cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bakakensa ba Buganda abedda (the Scientists and Philosophers of ancient Buganda
Okugandawaza okumanya (gandanisation of knowledge) ky’ekisumuluzo ky’omulembe gw’obutangaavu mu ntabaganya yaffe, awamu n’enkomerelo y’ebikolwa eby’obutamanya oba ebya kijulizampewo (sikimanyinkitye) ebibadde bisibye akanyaaga mu ntabaganya z’abaddugavu, ne biviirako endwadde, obutamnya n’obwaavu okweyongera obweyongezi awatali kuziiyizibwa. Ebikolwa eby’obutamanya byeyolekera mu bujama, okusaddaaka abantu n’okusinza oba okusamirira ebitaliimu. Mu butuufu tewali “ntabaganya” (society) esajjakudde mu sayansi, tekinologia n’obukulembeze nga tekulaakulannyizza kya buwangwa kya sayansi. Sayansi ky’ekyobuwangwa eky’obuntu, ekyawula omuntu n’ensolo endala.
Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl, ekibuga mu Rwasha.
Okuziŋŋama obwongo
Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno
Okuziŋŋama obwongo[] kitegeeza embeera omuntu w’abeerera n’obuzibu obw’endaga butonde obulimu obungi bw’obutoffaali obusirikitu obwawula omuntu omu ku mulala nga busukka ku bw’omuntu owa bulijjo. Embeera eno etera okuwerekerwa n’okulwawo okukula, okukaluubirirwa mu bisomwa wamu n’enfaanana etali ya bulijjo. Omuntu omukulu alina ekizibu kino enteegera ye ebeera ku 50 ng’eba yenkanankana n’eyomwana alina emyaka 8 oba 10 naye nga kino kisobola okwawuka mu bantu ab’enjawulo.
Abazadde abazaala omwana ono babeera balamu bulungi era nga obulwadde buno bugwa bugwi, tewali abweyagalira. Tewaliiwo nneeyisa oba mbeera mu butonde bw’ensi eyinza okukyusa kino obutabaawo. Ekizibu kino kisobola okukeberebwa ng’omukyala ali lubuto nga bayita mu ku mwekebejja ng’ali lubuto, okukumukebera ng’azadde wamu n’okukwekebejja endagabutonde ye kko n’omwana. Okwekebeza buli kiseera (buli mwaka) endwadde kigambibwa okuba nga kya mugaso nnyo era kiyamba.
Tewaliiwo ddagala livumula mbeera eno naye ng’okusoma n’okwefaako ekisaanidde kusobola okwongera ku mutindo gw’obulamu. Abaana abato nga balina ekizibu kino batera okusomesebwa mu bibiina eby’etongodde ate bo abalala basomesa bo bokka. Abaana abamu nga balina ekizibu kino basoma ne bamalako eddaala erya haaya era ng’abamu ku bano bafuba ne batuuka mu matendekero agawaggulu. Mu bantu abakulu, okugeza mu nsi eya Amerika baagala gavumenti ebayambeko okubateerawo emirimu egibagyamu, okussa essira ku mateeka agafuga eggwangu ko n’okussaamu ensimbi okusobola okutwala enkola eno mu maaso. Abantu abafa olw’ensonga nti babeera n’emyaka 50-60% newankubadde nga beerabirira bulungi.
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post this article from his Luganda scientific terminology research work on Luganda Wikipedia for free public consumption.
Okukozesa “Obuwango” (Affixation, derivation) The addition and subtraction of prefixes and suffixes is an important technique for the formation of new concepts in a vernacular, particularly chemistry. In Luganda, “okuwanga” (to affix) refers to the process of derivation that involves adding what is referred to as “akawango” (a derivational affix). “Akawango” is attached to the root of a word to create a new concept. Obuwango (affixes) include obuwango obusookeso (prefixes) and obuwango obuvannyuma (suffixes).
In all black african languages ,many new science and math concepts can be formed in African languages like Luganda by derivation, where a derivational affix(akawango) is attached to the base or root form of a word to create a new concept. In terminology, there is a meaning attached to every prefix and suffix, which can help learners to grasp meanings of various scientific concepts with much ease. Generally, Luganda derivation affixes include:
Prefixes (Obuwango obusookeso)
Prefix	                    Meaning
Obu….. the act of
Essoma….. Study of
Omu….. Number value or a human being
Eki……	Drawing of... or mathematics of …
Ekidda….. Reverse or negative or forward or positive
Enta……	Without change, without end
Obwa……	Practice of..,…ism
Va……. Refers to “motion”
Olu……. Refers to a story, narrative, language form in literature
Kolo….. Chemical name prefix….chlori….
Kali….. Chemical element prefix chloro…
Ayidolo…	 Prefix for “hydra..”
Kipo…	 Prefix for hypo…
Emu-	Luganda for prefix “Mono-“ meaning one atom
Satu-	Luganda for prefix “Tri-“
Nnya-	Luganda for preix “Tetra-“
Tano-	Luganda for prefix “Penta-“
kaaga-	Luganda for prefix “Hexa-“
sanvu-	Luganda for prefix “Hepta-“
naana-	Luganda for prefix “Octa-“
Mwenda-	Luganda for prefix “Nona-“
Kumi- 	Luganda for prefix “Deca- “
Ayidologyeni-	Luganda for element “Hydro
Suffixes (Obuwanga obuvannyuma)
Obuwango obuvannyuma(suffixes) can be added to existing words to create new concepts of science : Suffix 	Meaning
…lula	 Undo
…wamu	 together or common to
…gana	Proportional to, corresponding with,
…ggana	Same distance apart without ever meeting
….wo	 To put in place, to produce, to create
…wala	To become to change into
….nyo	 Indicates a change from a verb to a noun
….o	Indicates a change from a verb to a noun
…..ayidi	Luganda for chemical compound suffix ….ide
……eti	Luganda for chemical compound suffix ….ate
….ayiti	Luganda for chemical compound suffix ….ite
Ayidolo.. Luganda for hydro..
……edi	Luganda for Chemical compound suffix for ….ade
Weetegereze bino ebiddako n'eriiso eryogi awamu n'obwongo obwogi :
a)	Obu-“ means “the act of”
b)	Obwe-means “ characterized by” or “inclined to”
c)	Essoma-means “study of …”.compare with “-logia”.
d)   “En-“refers to the way of doing something or the appearance of something.
e)	Omu-refers to a “number value” (omuwendo) in Mathematics if not a reference to a human being (omuntu).
h)	“Enta-“  without change, without end ,math constant in  Luganda math
i)	“Obwa-“means…. “practice of” or,”….ism”
k)	”Ayidologyeni -“prefix for hydrogen compound e.g. ayidologyeni fololayidi (hydrogen fluoride)
l)	“Ayidolo” Prefix for “hydro-“e.g. ayidolokololikasidi (Hydrochloric acid).
(ii) Obuwango obuvannyuma (suffixes):
(i)	-lula” which denotes “undo”, “to analyse“, “to factor numbers”
(ii)	“-wamu” which denotes “together” or “common to”
(iii)	”-gana” which denotes “corresponding with” or, “together” or proportional to or related to.
(v)	“-wo” which denotes to put in place e.g.“okutondawo” (to Create), to complete
(vi)	“-logia”, the study of, the science of, field of study
(vii)	“-wala” denotes “to become “ or “ to change into”
(viii)	“-nyo” and “-o” words. Indicates that these are nouns
(ix)	“-lo” refers to a statement, or explanation e.g. ekigambululo or ekinnyonnyolo
(x) “-ayiti” is a suffix for a chemical name equivalent of  “-ite” e.g. nayitulayiti NO2-  for  nitrite NO2- . (xi) “eeti” e.g. Nayituleeti NO3-  (nitrate NO3-)
When translating a chemical suffix (akawango akavannyuma), the end part of a chemical name needs careful attention. In chemistry there is an immense difference between the "ide", "ate" and "ite" suffixes. In chemistry, the English suffix “…ide” becomes “…ayidi” in Luganda; “….ate” becomes “…eeti” and “…ite” becomes “ayiti”.
(a). Ekisooka, akawango akalaga endagakintu (elements). Akawango akavannyuma "-ayidi" (-ide) kalaga nti eyo ndagakintu(element). Ebyokulabirako Salufayidi S2-, (sulfide S2-), nayitulayidi N3- (nitride N3-)    ne  Fosifayidi P3-    (Phosphide P3) okujjako  “ayidolokisayidi” OH- eno nga mu Lungereza eba  - (hydroxide OH- )  ne  “kyanayidi” CN-   n’eba cyanide CN-
(b).Ekiddako, obuwango bulaga ebipooli (Compounds) “…eeti” ("ates")  and of “..ayiti" (ites) always contain  oxygen. E.g. Nayituleeti NO3- (nitrate NO3- ) and nayitulayiti NO2- ( nitrite NO2-   )
(c) Akawango akavannyuma akalaga ebipooli obulaga okisigyeni omungi. Muno mulimu obuwango obuvannyuma nga..eeti ("ates") obulaga nti ekipooli kirimu omuwendo gwa atomu za okisigyeni gwa waggulu okusinga obuwango obuvannyuma nga  “..ayiti” ("ites). Ekyokulabirako, Salufeeti SO42- (sulfate SO42-) ne salufayiti SO32-   (sulfite SO32-)
Derivations from Obuwango Obusookeso (Prefixes)
i)	“Eby-“
The prefix “eby--“ordinarily means “of ...” but technically denotes “ebyenjifiriza n’ebikolebwa ebya…” (education and activities in the field of…”.We can hence talk of ebyenjigiriza, that is, “, to do with training or teaching. Using the prefix “eby- to refer to “ebyenjigiriza n’ebikolebwa ebya” (education and the activities in the field of.), various concepts can be formed as follows:
(a)	Ebyobufuna (political economy). The concept is derived from the words “ebyenjigiriza n’ebikolebwa eby’embeera y’ebyobufuzi n’ebyenfuna” or “embeera y’ebyobufuzi n’ebyenfuna” (education in the field of political economy).
•	Ebyobulimi (crop farming)
•	Ebyobulunzi (animal farming)
•	Ebyebibira (forestry farming)
•	Ebyebimuli (floriculture)
(c)	Ebyobunyukufu (Literature). This is from the phrase “ebyenjigiriza n’ebikolebwa eby’obunyukufu” (education and activities in the field of Literacy). Obunyukufu is Luganda for “literacy”. Ebyobunyukufu is “literature”. Obunyukufu (literacy) comes from the Luganda word “ennyukuta’ or “ennukuta” (letter). We can also talk of:
•	“Obunyukufu” or  “Obunukufu”         (literacy)
•	Ebyobunyukufu or  Ebyobunukufu   (literature)
Unlike English, in Luganda we make a distinction of oral and written literature by separating the concepts. Oral literature is “ekigambulolo” (stated by word of mouth) but “written literature” is “ebinyukuto” or “ebinukuto” (as written down). A “Police statement” and a “Bank statement”are  however, even after they are put down in writing, refered to as ‘ekigambululo kya poliisi” and “ekigambululo kya bbanka “respectively. We can talk of : •	Ebinukuto ebiyiiyirize (fiction literature). Bino binukuto ebiteesigamye ku fakikya.
•	Ebinukuto ebya fakikya (factual literature) e.g. Ebinukuto ebya sayansi (science literature) or ebyafaayo(history)
(d)	Ebyobulamu (health). This refers to “ebyenjgiriza n’ebikolebwa “okukuuma n’okujanjaba obulamu” (education/training as well as the activities in the area of health).
(e)	Ebyamakolero (industry). This refers to “training and the activities in the area of  manufacturing (okutondeka)”
This prefix denotes forward or backward movement. Examples:
•	“Ekiddannyuma”	(negative, reverse)
•	“Ekiddamaaso”	(positive, forward movement)
Examples: “Ennamba za kiddannyuma” (negative numbers) or “ennamba za kiddamaaso“(positive numbers). But we can also borrow and adopt these mathematics concepts directly from English as follows: “Ennamba za negatiivu” (negative numbers or “ennamba za pozitiivu” (positive numbers).
This prefix means “without”. For example:
	Entakyuka 	(without change, mathematical constant)
	Entakoma	(without stopping, mathematical infinity)
•	Omugendo ogw’entakoma	(continuous motion)-
•	Okuva okw’entakoma				(continuous motion);
•	Entamanyika 					(existing without being known, the unknown, variable, enkuumakifo).
•	Entagenda					 (without movement, without motion)
•	Entagenda   			(statics in physics)
•	Amasannyalaze ag’entagenda (Static electricity)
iv)	 “Obwa-“ :
This denotes “practice of” or “exhibiting ...” .or “...sm”.
Examples:
a)	Obwakatonda		(practice of godliness, divinity)
b)	Obwakalimagezi	 (the practice of intelligence, human intelligence, exhibiting intelligence)
c)	Obwannakalyakaani 	(the practice of socialism, Socialism)
d)	Obwasitakange						(the practice of capitalism, Capitalism)
e)	Obwannalukalala 			(reactionalism)
f)	Obwannakyemalira			(practice of dictatorship, Dictatorship)
g)	Obwannakyewa			 			(practice of volunteerism, voluntarism)
Note that omugezi or omuntu omugezi translates“a wise person” and “kalimagezi” translates “intelligent man”. Amagezi translates “wisdom”but “obwakalimagezi“ translates “the practice of intellegence or intelligence). Generally, the various  concepts associaated with  the word  “amagezi” (wisdom) are :
b)	Omuntu-kalimagezi (intelligent man).
Omuntu-kalimagezi is a hyphanated compound of two words, “omuntu”(man, human being) and “kalimagezi” (intelligent person). You can also just say “kalimagezi “to mean “intelligent man”.
It is a loan-word borrowed from the english “homo sapiens”. (wise man). Koma-sapiyensa can also be translated “Omuntu kalimagezi”
d)	Ensolo kalimagezi (intelligent animal ).
This is a concept of two seperated compound words, ensolo (animal) and kalimagezi (intelligent being, a genius). The synonyms are “omuntu kalimagezi” (intelligent man) or “kalimagezi” (intelligent man) or omuntu omugezi (wise man).
e)	 Omulengera (the human “mind).
This concept is formed by blending of the words “omwoyo ogukulengeza” (the spirit that illuminates) to get“omulengera”(the soul of foresight, the spirit  that foresees). “Omulengera” (the mind) is a faculty of the brain that brings about critical thinking, analysis, knowing, understanding and discovery, among others.
f)	Nnyoloni (neuron).
This is a loan-word from the english word “neurons”. Nnyoloni (neurons) are simply the building blocks of the brain. The Luganda word “nnyoloni” is pronounced starting with “nnyo..sound and not “nyu..sound” which sounds like “new”. The neurons are determenants of human intelligence and the functioning of “omulengera” (the human mind). The synonym for “nnyoloni”(neuron) is “Obutaffaalikazimbabwongo”(the building blocks of the brain) which is a compoud word made of three words, obutaffaali (cells), obuzimba (to build), and the brain (obwongo). Obutaffaalikazimbabwongo are the neurons. g)	Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi (EkkyO).
“Okukozesa obwongo”(reasoning) is formed from two words “okukozesa (to make use of) and “obwongo”(the brain). The synonyms for okukozesa obwongo would be “okusengeka ebirowoozo (logic). The process of “okukozesa obwongo”(reasoning) includes okulowooza (thinking), okwefumiitiriza (critical thinking), okwekenneenya or okulambulula (analysis), okukuba-ekifaaananyo (imagination), okujjukira (memorisation), okusengeka ensonga (logic), n’okugoba ensonga (dialectical thinking) which is also called “okulowooza okwa mugobansonga” (dialectical thinking).
i)	 Okulambika ebirowoozo (inductive reasoning).
“Okulambika ebirowoozo” (inductive reasoning) is a concept formed by semantic expansion. Ordinarily it means “to argue by showing sense” of your argument.
j)	 Okulambulula Ebirowoozo									(Deductive Reasoning).
k)	Okusengeka Ebirowoozo										(Logic)
l)	 Endowooza Esengeka ebirowoozo		(Logical Thinking)
m)	Entondeka Y’ebikole				(Production Of Commodities)
n)	Kagezimunyu							(Genius) o)	Mulowooza							(Cerebrum)
q)	Sekalowooleza							(male thinker) r)	 Nakalowooleza							(Female Great thinker	) s)	 Firosofa oba Forosoofa							(Philosophy) t)	 Omufirosoofa							(Philosopher) u)	Basekalowooleza Ab’edda       					(Ancient  Thinkers)
v)	“ Obu-1“ : This prefix also denotes “act of “or “skill of” e.g.
b)	Obufere	 					(act of false pretense, coning )
c)	Obunyunyunsi	(exploitation, act of exploitation)
d)	Obunyukufu	 		(skill or act of using letters, literacy)
e)	Obunukufu	 			(same as above, literacy)
The concept of obunyukufu or obunukufu (literacy) has been derived from the Luganda word “ennyukuta” or “ennukuta” (Luganda for “letter”). More words have been derived from the new concept of “obunyukufu/obunukufu”. These include:
a)	Omunyukufu (omuntu omunukufu)	(literate person)
b)	Omunyukufu owa kibogwe		(semi-literate person).
vi)	“Obu –2 means “state of…”.
It is also used to form nouns from verbs e.g.
•	Obukambivu					(viscosity)
•	Obukwatufu						(viscosity)
•	Obukwafu						(thickness).
•	Obukwafuwazu 			(density)
vii)	“Obwe- (denotes condition of, trait of, shape of )e.g.
•	Obwenkanya						(justice, justly)
•	Obwesimbu								(trustworthy, geometrical height )
•	Obwetoloovu							(circumference of a circular shape )
•	Obweraliikirivu     (worry)
viii)	Essoma-denotes “study of..”, “science of…, field of study, -logy “e.g.
•	Essomansi										 (Geography
•	Esomanjazi									(Geology)
•	Essomabutonde /Essomabuzimbe 					(Physics, Science of Nature)
•	Essomabuziba				 (Chemistry)
•	Essomampuyisatu			 (Trigonometry)
•	Essomabiramu					   (Biology)
•	Essomabinyunyunsi 	  (Parasitology)
•	Essomaddagala		 		 	 (Medicine)
•	Essomabuyambi				  (Nursing) Essomabiwuka ebireetendwadde           (Medical entomology)
See the list of essoma-words at end of this book.
ix)	 En-words 1
En-denotes “the way of doing something”, “the means or way of doing something” e.g.
•	Entondeka			(technology, how production goes on)
•	Entambula 		 (transportation ),
•	Endya						(dieting, the way eating is balanced)
•	Enkola						(policy, the guiding principle)
•	Endyennungi	(balanced eating),
•	Eng’enda				(velocity, the way something is	moving).
x)	En-words 2.”En-”can also be used to derive a noun from a verb e.g.
•	Enzitoya	(mass) and
Ennyanja Mwitanzige
Ennyanja Mwitanzige, mu lungereeza, Albert and formerly Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, eri nnyanja esangibwa Yuganda ne Democratic Republic ya Congo. Mu Africa, Mwitanzige ye nnyanja ey'omusanvu mubunene mu Africa, era ne mu Uganda, yey'okubiri mubunene mu Nnyanja enkulu eza Uganda.
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
•	Enzitoyo (mass) both derived from the verb “okuzitoya” (to give weight to something, to make something heavy) or obuzito (weight).
Ennyanja Mwitanzige
Gyiyograffe
Mwitanzige esangibwa mu makati ga ssemazinga ya Africa, ku nsalo ya Yuganda ne Democratic Republic ya Congo.
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
xi)	Omu-words. Omu-is used to refer to a human being. Omu-also denotes a number or a value (omuwendo). It is used to derive the mathematics concepts:
•	“Omugerageranyo” (ratio), that is, omuwendo ogugerageranya. Note that “Ekigerageranyo” (rate) has been derived from the Luganda verb  “okugerageranya (to compare). And as you know, the English concepts “ratio” and “rate” both have to do with mathematical comparisons.”Ekigerageranyo is from the phrase “ekibalo ekigerageranya ku buli namunigina”.
•	“Omukunuukirizo” (estimation) is a derivation from the Luganda verb okukunuukiriza (to aim at, to reach out for).The new mathematical concept of “okuzingako” (to round off) is a derivation from the Luganda word “okuzinga” (to fold). Omukunuukirizo is from the phrase “omuwendo omukunuukirize”.
•	Omutonnyeze. The mathematical concept of “omutonnyeze” (decimal number) is a derivation from the Luganda noun “akatonnyeze” (point). When you add the prefix omu-, you get “omutonnyeze” (decimal value, decimal number). Omutonnyeze is from the phrase “omuwendo ogw’akatonnyewze”.
xii)	Eki…words. The prefix ‘eki.” denotes “ekibalo kya…” (The mathematics of.) Or “ekikube kya...” (the drawing of …) ” or ekigambululo ekifundiwaze	 (initialized statement, word). Examples:
•	Ekifundiwazo					(acronym)
•	Ekibalirizo							(arithmetic)
•	Ekifaanaganyo				(reflection)
•	Ekifaananyo						(image)
•	Ekyetoloozo							(rotation)
•	Ekiseetulo								(displacement)
•	Ekiseetuko								(translation)
•	Ekikwataganyo			(coordinate)
•	Ekikwanaganya			(mapping diagram)
xii) Va-words.The prefixes “va…”indicates an act of “motion or movement”. For example:
a)	The verb ‘oku-va (to move) forms the concept of “motion” by conversion.
b)	 Vatomu (va + atomu) means ion, an atom which is in a state of motion or movement of electrons, either by loss of electrons or gaining of electrons
c)	Vatone (vatomu +negatiiivu) means “anion”. This happens in a situation where there has been gaining of electron leading to a negative atom.
d)	 Vatopo (vatomu + pozitiivu) means “cat ion”. This happens in a situation where there has been loss of electrons leading to a positive atom.
e)	Vampawengwa (va + nampawengwa) or “vampa”is the Luganda concept for “isotope”. “Vampawengwa” (Vampa)  is formed when some atoms of the same element lose neutrons (nampawengwa). “Loss of neutrons” or “to loose neutrons”implies” motion or movement of neutrons from some atoms of the same element.
Obuwango obuvannyuma (Suffixes)
a)	“–lula” which denotes “undo” e.g. okulambulula (to factor numbers, to undo composite numbers)
b)	“-wamu” which denotes “together” or “common” e.g. “enkubise ey’awamu” (common multiple) endowooza ey’awamu (common thinking, Ideology)
d)	“-ggana” which denotes (same distance apart but never to meet) e.g.“okugendaggana”(to be parallel)
f)	“-logia”, the study of, the science of e.g. tekinologiya
g)	“-wala” denotes “to become “Okutondowala” basically means “to become water droplets” which is “condensation”.
Ekisonjozo 							(Characteristic)
Ekinnyonnyozo				(Property)
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
Muwanga akusomooza okumanya enjawulo eri wakati w'emiramnwaL
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
Omugerageranyo		(Ratio)
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
(i) Sseddagala / Naddagala(Pharmacist)
(ii)Essomabiramu(Biology)
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
Ekigerageranyo			(Rate)
Omukendeezo					(Discount)
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
(ii) Essomabulamu (Biology)
(ii) Ebyobulamu (Health science/education and health services)
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
Omuganyulo						(Interest)
Omuganyulwo				(Interest)
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
(iv) Essomabirwadde( Expertise in diagnosis and treatment  of sicknesses, medicine)
(iv) Essomabulwadde(Expertise in diagnosis and treatment  of sicknesses, medicine )
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
Ensirisowazo					(Abbreviation)
Okusirisiwaza				(To abbreviate
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
(v) Essomabujjanjabi (Nursing)
(v) Essomamalagala (Pharmacy)
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
Ekifundiwazo					(Acronym)
Enfundiwazo/ensirisowazo (abbreviation)
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
(vi) Ssemaduuka w'eddagala(Pharmacy)
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
Okufundiwaza									(to acrinimize)
Other examples of derived concepts include:
Obuziizi(Nucleus)
(b)Nampawengwa oba nampa(neutron)
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
(ii)	Okutondeka (to produce, the act of creation by man) and entondeka y’ebikole (production) are derivations from “okutonda” (the act of creation by God) or “okutondeka” (to create, the act of creation by man). In Luganda we can now say that “ensibuko y’obugagga bw’amawanga eri mu “ntondeka ya bikole” (“the source of the wealth of nations is production”.
(iii)	The mathematical concepts of “okulambulula namba” (to analyse, to factor numbers) and ennambuluzo (factors of a number) are derivations from the Luganda word “okulambulula” (to explain in detail). From the concept of “okulambulula namba” the following mathematical concepts are derived:
Obuziizi(Nucleus)
(i)Ekyabuluzabuziizi(nuclear or nucleus fission)
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
•	Namba ennambulukufu						(composite numbers)
•	Namba ezerambulula								(composite numbers)
Obuziizi(Nucleus)
(ii) Ekyeggatisabuziizi(Nuclear or nuclear fusion)
Sseddagala/Naddagala((Pharmacist)
(viii) Edduuka ly'eddagala (Drug shop)
(ix) Omujjanjabi (nurse)
(x) Eddongooserezo (Theater)
(xi) Essomakulongoosa(Surgery)
(xii) Omulongoosabalwade(Surgeon)
Obuziizi(Nucleus)
Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Sebuzimbe (the Superstructure)
Ensiisira, ennyumba ya Buganda eyedda yabangako empagi luwaga mu makkati ng’esimbiddwa n’eggumira bulungi mu ttaka (mu musingi). Empagi luwaga eno nga y’ebeera sebuzimbe y’ensiisira kubanga yeyetikkanga obuzimbe bw’ekizimbe (ensiisira) kyokka era yayitibwanga sebasitula kubanga y’ewanirira obuzito bw’ennyumba bwonna. Kyokka empagi eno, sebasitula (oba sebuzimbe) nayo erina ekijiggumiza, guno gwe musingi (ekinnya) mw’esimbibwa.
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
•	Namba ezitali nambulukufu		(prime number)
Sebuzimbe (the Superstructure)
Entabaganya nayo eba n’ekyefaananyirizaako empagi luwaga eno oba sebuzimbe (sebasitula). Entondeka y’ebyamaguzi okusobola okugenda obulungi mu maaso, wetaagibwa okubaawo ebitongole ebiyinza okuba nga tebyenyigira butereevu mu ntondeka ya bikole naya nga biyamba okusobozesa entondeka y’ebikole okugenda obulungi mu maaso.
Luganda Scientific Concepts formed by Derivation from affixes
•	Namba eziterambulula						(prime numbers)
(iv)	The mathematical concept of “okugendaggana” (to be parallel,Parallelism) is derived from blending the two Luganda words “okugendana” (to match, to be equal in strength or magnitude, to correspond with) plus “okugaanagana” (but never to meet). Through semantic extension, the meaning of the word “okugendana” is extended to refer to the mathematical concept of “being proportional to” but when combined with the word “okugaanagana” we get the concept “okugendaggana” (to be parallel). Other mathematical concepts derived from this are:
•	Empeto ezigagendagana	             )corresponding angles)
•	Okugendana kifuulannenge      	( inverse proportionality)
•	Layini ezigendaggana			(parallel lines)
•	Enkoloboze ezigendaggana			(parallel lines)
•	Emisittale egigendaggana			(parallel lines )
(v)	   The concepts of kikontana (opposite of) or “ebintu ebya kikontana” (things that are opposite) are derived from the Luganda word “okukontana” (to contradict, to correspond with, to be the opposite of, to be contrary to). Other derivations from the word “okukontana” include:
•	Obumu bw’ebikontana the unity of opposites
(vi)	The concepts of “okutomeggana” (to react chemically), ekitomeggano (chemical reaction) and ebitomeggero (reactors) are derivations from the borrowed (loan word) “atomu” or “akatoffaalikazimbakintu” (atom). What takes place at atomic level among atoms to cause a chemical change is what is called “okutomeggana” (to react chemically).
(vii)	The concept of “enkyukakyuka ez’ebuziba” (chemical change) is a compound word from the Luganda word “ebuziba”or”obuziba” (the innermost part, the farthest part, the core). When compounded with the word “enkyukakyuka” (change) we get a new concept in chemistry: “enkyukakyuka ez’ebuziba (chemical change”). The opposite is “enkyukakyuka ezo kungulu” (physical change).
(viii)	The concept of “omugendo” (movement in a straight line, a ray of light ) is derived from the Luganda verb “okugenda ” (to move, to go to stream out). Other technical terms created from this concept are:
•	Omugendo gw’ekitangaala									(light ray) •	Omugendo gw’amasannyalaze								(current) •	Omugendo gw’amasoboza 				 				(movement of energy) •	Ekigendo 	(=ekibalo ky’omugendo)					(vector )
The synonym of “omugendo” (movement) is “okuva” (Motion). Okuva refers to any kind of motion, whether it is a continuous motion in a straight line or not, even mere vibration of atoms in the chair I am seated on is okuva but not omugendo.
(ix)	The concept of “omukwanaganyo (relation), or emikwanaganyo egy’Kibalangulo” (mathematical relations) are derivations from the Luganda word “okukwanaganya” (to relate or coordinate things) which is itself from the word “okukwana” (to make friendship).
(x)	The concept of “omukwataganyo” (function) and “omukwataganyo gw’ekibalangulo” (mathematical function) are derivations from the Luganda word “okukwataganya (to link, to connect, to make compatible). In mathematics “emikwataganyo” (functions) are a subset of “emikwanaganyo” (relations).
(xi)	The concepts of “omugereko” (set) and “emigereko gy’ekibalangulo” (mathematical sets) are derivations from the Luganda word “okugereka” (to arrange or to group a collection of things).
(xii)	The mathematical concept “ebiyingo” (polynomials) or “Naamayingo” (polynomials) is a derivation from the Luganda word “ennyingo” (joint, term). Other concepts derived from the word “ennyingo” include:
•	Nnyingemu							(monomial)
•	Nnyingobbiri							(binomial)
•	Nnyingosatu						       (trinomial)
•	Nnyingo ezikwatagana				(like terms)
•	Nnyingo ezitakwatagana		(unlike terms)
The above derivations are blends or compound words.
(xiii)	The mathematical concept of “omuganyulo” or “omuganyulwo” (interest) is a derivation from the verb “okuganyula” (to benefit, to be useful to). Other terms derived from this concept include:
•	Omuganyulo omwangu							(simple interest)
•	Okubaza omuganyulo								(calculating interest)
•	Omuganyulo gwa banka						(bank interest)
•	Omuganyulo gw’ekyewolo					(loan interest )
(xiv)	The mathematical concept “omukendeezo” (discount) is derived from the word “okukendeeza” (to reduce). It can also be referred to as “ekikendeezo” (ekitundu ekikendeezeddwa ku mutemwa).
(xvi)	The concepts of “omugereeso” (math theory), “eggereeso” (theorem), and ekigereeso (scientific theory) are derivations from the word “okugereesa” (to theorise, to make a guess). From this we derive the concepts of:
•	Omugereeso gwa namba      					(number theory)
•	Eggereeso lya payisoggolaasi    		(the Pythagoras Theorem)
•	Ekigereeso ky’essikirizo           			(the theory of gravity)
•	Ekigereeso ky’Ensikirizo   		 		(the theory of  attraction)
(xvii)	 The concept of “ekiyumba ekigerere” (green house) is a compound of two words “ekiyumba” (structure) and “ekigerere” (with measured conditions). The concept of “ekigerere” is itself derived from the verb “okugera” (to rationalize the conditions/the measurements).
(xviii)	The concept of “engerekera” (instincts) is derived from the noun “okugereka (to pre-determine, to pre-arrange). From the concept of engerekera (instinct), we can derive various concepts like:
•	Engerekera y’okuva mu mbeera		 (the instinct of motion)
•	Ebikolwa ebigerekere	  						 ( instinctive acts)
•	Enneeyisa engerekere	 				 		 ( instinctive behavior)
(xix)	From the mathematical concept of “Omufunza” (exponent) are derived the following mathematical concepts:
a)	Ekifubza						(exponentiation)
b)	Omufunza									(exponent)
c)	Akafunza 								(the power of   number )
d)	Entobo, ekikolo, enfunzo			(the base )
e)	Okufundiza namba							(to power a number)
Ufa
Ufa, ekibuga mu Rwasha.
Omulongoosabalwadde(Surgeon)
Muwanga akusomooza okumanya enjawulo eri wakati w'emiramnwaL
Omulongoosabalwadde (Surgeon)
(i)Essomabiramu(Biology)
(ii) Essomabulamu (Biology)
(ii) Ebyobulamu (Health science/education and health services)
(iv) Essomabirwadde( Expertise in diagnosis and treatment  of sicknesses, medicine)
(iv) Essomabulwadde(Expertise in diagnosis and treatment  of sicknesses, medicine )
(v) Essomabujjanjabi (Nursing)
(v) Essomamalagala (Pharmacy)
(viii) Edduuka ly'eddagala (Drug shop)
(ix) Omujjanjabi (nurse)
(x) Eddongooserezo (Theater)
(xi) Essomakulongoosa(Surgery)
(xii) Omulongoosabalwade(Surgeon)
(xiv) Sseddagala/ Naddagala(Pharmacist)
Enkalala z'emiramwa gy'Ekibalangulo
Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!
Emiramwa gy’Ekibalangulo emigandawaze
Lino “sessomo” eriwagala obwongo nga lisengeka ebirowoozo nga lyogeza   namba. Essomo lino n’olwekyo liyamba okukulaakulanya “ EkkyO”(kisomwa  “Ekkyu”)  y’omuntu. Ekibalangulo mu bumpi kiwandiikibwa “ekibalo”(maths). Gino gye gimu ku mibalanguzo( operational concepts) egyetaagisa mu sessomo lino:
a)	Ekibalangulo		(mathematics)
b)	Ekibalo 		(maths)
c)	Namba=erinnya  	(number)
d)	Nambiso	=kabonero	(numeral)
e)	Ekikunizo		(mathematical problem(question)
f)	Omweyoreko		mathematical expression
g)	Okusonjola 		(to simplify)
h)	 Okubalangula		(to calculate)
j)	Okubaza 		(to solve)
k)	Ekibazo			(solution to mathematical problem)
l)	Ekibalanguzo		(formula)
m)	Omubalanguzo/akabalanguzo		(mathematical operation)
n)Sessomo (Academic discipline)
o) Essomo(Topic, subsdiscipline, subfield of study)
p) Essomeso (Lesson)
q)Okuteekateeka essomeso /Enteekateeka y'essomeso (Lesson planning)
r)Essomesso etteeketeeke (Lesson plan)
Enkola z'Omulengera (the Mental processes)
IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his luganda scientific works to Luganda Wikipedia fopr public consumption.
Obutoffaali(Particles)
Sooka okimanyi nti "akataffaali"(living cell) kaba kazimba mubiri gwa kiramu kyokka "akatoffaali" kazimba buli kintu.
Enkalala z'emiramwa gy'Ekibalangulo
Sessomo ly’ekibalangulo lirimu amasomo gano wansi:
i)	Ekibalirizo	(arithmetic ,calculations using   numbers only )
ii)	Aligebbula	      (algebra,calculations using both numbers and letters)
iii)	Omugereeso gwa namba			(number theory)
v)	Omupimo oba essomampimo			(geometry)
Obutoffaali(Particles)
Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles