' novel Out of the Silent Planet (1938), and a number of Robert A. Heinlein stories before the mid-sixties.
Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel Gulliver's Travels.
A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in Haredevil Hare (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present.
After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to be abandoned, and a vogue for accurate, realist depictions of human colonies on Mars developed, the best known of which may be Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy. Pseudo-scientific speculations about the Face on Mars and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by space probes have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.
ကျာ်ကဗၚ်၊ ကွာန်
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ကျာ်တြဲပဒုမ
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ
ကျာ်ကဗၚ်၊ ကွာန်
ကွာန်ကျာ်ကဗင် (Kyaik Ka Being) ဝွံ ဒှ်ကွာန်မန် နွံပ္ဍဲ ((16°33’06.58N-97°56’37.11E)တွဵုရးဍုၚ်ကရေင်၊ ပွိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ကအ်ကြိက်ရ၊၊ ကွာန်ကျာ်ကဗင်ဝွံ ဒှ်ကွာန် မၞုံလဒေါဝ်ဂၠံင်တုဲ ဇိုင်ဂၠံင်ၜါလပါ်ဂှ် ပေင်ဒၟံင် ကဵုသ္ၚိဌာန်ရ၊၊ ကွာန်ဗွဲဒိုဟ်ဗၟံက်ဂှ် နွံဘာလကျာ်၊ ကေုာံ ကျာ်စေတဳကဗင်ရ၊၊ ကွာန်ဝွံ သီုဖအိုတ် သ္ၚိနွံစ ၜိုတ် ၁၅၀ မတုဲ ဇမၞော်ကွာန်သီုဖအိုတ် နွံစၜိုတ် 0.15 km2 ကဳလဝ်မဳတာပန်ကၠင်ရ၊၊
နူကဵုဂၠံင် လဒေါဝ်ကွာန် ဗက်အာ လပါ်ပလိုတ်မ္ဂး ၜိုတ် ၁၁ တိုင်မ္ဂး စိုပ်ကွာန်မန်ဇၞော် ကွာန်ကအ်ဗိန်တုဲ၊ ယဝ်ရ တိတ်အာဂၠံင်ဗၟံက် ဂၠံင်မၚံက်စှ် လပါ်အဂၞဲဂှ်မ္ဂး ၜိုတ် ၂ တိုင်ဘာ် မ္ဂး စိုပ်ကွာန်ကအ်ခတဝ် နူကွာန်ကအ်ခတဝ်ဂှ် မွဲကဆံင် အာကွာန်ကရေပ် သီုဖအိုတ် နွံစ ၜိုတ် ပိတိုင်ဘာ်ရ၊၊ နူကဵုကွာန်ကရေပ်ဂှ် စှ်ေအာၜဳဂြာင်ဂွံရ၊၊
လၟိဟ်မၞိဟ်
ကွာန်ကအ်တာဝွံ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၂၀၁၈ဂှ် သ္ၚိ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ ၜိုတ် (၁၅၀) မတုဲ မၞိဟ်နွံ ၜိုတ် ဒစာံကၠံ ဒှ်မာန်ရ၊၊
ပလံၚ်ဗစိုပ်
အဓိက ပရေၚ်ပလံၚ်ဗစိုပ်ကွာန်ဝွံ ဒှ်ဂၠံင်တိုက် ကေုာံ ဂၠံၚ်ဍာ်ရ၊၊
ဝၚ်
လိက်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံဗပေၚ်လိက်တုဲ မချူလဝ်ရ၊၊ ညးမတီပရူကွာန်ဝွံ ပလေဝ် ဗပေၚ်ချူညိ၊၊
ကွာန်ဝဝဝဝွံ ဒှ်မန်တြေံမွဲတုဲ နူအခိၚ်လဵု မစပ္တန်လဝ်ရောဂှ် နကဵု သက်သဳ သုတေသနဝၚ် ခိုၚ်ၚ်ဂှ် ဟွံဂွံတီလဝ်ဏီရ၊၊ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ဟံသာဝတဳ ဒြဟတ်ခိုဟ် (ၜိုတ် အေဒဳ တေအ်ဂှ် ကွာန်ဝွံ ပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲရးမတ္တမ ၃၂ ဍုၚ် ပ္ဍဲရးဍုၚ်ဝဝရ၊၊
ကြဴနူ အဝဵုသြဇာဂကူဗၟာ နူဗုကာံ ဓလီုဂွံအာ ရာမညဒေသ ဍုၚ်မန်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲ သၞာံ ၁၂၈၁/၁၂၈၆ ဂှ် မဂဒူ ကောန်ဍုၚ်တကအ်ဝါန် (ဍုၚ်ဝါန်) ပုန် ကုသၟိၚ်စဍုၚ်ဗၟာ အလိမ်မာမၚ် (အလိမ္မာမၚ်း)တုဲ ကလေၚ်ပ္တန် ဍုၚ်ဗၠးၜးမန် ပ္ဍဲဍုၚ်မတ္တမရ မဂွံဒုၚ်ယၟု သၟိၚ်ဝါရဳရောဝ် မဒှ်ယၟု ဘာသာသေံ မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ညးမဒတုံပြဟ်နူသွဝ် ရ၊၊ မန်ပ္ဍဲဗဂေါ အခမန် လေဝ် ပုန်ကဵု သၟိၚ်ဗုကာံကီုတုဲ ဒက်ပ္တန် ဍုၚ်ဗၠးၜးကီုရ၊၊ ကာလတၠဖြာ မပိုၚ်ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳဂှ် ဍုၚ်မန်ဟံသာဝတဳ ကဵု ဍုၚ်မန်မတ္တမ ဒက်မိတ်ရေၚ်သကအ် နမကဵုစ ကောန်ဝုတ်ရေၚ်သကအ်ရ၊၊ တၠဖြာ ပစၞာဲ ဂစာန်ဂစိုတ် သၟိၚ်ဝါရေဝ်ရောဝ်ဂှ် ဂွံတီကေတ်တုဲ ညးရပ်ကြိုၚ်ထောအ် တၠဖြာရ၊၊ ဍုၚ်ဟံသာဝတဳ စိုပ်အာ သၟဝ်တဲ သၟိၚ်ဝါရေဝ်ရောဝ်ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်တၠဖြာ မဂစာန်ပုန်တုဲ ညးဒးဂစိုတ်ထောအ် တၠဖြာရ၊၊
သၞာံ ၁၃၄၈ သၟိၚ်ဗညာဥူ တိုန်နန် ဍုၚ်မတ္တမ ရ၊၊ ဟိုတ်နူ ဗြတ္ထၜ ကဵု လိုက်ဖြာတအ် ပသပုန်တုဲ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၃၆၃ ဂှ်တုဲ သၟိၚ်ဗညာဥူ ဒးဒဴအာမံၚ် ဍုၚ်ဝါန်၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၃၆၉ ဂှ် သၟိၚ်ဗညာဥူ ဟိုတ်ကလေၚ်စဴ ဍုၚ်မတ္တမ ဟွံဂွံတုဲ ဒးအာမံၚ် ပ္ဍဲဗဂေါရ၊၊ တၠညးဗညာဥူ ဟွံမဲတုဲ ကောန်ညး တၠညးရာဇာဓိရာဇ် ဂွံတိုန်နန်ဟံသာဝတဳရ၊၊ စိုပ်သၞာံ ၁၃၈၈ ဂှ် တၠညးရာဇာဓိရာဇ် သီဂွံအာ ဍုၚ်မတ္တမ ကေုာံ မတ်မလီုရ၊၊ စနူဂှ်တုဲ ဍုၚ်မတ္တမ နဒဒှ် ဍုၚ်သၟိၚ်ဨကရာဇ် မပဒတဴဂှ် ဒးအိုတ်အာရ၊၊
ဘာလကျာ်
လိက်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံဗပေၚ်လိက်တုဲ မချူလဝ်ရ၊၊ ညးမတီပရူကွာန်ဝွံ ပလေဝ် ဗပေၚ်ချူညိ၊၊
ရာမညနိကာယ ဘာဗၟံက်
ရာမညနိကာယ ဘာဗၟံက်ဝွံ နွံ လပါ်ဗၟံက်ကွာန်တုဲ မဒှ်ဘာတြေံအိုတ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဝဝဝ ဏအ်ရ၊၊ ဘာဝွံ ပ္ဍဲအခိၚ် ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဝိမလဂှ် ခၞံဗဒှ်လဝ်သီမွဲရ၊၊ ပါဲနူသီတုဲ ဇြပ်သဘၚ်ဓရ်၊ ဇြပ်မၚ်သဳလ်တအ်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ၊၊
မၞိဟ်ဇေတ် ဟွံထောံဂကူ မြမောဝ်ဇေတ် ဟွံထောံသၟူ" တဝှ်ဝွံ ဇၟာပ်ပ်တၠပညာ ထိုၚ်သးတဴအိုတ်ရ။ သတ်တိရစ္ဆာန် မပ္တံကဵုကၠဵုတံ မၚ်မွဲကၠုၚ်ဂကူကၠဵုဂှ် ပ္ဍဲသုတ်ဇာတ်နိပါတ် နဒဒှ်သာဓက ဂွံဆဵုညာတ်ကေတ်မာန်ရ။ သတ်မတွံဂး မၞိဟ်ဂှ် ဂမြၚ်ညာဏ် ပြဲသၠုၚ်လ္တူနူတိရစ္ဆာန် ကၠံဆ လ္ၚီဆ ဟွံကတုဲ တာလျိုၚ်မၚ်မွဲဂကူ ဘာသာ သာသနာဂှ် ဗွဲမပြေပြံၚ် ဟွံယိုက်ဂၠေၚ်မ္ဂး ယုတ်မာလ္တူနူ တိရစ္ဆာန် ကၠံဆ လ္ၚီဆဟွံကဂှ် သ္ဒးကၠိုဟ်လဝ်ထေက်ရ။
ဂကူကၠဵုဂှ် ရမျာၚ်ကၠဵုဟေၚ်လေပ်ရ။ ရမျာၚ်ဗ္ဂဲ ရမျာၚ်ချေံဍေံဗြုဟွံလေပ် ဂကူမန်ဂှ် မူရဴရမျာၚ်မွဲ သ္ဂောံဗြုရော? လိက်ပတ် ယေန်သၞာၚ် အရေဝ် ဝေါဟာ ဘာသာဇကုဟွံလေပ် ဟွံမၚ်မွဲ ဟွံဟီုမ္ဂး မၞိဟ်မဖှ်သာ်ဂှ်ကဵု ကၠဵုညးဂှ်ခိုဟ်ရော ဗစာရဏာအိုတ်ညိ။
ပ္ကဴဂမၠိုၚ် နွံသၟူအြမာဲ မြမောဝ်ဍေံကဵုဍေံအိုတ်ရ။ ပ္ကဴမၠဵုဂှ် သၟူအမြာဲ ပ္ကဴမၠဵုမောဝ်ဇောဝ်တုဲ ပ္ကဴပ္ၚာတုန် သၟူအမြာဲပ္ကဴပ္ၚာမောဝ်ပ္ဍးတဴရ။ သၟူအြမာဲပ္ကဴအိုတ်သီုတံဂှ် ဗက်အလိုက်ကျာတုဲဟေၚ် မောဝ်ဇောဝ်အာမာန်ရ။ ဒစးကျာမောဝ်ဇောဝ်အာဟွံမာန်ဆ္ဂး သၟူအြမာဲပရိယတ်ဂှ် လၟောဝ်အာသီုအလိုက်ကျာ သီုဒးစးကျာတုဲ မောဝ်ဇောဝ်အာ ပန်ဒိုဟ် ဒစာံဒိုဟ်မာန်ရ။ ဒၞဲါဝွံ မိက်သ္ဂောံဟီုဂး "မြမောဝ်ရာမညနိကာယပရိယတ္တိ" မဒှ်ရောၚ်၊ ရာမည- မည-မန် ဂှ် လဂွံကဵုမန်ရ။ နိကာယဂှ် ဂကောံဂိုဏ် မဒှ်ရ။ ပရိယတ္တိဂှ် ပၞောဝ်သာသနာပိတန် ပရိယတ္တိသာသနာမ္ဂးရ။ ရာမညနိကာယပရိယတ္တိ ပရိယတ္တိသာသနာ ဂကောံဂိုဏ်ရာမည။ ရာမည နိကာယပရိယတ္တိဝွံ ဗြီတိတ်ကၠုၚ် နူဂကောံရာမညဓမ္မာစရိယ မဒှ်ရ။ တၞဟ်နပရိယတ္တိ သာသနာ တၠီမၞုံကုပိုဉ်ကျာ်တြဲ သ္ဂောံတန်တဴအာ လုကဴကာလအဓာန်ဗွဲမလံလကာဖာဂှ် သၚ်ရာမညနိကာယလေဝ် နွံတာလျိုၚ်တုဲ တၞဟ်နတာလျိုၚ် ဂွံပြေအာ လ္တူသာသနာ သၚ်ရာမညနိကာယဂမၠိုၚ် တံၚ်တဲဗလဲပၞး စိုတ်သၟဟ်ဒှ်မွဲ ညံၚ်ခပေဲါဟွံဂွံပြး ခၟာဲဟွံဂွံထကး ကၠးစိုတ်ကၠိုဟ်စိုတ် ကေုာံ ရေၚ်သ္ကံတုဲ ရာမညနိကာယပရိယတ္တိဂှ် ဂံါကွာ်လုပ်ကၠုၚ် ပွိုၚ် ၂၅ သၞာံ သ္ဘၚ်သြန်ရတ်မဒှ်ရ။
ကျာ်စေတဳ
လိက်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံဗပေၚ်လိက်တုဲ မချူလဝ်ရ၊၊ ညးမတီပရူကွာန်ဝွံ ပလေဝ် ဗပေၚ်ချူညိ၊၊
ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဝဝဝဝွံ ကျာ်စေတဳ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံ ၃ တၞုၚ်၊၊ ကျာ်လဒေါဝ်ဂှ် ဒှ်ကျာ် ကျာ်သြဳကွာန်တုဲ မၞိဟ်ကၠုၚ်ဗဵုလ္ၚောဝ်ဂၠိုၚ်အိုတ်ရ၊၊ ပါဲနူဂှ် ကျာ်စေတဳ ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ်လေဝ် နွံကီုရ၊၊
ပရေၚ်ပိုန်ဒြပ်
လိက်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံဗပေၚ်လိက်တုဲ မချူလဝ်ရ၊၊ ညးမတီပရူကွာန်ဝွံ ပလေဝ် ဗပေၚ်ချူညိ၊၊
ပရေၚ်ပညာ
လိက်ဗွဲသၟဝ်ဝွံ ရန်တၟအ် သွက်ဂွံဗပေၚ်လိက်တုဲ မချူလဝ်ရ၊၊ ညးမတီပရူကွာန်ဝွံ ပလေဝ် ဗပေၚ်ချူညိ၊၊
ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ဝဝဝဝွံ နာဲဘာဗတောန်လိက်အလဵုအသဳ တန်သဇိုၚ်မူလ (၂) မတုဲ တန်လဒေါဝ် နွံမွဲရ၊၊
ပ္ဍဲဘာလကျာ်လေဝ် ဒှ်ဒတန် ဗ္တောန်လိက် သွက်ကောန်ၚာ်တအ်ကီုရ၊၊
ထဝ်၊ ဘာဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယ ကွာန်ကုန်ပကဴ
ဘာထဝ် ဂိုဏ်ရာမညနိကာယဝွံ နွံပ္ဍဲ ကွာန်ကုန်ပကဴ ပွိုင်ဍုင်ပံင်။
ကျာ်ဇၞော်မနွံပိုန်ဘာဂမၠိုင်
ကျာ်ဇၞော်ဘဒ္ဒန္တအာလောက သက္ကရာဇ် ၁၃၈၃ က္လိဂွံအာယုက် ၄၉၊ ဝှ် ၂၈။
နိဿဲ
ကဏ္ဍ:ဘာလကျာ်မန်
ဠ
ဠ (ḷa; the thirty-second letter of the modern Mon alphabet)ဂှ် ပၞောဝ်ကဵု ဗျည်မန် ခေတ်တၟိ (၃၅) မဂှ် ဒှ်အက္ခရ် မရနုက်ကဵု ပိစှ်ောၜါတုဲ ပ္ဍဲကဵုအရေဝ်မန် မၞုံရမ္သာင်ၜါၜါ ရမ္သာင်သာ ကဵု ရမ္သာင်ဇြိုင်ဂှ်မ္ဂး "ဠ" ဂှ် သီုဒှ်ဗျည်ရမ္သာင်သာတုဲ လုပ်လၟိဟ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဗျည်ပထမ။ ရမ္သာင်မန် မွဲဂကောံမနွံပန်ပန်ဂှ် "ဠ" နွံ ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲရမ္သာင်မွဲ။ "ဠ" သာ၊ "လှ" သာဇြိုဟ်၊ "လ" ဇြိုင်၊ "လှ" ဇြိုင်ဇြိုဟ်။ ဆဂး အက္ခရ် ဠ ဝွံ စကာအောန်တုဲ ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် စကာ အက္ခရ် လ ဂၠိုင်ရ။
ဝင်
အက္ခရ် "ဠ" ဝွံ နူတမ် ကၠုင်နူ အက္ခရ်ဂြန္ထ နူဒေသဍုင်အိန္ဒိယသၠုင်ကျာ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ကော်ခဴစ အက္ခရ်ပလ္လဝ နူအေဒဳ (၅-၆) ဗွဝ်ကၠံရ။ အက္ခရ်ပလ္လဝဂှ် စောန်ဆက်ကၠုင် နူအက္ခရ်ဗြဟ္မဳ။ တမ်မူလ အက္ခရ်ဗြဟ္မဳဂှ် တၠပညာတအ် လညာတ်ဟွံတုပ် ရေင်သကအ်ကီုလေဝ် လညာတ် Georg Bühler မဟီုလဝ် ဒဒှ်ရ အက္ခရ်ဗြဟ္မဳ နူတမ် မကၠုင်နူသေမိတိစ် (Semitic)ရ။ အတိုင်လညာတ်ညးမ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲၜိုတ် ဘဳသဳ ၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဂှ် ဗဗၞးတအ် ကေတ်အက္ခရ်ဂှ်တုဲ ညံင်ဂွံကိတ်ညဳ ကုရမ္သာင်သံသကြိုတ် ကေုာံ ပြကြိုတ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဖန်ဗဒှ်လဝ်ရ။ လညာတ်တၠပညာ မပ္တံကဵု G.R. Hunter, S.R. Rao, John Newberry ကေုာံ Krishna Rao တအ် ညာတ်ကေတ် အက္ခရ်ဗြဟ္မဳဂှ် နွံအဆက်တမ် နူကဵု အက္ခရ်/သင်္ကေတအိန္ဒူ (Indus script/Indus symbol) ရ။
ကၟက်
လဂှ် နဒဒှ် ကၟက် (ကွက် လ) မွဲလေဝ် စကာကီုရ။ ဗီုမချူကွက်လ (ၠ) ဂှ် ပြံင်လှာဲကၠုင် နူမချူအက္ခရ်လ နကဵုဂၠံင်ပစူဂှ် ပြံင်လှာဲကၠုင်သိုက်က်တုဲ တ္ၚဲဏအ် ဒှ်အာ ၠ ရ။ နူကဵု ဗြဟ္မဳတေအ်ကီု သီုကဵု ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ပလ္လဝဂှ် နွံဆ လ ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး ဠ မွဲမဓဝ်တုဲ ပတိတ်ရမ္သာင်ၜါ။ နကဵုမန်ရ ဒှ်ညးမဗဒှ်လဝ် ညံင်အက္ခရ် ဒှ်ၜါ ဒှ်မာန်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူဂှ်ရ ၠ ပ္ဍဲကၟက်ဂှ် ဒှ်ဒၟံင် ဗျည်ရမ္သာင်ၜါ မပတိတ် ရမ္သာင်လ ကဵု ရမ္သာင် ဠ ဖိုဟ်ရ။ ယဝ်ရပံင်ကဵု ဗျည်ရမ္သာင်သာမ္ဂး ပ္တိတ်ရမ္သာင်သာ (ဠ)၊ တုဲ ယဝ်ရပံင်ကဵု ဗျည်ရမ္သာင်ဇြိုင်မ္ဂး ပ္တိတ်ရမ္သာင်ဇြိုင် (လ) ရ။ ဥပမာ ကၠ (ကဠ)၊ ခၠ (ခဠ)၊ ဂၠ (ဂဠ) မြဴသာ်ဝွံ ဒှ်တမ်ရ။ လ ကဵု ဠ ဝွံ ကာလကွက် ပံင်စုတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဗျည်တၞဟ်မ္ဂး ကလိဂွံ ရမ္သာင်မွဲမာန်ကီုရ။ အက္ခရ်လဂှ် ယဝ်ရ နွံလက္ကရဴ ဗျည်ပထမမ္ဂး ၜိုန်ရ ပတိတ်ရမ္သာင် ဠ ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲခေတ်သၠရိုတ်ဂှ် တၞဟ်န ဂွံတီ မပတိတ် ရမ္သာင်သာတုဲ သၟဝ်ဂှ် ကွက်စုတ် ှ ဗီုဏအ်လေဝ် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ်ကီုရ။ ဥပမာ ပလေဝ် ဂှ် ပတိတ်ရမ္သာင် (ပဠေဝ်) ပ္ဍဲသၠရိုတ် ဂွံဆဵု ညးချူ (ပလှေဝ်)ရ။
ထ္ၜးပရူဗီုဂွံပူဇဴဓဝ်
ညံၚ်ထေရ်အာနန်တံဂှ် ဟိုတ်နူမဒှ်ပူဂဵုမၞုံကဵုဗဟုသုတမဂွံပ္ကၚ်ရၚ်လဝ်ဓုရၜါပ္ဍဲသာသနာဝွံဌာန်ဨတဒဂ္ဂဂှ် ကျာ်ထ္ၜုတ်စွံလဝ်ရ။ ဟိုတ်နူဒှ်ဓမ္မရတ်တုဲ ကုညးမသ္ပပူဇဴ ပူဂဵုမၞုံကဵုဗဟုသုတဂှ် ဒှ်ဂွံသ္ပပူဇဴဓဝ်ရ။ပသာ်သဂွံတီရော− ဒးကာလမွဲတ္ၚဲ သာ်ဝွံဗဗၞးမွဲ ချပ်ရ။ ဗုဒ္ဓရတ်ကီု၊သံဃရတ်ကီု၊ဒဒှ်ဗီုဂွံ သ္ပပူဇဴဂှ် ပြာကဋ်တဴရ။ ဓမ္မရတ်မွဲဂှ် ပသာ်ဂွံမဂပ်ဝ်ပူဇဴ​​ရော ဗဗၞးပြာပ်အာ သၟာန်ကျာ်တြဲရ။ ယွံတၠဳပိုည် ဓမ္မရတ်ဂှ် ပသာ်မဂပ်ဝ်ဂွံသ္ပပူဇဴ​ရော ယွံဗဗၞး တၞဟ်နသ္ပပူဇဴဓမ္မရတ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ရ​ကောန်တၠနွံပၟိက်မ္ဂး ခမဳမပ္ကၚ်ရၚ်လဝ်ဗဟုသုတဂှ် သ္ပပူဇဴညိ ကျာ်တြဲသ္ဂးရ။ ယွံတၠဳပိုည် ခမဳလဵုမွဲ မပ္ကၚ်ရၚ်လဝ်ဗဟုသုတ​ရောကျာ် ဗဗၞးသၟာန်တုဲ ယွံဗဗၞး အာသၟာန်ခမဳတံညိ ကျာ်ဖ​အောဝ်ဏာရ။
ယွံတၠပိုည်သၚ်တံ ခ​မဳမပ္ကၚ်လဝ် ဗဟုသုတဂှ် ပညုၚ်ထ္ၜးကဵုအဲဍိက်ညိကျာ် သာ်ဝွံဗဗၞးသ္ဂးရ။ '' ယွံဗဗၞး ​ထေရ်အာနန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပူဂဵုမပ္ကၚ်ရၚ်လဝ်ဗဟုသုတ မဂၠိုၚ်ရ" ခမဳဂမၠိုၚ် သ္ဂးတုဲ ယာတ်သ္ၚာမွဲဂ​​တှ်ေ မၞုံၚ္ၚုဟ်မးထဝ်လ္ၚီကသာပ်ဂှ် ဗဗၞး သ္ပပူဇဴ​​ထေရ်အာနန်ရ ။
ဓမ္မံ ပူ​ဇေဿာမာတိ ဓမ္မဓာ​ရေ ဘိက္ခူ ပစ္စ​ယေဟိ ဥပဋ္ဌဟန္တော, ပူဇေန္တော, ဓမ္မစိရဋ္ဌိတိကံ ကရောန္တော ဓမ္မေ ဒါနံ ဒဒေန္တိ နာမ ။