cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Enkyusabuziba(chemicals or chemical susbstances)
Buli kintu kirina endaga ekyawula ku kirala.Endaga eno eyinza obutaba ndabika ya kungulu naye obuzimbe bw’obuziba bwayo (structure of its atoms) Endagakintu eba nkyusabuziba etasobola kwawulibwamu oba okukyusibwa okufuuka nkyusabuziba ndala mu ngeri yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba eya buljjo. Namunigina(unit) y’endagakintu esingayo obutono k’akaziizi (atom).
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
Emibaranguzo(Obubalanguzo) gino gyeyambisibwa mu kyokka ate era waliwo ebinnyonnyozo ebikwata ku kubalanuza kw’ekibalirizo okubaza:
Enkyusabuziba(chemicals or chemical susbstances)
Ensonjola 1: Endagakintu ey’ekikemiko( chemical element)
Endagakintu ye sabusitansi etasobola kwabulibwamu oba okukutulwamu sabusitansi endala ey’enyusabuziba okuyita mu kikyusabuziba(chemical reaction).
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
Kino wansi ky’ekigoberero ky’enziring’anya y’embalanguza mu ssomo ly’ekibalirizo:
a)	Balanguza namba eziri mu bukomera nga ekisooka ozzeeko emifunza. Singa wabaawo omugereko gw’obukomera ogusukka mu gumu oba emifunza egisukka mu gumu, baza nga ova ku kkono okudda ku ddyo. Eky’okulabirako, mu nakyenkanyampuyi 5+(6-1) x (8+2), wano ekisooka kyandibadde kubaza (6-1) ate ekiddako ne kiba (8 +2).
Enkyusabuziba(chemicals or chemical susbstances)
Waliwo endagakintu 118 ezimanyiddwa nga ku zino ezisinga ziriwo mu butonde ate ezimu nga zikoleddwa muntu. Endagakintu ze tumanyi ziragibwa mu mweso gw’enkyusabuziba(Chemical table of elements nga buli ndagakintu efundiwaziddwa n’akabonero ak’enkyusabuziba(chemical symbol). Ekyama ky’essomabuziba kiri mu buzimbe bwa kaziizi(atom), naddala okukontana okw’obutonde okuli wakati w’obutinniinya obubiri, akasannyalazo ne kikontana (konta).
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
b)	Ekiddako baza ebitundu eby’okukubisa n’okugabiza ebya nakyenkanyampuyi. Nga tukozesa nakyenkanyampuyi eyo waggulu, bw’omala okubaza obukomera ne emifunza, ekiddako kiba 5+5 x 10. Singa wabaawo ekikunizo eky’okukubisa oba okugabiza ekisukka mu kimu, oba olina okukibalanguza okuva ku kkono okudda ku ddyo. Olw’okuba waliwo akalaga k’okukubisaamu kamu kokka ate nga tewali ka kugabizaamu, 5 x 10 ky’ekitundu kya nakyenkanyampuyi ekiddako.
Enkyusabuziba(chemicals or chemical susbstances)
Akaziba(atom)
Omulamwa gw’akaziba(atom) nagutuseeko nga nkozesa akakodyo k’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi a’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extention).
Akaziba n’olwekyo kyekuusiza ku kigambo eky’oluganda olwa bulijjo “ebuzuba”(a very far away place).
Mu ngeri emu “akaziba kali wala nnyo n’obusobozi bw’eriiso lyaffe eriri obukunya okulaba” kubanga akaziba katoffaali akasirikitu aketaaga “enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalazo”(electron microscope) okukalaba.
Amakkati g’akaziba ngayise “buziizi”(nucleus).Mu luganda olwa bulijjo obuziizi kitegeeza ekitundu ky’ekifo ekisembayo okuba ewala.
Akaziba giba migereko(sets) gya butinniinya bwa masannyalaze obuyitibwa kikontana (konta), nampawenwa (nampa), n’obusannyalazo (electrons). Obuziba butini nnyo era tosobola kubulaba okujjako nga weyambisizza ekiyitibwa “enzimbulukusa y’obusannyalazo” (electron microscope). Obuziba obumu bulina obukontanyo, nampawengwa, n’obusannyalazo bungi okusinga obulala ate obulala bulina butono okusinga obulala. Buli kaziba keyisa mu mbeera ya njawulo era ekireetawo okweyisa mu mbeera ey’enjawulo kiva ku muwendo gwa busannyalazo(electrons) ne obukontanyo(protons) obusangibwa mu kaziba ako.
Obuziba obusingayo obwangu buba n’akasannyalazo kamu n’akakontanyo kamu era ako ke kaziba ka ayidologyeni( kitondekamazzi). Ekirimba ky’akaziba ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu(which is bonded together) kye kikola ggaasi eya ayidologyeni(hydrogen gas).
Obuziba obuzibuwavu(complex atoms) okusingawo buba n’obukontanyo bungiko, nampawengwa nnyingiko, n’obusannyalazo bungiko.
Ekirimba kyabwo nga bwegasse kye kikola endagakintu(element) endala nga keriyamu, kkopa, okisigyeni, kkalwe, zaabu, makyule, ekikulembero, n’okweyongerayo. Endagakintu gy’ekoma okuba n’obutinniinya obungi, ntegeeza gy’ekoma okuba n’obusannyalazo, nampa ne konta ennyingi, gy’ekoma okuba n’enzitoya ennene (big mass) era gy’ekoma okuba enzito mu ssikirizo ly’Ensi (earth’s gravity).
Ayidologyeni ne keriyamu (helium) mpewufu nnyo era abantu bazikozesa okuzimbulukanya bbaluuni. Zzaabu erimu obukontanyo 79, nzito nnyo ate ekikulembero (lead) ekirimu konta 82 esingako obuzito, eno y’ensonga lwaki abantu bakozesa ekikulembero okukola obuzito (weights). Endagakintu (element) oba akaziba ak’obutonde akasingayo obuzito ye Yulaniyamu. Kubanga obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ky’amasannyalaze ekya pozitiivu, bugezaako okwesambaggana buli kamu okuva ku kannaako. Kino kiba kyabuluza mu kaziba singa si kuba nti waliwo empalirizo endala, empalirizo y’obuziizi ey’amaanyi (the strong nuclear force), ebusika n’ebuzza awamu. Omwenkanyonkanyo gw’empalirizo guno gwe gusobozesa aakaziba okubaawo ate era olw’okuba buli kintu kikolebwa mu buziba, kino kye kisobozesa buli kintu okuba nga kisoboka okubaawo.
Naye ebintu ebisinga tebikolebwa mu kika kya akaziba kimu kyokka wabula obvuziba obw’ebika eby’enjawulo bwegatta nga bweyambisa ekiyitibwa enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds) okutondekawo ebirimba by’obuziba ebigazi okusingawo, ebiyitibwa molekyu (molecules).
By’olina okusooka okumanya ku Buziba
Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba mupya, wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate.
Kyokka ku mulembe guno kimanyiddwa nti obuziba busirikitu obuyinza okwabuluzibwamu era buyinza okufulumya “amasoboza”(energy) amayitirivu obungi nga bwabuluziddwamu okuyita mu bituliso by’obuziizi (nuclear explosions) n’engeri endala.
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
c)	N’ekisembayo maliriza ekikunizo nga obaza ebitundu eby’okugatta n’okwawuza okuva ku kkono okudda ku kkono nga bwe kyakoleddwa n’okukubisa n’okugabiza.Nakyenkanyampuyi kati efaanana  nga  5+50, ekitegeeza nti ansa eri 55. N’olwekyo ekigoberero ky’enziring’anya ey’emibalanguzo kigenda bwe kiti: a)	Tandika n’Obukomera n’emifunzo
b)	Ozzeeko okukubisa emirundi n’okugabiza
c)	Osembyeyo Okugatta n’okwawuza
"Obukomera" (Brackets)
Ensengekera z'Omubiri (Body Systems)
Gakuweebwa Muwanga !
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
Emyeyoreko egiri mu bukomera gye gisookerwako kubanga obukomera bwawulang’anya ebitundu eby’enjawulo eby’omweyoreko.Eky’okulabirako, mu mweyoreko (x+5)x4, ekitundu x+ 5 kye kirina okusooka okukolebwako kubanga omugatte gwa x + 5 guba gukubisibwamu 4. Kino kitegeeza nti singa oba tosoose kukola ku bukomera, ttno yokka y’eba ekubisibwamu 3.
"Emifunzo:    (Exponents)
Wikipedia
Wikipedia gwe mukutu ogukwataganya ennimi ez’enjawulo ezekenneenyezeddwa nga guwandiikibwako abantu ab’enjawulo mu nkola ey’obwannakyewa. Wikipedia mutimbagano okuweerwa amagezi ku bintu ebitali bimu mu nsi. Amagezi gano gaweebwayo ku bwereere okuva mu bantu abokozesa ennimi 287 ez’enjawulo. Bannakyewa okwetooloola ensi eno baakawandiika ku mitwe egy’enjawulo egiwerera ddala obukadde makumi asatu mu nnimi ez’enjawulo 287 be ddu, nga mw'otwalidde n’ebiwandiiko ebiwera obukadde buna n’emitwalo ana nga bya lulimi Olungereza. Omuntu yenna asobola okweyunga ku mutimbagano guno, ne yekenneenya ebiwandiiko ebiriko, era asobola okukola enkyukakyuka okusinzira ku bukugu bwe ku kiwandiiko ekyo. Wikipedia gwe mukutu ogusinga okweyunirwa mu kunoonyereza ku magezi ag’enjawulo. Mu Mukutulansanja, 2014, olupapula “New Times” mu Bungereza lwakakasa nti Wikipedia ekwata kifo kya kutaano mu nsi yonna mu mitimbagano gya yintaneeti egikozesebwa. Kino kyesigamizibwa mu miko gy’ebiwandiiko obuwumbi kkumi na munaana (18) egisomebwa abantu abasukka mu bukadde ebikumi bitaano (500) buli mwezi, okusinzira ku mukutu ogwa comScore. Mu mikutu egikulembedde Wikipedia, mulimu ogwa Yahoo, ogwa Facebook, Microsoft n’ogwa Google, era ng’ogusinga mu mikutu egyo gukyalirwa abantu akawumbi kamu n’obukadde bibiri buli mwezi. Jimmy Wales ne Larry Sanger be baatandika Wikipedia nga 18 Gatonnya 2001. Ye Larry Sanger ye yayiya erinnya Wikipedia ng’alijja mu” kagambo “Wiki” akategeza “ekyangu” mu lulimi lw’e Hawaii n’ekigambo “pedia” ekitegeza “obugunjufu mu lulimi Oluyonaani. Enkola ya Wikipedia eyawunkana ku mpandiika y’ebitabo omuweerewa amagezi ebimanyiddwa ennyo ate n’olw’okuba nti bingi ebiwandiikibwamu tebikwatagana na bya njigiriza mu matendekero, kigireetedde okuganja ennyo mu by’amawulire. Mu mwaka 2006, akatabo '|Time Magazine ak’e Bungereza kaalonda Wikipedia ng’omukutu oguleese enkulaakulana ey’omujjirano ku mitimbagano gya yintaneeti nga gukozesebwa obukadde n’obukadde bw’abantu okwetooloola ensi eno, nga kwegattidwako n’emikutu emirala emiganzi ennyo nga Youtube, Reddit, Myspace, ne Facebook. Wikipedia gufuuse omukutu oguyaayaanirwa ennyo mu by’amawulire naddala ago agaakagwawo.
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
Emifunzo giweebwa ekifo kya kubiri mu kukolebwako.Omufunzo kitegeeza okukubisa namba ne yo yennyini emirundi emigere. 3 enfundize ku 4 kiragibwa nga 3x3x3x3.
Ensengekera z'Omubiri (Body Systems)
Omubiri gw’omuntu oba ensolo endala yonna gubaamu obutaffaali obulina emirimu egy’enjawulo, emiwuula(tissues), n’ebitundu by’omubiri ebikolaganira awamu okukola emirimu egy’enjawulo. Ensengekera zino zikwataganyiza wamu okukuuma omubiri gwo nga mulamu.
Ensalosalo
Ensalosalo za bika bino
[Fanya Ju] luno oba zino, ziba nsalosalo ezitemebwa obukiika mu nnimiro gamba olusooka, oluddako n’endala eziddirira ng’ogyeko olwo olusemberayo ddala ku nkomerero y’ennimiro, ettaka lyazo litemwa nga lisuulibwa oludda olw’ekyengulu anti ggwe wamma, emirundi nmingi ennimiro zaffe zibera kuba nneesulifu. N’olw ekyo, ensalosalo zino ziteekwa okubaamu ku miziziko mu ngeri esaanye okutangira ku misinde gy’amazzi oba mukoka. Waliwo ensalosalo ezibeera mu nnimiro nga tezirina we ziyingiriza mazzi mu nnimiro agaba gakulukuta wazira okutega ago gokka agaba gakungaanidde mu bitaba ng’enkuba nnyingi etonnye. [Fanya kini] luno lwe lusalosalo oluteekwa okusembayo wansi oba ekyemmanga, anti ggwe wamma n’entema yaalwo ey’ettaka tefaanana n’eri eya ziri zi [fanya ju], lyo ettaka lidda kyemmanga okutangira amazzi okujjula amangu ekiyinza okuluvirako okubooga. Emiziziko egitangira emisinde gya mukoka nga bwe twalabye waggulu, na muno gyetaagisa. Ekituufu kiri nti okutwalira awamu emiziziko gino, giteekebwa ku nsalosalo empanvu z’oyinza okuyita enkoloddoli kubanga ennyimpi tolina bw’ozikolamu ziveemu omugaso. Ensalosalo zino ng’ozitema, tezandibadde mpanvu nnyo okukka wansi, kubanga amazzi gaba geetaagisa okukola ku bimera byonna naddala ebyo ebiriira kungulungulu ng’ogyeko emiti. Yadde ng’ensalosalo ekigendererwa kyazo kutangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, telusaana kusukka ffuuti emu oba emu n’ekitundu. bw’elusukkawo mpozzi ng’ogenderera kutangira butangizi kukulugguka kwa ttaka lyoka sso si kuliisa bimera. Eriyo ennimiro eziteetaagibwamu nsalosalo, nga zino zibeera ku miseetwe myereere, gamba nga mu Lwera awatali mazzi ga kulugguka. <ref: www.wwf/lvceep> --Joyce Nanjobe Kawooya (talk) 14:30, 19 Gwamusanvu 2015 (UTC)
Ensengekera z'Omubiri (Body Systems)
Omubiri gwo gulimu ensengekera(systems) ez’enjawulo nga ensengekera ey’enda( endocrine), ensengekera ey’obusimu(nervous), ensengekera ey’emufumbi n’ebisitukiro(musculoskeletal), ensengekera ey’ebifulumiro(urogenital), ensengekera eya kifulumya kazambi(respiratory), ensengekera ey’ennetoloola y’omusaayi(circulatory), ensengekera ey’okugumya omubiri(immune), n’ensengekera ey’ekikamula biriisa (digestive systems) ekiramu okubaawo.
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
Okukubisa y’engeri ey’amangu ey’okubaza okugatta okuzibuwavu.Eky’okulabirako 5 x 6 kye kimu  n’okugamba nti 5+5+5+5+5+5.
Okugabiza (Division)
Ensengekera z'Omubiri (Body Systems)
Ensengekera zikola zokka awamu n’ensengekera zinne waazo  okusobozesa omubiri gwo okukuuma embeera ey’ekibalo (homeostasis). “Embeera ey’ekibalo”(Homeostasis) kyekuusiza ku mbeeera y’omubiri gwo munda ekusobozesa awamu n’obutaffaali bwo okubeera omulamu.
Yadde nga buli sengekera ya mubiri gwo yetaagisa okukukuuma nga oli mulamu, ensengekera y’obusimu(nervous system) y’esingayo okuba ey’omugaso. Amaaso go n’obwongo k=mu kaseera kano biri mu kusoma binyukuto bino era bijjukira ibubaka bunobwonna ku nsengekera. Bw’okirowoozaako, era oba weyambisa ensengekera y’emifumbi(muscular system) ekuyamba okutambuza amaaso go n’okukuumira omutwe gwo waggulu.
Enziring'ana y'Obubalanguzo (the Order of Operations)
Okugabiza ngeri ya kwabuluzaamu namba obubinja ebya kyegabanya. Eky’okulabirako 100/4 kyenkana 25 kubanga 25 eyabuluzaamu 100 ebibinja bina ebya kyegabanya.
Okugatta (Addition)
Okugatta ngeri ya kuteeka wamu namba ez’enjawulo. Eky’okulabirako 5+3  kyenkana  8 kubanga 8 erimu namunigina  3 ezirinnya  waggulu okuva ku 5.
Okwawuza (Subtraction)
Okwawula oba okwawuza mulamwa okugwatagana n’okugatta okujjako nti odda wansi namunigina engere  oba kiyita okujja ku namba. N’olwekyo 8-3 ofuna 5 kubanga 5 eri namunigina satu wansi wa 8.
Voronezh
Voronezh, ekibuga mu Rwasha.
Ensengekera z'Omubiri (Body Systems)
Ebitundu by’omubiri (organs) bitundu ku buli nsengekera.
Omutimwa gwo gubalibwa nga ekitundu ky’omubiri (organ) so ng’ate era kitundu kya nsengekera eyetolooza omusaayi mu mubiri (circulatory system). Ebitundu by’omubiri (organs) biyinza okukolagana n’ensengekera ez’enjawulo ez’omubiri gwo. Ebitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo bingi birina obutaffaali n’emiwuula egikola emirimu egy’enjawulo. Amawuggwe ( kidneys) si bitundubutundu bya nsengekera ya kifulumya kazambi(excretory system); era zirina ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebikola mu nsengekera y’endokula (endocrine system).
Okutwalira awamu ensengekera z’omubiri enkulu ziri bwe ziti :
Ensengekera ey’ekikugiro
Ensengekera ey’ekikugiro (integumentary system) ebikkirira n’eziiyiza  ekintu  kyonna okuva mu mbeera ey’ebweru okutuusa obuvunde ku mubiri n naddala ng’ekugira obuwuka obusikriktu obuleeta endwadde  n’embeera z’obudde enkaalamufu nga obunnyogovu oba ebbugumu.
Ensengekera eno erimu olususu lwo, enviiri, enjala, n’obuvuluzi bw’entuuyo (sweat glands). Olususu lwo, enviiri n’enjala bya kukugira ate obuvuluzi obw’entuuyo bbwo ne buba bwa kukkakkkanya tempulikya ya mubiri  n’okuyamba okufulumya  ebituuyano(waste excretion). Ng’ojjeeko ekyo enkettanyo(receptors) mu lususu lwo ziwa obubaka ku ki ekikkoonyeko, ebbugumu, obunnyogovu n’obulumi.
Ensengekera y’amasitukiro(skeletal system)
Ensengekera y’emifumbi n’ebisitukiro (musculoskeletal System) ebaamu amagumba, katulaagi (cartilage), ligamenti n’emifumbi. Ensengekera y’’ebisitukiro (skeletal system) y’ekola enkula y’omuntu oba ensolo era n’esobozesa ensolo okutambula ekyeyagalire. Nga ojjeeko okukugira ebitundu by’omubiri ebyo munda, amagumba go gayamba nga ebikwatiro by’emifumbi gyo, okutondeka obutaffaali bw’omusaayi n’okutereka kalusiyamu na fosiforaasi.
Ensengekera y’obusimu (Nervous system).
Ensengekera eno ekung’anya n’okukola ku bubakla okuva mu sensa okuyita mu busimu (nerves) n’obwongo era n’egamba emifumbi okwesika (contract) okuisobola okuleetawo ebikolwa eby’omubiri. Ensengekera y’obusimu ebaamu obwongo, emiraatira gy’obubaka obaomuyitiro gw’obubaka(spinal cord), amaswanso g’obusimu(nerves) ne sensa z’omubiri ettano ng’amaaso, amatu. Olususu, olulimi.
Ensengekera eno eyingiza, ewereza n’okulungamya obubaka okuva mu mubiri munda ne wabweru  w’omubiri. Obwongo bwo n’emiraatira gy’obubaka(spinal code) bye bikola ensengekera y’obusumu eyo mu makkati, so ng’ate  ensengekera y’obusimu ey’amabbali ebaamu ebitundu bya sensa byonna n’obusimu bwonna obugatta emiraatira gy’obusimu ku bitundu by’omubiri byonna.
Ensengekera y’ekitambuzamusaayi
Ensengekera y’ekitambuzamusaayi(the circulatory system) etambuza matiiriryo mu mubiri gwo era ensengekera eno erimu omutima, omusaayi, n’emisuwa. consists of cardiovascular and lymphatic divisions. Ekisanjabavo (lymphatic part) ekuuma omwenkanynkanyo gw’obuuvuluzi bw’ensanjabavu (lymph glands)
Okutwalira awau ensengekera y’ekitambuzamusaayi ebunyisa omusaayi okwetoloola omubiri gwo okuyita mu mutima, Atari ne veyini okuweereza okisigyeni n’ebiriisa mu bitundu by’omubiri n’obutaffaali n’okujja ebizambi(waste) mu mitundi eby’enjawulo.
Ensengekera y’obuvuluzi(Endocrine system)
Ensengekera y’entomeggano (the endocrine system) erimu obutimbagano bw’obuvuluzi (network of glands), obuvulula ebikemuluzi(hormones) obuyamba mu mirimu gy’omubiri egy’enjawulo okukwanaganya ebikolebwa mu mubiri eby’enjawulo. .Ensengekera eno ekwanaganya okukula, mutereezabulamu(metabolism), n’enkulaakulana y’embeera y’ekikazi oba ekisajja .Ensengekera y’entomeggano erimu pancreas, testes ne ovaries n’buvulizi ako mu mutwe( the pituitary), adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid and pineal glands.
Ensengekera y’entomeggano esobozesa empuliziganya ez’ekikemiko mu mubiri okuyita mu bikemuluzi(using hormones).
Ensengekera y’emifumbi (Muscular system).
Wikipedia
Wadde ng’enkola ya Wikipedia ewa omukisa buli muntu okuwandiika eby’amagezi era n’abiteeka ku mukutu guno, oluusi mubaamu ebiwandiikiddwa nga mulimu ebibulamu, nga tebituukiridde ate olusi abantu bagweyambisa okwonoona ebiwandiiko eby’amagezi.
Mu 2005, mu kunoonyereza kw’abakugu b’ekitongole ekya “Nature”, kyazuulibwa nti ebiwandiiko bya Sayansi 42 ku mukutu gwa Wikipedia byageraageranyizibwa nga bituukana bulungi n’ebyo ebiwandiikiddwa ba kagezimunyu mu kitabo ekiganzi ennyo ekya Encyclopedia Britannica.
Omugobansonga (Dialectician)
Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Omugobansonga(Dialectician)
Brussels
Brussels kye ekibuga kya Bubirigi ekikulu. Ekibuga kyirimu abantu 1,197,983 (2017) era kyekisinga obune mu Bubirigi.
Omugobansonga (Dialectician)
Omugobansonga ye sekalowooleza oba nakalowooleza (critical thinker) agoba ensonga nga:
(a)	Yefumiitiriza ku buli ky’alowozaako
Ensengekera z'Omubiri (Body Systems)
Ensengekera y’emifumbi esobozesa omubiri okutambula ng’ekozesa emifumbi(muscles). Ensengekera y’ekikyusaganyampewo(Respiratory System).
“Ensengekera y’ekikyusaganyampewo” (the respiratory system)erimu amawuggwe n’emiyitiro gy’empewo(airways).Ensengekera eno esobozesa okukyusaganya empewo(ggaasi/omukka) wakati w’omusaayi n’embeera y’omubiri ey’ebweru  ( body's external environment). Naddala ensengekera eno eyingiza okisigyeni ate n’efulumya ggaasi endala nga kabonibbiri-okisadi (carbon dioxide).
Ensengekera ey’ekikamulabiriisa (Digestive System)
Ensengekera ey’ekikamula biriisa(the digestive system) erimu omumwa oba akamwa, omuyitiro gwa esofaggasi(esophagus),olubuto n’ebyenda. Ebitundu by’omubiri bino bikusobozesa okuyingiza n’okukamula ebiriisa(to digest) mu mmere n’okuyingiza ebiriisa bino mu mubiri .Obuvuluzi bw’amalusu(salivary glands) ., ekibumba (liver), akawago(gallbladder n’akataago(pancreas) byanguyiriza bino okubaawo nga bifulumya emibisi egiyamba okukamula mu nsengekera y’ekikamulabiriisa(into your digestive system).
Ensengekera ey’ekizaazi(Reproductive system).
Ensengekera ey’ekiremesandwadde (Immune System)
Omugobansonga (Dialectician)
(b)	Anoonya amazima oba okumanya
(c)	Anoonya obumu bw’ebyawukana n’enjawulo ey’ebifaanagavu
(d)	Buli nsonga agyekebejja okuva ku buli ludda.
(e)	Tayogera ntotto
(f)	Tava ku mulamwa
(h)	Atunuulira ekintu okuva ku buli ludda
(i)	Atayogera yadde okukola ekintu nga tamaze kwefumiitiriza
(j)	Anoonya akakwate wakati w’embeera emu n’endala
(k)	Omugobansonga ow’omutendera ogusingayo ye munnasayansi ne “munnabyabufuna”(Political economist)
Empimo oba Empima(Dimensions)
Mu Luganda olubalanguzi, empimo oba empima kigambo ekivvuunula "dimension" eky'Olungereza. Enkula ezekibalangulo zirina empimo za njawulo. Manya: (i) Enkula ez'ekitendero(Plane shapes) zino zirina empimo emu(one dimension shapes):
(a) Olukoloboze/Omusittale(line) (b)Ekisittale/Ekikoloboze(Line segment) (c)Omugendo(ray)
(ii) Enkula ez'ekitendero zino zirina mpimo bbiri: (a)Mpuyinnya nga kyesimba, kyebiriga, kyebiriggula, kyegendaganya. Zino zirina empimo y'obuwanvu(length) n'obukiika(width) (b) Enkula ennetoloovu=Entoloovu(Circle). Enkula ennetoloovu n'eripuso zirina empimo y'obwetoloovu(circumference)n'olusekkati(diameter)
(a) Empimo y'Obuwanvu obweyoleka nga obwetoloovu(the dimension of length or circumference) (b) Empimo y'obukiika(length obweyoleka nga olusekkati (the dimension of width or diameter)   (c)Empimo y'bwesimbo oba obusimba  oba obugulumivu(the dimension of height/altitude)
Ekimu ku binnyonnyozo by'enkula ez'ekibalo z'empimo(dimensions) era okubalangula obwagagavu(area), obubangirivu(volume), n'obwetoloovu circumfrence, n'obwebulungirivu(perimeter) kitwetaagisa okumanya empimo za buli nkula,kuba empimo zino ze zitutuusa ku kibalo ekiba kyetaagisa.
Ebbombo nga Eddagala
Ebbombo gubeera muddo nga gutera okusangibwa mu bisaka, ku ttale n'ebifo ebirala ku lukalu. Ebbombo libeera n'ebikoola bigazi era nga liranda era bwe likula obulungi litera okuteekako ekibala ekyekulungirivu. Ekibala ekyo bwe kyengera kibeeera kya kyenvu era kigambibwa okuba nti kiriibwa emisota. Abantu abamu ekibala ekyo bakiyita emmere y’emisota.
Ebika by’ebbombo
Ebbombo lirina ebika bibiri. Waliwo ebbombo eririna ebikoola ebinene ate waliwo n’ebbombo eririna ebikoola ebitono. Eryo eririna ebikoola ebitono liyitibwa, kabombo.
Ebbombo nga eddagala
Ebbombo limu ku ddagala egganda eryeyambisibwa okuvumula endwadde enganda singa omuntu abeera takozesezza ddagala lya kizungu. Wabula ebbombo eryo era liriko obulombolombo obulala bwe likozesebwako mu Buganda. Ebbombo eryogerwako wano ng’eddagala mu Buganda ly’eryo eririna ebikoola ebinene.
Ebbombo ddagala nnyo wano mu Buganda. Kikozebwa ku ndwadde zino:
Emigaso egy'ebbombo emirala mu Buganda
Ebbombo ligattibwa wamu n'olweza n'eruteekebwa mu kibbo ky'abalongo era ebombo gwe kugumu Ku muddo omukulu ogukozesebwa mu balongo. Ebbombo lino liriko ennyimba ez'obuwangwa eziritambulirako okugeza oluyimba lw'abalongo "abombo kaali ka baana" Singa omuntu yenna azaala abalongo ne basalawo okubayisa mu mpisa ey'Ekiganda, Ssaalongo emikolo gy'abalongo egisooka agikola yeesibye ebbombo nga akalombolombo.
Waliwo ekiwanuuzibwa nti singa omuntu abeera abaddeko mu kkomera n'avaayo, nga tannakola kintu kyonna alina kusooka kunaaba ku bbombo eriyengebwa wamu n'omwetango olwo ebisiraani byonna by’azze nabyo ewaka ne bimuvaako.
EBBOMBO/OLUJJULA
Lirandira ku ttaka era lisangibwa ku ttale. Liba n'ekibala nga kyetoloovu nga kya kyenvu ng'era kiriko obuggwaggwa.
Obusigo buba bumyufu era kiba kimyufu munda.
ENDWADDE N'ENKOZESA
1.Ekifuba: fumba, bwe liwola,ng'onwa. Osobola okuyenga mu vvu, n'onywa.
2.Kavubuka: kunya mu mazzi, weekuute ng’onaaba.
Ekibalangulo
Ekibalangulo (Mathematics)/ Ekibalo/Okubala (Math) kye kigambo ekivvuunula omulamwa gw'Olungereza :
Mu bufunze "ekibalangulo kifuuka "kibalo"(maths). Kokka era oyinza okukiyita "okubala" anti olulimi lugaggawala bigambo eby'enjawulo ebirina amakulu agaliraaniganye ennyo (synonyms). Gye bujja tujja kuwandiika enkuluze y'ebigambo by'Oluganda ebifaananya amakulu (thesaurus).
Omulamwa gw'ekibalangulo gutondeddwawo omunoonyerezi Charles Muwanga okuyita mu kakodyo k'enzimba y'emiramwa emiggya ak'okugaziya amakulu (semantic extension) g'ekigambo "ekibalangulo ekitegeeza "ekifo we baweesezanga oba we bawagalira  ebyokulwanyisa omuli amafumu".
Okiraba nti ekigambo ekikulu mu kunnyonnyola ensibuko y'omulamwa gw'ekibalangulo kiri "kuwagala", naye kati kuno kuwagala kwa bwongo , si mafumu. Noolwekyo 'ekibalangulo nga essomo kisonjolwa nga "essomo eriwagala obwongo nga lyogeza ennamba".
Singa oba oyagala okwogera ku "mathematician" mu Luganda ogamba "omubalanguzi" ate ebigambo ebirala ebyetaagisa mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo biri:
Manya: Okubala = to count
Weetegereze:
Weetegereze bino:
Vayiraasi
Kano kawuka kali mu ttuluba ly’obwo obumanyiddwa ng’obusirikitu akavaako endwadde kyokka nga keeyubulira oba okwalulira munda wa butoffaali (cell) obulamu obw’ekitonde ekirala(kwe kugamba nti ku lwako kokka, akawuka kano tekasobola kweyalula, kye kakola okweyalula, keegatta ku butoffaali bulala obulina obusobozi okweyaluza bwokka. Mu mbeera eno, buli akatoffaali kali lwe keeyalula, nga n'akawuka kano aka viyiraasi keeyalula.) Olw'ensonga eyo gye tulabye waggulu,viyiraasi zisobola okukosa ebitonde by’obulamu eby’enjawulo omuli ebisolo, ebimera n’obuwuka obulala obwa bakitiiriya ne archea.
Okuva 1892 omusajja Dmitri Ivanovsky bwe yawandiika ng’annyonnyola ku kawuka akaali kakosa ekirime kya taaba okutuuka mu 1898, Martinus Beijerinck we yazuulira akawuka ka vayiraasi akayitibwa mosaic virus, ebika bya vayiraasi nga 5,000 bizze bivumbulwa ne binnyonnyolwa. Obuwuka bwa vayiraasi busangibwa kumpi mu buli mbeera eba amu obuluma ku nsi (ecosystem).
Essomo ku buwuka buno liyitibwa (virology) nga lino ttabi ku ssomo ku butonde (microbiology)
Akazannyo ka Charles Muwanga aka Bannasayansi
Akazannyo ka Charles Muwanga aka Bannasayansi
Awo olwatuuka nga wabaawo abasajja basatu, Aristotle, Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton ne Albert Einstein. Bwe baafa ne basisinkana eyo mu Ggulu. Lwali lumu ne batandika buli omu okwewaanira ku munne nti yakola kya maanyi ku Nsi:
Aristotle:
Nze nasooka okugereesa nti Katonda yatonda ebiramu okuyita mu kwerongoosereza kw’ebiramu okuva mu bulamu obwangu ennyo obwalina akataffaali kamu.
Charles Darwin:
Oli mutuufu naye ggwe tewasobola kunnyonnyola ngeri biramu gye byerongooserezaamu mu nkula naye nze nasobola okugereesa ku ngeri okwerongoosereza kw’ebiramu gye kugenda mu maaso.
Nagereesa nti okwerongoosereza kw’ebiramu kuva ku nsobozeso ttaano: Lindirira ebiddako wano !!
Isaac Newton:
Mwe nno mwewaanira ku kigereeso kya kwerongoosereza naye nze nagereesa ku kigereeso ky’essikirizo n’ekigereeso ky’okuva.
Mu butuufu mu bwengula buli kintu kiri mu kuva ;ebisinde biri mu kuva ate n’enjuba ezibirimu ziri mu kuva so ng’ate enkulungo ezebulungudde buli njuba nazo ziri mu kuva okwentakoma okwetoloola enjuba zaazo.
Waakitegedde ? Nazuula n’amateka g’okuva asatu agafuga okuva kwa buli kintu ne tekinologiya w’ekitambuzo yenna ku Nsi.Gano ge mateeka ge navumbula agafuga okuva kw’ebintu:
(a)	nnn (b)	nn (c)	mmm
Lindirira ebijja wano !! Albert Einstein:
Nze nakyaaka nnyo ku Nsi olwa nakyenkanyampuyi yange ey’Obusinziiro. Anti nakizuula nti buli kintu kisinziira(everything is relative).
Nakyenkanyampuyi eyo ekulaga obusinziiro bw’amasoboza.Kino kitegeeza nti amasoboza gasinziira ku nzitoya.Okufuna amasoboza ag’ekintu agali mu kuva oddira ekipimo ky’enzitoya yakyo n’okubisaamu emisinde gy’ekitangaala egya kyebiriga.
Lindirira ebiddako wano !!
Ekintu obutalwa mu lubuto
Kye kitegeeza
Ekintu obutalwa mu lubuto[] kwe kukaluubirizibwa mu kutereka ebintu mu lubuto okuleetebwawo olwokuba n'obuzibu ku kyenda ekitono.
Obubonero
Obubonero obulala kuliko:
Ekifaananyi
Ekintu obutalwa mu lubuto kibaawo mu bantu basatu ku buli kakadde k'abantu mu mwaka. Kiteeberezebwa nti abantu 15,000. Mu United States of America bakosebwaa embeera eno wadde nga kitwalibwa ng’obulwadde obutatera kulabika nnyo. Ebitongole eby’enjwaulo bivuddeyo okulwanyisa embeera eno nga bigaba eddagala.
Omuti omuzimba ndegeya
Omuti omuzimba ndegeya
Sesbania sesban River bean or Eyptian rattle pos Sesbania sesban gukula mangu nnyo. Gwongerra nayitrogyeni mu ttaka, gukuuma ettaka obutatwalibwa n’amazzi oyinza okukungula amakoola mu myezi nga mu naana nga gyiyiseewo n’oliisa ebisolo. Bwe ggumala emyaka essatu gubeera n’emigaso emirala nga eddagala. Omuti guno mulungi mu kutuwa enku  mu bbanga ettono ddala emyezi nga munaana okutuuka  ku  mwaka gumu. <ref:wwf/lvceep>
Okuzaala omwana omufu
Okuzaala omwana omufu[] kitegeeza omwana okufiira munda nga wayiseewo essande 20 ku 28 okuva ng’omukyala afunye olubuto. Omwana okufiira munda oluusi kireetebwawo embeera ya maama ey’okuwulira ng'eyazzizza omusango okufuna olubuto luno. Kino tekifaanagana na kuvaamu lubuto oba omwana okufa nga yaakazaalibwa.
Ebiviirako okuzaala omwana omufu
Ekireetera omwana okufiira munda tekimanyiddwa nti kye kino wabula ng’ebimu ku bikireeta kuliko: obuzibu mu kuzaala, okutataagana kw’olubuto okugeza entambula y’omusaayi okulinnya, omukyala okuvaamu amazzi ng’ali lubuto nga gava ku nsawo y’omwana ali mu lubuto, ekirira omutambulira emmere okufuna obuzibu, endwadde ng’omusujja gw’ensiri n’endya ya maama embi.
Ebissa omwana mu katyabaga k’okufa nga tannazaalibwa ye maama okubeera ng’emyaka gigenderedde nga gisusse 35, okunywa ssigala, okukozesa obubi eddagala ng’ali lubuto, bwe luba nga lwe lubuto olusoose, n’okuba nga omukyala yayambibwako tekinologiya okusobola okufuna olubuto. Omwana okuba nga yafa nga tannazaalibwa kisoboka okutandika okusuubirwa singa omwana abeera nga takyekyusa mu lubuto. Kino kikakasibwa ng’abasawo bakozesa obuuma obukozesebwa okuwuliriza.
Engeri y'okuziyiza okuzaala omwana omufu
Abaana abafa nga tebannazaalibwa kisobola okuziyizibwa ng’ebyobulamu byongerwamu amaanyi. Kumpi ekitundutundu ku baana abafa nga tebannazaalibwa bafa mu kiseera nga bagenda okuzaalibwa era nga kino kirabikira nnyo mu mawanga agakyakula okusinga agaakula edda. Okusinziira ku bbanga ly’olubuto lye lulina, abasawo basobola okusalawo okukozesa eddagala erireeta ebisa oba okukozesa ebyuma ebitoolayo omwana mu lubuto. Singa omukyala afuna ekizibu kino, wabaawo obusobozi bw’okuddamu okukifuna ku lubuto olulala wabula nga kisoboka n’obutabaawo olw’ensonga nti buli lubuto luba n’embeera ez’enjawulo.
Enfaanana y'ekizibu kino mu nsi yonna
Mu nsi yonna mu mwaka gwa 2015 abaana obukadde bubiri mu emitwalo nkaaga be baafa nga tebannazaalibwa nga kino kyatuukawo ng’embuto ziwezezza essande 28. Mu nsi ezikyakula, buli baana 45 abaazalibwanga omu ku bo yabeeranga mufu. Mu Amerika ku buli baana 167 abazaalibwa omu ku bo abaera mufu. Wabula omwendo gw’abaana abafa nga tebannazaalibwa gukendedde okuva mu myaka gya 1950.
Ebinnyonnyozo by'essomampimo (Geometrical properties)
"Ekinnyonnyozo"(Property) mu essomampimo kitegeeza ekyo ekinnyonnyola enkula ey'ekibalangulo."Ekisonjozo"(characteristic)kitegeeza ekyo ekisonjola ekintu oba ekiramu.Okulaga ebinnyonnyozo by'enkula eyekibalo yonna okugyawula ku nkula endala, olina okwebuuza nti enkula eyogerwako erina :
Awo oba onnyonnyola ebikwata ku nkula okusobola okulaga ebyo ebigyawula ku nkula endala. Bino by'ebinnyonnyozo(properties) mu essomampimo.
Obulamu obusirikitu (Micro organisms)
"Obulamu obusirikitu" (Microorganisms)
Obulamu obusirikitu (microbe) kye ki?
Obulamu obusirikito bwe butonde obulina obulamu nga busirikitu nnyo okuba nti bwetaaka enzimbulukusa (microscope) okubulaba n’eriiso lyo. Obulamu buno bwa bika bingi ddala era nga obumu bubeera bwokka ate obulala mu bibinja (colonies), busobola okukuyamba oba okukutusaaako obuvune.Ekikulu ky’olina okumanya kwe kuba nti obulamu obusirikitu bwe businga obungi mu biramu byonna ku nkulungo y’Ensi. Obulamu buno ku Nsi butabalika bwa butabalika bwa butabalika.
Okuva edda n’edda nga mu Buganda okumanya ebiramu eby’enjawulo kintu kya buwangwa naye obulamu obusirikitu bulabika tebwalowoozebwangako nnyo naddala olw’okuba tewaaliwo tekinologiya ayinza kuzimbulukusa busirikitu.
Ekituufu kiri nti obulamu obusirikitu bubaddewo ebbanga lyonna mu bikula bya bbakitiiriya, olufunji, walugi ne polotozoowa. Wano mu Buganda obutiko mmere yadda nnyo ate nga buno buyinza okuba n’akakwate ne walugi (algae). N’olwekyo okuvumbula enzimbulukusa (microscope) mu 1673 kye kyayamba omuntu okumanya nti waliwo obulamu obusirikitu (microbes). Kino kyakolebwa kakensa Anton von Leeuwenhoek bwe yagatta lenza ez’enjawulo awamu n’akizuula nti kyamusobozesa okulaba obuntu obutini ng’ebinene. Kino ky’ayamba bannasayansi okuzuula ekiviirako endwadde n’engeri ey’okuziwonyaamu.
Obulamu obusirikito bulya biramu birala (heterotrophic) oba bwekolera emmere yabwo (autotrophic). These two terms mean they either eat other things (hetero) or make food for themselves (auto). Mu butuufu ebimera byetkolera emmere yabyo( autotrophic) ate ensolo zifuna emmere yabyo okuva ku biramu ebirala (heterotrophic).
Ebiramu era biyinza okuba ebyo ebibeera byokka (solitary). Ekyokulabirako ze polotozoowa nga amibba (amoeba) eyinza okumala obulamu bwayo yokka nga eseyeeya mu mazzi. Ebiramu era biyinza okuba nga fungi bibeera wamu mu bibinja okweyamba okubaawo nga biramu. Ate era ebiramu biyinza okuzaal okuyita mu kwegattakw’ekisajja n’ekikazi (sexually) obaawatali kwegatta kwa kisajja na kikazi (asexually).
Oluusi endagabutonde ey’obulamu obusirikitu obubiri yegatta okutondawo empya, ekikola okuzaala okw’okwegatta kw’ekisajja n’ekikazi (sexual reproduction). Oluusi ekiramu ekisirikitu kyeyabuluzaamu (splits) ebitundu bibii ebifaanagavu (asexual reproduction).
Obuziizite (Prokaryotes) kyekuusiza ku butaffaali obutalina buziizi(nucleus) bwesonjodde bulungi. Weetegereze:
(a)Akaziizi(Neucleus) (b)Obuziite oba ebiziizite =tebulina buziizi bwesonjodde bulunji(no well defined nucleus).
"Ekiziizite" kiraga ekiramu ekirina akataffaali kamu kokka akatalina buziizi bwesonjodde bulungi. Obuziizte kikwata ku bulamu obusirikitu nga obutaffaali bwabwo tebulina buziizi(nucleus) buzimbe obulungi.Endagabutonde yabwo eba nga etengejja okwetoloola akataffaali. Oyinza okulowooza nti ekiramu ekitalina nnyukiriyaasi tekirina kye kiyinza kukola naye ekituufu kiri nti bingi ebikolebwa obuziizite. Ebiziizite ebisinga ziba bakitiriya ate nga bakitiriya zikola ebintu bingi ebyewunyisa.Yadde buno obulamu bwangu nnyo, buli buli buli wamu ku nsi, mu byenda byo, mu mata oba mu bbekeeri y’emigaati.
"Ekiziizina" oba "Obuziizina" (Eukaryotes)
Buno bwe bulamu obulina obuziizi nga busonjole obulungi nga bulina ebitundu eby’enjawulo (organelles).Obuziizna  ky’ekintu ky’oba oyogerako mu biramu ebirina obutaffaali obusonjovu obulungi. Obutaffaali bw'obuziizna bulina obuziizi obusonjole obulungi ngabulina ebitundu eby’enjawulo nga ekitundu omukuumirwa endagabutonde era bulina ne nnyukiriyaasi entuufu .Obutaffaali bwa yukaliitu bulina ebitundu (organelles).
Obuziizna butaffaali obuba n'obuziizi obuteeketeeke obulungi,  omuli ekifo ekyetongodde omubeera endagabutonde. Mu butuufu obutaffaali bw'ekiziizite buba n’ebitundu eby’enjawulo (organelles) omuli ekyondo (mitochondria), ebitangattiko (chloroplast), oba letikyulamu ya endopulazima (endoplasmic reticulum). Nnyukirayina zirina ebitundu bino okusobozesa akataffaali okuba nga kemalirira mu mirimu gyako.
Ebika by'Obulamu obusirikitu(types of microbes)
(i)Vayiraasi ( Viruses)
Bannasayansi abamu bagamba nti vayiraasi si kintu ekiramu.Wansi ka tukulage ki vayiraasi kye zisobola okukola ne ki kye zitasobola. Mu bye zisobola okukola mwe muli:
a)	 Tebusobola kuzaala ku bwabwo. Ziba zirina okukola okulumba obutaffaali bw’ekiramu mwe buli olwo obutaffaali buno obulimbiddwa
b)	Tebuva mu mbeera lu kintu kyonna. Bukola ogwabwo oba busaanawo.
d)	Tebulina bitundu bya njawulo kukola mirimu gya njawulo nga mu bitaffaali obumu. Vayiraasi tezirina nnyukiriyaasi, mitokyandira
e)	Zirinawo ebitundu ebyetaagisa nga akatundu akatini ak’endagabutonde (DNA oba RNA (si byombi). Akawuzi ako aka asidi wa nnyukirayiki ke kakola obulamu bwa vayiraasi.
f)	Zirina olububi lw’ekizimbamubiri (protein coat) okukuuma asidi ya nnyukirayiki. Olububi luno luyitibwa kapusedi (capsid).
Kapusidi ekuuma amakkati ga vayiraasi kyokka ate era y’eyamba okulumba obutaffaali obupya. Vayiraasi ezimu zirina olubaaso (envelope) luno nga lububi olulala olukolebwa lipidi n’ebizimba mubiri mu ngeri y’emu akatoffaali aka bulijjo bwe kabeera.Olubaaso luyamba vayiraasi okuyingirira ensengekera awatali kukettebwa kwonna, ne kiyamba vayiraasi okulumba obutaffaali obupya mu kiramu mw’eba y’egiriisiza.
Vayilaasi tezilina muteleezabulamu w’amaanyikasoboza (energy metabolism) nga bwe kili mu bitonde ebilala, tezikula, tezivaamu kazambi, tezisitimuka (hey do not respond to stimuli) era tezezaala mu bwetengelevu n’olweekyo tezibalibwa mu bilamu.
Obuziba bwazo bulimu DNA oba RNA nga bwetoololeddwa olububi lwa ebizimbamubili (coating of protein). Amakkati ga vayilaasi omusangibwa obuteleke (genes) ye genomu (genome), ate bbulangiti ya kizimbamubili (protein coating) luyitibwa kapisaidi (capsid). Vayilaasi zilina enkula ezizawula. Vayilaasi ezimu zilina enkula ya mpuyiabili (icosahedron), ezilimu mawetasatu eya nakyenkanyi (equlateral triangles). Endala zilina enkula y’amakata (a helix).Vayilaasi ze zileeta namusuna (chickenpox), lebiizi (rabies), mulangila/olukusense (measles), ne sennyiga (influenza)
Bakitiriya (Bacteria)
Bakitiria zili mu bwakabaka bwa bilamu obuyitibwa “monera”(wansilikitu ). Bakitilia era zili mu matwaale ga nyukilialitte (Prokaryotes) ensolo ezilna akataffaali oba obutaffaali obutalina nyukiliasi na oligaanile(organelles) okujjako libozomu(ribosomes). Bu bwkabaka bwa “monera” bamemba bezaala awatali kwegadanga (asexual) nga beyubuluzaaamu bibili (binary fission). Tewali bukakafu nti wabeerawo mitosiisi.
Bakitiilia zibeera mu mbeera zonna ku Nsi, mu ttaka, mumazzi, ne mu mpewo (ebbanga). Bakitilia zilimu ebibinja bisatu okusinziila ku nkula (shapes) zazo. Waliwo enekulungilivu eziyitibwa kkukusi (coccus) (the singular is coccus); kabukuuli (rodshaped) obuyitibwa bbakili); n’ezemyenyoolo (spiral bacteria) eziyitibwa sepila (spirilla) Waliwo ezileeta mulalama (meningitis), n’ezileeta gonorrhea, nezileeta. pneumonia,
Ebikwata ku Bakitiria
Bakitilia ezisinga zijja emmele yazo mu sebusitansi z’ebilamu (organic matter). Ezisinga obunji ziyitibwa kalyabifu oba kalyabivunze (saprobic), ekitegeeza nti zilya bifo oba bivunda kyokka waliwo ennyunyuunsi (parasitic). Bakitilia ennyunyuzsi zireeta obulwadde. Bakitiilia endala baziyita neekolerayange (autotrophic), ekitegeeza nti zegattisa (they synthesize) emmele yabyo. Bakitiilia ezo zenyigila mu kkola ektangattisa (photosynthesis). Zikozesa pigimenti ezimelungusiddwa mu saitopulaazima (cytoplasm) wazo.
Waliwo ebibinja bya bakitilia bibili ebitangattisa (photosynthetic bacteria), sulufeeli eza kilagala (green sulfur) n’eza kakobe (purple bacteria). Pigimenti ezili mu bakitilia zino zifaanagana ez’ebimera. Bakitilia zibeera mu tempulikya ez’enjawulo; waliwo ezibeerawo ku tempulikya ezinnyogoga ennyo ate ne wabaawo ezo ezibeera mu tempulikya ey’omubili gw’omuntu (human body temperatures) ate era ne wabaawo ezo ezibeera ku tempulikya ezili waggulu ddala.
Ate era waliwo ezo ezeetaaga wokisijeni okuteleeza obulamu bwazo (for their metabolism) ate newabaawo ezo ezibeera mu mbeera awatali wokisijeni. Ezimu zizobola okubeera awali oba awatali mpewo ate ne wabaawo ezo ezibeera mu mbeera ya asidi mu bbongo ne mulubuto lw’omuntu.
Ebikolebwa bbakitiria
Bakitilia zirina kinene kye zikola okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi. Eky’okulabilako sipiisa za bakitilia ezimu zilya obubalabe bw’emirandira gy’ebimera eby’empeke, mu kukola kino ne ziyamba okuyingiza naitilojeni (nitrogen) okuva mu mpewo okumuteeka mu bipooli by’ebilamu (organic compounds) ebyeyambisibwa ebimera. Ebimera bikozesa ebipooli bya naitilojeni bino okukola aminasidi (amino acids) ebizimbamubili (proteins), n’okubituusa mu nsolo ezibilya. Bakitilia endala zezikola ku kuvunda okubeerawo mu bilamu.
Mu makolelo g’ebyokulya (food industry), bakitilia zikozesebwa okuteekateeka ebikolebwa bingi nga cheeses, fermented dairy products, sauerkraut, and pickles. Mu yindasitule endala bakitilia zikozesebwa okukola antibiotics, chemicals, dyes, numerous vitamins and enzymes, and a number of insecticides. Ku mulembe guno zikozesebwa in genetic engineering to synthesize certain pharmaceutical products that cannot be produced otherwise.
Mu byenda by’omuntu, bakitilia zegattisa /zitabika (synthesize) vitamiini ez’enjawulo ezijjibwa mu mmele naddala vitamin K. bakitiilia era zikola ku mmele eba yepenye ekikamulabiliisa (digestion) mu mubili.
Eky’akabi, bakitilia nnyinji zilwaaza (are pathogenic), ekitegeeza zileeta endwadde mu bantu. Mu ndwadde eziva ku bakitilia mulimu akafuba (tuberculosis), gonorrhea, syphilis, scarlet fever, food poisoning, Lyme disease, plague, tetanus, typhoid fever, and most pneumonias are due to bacteria. In many cases, the bacteria produce powerful toxins that interfere with normal body functions and bring about disease. The botulism (food poisoning) and tetanus toxins are examples. In other cases, bacteria grow aggressively in the tissues (for example, tuberculosis and typhoid fever), destroying them and thereby causing disease.
Bbakitiriya awatali kubuusabuusa kasirikitu akalamu. Bakitiriya ziri buli wamu .Ziri mu migaato gy’olya, ettaka ebimera me bikulira, ne mu mibiri gy’ebiramu ebirala nga n’omuntu bw’omutwalidde. Bbakitiiriya butaffaali bwangu nnyo obuli mu kikula kya nnyukirayite (prokaryotic). Kino kitegeeza nti tezirina nnyukiriyaasi ensonjovu obulungi, bakitiiriya butaffaali busirikitu obulina obuzimbe bwa kataffali kamu (single cells) nga kano ekigenderera kyako mu bulamu kiri kimu kweyabuluzaamu bbakitiiriya ndala. (to replicate). Yadde nga tezirina nnukiriyasi enteeketeeke oba ensonjole, zirina endagabutonde (DNA) esangibwa mu kifo ekiyitibwa nnyukiroodi (nucleoid). Bulina embubi z’obutaffaali (cell membranes) okufaanana n’obutaffaali obulala awamu n’ekisenge ky’akataffaali akakuumi (a protective cell wall). Manya nti ekisenge ky’ataffaali ka bbakitiriya (bactiria cell wall) tekiringa eky’akataffaali k’ekimera kubanga kino ekya bakitiriya kirina ekigendererwa eky’okuwa bakitiiriya obukuumi anti akataffaali ka bakitiiriya tekalina bitundu (organelles) byonna okujjako libosomu.
Bakitiiriya zitunula zitya?
Buramu butini nnyo nnyo mu nkula ey’ebikulungo (spherical) nga bw’olaba omupiira. Butera okwesengeka mu bujegere obuliga emigalamiro gy’entoloovu (enkula ennetoloovu (a row of circles). Bbakitiriya ez’enkula ey’akatayimbwa butunula nga “obukooli” (E. coli) obubeera mu byenda byo. Teebereza akalimba ka bbakitiriya obufaanana butyo.Busobola okukola enjegere nga sosegi ezikwataganye. Kyokka waliwo na bbakitiirya ez’enkula eya sipayiro (spiral shaped bacteria)
Bbakitiriya zikola ki ?
Kino kiramu ekirina akataffaalikazimbila akamu (one-celled living organisms). Tekalina nyukiliasi (nucleus). Bakitilia Bbakitiriya zikola ebintu bingi. Ezimu ziyamba ebimera okuyingiza naitogyeni (N) okuva mu ttaka ate ezimu zireeta endwadde kyokka ezimu ozisanga mu mbuto z’ente okuziyamba okukutulakutula mu seruloozi (to break down cellulose).
Embuto z’ente ku lwazo ziyinza okukola ku muddo n’ebimera kyokka tezisobola kuyingiza biriisa bya bimala okuva mu bimera bino ate nga tezisobola kukutulakutula mu seruloozi. Bbakitiriya ezo ezirina oobusobozi obw’enjawulo, ze zikutulakutula mu seruloozi okufuna ebisukaali (sugars) ekisobozesa okufulumya amasoboza agetaagisa. Teebereza singa bannasayansi baba basobodde okukola bbakitiriya ezibeera mu mbuto zaffe okusobola okukutulakutula ebimera nga bibadde biriiriddwa bibisi. Awo naffe abantu tuba tusobola okulya omuddo n’ebikoola emisana lwonna.
Bakitilia kiva mu kya lulattini: bacterium ekiva mu ky’olugeleeki baktērion, era kikwata ku  matwaale(domian) g’obulamu obusilikitu  obulina enkula ez’enjawulo; obumu bulinga makata obulala bwekulungilivi ate obumu bulinga munwe gwa ttooke mu nkula. Obutafaanana na butaffaali bwa nsolo, obutaffaali bwa bakitiilia tebulina nyukiliasi.