cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
ONU ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU). Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tamaɣ yaa ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ lɛ se ɖɩkandɩ kadeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kandɩɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ ɛɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩnaɣ 1945 taa ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔwa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ hɛwa lɛ paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lɛɣzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se «SN» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ajɛya kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ. Paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ se ɖɩlʊ nɛ yoŋ ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya kpeekpe ɛcaɣ ayɔɔdɩ nɛ anɩna ɖama. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna pilinzi yʊʊʊ nzɩ sɩlʊkɩ kedeŋa jkpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
OMS ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se ONU. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OMS yɔ, ɖɩñɔ. OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tɔbʋʋ kɔyɔ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1948 ñɩŋa taa OMS ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) koozaɣ cɔŋnana OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ koozaɣ taa palɩzɩ liidiye nɛ palakɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛɛ Genève tɛtʋ taa. Genève tɛtʋ kɛŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kajalaɣ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɩŋa taa ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya ɖeu nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ kɩɩhɩnʋʋ ɖeke pɔtɔŋna se ɛyʋ wɛ alaafɩya. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛwɛɛ alaafɩya ɛ-tɩŋa mpilim, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛ-calɩm taa. Ɛ-maɣzɩm tɩŋa ɛcaɣ pi-ɖeɖe camɩyɛ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛwɛɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pa-taa ɛ-samaɣ taa.
Yee ḿbʋ, ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩfa yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ yɔ, Ɖoɖoo ɖakʋta sɔsɔ Margeret Chan. Ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2007 palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OMS ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ sɔnɔ.
Nikaraguwa
Pamaza Nikaraguwa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 129 494 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 2,9 kɛ mɩnɩʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 167 237. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 42 yɔ. Ɖooo salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Daniel Ortega nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊ yɔ Rosario Murillo. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kɔrɩdoba oroo.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Managuwa nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +505 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se Sɛɛ ɖeu; nɛ peteu wendu ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɛsɔ yɔɔ ɖeke ɖɩwɛna lidau.
Max Weber
Max Weber, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1864 nɛ ɛsɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1920. Ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ weyi ɛlaba waɖɛ sukuli yɔ. Pakpaɣa-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛnɛ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɔsɔɣ se ɛzɩma ɛla nɛ ɛlɛzɩ ɛyaa lɩmaɣza nɛ pakpaɣ wɛtʊ kɩfatʊ.
Emile Durkhein siɣye taa lɛ, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ pamaza se ɛkɛ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ caa mbʊ yɔ, Max Weber kaawɩla sukuli pazɩ ɛlɛ ɛtala a-alɩwaatʊ taa tɛ sukuli. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ taasɩna ñɩnʊʊ yeke ɛlɛ, ɛsʊza ɛ-tɩ politiki nɔmɔʊ taa. Paya-ɩ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ se ɛɖʊ nesi nɛ pɔcɔlɩ tɔm Weimar ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1919 alɩwaatʊ taa. Weber kaasɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ a-hɛkɩŋ taa tʊkasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ nɛ pɩ-tɛ wazaɣ. Pɩtasɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊma yeke ɛlɛ, Weber ñɩna ɖɔɖɔ cɔlɩtʊ pɩlɩna wondu lɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ ɛzɩ wabɩtʊ, Ɛjaɖɛ, waɖɛ nɛ minziiki nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ. Karl Emil Maximilian Weber, kajalaɣ pɩɣa piyaa lutozo hɛkʊʊ taa, palʊla-ɩ pɩɣyɩyaa cejewiye ñɩm nɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. E-neu nɔɔyʊ kaɣ kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ.
Ɛ-caa (Max ɖɔɖɔ paya-ɩ), kaakɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ nɛ paka-ɩ lɩzʊʊ se paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ Reichstag Caama ɛjaɖɛ kpɛndʊʊ wayi. E-ɖoo (Hélène, palʊla-ɩ Fallenstein liɖe taa kɛnɛ), ɛ-tɛ nɛ Huginoti pɩtɩŋna e-ɖoo liɖe yɔɔ (Souchay waa), kaakɛ halʊ mɛɛsakula nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm mʊyʊ nɔyʊ siŋ. Mbʊ lɛ, Max Weber paɣlɩ mɛɛsakula nɛ ñɩm hɔʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ peyebinam pɩɣa nɛ e-ɖoo kɛ lɔŋ ñɩm ɖɩɣa taa ɛyʊ. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1869 hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɔɔ kɩcaɣ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa.
Pɩwɛyɩ alewondu nɛ ɛsɩŋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ e-sukuli taa mbʊ lɛ, Max Weber sɔɔlɩ takayasɩ kalʊʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛñɩzɩɣ kaʊ nɛ kalɩtʊ ɛzɩ (Cicéron, Kant nɛ Machivel nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ) lɩzɩɣ aseɣɖe ɛzɩma ɛwɛ lɛɣtʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ. Pɩtasɩna ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ yeke ɛlɛ, ehiɣ ñʊʊ leleŋ weyi se ɛkpɛlɛka loŋ sakɩyɛ politiki ɛyaa cɔlɔ kɔɔnaɣ lɔnsɩɖaa cɔlɔ mba ɛ-caa yawaɣ nɛ pɔkɔŋ ɛ-tɛ ɖɩɣa yɔ. Ɛmʊ ɛ-tɛ Abitur wayi lɛ, ewona ɛ-tɩ kɛ Heidelberg waɖɛ sukuli ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1883 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Max Weber wolo Straasbourg se ɛla sɔɔjɔnaa sukuli. Peeɖe ɛɖanɩɣ katʊʊ ɛ-hɔʊ lɛɛkʊ. Weber caɣ e-neŋ cɔlɔ (e-ɖoo kɔɔ), ɛsʊ ɛkpaɣdɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa nɛ e-neŋ walʊ nɛ ɛsɔzɩ-ɩ lɔŋ, tɔm kɛdɩyʊ Hermann Baumgarten, weyi ɛcɔlɔ ɛkpɛlɛka wezuu caɣʊ lɛɛkʊ tɩlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-caa maɣmaɣ. Mbʊ kpem ɛkɩlɩ nɛ ɛ-caa yɔ mbʊ lɛ Baumgarten kaakɛ ɛyʊ walaa tʊ nɛ e-nesi tɛ lɩɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtasɔɔlɩ Bismark tɛ politiki tɔm.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya kpeekpe wena a-taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, awɛna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ potobi yaʊ taa nɛ payaa se OIF. Ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo (80) pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ paɖʊ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ajɛya ana a-taa lɛ, ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ lʊbɛ (57) kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩma siŋŋ. Piyele ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) ñɛkɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya yɔɔ feŋiyaa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se feŋiyaa ajɛya ana acɔŋnana nɛ ana se OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya ñaŋ yaa ɖɔŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊ pa-tɩ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ yaa paaɖɔŋ.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya kpeekpe wena ayɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛyɛ wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-tɔzʊʊ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa paa nɖɩ ɖɩcɛyɛ ɖɩ-tɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔzʊʊ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa ɛyaa tɩŋa ehiɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pɔñɔɔ ɛzɩ pe-liu wɛʋ yɔ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ siŋŋ se ɖama nɩnaʋ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ a-hɛkʋ taa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya kpeɣlaa nɛ pala kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ tʋma. Tʋma naanza paɖʋwa se pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ɛlʋ yaa aɖʋ nesi siŋŋ a-labʋ taa. Tʋma naanza ana, anaa yɔ :
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ lɩzɩɣna weyi ɛcɔŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖajaa Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Adama Ouane cɔŋnana OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ñɩma lakɩ pe-kedizaɣ sɔsaa.
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ nɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa ɛyaa tɔɔ nɛ kahaɣ cmɩyɛ. Ɛzɩma ɛyaa tɩŋa pɩzɩɣ pehiɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pahaɣ camɩyɛ? OIF ŋgbɛyɛ sɩŋna paa weyi se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ ɛla nɛ ehiɣ ɛ-mamaɣ e-nesi yɔɔ yɔ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tɩŋɩɣna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna naanza yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɩnna ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ.
Najib Mahfouz
Najib Mahfouz kɛ Egipiti tʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛkɛ malɩŋ ajɛɛ tɛtʋ taa pɩya. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋ (11) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1911 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Najib Mahfouz ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ pɩya ŋga kaawɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ kpekpekaɣ siŋŋ yɔ kɛ ka-pɩcatʋ taa. Pasaŋga kɛ siŋŋ kɛ ka-tabalaa ɛsɩnda. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo (30) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 2006 n̄ɩŋga taa. Pɩlaba size ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ kagbanzɩ (85) lɛ ɛsɩba. Tɛtʋ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ patatɩlɩ ɖɩ keekee. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Najib Mahfouz kɛna ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Egipiti tɛtʋ taa maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalɩsɩ mayʋʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛmaɣ ɛ-takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ sɩnɛ nɛ ɛ-kʋnʋŋ arabɩ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ abalʋ lɔŋ tʋ yaa lɛɣtʋ tʋ ma-hɩɖɛ sɛwa tʋ nɔɔyʋ Egipiti tɛtʋ taa nɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ.
Pɛcɛla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Najib Mahfouz Egipiti tʋ ɛnɛ, maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋ samtʋ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1988 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛmaɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ maʋ tʋmɩyɛ kaatʋzɩna ɖɔɖɔ, wɛɛ kɩfam nɛ caanaʋ tɔm alɩwaatʋ taa. Ɖajaa Najib ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɔʋ wɛ n̄ɩm pazɩ. Pʋyɔɔ pɩsɩna-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛla ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ taa.
René Descartes
Palʊla René Descartes kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1596 kɛ La Haye, Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 1650 kɛ Stɔkhɔlm, Sʊyɛdɩ taa. Ɛkɛ mathématicien, physicien nɛ filozofii tʋ. Pakpaɣ-ɩ sɩ weyi ɛlɩza mbʊ payɣ se Filozofii moderne yɔ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔm natʊyʊ yɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ, paanɛ tɩwɩzɩʊ ɛzɩma yɔ: « Hayɩ, Descartes talaa kɛlɛ ». Latɛŋ taa kɛ ɛlɩza mbʊ payaɣ se ɛyʊ-tʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩɣ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛnʊ ɖɩna maɣzɩʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛnʊ wɛɛ. Physique taa lɛ, ɛwɛ ɛzɩ mba palɩza lakasɩ nzɩ piciidɩɣ yɔ nɛ payaɣ se mécanisme yɔ pa-taa nɔɔyɩ yɔ. Mathématiques taa lɛ, ɛlɩza mbʊ payaɣ se géométrie analytique yɔ.
Ɛ-tɛ méthode scientifique ŋgʊ ɛlɩza pɩnaɣ 1628 kɛɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛya se "Règles pour la direction de l'esprit" nɛ "Discours de la méthode" kɛ pɩnaɣ 1637 yɔ, sɩpazaa sɩɖɩzɩ mbʊ pawɩlaɣ sukili sɔsɔʊ taa kɛ scolastique taa yɔ. Ɛyɔɔda se, ɛyʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ ɛkɩlɩɣ tɛyʊ nɛ lalaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ wɩzasɩ nɩʊ.
E-evebutu
Paya Descartes caa se Joachim Descartes. Palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1563 kɛ Sucé-sur-Erdre, nɛ ɛkɛ lɔŋ tasɩyʊ kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩya taa kɛ Rennes tɛtʊ taa nɛ e-ɖoo se Jeanne Brochard Bretagne. Palʊla ɛlɛɛ Indre-et-Loire taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1566 nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Palʊla Descartes kɛ e-egbelenaa tɛ kɛ La Haye tɛtʊ taa mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-caa lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Rennes tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛtaawɛna alɩwaatʊ se ɛcɔna ɛ-yɔɔ. Descartes kɛ naatozo-tʊ nɛ patɩŋga mbʊ yɔ, e-egbelenaa kɛ palʊla-wɛ. Palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1596 nɛ pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm kɛ Saint-Georges cɔɔcɩ taakɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1596. Pɩwɛɛ se pɩwɛɛ kɔyɔ, paasɔ-ɩ pʊ paroisse Notre-Dame taa ɛlɛ ɛzɩma papɩsa Protestant waa yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ kɛ pɔsɔ-ɩ pʊ peeɖe. Ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ kpaŋgbamʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se René Brochard des Fontaines, e-ɖoo caa; ɛlɛ kɛ tɔm hʊyʊ kɛ Poitiers tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ kpaŋgbamʊʊ naalɛ ñɩnʊʊ payaɣ se Michel Ferrand, ɛlɛ kɛ e-neze ɖalʊ nɛ ɛkɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi paayaɣ se lieutenant-général yɔ nɛ ɛwɛɛ wiyau sɔsɔ Châtellerault tɛ. E-ɖoo sɩba agoza fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1597. Ɛsɩba lɛ, Descartes wɛna pɩnaɣ nɛ fenaɣ.
Karayiibɩ Teŋgu
Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kɛ patasa yaʋ yaa paya ɖɔɖɔ size Antiiyiwaa Teŋgu. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna lɩm fɛɛʋ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Kɩ-wɛna yaa panaɣ kʋnɛ Ameriki hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Nɛ paɣpɩzɩɣ pana kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki kɔlfɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣkʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2415 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ, pɩkɔ pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ taa mbɩ yɔ.
Pamaza ɛ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛ-talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2640002 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku kaare mbɩ yɔ, kɛ ɛ-hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ walanzɩ taa pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna yaa nɛ ɛzɩ yɔ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tikiɖe wɛ Karayiibɩ taa.
Karayiibɩ kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna samaɣ ŋga kaawɛ peɖe yɔ yaa ŋga kɛ-tɛ kaawɛ peɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɔcɔlɔ. Samaɣ kanɛɛ yɔ, kaawɛ peɖe nɛ pɩcɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba talɩɣ, kpaɖʋ 15 kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Lɩm kan̄aɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ cɔɔlʋʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkʋʋ taa nesi tʋmlaɖa kpeekpe ŋgbɛ, ɖʋna Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-kamasɩ ɛzʋ nɔ yɔ:
Cɛŋga miŋ n̄ɩŋga nakɛyɛ kpɩtɩna nɛ cap Catoche kɛ lɩm kiteŋ Yucatan,nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, pɩkpaɣna cabeza Chiquita nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, nɛ pɩtɩŋ cɔlɩɩ kɛ kapɩ ŋgʋ tɛ meridiyɛ(méridien).
Hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, punta Baja pɩkpaɣna pɩɖɛ pʋwolo, Fenezuyeelaa pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ Ameriki hadɛ ŋgʋ kiŋ.
Pɩcɩka
Pɩcɩsɩ wɛ aŋjaʊnaa pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩcɩsɩ wɛna naŋgbanzɩ yʊʊʊ. Pɩcɩsɩ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna, aŋjaʊnaa, hɛkʊ taa tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ yɔ lɛ se naŋgbanzɩ ɖeɖe. Pɩcɩka naŋgbanzɩ wɛna kpama ɖoŋ ñɩna; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩcɩka sʊʊ tɛyɩ keɖe keɖe nɛ ko-sʊʊ nɔɔ taa wɛ kpeyi nɛ pɩtɛsɩna cʊŋŋŋ. Ko-sʊʊ nɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna sɔtʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ŋ̃ɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ maɣzɩɣ se lɩm taa pɩcɩsɩ liɖe taa kɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nzɩ lɩnaa. Ɖooo kacalaɣ pɩcɩsɩ lɩwa pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 450 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Nzɩ kɛŋna kacalaɣ aŋjaʊnaa mbaɛ sɩɩxɛna ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ pɩcɩsɩ nzɩ sɩɩwɛ lɩm taa nɛ sɩɩwɛna ɛsa wena yɔ aawɛ ɛsɛ kɛŋgɛmɩŋ yɔɔ kɛŋgɛmɩŋ yɔɔ. Lɩm taa pɩcɩka ŋga kamaɣzaɣ mɛtanaa naalɛ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ kɛ pɩcɩsɩ paazɩ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ silotu yɔɔ sɩtʊwaɣ, ɛlɛ sɩtatalɩ ɖaɣlɩɣʊ ɛzɩ sɩɩwɛʊ lɩm taa yɔ. Pɩjɩka ɖʊʊ yala kʊɖʊʊ, pɩcɩsɩ tiyee naɖɩyɛ taa lɛ halɩ ñɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ abali ñɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ halɩñɩnzɩ ɖeke ɖʊʊna yala; pɩkazɩ naɖɩyɛ taa lɛ halɩñɩnzɩ nɛ abalɩñɩnzɩ sɩɖʊʊ yala. Pɩcɩsɩ tiɣa tɩŋa ñasɩɣ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɩkɔŋa sɩm nɛ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ mba pasɩkɩna pɩcɩsɩ yɔ patalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3 000 yɔ. Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa 80 sɩba mbʊ pɩnaɣ 2006 nɛ Mɛkɩsiki taa lɛ sɩɖaa talɩ ɛzɩ 1 000 yɔ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ. Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɩcɩsɩ ñasɩ eyaa ɛzɩ 45 391 kɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa nɛ ɛyaa 62 sɩ.
Pɛyɛɛ caɣʋ sɩʋkpelaɣ
Pɛɛyɛ Caɣʊ Sɩʊkpelaɣ (La Statue de la Liberté) kɛ patasɩɣ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛɛyɛ Caɣʊ Sɩʊkpelaɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ tʊsʊʊ keteŋa yɔɔ. Pɛɛyɛ Caɣʊ Sɩʊkpelaɣ ŋgʊ kɩkɛna Etaazuuni taa kɛ aŋjaʊnaa taa ŋgʊ kɩwɛ mba pakɩla kɛʊ sɔndɩŋ yɔ pa-taa. Aŋjaʊ sɔsɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ tɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Isilandɩ Pɛɛyɛ Caɣʊ Sɩʊkpelaɣ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Manataŋ nɛhadɛ kiŋ nɛ pɩñɔtɩna ɖenɖe Hudsɔŋ pɔɔ kpeŋ teŋu taa yɔ, pɩwɛ Eliisi Isilandɩ cɔlɔ.
Aŋjaʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ UNESCO patrimoine mondial taa ɖooo pinaɣ 1942. Aŋjaʊ kʊnɛ kɩkɛ aŋjaʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ kpem se paa anɩ lɛ ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla mbʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Aŋjaʊ kʊnɛ kɛkɛ ɛsɩyɛ-egbena sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɔɔla se powolo nɛ pana-kʊ. Ɛlɛ ñam ñam lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩlaba Amerika tɛtʊ taa kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm pɩnaɣ 2001 yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ lɛ paɖaŋga se nɔɔyʊ ɛtaatasɩ wobu ɛsɩyɛ-egbena. Pɔkɔma paha nʊmɔʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 ɛlɛ paatasɩɣ tisiɣ se mba powoki se pana yɔ pɔɖɔɔ. Pɩkɔma lɛ paɖɩɣ peeɖe wobʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, patasaɣ andema nayɛ kɛ sɔzʊʊ nɛ patasaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ñɔɔzʊʊ se pɩtasɩ wɛʊ ɖeu. Pɛtɛma tʊma ana lɛ patʊlɩ se paa anɩ ewolo ɛna ɛlɛ efemiye naɖɩyɛ yem lɛ papaɣzɩ ɖaŋgʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ helim sɔsɔm mbʊ payaɣ se Ouragan Sandy yɔ pɩcɛyaɣ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ naanza pɩnaɣ 2013 taa kɛ pɔkɔma paɖaɣnɩ yebu se ɛyaa ewolo ɛsɩyɛ-egbena ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ ɛyaa ɛtasɩɣ sɩŋgʊ kɛ aŋjaʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-cɔlɔ kpam yem mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pañɩnɩɣ se ɖiɣ ɖiɣ caɣʊ ɛwɛɛ.
Maya
Maya ɛsakuliye, pɩkɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛsakuliye nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖenɖe pʊcɔ Kolombii ɛyaa kaawɛ yɔ nɛ pasɩma-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobunau yɔɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-taa, matʊ, nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa tʊma, kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ matʊ tʊma, haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, tʊʊzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pɩkɛ pʊcɔ Kolombii waa wɛɛ taa ɛsakuliye taa naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ pakɩlɩ-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛkpɛlɛka ɖɩ-yɔɔ siŋ yɔ pɩtasɩna Azɩtɛkɩ waa nɛ Inka waa pa-ñɩna. Paawɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa kɛ lonaa wena sɔnɔ akɛ Mekɩsiki nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ Peliizi nɛ Guatemela nɛ Honduras nɛ Salvador yɔ. Pɩkɛ Amerika tɛ ɛsakuliye kɩbɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. ɖɩlɩna ɖooo pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ taa. Lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa caɣyɛ paasɩma, maya taa, wɛɛ kɩbɩna, kpaɣ 7 nɛ 3 pɩnzɩ kudoku pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ wɛɛ, ɛyaa kɩbɩma mba paana-wɛ Karayibi teŋgu nɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɔɔ kpɛɣɛ. Maya ajɛyɛ tɛtʊ kɛ hadɛ yɔɔ tɛtʊ cikpetu taa ɛzɩ Kopan, Tikal yaa Palenk, hiɣ sooci wɛtʊ cɔlɩɩ kpaɣɖʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 6 nɛ ŋtalɩ 9 ŋgʊ ɖa-kpaɣɖʊ taa, nɛ pʊcɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔɔ lɛ, peyebu-kʊ Kpaɣɖʊ 8 nɛ 9 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tasɩna-wɛ haʊ sooci tɛ ɖoŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ powoba you nɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Maya ɛsakuliye wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩ siŋ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ caɣyɛ pɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yɔ. Kedeŋga taatɩlɩ natʊyʊ paa ŋñɩɩ pɩlɩna mayaa waa yɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʊʊ. Lakʊ kaakpaɣ kɩ-paɣtʊ pɩtɩŋna lonaa kɩbɩna yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩ pazɩ ɛzɩ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ you wayi lɛ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 ŋtalɩ 17 taa lɛ, Erɔpʊ taa layaa ñɔtɩ mɩŋ keŋkeŋ ekɔrɩsɩ takayasɩ nzɩ mayaa waa kaama yɔ. Nanza yeke koŋ pɩpɩza pana yaa pehiɣ sɩ-taa.
Rɩkɛɛ
Kpakpayaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ sɛ rɩkɛɛ. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩkɛ nzɩ payaɣ se "cartilagineux" waa yɔ. Sɩ-n̄ʋŋ taa nɛ pɔŋ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʋ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Sɩwɛna keŋ si-siɣa taa nɛ sɩ-n̄ʋŋ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ taa.
Pɔɖɔ rɩkɛɛnaa pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ rais naa taa yɔ. Paa nɛ mbʋ yɔ, rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ pɩlɩʋ cikpeluu ŋgʋ payaɣ se élasmobranche yɔ kɩ-taa; ɛzɩ Cladoselache nɛ Xenacanthus naa yɔ. Pana kajalaɣ rɩkɛɛnaa ɖooo Tɛfoniyɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 420 "Ma' mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa kɛ Kɩrɛstasɩ nɛ ɖɩnaaʋ -sɩ sɔnɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ  100 "M" yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩtala tindima 465 mbʋ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ-sɩ pɩlɩŋ 35 taa.
Rɩkɛɛnaa nabɛyɛ ɖɩma, ɛlɛ, patɩlɩ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-mɔɔ wena atapʋʋda yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 17 mbʋ yɔ. Mba paɖaɣlɩ ḿbʋ yɔ, paba lɛ Etmopterus perryi n̄ɩma. Mba payaɣ paba se "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" waa yɔ, paba ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 20 mbʋ yɔ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" tɔkɩ mbʋ payaɣ se planktɔŋ yɔ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu. Teŋgu tɛɛ kʋsʋʋ mɩɩɩ nɛ kihikiɣ kɩ-kʋtɔɔm. Rɩkɛɛnaa sakɩyɛ kɛ mba pɔtɔkɩ nandʋ yɔ. Pakpaɣ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa teŋgu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa. Papɩsɩɣ petii teŋgu tɛɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2 500 mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa tɔsɔɔlɩ caɣʋ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa, ɛlɛ, Rɩkɛɛnaa lɛlaa n̄acakɩ pɩ-taa, ɛzɩ mba payaɣ se "rɩkɛɛ-bouledogues" waa nɛ "rɩkɛɛ de rivière" waa yɔ. Kpakpasɩ sɩnɛ, sɩsɩ pɩsɩɣ sɩcaɣ teŋgu lɩm taa sɩtɛ sɩcaɣ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa. Hɛɛnzɩ ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ wɛ rɩkɛɛnaa tamasɩ tɛɛ nɛ hɛɛnzɩ nzɩɩ pefeziɣna. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛnɩ pɔɔyɩŋ nɩɩyɛ po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkandɩɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛɛsʋʋ po-tomnasɩ taa. Pɔɔyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlakɩna nɛ payaɣ lɩm camɩyɛ. Rɩkɛɛnaa nɔsɩ taa kela pɩla yem pɩlaɣpɩlaɣ nɛ kɩbɩna holuu nɛ kɩfana n̄ɔn̄ɔʋ.
Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ
Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛyɔ, ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ paya yaa pɛcɛlaɣ hɩlaɣ anɛyɔ: «Loth teŋgu» nɛ «Ɖɔm teŋgu». Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-kɛna lɩŋgamʋʋ ɖɔm n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-wɛ Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, Izrɛɛlɩ, nɛ Zɔɔrdaanii, nɛ pɩtasɩna Palɛsɩtɩnɩ pɛtɛɛyʋʋna-kʋ. Kɩ-wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ walanzɩ makʋna ɛzɩ 810 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Jurdɛɛ (Jourdain) ɛjaɖɛ taa lɩm sʋsɔm lɩɣʋna nɛ pikpeŋ pɩtalɩɣ teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩhaɣ kʋ ɖoŋ. Ɖɩtɔzɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ yɔ size, lɩm pʋnɛyɔ pʋwɛ ɖɔm siŋŋ pɩfɛyɩ naʋ. Teŋgu lɩm kpem wobuu nɛ kɔm talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2 nɛ 4 mbɩyɔ mɩnʋʋ yɔ.
Nɛ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ tɛ lɩm kpem wobuu nɛ kɔm n̄amakʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 27,5 mbɩ yɔ mɩnʋʋ yɔ(yaa 275 kɩɖam kɛ litiɖi kʋɖʋmʋ mbɩ yɔ). Nɛ pɩyɔ lɛ, kpakpkpaya nakayɩ yaa aɖɔnɖɔlɛ naɖɩ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛ yaa ɖɩcaɣ loniye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ wɛtʋ ndu tɩ-taa. Pɩyɔɔ yɔ payaɩ yaa pɛcɛlɛyɩ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ size Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ.
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size, tamaɣ ɖʋʋ aŋgba ŋn̄ɩɩɩ waa ŋn̄ɩɩɩ waa n̄ɩm n̄ɩɣnʋʋ (plankton, nɛ bactéries waa, nɛ halophiles waa, nɛ pɩtasɩna halobacteria) wɛɛ nɛ puhuku camɩyɛ yem yɔɔlɩɩ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ, n̄ɩnɩyaa n̄ɩna nɛ pana yaa pehiɣ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛɛ kɛ, lɩm kululum kɩpam kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm nabʋyʋ ɖɩlɩyɛ.
Lɩm kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm mbʋ, pɩzɩna nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna ŋn̄ɩɩɩ wezɩŋ n̄ɩna wena a-tɛkɛ yaa afɛyɩ halofili (halophiles) yɔ a-huu. Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-lɩm kɛna lɩm kifidim ɖɔm mbʋ. Ɛlɛ, lɩm fɛɛʋ ɖɔm tɛ kifidim ɖeɣi ɖeɣi wɛ ndɩ nɛ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ n̄ɩmbʋ tɛ.
Namibi
Namibi kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ Namibi se Afrika-Wɩsɩ -Ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ 1884-1915). Pʊwayɩ lɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nesi tɛɛ nɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛɛ lɛ kɩmʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm pɩnaɣ 1990.
Namibi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Atɩlantiki tɛŋgu, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ piyele hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Namibi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔɔcɩwaanaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Sambii. Namibi takɩlɩ poliŋ nɛ Simbaabuwee.
Paalaba ketiizaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakayɛ kɛ Dili tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 2014 ɛlɛ, pakpaɣ Namibi nɛ pɔsɔzɩ ajɛya wena pʊwɛɛ se acɔna ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ pɔrɩtigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ.
Pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ (Cancer - maladie)
Pɩjɛɖɛɣ kʊdɔŋ (egbeemiye katʊʊzɩtʊ) pɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kuludasɩɣ huyiŋ tɔyʊʊ tɔyʊʊ (egbeemiye) mbʊ pɩɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ pɩtɛ weyi ɛ-taa pɩwɛ mbʊ yɔ ɛyʊ ɛɛwɛʊ alaafɩya camɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ kuludasi nzɩ sɩlɩna lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa nɛ nzɩ tɩna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ, nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kɩtɛyɩɣ kɩ-tɩ sakɩyɛ mbʊ ɛyʊ ɛɛnɩɣ pʊtɔɔbʊʊ yɔ.
Seɣtʊʊ wonduu nɛ pɩyɔɔ ɖɛzɩɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ wɛ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛ. Tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɩlɩɣ se mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ 5 ntalɩ 10 pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊyɔɔ lɛ, lɩna ɖɛzɩɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kpaɣ 25 nɛ 30 % lɩna taba kʊyɔɔ cɔlɔ nɛ ,30 nɛ 35 % lɩna tɔɔnasɩ cɔlɔ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ) nɛ 15 nɛ 20 % lɩna ɖɛzɩtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ 10 nɛ 25 % ɛjaɖɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ (wɩsɩ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ helim taa kʊdɔmɩŋ).
Pɩtɛ kɩkalʊʊ ngʊ nabʊyʊ taa kɩcɛtʊ tɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ kɛ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʊʊ taa pɩyʊ, ŋgʊ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ tɛ ñɩnɩtʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ se tɩna nɛ tɩwɩlɩ keele mbʊ ɖɛzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ tɩlasɩ nzɩ sɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ cɔlɔ yaa ɛyʊ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ.
Kpaɣ nɛ wayi wayi kpaɣɖʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa, pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Pɩdɛ ɖɔʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna wɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa ndʊ papɩza nɛ patɩlɩ yɔ pɩcɔlɔ (taba ñɔʊ nɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ ñɔʊ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ wonduu tʊma sɔsɔnaa ɖɩlaɖɛ kuduyuŋ weyi pasɩma-ɩ se ɛlɩzɩɣ pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ ñɔsɩ yɔ nɛ paɣlaka kadadayaɣ nɛ lone kʊyʊɖɩyɛ taa caɣʊ nɛ wɩsɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ) wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ taa lɛ, pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ wɛtʊ naa lala mba pɔyɔɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɔʊ yɔ. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, cancer (crabe, chancre, cancer) kɩñɔtɩna Kɩrɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ καρκινος, karkinos. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ hɩɖɛ ndɩ Hippocrate hana-ɖɩ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pɩjɛɖɛ wɛna hosi pɩwalɩ nɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩcɛɖɛ wɛnaʊ naŋgbanzɩ yɔ. Kiɖe kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ ndɩ (Paul d’Egine) sɔzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna nabɛyɛ cɔlɔ mbʊ alɩwaatʊ ɛɖɛna tomnaɣ piliŋga nakayɛ lɛ, eyeki kaʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩcɛɖɛ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛtamsɩɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ yɔ.
Pɩlantiiri
Pɩlantiiri (Blantyre) kɛna Malawii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖenɖe komina tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩla wɛʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1977 taa paakala ɛyaa lɛ, paawɛ 219 011 nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu wayi patasɩ-wɛ kalʊʊ lɛ, palɩ ɛyaa 333 120.
Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ pana ɛya 732 518 kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɔm hʊʊ pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ wɛɛ. Pɩlantiirii tɛtʊ taa akɔma ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ patala ɛzɩ kutokiŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanʊwa (25) yɔ; nɛ palɩna Kewiyaɣ-Kpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Eerɔpʊ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ aradiyo nɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm ñɔɔ fayɩɩɩ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ sukuli kitɛzʊʊ sɔsɔʊ wɛɛ.
Maŋgʊ
Maŋgʊʊ tɩŋ lʊʊlʊna maŋgʊʊ piye pɩkɛ tɩŋ sɔsɔɔ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Anacardiaceae cejewiye taa. Kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Pirimanii laaŋ taa ɖeeɖe kʊñɔʊ yem yem yɔ. Tɩŋ ŋgʊ Mangifera indica wɛna kɩ-hatʊ nɛ ndɩ nɛ tɩwɛ Kpɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ pɩndɩɩm. Kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖeede paya-kʊ se manga nɛ Malayalam ɖanɩɣ yaʊ se മാങ്ങ, māṅga tʊtʊ ñalɩna tamuuli மாங்காய், māṅgāy.
Payaɣ-kʊ se maŋgʊʊ yem tɩŋ lɛɛŋ pee Irvingia tɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpɛɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɛ takɩŋ kɩkpɛɛdɩŋ nɛ ɛ-daa mʊtʊ wɛ lemuu sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɔzɩŋ yɔ ɛtamsɩna Irvingiaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe. Maŋgʊʊ wɛna mʊtʊ nɛ tɩhɛkʊʊ taa wɛ piye naɖɩyɛ ɖɩwɛ tayi nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ tuu. Ɖɩwɛ kulukulu ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tɔnʊʊ yaa kpɛɛdɩŋ yaa sɛmɩŋ nɛ pɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛ lɩm kpɛɛdʊʊ ɛyʊ taa nɛ mbʊ lɛ, pɩsaŋ tɔʊʊ. Kɩ-mʊtʊ wɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pʊwɛ num pʊɖɔkʊʊ pʊwɛ leleeŋ nɛ pɩlɩɣ sɔzɩŋ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩlɩna maŋgʊʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ, yaa yee maŋgʊʊ piye ɛkɩlɩɣ sɛʊ kɔyɔ kɩyɔɔ cɔntʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩhɛ cɛɛnzɩ. Pɩtɩŋna Puda ɛsɔ tɔm yɔ lɛ maŋgʊʊ yɛla pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ kikpanzɩ ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ Malɛzii nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpagba ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini nɔmɔŋ woɖa nɛ lonaa cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ taa woɖa talɩna-ɖɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Ɛndɩ. Arabɩ mba ñataŋna-ɖɩ Orient nɛ Afrika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa wona-ɖɩ Preezili nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ taa. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛyɔ tɩ-taa yɔ pahayʊʊ maŋgʊʊ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ a-hadɛ kiŋ taa ajɛyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa nɛ maŋgɩŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-talɩɣ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɛpɛɖɩ-ɩ sakɩyɛ.
Palɛstiinii
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kamasɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna pɩtatʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Kalilee egeetiye, Samarii nɛ Yuudee ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ndʊ tɩzɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Fenesii nɛ Liibaŋ pʊʊ piyele hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Filistii nɛ Idumee tɛtʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Yɔrdaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Sɔnɔ taa yee pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Palɛstiinii tɛtʊ tɔm kɔyɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Izrɛɛlɩ tɔm, Palɛstiinii tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pʊ-tɔm, Kaazaa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ Zɔɔrdaanii ɖoli ɖɔɖɔ, Liibaŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Koolaŋ pʊʊ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa Ajɛya kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SDN yɔ ɖɩɩkala ɛyaa lɛ, ɖɩɩna ɛyuaa 700 000 nɛ pa-taa lɛ Yuuɖaa mba kpɛnda ɛyaa 76 000. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1947 lɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩtasɩ ɛyaa kalʊʊtɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ pana malɩŋ ɛzɩ 1 200 000 yɔ nɛ Yuuɖaa mba ɛzɩ 600 000 yɔ.
The Beatles
Pinzɩ 1960 taa, Beatlemania wondu pakɩlaɣ ɖʊʊ paa le nɛ po-wondu ndʊ tɩmʊwaɣna patʊ ndɩ sakɩyɛ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ: jazz, salsa, reggae, soul yaa ɖoo lɔnda wondu nɛ parɔkɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm taa lɛ papaɣzɩ Beatlemania wondu ɖʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩɖaɣnɩ wɛu ɛyaa nɩŋgbaaŋ taa ɛzɩ kɩfatʊ yɔ. Wondu teyaa panɛ pa-naanza pa-taa lɛ Lennon nɛ McCartney kɛ ɛyaa kpaɣa se mba lɩzɩna The Beatles nɛ eyaa kpakʊɣ po-wondu nɛ nɛ pamaazɩɣna nɛ poluki pɛ-ndʊ.
Po-wondu natʊyʊ payaɣ se Yesterday (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Ɖeɖe), tɩtala ɛzɩ kutokiŋ niitozo yɔ, nɛ pañɩnaa nɛ pala akɔntanaa lɛ, pana se paɖu-tʊ radiyoonaa taa kpem kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa paa pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩma yɔ tam kʊɖumbʊ efemiye taa. The Beatles waa panɛ, pɩpazaa nɛ pɩsɩna keteŋa kpeekpe kɛ kɛ-ɛsɩnda wobu nʊmɔʊ taa pɩlɩna tɔm pee wena peteɣ yɔ, po-wondu suu taa, pa-ñʊŋ taa maɣzɩm taa, pɔ-nɔsɩ taa leleŋ taa nɛ pɔ-lɔŋ sɩnɖɛ taa.
Maɣzɩyɛ tɔm
Maɣzɩyɛ tɔm kɛna ɖeyi ɖeyi laɣsɩ. Tʋmɩyɛ yaa ɖeyi ɖeyi laɣsɩ labʋ sɩnɛ, sɩzɩɣnana nɛ pawɩlʋʋ tanaʋ, amʋʋza maɣzɩm laɣsɩ kpeekpe. Amʋʋza maɣzɩm laɣsɩ nzɩ, palabɩzɩ sakɩyɛ kpem nɛ matʋ taa kɛnɛ payɩ.
Ɛlɛ, sɩtɛma sɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛtɛɛ palakɩ maɣzɩm tɔm tanaŋ ɛnʋ yɔ. Krɛsɩ mba kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, tɔm biye maɣzm tʋmɩyɛ tɔbʋʋ tobi kɛlɛ yem size ɖɩmaɣzɩyɛ.
N̄ʋʋ maɣzʋʋ taa keɣkeɣ lɛ, maɣzɩm tɔm tʋmɩyɛ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ size, lone nɖɩ palakɩ ɖɩ-taa lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna sɔsɔna yɔ. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ, sɔjanaa yoŋ lɩmaɣza ɖɩgbɛlɛkɩyɛ.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ you
Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ wiyaʋ pazɩ nɛ ɛnaŋgɩ Fransɩɩ wiyaʋ, Philippe VI de Valois kɛ Crécy-en-Ponthieu, Picardie tɛtʊ taa kɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1346. Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ yoya tɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ tɔŋ ñɩma pɔtɔwaɣ nɛ pañaɣ pana ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pakʊ Fransɩɩ canɖaŋ cɑnɖaŋ weyi ɛlɛ ñaawɛna kpaŋnaŋ yɔ. You ŋgʊ kɩwɩlɩna kaaaɣ se kpaŋnaŋ ɩɩkpakɩɣ nabʊyʊ ñɩma cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛna you ŋgʊ kɩlaba Fransɛmba nɛ Ɩŋglɩsɛmba pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pɩyɔɔ kpem yɔ (1337-1453).
OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ
OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ kɛlɛ ɖajaa Mohammed Barkindo. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OPEP takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ. Ɖajaa Mohammed Barkindo kɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se NNPC ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. NNPC ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʋ payaɣ se Hidrokaarɩbiiri yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1960 taa OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋwa. Kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ palaba Bagdad tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɖajaa Abdullah Tariki nɛ ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se pʋwɛɛ se paɖʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖajaa Abdullah Tariki kɛ Arabii-Sahʊditi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.
Piyele ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso ñɛkɛ Fenezuyeelaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonse kɛkɛ Fenezuwelaa ɛjaɖɛ taa Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʋma yɔɔ yɔ. Dajaanaa panɛ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ se ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ, alʋ siŋŋ nɛ kaɖazɩm toonoo liidiye ɛtaatii tibu yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, pɩkpa kpaʋ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ palakaɣ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga se paɖʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ lɛ, kaɖazɩm toonoo liidiye taatalɩ dollars waa kagbaanzɩ. Amerika ñɩma liidiye payaɣ se dollar.
Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ajɛya kagbaanzɩ ɖeke kɛwɛna OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, a-hɩla yɔ : Arabii sawudiiti nɛ Iiranɩ nɛ Irakɩ nɛ Kowɛɛtɩ nɛ Fenezuwelaa.
Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, ajɛya sakɩyɛ sʋʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, alɛ hɩla yɔ : Qatar ɛjaɖɛ sʋ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1961 piyele Ɛndoneezii nɛ Liibii paba ajɛya ñasʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Ɛndoneezii ɛjaɖɛ lɩ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 taa, ɛlɛ, kɩɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-taa sʋʋ pɩnaɣ 2016 ñɩŋa taa. Abu Dabi ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1967 taa.
Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1969 taa nɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1971 ñɩŋa taa. Ekuwatɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ pɩnaɣ 1973 taa, ɛlɛ, ɖɩlɩɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1992 taa nɛ ɖɩɖaɣnɩ pɩsɩʋ ɖɩsʋʋ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 2007 ñɩŋa taa. Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1975, ɛlɛ, ɖɩlɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1996 taa nɛ ɖikiti ɖɩɖaɣnɩ sʋʋ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa. Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ sʋ pɩnaɣ 2007 taa.
Ɖooo ɛzɩ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔʋ yɔ, ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Jenɛɛvʋ (Genève) ɛjaɖɛ taa Suwiisi tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ salaŋ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye nɛ pasɩɩ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa Fiyɛɛnɩ (Vienne) tɛtʋ taa.
Maɣzɩm (conscience)
Pɔtɔŋʊʊ yaa payaʊ se maɣzɩm yɔ, ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se pɩkɛ we. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se filozofii. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ se hɔɔlɩŋ naanza taa ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ maɣzɩm tɔbʊʊ. Hɔɔlɩŋ naanza ɛnʊʊ yɔ :
Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sikoloziiki yɔ. Sikolozii hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ nɛ lakɩ ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm taa se pɩtamsɩ ɛ nɛ kedeŋa yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna nɛ ɛlakɩ se ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ patamsɩna ɖama yɔ. Sikolozii hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, maɣzɩm nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se sɩmtʊ (connaissance) yɔ patamsɩna ɖama. Maɣzɩm nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se hɔyɛ pɩsɩʊ yaa taa leleŋ labʊ yaa ɖɩɣzɩʊ (émotion) yɔ patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ. Maɣzɩm nɛ wɛʊ (existence) nɛ mbʊ ɛyʊ sɩma kpayɩ kpayɩ yaa mbʊ pɩtɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa yɔ patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ. Maɣzɩm nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (pensée) patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «moral» yɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ yaa ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna se ɛpɩzɩ ɛhʊʊ lɩmaɣza kɩbana tɔm yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣza yaa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ lɛlʊ tɛ lɩmaɣza.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naadozo ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛ mbʊ payaɣna ɛyʊtʊ (humanité) yɔ.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naanza ñɩŋgʊ ɖeɖe lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ maɣzɩm se pɩkɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa payɩ.
Ɖajaa André Comte-Sponville tɔ se toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye maɣzɩm caɣ kaɖɛ siŋŋ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa. Tɔmbiye nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ caɣ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyʊ maɣzɩm kʊɖʊmbʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ lakɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ maɣzɩm tɔbʊʊ. Pɩlaba se maɣzɩm lɩzɩɣna tɔmbiye «maɣzɩm» tɔbʊʊ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ siŋŋ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa mba payaɣ se «bouddhistes» waa yɔ, potuu eduye se « saɣ nakɛyɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɛsɛtɩ ka-tɩ». Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖajaa Auguste Comte yɔɔdaa se «ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsɩŋ nɛ mundoɖe pɔʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-tɩ habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛɖɔŋ ɖɔm».
Nandaka
Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, nandaka kɛna nesi tɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣna nesi ajɔɔ taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna cɩkpaŋ yɔ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna taa lɛ, ahʊwaa nɛ tɩgbayɩŋ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ cabɩ yeke wɛŋna nandasɩ. Paa ɛyʊ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna ana a-tɛ tɛ yɔ, nandasɩ nasɩlɛ wɛna: lɩmɩyɛ nandaka nɛ nesi kɩpanzɩ ñɩŋga.
Ɛyʊ nesi wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naatozo: nimviɖe, nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nandaka. Noŋgoloŋga tamna nɛŋgbɛŋga nɛ nimviɖe, nesi ajɔɔ ñɛwɛna avnt-bras nɛ nandaka pɛhɛkʊ taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ɩnʊ ɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, nimviɖe kɩlana kpeetʊʊ. Nimviɖe kpeetaa, ɛlɛ, nɛŋgbɛŋga kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Ɛyʊ wɛʊ toma taa ɖɔŋ siŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛ-mɔɔ cɛyaa yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna e-nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ. Nimviɖe taa ɖoŋ kɩla wɛʊ ɛyʊ nesi hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzʊʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ yaa eseu yɔ, pɩlɩna e-nesi fiiduu yɔɔ. Ɛyʊ nesɩ wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: hamʊ, nimviɖe, noŋgoloŋga, nɛŋgbɛŋga, nesi ajɔɔ taa, nɛ nandaka. Hamʊʊ taa wɛ mɔɔ sɔsɔna naatozo. Nimviɖe taa ñɛwɛna mɔɔyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ, pʊtɔbʊ se peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ tomnaɣ nandʊ kɩla wɛʊ kɛ nesi yɔɔ, piyele noŋgoloŋga ñɛwɛna nimviɖe nɛ nɛŋgbɛŋga pɛhɛkʊ taa; noŋgoloŋga ŋga, kɔyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ekotiɣu yaa eposiɣu e-nesi.
Pɩwɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, niye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ: nɖɩ ɛyʊ ɛtɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ e-nesi kɔyɔ, ekonuuna ñanaɣ taa camɩyɛ. Paakpazʊʊ nee ana mbʊ yɔ, pokotuu lɛɛna. Hɛkʊ taa niye kɩlɩna nee ana atɩŋgaa ɖaalʊʊ. Nee taa ɔɔ wɛɛ nɛ paa niye nɖɩ lɛ, ɖikotuu tɔm nabutozo taa ɛlɛ abalɩniye ɖeke kotuuna tɔm nabʊlɛ nɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna toboyuu. Paa niye nɖɩ ɖɩtɛzɩna cikpalʊʊ.
Nandʊ
Nandʊ kɛ tɔnaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnaa nayɛɛ tɛ nimfila nɛndɛtʊ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ naŋgbanzɩ nanzaa tɩnaa nɛ simaasi nɛ rʊmaa ɛlɛ, kpakpasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ pɩtaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ŋga payaɣ se requin. Payaʊ se nandʊ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩnɛ num nɛ holaa nɛ calɩm nɛ pɩkpɛndɩnɛ nɛndɛtʊ nɛ mɔɔ nɛ a-taa num nɛ a-ñʊʊ yɔ num.
Ɖooo kpaɣdʊ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ se nandʊʊ pamazɩɣ se pɩkpɛndɩnɛ kpakpasɩ nɛ paa tɔnaɣ ŋga. Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ se nandʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɔɔnaɣ, vivenda tɔbʊʊ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se mbʊ pʊwaazʊʊ wezʊʊ yɔ. Nandʊ kɛ kpɩnɛ nɛndɛtʊ nɛ pɩwɩlaɣ nɩtʊʊ natʊyʊʊ taa se pɩkɛ tɩmʊʊ liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa yatʊʊ, karnɛ (carne) pʊtɔbʊʊ se nandʊʊ kɩdɛkɛdɩtʊʊ.
Erɔpʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, nandʊ kɛ taata cɩnɛ kpɩnaa tɛ pʊyʊʊ mbʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩnɛ calɩm. Fransɩɩ lambʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖʊʊ tʊkaɣ nandʊʊ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se abas yɔ pɛhɛkʊʊ taa. Pɩlɩnɛ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, onglet kɛ abat ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ nandʊʊ. Hɔɔyɛ kɛ nandʊʊ nimfiɖe ɛlɛ ɖoo pitihiɣ pɩkɛ abat pɩtɛkɛ nandʊʊ. Payaɣ se abat mbʊ pɩkɛ kpɩnaa ɖɩkʊ hɔɔlʊʊ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ. Pawɩlɩɣ nɛ hɩɖɛ abat kʊlʊmʊʊ lɛ, pɩkɛ ñʊʊ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ nɛ hiluu. Abat kɩsɛmʊʊ kɔyɔ hɔɔyɛ nɛ hʊzʊʊ nɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ fiteenim nɛ calɩm fʊwaa nɛ hʊzɩŋ nɛ pondone nɛndɛtʊʊ. Nandʊʊ ndʊ tɩ-wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, kɩsɛmtʊʊ yaa ndʊ pakʊwa yɔ, naŋ nandʊʊ nɛ kpaŋnʊ nandʊʊ nɛ afa nandʊʊ nɛ heeŋ nɛ pʊŋ nandʊʊ pɩwɛ ŋkpaɣ ndɛ. Nandʊʊ kʊlʊmʊtʊ ndʊ kelemiye nandʊʊ. Nandʊʊ kɩkpɛdɩtʊʊ ndʊ lɛ lakʊʊ kpɩnɛ nandʊʊ. Nandʊʊ kɩwɩtʊʊ nɛ lakʊʊ taa nandʊʊ. Nandʊʊ natɩyʊʊ wɛ tɩzɔzʊʊ ɛyʊʊ tɔmnaɣ taa ɖoŋ ndʊ yɔ kpakpasɩ nɛ sɛyaa nɛ pɩcɛɛnɛɛ tɛtɛ ñɩtʊʊ hʊndʊʊ ñndʊʊ nɛ lɔbɩ lɔbɩ kpɩna ɛlɛ pɛ-nɛndɛtʊʊ fɛyɩ ɛzɩ nandʊʊ yɔ.
Pɩsatʋ
Ɖooo lɛ, pahayɩɣ pɩsatʋ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛɣna-tʋ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ, masiini kpɛɣna pɩsatʋ.
Peruu ɛjaɖɛ taa pɛlɛyɩ hayʋʋ pɩsatʋ. Pɩsatʋ kɛ tɩʋ cikpeluu ŋgʋ kʋtʋlʋʋ kpootu yɔ. Pɩsatʋ tɩʋ wɛ ɛzɩ kaalʋka tɩʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ, kɩɩtalɩɣ kaalʋka tɩʋ ɖaɣlʋʋ. Pɩsatʋ tɩʋ wɛ tɩŋ weyi payaɣ se "Malvacées" waa yɔ ɛ-taa. Kpootu pamɩlɩɣtɩɣ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ pɩsatʋ nɛ palʋʋna pɩsaŋ yaa kususum. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ pɩsatʋ pakɩlɩɣ hayʋʋ.
Tɛtʋ
Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ payɩ nɛ pʋcɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ, Tɛtʋ (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna pʋyʋ naadozo tʋ weyi ɛmaɣzɩ Wɩsɩ nzɩɩ n̄ɔtɩnaʋ yɔ. Paɣlaka nɛ huŋ pɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ kɛ wonuu naanza n̄ɩŋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ nɛ yuŋ yɔ. Lona sɔsɔna payɩ wena awɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ nɛ acɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ ata yɔ, a-taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ lona wena payaɣ se, "Mercure" nɛ "Vénus" nɛ "Mars" yɔ. Lona ana a-tɩŋa payɩ a-taa lɛ, Tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɖeke ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ wezuu.
Tɛtʋ wɛʋ yɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ agbaba agbaba 4,54 yɔ. Nɛ pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɩlakaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ agbaba kʋɖʋm lɛ, wezuu wɛɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Ɛyaa nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ pacaɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Lona wena ɛyaa caɣ a-taa yɔ, ayeba nɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩlɛɣzɩ kpem. Nɛ wɛtʋ lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tiiyeki se pʋyʋ ɛpɩzɩ ɛcaɣ wezuu nɛ tiyeki nɛ mbʋ pʋn̄ɔʋ heelim yɔ, pʋtɔyʋʋ nɛ mbʋ puhuzuu ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ yɔɔ yɔ pʋwɛɣ. Pɩ nɛ pʋyʋ sɔsɔm mbʋ pɩkandɩɣ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pʋn̄ɔʋna Wɩsɩ mʋntʋsʋʋ nakʋyʋ nɛ piyeki se nabʋyʋ ɛpɩzɩ pɩcaɣ wezuu Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋwɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pasɩma-tʋ sɩm mbʋ yɔ nɛ pama-tʋ maʋ mbʋ yɔ piyebina nɛ nabʋyʋ pɩzɩ pɩcaɣ wezuu alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa. Nɛ pɩɩwɛɛ se Tɛtʋ ɛpɩzɩ tɩɖɔkɩ wezuu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩcɛzɩ pɩnzɩ ɛgbɔŋ 500 yɔɔ́.
Pɛtɛyɩ Tɛtʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɩŋa ɛwɛ ɖoŋ cɩŋcɩŋ. Payaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ se plaques tectoniques waa. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛkpakɩɣ pɩnzɩ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ nɛ ɛcɔʋ. Teŋunaa huuzi Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ ɛzɩ 71% mbʋ yɔ. Teŋunaa ḿba, pa-lɩm taa wɛ ɖɔm. Ḿba kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se hydrosphère. Lɩŋkamɩŋ lɛɛŋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛzɩ lacs waa yaa nappes phréatiques waa yɔ. Ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna huuzi Tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ yɔɔ. Payaɣ-yɛ se, inlandsis de l'Antarctique waa yaa de banquises waa. Nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ sɔsɔʋ tɩyɛ yɔ, n̄ohuuzi Tɛtʋ hɛkʋ taa. Pɛ sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛzɩ ansaayɩ kpaakpɛyɛ taa piye yɔ, ɛlɛ puyolaa nɛ lɛɛbʋ ɛzɩ ansaayɩ kpaakpɛyɛ taa piye ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ, pʋbʋ n̄ɛwɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ yɔ, pɩtɩŋɛ mbʋ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pʋwɛɛ pɩsaʋ tɩyɛ nɛ puhuuzi Tɛtʋ yɔɔ. Tɛtʋ nɛ Wɩsɩ nɛ Fenaɣ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ peciidiɣ. Kɩyakɩŋ 365,26 yaa pɩnaɣ kɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋna Wɩsɩ. Pɩlɩɣna mbʋ payaɣ se, plan de l'écliptique pikpili kpiluu mbʋ pʋ-cɔlɔ nɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋ nɛ tɩwɛlɩ tɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ 23,44°6 yɔ. Mbʋ yekina nɛ yolim alɩwaatʋ wɛɛ nɛ lʋŋʋyɛ n̄ɩndʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Fenaɣ ɖeke pasɩma se, kɔcɔʋ Tɛtʋ. Pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ 4,5 yɔ, kapaɣzʋʋ cɔʋ Tɛtʋ yɔ. Mbʋ yekina nɛ lɩm hola kpaɣ nɛ atiki nɛ Tɛtʋ cɔʋ cɔʋ mbʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ ḿbʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ ti-ɖeɖe ɖiɣɖiɣ. Pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ ɛgbaŋ 3,8 yɔ, pɩɩn̄amsɩ Tɛtʋ n̄amsʋʋ nabʋyʋ nɛ halɩ pɩlɛɣzɩ tɩ-wɛtʋ. Mbʋ pʋwɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔɔ Wɩsɩ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, Tɛtʋ yɔɔ ɖeke tɛtɛ kpɩna nɛ ɛyaa papɩzɩɣ pacaɣ wezuu. Ɛyʋ tɩŋna ɛ-sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛsɔnaa nɛ eluŋuu pɛ-tɛɛ. Etisaa se, Tɛtʋ walaa nɛ tɩwɛɛ kedeŋa hɛkʋ taa. Se, Tɛtʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛ se, pɔcɔna ɖɩ-n̄ɩm ɛzɩ pʋmʋnaʋ yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kan̄ɩnɩɣ nɛ kanaɣ mbʋ pʋwɛ Tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, payaɣ-kɛ se, géologie. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kan̄ɩnɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ wezuu wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyaa hukuu yɔ, ŋ́ga sɩŋnana lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se, géologie ka-n̄ɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Tɛtʋ Kikizitu
Tɛtʋ kikizitu kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa caɣya yea Siini ɛjaɖe mba yaa yem yɔɔlɩɩ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ. Patasɩ paya tɛtʋ nʋ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ keɖeyaɣ ɖaɣ. Tɛtɛ Kikizitu tʋnɛ, tɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖaɣ kɩbaŋga sʋsaɣ nakɛyɩ. Nɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ payatʋ se Peekɛɛ yɔ tɩ-taa.
Nɛ peɖe ɛjaɖɛ wiyau sʋsɔ wɛɛ. Hɔʋ ŋgʋ paya-kʋ size Ming yɔ, ɖɩtɔzɩ size kɩ-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋndina cɛŋga lɩwaana. Nɛ sʋsɔ ɖa-caa Yongle kaɣkɛna wiyau sʋsɔ naadozo n̄ɩnʋ aliwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Peɖee pɩcɔ nɛ pabazɩɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩmatʋ lɛ, sʋsɔ ɛnʋ ɛhana nɔɔ nɛ paba matʋ ndʋ.
Papazaɣ matʋ ndʋ Pɩnaɣ 1406 taa nɛ pɛtɛmmdʋ pɩnaɣ 1420 taa mbɩ yɔ. Mbɩ yɔ wɩlɩɣna size pamakʋ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ nɛ naanaza(14). Ɛjaɖe n̄ʋʋdʋ sʋsɔ ɖaɣ kanɛ, kɛwɛna hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, ncɔna kɔyɔ, ŋna size walanzɩ yaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ fɛyɩ kɩmaŋ.
Ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ yaa ɛ-walanzɩ taa makʋna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtarɩna hiŋ lʋbɛ(70) mbɩ yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩtaasʋ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sʋsɔ ɖaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ yaa kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛɛ n̄ʋʋndɩna ɖɛsɩ taa yaa pakalɩɣ kɔyɔ. Kɛtɛ kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɛsɩ nzɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ kɩlɩɣ n̄ɔɔzʋʋ ɖɛsɩ nzɩ size sɩwɛ nɛ paatɩlɩzɩ cee wzyɩ yɔ sɩ-taa.
Nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa mbɩ yɔ, ɛpɩsaɣ keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖaɣ sʋsaɣ. Kɛkɛ wiyau ɖaɣ keɖeyaɣ n̄ɩŋga sʋsaɣ ŋga pasɩɣ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋ yaa cee n̄ɩm yɔ. Nɛ ɖaɣ kanɛ yɔ, ka-taa peɖe pana ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna ɛzɩma pɩcɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɛ kuliye pɩɩkpaʋ nɛ ɖooo caanaʋ taa yɔ.
Siini ɛjaɖɛ mba, ɛɛkaɣ paɣ wiɖi kɛ sɔʋʋ keɖeyaɣ ɖaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tʋma kɩbana kɩbana, kajala n̄ɩna nɛ feveɖe n̄ɩna wɛ peɖe kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Nayɛ kɔyɔ: taʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ; nɛ cɩnjɩnɔɔ sɛʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ cʋʋ matʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋn, nɛ pɩtasɩna minziiki wondu lɩzɩɣ, nɛ calɩm kifidim tʋmɩyɛ labʋ.
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ
Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ naayɛ taa sɔɔjanaa ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se OTAN. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Atlantiki (Atlantique) pʋʋ nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Payaɣ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se « Atlantiki Nɔɔ haʋ ».
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa kɔyɔ se ɖɩkandɩ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya ana, a-taa sɔɔjanaa laba nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ palʋkɩ siŋŋ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa.
Pajala ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋʋ lɛ, pasɩɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1966 taa nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa.
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ payaɣ se SHAPE. Pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ kajalɩ wɛʋ Rocquencout tɛtʋ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ, pɛkɛza kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Mons tɛtʋ taa. Mons tɛtʋ wɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ. Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya naayɛ calɩna ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ pâla kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ajɛya wena anɩna ɖama nɛ ala kedizaɣ ŋ́ga yɔ, anaa yɔ : Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Lukisambuuri ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Peyiba a nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya ana, alakaɣ a-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga lɛ, ayaa ajɛya naayɛ se alɛ iwolo pe-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa nɛ anɩɩ ndʋ pɔcɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Ajɛya wena payaa yɔ, alɛ yɔ : Kanadaa nɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ Italii nɛ Isɩlandɩ nɛ Nɔrɩvɛɛzɩ nɛ Pɔrɩtigaalɩ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, anasaayɩnaa tɛtʋ taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ lɛɛna sʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya naayɛ tɔsɔɔlɩ se aɖʋ a-nɔsɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa, pʋ-yɔɔ akezaa nɛ atɔsʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Otrisi, nɛ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Irilandɩ nɛ Suyɛɛdɩ nɛ Suwiisi.
Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ
Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ kɛna Oseyanii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Oseyanii ilemiye taa nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yele lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ- tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ Salomɔɔ yɔ tɩwɛna.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Ɛŋglisi, Tɔkɩ pisɛɛ, Hiri Motu nɛ ndamaa kʊnʊŋ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kina.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɔɔrɩ Maarɛsbii nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +675 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ nɛ petee wendu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se Ɖɩkpɛndʊʊ ɖɩ-tɛ ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ taa.
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner, palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 Leipzig tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1883 taa Venise tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, amʊza ñʊʊ tʊ, tɔm mayʊ sɔsɔ, hendu teyaa ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛke; ɛyʊ weyi etisi lelaa lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yem yɔ keɖeɣa tʊma alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ pasɩmɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛtɛ laŋɩyɛ taa siziŋ hendu ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ tʊ tɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nanza yɔ nɛ leleŋ hendu yɔ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ kajalaɣ hiu ñɩndʊ mbʊ yɔ peteu-tʊ paa ɖoye kɛ pɩnaɣ taa kazantʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1876 yɔ.
Ɛkpasa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ tabalɩyɛ labʊ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖa sɔsaa se ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛlɛzɩ pɛ-tɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ laɣsɩ amʊza taa mbʊ lɛ, pɩpazɩ pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ ɛ-tɔm. E-nesi tɛ tʊma pɩtɩŋa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu ceɣ yɔɔ pazɩ pɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ miiziki hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛ e-evbutu alɩwaatʊ taa. Richard Wagner pɩsɩ laŋɩyɛ taa lɩmaɣza hendu teyu sɔsɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛ-tɔm caɣ yuŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa. Palʊla Richard Wagner agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 kɛ Brühl habɩyɛ mayaɣ natozo ŋga yɔ ɛsɔda kuduyuu naalɛ ŋgʊ taa akɔma ɖɩɣa ŋga payaɣ se Zum roten und weißen Löwen (tɔyʊ kɩsɛmʊ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊ akɔma ɖɩɣa) Yuda ɛyaa egeetiye taa kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa. Wagner kɛ pɩɣa nakʊ ñɩŋa Carl Friedrich Wagner hɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛɖʊ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1798 taa. Carl kɛ tɔm hʊyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa fulisi naa tɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ piŋ yɔ nɛ ɛlakaɣ hendu teu tɛ amʊza. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Johanna Rosine Paetz (1774 ŋtalɩ 1848), anasaayɩ tɔnasɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, ɛsa taakuli camɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛsɩma lɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa paakɛwa, pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm Thoma Kiɖeɖeu kpaŋ taa kɛ Leipzig tɛʈʊ taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1813 nɛ paya-ɩ se Wilhelm Richard Wagner. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛwɛna fenasɩ loɖo. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1814 lɛ, e-ɖoo walɩ Carl Friedrich taabalʊ, ɛlakaɣ amʊza ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Ludwig Geyer. Wagner cejewiye yele ɖɩpɩsɩ ɖɩcaɣ Dresden tɛtʊ kɛ Geyer ɖɩɣa taa, ɛlɛ weyi ɛsɩkɩ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa ɛlɛ, ɛtapɩzɩda eheyi Wagner ɛ-kʊñɔŋ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɩ se Richard pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-pɩnzɩ 14 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se Geyer kɛnɛ ɛ-caa kʊlʊlʊ.
Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kajalaɣ takayaɣ taa, ŋga ɛya se Me-wezuu tɔm yɔ taa lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ Geyer pɩɣa yɔ. Cosina Wagner tʊma kajalaɣ ñɩnaa nayɛ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ patɛm-kʊ ɖʊʊ taɣtʊ takayasɩ taa yɔ pahɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩ-kʊ nɛ Friedrich Wagner hɩɖɛ.
Thérèse Avila tʋ
Palʊla Thérèse d'Ávila kɛ Gotarandura, Ɛsɩpañ ɛjaɖɛ taa, lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1515 nɛ ɛsɩ Alba de Tormes ɖoŋgiye taa, Ɛsɩpañɩ peeɖe kɛ aloma fenaɣ 14-15 pɩnaɣ 1582. Thérèse d'Ávila kɛna cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyaɣ ŋga kasʊ Karmɛlɩwaa tɛ kpaaŋ taa lɛ, ɛñɔɔzɩ payɩ mbʊ pɩtaawɛɛ ɖeu camɩyɛ yɔ. Thérèse d'Ávila kɛna krɩstʊ mba tɛ sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ.
Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ e-tomnaɣ laba kʊñɔŋ: paa mba pañɩnɩɣ se pepim-kɛ pɛtɛ. Ɖenɖe palʊla-ɩ yɔ, 'Áviɩla, peeɖe cɔjɔ kɛkpeyɩsɩ ñɩnɩɣ se pepimi-i peeɖe, ɛlɛ Alba de Tormes, ɖenɖe ɛsɩba yɔ, peeɖe ñɩmba ñaatisiɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1760 taa kɛ pakpaɣ ɛ-tɛ aɖakaɣ nɛ powana-kɛ Alba de Tormes. Ɛsɩpañɩ cɔɔcɩnaa sakɩyɛ taa, pasɩ e-tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ. thérèse ɖo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1527,pʊtɔbʊʊ se Thérèse kawɛna pɩnzɩ 12 yeke. Mbʊ kɩlɩna pɩɣa peɣlaɣ kɛnɛ nɛ kakpaɣ ka-tɩ nɛ kɛcɛlɛ Maria kelekeletʊ se ɛkɛ e-ɖo.
Ɛlɛ ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ kalɩɣ yem lɛ, ɛsɔɔ fezuu kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ ɛ-taa nɛ kizeɣtu-i yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ yelɩɣ nɛ ɛ-taabalaa lɛ, pɩkɔɔ pɩɖʊzɩ-ɩ acɛya tɔm taa nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 lɛ, ɛtɩlɩ abalʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩla ɛzɩ ppiposina-i nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔ. Ɛ-caa na mbʊ lɛ, ɛkpeɣ lɩmaɣza se ewokina-i Santa María de Gracia kɛ Ávila pɩnaɣ 1531 taa. Thérèse tekizi se pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɩcakɩ-ɩ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa ɖɩɣna-ɩ lidiya hatʊ tiinau. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛcɔŋna se liidiya fɛyɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa, nɛ ɛwɛɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩtaa pinaɣ pilim.
Ɛzɩma pɩcalaa nɛ Thérèse pɩsɩ cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se, pɩkɔma lɛ pɩwɩ-ɩ siŋŋŋ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ cɛba wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa wona-i ɛ-kɔɔ Marie de Cepeda cɔlɔ. Peeɖe ɛwɛɛ nɛ efemiye naɖɩyɛ ɛheyi ɛ-caa se ɛsɔɔla se ɛsʊʊ cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyɩsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɛtɛma naʊ se paa ɛ-caa eekizaa, ɛɛkɑɣ kitiu nɛ ɛ-wayɩ. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛ-caa kizina-i mbʊ se pɩɩlakɩ-ɩ sɔnɔ nɛ cee. Efemiye naɖɩyɛ yem (kamɩŋ fenaɣ 2 pɩnaɣ 1533 yaa 1535) kɛ Thérèse kʊyɩ ɛ-caa ɖɛɣa nɛ ewolo cɔjɔkɛkpɛyɩsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa kɛ Avila. Pɩlaba pɩnaɣ lɛ, ɛɖuu nɛ posu-i cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyɩsɩ toko. Ɛcaɣ peeɖe pɩnzɩ 27 nɛ ɛcɔŋna peeɖe tɛ paɣtʊ lɛ, pɩtacaɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ kɛ ɛkɔma ɛtʊʊzɩ-tʊ camɩyɛ. . Mbʊ piitukina ɛ-laŋiyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se, sakrɩmɩnɩʊ tɛɛ luŋgu efemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛna Yeesu kɛ sakrɩmɩnɩʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛnɩɣ sɩzɩŋ kɛ ɛyaa kɩwɛkɩm yɔɔ nɛ pɩlabɩ-ɩ pʊtrɔdɩyɛ.
Pɩrazaviili
Pɩrazaviili kɛŋna Kɔŋgo ɛjaɖɛ taatɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa politiki nɛ komina tʊma sʊsɔna wɛɛ yɔ. Pɩrazaviili kaakɛŋna Fransɩɩ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ kɩ-tɩyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ Kɔŋgo ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ keteŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ kaalɩwa yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛna pɩnzɩ 1940 nɛ 1942 taa. Pɩrazaviili tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ Koŋgo Pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam; Kɩnsasa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ɛsɩndaa.
Mediteranee Teŋgu
Mediteraniya kɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ ketenzi cɔ; kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɩyɔɔlʈaɖɩɣ kpɩɖɩ kpɩɖɩ. Pɩtʊlɩna ɖoli pazɩ. Teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Eerɔpɩ, Afrika nɛ Azia pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pamaazɩ-kʊ nɛ pɔcɔɔ pɩtaa yɔ, pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ 2,5 millions km2 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩna Atlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ ɖoli nɛ ɖɩnɛ walanzɩ taa maɣnɩ ɛzɩ 14km2 yɔ.
Hɩɖɛ nɖ paya teŋgu ŋgʊ mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩlɩna latin kʊnʊŋ taa; nɛ ɖɩtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se lɩm mbʊ tɛtʊ cɔɔ-pʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ, Mediterrania kaakɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ palakaɣ tadɩyɛ yɔ. Lɔŋsɩnɖaa nɛ tɩlɩya ndɩ ndɩ pakataɣ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe. Ɖɩnaɣ Mezopotania tɩlɩtʊ, Egypti nɛ Persia nɛ Fenecia nɛ Kartyagen nɛ Berbernaa nɛ Grecia nɛ Romaa mba patɩlɩtʊ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ mbʊ mbʊ pɩɖɔma peeɖe yɔ pɩwɛna wazaɣ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛsa-kuliye taa pɩlɩna kapaɣlɩka yɔɔ.
Pɩrazaviili
Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩñɔ aloma fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payawaɣ se Nkuna yɔ tɩ-loniye taa. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩlɩna ñɩnɩyʊ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ egbena-tʊ weyi ɛkɛ Itali ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Fransɩɩ hɩɖɛ taaa yɔ nɛ payaɣ se Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza yɔ. Pɩrazaviili tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa payɩ lɛ paakpɛnda ɛyaa 1 373 382. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 ɖeɖe taa patasa ɛyaa mba kalɩɣ lɛ, palɩ ɛyaa 1 696 392.