cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Nuwakicɔɔtɩ
Ɖooo lɛ Moritaanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kaakɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ paya;waɣ se Louis kiɖeɖeu yɔ. ƐLɛ pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1957 yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ Nuwakicɔɔtɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Atlantique lɩŋgamʋʋ cɔlɔ kpam. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, kpaŋkuɖumwaa lɩzɩ-tʊ, mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ pacakaɣ peeɖe nɛ ɛzɩma pɔɖɔɔ yɔ lɛ, paa ɛzɩmtaa powoki n; epacakɩ lone nɖɩ ɖi-taa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pazɩ pazɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɔɔ tɩpɩsɩ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 100 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 000 nɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 958 399. Nuwakicɔɔtɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ lɩɣna somtu ndʊ pasaɣ peeɖe nɛ payaa-tʊ se Mafci yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Somtu ndʊ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tʊlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ peeɖe. Payaɣ Nuwakicɔɔtɩ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Ahmed Hamza. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Nuwakicɔɔtɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Tukisɔnɩ (Etaazuunii), Lanzuu (Siini), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpañɩ), Amanɩ (Yɔridaanii), Bamako (Maalii) nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩtaa yɔ, tɩ-taa lɔŋ tasɩya ŋgbɛyɛ.
Tɔm susuu takayaɣ
Tɔm susuu takayaɣ kɛna takayaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ wɛɛ kʋyʋma taa tɔm ndʋ tɩlaba yɔ tususuu. Tɔm ndʋ tɩtɛma labʋ yaa tɩɖɩɩna labʋ yɔɔ posusuu. Tɔm ndʋ tɩkaa labʋ tɩkɛ tɔm kuzusutu ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ. Tɔm kuzusutu tʋnɛ, tɩkɛ paɣtʋ hɔlaɣ yaa saawɩɖɛ cɔɖʋ.
Papɩzʋʋ posusi tɔm ndʋ kɛ, efemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ yaa afema sakɩyɛ cabɩ pazɩ. Tɔm kuzusutu wɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ samaɣ hɛkʋ taa. Pɩcɔ nɛ samaɣ yaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩ-ɩ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛ, pʋwɛna tɔm ndʋ tɩtɩnaɣ size posusi tʋ. Tɔm kususutu ndʋ, tɩwɛ fevere mbʋ pɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-talɩʋ paa le. Ɖoo kiɖe tɛ yaa ɖoo lɔndaa kɛ mbʊ yɔɔ lɛ, tɔm susuu takayaɣ kɛna pɩyʋ keem. Weyi ɛcaɣ size ɛtɩlɩ ɛ-lakasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩɖɛwa yɔɔ yɔ, pʋwɛna-ɩ size ɛwɛna tɔm susuu takayaɣ. Takayaɣ ŋga, ka-taa ɛ-tɔm ndʋ tɩtɛma ɖɛʋ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɩɩna tʋʋ labʋ tɩ-wɛɛ. Ɛma ɛ-tɔm ndʋʋ e-sussu takayaɣ taa nɛ ɛtɔzʋʋna ɛlakasɩ kpeekpe yɔ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ ɛ-tɔm ndʋ size "journal de bord". Tɔm kususutu hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩtɔ size Paarii Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa, paalaba n̄ɩmtʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ tɔm kususustu. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ 1405 n̄ɩŋga nɛ 1449 taa. Kajalaɣ yaa kɔɔnɔɔ tɔm kususutu takayaɣ kaawɛ takayɩ hatʋ nananza yɔ.
Simbaabuwee
Simbaabuwee kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Pɔcɩwaanaa ɛjaɖɛ pɛwɛna, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Moozambiki ɛjaɖɛ piyele nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ.
Simbaabuwee nɛ Sambɛɛzɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa kamaɣ lɛ, kɛwɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Sambɛɛzɩ pɔɔ tɛyɩna ajɛya anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Harare nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa lɛ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 1,6 yɔ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ: Aŋgilisi, Sonaa, Sindebele. Liidiye nɖi ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tɔkaɣ yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Simbabuwee tɔɔlaarɩ pʊcɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 2009, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛlɛɣzɩ-ɖɩ nɛ amerika tɔɔlarɩ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo lɛ Grandɩ-Pretaañɩ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔdɔ mbʊyɔ ɖɩwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩlɛɛzɩɣ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ kpaɣna ɖooo ɖɩwɛʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kamɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 1965. Paɖa-ɖɩ yaʊ se Rodeezii nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ pʊwayɩ lɛ, Rodeezii, pɩtasɩ lɛ payaa-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se Simbaabuwee-Rodeezii.
Ɖooo ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1980 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣ hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa ñɩnɖɛ se Simbaabuwee. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-ñʊʊtʊ payaɣ se Robert Mugabe nɛ ɛwɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo 1087 piyele nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Morgan Tsvangirai. Kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛwɛ kpalaɣ yɔɔ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 2009.
Sinimaɣ
Sinimaɣ waa payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kɩlɛmɩŋ kiciɣdiŋ. Kɩlɛmɩŋ kiciɣdiŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɛsɩyɛ kpena waa tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ «septième art». Tʋmɩyɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna tɩ kpɛnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɩ kpɛnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "critique Ricciotto Canudo" kɛ pɩnzɩ 1020 n̄ɩnzɩ taa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩlɛmɩŋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛʋ kɛlɛ size, ɛhɛzɩ ɛsɩyɛ kpena yaa mɔŋgɔma cɔnaʋ se mɛkɛ aseɣɖe tʋ cee waa laŋga. Sinimaɣ wɩlɩtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ filim waa yaa. Pawɩlɩʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɩlɛmɩŋ ɛnɛ kɛ samaɣ kɛ takayaɣ kɩwalaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ. Paalakɩ sinimaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ pombo pamakɩ ɛ-yaa ɛsɩnda yɔ. Palakɩ sinimaɣ lɛ, ɛyʋ ɛpɩzɩʋ etukina kɩlaɖaa.
Takayaɣ filim tɩ-yɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋʋ lɛ, kɩwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ kɩtɛ kɩnaɣ ɖeu siŋŋ. Kɩ-tɛ camɩyɛ cɔnɔʋ taa lɩna wiŋ sɔsɔŋ n̄aŋ nɩyɛ yɔ. Miŋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ ampuli tɩyɛ, nɛ ɛhaɣ ɛsa nɛ takayaɣ kɩcɔnaɣ ŋga. Paɖʋʋ miŋ ɛnʋ lɛ, ɛtʋzɩna takayaɣ tʋɖʋɖʋ. Takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ an̄ɩnʋʋ tɩyɛ, nɛ kanaɣ wayɩ nɛ taɣ. Sinimaɣ wɩlɩtʋ ndʋ, tɩlɩna ɖa-caanaa panɛ poɖoŋ taa : ɖajaa Émile Reynaud, nɛ ɖajaa Thomas Edison, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖajaanaa mba payaɣ wɛ size frères Lumière waa yɔ yaa tobi yem size led.
Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayʊ
Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayʊ kɛ paɣtʊ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛ romanɩ taa paɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ niiye mʊyʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tɔm hʊyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ yɔ, ɛkɛ samaɣ nɔyɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Samaɣ nɔɔ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ kpaɣnɛ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛhʊʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa tɔm ndʊ payaɣ se ɖama hɛkʊ taa nɩnaʊ tɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ leleŋ yɔ nɛ paɣtʊ wɛ nɛ tɩmakɩ-tʊ. Ɖooo hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaawɛ ɖooo byzantin ajɛyɛ pajaɣ mɔyɔɔ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛʊ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayaa aŋgbaa sɔsɔnaa kaawɛ. Paasɩma tɔm mayʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-tɔm hʊʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1961 kɛ Haye nɛ pɩɖɩzɩɣ ɛyaa akɔma tɛ paɣtʊ. Ɖooo canaʊ Ɛngɩlɩsɩ ajɛyɛ waɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ se Common Law (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ nɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Komɔŋwɛltɩ ŋgbɛyɛ) nɛ sɩkandɩnavɩ ajɛyɛ (Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Islandɩ) mbʊ yɔ tɔm mayʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛkɛ se ɛla takayaasɩ nzɩ ajɛyaa lɛɛna kaɣ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ, paalakɩ-sɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ sɩfɛyɩ paɣtʊ taa siŋ. Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ tɛ tɔm mayaa ajɛyaa kɩgbɛndʊʊ yatʊ kɩfatʊ kɛ latɛŋ taa UINL kpeɣla ajɛyaa elimiye kɩgbanzɩ (ɛlɛ tɛkɛ canaʊ latɩŋ mba naalɛ) ŋgʊ kʊñɔɔ romanɩ samaɣ paɣtʊ niiye mʊyʊ. Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ tɔm mayʊ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɩɣ wayɩ wayɩ wɛɛ taa kɛ paa ajaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛzɩ Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Perɩlɛɛ koloŋga tɔlaa yɔ. Afrika nɛ Aazii taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ tɔm kɩhʊhutʊ lɔntasɩyaa ŋgbɛɛ sɔsɔyɛ (CSN) wayɩ wayɩ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa sɩna nɛ pasɩ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayaa kɛ samaɣ lɩm lɩmɖʊyaa. Tɔm hʊyaa sɔsaa mba paɖaŋgʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ lɩzɩna-wɛ. Mbʊ lɛ pɛwɛ samaɣ ɖoŋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛkɛ mʊtʊsʊʊ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa nɛ ɛhaɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ eyeki se ɛyʊ ɛkɛ ɛ-tɛ ɛyʊ siŋ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Tɔm mayaa mba pakandʊʊ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩlɩna paɣtʊ lɔntasʊʊ ŋngbɛɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, yee pɛkɛ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa nɛ samaɣ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa mba tɔm hʊyaa sɔsaa lɩzaa yɔ yɔ, tɔm mayaa sɔsaa lakɩ sɔlɩm tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɩɩhaɣ-wɛ ñamtʊ yaa pɩtɛkɛ-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa pɩlɩna ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔ kandʊʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1789 taa tɔm hɔɔlaɣ 6 ŋga yɔ.
Mɔʋ
Mɔʋ kɛna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ pe yɔ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ. Pahayɩɣ-kʋ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa soŋgaɣ nɛ niikaɣ pɛwɛɛ yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pahayɩ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa niikaɣ nɛ wɩsɩ pɛwɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ. Pahayɩɣ mɔʋ fɛɛŋ taa, pɩkɩlɩna ɖenɖe lɩm wɛ fɛndɛlɛɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ pɩ-tɛ hayɩm se mɔʋ ɛjɛŋ. Pahayɩɣ-kʋ ki-pe yɔɔ. Kɩ-taa n̄ɩm ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɔɔlɩ mɔʋ pɩkɩlɩ tɔɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma nɛ Afrika nɛ Aasii pɛ-tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma. Mɔʋ kɛna kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tɔɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pakɩlɩɣ-kʋ hayʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Huŋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, saamɩla wayɩ lɛ, mɔʋ tɩŋɩɣna tɔɔnasɩ pe n̄ɩnzɩ ɛsɩndaa. Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Sapɔŋ pa-ajɛya taa pakɩlɩɣ mɔʋ tɔɔʋ.
Ahmed Sékou Touré
Palʋla Ahmed Sékou Touré kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1922 Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa, Faranah tɛtʋ taa. Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1958 ñɩŋa taa Kinee ɛjaɖɛ lɩ yomiye taa nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1984 lɛ Touré kɛŋna Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛnʋ lɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ.
Ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩjatʋ
Touré kɛ Mandingue waa cejewiye taa tʋ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo ɖoo se Bagbè Ramata Touré-Fadiga. E-neze ɛnʋ, ɛlɛ kɛ abalʋ weyi payaɣ se Almamy Samory Touré yɔ, ɛ-pɛlɔ nɔɔyʋ. Palʋla e-neze caa ɛnʋ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1900 ñɩŋa taa.
Touré neze caa kalʋba siŋŋ se Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛkaɖɩna Fransɩɩ waa siŋŋ. Ɛtalʋkɩ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɖeke, ɛlɛ, ɛlʋkaɣ se ajɛya tɩŋa wena awɛ Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, a-tɩŋa payɩ alɩɩ yomiye taa nɛ awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ kpem. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-ɖɩkpayɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1898 ñɩŋa taa. Abalʋ weyi payaɣ se Alpha yɔ, ɛnʋ lʋlɩna Touré. Piyele nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Aminata Touré. Touré kpɛlɛka malɩŋ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm siŋŋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛlaba malɩŋ sukuli. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ waa sukuli. Touré mʋ hɛkʋ taa sukuli takayaɣ lɛ, ɛsʋʋ Konakrii tɛtʋ taa lycée ńgʋ payaɣ se Georges Poiret yɔ kɩ-taa. Pɔkɔma pɔɖɔɔnɩ-ɩ sukuli ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛtɔma se tɔɔnaɣ ŋga powokaɣna nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ sukuli ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa sukuli piya yɔ, kefɛyɩ ɖeu.
Touré kpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa lɔŋsɩnɖaa panɛ, Karl Marx nɛ Lenin posukuli. Ɛkɔma ɛkɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ po-sukuli ŋ́gʋ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ lɩɣ ɖi-yomiye taa lɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, pʋcɔ nɛ Touré kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ takayɩsɩ ɖiyekiye ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, ɛlʋba kpem se ɛkɛ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ, ɛlɛ, pʋtɔcɔ. Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, ɛla hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛsʋʋ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ tʋmlaɖaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa, halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa mba palʋkɩ evebiya nɛ pɛlaa pɛ-ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ lʋɖaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Touré lʋba kpem halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ. Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩlʋkɩ siŋŋ se Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya tɩŋa ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa nɛ awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ. Touré wokaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖi-kidizasɩ taa.
Touré ɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1956 taa. Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ ajɛya taa tʋmlaɖaa ɖama kpɛndʋʋ yaa ɖama nɩnaʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɖʋwa. Touré nɛ Félix Houphouët-Boigny pɛkpɛndaɣ palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se RDA yɔ ɖɩ-tʋma ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛ nɛ ɛ-taabalʋ Félix Houphouët-Boigny ɛnʋ, pɔkɔma papɩsɩ koyindinaa. Ɛlɛ kɔma ɛpɩsɩ Kootidivwaarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ pɩnaɣ 1960 ñɩŋa taa.
Touré kɔma ɛkɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa taa tʋ nʋʋyʋ pɩnaɣ 1956 taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɩha-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ lʋbɩnaʋ koyindu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Fransɩɩ waa.
Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ, Touré wona sɔsaa mʋlʋm lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1984 ñɩŋa taa. Cleveland tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba.
Nɔɔ
Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, nɔɔ kɛna pɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tɔkɩna yɔ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pitiki ɛ-taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ simaɣ yaa tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna kalɩ hʊndʊ, keŋ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ naalɛ kɔyɔ, paatasɩɣ yaʊ se nɔɔ ɛlɛ payaɣ ne njʊyɛ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛkɩla kataɣzaɣ yaa cɩmɖɛ kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ-kɩ-ɩ se ɛkɩla ŋjʊyɛ yaa ɛ-nɔɔ kɩla cɩmɖɛ. Nɔɔ wɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɛwɛna ɛsɩndaa kiŋ. Kɛwɛ mɔɔʊ, tamaɣ nɛ lɩkpaɣzasɩ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Payaɣ kʊɖʊmbʊ taa se nɔɔ yɔ, kpaɣ ndoma, nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ kela pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ mbʊ. Kela wazaɣ kɛlɛ se, atɔɔ yaa anaŋgɩ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɛwɛ se sitiki ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ taa yɔ.
Nzʊlɩmɩyɛ wazaɣ kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ camɩyɛ yaa ɛcɔzɩɣ tɔɔnaasɩ nɛ kela ñɔyɔɔdɩɣ. Ndoma kɛŋna nɔɔ toko. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ndoma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, kʊtɔmɩŋ sʊʊ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ lotu taa yem yem. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ, ndoma ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzʊɣ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ camɩyɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔnɔsɩ taa kela fɛyɩ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se nɔɔtaa kpɛɖɛ tɩnaa. Pɩtɛkɛ peɖeke, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ lɛ, ɛpaɣlʊ pazɩ lɛ, ɛ-nɔɔtaa kela tɔʊ nɛ kɩfana ñɔ. Pɩtasɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɩ kpadayʊʊ siŋŋŋ lɛ, pɔ-nɔsɩtaa kela tɔʊ. Tɛtɛ hʊndʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ lɛ, tɩ-nɔsɩ taa kɛ tɩnɩʊ nɛ pɩndʊ, ŋgʊ pɩɩwɛɛ se pɔtɩkɩna nɔɔ lɛ, tɔbʊʊ kɛ panɩʊna pɩndʊ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna wena atɔkɩna anɔɔ nɛ anɩʊna a-tɔbɩŋ yɔ, yee tɔɔnaɣ ɛfɛyɩ ɖeu yaa pɩwɩɣ yɛ kɔyɔ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ atɔkɩ yɔ, alɩɣna a-nɔsɩ. Pɔtɔŋ se atɔʊ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, afɛyɩna nɔsɩ yaa tɔbɩŋ. Mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, awɛʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna lotu taa kɛnɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna ana, a-taa kɔyɔ ɖalaa. Yee ɛyʊ ɛɛtɔkɩ sɩnaʊ kɔyɔ, ɛ-nɔɔ ɖazɩɣ nɛ nɔɔ tɔsɔɔlɩ mbʊ. Pɩtɛ ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa lɩʊ sɔŋ.
Cɛjɛsɩ
Kɔyɛ cɛjɛsɩ wɛ tɔm naadozo taa. Kʋkʋ cɛjɛsɩ wɛɛ, sumaka n̄ɩnzɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ piya nzɩ pan̄ɩnɩɣ-sɩ kɩn̄ɩnʋ yɔ sɩsɩ cɛjɛsɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩɣa lotu ɛkpa kezeluu nɛ piitiki yɔ, pɛhɛdɩɣ-kɛ kʋkʋ cɛjɛsɩ. Halʋ weyi ɛlakɩ kʋkʋ kʋdɔŋ yɔ ɛhɛdɩɣna cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ. Pɩɣa hʋyɩŋ naalɛ yɔɔ pɛhɛdɩɣ cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pɛhɛdɩ hʋyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ cɛjɛsɩ sɩtalɩ nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Pɛhɛdɩɣ-sɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, halʋ kɔyɛ laɖʋ naŋ kʋkʋ kɔyɛ nɛ ɛtaa cɛjɛsɩ taa peeye.
=Cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ payaɣ se sumaka cɛjɛsɩ?= Kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ payaɣ sumaka. Kɩkpa pɩɣa kɔyɔ, kan̄aŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Pɩɣa ɛn̄aŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ mbʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ se pɛhɛdɩ-kɛ sumaka. Weyi ɛlakɩ sumaka kʋdɔŋ yɔ ɛhɛdɩɣna pɩɣa sumaka cɛjɛsɩ nɛ ɛtaa-kɛ pʋ-kɔyɛ. Cɛjɛsɩ nasɩyɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ pɛhɛdɩɣ-sɩ piya nzɩ pan̄ɩnɩ-sɩ kɩn̄ɩnʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee halʋ ɛɛɖɔkʋʋ yɔ, ɛ nɛ ɛ-walʋ papɩzɩɣ powolo pasʋlʋmɩ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩɣa. Pasʋlʋmaa nɛ pɩha-wɛ pɩɣa ŋgaa yɔ, pɛhɛdɩɣ-kɛ cɛjɛyaɣ nakɛyɛ kpayɩ nɛ kataapɩsɩ ɖenɖe kalɩnaa nɛ palʋlʋʋ-kɛ yɔ.
=Sɔnzɩ cɛjɛsɩ= Evebu ɛtalɩ tɔɔzʋʋ yɔ, cɛja lakɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ eheyi pɩɣa egbele se e-koowu talɩ sɔnzɩ labʋ. Se ɛkɔɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ-ɩ hʋnʋʋ. Peeye neŋ wokina hʋnʋʋ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ e-koowu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛhɛdɩɣ-ɩ cɛjɛsɩ. Kiɖe taa pɛhɛdɩɣ cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ. Paahɛdɩɣ-sɩ sɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ. Pileɖiɣ lɛ, sɩpɩzɩɣ sɩmʋʋ. Yee pɩɣa peleɣ yɔ, ɛ-nɩŋgbakutola pɛhɛdɩɣ sɔnzɩ cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se akpendu cɛjɛsɩ.
Pɔcɩwaanaa
Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 taa kɛ you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ tuli Bɔɔcʊwaana ñɩma nɛ Ndebele cejewi ñɩma mba palɩna ɖooo Kalahari kañɩmbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ hɛkʊ taa.
Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, laŋpɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñaɖaɣnlɩʊ alɩwaaatʊ ndʊ Poowɛɛrɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa mba mba palɩna Transvaal taa pɔ;kɔɔ yɔ paɖʊ pɔ-nɔɔ lɛ. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, Bɔɔcʊwaana ñʊʊtʊ Khama III, Bathoen nɛ Sebele pama kobuka sɔsɔwa nɛ briitaaniiki ñɩma kpaɣ Pɔcɩwaanaa tɛtʊ nɛ pakandɩɩ ɖɩyɔɔ kpaɣ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 wiye pɩnaɣ 1885. Pɔcɩwaanaatɛtʊ ŋgʊ kʊhɔɔlʊʊ hayʊ kɩŋ ñɩŋgʊ pɩsɩna mbʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Pɔcɩwaanaa ɛjaɖɛ yaa kɛlɛʊ se Pɔɔcʊwaana yɔ. Piyele nɛ kɩ-tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ kɩtamna Afrika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se l'Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna peeɖe nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ. Peeɖe ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ se setswana yɔ. Pɔcɩwaanaataa ɛyaa yɔɔdɩɣ Ɩŋglɩɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ cabɩ ñɔyɔɔdɩɣ cʊwaana. Ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, 71 kɛ krɩstʊ ñɩma nɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, 20 mbʊ yɔ ɛɛlakɩ cɔɔcɩ nakʊyʊ.
Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 1964 kɛ Kiraandɩ-Pretaañɩ tɩsaa ndʊ Pɔcɩwaanaa komina kɔsɔɔla se kɩwɛɛ kɩtɩ-yɔɔ kpem yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ wayɩ lɛ, powona kpelaɣ ŋga kaɖɩcaɣyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛ Afrika hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa; pɩñɔtɩna Gaborone tɛtʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1965 taa kɛ pɔtɔ caca nɛ Pɔcɩwaanaa hiu kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ 1966 nɛ weyi ɛɛkɩla lʊbʊ yɔ, pɔtɔ caca 1980 lɛ, samaɣ ñɔyɩ-ɩ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ se eɖɩ peeɖe samaɣ. Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ lɛ, paɖaɣnɩ tɔʊ caca nɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ ɛnʊʊ lɛ Quett Masire. Pɔtɔ cacana 1984, 1989, 1994 nɛ ɛnʊ pɛwɛ lɩzɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1998 lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ eyele kewiyaɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ se ɛhɛzɩ. Pɔtɔ caca 1999 lɛ, ñʊʊdʊ tɛɛ ñɩnʊ Ɖajaa Festus Mogae kpaɣ kewiitu nɛ patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ 2004. Ɛlɛ wayɩ lɛ kewiiu talɩna lotona-zeneraalɩ Seretse Ian Khama kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008. Wayɩ nɛ wayɩ ñɩnʊ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ kacalaɣ peeɖe wiyao pɩyalʊ.
Tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ (Avocat - métier)
Waɖɛ taa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ paɣtʊ ɛyʊ yaa paɣtʊ yɔ ɖɔmɩyʊ weyi paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛtasɩ lɔŋ nɛ ɛkandɩ ɛ-ɛyaa yɔ. Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tʊ yaa ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ yɔ, tɔm hʊʊ kpanda taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ lʊbɩnaʊ taa lɛ, ɛlʊkɩ se ɛwɛna kɛzɛwaɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛ, ɛcakɩ polonaa taa. Tɔm yɔ kandɩyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna lɔŋ tasʊʊ tɔmɩyɛ nɛ lakasɩ wɛtʊ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ. Paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊʊ lɩm ɖʊʊ tɔmɩyɛ wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ cɔlɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mbʊ se ɛɖɔkɩ yɔɔ kandʊʊ tɛ paɣtʊ tɔm hɔm natʊyʊ naa ɛsɩndaa. Ɖoo canaʊ taa Krɛsɩ nɛ Room kaaɖʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa ɛlɛ, tɔm tʊ maɣmaɣ lʊkaɣna ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Solon paɣtʊ taa lɛ, tɔm lʊkaɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ taa ɛlɛ, yee ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ, ewiluu canaʊ tɔm takayasɩ tʊma taa. Room taa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩsɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ wayɩ wayɩ wɛɛ anɛ a-taa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, paɣtʊ taa ɛsɩndaa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ pɛhɛyʊʊ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ. Paa ketiizaɣ sɔsɔɔ ɛsɩndaa yɔɔdɩyʊʊ weyi yaa tɔm hʊyʊʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɩyɔɔ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ. Kpaɖʊ loɖo alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ Justinien lɩzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊɖɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛ kɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe nɛ payaɣ se tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa paɣtʊ.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, aseɣɖe kajalaɣ pɩlɩna tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa yɔ kaawɛ Charlemagne 802 takayaɣ taa. Fransɩ kewiyaɣ taa Philippe 3 Hardi tʊ ma takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1274 aloma fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 23 se pasɩma se tɔm yɔ kandɩyaa kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa cɔlɔ se pɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa (waɖɛ hɩɖɛ se wɩlɩyʊʊ. Pɛwɛna mɛɛsatɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɔŋ nɛ pɔcɔlʊʊ pa-tʊmɩyɛ paɣtʊ. Paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ se pɩkɛnɛ-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se eɖuu samaɣ ɛsɩndaa nɛ ɛkandɩ tovenim yɔ nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ pɩ-maɣna (tʊmɩyɛ liidiye kɩhɛyɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ sɩna takayasɩ 30). Tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊʊ kaakɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa kpelaɣ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa nɛ posuu tokonaa kɩkpɛda nɛ kɩɩkɛwɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔɔlaɣ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖa ɖɩjaɣyɛ (ndɩ payaɣ se ordo) paɣzɩna Paarii paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kedizaɣ tɛ ɖʊtʊ pɩnaɣ 1302 nɛ tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖa tɛ kpata. Tɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa cɛŋga ŋga pɩha-kɛ waɖɛ se palʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ kpaŋ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1327 pɩlɩna Valois tɛ Philippe cɔlɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, kajalaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔm paɣzɩ lɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1344 paɖʊ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ketizaɣ taa kɛ Paarii kewiyaɣ taa nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ mbʊ pɩwɛ se tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ ɛla yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩɩpɔzaɣ ɛyaa 51 pɩnaɣ 1340 taa. Ɛyʊ weyi palɩza se ɛkɛ pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ ɛkɛna tɔm yɔ kandɩyaa lɔŋ tasʊʊ ŋgbɛɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛɖɔkaɣ ɖaʊ nakʊyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ kɩlaʊ ɖeɖe Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛkɛ se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-tabala hɛkʊ taa yee tɔm ɛlaba yɔ. Tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖʊ tʊkaɣ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ samaɣ.
Sɛkɩsiizim (sexisme)
Abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛyaa mba palʋkɩna wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo halʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandayʋʋ yɔɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se abalʋ lakɩ nɛ halʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɩ-labʋ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ you. Ŋgʋ, ɖooo ɖa-caanaa cɔlɔ lɛ, paa you nakʋyʋ ɛlɩwa yɔ, paakʋ halʋ, mbʋ yɔ, ɛɛlakɩ you.
Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ papa tɔŋ se tɛyɩtʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ abalʋtʋ wɛɛ abalʋ tɛɛ nɛ halɩtʋ ñɛwɛna halʋ tɛɛ. Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pʋwɛ se abalʋ ɛñazɩna halʋ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa. Pɩfɛyɩ se pɔtɔ se halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ nabʋyʋ ɖeɖe. Halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se sɛkɩsiizim (sexisme). Pɩnaɣ 1960 taa poluba tɔmpiye sɛkɩsiizim pɩlɩɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ maɣzɩ halʋ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ yebina nɛ tɔmpiye sɛkɩsiizim ñɔ. Nabɛyɛ yɔɔdʋʋ se ɛyʋ kʋhʋlʋm nɛ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ. Ɛyʋ sʋtʋ tɔlɩm tʋ nɛ ɛyʋ kɩsɛm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se anasaayɩ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ wɛɛ. Tobi se, tɛyɩtʋ wɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa hɛkʋ taa pɩlɩɩna po-tomnasɩ tɔlɩm cɔlɔ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ nabɛyɛ kaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, mbʋ yɔ, abalɩtʋ wɛna abalʋ tɛɛ nɛ piyele halɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ halʋ tɛɛ.
Mbʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se tɛyɩtʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ halaa tʋmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ lakʋ wobu mbʋ yɔ. Halaa iiwoki lakʋ, pɩkɛ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ. Halʋ eewoki you labʋ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ.
Ɛlɛ, toovenum lɛ, sɔnɔdaa pɩtɩŋa pɩlɛɣzaa. Halaa pɩzɩɣ powolo lakʋ. Papɩzɩɣ pâla you, mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se powoki you ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ. Ɖooo lɛ, taɣ yɔɔ tʋma ɖeɖe koŋ halʋ lakɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se taɣ hazʋʋ, lɩm luu, mʋlʋm naŋʋʋ, ɖozi hiluu, mʋtʋ saʋ, piya lɩm sɔʋ nɛ po-wondu cɔtʋʋ. Halʋ ɖɔɖɔ cɔtʋʋna ɛ-walʋ wondu. Halʋ cɔŋnana ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛnʋ wokina hatʋ, ɛnʋ kpɛzɩna koo nɛ ekpena ɛɖʋ wondu huɖe yɔɔ.
Sɔnɔdaa yɔ, halaa lakɩ abalaa tʋma tɩŋa. Halaa hayɩŋ, halaa lakɩ masɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pamaɣ kuduyiŋ. Halaa lakɩ kafɩnta tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pakaŋ kancɩnaa, pasakɩ kpoŋkpolonaa, palakɩ kpeŋgbelasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Halaa kʋŋ kesi. Halaa lakɩ alikiizaŋ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, halaa kʋʋ kpɩna pa-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ a-nandʋ. Halaa lakɩ tɩlaava tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pasaɣ lɔɔɖa. Halɩ halaa saɣ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa maɣmaɣ. Halɩ sɔnɔdaa halaa kɛ karɩtiyee awiya. Halaa nabɛyɛ ñɛkɛ filaazɩ awiya. Nabɛyɛ ñɛkɛ kantɔɔ awiya. Halaa kɛ prefewaa. Halaa kɛ minisiwaa. Halɩ halaa kɛ ajɛya ñʋndɩnaa maɣmaɣ.
Yee mbʋ, halʋ wɛ abalɩtʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalʋ yɔ paa pɩtɛkɛ abalɩtʋ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɛɛ kɔyɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Ɛyʋ ɛcɔnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɖooo lɛ, sʋlʋm puu kɛkɛ halaa tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa lɛ, abalaa puu ɖɔɖɔ sʋlʋm nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ ɖɩkɛ abalaa ɖeke tʋmɩyɛ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ kɛ halaa ɖeke ñɩnɖɛ.
Amazon.com
Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa palakɩ tadɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ yɔɔ. Tadɩyɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣ se « Amazon.com, Inc. ». Tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ Seattle tɛtʋ taa. Takayɩsɩ tadɩyɛ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ labʋ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, papaɣzɩ pɛdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʋ tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ.
Cɛɛcɛ
Cɛɛcɛ yaa kpayaɣ, pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋɖɔŋ tataa ɛzɩ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, cɛɛcɛ n̄ɛwɛna pɔbɔla naalɛ. Kɩseɣ seu mbʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna weyi ɛsaɣ-kʋ yɔ, ɛ-cɔlɔ. Weyi ɛsaɣ cɛɛcɛ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se cɛɛcɛ sayʋ. Ɛcakɩ ki-kpeɖe yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ peedaalɩ waa yɔɔ. Ɛsaɣ lɛ, kpasɩ hɔŋna wayɩ pɔbɔɖɛ nɛ Cɛɛcɛ seɣ.
Amazon.com
Wondu ndʋ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ nɖɩ payaɣ se « Amazon.com, Inc. » yɔ ɖɩpɛdɩɣ yɔ, tɩyɔŋ pɛdɩyaa lɛlaa ɛsa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɛdɩyaa lɛlaa ñɩnɩɣ se po-wondu ndʋ pɛpɛdɩɣ yɔ, tɩkɩlɩ kajʋka nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ tadɩyɛ wondu. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ1994 ñɩŋa taa patʋlɩ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Jeff Bezos tʋlɩna tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1997 taa patʋlɩ tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ Nasdaq tɛtʋ taa.
Cɛɛcɛ
Ɛsɩndaa pɔbɔɖɛ tɩna tɔm, nɖɩ yekina nɛ cɛɛcɛ sɩŋɩɣ yiɣyiɣ, kiikpiliɣ. Cɛɛcɛ n̄ʋʋ sayʋ tʋʋzʋʋ nɛ ɛsaɣ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛɖɔkɩ cɛɛcɛ n̄ʋʋ nɛ e-nesi naalɛ kpam nɛ ɛtʋʋzʋʋ camɩyɛ. Mbʋ yaɣna-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛhɛtɩ yaa ese lɔŋ.
Amazon.com
Piyele nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2000 taa ɖɩlɩwa. Nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amaon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ pɩsɩ kajalaɣ tadɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ wondu pɛdɩɣ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ waa sɔsaa naanza mba pɛwɛɛ yɔ, nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ wɛ pa-taa. pa-taawɛna. Ɛntɛrɩnɛɛtɩ waa kɩkpaɖaa naanza ḿba, mbaa yɔ : Apple nɛ Google nɛ « Facebook.
Cɛɛcɛ
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, cɛɛcɛnaa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ caɣʋ. Ɛyaa cakɩ cɛɛcɛnaa paa ɖooye. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ, pɩkɛ-wɛ aleɣya pʋyʋ yaa tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʋʋ pʋyʋ. Tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa cɛɛcɛ pɩzɩɣ kise kilomɛtɛwaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Yee habɩyɛ ɛwalɩ camɩyɛ yamm nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzʋtʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ cɛɛcɛ ese ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛwaa hiu nɛ loɖo yaa niidozo n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Cɛɛcɛnaa mba palaba se pesena-wɛ yɔ, cɛɛcɛ sayʋ weyi pahayɩsa-ɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ esena-kʋ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛwaa 70 n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖenɖe pɩwalɩ camɩyɛ landamm nabʋyʋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ yɔ. Cɛɛcɛ sayʋ weyi ɛkakɩla senaʋ nɛ-kʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzaa ese kilomɛtɛwaa 133,28 n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 n̄ɩŋga taa weyi payaɣ-ɩ se, Sam Whittingham yɔ ese ḿbʋ.
Pɩɩnɩɣ ɛyʋ cɛɛcɛ saɣʋ taa pɩtalɩ ɖɔnɛ taa. Ŋgʋ cɛɛcɛ sayʋ kɩla ɖeu tam naalɛ yaa naadozo mbʋ yɔ ɖɔnɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛlɛɛ tam naalɛ yaa naanza mbʋ yɔ ɖɔnɛ. Ɛyʋ lesiɣ ɖoŋ weyi ɖɔnɛ taa yɔ, pɩtatalɩ weyi elesiɣ cɛɛcɛ sayʋ taa yɔ.
Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (Jurisprudence)
Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ tɔm lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ wayi wayi lɩmaɣza yaa tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ nɛ awɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pahʊ tɔm yɔ yaa ɛzɩma pɔñɔɔza tɔm yɔ. Tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔjɔmɩŋ tɛ lɩmaɣza wena palaba yɔ ɛlɛ atɩkɩlɩ yuŋ ɛzɩ kʊjɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa lɩmaɣza yɔ.
Papɩzɩɣ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ se pawɩlɩna lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ wena tɔm hʊyʊ laba yɔ yaa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ keeke wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣza wena tɔm hʊyʊ kpaɣa pɩlɩna paɣtʊ tɔm pɔzʊʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ pɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛŋglɩsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa kɛ Common Law tɛ lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ pɑɣtʊ yuŋ ndʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ tɩtamsɩɣ tɔm hʊyaa ɛsɩnda avema taa (kpaɣa canaʊ paɣtʊ yɔ ɖɔnɛ). Room ajɛyaa tɛ waɖɛ taa (samaɣ tɛ waɖɛ), lɛ, ɛyaa ɛɛñaŋ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ pʊɖɔ siŋ. Ɖooo canaʊ tɔbʊʊ tɛ lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kaakɛ lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ. Pɩtɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ paa ɖooye ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, ɖenɖe tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ ñɔtɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ waɖɛ (ɛzɩ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ ɖɔnɛ nɛ ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm tɛ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ naa). Common law ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (paɣtʊ nʊmʊʊ, paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ tɩwɛna wazaɣ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊjɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ tamsʊʊ kʊjɔmɩŋ cikpeŋ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm lɛɛtʊ naa nɛ kʊjɔmɩŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ ɛ-nʊ tamsɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔm hʊtʊ. Pɩtɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdɔɔ cɔlɔ stare decisi (tɔbʊʊ se caɣa lɩmaɣza taa).
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Páwɩlɩ ɛyaa lɔƞ nɛ panɩɩ laƞhɛzɩyɛñɩnʋʋtam, ɛyʋwaɖɛtɔm, ɛjaɖɛtʋ, demokrasii nɛ kideƞhɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖamadaasʋʋnɛlɩʋ pɔ-tɔm
AWATϽȠ (CEDEAO) ajɛyɛɛ taa kɩlabɩm wɩlʋʋ takayaɣ
Kàwazɩɣ wɩlɩyaawɩlɩyʋ halʋñɩnʋ nɛ abalʋñɩnʋ
Páwɩlɩ ɛyaa lɔƞ nɛ panɩɩ laƞhɛzɩyɛñɩnʋʋtam, ɛyʋwaɖɛtɔm, ɛjaɖɛtʋ, demokrasii nɛ kideƞhɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖamadaasʋʋnɛlɩʋ pɔ-tɔm
Ɛyaa m̀ba palabɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se tɔsʋʋ Ƞgbɛyɛ ɛñɔ Afrika wɩsɩɖʋɖʋyɛ ajɛya hɛkʋ taa yɔ, kaʋ sɔsɔʋ pakaɣaɣ lakasɩ ǹzɩ sɩ̀kɛwɛ̀ɛ́ nɛ sɩ́haɣ nɩmaʋ nɛ, Afrika ajɛya mʋ́ a-tɩyɔɔwɛʋ lɛ, à-tɔm lakɩ cokolocokolo nɛ ámɩzɩɣ ɖama kɩ́mɩzʋ yɔ.
Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 28 ñɩŋgʋ wiye 1975, Ɖamatɔmtisuutakayaɣ ŋ̀ga ajɛyɛ 15 ñɩwa ka-taa nesi yɔ, Afrika taa ɖamadaasʋʋnɛlɩʋ kanɖaʋ kamaba.
Kàlʋkɩna se tɔsʋʋ, samaɣ nɛ ɛzakuliye nɛ politiki pa-kadaɣ ɛ́walɩ. Ḿbʋ haɣna nɩmaʋ nɛ ceewayɩ ’lɛ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa ajɛyɛ pɩ́sɩ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɛ yɔ.
CEDEAO ɖʋ́ kɩdɩ tàmaɣ se kukuluu ɛyaa ɛsɛ ɖamadaasʋʋnɛlɩʋtɔm yɔɔ : tɔsʋʋ nɩmaʋ taa (kɩyakʋ sɔsɔʋ tamm nɛ paa anɩ’lɛ, ɛ́pɛdɩɣ mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ paa le, nɛ kobo kʋɖʋmʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ paa le), politiki nɩmaʋ taa (Paɣtʋlɩzɩyaa pɩ̀lʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ wɛ́naʋ, Tɔsʋʋ nɛ Samaɣyɔɔmaɣzʋʋ Lɔnsɔzʋʋ Tʋmɩyɛ nɛ Tɔ́mhʋʋtɩ̀ŋ), ɖiɣɖiɣcaɣʋ nɛ sɔɔjɛɛtʋtʋmɩyɛ nɩmaʋ taa (ECOMOG pɩnaɣ1999). Lɩmaɣza kiɖeɖena (yuŋñɩna) wena a-yɔɔ CEDEAO kaŋ ñʋʋ yɔ, ana yɔ:
-	Ɛyʋ waɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩndɩ ñam, ɖɩ-tɔm yɔɔ ɛsa kuluu nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ kandayʋʋ; -	Temokraasii tɔm yɔɔ ɛsa kuluu, nɛ ki-lila ká; -	Hùúù politikinaa ɩ́cɔlɩna ɖama cɔlɩnaʋ m̀bʋ yɔ nɛ kɩ-tàmásɩ ɩ́ɖʋzɩ ɖama taa ɖʋzʋʋ m̀bʋ yɔ.
Kɔyɔ nɛ kaɣyɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔ́na nɩmaʋ taa kaɣaɣʋ kakɩ se ɖamadaasʋʋnɛlɩʋ tɔm ɛdaaɖɔ camɩyɛ cɔ̀lɩɩ: ajɛyɛ wena àwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, a-taa a-ɖeke a-taa ɛyaa ɖamakɩɩnɩnaʋ politiki tɔm taa, ajɛya cabɩ taa kiyoziŋ nɛ ɖamayɔɔhɔzɩŋkpaɣʋ yeki nɛ tanɩm nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣcaɣʋkɩɩwɛʋ papaɣlɩɣ paɣlʋʋ m̀bʋ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ se ajɛyɛ naayɛ tɔ̀sʋʋ tɛcɛyɩ nɛ pɩ́camʋʋ ɛjaɖɛɖɔkʋʋ tʋma: ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, maakelewaa nɛ tɛyɔɔtɛyɔɔtɔm nɛ ɖama tɛ wobu nɛ kɔm, pahaɣ ɛyaa nɛ pa-ñim waɖɛ ǹɖɩ yɔ, nabɛyɛ ɩɩɖɔŋ pɩ-paɣtʋ yɔɔ ɖeyiɖeyi.
Pɩ́sá nɛ pápá ɛza nɛ yoŋ mààtɛŋ, komina ɛjaɖɛcamɩyɛɖɔkʋʋ yɔɔ kɩɩɖɔŋgʋ nɛ ɛyʋ waɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩndɩ paɣtʋyɔɔmanaʋ ’lɛ, pʋ̀pɔzʋʋ se páɖaɣnɩ tàmaɣ kɩfalaɣ labʋ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ tʋʋzʋʋ tʋma wena pálabɩ-yɛ yɔ.
Ḿbʋ pʋpɔzʋʋ se, sukuliwɩlʋʋ yɔɔ tɩŋgɩnaʋ tatasɩ kɛ́ʋ pʋ́tʋ̀ʋ tɔm: kɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛlɛkɩɣ samaɣdaalakasɩ, samaɣdaaɖɔnɛ, pɩzɩtʋ nɛ tɩ̀cɛlʋʋ.
CEDEAO taa Kɩlabɩm taa nɩʋ wɩlʋʋtakayaɣ kanɛ, ɛjaɖɛtʋ, demokrasii nɛ ɖamadaasʋʋnɛlɩʋ, pɔ-tɔm tàá UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ pìliŋga ŋ̀ga kɛwɛ Taakarɩ (BREDA) yɔ, ŋga cɔnɩna ka-máʋ yɔɔ nɛ Afrika taa Hùúùpankɩ (BAD) ɖʋ-kɛ nesi.
Pàma-kɛ se káwazɩ CEDEAO ajɛyɛ tɩŋgɛ. Kɛ̀wɛ Fransɩɩ taa, Aŋgilisi taa nɛ Pɔɔrtiigɛɛ taa. Pàɖʋzɩ-kɛ m̀ba pe-nesi tɛɛ yɔ, ḿba yɔ: wɩlɩyaa m̀ba pawɩlɩɣ lalaa se paba ɩ́pɩsɩ wɩlɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ (halaa nɛ abalaa) nɛ wɩlɩyaa yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa mba pɛwɛ wɩlɩyaawɩlʋʋsukulinaa taa nɛ sɔɔlɩmsukulinaa taa yɔ.
Kɛ̀kɛna nɩmaʋwɩlʋʋ tʋʋzʋʋ takayaɣ: pɩ-yɔɔ katʋʋzʋʋ ka-tʋmɩyɛlabɩnɩyaa m̀bʋmbʋ pɩwɛɛ se pála yɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se pála yɔ, pi-tilima sɔsɔna. Kaatɔŋ se katʋʋza pɩ-tɩŋgɛ pɩ-tɩŋgɛ nɛ kásɩɩ, yaa ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se pála yɔ, katʋʋza pɩ-tɩŋgɛ nɛ mbʋ katʋʋza yɔ, pɩ-wayɩ fɛyɩ.
Wɩlɩyʋ kɛ ñɩnɩyʋ. Ɛ̀lɩzɩɣ takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa nɩmaŋ weyi patʋʋzaa yɔ, ɛ́tɩŋgɩna pɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛ́ñɩnɩ m̀bʋ ɛmaɣzɩɣ se yee ɛ́wɩlɩ-pʋ, pɩ̀lakɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pálɛɣzɩ pɔ-ɖɔnɛ nɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ (ɛzɩ pʋpɔzʋʋ yɔ) ɛzɩ wɩlʋʋtindima wena àwɛ takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa yɔ àpɔ́zʋʋ m̀bʋ yɔ.
Lɩmaɣza kɔyɔ se CEDEAO taa ajɛyɛ hɛkʋdaa lɛ, pìkotuzuuna ɛsɩndaa lɛ, halaa nɛ abalaa sakɩyɛ kʋmm pɩzɩɣ pánɩʋ samaɣ taa ɖamasɩnaʋ tɔbʋʋ, pánɩʋ se paa ɛyʋ ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʋʋ nɛ wazaɣ se ɛɖʋ nesi samaɣ tʋma taa nɛ halaa nɛ abalaa ḿba pɛ́wɛ́ɛna wɛ́tʋ kɩbandʋ nɛ pɔ́ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ ɖɔnɖɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se CEDEAO hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɩsɩ caɣdam, yoŋ sʋ pɔʋ, hùúùleɖuu pɔ kpelaɣ cɩŋcɩŋ, m̀bʋpɩyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyaa ñaŋ ɛjaɖɛnɛɖɩyɔɔñɩm, páñaŋ pɛ-hɛkʋdaa ndɩwɛtʋwazaɣ, pɛ́kpɛndɩɣ pálakɩ pɩ-tɩŋgɛ, se pɩ́wɩlɩ se pɛ̀kɛ afrikabiya kpegbekañɩnzɩ kɩfasɩ.
Wɩlʋʋtakayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa wɛ wɩlʋʋtindima lʋbɛ (7). Paa wɩlʋʋtindimiye nɖɩ’lɛ, ɖisiɣ ñʋʋ tɩlɩtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ. Wɩlʋʋtindimiye paa nɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa wɛ tɔmɖoyotʋkasɩ nasɩlɛ. Piyele tɔmɖoyotʋkaɣ paa ŋga lɛ, kesiɣ ñʋʋ tɩlɩtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋ́gʋ, m̀bʋ kɩ́wɩlɩɣ yɔ pʋ-ñʋʋɖɩkanɛ.
Kɩkpɛlɛkɩtʋtʋkasɩ nɛ wɩlʋʋlɛɣtʋ tɔm wɛ ka-taa, nɛ pɩ́tasɩna bibliografii taa takayɩsɩ cabɩ hɩla nɛ Ɛntɛrnɛtɩɖɛsɩ ɖɔɖɔ se wɩlɩyʋ halɩñɩnʋ/abalɩñɩnʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛñɩnɩ mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa pɩkɩlɩ yɔ.
Wɩlʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɛyɩ tɛyʋʋ mbʋ yɔ, pàtʋʋzɩ-pʋ cɔlʋʋkpàtá nakʋyʋ yɔɔ, nɛ paa tɔmɖoyotʋkaɣ ŋga ’lɛ, pàɖʋ wɩlʋʋnɩmaʋɖɔmtakayɩsalaɣ nakɛyɛ ka-taa se kásɩ́na wɩlɩyʋ nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa camɩyɛ. Wɩlɩyʋ ɛnʋ, pʋpɔzaa se ɛtɩŋgɩna takayɩsalaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛ́cɔlɩ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʋ̀pɔzʋʋ-ɩ pɔzʋʋ mbʋyɔ, nɛ wɩlʋʋwondu ǹdʋ ɛwɛna yɔ tɩwazɩɣ-ɩ m̀bʋ yɔ. Wɩlʋʋtindima 1 pɩ́sɩ́ɩ́na 7 ñɩnɩɣ se kpɛlɛkɩyʋ ɛ́tɩlɩ pʋyʋnaa naatozo pilim: -	Samaɣtʋmadaanesiɖʋʋ se pɩ́sa nɛ ɛyʋ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa pa-ɖamacɔlɔcaɣʋ ɛ́sɩna nɛ pɛ́wɛɛna hùúù ñʋʋɖɩkanɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɛ pʋ́kɔna kɩlɛɣzʋʋ kileɖuu samaɣcamɩyɛcaɣʋ tɔm taa kɛ́ CEDEAO ajɛyɛ taa.
Kɛzɛɣa yaa káɖʋ́wa ŋ́ga ɖɩñɩnɩɣ?
Ƞ́wɩlɩ se ŋ̀kɛ CEDEAO taa pɩɣa, ŋlɩzɩɣ ña-lɩmaɣza mbʋ pɩdamaɣ-ŋ yɔ pi-ɖeɖe se pɩ́sa nɛ ŋ́pɩɩ ña-pɩʋ ña- tɩyɔɔwɛʋ tɔm taa.
Kàɖʋ́wa ŋ̀ga ɖɩñɩnɩɣ
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋbiya lalaa, halaa nɛ abalaa palakʋʋ yɔ,Ƞ́ɖʋ nesi, samaɣtʋma yɔɔ lɩmaɣzalabʋ taa, tʋma áná a-tɩtɩŋgɛ a- labʋ taa nɛ a-taawiluu nɛ ŋnaɣ se naɖɩyɛ ɛɛmaɣna ña-waɖɛ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa waɖɛ hɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ.
Káɖʋ́wa ŋga ɖɩñɩnɩɣ
CEDEAO pɩɣa ŋ̀ga kàsɩ̀ma tɔsʋʋŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʋ wondu nɛ ɖɩ-ɖɔkʋʋtʋma ɖɔŋ ɖɔm m̀bʋ yɔ nɛ kakandayɩɣna kpegbeka ɛyʋ waɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩndɩ, demokrasii nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩ́kɛna se ɛjaɖɛɖɔkʋʋtʋma tɔm taa nɛ afrika wɩsɩɖɩɖʋyɛ tɩŋgɛ hɔɔlʋʋ tɔm taa lɛ, ɛyaa tɩŋgɛ kpɛndɩɣ pálá lɩmaɣza nɛ paa anɩ’lɛ ɛɖʋ ɛ-nɔɔ. Ḿbʋ tɩyɩɣna se ñɛ-ɛza ɩwɛɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ ŋfeŋguu se pɩ-tɩŋgɛ pɩ-taa ɛ́tʋ kpayɩkpayɩ nɛ múlum ɛ́dawɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa.
CEDEAO ɛjaɖɛ paa nɖɩ, ɖɩ́kpaɣ takayaɣ kanɛ, ɖɩmaɣzɩna ɖɩ-ɛsɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩlabɩ-kɛ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ pʋɖʋzɩna m̀bʋ pɩtɛɖɩɣ-ɖɩ yɔ pɩ-taa colo. Ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛ́dáawɛɛna takayaɣ nakayɛ yɔ, pɩwazɩɣ-ɖɩ; yee ɖɩkɛtɛma wɛnaʋ, ɖɩnɛ lɛ ɖɩnaɣ ɖenɖe ɖicozuu nɛ disuyi ɖenɖe yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖɩ-taa sukuliwɩlʋʋ tɩŋgɩɣ nɩmaŋ weyi yɔ, ɖɩ́cɔna pɩ-taa nɛ ɖisiɣti takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa tɔm nɛ pʋmʋna ɖɩ-lakasɩ. Paa pɩ̀ɩ̀tɩ̀ɩ̀kɛna we yɔ, wɩlʋʋ nɩmaŋ ɩ́kɛ kpegbeka nɩmaŋ nɛ pɩ́haɣ kpɛ̀lɛ̀kɩyáa waɖɛ se pámaɣzɩ ǹdʋ panɩɣ yɔ nɛ pàlakɩ ɛzɩ toovenim pɩkɛnaa yɔ, nɛ pakpáɣkʋʋ m̀bʋ pɩɖɔŋ fezuucaɣʋ taa yɔ nɛ pálakɩ pɩ-yɔɔ kɛdaɣ, pp Kɛdɛzaɣ ’lɛ, paa weyi, ɛ́ña kpekpeyi se paa anɩ ɛ-ɛza ikulina CEDEAO tàmaɣ sɔsɔɔ nɛ mbʋ kʋɖʋ kɩdɩ se kɩ̀lákɩ yɔ.
Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Friitawɩnɩ yɔ, Priitaaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa mba lɩzɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1787 nɛ pasɩʊ yomaa mba payakaɣ se pɛɖɛnɛ yɔ.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1960 kɛ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ ɛlɛ ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖiu ɖiu caɣʊ fɛyɩ yɔ, ɛjaɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1964 taa lɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Milton Margaï, yele nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Albert Margaï mʊ-ɩ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ.
Pɔtɔ caca kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1967 lɛ, Siaka Stevens wabɩna ɛlɛ ɛtapɩzɩnɛ ɛcaɣ kɔ-yɔɔ lɔŋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 1968 mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yoŋ wɛɛ. Agoza fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ Siyeeraa Leyɔɔnɩ nɛ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya hiu nɛ naanza lɛɛna caɣa nɛ alɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ.
Tanzani
Tanzani kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɑɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Indɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ  nɛ Keniya nɛ Uganda ajɛya pasɩna ɖa-ma kamaɣ, piyele  wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Ruwandaa, Burundi nɛ Kɔŋgo ajɛya ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Sambi nɛ Malaawii piyele nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 945 087 km2. Pakala kɩkalʊʊkɛe pɩnaɣ 2010 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda milyɔɔnaa 43. Tanzaani taa ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Pantuwaa yɔ,mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Todoma nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa piyele tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩpɩndʊ ndʊ payawaɣ se Der es Salam yɔ, tʊtʊ ñaawɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Tanzani taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: Kisiwahilii nɛ Aŋilisi, piyele kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ kɛ Sanzibarɩ nɛ Pɛmba taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Araabii.
Payaɣʊ sɔnɔ se Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, ajɛya naalɛ kpɛndɩna kpɛm a-tɩ yɔɔ wɛu wayɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964: Taŋganiika nɛ Sanzibarɩ. Ajɛya anɛ, ɖooo lɛ aawɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ nesi tɛɛ. Tanzani wɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1961 nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1961.
Julius Nyerere kɛŋna Tanganika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1962. Sanzibarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Sheikh Abeid Karume ñɛkɛŋna peeɖe ñʊʊtʊ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964 kɛ ajɛya naalɛ anɛ akpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ Julius Nyerere kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ piyele Abeid Karume ñɛkɛna ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ.
Mɛkisiikoo (Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ)
Mɛkisiikoo kɛna Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ajɛya cikpena ɖɔɔ nɛ ana akpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ nɛ ajɛya ana a-taa kɔyɔ Mɛkisiko, ŋgʊ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ 32 ñɩnɖɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊŋ nɩƴɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɩ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pamaazɩɣna teŋu yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 5 000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖɛyi ɖeyi nɛ ndʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ natutozo ñɩndʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Mɛkisiiki tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Sikaagoo (Etaazuuni), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Nagoya (Japɔŋ)), Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Peekɛɛ (Siini), Sewuuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ).
Payaɣ Mɛkisiikoo maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Miguel Ángel Mancera.
Tɔnɛ nɛ ɖɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla
Tɔnɛ nɛ ɖɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla kɛ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size, huyuu nɛ kɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla. Pɩkɛna tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ huyuŋ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ weyi ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ hʋndʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, hʋndʋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ ɛnɛ ɛyɔ.
Hʋndʋ ɛfɛyɩ tɔnɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ŋna size kalɩhʋnʋŋ wɛna yaa mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋbnʋŋ taa size "duvet" yɔ pɛlɛzʋʋna hʋndʋ ɖeɖe nɛ kalɩhʋndʋ wɛɛ. Tɔnɩŋ nɛ ɛ-hʋndʋ tɔɔla yaa ɛ-kalɩhʋnʋŋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.
Wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ, palakɩna tɔna nɛ ahʋndʋ tɔɔla yaa kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yɔ, nɛ kalɩhʋnʋŋ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ yɔ pɩkɛ sakɩyɛ taa kpem kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ. Ɛlɛ nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖaɣ kpɩna wondu huyuŋ yaa kalɩhʋndʋ. Pɔn̄ɔɔzʋʋ kpɩna huyuŋ yaa hʋndʋ tɔɔla camɩyɛ nɛ palakɩna paa wondʋ ndʋʋ lɛ tɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ tileɖi ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ yaa cabɩ. Ɛyaa paɣzɩna kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ labɩnaʋ sakɩyɛ kɛ ɖoo caanaʋ taa. Ɖoo Lɔn taa ɛya yaa kajalaɣ mba kaasɩma mbʋ size kpɩna huyuŋ yaa hʋndʋ nɛ atɛ kalɩhʋnʋŋ wazaɣ siŋŋ.
Cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya
Cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya kpeɣli a-taa lɩmaɣzɛɛ sakɩyɛ : Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, saʋ pʋnɛ pɩkɛ paa ɖooye tɛ tʋmɩyɛ cabɩ weziŋ caɣʋ taa. Pɩkɛna lɛlaa kɛ aleɣya pʋyʋ. Nɛ lɛlaa n̄akpa-pʋ ɛzɩ sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ pasaɣ cɛɛcɛ nɛ peseɣna-kʋ nɛ pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ.
Cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya sɩpɔɔrɩ kʋnɛ, kɩ-paɣtʋ tɩŋɛ lɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ palɩza nɛ paya-ɖɩ se UCI (Kedeŋa kpeekpe cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ).
Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa sɩʋ Karl Von Drai, lɩzɩna pɩnaɣ 1816 ñɩŋga taa aleɣya saʋ wonuu ŋgʋ payaɣ se tɩrɛzɩyɛɛnɩ (draisienne) yɔ, nɛ pakpaɣ-kʋ ɛzɩ kɩpaɣlaa wonuu yɔ.
Abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛlɩza mbʋ yɔ, pɩsɩɣna ɛyʋ se piwoa-ɩ ɖoli. Tɩrɛzɩyɛɛnɩ kɛwɛna pɔbɔla naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ cɛɛcɛ yɔ. Ɛyʋ sɩɣ ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ nɛ etuyuu cɛɛcɛ kʋnɛ kutuyu.
Parii tɛtʋ taa pacalɩ lubu tɩrɛzɩyɛɛnɩ. Puluba-kʋ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1818 taa. Pɩnaɣ 1869 taa lɛ, cɛɛcɛnaa mba potusuu ɛyaa nɔmɔŋ yaa pakpakɩɣ wondu yɔ pɔ-n̄ɔɔzɩyʋ Pierre Michaux nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʋ Ernest papasɩ lubu kajalaɣ cɛɛcɛnaa mba pɛwɛna fɛyɩ nɛ ŋcɔzɩ yɔ. Pierre Michaux ya-wɛ size   pédivelles  waa.
Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Thakur nɛ pɛɖɛyɩɣ-ɩ se Tagore (1861-1941) Palʊla Rabindranath Thakur kɛ agoza fenaɣ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1861 kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ lubɛ pɩnaɣ 1841. Pasɩma-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ se payaɣ-ɩ se Gurudev. Ɛkɛ ñam ñam takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʊ, takayasi kɩkalasɩ mayʊ, wondu teyu, kɛkɛdaɣ mayʊ yaa kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ maɣzɩm. Ɛ-takayasɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ sɩ-taa tɔmpaza nɛ tɩlyɛlɩ keteŋa kpeekpe nɛ pɩkɩlɩna pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1931 taa paha-ɩ takayaɣ mayʊ tɛ samtʊ takayaɣ. Takayasɩ nzi nzi ɛmaa yɔ pakpaɣ sɩ-taa sakɩyɛ nɛ papɩsɩna kɛlɛm kɛlɛm taa, mbʊ payaɣ se sinemaa yɔ; nɛ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Satyajit Ray yɔ ɛnʊ kɩlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ labʊ. Rabindranath Tagore wɛ ɛndʊ layaa sɔɔsa mba payaɣ se Kalikuta yɔ pa-taa nɛ ɛpaɣza ɛ-tɛ keesi takayasɩ maʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ litoozo. Ɛɛ wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ litoozo lɛ ɛma takayaɣ nakayɩ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ hɩɖɛ se « wɩsɩ tɛ tɔɔyʊʊ ». Ɛma ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ takayasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se tɩram yɔ pɩnaɣ 1877. Lɔŋ weyi pasɩɩza-ɩ ɛ-ɖɩɣa yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛɛcaɣ Silayidaha yɔ (ɛ-caa ma ɖɩɣa nakɛyɩ kɛ peeɖe) yɔ piweba nɛ Tagore pɩsɩ weyi etisiɣ mbʊ mbʊ ɛnaɣ yɔ piɖeke puyɔɔ.
Tagore wɛ mba pakʊyɩ Piritaniki sʊsaa lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yɔ nɛ weyi ɛñɩ nesɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Gandhi lɩmaɣziyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ se Ɛndɩ ɛmʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ yɔ. E-wezu caaʊ wɛ pʊtɔdɩyɛ; elesa ɛ-hɔʊ taa mba payɩ. Mbʊ pɩsɩŋgaɣna-ɩ yɔ mbʊ lɛ ɛ-takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ ɛma yɔ tʊma wena ɛlakaɣ Santiniketaŋ, Visva-Bharati sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa yɔ.
Peenɛɛ
Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ payawaɣ ɖooo se Ɖahʊma nɛ kɩkɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwalanzɩ kpayɩ taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 114 763 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-ɖalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana 670 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kaawɛ ɛzɩ 10 008 749 yɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Peenɛɛ sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Togo tɛtʊ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ pɩsɩna Najeeriya, nɛ hayi kɩŋ lɛ, Nigerɩ nɛ Purkina Fasoo. Peenɛɛ wɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpaagba wɛʊ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ payawaɣ-kʊ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ se Ɖahʊma.
Kɩmʊwaɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ mbʊ lɛ, Fransi sɔsɔ weyi payaɣa-ɩ se Louis Jacquinot yɔ, ɛnʊ ɖʊsɩna kewiyaɣ kɛ Ɖahʊma nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ ɖa-caa Hubert Maga se ɛnʊ yɔ peeɖe tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩlabɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ lɛ, Mathieu Kérékou mʊ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1975 lɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ Ɖahʊma nɛ payaɣ se Peenɛɛ. Eɖiyaɣ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Kɔmiinizim paɣtʊ pɔzʊ yɔ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1974. Ɛlɛ pɩkɔma ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kagbanzi wayɩ lɛ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ sʊʊ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ, kɩlɛɛzɩ komina paɣtʊ tɩŋga. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ pawa Mathieu Kérékou nɛ ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pipɔzɩɣ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1996 paɖaɣnɩ tɔʊ caca lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩ Mathieu Kérékou se ɛɖaɣnɩ kɛʊ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Wayɩ mbʊpʊnɛ pɩ-taa lɛ ɛtatasɩ kɩñazɩɣ tɔm nɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ɖɩɩnaʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ 2006 pɩnaɣ taa.
Pɔɔrto-noovoo kɛŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlɛ, Kotonu kɔyɔ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem. Fransɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ fraŋseefa. Yayi Boni kɔyɔ Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ. Ɛnʊ wabina Mathieu Kérékou kɛ caca ŋgʊ paatɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 yɔ; pɩwayɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊmʊ pɩnaɣ 2011 ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, patasɩ-ɩ lɩzɩʊ se ɛtasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔkɩɣ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ mbilim. Ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzɩɣ yɔ, Yayi Boni kaɣ kʊyʊʊ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖiu ɖiu kɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 nɛ ɛkazɩ kpeelaɣ kɛ lɛlʊ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, peeɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ ɛɛɖɛʊ pɩnzɩ hiu kɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ lɩŋŋŋ. Kpaɣ ɖooo ɛzɩ Ɖahʊma pɩsɩʊ Peenɛɛ yɔ, Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Peenɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩla kaɣlaa se temokraasii wɛ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
=Ɖenɖe kɩwɛɛ yɔ=
Mbʊ pʊcɔ-kʊ kpɛɛɛ pɩta yɔ
=Kʊ-tɔm=
Ɛzɩma pɩɩwɛ caanaʊ yɔ
=Paribaawaa kewiyisi==
Yayi Boni ɖoŋ
=Ɛzɩma peɖiyiɣ-kʊ yɔ= =Tɔsʊʊ= =Ɛzɩma pɔ̃nɔɔzʊʊ kɩ-tɛtʊ yɔ= =Ɛyaa nɛ samaɣ=
Spɔɔrɩ
=Sɔnzɩ=
Kasandʊ kɩyakɩŋ
=Tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya=
Tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩyakʊ
=Kɩ-mayaɣ= =Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ= =ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ=
Ñɩɣtʋ hɔm ɖoŋ (magnétisme)
Ñɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ tɩyɔŋ lɛɛtʋ. Ɖoŋ weyi ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛna nɛ tɩyɔŋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se ñɩɣtʋ hɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ pɩhaɣna ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩhɔŋ lɛɛtʋ.
Mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ, pʋwɛ paa ñɩɣtʋ tɩŋa taa. Ɛlɛ, « champ magnétique » wɛtʋ ñɩɣyʋʋ taa lɩɣna ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ ki-feveku cɔlɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee ñɩɣyʋʋ feveku ɛsa miŋ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ, kɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa pɩkɩlɩ. Payaɣ nabʋyʋ se « pression », pɩhaɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ se tɩhɔ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ.
Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩhɔŋ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se ɛɛmaɣ waa. Ɛɛmaɣ waa wɛna mbʋ payaɣ se « moments magnétiques » waa yɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « ferromagnétisme » yɔ pɩhaɣna « moments magnétiques » waa.
Paa mbʋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣtʋ tɩŋa taa « moments magnétiques » waa wɛɛ. Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋi tɩ-taa « moments magnétiques » waa fɛyɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « paramagnétiques » waa yɔ. Paba ñahaɣna-tʋ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩhɔŋ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ. Ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ lɛ, tʋtʋ cuyuu lɛɛtʋ kucuyu. Mbʋ payaɣ se « diamagnétisme » yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛna ñɩɣtʋ tʋtʋ tɩ-taa, mbʋ yekina nɛ tucuyuu lɛɛtʋ kucuyu. Mbʋ payaɣ se « antiferromagnétisme » yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛna ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ taa. Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩna ɖoŋ se tɩpɩzɩ tɩyɔ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se « amagnétiques » waa.
Peetiraa
Sɔnɔ ɛsɛ kuliye alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɔsɔ Peetiraa tɛtʋ yɔ. Paɖaɣna tʋ n̄ɩnʋ nɛ pana-tʋ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ n̄ɩnɩyʋ ɖajaa Jean Louis Burckhardt kɛ pɩnaɣe 1812 taa. Ɖajaa ɛnʋ, ɛkɛkɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa losuyu wobuyu.
Tɔnʊʊ
Tɔnʊʊ kɛŋna tɛtɛ kpɩna wɛna awɛna mɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ kacalaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩhʊʊzɩɣʊ a-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ yɔɔ pilinzi payɩ taa lɛ, tɔnʊʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ yʊŋ. Ɛyʊ halʊ ñɩnʊ tɛ lɛ, ɛ-tɔnʊʊ yʊŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilogaramnaa naatozo yɔ nɛ abalʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yɔ.
Tɔnɩŋ wɛna tomnasɩ yaa sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa kɩsɛma wɛɛ nɛ po-tomnasɩ sɛwa ɖɔɖɔ, ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa wɛɛ, nɛ patomnasɩ ɖɔɖɔ hʊlʊmaa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛda ñɛwɛ, mba payaɣ se tomnasi kɩkpɛɛdasɩ tɩna. Aazii mba, Siini mba nɛ ɛyaa menzidaawaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kanaɛ kɛ-ɛyɩtʊ tomnaɣ. Tɔnʊʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛna sɛŋgɛlɩtʊ yaa tɩnɩ-mayɔɔ waa naatozo: kacalaɣ tomnaɣ ŋga ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ, ŋga lɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ. Pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ nɔsɩ yaa hʊndʊ wɛɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ soŋgaɣ wɛɛ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, pɩtɛɛ tɔnʊʊ wɛɛ nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ tɔnʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ kʊkʊ tɛ kɛ kpaakpa sɛŋgɛlʊʊ wɛ.
Yee ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tɛ sɛŋgɛlʊ kacalaɣ ñɩŋʊ ɛfɛyɩtɔnʊʊ kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩna mba pɛkpɛzɩɣʊ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ, paa pɩwɛɛ se palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛñɛ-ɩ e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ ɖoli kɔyɔ, pɩkɔŋna kaɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kacalaɣ tɔnʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa mba paacɔŋna po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, kʊtɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ, ɛzɩ akpnja yɔ, nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔmnasɩ nɛ ɩɩtaŋna-sɩ ɖoli.
Sɛŋgapuuri
Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Sɛŋgapuuri. Sɛŋgapuuri kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɩtɛ tɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 719,1 km2. Tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ pɩkɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ. Tɛtʊ lɩm cɔ-m pɩtaa waa ndʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ pɩkɛ Sɛŋgapuuri yɔ, tɩkpɛndɩ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu nɛ naanza (64).
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pulau Ujong yɔ tɩkɩlɩna walʊʊ. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 584,8 km2. Ɛyaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ tɔyɩ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Hɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tiyebina nɛ pakʊ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ se «kaɖaɣ tɛtʊ».
Azii tɛtʊ tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ɖeke kɩlɩna Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1965 taa Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ wɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taawɛɛna tɛɛtɛɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, yoŋ kɛwɛ samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkɩŋ taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɔzʊʊ ketiba kpaakʊ wiluu tɩyɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa. Evepiya nɛ pɛlaa patanaɣ tʊma se pala. Ɖʊsʊyɛ taafɛyɩ camɩyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kuduyiŋ taaɖɔɔ se pɩtalɩ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa tɩŋa. Lɩm ɖɔɖɔ kɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Paa mbʊʊ yɔ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ cɛyɩ tɩ-tɩ nɛ tɩkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ, a-taa lɛɛɖɛ.
Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ yaa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pa-taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 74,3 kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1965 taa Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ kizaa se Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Malɛɛzɩ ñɩnɖɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ yoŋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma mba pɛwɛ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, paba sɔɔlaa se Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Malɛɛzɩ ñɩŋɖɛ yɔɔ.
Azii tɛtʊ taa ajɛya naadozo kɩlɩna ɖoŋ nɛ ñɩm Azii tɛtʊ taa ajɛya lɛɛna kpeekpe hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa taa. Pɩnaɣ 1980 taa Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ sɔzɩ ajɛya ɖoŋ ñɩna ana a-yɔɔ nɛ pɩla se ajɛya ɖoŋ ñɩna ana alɩ ajɛya naanza Azii tɛtʊ taa. Ajɛya naanza ana akpacayɩɣna ajɛya lɛɛna wena a-tɔzɩŋ tiba kpidikpidi yɔ Azii tɛtʊ taa.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, ñɩnɩyaa tazaa nɛ pala akɔnta nɛ patɩlɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm tɔkɩ mbʊʊ paa evemiye nɖɩ yɔ. Pa-akɔnta labʊ taa lɛ, patɩlaa se Qatar ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna hiɣu mbʊ pɔtɔɔ evemiye taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya tɩŋa. Qatar ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Luxembourg ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ kɔyɔ Sɛŋgapuuri ñɩnɖɛ.
Sɩʊ
Siʊ yaa sɩwaa kɛna agɔlɔma wena akandayʊʊ ɖeɣwa yaa cejewiye, kooka, kookasi nɛ ɛzɩ kantɔɔ kpeekpe yɔ. Paasɩʊ sɩʊ yaa sɩɩnaa yem, tɩŋ nɔnɔɔ taa kɛ pasɩʊ-kʊ nɛ pɩkɛna teluu yaa teliŋ tɛ. Paa sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩnɛ kɩ-hɩɖɛ. Lama-Ñaŋgbadɛ tɛ sɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩkandɩɣ egeetiyenɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ payaɣ se Abɛɛsɩʊ. Egeetiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa cejewa naayɛ wɛna a-sɩwaa a-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ asɩŋna Abɛɛsɩʊ nɛ anaa yɔ Siŋjalɩm nɛ Cedeli. Kawɩlasɩ ɛwɩlaa kɔyɔ cɔjɔ yaa cɔjɔnaa kpɛyʊna yaa pɩkɛ cejewiye taa kɔyɔ, tamaɣ tɔɔyʊ yaa weyi pɛtɛma-ɩ sɔnzɩ labʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ eliziɣna yaa ɛwazʊʊ.