cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Auguste nɛ Louis Lumière
Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière nɛ Louis Jean Lumière pɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa. Palʋla ɖajaa Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖajaa Louis Jean Lumière. Ɖajaa Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière kɩlɩ ɖajaa Louis Jean Lumière nɛ pɩnzɩ naalɛ.
Palʋla ɖajaa Auguste Louis Lumière kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1862 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Besançon tɛtʋ taa Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe.
Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu (10) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1954 n̄ɩŋga taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba Lyon tɛtʋ taa.
Palʋla ɖajaa Louis Jean Lumière ɖɔɖɔ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1864 n̄ɩŋga taa. Besançon tɛtʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ palʋla-ɩ. Ɛlɛ, ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛlɛ sɩba mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1948 n̄ɩŋga taa Bandol tɛtʋ taa, Var egeetiye taa.
Ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pa-hɩla sɛ siŋŋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ pɩlɩɩna pa-tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna wena palaba yɔ a-cɔlɔ. Pa-tʋma ana ayebina nɛ pɛsɛɛ-wɛ hɩla se "Mʋntʋsʋŋ tɩnaa".
Mʋntʋsʋŋ tɩnaa pana, pa-caa kʋɖʋm. Pa-caa ɛnʋ payaɣ size Antoine Lumière. Pa-caa kɛkɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ tayʋ. Palʋla ɛlɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1840 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ormoy egeetiye taa palʋla-ɩ Haute-Saône tɛtʋ taa.
Sapɔŋ
Japɔŋ kɛ Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩkɛ lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Japɔŋ teŋgu pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Siini nɛ Kooree nɛ Rusii pɛ-ajɛya nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ Tayiwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ. Hɩɖɛ Japɔŋ tɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɩsɩ lɩnaa yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ payaa Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ se «Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ».
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1945 ñɩŋga taa lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛnda nɛ pɛkɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndɩ 6 852. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 100 mɛɛtrɩ kaaree. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yaa walʊʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : Honshū nɛ Hokkaidō nɛ Kyūshū  nɛ Shikoku. Yee pɛtɛyɩ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm mɩnʊʊ taa yɔ, lɩm hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɩya mbʊ yɔ, tɩkpakɩɣ 95 hɔɔlʊʊ mpilim. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ naadozo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɛkɩŋ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-taa sakɩyɛ kɛ pʊŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ sekiɣna tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ kobulaɣ huɣu nɛ pɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ Fuji pʊʊ. Kʊkʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa 3 776 mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1707 ñɩŋga taa kɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔlɩkaɣ (volcan) yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya nakʊ ɖeke kɩlɩnɩ Japɔŋ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Japɔŋ samaɣ talɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 127 mbʊ yɔ. Japɔŋ tɛtʊ walɩ 377 488 kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ. Kilomɛta kaaree yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 377 wɛna. Teŋgunaa nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ pe-kidemiŋ nɔsɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.Japɔŋ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ lɛ Tokiyoo. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna paɣlʊʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩ-samaɣ talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (35) yɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1990 taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa liidiye kakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se ɖooo paleyolitiki (paléolithique) alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa paɣzɩ ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm takayaɣ taa pacalɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm kpaɖʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1947 taa Japɔŋ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖɩ-paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛɛ se weyi ɛkɛɣ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, ɛsɩkɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pasɩɩ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊwɛɛ se palɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, papa cejewiye payaɣ se Tiyɛɛtɩ (Diète).
Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ ajɛya naalɛ ɖeke tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʊʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya naadozo ɖeke kɩlɩna Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ wonaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa. Piyele nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ loɖo ñɩnɖɛ. Tadɩyɛ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pʊ-yɔɔ ɖi-liidiye kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya lɛɛna. Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna kɩmɩyɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩkɩndɩ ajɛya lɛɛna liidiye miiliyaaɖɩ waa pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 325 000 yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Liidiye ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩna. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛ ɛsɩnda pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tɔkɩ pahakɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yem fɛɛɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna wezuu caɣʊ pileɖiɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩñɩnɩna nɛ ɖisusi-tʊ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ yɔ cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ wɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ piya lʊlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɔyɩna kpem kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ pakpɩlɩɣ kpɩlʊʊ yɔɔ sɔnɔdaa.
Tɛtʋ cikpetu cikpetu ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-tɔm wɛ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo Jaapɔɔnɩ egeetiye caanaʋ tɔm nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Jaapɔɔnɩ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.
Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pajalɩ kɛdʋʋ pazɩ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋgaa paya nɛ anasaayɩ taa se "Les Vingt-quatre Histoires". Pama-kɛ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa kacaɣ tɩ-taa ɖooo pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm calɩɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se "Paléolithique" alɩwaatʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakaɣ pɛ. Mbʋ paya anasaayɩ taa se "le riche écosystème de l'archipel japonais" yɔ piyebina nɛ "Jōmon" sɔnzɩ wɛɛ. Sɩwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 12 000 nɛ pʋcɔ ɖa-kpaɖʋʋ alɩwaatʋ paɣzɩ.
Fenezuyeelaa
Fenezuyeelaa kɛna  Amerika nɛ ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖiyɛ. Payaʊ se Fenezuyelaa yɔ, hɩɖɛ kɛ paɖʊ sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Simón Bolívar yɔ, nɛ pɩlɩna ɛtʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hayi kiŋ lɛ, Antiiyi tɛ teŋgu wɛna nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kuyeenaa ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Pireezili yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele nɛ Kolɔmbii ñɛwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Karakasɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ payaɣ se karazim yɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pamaɣzɩ-pʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ paariiliwaa 297 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ Fenezuyeelaa kɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛnaʊ karazɩm yɔ.
Fenezuyeelaa wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖi payaɣ se ALBA yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 2004 taa.
Satirini
Satirini (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga looɖo ŋga wɩsɩ posinau taa nɛ tɩyɩŋga ŋga yɔ naalɛ ŋga palɩka nɛ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ nɛ paɣlɩka taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛ-ɛsɩnda kɔyɔ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Satirini kanɛ paanaɣ-kɛ nɛ ɛsɛ anɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo tataa cɩnɛ ɛzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ ɛlɛñɩnɩyaa nakɛ ɖooo ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ kɔŋ.
Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ, roma mba sɔdɩŋ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ taa lɛ payaɣ-kɛ se tiitani Kronosi nɛ pɩlɩna Krɛɛkɩ mba mʊya tɔm taa hɩla wena pɛcɛlaɣ mbʊ pɩpaɣlaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ.
Satirini tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kapaɣla sɩŋŋŋ ɛzɩ Siipitɛɛrɩ, Iirannisi nɛ Nɛptiini. Satirini tɩyɩŋga taa wɛ heɣlimaɣ nikaɣ ŋga ɛzɩ Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛ-hɛkʊ taa fawʊ cɩŋga kɩla wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Tɛtʋ ɛzɩ nakʊ nɛ hɔɔlɩɣ yɔ nɛ tɩɩŋga ŋga ka-taa nɛ iidirozɛnɩ nɛ eliyom.
Satirini kɩla Tɛtʊ tɩyɩŋga yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ ɛzɩ tam 95 yɔ nɛ paɣlɩka taa lɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ tam 900 yɔ. Tɩɩŋga kanɛ kɛwɛna tɩyɩnzɩ kɩmalasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-taa lɛ papɩzaa pana 53. Sɩ-taa sɔsɔɔ kɛ payaɣ se Tiitanɩ.
Heɣlim mbʊ pɩwɛ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ka-taa yɔ pɩɖɛʊ taa pisɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 800 kɛ ñɩɣyʊ kʊɖʊmʊ yɔɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɩlɩ kpekpeka kɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ ñɩmbʊ ɛlɛ pɩɩtalɩɣ kpidisiɣ kɛ heɣlim mbʊi pʊbʊ wɛ Nɛptiini taa yɔ.
Feniisɩ
Feniisɩ (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam yɔ tɩyɩŋga naanza ŋga kɔyɔɔ wɛ tɛtʊ yɔ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga lɛ naalɛ ŋga kɛ nzɩ siposina wɩsɩ yɔ nɛ ŋga kɛŋna looɖo ŋga hɩlɩmaɣ tom taa yaa tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩtakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ yɔ sɩ-taa.
Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ roma mba sɔdɩŋ kpeɣu kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊʊ-kɛ hɩɖɛ se Feniisɩ ɛsɔ halɩ ñɩnʊ.
Feeniisɩ kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam yɔ tɩyɩŋga nakayɩ nɛ ɛzɩ koposina wɩsɩ yɔ pʊwɛ O,718 nɛ 0,728 UA. Feeniisɩ kpayaɣ hɛkʊ taa cɔʊ cɔʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩmaɣna afema 224,7. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛwɛna tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Mɛɛrkiiri, Tɛtʊ nɛ Maarɩsɩ yɔ. Tɛtʊ cɔʊʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛfɛyɩna tɩŋga cikpelaɣ kɩmalaɣ nakayɩ.
Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ nɛ tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Iiranisi yɔ sɩ ɖeke koŋ kɛ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekpe taa se sɩcɔʊ kiliŋgili. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ keɖeke kɔcɔʊna ka-tɩ tam kʊɖʊm taa kɛ kɩykɩŋ 243, ŋgʊ kaacɔ; wɩsɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ kataŋ lɛ kalaba afema 224,701.
Prix Nobel
Kɩyɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se « prix Nobel» yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɩyɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ kiyeki se kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛtɩlɩ weyi pɛhɛyɩ-kʊ yɔ. Paalakɩ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ paa weyi lɛ yem. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ se pɩwazɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ, ɛyʊ ɛnʊʊ palakɩ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ. Papɩzɩɣ pala kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ weyi ɛlʊkɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Palakɩ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu nɔmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Palabɩ-kʊ tɩlʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa.
Pɛtɛ palabɩ-kʊ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ numɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ takayɩsɩ maʊ nʊmɔʊ taa kɩlɩyaa. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, pɔcɔŋna kedeŋ kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pana mba pʊmʊnaa se pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ «prix Nobel» yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1901 taa pacalɩ cɛlʊʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ.
Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, aloma fenaɣ taa pɛcɛlɩɣ «prix Nobel» mba pʊmʊnaa se pɛhɛyɩ-wɛ kʊjɔʊ ŋgʊ yɔ. Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖajaa Alfred Nobel sɩba yɔ, kɔ-yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ evemiye palakɩ «prix Nobel» cɛlʊʊ sɔnzɩ. Ɖajaa Alfred Nobel sɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ñɩŋgʊ wiye. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, saŋayɩŋ fanaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ñɩŋgʊ wiye palakɩ «prix Nobel» kʊjɔʊ cɛlʊʊ sɔnzɩ.
Protɔɔ
Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩ taa pe naayɛ payaɣ se protɔɔ waa.
Protɔɔ waa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩ taa. Protɔɔ waa nɛ netrɔɔ waa patamsɩna ɖama pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩ taa. Mbʋ payaɣ se hidrɔzɛnɩ yɔ, pɩ-taa piye kpɛndɩyʋ taa piye kɛ protɔɔ yem. Protɔɔ waa pe iiciɣdiɣ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩ taa.
Protɔɔ waa tɛkɛ wonuu yem ñɩŋʋ nakɩyʋ. Protɔɔ waa taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se quarks up nɛ quark down. Wondu tʋnɛ, tɩ-natʋlɛ tɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣ se baryon yɔ. Pamaɣ protɔɔ waa ñʋʋ kɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩ taa nɛ mayaɣ « z ».
Krɩstʋ ŋgbɛyɛ
Yeesu Krɩstʋ kɔm kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ tɔm, nɛ mba petisi tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ patɩŋɩɣ ɛ-wayɩ yɔ, pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ. Mba pɔɖɔŋ ɛ-nʋmɔʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa yɔ, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ yɔɔ petisiɣ. Nʋmɔʋ ŋ́gʋ, apostolowaa nɛ kajalaɣ Yeesu wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa susuni kʋ-tɔm kedeŋa kpeekpe. Krɩstʋ tɩnaa tisaa se, Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛnɩna Mesia weyi ɛ-tɔm Ɛsɔdɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ ŋga pamana Hɛbra taa yɔ, kɔyɔɔdaa yɔ. Petisiɣ se, ɛsɩba kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ehiɣ n̄ʋʋyabʋ. Pama Nɔɔ haʋ kɩfam takayaɣ taa se, ɛsɩba mbʋ lɛ, efe tozo wiye nɛ ɛlɩɩna sɩɖaa taa. Pakama Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kamaŋgaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, kajalaɣ Krɩstʋʋ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔwa. Ɖɩn̄ɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Yuudayizim yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Room sɔsaa nɛ tɔm hʋyaa mba pɛwɛ Yuuda egeetiye taa yɔ, ḿba kpana Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ nɛ pakamɩ-ɩ kamaŋaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩ. Kajalaɣ kpaɖʋʋ taa pɩlaba ḿbʋ. Yeesu Krɩstʋ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɛkpɛndɩ miiliyaarɩ waa 2,355 pɩnaɣ 2013 ɖɩtɛnɖɛ taa. Pɛtɛyɩ ɛyaa ḿba tɔm naalɛ yɔ, hɔɔlʋʋ mpilim wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ Katolika taa. Nɛ pɛtɛyɩ hɔɔlʋʋ lɛɛkʋ tɔm mɩnʋʋ yɔ, ɛyaa 37 n̄ɛwɛ Protestant ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ 12 n̄ɛwɛɛ Orthodoxes n̄ɩnɖɛ taa. Yeesu wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ wɛ aŋgba sɔsɔna naadozo taa. Anaa yɔ : Ŋgbɛyɛ Katolika nɛ Orthodoxes ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ aŋgbɛ lɛɛna wena ɖiyiyaa nabɛyɛ lɩzaa yɔ.
Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Yeesu nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna tɔyʋʋ. Nɛ ɖɩlɛɣzɩ sakɩyɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna. Ŋgʋ, ɛyʋ ɛcɔnaa yɔ, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, pakpaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ se, ɖɩkɛ Yuuda n̄ɩma ŋgbɛyɛ ɛzɩ aŋgba lɛɛna yɔ. Yeesu nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩn̄ɔ Afrɩka tɛtʋ taa, ɖɩn̄ɔ Amerika n̄ɩndʋ taa, ɖɩn̄ɔ ɖɔɖɔ Aasii n̄ɩndʋ taa, ɖɩn̄ɔ Eerɔɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɖɩtɛ ɖɩn̄ɔ ɖɔɖɔ Oseyaani n̄ɩndʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɖɩn̄ɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ paa le. Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ ŋga pamana Ebiree taa yɔ, keyebina nɛ Yeesu nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ kedeŋa yɔɔ. Paya takayaɣ ŋ́ga se, Nɔɔ Haʋ kɩbɩm takayaɣ. Nɔɔ Haʋ kɩfam takayaɣ ŋga, kaka n̄ɔɔdɩ Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ tɔm ɖeke yɔ, keyeba ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tasɩ ɖɔʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1905 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋla-ɩ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ piya lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Ɛkɔma ɛpaɣlɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɛ-lakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ tʋ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wɛ cukaŋ lim lim. Ɖajaa Sartre sɩba agoza fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1980 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (85). Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛna Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ filozɔɔfʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ. Ɖajaa Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛcɛla ɛ-tɛ mbilim e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Filizoofii lɛɣtʋ piliŋ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, ɛkɩsistansiyaliizism (existentialiste) yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ. Filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ :
nɛ nouvelles (Le Mur), nɛ romans (La Nausée, Les chemins de la liberté), nɛ lɩmaɣza canaŋ takayasɩ sɩnɛ : Les Mouches, nɛ Huis clos, nɛ La putain respectueuse, nɛ Le Diable et le Bon Dieu, nɛ Les Séquestrés d'Altona.
Pakisitaanɩ
Pakisitaanɩ kɛna Ɛndɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ malɩŋ ɖɩwɛ malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya wena acɔ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana lɛ: Iranɩ, Afganistani, Siini, Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Arabii teŋgu.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-tikiɖe paɣza pkɩyɛna fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ ɖɩnɛ Ɛɛndɩ panɩɣna-ɖama camɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Kazemiiri yɔ tɩ-tɛyɩtʊ taa. Ɛlɛ ajɛya ana aatɛma you pɩnzɩ naatozo mbilim. Ɖɩnɛ Afganistani paaniɣna-ɖama kamaɣ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Etaazuni nɛ Siini ajɛya panɩɣna-ɖama camɩyɛ.
Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Pakisitaanɩ yɔ palɩna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya taa. Pɩkɩlna Ɛndo-Arɩyɛŋwaa nɛ Iranɩ taa ɛyaa. Ɛndo-Arɩyɛŋwaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 80 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ lalaa le pamaɣna 20 kɛ mɩʊ yɔɔ.
Peeɖe pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa 188; pʊtɔbʊʊ se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ looɖo ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛndonezi wayi lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ tɩŋgʊʊna malɩŋ ɖɔʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Urduu nɛ Englɩsɩɩ. Ɛlɛ mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ yɔ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ hiu kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ kɔyɔ: Pɛnjabi, Pasitoo, Sɛndi nɛ Serayiki.
Jean-François Champollion
Jean-François Champollion pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se evebu Champollion (palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1790 Figeac, Lot waa taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1832 Paarii tɛtʊ taa), ɛɛkɛ Egipiti kɩbɩnjaazɩ ŋgʊ tɔm yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Fransɩɩ taa. Ɛnʊ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛpɩza ɛtɩlɩ Egipiti ñɩma tɛ matʊ ɛlɩzɩ tɩ-tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, pamaɣzɩ se ɛnʊ kɛna Egipiti kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm caa. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛtɔma se mɛnkɛ pɩtɩŋɛ payi Egipiti nɛ Egipiti kɛ ma-pʊyʊ.
E-liɖe nɔnɔʊ taa lɛ, Jean-François, weyi pɛɖɛya-ɩ se evebu yɔ ɛ-tɛ kaakɛ Valbonnais liɖe taa nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Valjouffrey (Isère), pɩkɛ haɖa nabɛyɛ tɛ egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaawɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa tadɩyɛ laɖa ɛyaa yɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ naa Barthélemy Champollion, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1694 Valjouffrey, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛtaatɩlɩ takayaɣ taa niye ñɩɣʊ, Marie Géréoud yaa Géroux, palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1709 Valbonnais, patɩŋa pawalɩ Valbonnais peeɖe.
Pɛwɛɛna piya kɩgbanzɩ pada kɔyɔ Jacque, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1744 La-Roche-des-Engelas ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ se Valbonnais yɔ, pɔɖɔnɩ-ɩ peeɖe ɛlɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ politiki tɔm yɔ pakʊyɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛyɛlɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛzɩ tadɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ ɛcaɣ Figeac ɛ-ɖɛtʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛkpaɣ halʊ ñɩm cejewiye naɖɩyɛ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1773 ɛlɛ payaɣ se Jeanne-Françoise Gualieu.
Ɛpɩzɩ ɛya ɛ-tɩ ɖɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1772 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1779 ɛya takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ faaɖɩ. Ɛlɩlɩ piya lutozo ɛ-nɛ ɛ-halʊ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, Guillaume ɛlɛ ñasɩ palʊla-ɩ kpa lɛ (aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1773), Thèrèse pɩsɩŋaɣ lɛ, Petronille pɩnaɣ 1776, Jacque-Joseph aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1778, Jean-Baptiste ñɛwɛna pɩnzɩ natozo lɛ ɛsɩ nɛ Marie-Jeanne pɩnaɣ 1782 taa.
Lɔɔɖɩyɛ
Lɔɔɖɩyɛ kɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyaa cakɩ nɛ powoki ɖoli yɔ. Paɖʋʋ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖɩkpakɩɣ nɛ ɖiwokina ɖenɖe ɛyʋ sɔɔlʋʋ se ewona-tʋ yɔ. Lɔɔɖɩyɛ wɛna pɔpɔla nɛ a-yɔɔ ɖɩɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ lakɩna nɛ pɔpɔla ana acɔʋ nɛ pɩlakɩ se lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "mootɛɛɖɩ".
Jean-François Champollion
Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kɩgbanzɩ yeke lɛ, eyeke ɛpɩzɩ kalʊʊ cɔɔcɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ eyeke. Ɛ-ɖalʊ cɔlɔ ɛcaɣ kajalaɣ taa, ɛlɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛɖɛ Grenoble hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1798. Ɛsʊ sukuli pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa. Ɛwɛna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ matʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛlɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ pʊñɔɔza. Ɛɛwɛna wɩlɩyʊ ɖɩɣa Abbé Jean-Joseph Carmels weyi ekuli ɛsa nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ canaʊ Latɛŋ nɛ Krɛkɩ tɔm yɔ nɛ paa ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ pɩɩwɛ poliŋ ɛzɩma yɔ ɛlɛ sɩɣana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Lɔɔɖɩyɛ
Lɔɔɖa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndɩ: cikpena wɛɛ, kɩmaɣna n̄ɛwɛɛ, nɛ sɔsɔna n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kan̄ɩŋa lɔɔɖa n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ wena alɛ kɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ kpem yɔ, alɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Alɛɣ payaɣ se "tiitaɣ waa". Lɔɔɖa cikpena kpakɩɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ mbʋ yɔ. Kɩmaɣna n̄akpaɣ ɛyaa patalɩ ɛzɩ hiu mbʋ yɔ nɛ sɔsɔna n̄akpaɣ ɛyaa patalɩ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ. Tiitaɣ waa n̄akpakɩɣna wondu ndʋ tɩkɩlɩ yuŋ kpem yɔ, alɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ ɛyaa. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu nɛ sɔsɔtʋ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ndʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɔŋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se "foolaɣ" nɛ ŋgʋʋ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ cɔzʋʋ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ seɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se "fɩɖɛɛ waa". Papa yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sɩŋɩ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, payaɣ-kʋ se "baateeɖii" nɛ ŋgʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ pɩzɩ ɛn̄ɩɣ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋhʋlɩ se "pɩpɩɩɩ" nɛ ɛyʋ wɛsɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ n̄eneɣ tɩyɛ nɛ kɩ-taa paɖʋʋ sanzɩ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ n̄ɔʋ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖiseɣ. Sanzɩ ɛtɛma lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa yɔ, ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩɖɔ.
N̄ɩɣyʋʋ lɛɛkʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se "fitɛɛsɩ". Kʋ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ seɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ ndʋ lakɩna nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa niɣdi yaa pusoŋi. N̄ɩɣtʋ cikpetu lɛɛtʋ yɔɔ lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʋ n̄ɩkɩɣ nɛ ɛtʋlɩ raadiyoo ŋgʋ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ ɛnɩɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ yaa miziiki ŋgʋ ɛsɔla welesuu yɔ. Lɔɔɖa naayɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ, alɛ taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se televisiyɔɔ yɔ.
Ɛzɩma pulubi lɔɔɖɩyɛ?
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1769 taa ɖajaa Joseph Cugnot luba kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ. Pɛɖɛyɩɣ-ɩ se Fardier de Cugnot. Ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɛwa nɛ pʋcɔ polu lɔɔɖa wena ɖɩnaɣ sɔnɔ ɛzʋnɔɔ yɔ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩwɛɛ se anasaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lubu ɛkpa ɖoŋ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ polu anasaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ kɩfatʋ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "Machine à vapeur" yɔ pɔcɔnaa nɛ polu lɔɔɖɩyɛ. Fefeku lakɩna nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋcɔʋ. Ɛlɛ, cɛyɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ yeba nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ siŋŋ.
Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa, Aoste kajalaŋa taa pacalɩ kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ saʋ se pana. Pasa-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1864 n̄ɩŋa taa. Ɖajaa Innocent Manzetti calɩna cɔʋ nɛ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ fefeku lakɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɔŋ yɔ Aoste tɛtʋ taa habɛ yɔɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1869 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 1870 pama tɔm ndʋʋ Aoste nɛ Turin pa-aseɣɖe tɔm heyuu takayɩsɩ taa. Piteleɖi nɛ patɩŋ polu lɔɔɖa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ aɖɔŋ habɛ yɔɔ. Lɔɔɖa 350 ɖɔŋaɣ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1890 n̄ɩŋa taa nɛ lɔɔɖa 75 n̄ɔɖɔŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ lɔɔɖa 80 n̄ɔɖɔŋ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pataapɩzɩ se payaa mba polukaɣ lɔɔɖa ana yɔ se lɔɔɖa luɖaa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, atɛkɛ lɔɔɖa siŋŋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ panʋkaɣ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ palakɩ nɛ pʋɖɔŋ.
Pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋa taa ɖajaa Henry Bauchel luba kajalaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ papɩzɩɣ payaa se lɔɔɖɩyɛ siŋŋ yɔ. Payaɣaɣ lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ se "Delco". Nɖɩ kɩlaɣna seu pɩnaɣ 1901 taa.Pɩnaɣ 1873 taa papazɩ lɔɔɖa pɛdʋʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1880 taa ɖajaanaa panɛ: Edouard Delamare Debouteville, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ nɛ Gottlied Daimler, ɛ́lɛ n̄ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ, poluba mootɛɛɖɩ waa kɩfama mba palakɩ nɛ lɔɔɖa seɣ lɔŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kajalaɣ lɔɔɖa yɔ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ tasɩ lɩʋ nɛ polu lɔɔɖa wena akɩlɩ kajalaɣ n̄ɩna ɖoŋ nɛ ɖeu yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ ndʋ tiyebina nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Lɔɔɖa kɩfana wena poluba yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1899 taa lɛ, apɩzaɣ se ase kilomɛta waa mɩnʋʋ (100) n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ.
Lɔɔɖa lubu nʋmɔʋ yeba nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma labʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm taapɩzɩɣ se elu lɔɔɖɩyɛ e-ɖeke. Pɔpɔla luɖu wɛɛ, mootɛɛɖɩ luɖu n̄ɛwɛɛ. Paa lɔɔɖɩyɛ taa n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ku-luɖu. Pʋ-yɔɔ lɔɔɖa lubu pɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʋmlaɖaa ndɩ ndɩ.Habɛ hɛʋ nɛ a-n̄ɔɔzʋʋ nɛ lɔɔɖa n̄ɩɣtʋ kɩfatʋ lubu yeba nɛ lɔɔɖa lubu tʋma ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Mba pɔ-lɔɔɖa masɩ kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ, mbaa yɔ: Lancia, pɩnaɣ 1922; ɛ-mayaɣ yɔ "La lamdaa" nɛ Chrysler, pɩnaɣ 1934; ɛ-mayaɣ yɔ "Airflow" nɛ Citröen, pɩnaɣ 1934.
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens kɛ Hampshire tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Hampshire tɛtʋ wɛ 'Grande Bretagne' ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ kiŋ. Tɩwɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Wight yɔ, tɩ-ɛsɩndaa.
Palʋla ɖajaa Charles John Huffam Dickens lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1812 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Palʋla-ɩ Landport egeetiye taa. Landport egeetiye ñɩtɩna kpam Portsmouth ñɩnɖɛ.
Ɛsɩba mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ (9) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1870 n̄ɩŋga taa. Gad's Hill Place tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ kagbaanzɩ nɛ lutozo (58). Ɖajaa Charles Dickens kɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Pazɩ nɛ pɩcɔ paɖʋʋ ɛ-caa John Dickens kɛ salaka size ɛwɛna kɩmɩyɛ kɛ Marshalsea lɛ, pamʋyɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ Warren. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, e-ɖoo Elizabeth Dickens cɔŋaɣna ɛ-yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛkɛwɛnɩ pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12).
Pamʋ-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ size ɛtaɣɖɩɣ wondu kɩpɛdɩtʋ yɔɔ paa wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ ki-liidiye. Pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋma ɛlaba ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ lɛ, ɛɖaɣnɩ tazʋʋ sukuli labʋ. Ɖajaa John Huffam Dickens ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ. Eluba kizimasɩ hendu ndɩ ndɩ pɩnaɣ 1843 n̄ɩŋga taa. Takayasɩ mayaa sɔsɔ sakɩyɛ sama-ɩ siŋŋ. Pa-taa nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔ yɔ : Ɖajaa William Makepeace Thackeray nɛ Ɖajaa Léon Tolstoï nɛ Ɖajaa G. K. Chesterton yaa Ɖajaa George Orwell.
Satyajit Ray
Satyajit Ray (mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1921 ŋtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1992). Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ hendu mayʊ bengali Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ Kalkuta koboyaɣ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, ɛ-caa kɛ takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɣsɩ takayasɩ mayʊ bengali (Sukumar Ray), S. Ray la sukuli Presidency college nɛ pʊcɔ ɛsʊʊ Visva-Bharati, sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa, ŋgʊ Rabindranath Tagore kaatʊla Santiniketan tɛtʊ taa yɔ.
Cejewiye kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se Satyajit Ray talɩɣ ɛzɩ kpaɖɩŋ hiu mbʊ yɔ. Upendrakishore Raychowdhury, Ray cɔzɔ kaakɛ takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ takayasɩ taa kɛlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ takayasɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ. Ɛɛkɛ awiya taa wiyaʊ nɔyʊ Brahmo Samaj tɛtʊ taa, pɩɩkɛ Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba palʊba lɛzɩtʊ kɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Bengale yɔ.
Ray, palʊla-ɩ Kalikuta, Sukumar nɛ Suprabha Ray palʊlana-ɩ. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ natozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ hɔʊ cɛyɩ kɩ-tɩ mbʊ pazɩ Suprabha kaawɛna yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, Ray la tɔsʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Presidency Cɔlɛgɩ sukuli taa kɛ Kalikuta tɛtʊ taa, paa ɛ-liu sɔɔlɩm ewokina-ɩ nɛ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa tʊma yɔɔ kɔyɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 194à alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, e-ɖoo seɣti-ɩ se ɛla sukuli kɛ Visva-Bharati sukuli ŋgʊ Rabindrabath Tagore kaatʊla Santiniketan tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Ray etisi se ɛɖɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ Kalikuta tɛtʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ lɛ, ɛ-pɩjatʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ yɔ se ɛnʊ wɛ lɔŋ camɩyɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa kɛ Santiniketan tɛtʊ taa. Ray kʊyɩ Santiniketan pɩnaɣ 1943, nɛ pʊcɔ ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli tʊmɩyɛ pɩnzɩ kɩgbanzɩ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Kalitkuta ɖenɖe pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ takayasɩ kɩsʊsasɩ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa Piritaniiki tɛtʊ taa, D.J.Keymer. Pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛzɩ junior visualiser (pʊtɔbʊʊ se lɩzɩyʊ cikpelu) nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ liidiye nɖɩ payaɣ roupii yɔ kɛ roupii naa 80 fenaɣ sɩkɩ lɛ.
Pamakoo
Pamakoo kɛŋna Maalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ komina nɛ politiki tʊma sɔsɔna wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Nizɛɛrɩ Pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Joliba pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Calɩm pɔɔ. Pamakoo tɛtʊ wɛ piyisi nasɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ tɩɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 22 nɛ topoyuu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 12 piyele kɩ-walanzɩ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba 267. Pamakoo tɛtʊ taa lakʊ sʊsɔʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Kuluba. Pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 2 009 109. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 3 007 122. Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa payɩ lɛ, Pamakoo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlʊʊ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ndʊ lɛ looɖo ñɩndʊ. Pamakoo tɛtʊ wɛna ageeta ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɛtʊ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Adama Sangaré.
Lɩm yaʋ
Lɩm yaʋ kɛ lɩm taa aleɣya yaa amʋʋza. Pɩkɛna ɛyaa nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna paleɣyaa lɩm taa. Lɩm taa yɛlʋ kaɣlɛtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ, tɩ-pɔzɩɣ tomna ɖoŋ ɖeke. Nɔyʋ fɛyɩ lɩm taa se ɛ-ɖʋ yayʋʋ nesi. Pɩpɔza yayʋʋ se ɛlɩsɩ e-tomna ɖoŋ kɛnɛ koŋ.
Lɩm yatʋ piliŋa kanɛ yɔ, kekpelɩɣ ka-taa piliŋsi sakɩyɛ. Nasɩ kɔyɩɔ : lɩm yɔɔ wɛʋ nɛ ŋwolo ɖoli, pɩtasɩna lɩm tɛɛ wɛʋ nɛ nɖɛɛ ɖoli mbɩyɔ (ntɔyʋ n̄a-tɩ lɩm taa, lɩm yaʋʋ), tɩ-lɔʋ lɩm taa, yaa lɛɣtʋ amʋʋza wena palakɩyɛ lɩm taa yɔ. Hɛkɩŋ yaa lonee yaa hɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pʋpɔza size paya lɩm yɔɔ yɔ : Pisiini (piscine) taa mbɩyɔ, nɛ lɩm sʋsɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ (lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ teŋgunaa) yaa lɩm mbʋ tɛtɛ kpɩna sɔɔlɩ wɛʋ yɔ pɩ-taa.
Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa
Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa payana anasaayɩ taa size Musée Sainte-Sophie. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔbʋʋ palɩza kɛlɛ size «lɔndʋ yaa lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ kiɖeɖeu». Padasɩ paɣlɩzɩ ɖi-tɔbʋʋ ɖɔdɔ size«lɔndʋ yaa lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋ ɛsɔ keem». Nɛ Tuurkii ɛjaɖɛ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, paɖanɩ keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa Sophie kɩɖeɖeu hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ yaʋ size krɩstʋ Ɛsɔ sɛʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kuduyuu tʋ Kɔnsɩtantiinɔplɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛʋ ŋgbɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ Kɔnsɩtantiinɔplɩ ngʋ, pama-kʋ kajalaɣ taa keeke kɛ kpaɖʋ naanaza(4) alɩwaatʋ taa. Nɛ paɖaɣnɩ-kʋ maʋ kɛ nabʋlɛ ɖeɖe camɩyɛ kpoŋgozuu yaa kɩpaɣlɩ camɩyɛ kɛ kpaɖʋ loɖo (6) alɩwaatʋ taa. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ camɩyɛ size matʋ ndʋ kɩwɛna halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Nɛ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ, tɩpɩsaɣ pɩwayɩ kɛ, cinŋili yaa malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛ kuduyuu kɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩɩkɛ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Mehmet 2 n̄azɩtʋ taa yaa malɩŋ ɖiɣiyuu tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛna lɩm nɔɔ yɔ kɛnkɛ kiŋ nɛ ɖooo canaʋ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ size Isitambuli yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ size, kɩ-tatasɩ kɩkɛ ciŋili yaa malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛ kuduyuu. Yaa ɛzɩ, kɩlaŋ lone yaa Ɛsɔ samtʋ lone naɖɩ, ɛlɛ, ɖɩpɩsaɣ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ Sophie Kiɖeɖeu keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩyaɣ.
Toovenum (vérité)
Payaʊ se toovenum yɔ, ɛbɛ payaɣ mbʊ ?
Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa
Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖiyaɣ kanɛ, ka-kadaɣ wala wandam nɛ pɩkɛna, Pɩzansɩ kɛ samtʋ maɣzɩtʋ. Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, paɖaɣna keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖiyaɣ kanɛ hɩɖɛ sʋʋ size Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ. Paasiliki(basilique) kɛna krɩstʋ yatʋ ɖeke koŋ. Nɛ payaɣ tobi size Ɛsɔ lɔŋ.
Toovenum (vérité)
Ɛyaa naalɛ eyowa nɛ pama ɖama yɔ, pʊwayɩ lɛ, pañɩnɩɣ nɛ pana se aca lɛlʊ tɔm. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa naalɛ yaa naadozo cakɩna nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ-tʊ. Yee patanɩɩna ɖama yɔ, pekpeliɣ pe-cejewiye taa nɛ pɔcɔɔlɩ-tʊ. Weyi ɛca lɛlʊ tɔm yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm sɩba. Piyele weyi paca ɛlɛ tɔm yɔ, peɖezi ɛlɛ tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum.
Sophie Kiɖeɖeu Keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖɩɣa
Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩ tʋ sɔnzɩ kaaɣlɩza hɩɖe yaa yatʋ ndʋ tʋtɔbʋʋ. Kɔɔnɔɔ paasiliki kɛ krɩstʋ mba caanaʋ wɛɛ taa payaɣ n̄amtʋ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ size Ɛsɔ keem lɔŋ. Ɖajaa wiyau sɔsɔ, Constantin kaasɔlana size payaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 330 taa kɛ etisuu krɩstʋ yɔɔ wayɩ.
Toovenum (vérité)
You taa nabʊyʊ ɛwɛɛkaa kɔyɔ, weyi ɛca tɔm yɔ, ɛnʊ ñɔɔzʊʊna mbʊ pɩwɛɛkaa yɔ payɩ. Yee po-you taa, nabʊyʊ elebina yɔ, weyi ɖɔɖɔ ɛca tɔm yɔ, ɛnʊ ñɩnɩna-pʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩna weyi ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum yɔ. Lee wiyaʊ tɛɛ paya ɖama tɔm kɔyɔ, paɖʊʊ liidiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pahʊʊ pɔ-tɔm ndʊ. Pahʊʊ-tʊ lɛ, weyi ɛ-tɔm sɩkɩ yɔ, pɔtɔkɩ e-liidiye nɖɩ ɛɖʊwa se pahʊʊna tɔm yɔ. Weyi ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum yɔ, pɔtɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ñɩnɖɛ. Pʊ-wayɩ lɛ, weyi ɛca lɛlʊ tɔm yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛ-tɔm sɩba yɔ, ɛcaa weyi ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum yɔ e-liidiye nɖɩ awiya tɔwaa yɔ nɛ ɛhɛyɩ-ɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ tacaɣ yem nɛ ewona e-liidiye nɛ ɛcɛlɛ awiya.
Yee pɩkɛ eveletu tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩbɩna nɛ pacaa pazɩyʊ nɛ ɛlɛ kɔɔ nɛ ɛkpa nɔɔyʊ se ɛlɛ kʊna weyi ɛsɩba yɔ, pacakɩ cejewiye taa nɛ pana-tʊ. Weyi pazɩyʊ kpa-ɩ se ɛnʊ kʊna ɛyʊ yɔ, yee ɛnʊ kʊna ɛyʊ toovenum nɛ etisi kɔyɔ, pɔkɔɔlɩ-ɩ yaa palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ e-leewaa nɛ poposina-ɩ nɛ ɛ-tʊtʊ. Weyi ɛkʊ ɛyʊ mbʊ yɔ, e-egbele tɩʊ kpakɩɣna-ɩ nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ ɛlɛ tɛ pɩnzɩ nzɩ cejewiye taa ñɩma cakɩ nɛ paɖʊ se pʊwɛɛ se ɛtɛm-sɩ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɛtʊ taa e-cejewiye taa ñɩma cɔlɔ yɔ.
Ɛlɛ, yee weyi pazɩyʊ kpa-ɩ se ɛnʊ kʊna weyi ɛsɩba mbʊ yɔ etetisi se ɛnʊ kʊna yɔ, powokina tɔm ndʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kantɔŋ tɛ. Peeɖe lɛ, paɖʊʊ liidiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ha-wɛ waɖɛ nɛ pɛɖɛɛ tɩŋ ñɔʊ yaa kpɛzɩyɛ. Pazɩyʊ yaa tɩʊ weyi ɛkpa lɛlʊ se ɛnʊ kʊna ɛyʊ yɔ, ɛ nɛ weyi ɛkpa mbʊ yɔ pɛɖɛɛna tɩŋ ñɔʊ.
Augustin Hippon tʋ
Augustin d'Hippone kɛ ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu. Palʋla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 354 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Souk Ahras yɔ tɩ-taa Alizerii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 430 n̄ɩŋga taa. Hippone tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Tɛtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Annaba tɛtʋ. Tɩwɛ Alɩzerii ɛjaɖɛ taa
Sukuli ŋgʊ ɛlaba Kartaazɩ yɔ, pɩɩkɛna Roma mba sukuli, paa nɛ ɛ-tɔm taa ɛlɩʊ Iipɔnɩ tɔm kɔyɔ. Ɛwɩlaɣ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-esa kuliye ɛlɛ ɛtanɩɩ siŋŋŋ kɛ Krɛkɩ tɔm, mbʊ yebina nɛ tuuɖe taa ɛsɔ tɔm wɛɛ ndɩ pazɩ nɛ ndʊ pama-tʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛt aa hɔɔlɩɣ yɔ.
Eɖoo kaakɛ halʊ weyi ɛɛsɔɔla ɛsɔ-tɔm siŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ Augustin kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ ɛlɛ ñaasɔɔlɩ filozofi kɛnɛ. Ndʊ ɛɛsɔɔla ɛ-tɛɛ filozofii taa yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩtasɩnɛ kɩbam yaa kɩtɛkɩdim, camɩyɛ yaa kɩwɛɛkɩtʊ. Mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ, mbʊ ɛlɩzɩʊ nɛ ɛla. Ɛwɛɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ nɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 386 taa ɛkatɩ Ambroise de Milan lɛ,elɛ yɔɔdɩna-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ nɛ ɛmʊ krɩstʊ tɔm. Ɛma takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tɩ-yɔɔ kuluu (Lɛs Confessions), Esɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ (La Cité de Dieu) nɛ Nɛ Trinita (De la Trinité).
Ukulinaa mba ɛlaba yaa ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna kɔyɔ: Platɔŋ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ krɩstʊ yɔ nɛ Augustin lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Yee pakalɩɣ ɛ-tɔm yaa lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna wena ɛmaɣzaa kɔhyɔ, panaɣ se ɛyɔɔda filozofii tɔm, mɛŋfɛyɩ ɖukunau kpɛlɛkɩtʊ (métaphysique), camɩyɛ yɔɔdaɣ, Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ (Théologie), ñʊʊtaa tɔm klpɛlɛkʊ (éthique), politiki tɔm, Ɛsɔ takayaɣ taa tɔm tɔbɩŋ lɩzɩʊ (exégèse biblique).
Augustin kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna wena ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ camɩyɛ yɔ alɛ yɔ se, ɛyɔɔda pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ pɩzɩʊ nɛ ɛwɛɛ yɔ, mbʊy pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛcɔnaa se ɛyʊ wɛu yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ɖɛʊ lɛ, ɛɛptzɩʊ ɛtasɩ pɩtɩŋga ɖɔkʊʊ yaa ɛla. Ɛyɔɔda ɖooo kiɖedɛɛ kɩwɛɛkɩm mba Adam nɛ ɛ-tɛ asɛyʊ Eva palaba yɔ pʊ-tɔm nɛ ɛmaɣzɩna Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tisim. Pɩtasɩɩna mbʊ ɖeke, ɛyɔɔda ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa ɛhʊyɛ nɛ mʊndʊsʊʊ kpasʊʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ pɔ-tɔm. Tɔm tʊnɛ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ Augustin kiɖeɖeu yɔɔda ɖoɖɔ Trinita lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ pɔ-tɔm.
Kulukulu kuduyuu (Tour)
Kulukulu kuduyuu kɛ sakɩyɛ n̄aɖaɣna yaʋ yaa ha hɩɖɛ size tilimiye yaa tɔlʋʋ kuduyuu. Tilimiye yaa kulukulu kuduyuu kɛna kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋyɩ siŋŋ yɔ. Kɩkɛ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩɖaɣla siŋŋ yɔ. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamaɣzɩ-kʋ yaa pɛkɛdɩ-kʋ nɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kʋkʋ payaɣna-kʋ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "échauguette" yɔ.
Tilimiye kuduyuu yaa kulukulu kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩɖaɣla pɩkɩlɩ kɩwalanzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size pama-kʋ ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ siŋŋ, ɛlɛ kɩtatii walʋʋ kpoyii. Tilima yaa kulukulu kuduyuŋ ɛnɛ papaza ɛmatʋʋ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yaa ɖoo ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkɛ kuduyuŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ nɛ pɔcɔ canaɔ tɛ alɩwaatʋ tɔm talɩʋʋ.
Ɖɩcɔnaɣ yaa ɖɩmaɣzʋʋ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩʋ size, kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔ kɩbɩŋ weyi halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɔɖɔnɩ-ɩ maʋ yɔ, sakɩyɛ taɣ wɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size, "brochs" waa yɔ. Pɩtɛ kuduyuŋ matʋ ndʋ, pama-tʋ n̄ɩɣtʋ pɩnaɣ yaa wɛɛ taa kɛ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ taŋga (25 000) n̄ɩŋga nɛ kudokiŋ naadozo (3 000) n̄ɩŋga taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔʋ kɩpɩŋ ɛnɛ, pana-ɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Écosse nɛ ɖi-hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ ajɛɛ cikpena wena paya alɛ size Orcades yɔ a-taa ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖoo kɩbɩŋjaazɩ yaa canaʋ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, ajɛɛ anɛɛ yɔ Azii ɛjaɖɛ mba, nɛ krɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ mba, nɛ pɩtasɩna Phéniciens ɛjaɖɛ mba nɛ Étrusques ɛjaɖɛ taa mba, mawaa kulukulu yaa tilima kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ pɔsɔzɩ yaa patasɩ ɖoŋ kɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ (villes) taa kolonzɩ yaa kamanaŋ nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ.
Sakɩsofonɩ
Sakɩsofonɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩ-hʋlʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Kɩwɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa Adolphe Sax lɩsaɣna-kʋ, ɛkɛ Pɛliziki tʋ. Fransɩɩ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa ndʋ paya-tʋ size Paarii yɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ pɛcɛlɛyɩ yaa ɛmʋ sɩmtʋ takayaɣ kɛ evemiye 21 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1846 taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamazɩnayɩ yaa pamazɩ size ɛwɛzɩɩ saxhorn yɔ.
Mbʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ wɛ mba palakɩ wɛ nɛ kuwiviɖi yɔ pɔ-hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa kʋɖʋm weyi ɖɩtɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩlɩɣ size Adolphe Sax yɔ ɛlɩza kʋ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ( laiton) kɛnɛ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩɖeke koŋ palakɩna-kʋ. Pabɩzɩɣ pala-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kuwiviɖi, yaa liidiye, yaa wonuu ŋgʋ pabɩzɩɣ pɛmɛɛdɩ yɔ, yaa sika liidiye pɔɔyaɣ.
Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, kʋ-tɔnʋʋ yaa kɩ-labɩnaʋ wonuu wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo. Sakɩsofonɩ ŋgʋ, ɖɩtɛma tɩlɩɣ size palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton). Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo ɛnʋ, patʋlayɩ pɔŋ yaa pataaɖɩɩ kɩtaaɖɩŋ kɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton) kʋnɛ kʋ-yɔ.
Kɩ-yɔ kɩlabɩm naadozo mbʋ yɔ: kɔɔrɩ koniki (conique), nɛ kɩ-kpekeduu, nɛ pɩtasɩna kɩ-suluu ŋgʋ kʋ-ɖʋkʋʋ yaa kɩ-kpɩtɩna lɛɛba mba panaalɛ yɔ. Soo nimaɣ lakɩna nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ka-n̄amsʋʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi, Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1945 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Rangoun tɛtʋ taa Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Ɖajaa Ang San. Ɛ-caa lʋbana siŋŋ nɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ ɖi-yomiye taa. Pakʋ ɛ-caa lɛ, ɛkɛwɛna pɩnzɩ naalɛ koŋ koŋ. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ maɣzɩ wɛʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛnʋ lʋbɩna ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ temokrasii kɔɔ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1988 taa ɛ nɛ ɛ-taabalaa palʋba nɛ paɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ pɛ-tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se 'LND ''. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba palʋkɩ se temokrasii ɛwɛɛ yɔ. Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ temokrasii kɔɔ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖoɖoo Ang San Suu Kyi kɛŋna politiki ŋgbɛyɛ  LND  tɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ.
Toovenum lɛ, pʋcɔ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔʋ lɛ, Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔɔjanaa ɖeke katɩna kewiyaɣ. Mba ɖʋɣaɣna paɣtʋ tɩŋa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔɔjanaa kpacayaɣna Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Ponuutaɣ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ pɔsɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ lʋbɩna-wɛ siŋŋ nɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɔɔ ɖɩlɩɩ sɔɔjanaa yomiye taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1990 ñɩŋga taa pɔtɔ caca se palɩzɩ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɛ, Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi politiki ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyaa samaɣ kɩlɩ lɩzʋʋ se pɛkɛ Pirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa. Pɩlaba mbʋ lɛ, sɔɔjanaa kewiyaɣ sidi caca ŋ́gʋ nɛ pɩla se kɩtacazɩ caɣʋ. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, pakpa Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi nɛ pasɩɩ-ɩ ɖoli nɛ pefeŋiɣ-ɩ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ.
Ɛ-salaka kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ paɖʋʋ-ɩ hʋnʋm ɛ-lʋbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlʋkɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛ-lʋbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paha-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋbʋ samtʋ nimiye.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋga taa Ɖoɖoo Aung San Suu Kyi lɩ salaka kuduyuu tɛɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ.
Topaazɩ
Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se topaazɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Topazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se siilikatɩ (silicates) yɔ ti-huuye taa. Siilikatɩ waa ñɛwɛ huuye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa, payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se nezosibsiilikatɩ (néososubsilicates). Pa-mayaɣ lɛ Al2SiO4 (F, OH)2. Topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa wɛ fɛɛrɩ (fer) nɛ krom (chrome) nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm nɛ Tɩtanɩ.
Tɔmpiye topaazɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ ɖɩ-ɖɩlɩyɛ
Ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pasɩmɩ topaazɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa ñɩm ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Anselmus Boëtius mana nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɖajaa ɛnʊ ɛkɛ Boodi tɛtʊ taa tʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1609 ñɩŋga taa ɛmaa nɛ ɛkɛdɩ-tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1550 ñɩŋga taa nɛ ewona sɔsaa mʊlʊm pɩnaɣ 1632 taa.Tɔmpiye topaazɩ lɩnɩ krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se topazos. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se sɛɛmɩ (gemmes) yɔ payawaɣ mbʊ ɖooo caanaʊ. Pɩkɛ teŋgu kɩsɛmʊʊ tɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩ-hɩɖɛ.
Prukisɛɛlɩ
Prukisɛɛlɩ kɛna Pɛlɩziki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa maalikanaa ɖɔɔ nɛ sɩtalɩ ɛzɩ maalisi hiu nɛ nakʊ yɔ nɛ sɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 1.180.000 wayi wayi pɩnzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1830 lɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 98 279 nɛ pohuu pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1900. Pɩ-tɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kaatalɩ 183.686. Pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ wayɩl lɛ papɩsɩ tibu yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa wɛɛ 154.801 ɛlɛ kpaagbaa mbʊ pɩnaɣ 1930 lɛ ɛyaa talɩ 200.433. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa tatasɩ ɖɔʊ paa ñɩɩ nɛ peyele papasɩɣ pasʊʊ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛyaa 133 859 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2000. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɔɖɔ pazɩ nɛ pɛwɛ 177 849.
Sophocle
Sophocle kɛ Krɛsɩ tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yaa kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Sophocle ɛnʋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 495 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe kɛ kooka yaa egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Colone yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe kɛ palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 406 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ, ɖeɖe tɔm n̄ɩnʋ mayaɣ tabazɩ patɩlɩ keekee.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Sophocle kɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Krɛsɩ tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Patʋma aseɣɖe lɩzɩyaa kɔyɔ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ Eschyle, nɛ sɔsɔ Euripide. Ɛkɛ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlɩza yaa ɛma maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ nzɩ yɔ, sɩtaɣlʋ ɛzɩ mɩnʋ nɛ pɩtɩnɩ pʋyɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Sɔɔndʋ tɔm yaa sɔɔndʋ pɩyʋ tɔm takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ ɛwakana mazɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʋyaa siŋŋ. Sakɩyɛ sɩmaŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʋma kɩbana nɛ ɖeu labʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Sophocle caa kɛ payaɣ size Sophilos. Palʋla ɛ-caa kɛ pɩnaɣ 496 nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Lɔŋ weyi ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛpaɣlɩna yɔ ɛn̄ɔsɛyɩ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Pampelimuusi
Pampelimuusi kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa hɩla nɩɩlɛ tɛ nɩʊ weyi anasaayɩ taa lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɩŋ pee naalɛ yɔ, ɛlɛ, a-hɩla pɩzɩɣ alɩɣ ɖama nɛ alɩnɛ Citrus tɩŋ naalɛ taa Rutaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Aziyatiki Citrus maxima nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa siduu piliŋga Citrus-paradisi. Taɖɩyɛ labʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ tɩŋ pee a-naa hɩɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ se leemɩŋ.
Citrus maxima (ɖɔɖɔ Citrus kɩ-paɣlʊʊ yaa Citrus decumana ) kɛ tɩŋ pee tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se pampelimuusi tɩŋ. Kɩlɩna Azii nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ (Ɛndonezi nɛ Malɛɛzɩi). Tɩŋ ŋgʊ k i-piye ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se pampelimuusi yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛ leemuu hʊndʊʊ kpɛdɩŋ nɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa pɩwɛʊ caʊʊ, pɩkɛ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ yɔ, kɩ-taa pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa wɛ pee cikpenaa sakɩyɛ. Kɩ-taa wɛ leleŋ lɩm pazɩ, kɩ-ñaŋ nɛ kɩ-ñɩmɩŋ pɩsa-kʊ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga palakɩ-kɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩ-tɩzɩyɛ yɔ. Azii tɩŋ piye paɣlaka talɩ sɛntɩmɛtanaa hiŋ naatozo nɛ papaazɩɣ-kʊ pɛdʊʊ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa.
Maadiriidi
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 60 800 yaa kilomɛtanaa 608. Maadiriidi tɛtʊ taa kɛ komina tuma sɔsɔna wɛɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñɩŋga wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tʊmɩyɛ kpelaɣ sɔsɔɣa wɛɛ nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ naayɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnzɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tʊma sɔsɔna nayɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Telefónica, Repsol nɛ Iberia.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Maadiriidi tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma. Maadiriidi nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ palakɩ tʊma yɔ tɩkpɛnda hiuwaa naatozo (30). Payaɣ Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Manuela Carmena (AM) nɛ ɛpaazɩɣ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɑʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ tɛŋ pɩnaɣ 2019 taa.
Lɩŋgamʊʊ (Barrage)
Lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna matʋ ndʋ tɩsɩʋna nɛ paɖʋ lɩm hɛkʋ yɔ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna matʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ pamaɣ tʋ nɛ tɩɖɛɛ tɩcɔɔ lɩm nɛ pɩta ɛzɩ koloŋga yɔ. Pɩkɛ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ pama-ɖɩ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pɩcɔɔ yaa pɩtɩŋgʋʋna lɩm ɖikpenɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ yaa lɩm ɖɔnɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Pama pʋcɔɔ pɩta nɛ lɩm n̄ɛwɛ hɛkʋ taa.
Pamaɣ lɩŋgamʋʋ size pɩsɩna nɛ pehuu lɩm lone yaa lɩm ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɛ pɩwazɩ nɛ palabɩna pʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ. Pɩpɩzʋʋ pɩkɛna lɩm kɩbam mbʋ pɩkɛ kɩn̄ɔn̄ɔm yɔ. Pamaɣ pɩtɛ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ lɛ, pɩla size lɩm ɖɩkɔnɛ kiɖe lone pan̄ɩna mbɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛʋna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɩm kaa calɩnaʋ lɩʋ paa ɛzɩmta. Lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɩm kaa mɩzɩnaʋ paa ɖoye. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ hɛkʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa papɩzʋʋ pala tʋma ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "industrie" yɔ tʋmɩyɛ lone. Lɩŋgamʋʋ wazʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ lɩm hoɖe tɛ nazɩyʋ yaa lɩm nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "hydroélectricité" yɔ. Pɩtɛ miŋ n̄andʋna paa ɖɩya ŋga lɛ ahoda yaa ɖoo taa kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ wɩsɩ n̄eɖiŋ yɔ. Lɩm koloŋga sɔsaɣ kɩmamaɣ kanɛ, ka-taa lɩm wazʋʋ siŋŋ nɛ pɔɖɔɔ pɩ-taa kpakpasɩ yaa peɖizi kpakpasɩ. Tobii yem lɛ, pɔɖɔʋ pɩ-tɛ lim taa tɛtɛ wondu yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wena asɔɔla lɩm taa caʋʋ yɔ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ taa peeɖe pɔn̄ɔɔzʋʋ lɩm kɩpam yaa kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm kɩlabɩnam kɩfam. Pɩkɛ lɩm mbʋ, pɩwazʋʋ nɛ palabɩna paa ɛbɛ pʋ-tʋ. Kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛɛ lɛ, lɩŋgamɩŋ nɩyɩ wɛɛ nɛ paya-ɩ size Castors tɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ. Lɩm tɛɛ tʋmɩyɛ labʋnaʋ lɩŋgamʋʋ yaa lɩm tɛɛ sʋzʋʋ lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛ paya yaa pɛcɛla hɩla ndɩ ndɩ nayɛ. Hɩla ana yɔ : Pɔɔ kideŋ yaa lɩm kideŋ (chaussée), nɛ nɔnɔɔ kiɖe (seuil) ɖɔɖɔ yaa lɩm kamanaʋ yaa lɩm koloŋga (digue).
Lɩm koloŋga yaa kɩ-kamanaʋ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ cɛlʋʋ size paya lɩŋgamʋʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ pacaɣ size pɔn̄ɔzɩ yaa paɖaɣnɩ mɛlɛ waa ɖɔnɛ taa yaa nʋmɔʋ taalɛ. Lɩŋgamɩŋ matʋ taa lɛ, sakɩyɛ wɛkʋʋ nɛ ɛtɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛn̄ɔzʋʋ ageeta yaa ajɛɛ pɩlɩɩna ɛkʋkʋyɩmɩŋ ɛtɛ ɖoŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Mahatma Gandhi
Weyi payaɣ se, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi yɔ, ɛkɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ. Ɛnʋ lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖiyiɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛʋ. Palʋla-ɩ "Porbandar" tɛtʋ taa aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1869 taa. Pakʋ-ɩ "Delhi" tɛtʋ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ niidozo n̄ɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1948 taa. Payaɣ-ɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa se, Mahatma Gandhi. Hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩmna-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. "Sanskrit" kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se, mahatma, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "ciyam sɔsɔʋ". Ɛlɛ, Gandhi kisi hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ e-wezuu caɣʋ tɩŋa. Ɛɛndɩ kʋnʋmɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ-ɩ yem se, Gandhi yaa Gandhiji yaa Bapu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "Caa"
Gandhi laba ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandʋʋ sukuli Angleterre ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ tɔmhʋyʋ. Eseɣtaɣ ɛyaa Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa se palɩɩ pɔɖɔ habɛ yɔɔ nɛ pawɩlɩ se, pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se, pɔyɔkɩ nabʋyʋ yaa pala heluhelu lakasɩ kaʋ. Ɛpɩsɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, eseɣti haɖaa nɛ kʋn̄ɔndɩnaa se, pekisi lambuu ŋgʋ pamʋwa-wɛ yɔ. Eheyaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se, pekisi ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlʋbɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ɛjadɛ taa paɣtʋ ɖoŋ n̄ɩndʋ ndʋ Brimaanɩ waa kaɖʋwa yɔ. Ɛkɔma ɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Congrès national indien" yɔ, ɖɩ-n̄ʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛlʋ se pasɩna kʋn̄ɔndɩna. Ɛlʋba ɖɔɖɔ se, Ɛɛndɩ halaa ɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ se, taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʋ pɛwɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa, se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛsɔɔlaa se, kʋnʋmɩŋ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu aŋgba pa-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa kaʋ. Ɛsɔɔlaa se, paa anɩ ɛtɔɔ nɛ ɛhaɣ. Ɛlʋba "Swaraj" ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlʋkɩna se, ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛtaan̄azɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ.
Gandhi kɛŋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ maʋ yaa lɩzɩyʋ. Ɛnʋʋ lɛ, ɖɩ-caa. Ɛ-lʋlʋʋ kazandʋ kɩyakʋ kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kazandʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Evemiye ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛɛ kpɛndʋ ŋgbɛyɛ agbeɣla lɩza pɩnaɣ 2007 taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se, "Kedeŋa kpeekpe helu helu lakasɩ fɛfɩ evemiye".
=E-wezuu caɣʊ tɔm=
Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʊʊ nɛ
«QuitIndia»===
Ɛ-kʊʊ(1948)
=Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ=
Palʊʊ
=Ñɩm mbʊ eyeba yɔ=
Samaɣ kʊyʊʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʊ kɛtɛyɩ ɖama yɔ
=Ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ=
Ɛ-tʊma
=Pasɩma-ɩ samaɣ sɔnzɩ taa= =E-wezuu caɣʊ filim waa taa==
Awayɩ kpasɩ
41.207.160.90 13:01, 17 February 2016 (UTC)
Charles Quint
Charles Habsbourg ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Charles Quint, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1500 Gand tɛtʊ taa Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1558 Yuste (Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa) kɛ mʊwanɩ waa, ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Habsbourg ɖɩɣa taa. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Philippe le Beau, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Jeanne la Folle.
Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzasɩ naanza tʊ. Charles Téméraire tʊ sɛyɩ kɛlɛ, Otirisi Maximilien pɩɣa cikpeɣlaɣ, Isabelle katoliki tʊ, Castille tɛ abiɖe nɛ Ferdinand Aragon wiyaʊ nɛ Naples wiyaʊ ɛkɩlɩ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yuŋ Bourgogne tɛtʊ taa Charles 2 tʊ hɩɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ kɛnɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ wiyaʊ pɩtɩŋna Charles kajalaɣ tʊ yɔɔ. Quint tɔbʊʊ se kɩgbaanzɩ tʊ.
Pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ lʊbɩyɛ kaɖɛ nɖɛ nɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛ-tɛ tɔlʊʊ Fransɩɩ ɛsɩnda nɛ Luther ɛyaa ɛsɩnda yɔɔ lɛ, elesi wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ kɛ e-kewiyutu ɖoŋ. Pɩtɩŋna nɩnaʊ lɩmaɣza naayɛ yɔɔ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Ferdinand lɛ, eyebina-ɩ Otrisi ñɩm nɔnɔsɩ tɩŋga. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1555, kɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ taa ekiziɣ ɛ-paɣtʊ Peyibaa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, kɩkpɛndɩ nɛ pasɩm-kʊ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayasɩ taa se kɩtatasɩ kɩwɛ Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu taa pɩtɩŋna ɛ-pɩyalʊ Philippe yɔɔ. Eyebina-ɩ e-ɖoŋ tɩŋga Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1556 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pɩatsɩ pazɩ lɛ, ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-sɩm kpam lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ e-nesi Bourgogne tɛtʊ yɔɔ.
Palʊlɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, nabʊyʊ taawɩlɩɣ se wiyaʊ pɩɣa ŋga kɩlɩɣ ɖoŋ kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa. Ɛ-caa Philippe kaakɛ evebupɩɣa yem nɛ ɛnʊ tɔkaɣna ɛ-caa ñɩm pʊtɔbʊʊ se peyebina-ɩ, ɛ-caa ɛnʊ yɔ Maximilien. E-ɖoo Jeanne la Folle wiyaʊ pɩɣa yem Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛwɛna kou nɔyʊ Miguel Paz tʊ.
Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ cabɩ pɩtɩŋga pɩlakɩ camɩyɛ yem. Katoliki Isabelle sɩ pɩnaɣ 1504, eyebina Jeanne abitu kɛ Castille tɛtʊ taa. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayi lɛ, Philippe ɖɛɛ ewolo Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ nɛ ɛ-halʊ yebina-ɩ ɛ-ñɩm, ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ sɩ. Charles pɩsɩ Bourgogne ñɩm tʊ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Peeyiba nɛ Franche Comté. Ɛsɩma piŋ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ midinaʊ nɛ ɛjɔzɔ Ferdinand 2 Aragon wiyaʊ se ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-sɩm wayi. Ɛlɛ ñɔtɩna ɛ-sɩm ɛlɛɣʊ kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ ɛ-pɛlɛ cɔlɔ se ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔkɩ kpelaɣ nɛ ɛcɛlɛ Bourgogne evebu ɛnɛyɔ.
Takayasɩ kitiyinasi (poste)
Takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋmɩyɛ kɛ paɖaɣna yaʋ size takayasɩ ɖʋzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Pɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size ɖitiyuuna nɛ ɖɩmʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ nzɩ pama sɩtaɣ tɔm size pɛcɛlɛ nabɛyɛ yɔ. Takayaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ mbʋ samaɣ sakɩyɛ yaɣ size kiheyuu takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ yaa mediyina heyuu takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ yɔ.
Heyunau takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal" yɔ tɛ ɖoŋ taa. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, pɩcɔ nɛ, papɩzɩ petiyina takayaɣ kiheyaɣ kanɛ yaa pamʋ takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ kiheyaɣ kanɛ camɩyɛ ɖeu nɛ cɛɣɩtʋ ɛ-taa wɛɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzaɣ size patɩŋgɩna mayaɣ labʋʋ yɔ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal" yɔ yɔɔ. "Opérateur postal" yaa heyunau takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ tʋmɩyɛ yekuuna yaa tiyuunana paa le kɛ takayaɣsɩ kitiyinasi nɛ takayaɣsɩ kuhuuzuŋ yaa huyuŋ.
Takayaɣsɩ kiheyinasi tiyuunau tʋ "opérateur postal" ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛna kʋɖʋm tɛ yaa sakɩyɛ tɛ. Takayasɩ kitiyinasi kiheyinasi wonuu yaa tɛ mbʋ pɩhaɣ ɖoŋ yaa pɩlakɩ nɛ takayasɩ kitiyinasi kiheyinasi pɩsɩʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɣ nɛ pɩtalɩʋ paa le yɔ tʋ kɛ payaɣna nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal". Ɛwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi hɔlʋʋ taa.
Ɛzɩ pɩkpaɣʋna kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi kaa ɖɔɔ siŋŋ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩʋ ɛzɩ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) tɛm tɩnaɣ yɔɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, kɛ samaɣ ɛsa kula nɛ pɩtɛ tʋma tɔyɩ sakɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ ajɛɛ kpeekpee taa nɛ piyele pɩpɩsɩ alɛɛkɛtaɣ yaa pakɩlɩm sam tʋmɩyɛ lakasɩ.
Pɩɩkɛ pɩtɛtʋma alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋma wena, alʋʋkaana yaa aheelaana ɖama siŋŋ yɔ. Ajɛɛ nayɩ taa lɛ, heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋmɩyɛ tasɩɩna takayasɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖeke. Pɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋgana ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ liidiye ɖɩsɩyɛ yaa ɖɩmɛɛsɩyɛ camɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩtyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩyɩna piɖeke ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩzɩwaana siŋŋ kɛ polinda yɔɔdɩnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
Tower Kondoloko
Tower Bridge kɛna kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kɩkɛ kondoloko ŋgʋ ki-leŋgbetuu yaa kɩ-pɩsʋʋ kɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ pombo yaa tɔkaɣ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-cɛzʋʋ yaa kɩ-ɖɛzʋʋ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Tamise yɔ. Kɩ-kʋya siŋŋ nɛ kɩ-wɛ lɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ hɛkʋ taa.