cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tower Kondoloko
Kɩ-wɛ tɔm hʋyʋ waɖɛ tʋ tɛ Southwark nɛ Tower Hamlets pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩ-n̄ɔtɩna kpam kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Peeɖe ehiɣ hɩɖɛ yaa payaɣɩ size Tower Bridge. Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ kondoloko nanaazawaa taa nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ tʋma laɖaa ŋgbɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ se Lord-Mayor yɔ ɖɩ-cɔŋana a-tʋma labʋ yɔɔ yɔ. Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ Pool of London egeetiye taa. Kɩ-sɩʋ tɩnaɣ yaa kamaɣ kɛ Upper Pool lone nɛ kɩ-lɩm ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa ɖɩbazɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ, palɩzɩɣ pʋtɔbʋʋ tobi yem size lɩm kiɖe nɛ Lower Pool lone nɛ kɩ-pɔɔ ɖɩgbenɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Pɔtɔ kɛlɛʋ yem size hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɩm kpeŋna yɔ. Kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ matʋ taa lɛ, Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩɩkɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩɩkɩla paɣlʋ siŋŋ nɛ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩ-kɩlɩ kɛʋʋ kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpem ŋgʋ pakɩla-kʋ maʋ camɩyɛ kpem yɔ. Patatɩɩ ma-taa matʋ ndʋ kaʋ kɛ wiɖina nɛ pana.
Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩ-ndɩ matʋ yebina nɛ, patɩlɩ-kʋ pɩŋŋ kɛ kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kamasɩ kpeekpe yɔɔ payɩ. Ncɔna kɔyɔ, ŋna size kondoloko kʋnɛ, kɩ-wɛna kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩyɩɩ naalɛ. Nɛ kuduyuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩlɩna yaa ɛɖɔkɩna-kʋ.
Nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛnʋ, ɛyɔ posusaɣ yaa popuza n̄ɩɣma wena a-wɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ yɔ, afɛyɩ gotuu kaʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣma ana, paakotuu n̄ɛ kaʋ. Salala (tablier) nʋmɔʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ, mɛlɛ waa mba pakɩla kʋyʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ, patɩŋgʋ-kʋ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, naŋgbanzɩ tɩna kondoloko waa naalɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ, pɛwɛ kandɩ maŋgandɩ cɛŋga tɩyɛ nɛ cʋlʋ cʋlʋ ɖeɖe yɔɔ kiŋ.
Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩ-tʋmɩyɛ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kpeekpe kaawɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda ɖoo pɩnaɣ 1982 taa. Pɩɩkɛ keɖeyaɣ n̄ɩɣtʋ. N̄ɩɣyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛɛ tʋma n̄ɩɣyɩŋ, mbʋ yɔ, palakanayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛɛ tʋma kɛ pɩnaɣ 1886 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1894.Pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa, Sir John Wolfe-Barry nɛ Horace Jones kamawa kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ ŋgʋ.
Kɩjatɩnaʋ walanzɩ taa katala mɛtɛwaa 273 mbɩ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛzɩ ɛnʋ sɩzɩ kondoloko kʋnɛ kɩkʋya siŋŋ yɔ lɛ, pɩcɔ nɛ patalɩ ɖɔo kʋ n̄ʋʋ taa lɛ, pɩɩpɔza n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩkpazʋʋ yaa ɛzɩ tendema.
Gard tɛ kondoloko
Gard tɛ Kondoloko kɛna kondoloko aqueduc Roma mba hɔɔlʋʋ lone taa n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna lona naadozo yɔ. Gard tɛ Kondoloko kʋnɛ, kʋwɛna Pont-du-Gard kɛ ajɛɛ anɛ Uzès nɛ Nîmes pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa. Ki-lone nɖɩ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ Gard.
Kondoloko kʋnɛ kɩ-ɖɛzʋʋ calaʋ kɛ Garbon yaa Gard. Paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔɔ yɔ, pama-kʋ kɔɔnɔɔ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kpaɖʋ taa kɛnɛ nɛ. Kondoloko ŋgʋ, peyeba kʋ labɩnaʋ yaa peyeba kʋyɔ ɖɔm pɩgbaʋʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ paɣzɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ.
Hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ tɛ wɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, poɖe kɩ-tɩnɩyɛ naalɛ nɖɛ taa kɔʋʋ yebina nɛ kondoloko kʋnɛ, kiyele kɩkɛ yaa pakpaɣ-kʋ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ pɩsɩʋ lɔɔɖa saɣʋ nʋmɔʋ sʋsɔʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Gard tɛ Kondoloko kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ sʋsɔtʋ kɩbandʋ tʋnɛ, ndʋ yekaɣna kpeɖem ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩhɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-yɔ kɩ-yɔ kiŋ.
Ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɩna wokaɣ kɩnaʋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ pɩŋŋ. Samaɣ sakɩyɛ lɩmazaɣ wokaa na kɩyɔ siŋŋ, kɛ pɩgbaʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) taa mbɩ yɔ. Pɩ-tɩŋgana pɩyɔ nɛ ki-hikuu kʋjɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ pɩsɩɣna ɖoŋ ɖoŋ nɛ pɔn̄ɔzʋna-kʋ. Kɩ-n̄ɔɔzʋtʋ ndʋ tiyekina nɛ kɩwɛʋ camɩyɛ mbʋ cɩŋgɩlɩm, kiɖetu ɖaɣnɩ wɛʋ cɔnɔʋ pɩŋŋ.
Nʋmɔʋ sʋsɔʋ yɔɔ lɔɔɖa saya kondoloko nakʋyʋ kpɩtɩnɛ-yɩ pɩnaɣ 1743 pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1747 taa. Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ŋgʋ kaakɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩkɩla kʋyʋʋ kpeɖem yɔ. Ŋgʋ pakɩlaɣ sɩm kʋkʋyʋmɩŋ yaa ɖalakɩŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ Roma mba tɛ peɖe.
Gard tɛ Kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ mbɩ yɔ, yee pewila cee wayɩ tɔm tɔzʋʋ kpom taa kɔyɔ, pana kʋ-tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛkpɛnda na-kʋ nɛ pakalɩ caanaʋ wondu kpeɣkpe taa. Nɛ pama kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩ-hɩɖɛ kɛ ɛjɛɛ n̄ɩm tɔsʋ cɛŋga UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1985 taa.
Avicenna
Avicenne, yaa Ibn Sīnā1 (Persan kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ابن سینا), ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ palʊla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 980 Afshéna tɛtʊ taa, pʊñɔtɩna Boukhara, Khorasan Sɔsɔʊ tɛtʊ taa (sɔnɔ yaa nɔnɔ Uzibekistanɩ taa) nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1037 Hamadan tɛtʊ taa (Iran ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ takayasɩ mayʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ kɛ persan hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ wɛɛ taa. Avicenne kaasɛwaɣ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ.
Ɛsɔɔlɩ tɩlɩtʊ sakɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, ñɩɣlɩm pɩsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yaa hɔyɛ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛ-maɣzɩm yɔɔ tisiyaa ya-ɩ se Cheikh el-Raïs, tɩlɩya nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, ɖɔkɔtɔ naa taa sɔsɔ, wɩlɩyʊ mamʊ niiye, wɩlɩyʊ naatozo tʊ kɛ Aristote nɛ Al-Fârâbî wayi. Malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩya sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ Al-Ghazâlî, Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Al-Qayim nɛ Al-Dhahabi tɔndɩ-ɩ mbʊ se ɛtɛkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛyʊ.
Kpaɣɖʊ 7 nɛ 8 alɩwaatʊ taa, kajalaɣ malɩŋ ñɩma tɛ seɣa alɩwaatʊ, mbʊ lɛ Siiri ɛyaa nɛ Mezopotami ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ Krɩstʊ ñɩma yɔ nɛ pɛ-tɛ nɛ Siiri nɛ Krɛkɩ yɔ ɖɛzaɣna arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩlɩna Krɛkɩ nɛ Room taa yɔ, lʊbɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ paɣzɩ arabɩ ñɩma cɔlɔ nɛ Persan ɛyaa cɔlɔ, Iran sɔsɔʊ kaawɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ arabɩ ɛyaa nesi tɛɛ.
Avicenne pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩla naalɛ anɛ ayɔɔ Ali al-Husayn Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina, palʊla-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 980 Khormeytan (yaa Afshéna, wɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ), Boukhara cɔlɔ kpam, (Transoxiane nɔnɔ Ouzbékistan ɛjaɖɛ). Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Abdallah, ɛkɛ malʊʊ ɛ-tɛ Balkh kiŋ nɔnɔ Afganistan nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛkɛ Kharmythâne egeetiye ñʊʊ tʊ, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Setareh yaa Sitara ɛɛwɛ Afshéna.
Pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛɛkɩlɩ ŋñɩɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɛsɔɔlɩ wezuu tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkaɣ eyeke. Petiyina Avicenne ɛ-pɩjatʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ mbʊ pɛdɩyʊ al-Natili cɔlɔ se ɛkpɛlɛkɩ akɔnta labʊ. Ɛɛwɛ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ piŋ mbʊ lɛ ɛcɛzɩ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ akɔnta labʊ nɛ lɛɣtʊ payi. Ɛla sukuli Boukhara, ɛsɔɔlɩ tɩlɩyɛ tʊma tɩŋa nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊmɩyɛ.
Paŋkɔkɩ
Pankɔkɩ kɛna Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ kpɛjɛ kpɛjɛ yɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba 1 568 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa litoozo yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa maɣmaɣ lɛ, ɛyaa kɩla ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 14 yɔ.
Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩñɔʊ yɔ pɩlɩna sɔdʊʊ sʊsɔʊ ŋgʊ payawaɣ se Ayutthaya yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ1782. Ɖooo lɛ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba kpacayaɣna tɛtʊ ndʊ.
Panama Hɛŋa
Panama hɛŋa kɛna teŋgʊ taa hɛŋa ŋga katɩŋgʊna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ Panama nɛ kɩtɩŋgʊna Pasifiki Lɩŋgɑmʊʊ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋamʋʋ. Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ lɩm pʊnɛ pɩ-hɛkʊ taa kpem yɔ pɩkɛna ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ weyi wiɖii nɔɔyʊ tapɩzɩ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla yɔ. Lɩm hɛkʊ taa hɛŋga ŋga pɛhɛ mbʊ yɔ, piyeba nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ piwobina ɛsɩndaa siŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kpɩyɩŋŋ ɛɛtasɩɣ ɛ-tɩ kʊñɔmɩŋ ɖʊʊ se ɛtɩŋgʊna Hɔrnɩ nɛ Draki nɔmɔŋ se pʊcɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛsɩŋ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Ɖooo lɛ, kpɩyʊ kʊyʊʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋna Hɔrnɩ lɛ kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa 22 500 ɛlɛ lɛlɛɛ yɔ, kɩkʊyʊʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋna Panama hɛŋga lɛ kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 9 500 ɖeɖe. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se nɔmɔʊ toboyaa ɛzɩ nabʊlɛ taa kpem yɔ. Panama hɛŋga kanɛ ka-tamaɣ kaatɛma wɛʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ looɖo taa. Weyi ɛcala lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ lɩzɩɣ yɔ, ɛkɛna Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ taa ɛyʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Michel Le Nobletz. Ɛɖʊ tamɣ ŋga se ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔsʊʊ pɩlɩɩna nʊmɔʊ tobi yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1630 taa kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-ɖɩ maɣzɩʊ.
Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ kʊɖʊʊ tɔm taa tʊmlaɖaa ɛzɩ 25 000 hiu sɩm pɩlɩɩna pɔtʊ kʊdʊŋ yɔɔ, kɩnamɩyɛ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ñamsʊ n;pɩcɛkɩ pɩɖakɩ ɛyaa. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛʊ yɔ kpɩyɩŋ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 14 yɔ tɩŋna peeɖe nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miloyɔɔnaa 203 yɔ. Pinaɣ 2002 taa mbʊ yɔ kpɩyɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋna peeɖe yɔ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 800 yɔ nɛ paɖʊ pɩnaɣ 2007 taa se patazɩɣ lɩm taa habɩyɛ nɖɩ walanzɩɣ. Pañɩnɩɣ se kpɩyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ yʊŋ ñɩŋ ɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɩtɩŋna peeɖe. Pʊwɛɛ se pɩɩtalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2017 lɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛma nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena alakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ añʊʊtʊ yɔ Itaalii tʊ Impregilo.
Maalii
Maalii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Moritaanii nɛ Alzeerii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Niizɛrɩ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kotidivuwari, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊy ɛ taa lɛ Senegaalɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kiinee.
Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Senegalɩ kɛ anasayɩnaa kakpacayaɣ nɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ lɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Maalii. Fransɩɩ] ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ ŋgʊ kɩkpɛndɩ kɩ-ajɛya nɛ kɩya se Lɩm-Pɔɔ-Kʊkuyaɣ. [[Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1888 kɛ Lɩm-Pɔɔ-Kʊkuyaɣ ŋga papaɣsa-kɛ yaʊ se Sudanɩ Fransɩ ŋ̃ɩŋgʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ pasɩɩ Galliéni pʊcɔ nɛ Louis Archinard kɔɔ ɛlɛɣzɩ-ɩ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Maalii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ. Maalii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wɛna tɔlʊm naputozo: tɩŋ hatʊ ñɩmbʊ, sʊtʊ-lɩm nɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 15 nɛ akeeta wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: Pambaraawaa, Poobɔŋwaa, Poozɔwaa, Toogɔŋwaa, Kasɔŋgewaa, Malɩnkewaa, Miniyankawaa, Fɩlandɩnaa, Senufowaa,Sonɩnkewaa, Sɔnɖayɩwaa, Kpankurumwaa nɛ Mɛrʊmɛrʊwaa.
Fransɩɩ kɛna pa-kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukili taa yɔ ɛlɛ Pambara kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Pamakoo.
Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ ɖaɣna yaʋ size sɩɣgbelasɩ tʋmɩyɛ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa sɩɣgbelasɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa poluki yaa palɩzʋʋ anjaʋ waa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna wondu kɩsaɣtʋ labɩnaʋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ yaa pɩcɛlɛ wɛɖʋ kam nakʋyʋ ɛzɩ kɩpaɣlaka pɔzʋʋ yɔ. Tʋmɩyɛ kɩsaɣyɛ ,ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩwɛ sɩɣgbelasɩ tɩyɛ ɛzɩ pamaʋ yaa payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "ronde-bosse (statuaire)".
Saɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩlɩzɩ yaa ɖʋlʋ wondu nɛ tɩwɛɛna wɛtʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "haut-relief", nɛ "bas-relief", nɛ pɩtasɩna "modelage" ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩsaɣyʋ kɛ paya size saɣyʋ yaa sɩɣgbelasɩ saɣyʋ. Ɛsaɣkɩ paa wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ pʋmʋna kʋ kɛ kɩɖalakɩŋ yaa kʋkʋkʋyɩmɩŋ taa nɛ kʋɖɔkʋʋ kpɩtʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ camɩyɛ siŋŋ. Kɩ-hɔɔlasɩ tɛ kpɩnaʋ tɛ camɩyɛ size pɩpɩsɩ wonuu kam kɛ payana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "soudure yaa assemblage". Tɔm piye saɣʋʋ wɩlɩʋ yaa tʋkʋʋna kpaɣgba kɛ saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu kɩlabʋʋ. Tɔm piye saɣʋʋ kiɖe yaa ɖɩlɩyɛ keekee wɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ. Tɔm piye nɖɩ, pama ɖɩ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se «sculpture» nɛ ɖɩlɩɩna latɛŋ matʋ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋgʋ kʋkʋ taa size «sculpere» yɔ. Kʋnʋmɩŋ ɛnɩ ɛ-naalɛ e-tomba : fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa «sculpture» nɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa «sculpere» tɔbɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ.
Yee ɛyʋ ɛnɩ n̄ata kɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «sculpture» nɛ ɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size «sculpere» kɔyɔ, ɛkpakʋ kpaɣgba size kutoliŋ yaa tɔbɩŋ kɛlɛ size saɣʋʋ yaa kaʋ hɔɔlasɩ lɩzʋʋ yaa kaʋ faʋʋ hɔɔlasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɔm pe ana a-naalɛ (sculpere, nɛ sculpture) a-kutoliŋ yaa a-tɔbɩŋ wɩlɩʋna tɛyɩtʋ kɛ saɣʋʋ (sculpture) nɛ lɛzɩŋ lɩzɩtʋ yaa katɩzɩnaʋ (modelage) pa-naalɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ size wondu kɩsaɣtʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛ kaaŋ yaa pɛ (pierre), nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ (os). Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, nɖɩ wɩlʋʋna ɖoo lɔndaa pɛ yaa kaaŋ saɣtʋ wazaɣ fevere n̄ɩŋga kɛ ɖoo ɖomuu tɛ ɛzakuliye alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkpaʋʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdaɣ tɔm piye nɖɩ payaɣna yaa pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «ymagier» yɔ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖeke. Tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ pɛlɛɛzana nɖɩ pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ (sculpteur) yɔ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna ɖama kpɛndʋʋ yaa sakɩyɛ nɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ kʋɖʋm ɖɩyɛ labʋ kpɛndʋʋ. Saɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛm ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna n̄ʋʋ tʋ kʋɖʋm nɛ paya-ɩ size wɩlɩyʋ.
Nicolas Copernique
Palʊla Nicolas Copernic kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1473 kɛ Toruń, Prusse royale (Royaume de Pɔlɔɔñɩ) tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 1543 kɛ Frombork, Prusse royale (Royaume de Pɔlɔɔñɩ) ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖakʊta, chanoine nɛ astronome. Ɛnʊ ɛñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna se wɩsɩ wɛ sɩ-ɖeɖe nɛ sɩɩcɩɣdɩɣ ɛlɛ tɛtʊ cɔʊna-sɩ nɛ tɩtaŋ. Ndʊ ndʊ ɛñɩnaa nɛ ɛna yɔ, pɛɖɛyʊ-pʊkɛlɛʊ se révolution copernicienne.
Pɩwayɩ kɛ ɛma takayasɩ sɩnɛ:
Charles de Foucauld
Palʊla Charles Eugène de Foucauld de Pontbriand kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 1858 kɛ fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ ɖoŋiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Strasbourg yɔ nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1916 kɛ Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖenɖe payaɣ se Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ yɔ.
Ɛɛkɛna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ eyele sɔɔjɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ keteŋa yɔ kilimiyʊ yem nɛ ɛnɩnɩɣ keteŋa yɔɔ ndʊ tɩlakɩ lakɩntaa yaa tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩɩna mbʊ yeke; ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔ sɛyʊ weyi ɛkaza ɛ-tɩ kɩjaʊ eyeke nɛ ɛtɩmʊ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo yɔ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnɩyʊ.
Ɛsɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1916 kɛ Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖenɖe payaɣ se Sahara yɔ nɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 2005 kɛ Papa kpa-ɩ kiɖeɖeu. Mbʊ pasɩŋna-ɩ nɛ ɛ-kɩlɛmʊʊ yɔ lɛ toko yuulee ŋgʊ esuu yɔ nɛ toko ŋgʊ pɛñɛyɩ kɩ-yɔɔ kɛ Yesu laŋɩyɛ kiɖeɖeu kɛ kɩ-laŋgɩyɛ taa; ɛtaŋ e-toko ŋgʊ kɩtɩnaɣ taa kɛ tɔnɛ tambaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ Maria kiɖeɖeu lɩyʊʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1886 taa, Charles woba Pari tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛla kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kɛ haya. Kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɛwɛ ɛ-ɖɛtʊ Maria Bondy ɖɩɣa cɔlɔ spam. Ɛsɔɔla takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kalɩɣ nɛ koraŋɖɔɖɔ. Ɛwɛ peeɖe mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-ɖɛtʊ ɛnʊ ɛha-ɩ Bossuet takayaɣ nakayɩ. Ka-taa kɛ ɛkalaa nɛ e-wezu caɣ lɛɛzɩ nɛ eyele yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ labʊ. Ɛwɛʊ Maarɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, e-wezuu caɣ lɛɣza, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛcɔna ɛzɩma makɩŋ kpakɩɣ pa-tɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ Ala nɛ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo pɛwɛ ciŋgilinaa taa yɔ, pɩlaba-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩɩkɔma alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ lɛ, e-tisim wɛɛ nɛ pitiki nɛ pitiki.
Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking, palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1942 Oxford - 14 March 2018, ɛkɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kazɩŋga paɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Piritaniiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Stephen Hawking kɛ lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1980 ŋtalɩ 2009, ɛwɛɛ Gonville and Caius College ŋgbɛyɛ taa Cambridge, ɛkɛ ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics taa. Pasɩma-ɩ piŋ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖʊʊ kasiŋga paɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa.
Stephen Hawking lɛɣtʊ tʊma kpeekpe ɖɩkaɖɩyɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ ñɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-nɛ Roger Penrose ɛgbadɩyɛ yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ weyi ɛmʊ niiye kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊya yɔ. Ɛ-lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ ɖala pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ hiŋ naanaza halɩ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ. Ɛkɛ Royal Society of Arts ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊna ñamtʊ yɔ nɛ lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛʊ ɛnɛ ɛ-sɩm.
Stephen lʊlʊʊ wayi lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma wolo pacaɣ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɖenɖe ɛ-caa kaakɛ sʊya kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ nakʊyʊ taa. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma wolo pacaɣ St Albans kɛ Hertfordshire taa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛlaba sukuli pɩnzɩ 1950 ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1953.
Ɛkɔma ɛpɩsɩ kalaɣkalaɣ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se e-nesi ɛtasɩ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2001 alɩwaatʊ mbʊ yɔ nɛ nakpazaɣ ninveɖe. Jane Hawking (palʊla-ɩ Wilde cejewiye taa), ɛkɛ Hawking kajalaɣ halʊ, ɛnʊ cɔnɩna ɛ-walʊ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1991, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩya ɖama. Pɛwɛna piyaa natozo, Robert (1967), Lucy (1969) nɛ Tmothy (1979).
Hawking ɖanɩɣ halʊ naalɛ tʊ kpaʊ paya-ɩ se Elaine Mason ɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ weyi ɛcɔŋnaɣ Hawking kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ yɔ (ɛɛkɛ David Mason halʊ weyi ɛlaba Hawking tɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɩyʊ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ ñɩŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1995. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2004 lɛ, tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa takayasɩ sakɩyɛ lɩɩ nɛ sɩyɔɔdʊʊ Elaine yɔɔ tɔm mbʊ ɛzɩ ɛtasɩ cɔnaʊ ɖeu Hawking nɛ ɛ-walʊ ɛnʊ ɛpɔzɩ se ɛnɛ ɛ-halʊ naalɛ tʊ paya ɖama.
Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ
Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ kɛna Oseyaanii taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ tɛʈʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ ɖiposina Ositiraalii nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ kutokiŋ naalɛ yɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natulɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ mbʊ yɔ. Tɛtʊ ñbɩ cikpetu natʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ: Sitewarɩti nɛ Saatam.
Sɩŋŋŋ taa lɛ Maworiti mba woba peeɖe kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1050 nɛ 1300 taa nɛ pʊcɔ Erɔpɩ mba ñatalɩ peeɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 1642. Ɛlɛ Pɩritaaniki mba kpacayɩʊna-ɖɩ kaɣlaa kpaɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1840. Pɩtɛ efemiye wiye ɖɔɖɔ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɔkɩ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ kasandʊ sɔsɔtʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaɣʊ kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1907 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1947 taa kɛ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yeli. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Eŋgilisi, ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa nɛ komina tʊma taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɩgbayɩŋ kunʊŋ nɛ maworii kʋnʋŋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Moozambiki
Ɖooo lɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ pɔrɩtiigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛɛ taa nɛ wena anɩɣ nɛ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna wena alɛ ñanɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ angilisi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ Muwaayɛnaazɩ taa kɛ tada laɖaa ndɩ ndɩ kataɣ peeɖe nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ po-wondu. Kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, Ibn Shahriyar, ñeɖiu aseɖe se Aarabɩ tadɩyɛ-tʊ nɔɔyʊ, Lakis, na pɩnaɣ 945 taa kɛ kpɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɩsa ɛyaa kutokiŋ kutokiŋ kɛ Moozambiki kidiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ pɛkɛ Waa-Waa mba nɛ palɩna Siini hɔɔlɩʊ. Ɛyaa mba pañɩnaɣ kɔ nɛ Afrika taa yomaa. Pɩkɔma nɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1498 ɛlɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ-tʊ weyi payaɣ-se Vasco da Gama yɔ ɛtalɩ peeɖe. Nɛ pɩpaazɩ mbʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ mba tɔyɩ pɛeɖe. Pakpacaya Moozambiki pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ kagbaanzɩmbilim yɔ.
Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1976 nɛ 1992 taa yoŋ ɖeke wɛna nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ sɩ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ paazɩ kɔm pazɩ pazɩ.
Triipoolii (Liibii)
Triipoolii kɛna Afrika keteŋa taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ payaɣ se Liibii. Triipoolii kɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ nɛ t-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛŋaʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Tadɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ taɖɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ wɛ camlɩyɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ komina kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ wɛɛ. Triipoolii tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 600 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 600. Pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 682 000.
Triipoolii tɛtʊ wɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ kañimbusaɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩhɔ-lʊʊ nakʊyʊ sʊ Mediteranee teŋgu taa. Ɛzɩ ɛjɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñʊntɩnaa ñɩnʊʊ se pana lɛɛtʊ taa ñɩma paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pala taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Triipoolii tɛtʊ taa ñɩma nɛ ajɛya nayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ se pɛ-tɛtʊ ewobina camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Saraajevoo (Pɔsini Hɛrizigooviini), Pɛlɩgiraadii (Sɛribii), Alizee(Alizeerii), Pelo Horizonte (Pɛliziki), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Tasikɛntɩ (Usibekisitani) nɛ Naaplɩ (Itaalii).
Panzuli
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Marib Kelekeletʊ yɔ, peeɖe ñɔtɩna Kambii pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 93.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Piritaniki mba ñɔzɩna-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1816 nɛ pɩɩkɛnaa se palʊkɩ nɛ pakandʊʊ mba pakpakaɣ ɛyaa nɛ palakɩ-wɛyoma nɛ pɛpɛdʊ-wɛ nɛ tuuɖe taa ɛyaa yɔ.
Paalɩza tɛtʊ ndʊ lɛ, payawaɣ-tʊ se Paturist nɛ paɖʊwaɣ hɩɖɛ kɛ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ payawaɣ-kʊ se Henri Bathurst yɔ. ƐLɛ pɩnaɣ 1973 taa kɛ pɛlɛɣza-tʊ hɩɖɛ kpɛlɩ se Panzuli. Payaɣ Panzuli maliki yɔɔcɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Samba Faal.
Takayaɣ
Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "livre". Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ yaa ŋga ka-taa pama tɔm yɔ. Ka-taa nɛ takayɩ hasɩ yaa takayaɣ hatʋ coɣ. Takayaɣ hatʋ ndʋ tʋɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ tɩɖɔkɩ yaa tɩkpɩtɩna ɖamaɣ naalɛ naalɛ. Takayaɣ hatʋ kʋʋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ, katʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size, pama ka-taa tɔm ndʋ pɔyɔɔdʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ŋcɔna ka-taa tɔm kɔyɔ, ŋna size pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm lɩmaɣza ɛzɩ-ɩ ŋga payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "roman" yɔ.
"Roman" kɛnɛ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, kakaɣ lɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm koŋ lɩmaɣza matʋ yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ kam size, takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ, tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ ɛzɩ payaɣ size "texte" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ takayaɣ.
Tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ (texte) takayaɣ ŋga, kɛkɛ, takayaɣ nga ka-taa tɔm wɛna tɔbɩŋ yaa kutoliŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Mbʋ pɩyɔɔ yɔ, takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ taa tɔm mayaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivain" waa yɔ, fɛɛyɩna lɩmaɣza kʋɖʋma.
Senegaalɩ
Seneegaalɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya ; wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ : ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩhayi kiŋ ŋe ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖilɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Moritaanii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Maalii, Kinee Konakrii nɛ Kinee Pɩsaʊ.
Pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Kambii yɔ ka-lɩm kpeŋ Senegalɩ tɛtʊ taa. Payaʊ se Senegaalɩ yɔ, pɩlɩna pɔɔ sɔsɔwa ŋga kekpeŋ peeɖe nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Senegaalɩ Pɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɔɔ kanɛ kakpakɩɣ nɛ Kinee pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Futa-Jalɔŋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Peeɖe lʊŋgɩyɛ nɛ yolim pɛtɛyɩ ɖama.
Senegaalɩ wɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ liidiya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se UA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ, pɩtasɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena akpɛnda nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ faransɩɩ nɛ payaɣ se Frankofonii a-ŋbgɛyɛ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Mackɩ Sall nɛ palɩza-ɩ ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa.
Steven Spielberg
Steven Spielberg kɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ amʊza tʊ Amerika, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 Cincinnati tɛtʊ taa (Ohio). Ɛwɛ kpaɣɖʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ taa kɛ Hollywood kɩfalʊʊ taa pɩnzɩ 1970 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛla kajalaɣ blockbuster sɩnɩma tɔm. Teŋgu kela. Ɛ-tɛ hiɣ tɩŋɩ ɖama lɔŋ lɔŋ (E.T. l'extra-terrestre, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park) nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ehiɣ tɔsʊʊ huu camɩyɛ. Pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se The Entertainment King pʊtɔbʊʊ se tanaʊ wiyaʊ.
Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtʊlana Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education nɛ pɛ-tɛ lɩmaɣza kɔyɔ se pehiɣ Shoah ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɛ-ɛsa yɔ tɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peheyi-tʊ piyaa cikpema, nɛ pɩɩpɩsɩ kɩɩsɔʊ ndʊ se pɩsa nɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ ɛtatasɩ wɛʊ kaʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛmʊ mɔnɔ yɔɔ samtʊ nimiye Piritaniiki Ampiiri (KBE) ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001. Palaba pɩtɛ sɔnzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 2001 Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ loniye taa caɣya tʊmʊyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Wasiŋtoŋ tɛtʋ taa.
Spielberg mʊ ɛ-tɩɩtɩŋa kɩhɛyɩŋ niitozo ɛnʊ ɖɩyaɣ se Osɩcarɩ waa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩkpaɖʊ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ lɩzɩtʊ niye mʊyʊ ñɩma naalɛ pɩnzɩ 1994 nɛ 1999. Steven Allan Spielberg, palʊla-ɩ Cincinnati (Ohio) saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ Yuda ɛyaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Arnold Spielberg ɛnʊ lɩzɩna anasayɩ ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Orɩdɩnatɛrɩ GE-225 yɔ. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Leah Posner. Ɛwɛna kɔnaa natozo Anne Spielberg nɛ Sue Spielberg nɛ Nancy Spielberg.
Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛwɛɛ New Jersey tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Arizona tɛtʊ. Ɛtawazɩɣ pɩyʊ sakɩyɛ sukuli ɛlɛ ɛpazɩɣ ɛsɔɔlɩ sɩnɩma tɔm, ɛlɛ masɩ nzɩ pahayɩ-ɩ ɛtakayɩ hatʊ kɩmazɩtʊ yɔɔ yɔ taahayɩ-ɩ waɖɛ se ɛsʊ sɩnɩma sukuli ŋgʊ e-liu sɔɔla yɔ, pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɛsʊ Arcadia maɣzʊʊ tɛ sukuli taa, Phoenix. Ɛkalɩ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ palɩzɩ anjaʊ naa yɔ, nɛ ɛyɩkɩɣ mba EC Comics kaasusi pɔ-tɔm.
Tu
Tu kɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʋlʋʋ piya nɛ ɖɩhaɣ-sɩ hɩɖɛ yɔ. Kpɩna sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛna tatasɩ wɛʋ nɔɔnɔɔ. Tuŋ weyi ɛwɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ yɔ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩŋ nɛ laʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se Afrɩka tuŋ nɛ Aazii tuŋ. Ɖooo lɛ payaɣaɣ-ɩ se Ɛɛndɩ tuŋ. Tuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩŋa ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Aasii tuŋ tapaɣlɩ ɛtalɩ tuŋ lɛɛŋ, ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋɩŋ tawalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtalɩ lɛɛŋ n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋa lʋbʋ se tuŋ weyi ɛtatasɩ wɛʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩ nɛ weyi ɛlɛ wɛɛ yɔ pakaɣdɩ ɛlɛ yɔɔ ɖeu. Tɔmpiye "éléphant", Fransɩɩ taa kɛlɛ. Ɖɩlɩna Latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "elephantus". Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋkʋ taa se, se "ἐλέφας", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ivoire" yaa "éléphant".
Pasɩma tu sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa. Aazii sɔnzɩ taa lɛ, pan̄ɩɣzɩnɩ tu nɛ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ. Pɔtɔŋ ɛyʋ weyi ɛɛsɔʋ tɔm kaʋ yɔ se ɛwɛna tu fɩtɩyɩm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tu n̄ʋʋ taa mbʋ pʋwɛɛ yɔ, pʋɖɔɔ. Lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ tʋ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ, ɛtɔma se kpɩna tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, tu kɩlɩna lɛɣtʋ sɩm nɛ ɛkɩlɩ kpɩna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣzɛ.
Moritaanii
Moritaanii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛyaa kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika malɩŋ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. Moritaanii wɛ Atilantiki kitiiliŋ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 yɔ kpaɣna ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ Ndiyaagoo nɛ pɩsɩɩna haʊ kiŋ Nuwatibuu. Kɩzɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Alizeerii, SaharaWisiɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ Malii, pɩkazɩ Senegalɩ ñɛna hadɛ kiŋ.
Moritaanii wɛ Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Afrika-Subusahara pa-nʊmɔɔyasa taa. Mbʊ yebina peeɖe ɛtiniiwaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Afrika taa ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa wɛɛ, Fɩlandɩnaa, Sonikewaa, Wolɔfʊwaa (mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ patalɩɣ 30), Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ mba mba payaɣ-wɛ se Arabo-Bɛrɩbɛrɩ yɔ (mɩniʊ yɔɔ patalɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ 30) nɛ Haratɩŋwaa.
Moritaanii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nuwakɩcɔtɩ.
Tuduwa
Tuduwa kɛ lɩm tɛɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kpɩna wena payaɣ-yɛ se "Cétacés waa" yɔ, a-pɩlɩʋ taa tuduwa wɛɛ. Tuduwa wɛ ɛzɩ afa yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛkɩlɩ afa paɣlʋʋ tam naadozo taa. Tuduwa kela ɖaɣlaa, atɛ akii camɩyɛ. Tudusi wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɛɛsɩ wɛ lɩm mbʋ pɩ-taa wɛ leleminaɣ yɔ. Sɩwɛ Aazii nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa.
Puligari
Pulgari kɛna Erɔpɩ hadɛ kiŋnɛ wsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ; ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Palikantiki tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa kpem. Puligari nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, teŋu Kɩkpɛdʊ wɛna, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kɩrɛsɩ nɛ Tuurkii, hayʊ kiŋ Tanubi nɛ Rumani nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Sɛribi nɛ Masedoni ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pulgari ɛjaɖɛ ñɔ pɩnaɣ 680 nɛ 681 taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Pulgari Sɔsɔʊ taa; nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɛna Erɔpɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɖiyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɛɣ ñɔʊ yɔ Ɛjaɖɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1800 taa kɛ Puligari hɔɔlɩɣ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 1908 kɛ mbʊ yɔ Pulgari nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ Socialiste taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ URSS ɖiya pɩnaɣ 1946 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa kɛ URSS kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɔlaa nɛ Puligari pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtatasɩ wɛʊ Commusiste waa taa yɔ.
Politiki tɔm taa Puligari kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɖiyuuna yɔ nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ñɔcɔŋnana minisiriwaa waa yɔɔ yɔ. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ lɛ, komina nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖinɛ, pɩkazɩ tɔm hʊya ñɛwɛna pa-ndɩ. Peeɖe pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ samaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ kɛʊ ñʊʊtʊ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ ɖeɖe.
Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnʊ, ɛnʊ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ̃ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ ñazɩɣna sɔɔjanaa tɩŋga; yee paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛlɩzɩ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩtacaɣ camɩyɛ eɖeke ɛpɩzɩɣna nɛ ekizi-tu nɛ paasʊsʊʊ-tʊ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩɣna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ. Puligari ɛjaɖe ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ Rossen Plevneliev; ɛlɛɣzɩ Gueorgui Parvanov kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2012. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ- ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ ɛnɛ, paatɔʊ caca se palɩzɩ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ lɛ palɩzɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kpaagbaa.
Madakasɩkarɩ
Madakasɩkarɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tu nɛ pɩta yɔ.Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Afririka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-taa lɛ, Madakasɩkarɩ kɛna kagbanzɩ ndʊ malanzɩ taa. Kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ yɔ Ositiralii, pʊwayɩ lɛ Kurowelandɩ, Papuwazi-Kiinee-Kɩfalʊʊ nɛ Pɔrɩnewo.
Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 590 000 km2 nɛ kɩ-ɖalakiŋ taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa 1 580, kɩ-tobuu taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa 580. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Antananariivo n; liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ ariyari. Tɛtʊ ñabɩ ntʊyʊ cɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata. Ana yɔ: Morisi, Seyisɛɛlɩ, Komɔɔrɩ nɛ Rewiniyɔɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ tam looɖo taa: Antananariivo yaa tananariivi, Antisiranana yaa Tɩyɛɛgo-Suyarɛzɩ, Fiyanarantiswa, Mahazaŋga yaa Mazʊŋga, Tuwamasina yaa Tamatavɩ nɛ Toliyara yaa Tuleyarɩ.
Maarɩsɩ
Maarɩsɩ (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga nɛ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga kɛŋna naanza ŋga nzɩ sɩñɔtɩna wɩsɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ litoozo kpeekpe taa lɛ Maarɩsɩ kɛŋna naalɛ ŋga yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ tɔm taa nɛ paɣlɩka ɖɔɖɔ.
Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ koposina wɩsɩ ɛzɩ 1,381 nɛ 1,666 UA (pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalɩɣ kilomɛtanaa miiliyɔɔnaa 206,6 nɛ 249,2. Maarɩsɩ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ cɔʊ taa talɩ ɛzɩ afema 686,71 yɔ.
Ɛzɩ Mɛɛrkiiri, Feniisɩ nɛ Tɛtʊ yɔ, tɩyɩnga kanɛ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ tɛtʊ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Tɛtʊ yɔ, tɩkɩla Maarɩsɩ kɛ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ ɛzɩ tam hiu yɔ ɛlɛ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kakɩla fenaɣ hɩlɩmaɣ ɛzɩ tam hiu ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩkpaɣʊ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa mba pɔsɔɔla wɩsɩ cɔɔu taŋgalam yɔ pɩ-tɛ wɛɖɩʊ nɛ pɩlakasɩ yɔ paha tɩyɩŋga Maarɩsɩ nɛ ɛsɛ pɩkɩlɩ tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ nzɩ paa-anɩ ɛzɩma yɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kanɛ tɛtʊ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga ɛyaa wɛ ka-taa yɔ, Tɛtʊ, pɛwɛna ɖama kpaɣʊʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩɖɔɔ pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ.
Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se sɔdʊʊ Gaulle, palʊla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1890 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Lille tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 ŋgʊ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1970 taa kɛ Colombey Chɔɔcɩ naa naalɛ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja ɖoŋ tʊ nɔyʊ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ takayasɩ mayʊ nɔyʊ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛɛkɛ Fransɩɩ mɛwɛ mantɩ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlʊba nɛ ɛjaɖɛ hiɣ hɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ tɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kpaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pasɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ komina nɔɔ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1944 ŋtalɩ 1946 wɛɛ taa, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ lɩm ɖʊyaa lɔŋ tasɩyaa tɛ ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnzɩ 1958 ŋtalɩ 1959 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛnʊ tɩna ɛjaɖɛ 5 nɖɛ kiɖe pɩnaɣ 1958. Ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1959 ŋtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1969. De Gaulle pɩsa kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1958 taa ñɔɔsɩ kʊñɔŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ palakaɣ you nɛ Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ. Henri de Gaulle lʊlɩna Charles de Gaulle (pɩnaɣ 1848-1932) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Jeanne Maillot (1860-1940). Ɛkɛ Julien-Philippe de Gaulle sɛyɩ, ɛkɛ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊ ñʊʊ tʊ nɔyʊ kɛ Hayi yɔɔ ɛjɛyɛ taa kiŋ. Pasɩma-ɩ nɛ e-liɖe taa tʊma naayɛ yɔɔ, katoliki paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnʊ, ɛsɔɔlɩ sukuli labʊ nɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʊma labʊ (waɖɛ, taba tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ yaa sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ). Palʊlɩ piya naatozo. Sɔdʊʊ ekpele naa naalɛ kɛ ñɩnɩya mba pasɩma lɔŋ piŋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ tʊ Charles, akpele, weyi canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ caazɩ-ɩ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ tɩnʊʊ kɔyɔ Jules, ɛlɛ kpɛlɛka tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ. Henri sɔdʊʊ pɩyalʊ kɛlɛ, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1848 kɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22. Pʊkɔma ɛzɩ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30 ɛkpaɣ halʊ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Jeanne Maillot, e-ɖoo ɖɛtʊ lɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Georges Bizet
Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, pakɩlɩ-ɩ sɩm nɛ Georges Bizet. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa hendu lɩzɩyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1838 Paarii tɛtʊ. Ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 3 pɩnaɣ 1875 taa kɛ Bougivale (Seine-et-Oise). Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna Carmen hendu, opera naa taa kajalaɣ ñɩŋʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlaɣ teu yɔ.
Palʊla Bizet aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1838 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Auvergne tɛ Tour habɩyɛ yɔɔ Paarii tɛtʊ (egeetiye kɩbɩnɖɛ naalɛ nɖɛ).
Ɛ-caa, Adolphe Armand Bizet, kɔɔnaɣ taa lɛ, ɛɛkɛ hʊnɖʊ nɛ hulasi lʊyʊ, pɩsɩ ɛtɩ hendu kpɛlɛkɩyʊ pɩnaɣ 1837. E-ɖoo, Aimée Léopoldine Joséphine Delsarte, ɛkɛ piyaanoo maɖʊ, kpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩyɔɔ kajalaɣ laɣsɩ. E-egbele François Delsarte, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ wilɩyʊ sɔsɔ hendu nɔmɔʊ taa, Gluck tʊ keeke, ɛkɛ niiye mʊyʊ Erɔpʊ kpeekpe taa.
Paɖanɩ pɩɣa lɩm sɔʊ nɛ paya-kɛ se Georges Bizet lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1840 taa kɛ Notre-Dame-de Lorette Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-kpaŋgbamʊ abalɩ ñɩnʊ kɔyɔ Philippe Louis Brulley, Brunière tɛ ñɩnʊ. Halɩñɩnʊ kɔyɔ Hyppolite Sidonie Daspres. Georges caŋ ɛwɩlɩ kʊjɔŋ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ɛtɩ sʊʊ payɛ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ ɖɩkpɛlɩyɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɛlɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ nakʊ yeke. Marmontel piyaanoo ɖaŋ taa kɛ ɛsʊwa. Ɛcaŋ ɛmʊ kɩhɛyʊ piyaanoo mabʊ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1851 nɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1852.
Georges kpaɣ halʊ kɛ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 3 pɩnaɣ 1869. Ɛ-halʊ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Geneviève Halévy, ɛkɛ Georges tɛ hendu lɩzʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ. Payaɣa-ɩ se Jacques Fromental Halévy, pɩnzɩ lʊbɛ kɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ nɛ Léonie Rodrigues-Henriques. Evebu pɩɣa ŋga kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 30 lɛ, ɛ-halʊ kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 20. Ɛsʊʊ pɩtɩŋna e-nesi ɖɔkʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ Halévy cejewiye taa, pɩɩkɛ Yuda mba cejewiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Fransɩɩ ɛyaa taa yɔ.
George Washington
George Washington, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1732 kɛ Pope's Creek (Virginie egeetiye taa). Ɛsɩ saŋayiŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1799 Mount Vernon (Virginie egeetiye taa). Ɛɛkɛ Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ you kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1775 nɛ 1783 nɛ kajalaɣ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ñʊʊtʊ sɩʊ, tʊma labʊ pɩnaɣ 1789 nɛ 1797.
Wachington kaakɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kajalaɣ tʊ kɛ ɛ-tɛ egeetiye taa pɩlɩna Mount Vernon yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛɖʊ nesi Pɩnzɩ Lʊbɛ you taa yɔ pɩnzɩ 1756 ŋtalɩ 1763 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, ɛpɩsɩ kpɛɖɛɛ kpɛɖɛɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ Atilantiiki ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩha-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsʊ politiki tɔm taa. Ɛzɩma ɛlʊba se Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛzɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊya yɔ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ Amerika sɔɔjɔna nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, ɛcɔlɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖeu nɛ halɩ pɔkɔɔ pawa, pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ ɛyaa tɛ sɩnaʊ yɔɔ kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ, Lawrence Washington, kpaɣ Little Hunting Creek hayim ɛlɛɣzɩ-pʊ hɩɖɛ se Mount Vernon pɩlɩna Piritaniiki ɛyʊ nɔyʊ yɔɔ Edward Vernon. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛjɔŋna George sukuli labʊ yɔɔ halɩ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ Ohio ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩŋaɣ Appalaches wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ. George kɔɔ ɛkpaɣ Rappahannock tɛtʊ nɛ ɛtɩyɩ-tʊ, ɖenɖe ɛ-nɛ e-ɖoo paawɛɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛ-ɖalaa nɛ ɛ-kɔɔnaa, ɛlɛ hayɩm mbʊ pɩta kɔkɔnaɣ taatalɩ-ɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla Aristote fezuu caɣʊ.
Stonehenge
Stonehenge kɛna Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ cee wayɩ tɔm wonuu kʋtɔzʋtʋ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ. Kumoɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖikpeeluu ɖɩ-taa matʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tʋwɛ kuluŋgulu tɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.
Pama kumoɖe nɖɩ pɩgbaʋ hɛkʋ -2800 nɛ -1100 mbʋ yɔ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩɩkɛ pʋɖɔŋzɩ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ wɛɛ matʋ taa.
Nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna Amesbury egeetiye. Amesbury egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩna kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge pɛ-hɛkʋ taa mɛtɛ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa nanaaza (4) mbʋ yɔ.
Amesbury kɛna ajɛɛ anɛyɔ: Wiltshire, nɛ pɩtasɩna Angletɛrɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge tɛtʋ tɩŋgɛ nɛ cromlech Avebury tɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛna ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛ waa ɛzɩ hiŋ naanaza mbɩ yɔ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pama pahɩla ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa UNESCO tɔsʋʋ kozaɣ takayaɣ taa.
Pɛkpɛnda payɩ lɛ, payaɣ takayaɣ n̄ʋʋ toi size Stonehenge, Avebury nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ tɛtʋ ɖɩgbɛndɩyɛ. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, samaɣ ŋga kowoki yɔ kɔn̄ɔtʋna talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ kʋɖʋmʋ mbɩ yɔ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ paasɩma-ɖɩ hooo hooo hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Papa François
Payaɣ Papa François ɖɔɖɔ se, Jorge Mario Bergoglio. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1936 taa Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe Katolika Ƞgbɛyɛ nɔɔyɔɔdʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛnʋ ɖiyiɣna kedeŋga kpeekpe Katolika Ƞgbɛyɛ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2013 taa, palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Papa 266 ñɩnʋ. Ɛkɛkɛ Episikɔɔpʋ'ʋ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa.
Ɛkɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Compagnie de Jésus" yɔ ɖɩ-taadʋ nɔɔyʋ nɛ ɛnʋ'ʋ lɛ kajalaɣdʋ weyi ɛpɩsɩ Papa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ Amerika tɛtʋ taa tʋ weyi ɛpɩsɩ Papa yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ Papa weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se François yɔ. Ɛsɛ-ɖɩ se ɛtɔzɩna François d'Assise yɔɔ. Ɛsɛ-ɖɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛcaɣ wezuu ɛzɩ François kiɖeɖeu ɛnʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ taasɔɔlɩ se ɛtɔɔ leleŋ leleŋ ɛzɩ ñɩmdɩnaa yɔ. Ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-tɩ kpazʋʋ. Ɛsɔɔla mbʋ pɩ-tɩŋga payɩ Ɛsɔ lɩzaa yɔ nɛ sɔɔlɩm sɔsɔm. Papa François yɔɔdaa se ɛnʋ pɩzɩɣ ekizi kɛʋ Papa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ weyi ɛlɛɣza-ɩ yɔ; ɛlɛ'ɛ lɛ Papa Bénoît XVI. Toovenum lɛ, Papa Bénoît 16 lɔ kʋlɔʋ ese nɛ pʋcɔ palɩzɩɣ Jorge Mario Bergoglio nɛ ɛlɛ pɩsɩ Papa.
Paraamiini
Paraamiini kɛ wonuu wazaɣ ñɩŋgʊ siŋŋ. Ŋgʊʊ pesekɩɣna kaaŋ weyi ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ se eseɣna e-nesi ɖoŋ yɔ. Paa ɛyaa ɛtalɩ naanza yaa kagbaanzɩ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ se peseɣ kaaʊ yuŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ yɔ, ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm yaa ɛyaa naalɛ pɩzɩɣ peseɣ-kʊ nɛ paraamiini.
Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki (Basilique Saint-Pierre)
Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki tɛ hɩɖɛ keɣkeɣ kɛlɛ Fatiikaŋ tɛ Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu, kɛna kuduyuu feveɖe n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ ɖoomu kɩrɩstʋ samaɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm ɖɩn̄ɩnɩyɛ kuduyuu yɔ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩwɛna Fatiikaŋ kiŋ nɛ pɔɔ yaa puwa kidiliŋ yɔɔ kɛ Tibre nɛ kɩtɛ nɩwaŋ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Nɛ ɛsɛ yɔɔ naʋʋ taa n̄ata lɛ, ɛnɔɔ hana loniye yaa ɖɩwɛyɛ Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu. Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki ɖɩnɛ, paama-ɖɩ loniye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖoo lɔndaa kpalaaʋ woɖa kɔŋga nɛ palaɣ pakɩlaŋ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size wiyau sʋsɔ Constantin kaahawana sɔlɩm waɖɛ nɖɩ size palaɣ kɩlaŋ ɛnɩ.
Paraamiini
Ɛzɩma pesekiɣ kaaʊ yuŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ paraamiini ? Pataɣ lone kaaʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛɛ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ paraamiini nɛ pasʊzɩ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛɛ nɛ kɩmalɩna kaaʊ ŋgʊ kpam. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ paraamiini wayɩ. Pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩŋna paraamiini ɖoŋ. Pañɩkɩɣ paraamiini yɔɔ lɛ, pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩlɩɣna paraamiini nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ nɛ piyele paraamiini nɔɔ seɣ kaaʊ. Ɖenɖe pɩyɛ teliɣ paraamiini nɛ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ ɖenɖe pañɩkɩɣ kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ peseɣ kaaʊ yɔ payaɣ se paramiini nesi.
Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki (Basilique Saint-Pierre)
Kɩlaʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩlɛɛsaɣna Néron samaɣ ɖɩcayɛ ɖileeyiye. Ɛzɩ pabɩzʋʋ nɛ pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa nɩ̄m lʋlɩya ɛyʋtʋ kpata yɔɔ, nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna UNESCO yɔɔ yɔ, Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki ɖɩnɛ, pakpa-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ɖeu matʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ pataana pana yɔ. Pɩkɛna kiɖeke koŋ kɩɩkɩlɩna ɖeu matʋ ndʋ wɛnaʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Charlie Chaplin
Charles Spencer Chaplin, pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Charlie Chaplin kɛ Krandɩ-Pretaanɩ-tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ Lɔndrɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1889 nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1977. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ mʊsɩ laɖu nɛ ɛlakɩ tanaʊ nɛ ɛɖʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmwaa yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ se sinimaɣ nɛ eluki wondʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Charlie Chaplin kɛ sinimaɣ taa sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pɩlɩɩna e-sinimaɣ taa weyi ɛyaa se Charlot yɔ. Charlie Chaplin paɣzɩɣ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ pɩdɛɖɛ pɩnzɩ 65 ɛlɛ ɛwɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 80 yɔ nɛ ɛ-ɖonɛ nɛ e-wezu caɣʊ nɛ taa yeba nɛ nabayɩ tɔŋ se ɛkɩlaɣ ɖɛlɛzɩɣ ɖɔm.
Palʊla chaplin kɛ Lɔndrɩ nɛ ɛ-caa tawɛɛ ɛnɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ. Paawɛ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ e-ɖoo kaawɛ tanɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pasɩ-ɩ ɖakʊtaa ŋgʊ kʊcɔŋna mba pa-ñʊntaa sɩda pazɩ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlakaɣ mbʊ lɛ, Chaplin kaawɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza. Chaplin ɛnʊ ɛpaaza ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Charlie Chaplin paɣza ɛ-tanaʊ ɖooo pɩcatʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩna tanaŋ ndɩ ndɩ yem. Chaplin wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ, ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Fred Karno. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla se lɛlʊ ɛlakɩ nabʊyʊ nɛ eɖeke ɛɛpɩzɩʊ, ɛsɩna-ɩ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Fred Karno nɛ Chaplin pɔcɔɔ Etaazuuni tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔcɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛ-tɛ kacalɣ se ɛlaba amʊʊza nɛ pɩna-ɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 1914.
Ɛ-tɛ sinimaɣ ŋgʊ ɛya-kʊ se: Pɩsa nɛ ɛyʊ hiu ɛ-tɩ nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ weyi ɛyaɣ-ɩ se Charlot. Pitasɩɩna-ɩ nɛ sinimaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeke, ɛlaba hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1918 taa lɛ, Chaplin kaakɛ keteŋna kpeekpe taa sɔdʊŋ taa sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa kaasɩma pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋŋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa Chaplin nɛ ɛ-taabalaa palɩzɩ sinimaɣ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ: Kid (1921), Samaɣ lɩmaazɩyɛ (1923), Ɔɔrɩ wayɩ cɛɛndɩɣ (1925), Sirki (1928). Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɛlɩzɩ Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa mʊntʊzʊʊ (1931) nɛ Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ tɔm (1936).
Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki (Basilique Saint-Pierre)
Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki nɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩtaasɔ size nɖɩɩ sawɩlaa yaa ɛsɩyɛ egbena tɩna kɩlɩ sɔlʋʋ. Powoki ɖɩnayɩ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛsɩyɛ egbena wondu lɛɣtʋ lona taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Pɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩmaʋ lɛɣsana paasiliki kɩbɩnʋ lone taa, kɛ wiyau sʋsɔ Constantin hɩɖɛ taa.
Paabaza matʋ tʋnɛyɔ evemiye hiu nɛ nutozo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye. Pɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1506. Nɛ pɛtɛ matʋ ndʋ pɩnaɣ 1626 taa. Ɖɩmazɩɣ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ size pɩnzɩ, mɩnʋ nɛ hiŋ naalɛ pamana Pɩyɛ Kiɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ mayaa feveɖe mbaɣ sʋsaa nabayɛ hɩla kɔyɔ: Bramante, nɛ Michel-Ange nɛ pɩtasɩna Bernin. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbɩ yɔ, Pɩyɛ Kɩɖeɖeu tɛ paasiliki kɛ hɛkʋ sʋsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa powoki kpalaaʋ yɔ. Pakalɩɣ kɩ-lone taa kɩrɩstʋ samaɣ ŋga yɔ katalɩɣ kudokiŋ mɩnɩŋ nɩɩnɩwa mbɩ yɔ, kɛ paa kujuka ŋga lɛ, kɩlaʋ ɖɩlaɖɛ.
[[Category:Krɩstiyaniism]
Paraamiini
Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ barre à mine.
Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1885 Kopɛnhaagi, Tanemarkɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1962, ɛkɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Danemark ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛɖʊ nesɩ ñʊŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ tɛ matʊ, pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, ɛmʊ samtʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ. Pɩtaa lɛ,ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyɩɣ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1922.
Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Christian Bohr, ɛlɛ kaakɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ sukuli wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa wɩlɩyaa ñʊʊ tʊ. Niel Bohr kaawɛna ɖalʊ Harald Bohr, ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ ahelesa laɖʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛmakaɣ pombo ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ahelesa lɛna wena palakaɣ-yɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ). Ɛwɛna kɔɔ payaɣ ɛlɛ se Jenny. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛkɛ pombo maɖʊ sɔsɔ.
Niels sʊ sukuli kɩtɛzɩ tɛ Kopenhaagɩ pɩnaɣ 1903. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1906 tɛ pazɩ taa lɛ, ɛla tʊmɩyɛ lɩm seluu yɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ mʊna kɩhɛyɩɣ pɩlɩna Tanemarkɩ kewiyaɣ taa lɛɣtʊ nɛ takayasɩ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩya yaa tɔmɩŋ lɩzɩya yɔɔ. Ɛmʊ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa takayaɣ sɔsɔ ŋga payaɣ se dokitora yɔ Kopenhaagɩɩ peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1911. Fenasɩ labɩ cabɩ lɛ, ɛma ka-takayaɣ kɩtɩnaɣ nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, ɛɖʊ tablɩyɛ nɛ Margrethe Norlung (pɩnzɩ 1890 ŋtalɩ 1984). Ɛmʊ liidiye kɩhɛyɛ pɩlɩna Carsberg kiɖe yɔ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ kajalaɣ taa se ɛla tʊmɩyɛ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa ɛ-nɛ wɩlɩyʊ Joseph John Thomson pɩlɩna :nñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa yɔɔ ɖenɖe ɛ-kɔɖɛyɩ tasɩ yɔ. Bohr caŋ eyele ɛcatɩ Ernest Rutherfort weyi ɛkatɩɣ Manchester (Angleterre tɛtʊ taa yɔ).
Ɛsʊ Danemark pɩnaɣ 1912 nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊlɩ piya abalɩpiya loɖo, weyi pakɩlɩ sɩm ɛnʊ yɔ Aage Bohr, ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye kɩhɛyʊ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1975. Ɛpɩsɩ sɩnayʊ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Copenhague.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1921, ɛmʊ Hughes tataɖɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1922, ɛmʊ Nobel liidiye tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa pɩlɩna ñɩɣyɩŋ ñʊŋ tɛ. Ɛpɩsɩ ɛyʊ ɛkɔm kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1926. Ɛmʊ ɖɔɖɔ Franklin tataɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1926 nɛ Faraday Lectureship Siini kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1930 nɛ Copley tataɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1938 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Itaalii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1858 n̄ɩŋga taa. Lone nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Lucques yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ.
Lone nɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Grand-duché de Toscane yɔ, ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ nakʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1924 n̄ɩŋga taa. Bruxelles egeetiye tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa Michele Puccini ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo luɖu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peɖe. Itaalii tʋ ɛnɛ, pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ nɛ soo luɖu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɖʋ hiŋ naalɛ (20) n̄ɩŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɔɔ yɔ mbɩ yɔ. E-liɖe lɩna hɔʋʋ kɩbɩnʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Hɔʋʋ kɩbɩnʋʋ ŋgʋ, kɩ-taa kajalaa mba lakaɣ minziiki cɩmɩŋ siŋŋ.
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, hɔʋʋ ŋgʋ, soo mabʋ ndɩ ndɩ tam kagbanzɩ mbɔ yɔ, kɔŋ nɛ pɩɖɛʋ waa nɛ waa taa mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa cɔzɔnaa cɔzɔ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, palʋla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1712 n̄ɩŋga taa, nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1781 n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Michele Puccini. Giacomo Puccini wezu caɣʋʋ, nɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ ɛ-sɔlɩm ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ha nʋmɔʋ ɖajaanaa panɛ yɔ : Paolo Benvenuti, nɛ Paola Baroni size pala filim nɛ pɔcɔna-kʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm n̄ɩyʋʋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa kɛ palaba filim ŋgʋ. Kɩwɛɛ mbʋ nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ na ɛyɔ.
Sewuuli
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 25 620 000, yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa yɔ; ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖeke yɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 10 140 000. Ɛyaa pɛnɛ, pa-taa lɛ akɔma kpɛnda 255 501. Kɩgalʊʊ kʊnɛ, paakala-kʊ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2013.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛ natʊtozo ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ, Tokiyo nɛ natʊlɛ ndʊ lɛ Mɛkisiikoo. Tɛtʊ nanza ñindʊ lɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 60 552 yaa kɩlomɛtanaa 605,52.
Paraguwee
Paraguwee kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ lɩm teŋu nakʊyʊ lɩm ɛɛwadɩɣ kɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔpɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ Paraguwee pɔɔ tɛyɩna ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛhɛkʊ taa: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa (peeɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ) nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ.
Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa lɛ Pireeziili, Poliivii nɛ Arizantini. Paraguwee walanzɩ taa wɛ 406 752 km2 nɛ ɛyaa 6 459 058 pɩnaɣ 2011 taa. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Asunsiyɔɔ. Paraguwee ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Horacio Cartes nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊʊ yɔ Juan Afara.
Su
Su wɛna keŋ nɛ nangbanzɩ naalɛ. Su wɛ sʊmasɩ tiiye taa nɛ ɛkʊyʊ ɛsɔtaa. Afrika taa ɛlɩnaa. Suŋ hʊndʊ wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Nɩɩyɛ kɛ kɩkpɛdɩŋ, lɛɛŋ kɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ. Nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ yaa mɛɖʊ mɛɖʊ. Su ñʊʊtaa hʊndʊ wɛ kpɛmlɛɛɛ. Su tɔkɩ tɩŋ pe, ñɩtʊ nɛ tɩ-pe, ataanikasɩ, ŋgbam, kayɩmasɩ nɛ ajaɣkoŋgonaa. Ɖɩɣa sʊŋ wɛɛ nɛ awayɩ ñɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛ. Papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ ɛ-hʊndʊ nɛ pasandɩna pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩkɛ acana pʊyʊ. Su ɖʊʊ hala kʊɖʊʊ nɛ ɛpabɩ a-yɔɔ nɛ sʊʊsɩ kɔɔvnɛ sɩlɩɩ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ wayɩ. Su nandʊ wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Kacalaɣ su weyi pɛlɛɣ-ɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, ɛɛmala ɖɩɣa camɩyɛ, ɛlɛ ɛɛsɔʊ tɩŋ kpaʊ yɔɔ. Su sɔɔla tɩŋ yɔɔ sʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pakpaɣ-ɩ yem yem. Afrika taa kɛ Kresi ñɩma ne Room mba pakpaɣna-ɩ nɛ powona-ɩ padɛ. Powona-ɩ nɛ papazɩ-ɩ pa-sɩɩna laʊ. Papaza-ɩ ɖɔʊ mbʊ lɛ paya-ɩ se “Ɛndɩ Kelimiye”. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ papaaza-ɩ laʊ lɛ, pɛlɛɛzɩ nɛ papɩsɩna se “Pharaon Kelimiye”. Pʊwayɩ keŋŋŋ lɛ Poritɩgaalɩ kpɩyʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ-ɩ Afrika taa nɛ ewonayɩ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛtʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se “su”. Pinzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa kɛ papazɩ ɖɔʊ suŋ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa kɛ pana se kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ kɩlɩʊ na suŋ ɖɔʊ.
Mostafa Terrab
Palʋla ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1955 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Fès tɛtʋ taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa sɔsɔ Mostafa Terrab kɛ OCP ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋʋdʋ.
Sɔsɔ Mostafa Terrab laba haba hɛʋ nɛ kondolokonaa paɖʋʋ sukuli sɔsɔʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1979 taa ɛlaba e-sukuli ŋ́gʋ. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ maʋ sukuli. Pɩnaɣ 1982 taa ɛlaba kʋkʋ. Mostafa Terrab tɛma ɛla ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʋʋ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ kʋkʋ takayaɣ kɩtɛzaɣ pɩnaɣ 1990 taa. Sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlaba e-sukuli kʋkʋ.
Ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab tɛma e-sukulinaa sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ mbaa labʋ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ MIT sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa. Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1986 taa ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa sukuli wɩlʋʋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1989 ñɩŋa taa.
Ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab wɩla ɖɔɖɔ sukuli, ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Institut Polytechnique Rensselaer yɔ kɩ-taa. Ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋ́gʋ, kɩwɛ New York tɛtʋ taa. New York tɛtʋ wɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, New York tɛtʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1990 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1992 ñɩŋa taa ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab wɩla ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋ́gʋ New York tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Gizeh tɛtʋ taa pɩlaŋ
Gizeh tɛtʋ taa naŋgɩŋ kɛ naŋgɩŋ weyi ɛkɩla walʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ. Naŋgɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛwɛ Egipiti (Égypte) ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛwɛ Niili pɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pʊʊ sɔsɔʋ nakʊyʊ n̄ʋʋ taa. Ɛ-taa pepiŋaɣ sɩɖaa ɖooo lɔŋ. Egipiti (Égypte) ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩlɑŋ kpɛndɩ tindima naanza taa: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pɩlaŋ wɛɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ñɩŋ ñɛwɛɛ, hadɛ kiŋ pɩlaŋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ hɛkʊ taa pɩlaŋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pɩlaŋ taa pepiŋ awiya nɛ a-lila taa n̄ɩma. Pʋ-yɔɔ pohuyi-i abila naŋ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩlaŋ ɛnʋ ɛ-taa pepimi sɔdɩŋ ɛnɛ e-piya: Khéops, Kaouab Ier (G 7120 nɛ G 7110), Hordjédef (G 7220 nɛ G 7210) nɛ Khoufoukhaf (G 7140 et G 7130).
Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɩlaŋ kɛna pɩlaŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ haʊ ñamtʊ yɔ. Peeɖe pepima mastabas waa kpaɣ dynastie waa IV ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ VI taa n̄ɩma. Pɛtɛyɩ-ɩ tam naadozo taa nɛ pepiŋ layaa mba pepiŋ ɛyaa yɔ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, mastabaswaa tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ; kʊ-kʊ taa pepiŋ mastabaswaa mba pan̄aŋ-wɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ yɔ. Peeɖe pepima sɔsɔ Vizir Hémiounou (G 4000). Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɩlaŋ taa pepiŋ mastabaswaa mba paakɩlɩɣ-wɛ haʊ ñamtʊ yɔ.
Marco Polo
Marco Polo kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Itaalii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Salaŋ fenaɣ tɛ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1254 n̄ɩŋga taa. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔɔ payaɣ size Venise, ɖɩwɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛsɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa efemiye nutozo (8) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe e-egeetiye kʋlʋlɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ size Venise yɔ, ɖɩ-taa peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1324 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ nakʋ (69) mbɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa Marco Polo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛna tadɩyɛ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɖɩkʋyɩ siŋŋ takayaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ : Camɩyɛ samm labʋ takayaɣ. Ɛn̄ɩnʋʋ tɔm pama takayaɣ kanɛ kan̄ʋʋ yɔ.
Takayaɣ kanɛ, ŋga sɩnana n̄ɩnɩyaa nɛ patɩlɩ Azii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ anasaayɩ waa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔ tʋ taa. Pʋyɔɔ peeɖe wabɩtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kpem. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Niccolò nɛ e-ekpele lɛ Maffeo.
Tovonum taa lɛ, ɛtɛkɛ anasaayɩ waa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔɔnaɣ pɩɣa ŋga kowoba nɛ katalɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ yɔ. Mbʋ yɔ, ɖajaa sɔsɔ Christophe Colomb kɛna kajalaɣ tʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖajaa Marco polo tʋma kpaɖa pazɩ kajalaɣ tʋ ɛnɛ nɛ nʋmɔʋ woɖaa lalaa.