യേശുവിനെ_ക്രൂശിക്കാനുപയോഗിച്ച_ഉപകരണം
യേശുവിനെ ക്രൂശിക്കാനുപയോഗിച്ച സംവിധാനത്തെ കുറിച്ച് എഴുത്തുകാർ വ്യത്യസ്ത അഭിപ്രായങ്ങൾ വച്ചുപുലർത്തുന്നു. ബൈബിളിന്റെ പുതിയ നിയമ ഗ്രീക്ക് മൂലപാഠങ്ങളിൽ ഈ സംവിധാനത്തെ കുറിക്കാനുപയോഗിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന സ്റ്റോറോസ് (σταυρός) എന്ന പദത്തിന്റെ അർത്ഥത്തെ കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചാണ് ഈ തർക്കങ്ങളെല്ലാം നടക്കുന്നത്. The same writer is sometimes quoted in favour of each of opposing views. Egon Brandenburger is reported the words here attributed to Brandenburger are found at this website, presented there by someone called Joe as either his own composition or as a quotation from Vine's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, not as a quotation from Brandenburger as saying, somewhere on pages 391-403 of Volume I of The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing Co., 1975): "The New Testament word 'cross' is an incorrect translation of the Greek word stauros. The word "stauros" referred to any upright wooden stake firmly fixed in the ground. A stauros could serve a variety of purposes as, for example, a pole in a picket fence. The word stauros also represented a pointed stake used for impalement of human beings. This was an ancient form of punishment used to publicly display the bodies of executed criminals. [...] A tradition of the Church which our fathers have inherited, was the adoption of the words 'cross' and 'crucify'. These words are nowhere to be found in the Greek of the New Testament. These words are mistranslations, a later rendering, of the Greek words stauros and stauroo." Yet on page 391 Brandenburger says (text quoted on this website): "Corresponding to the vb. (stauroo) which was more common, stauros can mean a stake which was sometimes pointed on which an executed criminal was publicly displayed in shame as a further punishment. It could be used for hanging (so probably Diod. Sic., 2, 18, 2), impaling, or strangulation. stauros could also be an instrument of torture, perhaps in the sense of the Lat. patibulum, a crossbeam laid on the shoulders. Finally it could be an instrument of execution in the form of a vertical stake and a crossbeam of the same length forming a cross in the narrower sense of the term. It took the form either of a T (Lat. crux commissa) or of a † (crux immissa)." And on page 392 he says (text quoted here): "It is most likely that the stauros had a transverse in the form of a crossbeam. Secular sources do not permit any conclusion to be drawn as to the precise form of the cross, as to whether it was the crux immissa (+) or crux commissa (T). As it was not very common to affix a titlos (superscription, loanword from the Lat. titulus), it does not necessarily follow that the cross had the form of a crux immissa. There were two possible ways of erecting the stauros. The condemned man could be fastened to the cross lying on the ground at the place of execution, and so lifted up on the cross. Alternatively, it was probably usual to have the stake implanted in the ground before the execution. The victim was tied to the crosspiece, and was hoisted up with the horizontal beam and made fast to the vertical stake. As this was the simpler form of erection, and the carrying of the crossbeam (patibulum) was probably connected with the punishment for slaves, the crux commissa may be taken as the normal practice." ഈസ്റ്റേൺ ബൈബിൾ നിഘണ്ടു ഈ സംവിധാനത്തെ നാല് രീതിയിൽ ചിത്രീകരിക്കുന്നു.