cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Pwaavrɔɔ
Pwaavrɔɔ kɛna kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩlɩɩna ki-pee yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ payaa-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kpɛɛnzʊʊʊ. Pwaavɔɔ pee ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa. Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi pwaavrɔɔ taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi pwaavrɔɔ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lɩm nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ. Wayɩ nɛ wayɩ sɩʊ pʊnɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɩkɩlɩ leɖuu.
Pwaavrɔɔ wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ. Pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ yɔ po-tomnasi kɛ kɩsɛɛmasɩ, sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ leemuu lɩm. Pwaavrɔɔna nabayɩ kɛ kʊlʊmʊm tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pwaavrɔɔnaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ tɩyɛ yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ lɩna Amerika keteŋga taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe pacalɩ-kʊ hayʊʊ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ, kɩ-pee pamɩzʊʊ nɛ alɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩla ɛzɩ kpɩtaʊ yaa kpɩtaŋ naalɛ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ añɔ. Pee ana apɩzɩʊ aleɖi adaɖazɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa kaawɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ ɖooo caanaʊ taa wondu lɛ, palɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ ki-pee naayɛ yɔɔ kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mɛkɩziki yɔ ɖi-taa nɛ aleɖaa ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pahayaa keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23,2 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛzɩ kaabʊnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ pwaavrɔɔnaa hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Mɛkɩziki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Ɛndonezii.
PH
Pɩkɛ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ H+ tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ iyɔɔ waa tɛ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ wonuu. Paɖʋʋ-wɛ lɩm taa lɛ, mba ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se protɔɔ waa.
Yee paɖʋ-wɛ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm taa kɔyɔ, iyɔɔ waa mba, pɛwɛ ɛzɩ oksoniyɔm tɛ iyɔɔ yɔ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se idroniyɔm tɛ iyɔɔ.
Potansɩyɛɛlɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ pakpakɩɣ nɛ pamaɣzɩna nɛ pana ɛzɩma mbʋ lɩm ñɩŋaa nɛ pɩsɩɩna yɔ. Potansɩyɛɛlɩ Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ paɖʋʋ lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm taa nɛ pana pu-yuŋ.
Tɩmaatɩ
Tɩmaatɩ kɛna ɖozi nzɩ sɩlɩna Amerika ilemiye taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hʊʊlʊʊ taa yɔ.Papɩɩzʊʊ pɔtɔɔ tɩmaatɩ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehili. Tɩmaatɩ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ: natʊyʊ wɛ kpataaɖaa kpataɖaa nɛ payaa-tʊ se kabɩyɛ tɩmaatɩ, lɛɛtʊ wɛ lɔbɔɔ lɔbɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se heu yaa haɣ ladɩyɛ, natʊyʊ wɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum nɛ natʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ payaɣ se gbooboo yaa. Tɩmaatɩ ndʊ tɩtɛsɛɛ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se akoya nɛ paapɩzʊʊ pɔtɔɔ-tʊ yaa pehilina ɖozɩ. Ndʊ pehiluu yɔ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se tɩpɩɩcamɩyɛ nɛ tɩsɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ tɩwɛʊ ñɩmɩŋ yaa siziŋ.Tɩmaatɩ ɖizi fɛyɩ sotu tɩwɛ yadaʊ nɛ tɔmbɔlʊ yaa mɔʊ kɛ pakɩlɩɣna ɖozi nzɩ tɔɔnaʊ. Pahayʊ-tʊ yɔ pamɩzʊ tɩ-pee añɔ pʊcɔ pɔsɔ-tʊ. Tɩŋ cikpeŋ weyi pɔsɔʊ yɔ, papɩsʊʊ pɔsɔ-ɩ ayaama taa yem yaa fɛɛnʊʊ taa yaa paa ɛzɩ kuzontu taa ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se heelim nɛ wɩsɩ pikeŋ pazɩ pazɩ. Tɩmaatɩ naʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩɩwɛɛkɩɣ yem: papɩzʊ patɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ tɔɖɩɩɩ nɛ paɖʊ nʊm nabʊyʊʊtɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pasɩɩ fenasi cabɩ pɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ. Tɩmaatɩnaa wɛna pɩlɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ nɩɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ ɩwɛɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ nɩɩyɛ lɛ, pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɖeke tɩlʊlʊʊ.
̩Ñɩmɩyɛ
Ñɩmɩyɛ kɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ. Poluki-kʊ nɛ kʊ-nɔɔ wɛɛ cʊŋŋ. Ñɩmɩyɛ wɛ azaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛgbamɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ se ñɩmɩyɛ, peyele sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaa se ñɩma. Ñɩma pakaŋna kancɩ. Anaa palakɩna kpelasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Ñɩma wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Mesopotami egetiye taa pacalɩ naʊ kajalaɣ ñɩma. Ñɩma ana pakaŋkaɣna hatʊ ndʊ palabɩna ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kwivri yɔ sɩʊ kpelesi yɔɔ. Kuwivrɩ hatʊ ndʊ palaba-tʊ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 3.500 nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo canaʊ taa polubi ñɩmɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Homère tɔma se ñɩmɩyɛ kɛ ɖaʊ cʊŋŋ ŋgʊ kɩtamsʊʊ kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ yɔ. Roma ñɩma ñɩma nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖoŋ ñɩndʊ. Ñɩma ana paɖʊwaɣ pɔ-sɔɔjanaa naakoma yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Ɖooo lɛ, ɛyʊ lukaɣ ñɩma nɛ e-nesi. Ɛlɛ nɔɔnɔɔ yɔ, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lukana-yɛ. Ɖooo lɛ, ñɩma kakɩlɩna liidiye mbʊ a-wazaɣ ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pañɩnaɣ-yɛ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ceviiyi (cheville) waa yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1786 taa anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ calɩ lubuu ñɩma. Etaazunii tɛtʊ taa pajalɩ-yɛ lubu nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ. Ɖajaa Ezekial Reed calɩna-yɛ lubu. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɖajaa Thomas Clifford ñolubi-yɛ pɩnaɣ 1790 ñɩŋga taa. Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ tɛtʊ taa ɛlɛ lubi-yɛ.
Sɔnɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa anasaayɩ ñɩɣdʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu pɩlɩŋ kagbaanzɩ taa poluki ñɩma ndɩ ndɩ. Poluki ñɩma atalɩ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩ waa 20. 000 mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Ñɩma ɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. A-wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 300 taa mbʊ yɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ luki ñɩma pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Ñɩma lubu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Lorɛɛnɩ (Lorraine) ɛjaɖɛ taa. A-lubu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɔɖɔ Fosijɩ (Vosges) egetiye taa.
Ɩrɩdɩyɔm
Kpaagbaa caajasɩ nzɩ paalɩzɩ ɔsɩmɩyɔm taa yɔ, taa kaawɛ ɩrɩdɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa, nɛ pɩsɔzɩ kʊzɔzʊʊ rɔdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm. Patasɩɣ pɩyʊʊ lelemiŋ lɛ, lɩm nabʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩsɛ caʊʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ. Pɔsɔzʊʊ amoniyaki pʊɖɔɔ piŋ lɛ, pɩlakɩ lɔŋ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kɩlɔrɩ yɔ. Pʊtʊ weyi ɛcaɣ ñanaɣ tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ kɩsɛm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pahazɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ fefeku yɔ. Kʊca ŋgʊ kɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔ pɔyɔkʊʊ-kʊ nɛ pʊlɔŋ.
Pʊlɔŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔkaa yɔ kʊmʊʊzʊʊ rɔdɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ. Ɩrɩdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm kpeŋgeluu ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛɛ yɔ nɛ panaɣ-yɛ camɩyɛ, nɛ keeke lɛ pɛwɛtʊ caɣ ndɩ ndɩ paa ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩkpɛndɩtʊ kaawɛɛ kɔyɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa iris pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ kayʊʊ, pɩlɩna tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa taa yɔ. Krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmpiye yaa ɛnglɩsɩ ɩrɩdɩyɔm lɩ Fransɩɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1805, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkɛdaɣ Siini pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ tɔm yɔ. Palaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɩrɩdɩyɔm kpɛndɩtʊ 10% nɛ platɩnɩ kɛ 90% ɛzɩ wonuu kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ walanzɩ (mɛta kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ) nɛ yuŋ mazɩnaʊ, ɛlɛ Sèvre yuŋ mazɩnaʊ nɛ walanzɩ mazɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpaɣ paɣtʊ ndʊ, Sèvre pɩñɔtɩna Paarii Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Sinto
Sinto (神道, shintō) matʊ taa lɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsɔ naa nɔmɔʊ yaa kɩlɩm nɔmɔʊ) yaa sintoyɩsmɩ, pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ ɖooo Japɔŋ tɔm kɛtɩdʊ taa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ. Kɛlɛ panaɣ ɖɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɔ naa sakɩyɛ nɛ mba pɛtɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɛ ɛyaa yɔ. Tɔmpiye shintō, sino-japɔŋ yaa kami no michi kalɩtʊ taa lɩwa se pɩsa nɛ paɖʊ tʊkaɣ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ puda ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ lɩna Siini nɛ ɖɩkɔɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 6 alɩwaatʊ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ sɔnɔ papɩzɩ pakalɩ-wɛ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa mɩnʊʊ mbʊ yɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ.
Paasɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣzɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yɔ. Pekpekiɣ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ papazɩ-ɖɩ kpaɣ Jōmon, nɛ koshintō tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Wɛɛ wena a-taa Japɔŋ ɛyaa kaatiba Azii nɛ Hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ taa, nɔɔnɔɔ paa cejewiye nɖɩ nɛ egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛsɔ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ nɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ lɛɛɖɛ pɔ-sɔnzɩ.
Ɖooo lɔŋ hoohoo, Japɔŋ ɛyaa lawaɣ kɩlaŋ Kami waa, pɩkɛ feziŋ wiye ɛɛwɛ lona naayɛ taa koŋ, nɛ ɛwɛna helim tɛ ɖoŋ lɩm pɔsɩ nɛ pʊŋ yɔ. Paa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ patʊlʊʊ haɖaa tɛtʊ kɩfatʊ yɔ lɛ, paɖʊ nɔmɔʊ kɩfalʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kiwoki peeɖe se pɩsa nɛ feziŋ ɛnʊ ɛkandɩ nɛ ehuuzi ɛyaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ. Mbʊ lɛ papɩzɩ pana Kami tɛ ɛyaa paa Japɔŋ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa nɛ lone naɖɩyɛ taafɛyɩ se ɖɩfɛyɩ po-ɖoŋ taa.
Pɛlɛza paɣtʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1868 Meiji wɛɛ taa mbʊ lɛ, shinto ɛsɔ sɛtʊ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpeekpe ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ Japɔŋ Ampiiri taa. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1872 alɩwaatʊ pasɩ shinto kɩlaʊ nakʊyʊ kiɖe (Jingikan) se pɩsa nɛ paɖʊ sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ nɛ fada naa mba palaɣ kɩlaŋ yɔ pɩsɩ kewiyaɣ taa tʊma patɩŋa.
Mère Teresa
Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu hɩɖe kɩsɛsɛyɛ yaa cɔɔcɩ taa hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Mère Teresa. Patasɩɣ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se sainte Teresa de Calcutta. Ɛkɛ Albanɛɛ tɛtʊ taa pɩɣa nakayɩ. Ɛkɛ katolika tʊ weyɩ petiya-ɩ Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ taa se esusi ɛsɔtɔm yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ Masedonii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1910 nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997 kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 87. Ɛkɛ halʊ weyi ɛcɛlɩ ɛ-tɩ k̂pem kɛ ɛsɔ yɔ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ sɛ ɛyaa ɛya pa-tɩ ñʊŋ yee palakɩ ɛ-lakasɩ kɔyɔ.
Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɛtʊla ɛsɔsɛtʊ pɩulɩʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ mba pɔsɔɔlaa se pakatɩ ɛsɔ yɔ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe nɛ patɩmʊʊna Ɛsɔ ɛnʊ. Pewila ɛ-tʊma taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ payɩ nɛ pɔcɔna ɛ-ɖɔnɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, aloma fenaɣ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 2003 Pape Jean-Paul II nɛ ɛna mba pɔpcɔ-ɩ nɛ pata yɔ, pakpaɣ Mère Teresa se paɖʊ-ɩ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema ciŋga taa nɛ patɩmʊna-ɩ se ɛsɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛ ɛwɩlɩna-wɛ nɛ hama lakasɩ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pana se ɛkɛ kiɖeɖeu nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 Pape François ɖʊ Mère Teresa de Calcutta kɛ ɛyaa kɩɖeɖema taa.
Lisbooni
Lisbooni kɛna Pɔrtiigaali ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Pamaza Lisbooni ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 83,7 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 545 733 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 27,42 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lisbooni ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bounnhang Vorachith nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Thongloun Sisoulith.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Lisbooni yɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Fiyantiyan. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma + ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Hoobuwa
Hoobuwa kɛna wendu tewu hilaɣ hilaɣ nakayɩ. Hilaɣ ŋga pahʊlʊ-kɛ nɛ ndoma ɛzɩ payaaʊ ŋgandɩyɛ yɔ yaa hɩsɩ nzɩ pohosu si-taa kuhosu nɛ feziŋ weyi ɛlɩʊna nɔɔ taa yɔ ewuu nɛ pɩwɛʊ leleŋ kɛ nɩʊ taa yɔ yaa piseɣtu eyʊ yɔ. Hilaɣ kɛnɛ kɛwɛ hɩsɩ nzi pasakɩ-sɩ kɩsaʊ nɛ kpoŋglolonaa yɔ sɩ-pɩlɩʊ taa. Hɩlaɣ kɛna kɛna kandɩ nɛ lɛɛsɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, payaɣ-sɩ naalɛ kɛ ɖama yɔɔ. Ɖenɖe hoobuwa nɛ lɛɛsɩ pɛkpɛndʊ yɔ kɛlɛ se hoobuwa kʊnɛ kɩɖaʊ ɖalaɣ lʊʊʊ nɛ kɛwɛ kulukulu ɖaalakɩŋ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Ɖooo lɔnda aseɣla takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Egipti ɛyaa kɛ palɩza se mba kɛŋna kacalaɣ mba mba pacalɩ hoobuwa kɛ hʊlʊʊ yɔ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɖooo lɔnda hobuwa kɛ pahʊlaɣ awiya kpaamɩŋ taa nɛ pɩlakɩ awiya nɛ abila leleŋ. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ wiyau weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Louis XII yɔ, ɖanasɩ tɩŋga payaɣ hɩlaɣ kɛnɛ nɛ pɩkɛdʊna-ɩ.
Parɩyɔm
Parɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 56 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ba. Pana parɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 pɩtɩŋna Carl Wilhelm Scheele yɔɔ kɛ maganɛzɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ naalɛ tʊ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Humphry Davy lɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɛlɛ Guntz ñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1901. Pakpa tɔmpiye parɩyɔm nɛ ɖoŋ pɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛwɛ yuŋ.
Parɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔm ŋñɩɩ (asɛtatɩ, karɩbɔnatɩ, klɔratɩ, kɩlɔrɩ, hɩdrɔsɩdɩ, nɩtratɩ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ, pɛrɩkɩlɔratɩ, pɔlɩsʊlɩfʊrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ), palakɩ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ polukina wondu sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm takayɩhatʊ, foɖo foɖo num ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ, añɩnɩŋ caɖasɩ nzɩ ɖɩyaɣna anasaayɩ taa sɩzɩ fɛɛrɩ yɔ, cʊŋ ɖeɣsi, malaa ɖesiɣ nɛ fɛrɩnɩ nɛ mɩzasɩ tɛtʊ, palakɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm pɩtɩŋna parɩyɔm ŋgʊ kʊ-pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ, ɛzɩ yee ntiɣta parɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm ñɩŋʊ yɔ kʊmʊʊ miŋ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peɖeziɣ miŋ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊmʊʊ miŋ yaa kɩmɩzɩ.
Parɩyɔm wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛnɩɣ ɛ-tɩ taŋ kpaɣ ɛzɩ lotu ñɩŋanzɩ siŋ, calɩm kahʊyaɣ, ñamɩyɛ tɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩkɔna ɛyʊ sɩm, pɩkɛna pʊtʊma feziŋ ɛɛtalɩ-ɩ yaa pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ laŋɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Parɩyɔm wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pana-ɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ ɖɔm yɔ. Yee ŋliba parɩyɔm kɔyɔ, kʊyɔɔlɩɣ kɛlɛ parɩyɔm pɩsɩ kɩcaɣ ɛyʊ toma ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mɔɔ taa. Ɛzɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm naa sakɩyɛ yɔlʊʊ lɩm taa yɔ, kpɩna pɩzɩɣ nɛ añɔʊ pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ. INRS laba tʊmɩyɛ yuŋ yɔɔ, holaa nɛ anasaayɩ holaa lɛ, pana se pakɩlɩɣ dʊʊ parɩyɔm pɩ-tɛ kpɩna ana yɔ a-tɛ hɔ kɩlɩɣ paɣlʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔŋna sɩm sakɩyɛ.
Lingua Franca Nova
Lingua Franca Nova (Elefen) kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔzɩ-kʊ se kɩwɛɛ kɛlɛʊ, kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɛlɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩlɩ-kʊ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa. Kɩwɛna wazaɣ sakɩyɛ:
Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert kɛna fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ takayɩsɩ mayʊ. Palʊla-ɩ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 wiye pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ Rouen, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ Croisset yɔ kɛ agoza fenaɣ litoozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Palʊla Gustave Flaubert ñɩm tɩnaa nabayɩ tɛ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Achille Cléophas Flaubert (1784-1846) nɛ ɛkɛ fɛɖaa mba palakɩ kʊdɔndɩna tʊma yɔ pa-ñʊʊdʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Anne Justine Caroline Fleuriot (1793-1872).
Flaubert kɛna pɩɣa naatozo ŋga pɩya naanza taa nɛ pa-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ ɛ-ɖalaa sɩba nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛnɛ e-neu halɩñɩnʊ. Sukuli taa Gustave Flaubert kaakɛna weyi ɛ-ñʊʊtaa wɛlɛɛtʊ kpem yɔ, mbʊ yebina ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ fɛɖaa mba palakɩ kʊdɔndɩna tʊma yɔ pa-ñʊʊdʊ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa yɔ. Ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ ɛɛsɔɔla maɣzɩm caɣyɛ kɛzɩyɛ lɩmaɣza takayɩsɩ mawʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1834 taa ɛna Ernest Chevalier nɛ ɛna-ɩ pama takayaɣ nakayɩ, Art et progrès.
Takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa kɛ ɛcala maʊ ɛ-tɛ kɔɔnaɣ tɔm. E-ɖoo sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1872 kɛ Rouen tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-sɩm pazɩ nɛ pɩcaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ, piyebina ɛpɛdɩ ɛ-tɛ hayɩm nɛ ɛkʊyɩ Rouen tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Paarii.
Arikitiki Lɩŋamʊʊ
Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɛna lɩŋamʋʋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ñɩɩɩ kɛ Lɩŋamɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 14 000 000 km2 ɖeke yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ lɛɛŋ kpeekpe ta. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna teŋgʊnaa mba pɛwɛ Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, teŋʊnaa mba pɛwɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ haʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Lɩŋamɩŋ mba pɛwɛna Azii taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩnɛ mba paba wɛ Amerika yɔ. Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Atilantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, pielen Barents teŋgʊ nɛ fram lɩm ɖɔɖɔ tiki kɩ-taa.
Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-kitiiliŋ yɔ nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ atalɩɣ ɛzɩ 400 yɔ. Tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ taa se (ours) Urisi yɔ. Krɛkɩ taa lɛ, urisi tɔbʊʊ se Arikitosi mbʊ yebina nɛ payaɣ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ se Arikitiki. Urisinaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pamaɣza kʊɖʊm kɛ kɩlo yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛtalɩɣ kilonaa ɛzɩ 800 yɔ. Peeɖe hɔɔlɩɣ taa payɩ lɛ, urisi kɩlɩɣna nandʊ tɔɔʊ kɛ tɛtɛt kpɩna kpeekpe taa. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ mbʊ lɛ fokinaa nɛ kpagbasɩ, ɛlɛ yee kitehiu pɩ-taa nabʊyʊ kɔyɔ, lɩm huluu kɛ kɩtɔkɩ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ wɛ Arikitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi.
Ɔsɩloo
Ɔsɩloo kɛna Nɔrɩvɛɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1624 nɛ 1924 lɛ, payawaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Kristiyaniya. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1925 kɛ papaazʊ yaʊ se tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Ɔsɩloo. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 1 403 268 nɛ pa-taa lɛ, mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, caɣyaa kpɛnda 2. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ maɣna 450 km2 nɛ tɩ-taa haba sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena wɛɛ, pɩtasɩna sulukiŋ kpayɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖɔnɖɛ. Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ hɛkʊ taa pɔɔ nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Akɛrsɛlva ɛlɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ pɩyɩsɩ cɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ sɩtaa. Peeɖe tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩtala hiuwaa naanza nɛ tɩ-taa sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Malɩmooya, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa talɩʊ ɛzɩ 0,56 km2 yɔ. Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ taa kujomiŋŋ tala ɛzɩ 343 yɔ.
Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Anvɛɛrɩ (Pɛlɩziki), Caŋgayɩ (Siini), Kopɛnɩhaagɩ (Tanɩmarɩkɩ), Hɛlɩsinki (Fɛɛlandɩ); Reyikzaviki (Isilandɩ), Tɛlaviivi (Izrɛɛlɩ), Filniyusi, (Lituyaanii), Rotɛrɩdam (Peyibaa), Farɩsovii (Polɔɔñɩ), Sɛɛpetɛrsɩbuuri (Ruusii) nɛ Pɛlɩgradɩ (Sɛrbii).
François Hollande
Ɛɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ pɔtɔ caca se palɩzɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɔñɔya nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ kpaɣna agoza fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 2012 nɛ agoza fenaɣ 1 pɩnaɣ 2017 lɛ, ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ tɛ. François Hollande lɛɣzɩna Nicolas Sarkozy. Ɛwayɩ yɔ Emmanuel Macron ñakpaɣa. François Hollande kɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm hʋyʋʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
François Hollande tʋlɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛna ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ kɩpɩnʊ. Payaɣ ɛ-tɛ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ se samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ 1997 nɛ 2008 ñɩnzɩ taa. François Hallande kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Tuli kooka ñʋʋdʋ, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2001 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2008 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɛɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ koɖɛzɩ kooka yɔɔ cɩnɩyaa tɛ lɔŋ pasɩyʋ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ. Nicolas Sarkozy, weyi ɛɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ kɩbɩnʋ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ François Hollande lɛɣzɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2012 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Pierre kiɖedeu kpaaŋ
Pierre kiɖedeu kpaaŋ wɛ Fatiikaŋ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ kɩcɛyʊ kɛ katoliki kudsuyɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Wiyao sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ Constantin 1er yɔ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ kɛ pama-kʊ. Pɩɩkɛna alɩwatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɔmɔɖɔnaa sakɩyɛ wokaɣ Pierre kiɖeɖeu tɛ nɛ pɛsɛɣ-ɩ. Pierre kiɖeɖeu kuduyu kʊnɛ paɖʊ-kʊ kedɛna kpeekpe ɛsɩyɛ egbena wondu taa nɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna mbʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ mana e-nesi yɔ. Kuduyu kʊnɛ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa kɩlɩʊ ñɩnɩʊ se pana. Pazɩ kuduyu kʊnɛ kɩ-kacalaɣ pɩyɛ nɛ papaɣzɩ-kʊ maʊ kɛɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1506 nɛ pɛtɛm-kʊ maʊ pɩnaɣ 1626.
Paziliki kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 60 000 yɔ pɩzɩʊ pacaɣ kɩ-taa. Katolokinaa kpeekpe kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lɛ, Paziliki Saint-Pɩerre kɩlɩna walanzɩ. Kristʊ aŋgba tɩŋa taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, peɣɖe wɛ lona wena akɩlɩɖeu kelekele yɔ, mbʊ pɩwɩlɩʊ yɔ lɛ se peeɖe ppima Pierre kiɖeɖeu, weyi ɛɛkɛ kacalaɣ evɛkɩ Antioki tɛtʊ taa yɔ nɛ Room tɛtʊ taa kɛ kacalaɣ papa lɩwa.
Ñɩɣyʊʊ pɩnzɩ (Age du fer)
Ñɩɣyʊʊ wɛɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ lɛ, pasɩma-tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩ-taa peɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ lɛɛzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ. Mbʊ lɛ papɩzɩ pamaɣzɩ se ñɩɣtʊ kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ yaa canaʊ pɩyʊ. Ñɩɣyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ paɣza ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1100 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ kɛ ɛwaɖɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa, kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 800 ŋtalɩ 700 pʊcɔ Y-K kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Y-K Afrika ajɛyɛ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pɔza miŋ sɔsɔŋ pɩkɩlɩ pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ pakaa mɩzaɣ miŋ ŋga kemiŋ saʊ ɛtalɩ 1 500 °C2 mbʊ yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊʊ wɛɛ tɔmʊʊ lubutu pɛcɛlɩ tanʊwa ñɩnɩyʊ C. J. Thomsen. Ɖɩlɩna ɖooo lɩmaɣza kɩbɩna cɔlɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ canaʊ tɔm mayʊ Lauritz Schebye Vedel Simonsen ñɩnaa cɔlɔ, ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ Kopɛnhaagɩ, weyi etɔma pɩnaɣ 1813 alɩwaatʊ se sɩkandɩnavɩ ɛyaa kɩbɩmaa wondu kaakɛ ɖeɣa nɛ pɩyɛ pʊcɔ pɩpɩsɩ kuwiviɖi nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Thomsen maɣzɩ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1816 taa se ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ pɩɩwɛ se paɖʊ tanʊwa ɛjaɖɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu kɛ pɩ-taa. Peeɖe esusuu ɛtʊmɩyɛ tɔm pɩlɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ ana a-natozo a-yɔɔ. Pɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ wɛɛ pɩnaɣ 1836 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed taa (pʊtɔbʊʊ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣ hayi yɔɔ ajɛyɛ tɔm kɩbɩndʊ yɔ).
Sɩkɩsmɩ
Sɩkɩsmɩ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩma Ɛsɔ kʊyʊm koŋ, patʊlɩ-ɖɩ nɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖʊ 15 pɩtɩŋna Gurû Nanak yɔɔ. Tɔmʊʊ ਸਿੱਖ (Sikkh) kɛ Punjabi tɔmpiye ɖɩ-ɖɩ lɩna sanskrit kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se शिष्यः (śiṣya) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ tɔm mʊyʊ yaa sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔ yaa शिक्ष (śikṣa), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sukuli yaa kpɛlɛkɩtʊ. Matʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ taa se ɛsɔ kalɩzaɣ.
Guru Nnak (1469-1539), ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Sɩkɩsmɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, palʊla-ɩ Talwandi haɖaa taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Nankana Sahib, pʊñɔtɩna Lahore, nɔɔnɔɔ Pakɩstan tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛ punjabi ɛyaa nɛ palɩna tadɩyɛ laɖaa cejewiye naɖɩyɛ taa kɛnɛ kɛlɛ paya-wɛ se Punjab Khatri waa. Ɖooo Guru Nanak pɩcatʊ taa lɛ, ɛɛsɔɔlɩ ɛsɔ tɔm nɛ ɛwɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɛ ɛhʊʊyɛ.
Pɩnzɩ ɖɛ sakɩyɛ ɛ-nɔmɔŋ ɖɔm taa mbʊ Guru Nanak kpeɣli ɛyaa nabayɛ com nɛ pɩpɩsɩ haɖaa tɛtʊ, Kartarpur, pɩkɛ kiɖe tʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛyaa piŋ nɛ pɩɩka-ɩ kaʊʊ kɛlɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɔŋ ɛ-tɔm ɖɩkpɛkɩyɛ taa. Kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ pɩyʊ pikpeɣluu ɛyaa yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩ-taa peeɖe lɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛna se peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ nɛ ɖama, pɩlakɩ yoŋ, nɛ ɛyaa cɩyʊʊ ɖama, patʊkʊʊ ɖama halaa nɛ abalaa, cejewa, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ lɩɣ, pɩyasɩɣ mɩzasɩ.
Guru Nanak ha ɛsɛ cejewa wɛtʊ. Kɛlɛ ɛ-tɔm mʊyaa ñatɩŋ-ɩ se ɛɛɛ ɛnʊ kɛna pa-wɩlɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Guru. Pʊcɔ ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ Guru kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ, weyi ɛkaɣ-ɩ lɛɛzʊʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi se eɖiyi ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Hiu nɛ kpaagbaa tʊ tɛ guru, ɛlɛ yɔ Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708) ɛlɛ ñɔsɔzɩ lɩm sɔʊ paɣtʊ Sikh waa tɛ pɩnaɣ 1699.
Baaba Maal
Baaba maal kɛna Senegali ɛjaɖɛ taa hendu teyu nɛ citaɖi cɩmʊ maɖʊ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ fɩlandɩ tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1953 kɛ Podori tɛtʊ taa, pɩñɔtɩna Futa-Toro nɛ pɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se senegali yɔ ko-cɔlɔ kpam nɛ pɛkɛ kpakpasɩ kpayaa. Ɛkpelɩka Kora mabʊ nɛ cɩmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ mabʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛnɛ ɛ-taabalʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ kɛ yʊlʊm, Mansour Seck, nɛ ɛmakɩ cɩmɩŋ nɛ keesi, pɩtasɩna hendu teya nabayɩ ɛzɩ 70 yɔ pɔcɔ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa ajɛya nɛ palakɩ amʊzɛ. Eewoba Paarii tɛtʊ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ tuuɖe taa hendu teu nɛ ɛpɩsa ekpe ɛ-tɛ lɛ ɛnɛ ɛ-taabalʊ, Mansour Seck patʊlɩ Taakarɩ tɛtʊ taa, Senegali ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛ hendu teu ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1985 nɛ paya-ɖɩ se: Daandele Lenol, pʊtɔbʊ se: Samaɣ tɩŋga nɔɔ.
Ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ
Pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛŋna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ paa tomnaɣ wonuu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Pʋyʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ waa taa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se katɩlɩ pʋdʋnaa cikpema wuɖuwuɖu waa mba pɛwɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ pa-lakasɩ tɩŋa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Payaɣ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga nabʋyʋ taa se hola sɔsɔna tɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Payaɣ-kɛ mbʋ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pʋdʋnaa ŋñɩtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩ.
Pɩnaɣ ŋga kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔkaɣ tomnaɣ tɛ kazandʋ yɔɔ, lɛɣtʋ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ñɩnaa se pana se ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ wɛ wonuu taa. Pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋa taa pamaɣzaa nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.
Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ petisi pɔ-tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se higgs tɛ boson yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa nawa nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ papɩzɩ panɩnɩ ɖama nɛ palɩzɩ wondu ndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ wonuu taa yɔ tɩ-kpata.
Moore kʋnʋŋ
Moree kɛna Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mosi yɔ ɖɩ-taa samaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2006 taa pakalɩ klɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa 14 017 262 taa lɛ mba panɩɣ-kʊ yɔ pɛkpɛnda ɛzɩ 6 363 975 yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 45,4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔ nɩʊ moree kʊnʊŋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ moree kɛ tada tɩna nɛ nʊmɔ woɖaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ.
Moree kʊnʊŋ masɩ kpɛnda 25 nɛ nzɩ yɔ:
A	ʼ	B	D	E 	Ɛ	F	G	H	I 	Ɩ	K	L	M	N 	O	P	R	S	T 	U	Ʋ	V	W	Y 	Z a	ʼ	b	d	e 	ɛ	f	g	h	i 	ɩ	k	l	m	n 	o	p	r	s	t 	u	ʋ	v	w	y 	z
Hʋndʋ
Hʋndʋ kɛna tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ mbʋ pɩñɔ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛɛ mini mini yaa pɩɩpɩɩ (filiforme) yɔ. Ñɔyaɣ ñɔʋ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʋ tɛ (épiderme) nɛ kɩpaɣlɩ lɛ pʋcɔ nɛ kɩlɩna awayɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ kɛ ñʋndʋ yaa ñɔsɩ ñɔʋ. Ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɛ hʋndʋ ndʋ tɩñɔʋ ɛ-ñʋʋ taa yɔ payaɣ-sɩ se ñɔsɩ nɛ ndʋ tɩñɔʋ ɛ-hɩnɛ yaa e-kodiye yɔɔ yɔ tʋtʋ payaɣ se kpɛtʋ. Piyele nɛ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛ-tamaɣ tɛɛ nɛ e-ndoma yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ-tʋtʋ se tandʋ, ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ efebu ɛɖaɣna tandʋ ñɔʋ kɔyɔ payaɣ-tʋ se koonum (duvet). Ɛyʋ yɔɔ ñɔsɩ kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Hʋndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ ndʋ payaɣ se ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ hʋndʋ. Ɛzɩ ɛyaa wɛʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ hʋndʋ yaa ñɔyaɣ, tandaŋ, kpɛtʋ wɛɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pa-tɩna hʋndʋ ɖeke nɛ lɛɛba lɛ patatɩɩ ñɔʋ paa ñɩɩ halɩ pɩtamna pa-ñʋntaa.
Ŋgandɩyɛ
Ŋgandɩyɛ (basson) kɛna hɩlaɣ ŋga pahʊlʊ yɔ. Hɩlaɣ lɩwa pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVI taa hɩlaɣ lɩ Italii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se Fagoto. Basson kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa nalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yɔ (2,50) nɛ kɔkɔɖʊ konɖaaŋ nakʊyʊ kpɩtɩna-kʊ nɛ kɩtɛ ɖaalakɩŋ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛta kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ naatozo yɔ. Ɖenɖe pahʊlʊna yɔ ɖaʊ lɛɛkʊ ñɛwɛ kɩ-taa nɛ pɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-taa pohosiɣu nɛ pɩlɩɣʊna ɖooo pɩdɛ. Piyel taŋgayɩ lɩɩɩ nɔɔyʊ pɛlɛkɩɣ kɔkɔɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pohosɩɣu yɔ nɛ kɩmakɩ  nɛ kɩlɩzʊ heelim.
Ŋganda wena awɛna ŋzʊlɩma yaa pɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ papaɣzɩ-yɛ hʊlʊ kɛ Egipiti ɛsɛ kuliye taa, Mʊwayɛŋ Oriyaŋ nɛ Azii taa. Ɛlɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taakpem kɛ panaɣ camɩyɛ kɛ ɖenɖe kacalaɣ aŋganda lʊɩna yɔ. Kacalaɣ ŋgandɩyɛ nɖɩ pacala lubu yɔ, Itali kɛ pana-ɖɩ camɩyɛ pɩnanɣ 1602 nɛ paya-ɖɩ se fagoto. Payaʊ-ɖɩ se fagoto yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖaŋ tɩŋa kpɩtɩna ɖama yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊ se p̂ɩwɛ ɛzɩ pɔh;àokʊ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ aŋganda wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: Caama aŋgandɩyɛ nɛ Fransɩ ñɩnɖɩ ɛlɛ payaɣ atɩŋ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ aŋganda wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: Caama aŋgandɩyɛ nɛ Fransɩ ñɩnɖɩ ɛlɛ payaɣ atɩŋ.
Sanfransiskoo
Sanfransiskoo wɛ Etaazuuni i taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kalifɔrnii yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ,tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Pasifiki Teŋgu cɔlɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Sanfransiskoo pɔɔ ñɛwɛna. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩwaa 60 060 yaa 600,6 km2. Walanzɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa lɛ, 121,4 km2 (20,21 %) kɛŋna tɛtʊ pɩkazɩ 479,2 km2 (79,79 %) taa lɛ, lɩm wadɩna. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa akalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 852 469.
Payaɣ Sanfransiskoo tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnayʊ kɩfalʊ se Edwin M. Lee (D). Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Lisibooni (Pɔɔrɩtiigaali), Abiijaŋ (Kooti D'Iivʊwaarɩ) Asiizi nɛ Kartazirɔɔnɩ (Italii), Kɔrkɩ (Irilandɩ), Hayifa (Israayɛlɩ), Pelɛm (Pireezili), Maniyi (Filipini), Osaka (Sapɔŋ), Sewuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ), Saŋgayɩ (Siini), Piyonozɛrɩ (Arzantini), Sidinee (Ɔsɩtraalii), Tayɩpayɩ (Tayiwanɩ), Tesaaloniki (Krɛsɩ), Zurisi (Suwusi), Hɔsiminivili (Fɩyɛtɩnam), Paŋgaalɔrɩ, (Ɛɛndi), Kraakoovii (Polɔñɩ) nɛ Fladiivɔstɔkɩ (Ruusii).
Voodu
Voodu ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, payaɣa se voodu laɣsɩ tɛ, pɩkɛ ɖooo Dahomey ɛjaɖɛ taa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ (Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa). Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ nabʊyʊ taa pisidina hama tɔm cejewaɣ naayɛ taa, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Peenɛɛ nɛ Togo ajɛyɛ taa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Loma agɔlɔma kɩyakʊ sɔsɔʊ taa.
Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ
Mbʋ payaɣ se soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ yɔ, pʋwɛ tam naalɛ taa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, pɩkɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ miŋ saʋ tɛ anasaayɩ tɛ ñɩɣtʋ tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Nabʋlɛ lɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tiyinaʋ tʋma sɔsɔna wena awɛ kɩmaŋ yɔ, a-tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Kajalaɣ tɛ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ kɛŋna soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ caanaʋ taa. Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ pʋnɛ pʋbʋ wayɩ kɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ludwig Boltzmann laba ñɩnʋʋ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɩ nɛ pʋcɔ patɩlɩ se soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tiyinaʋ tʋma sɔsɔna kɩmaŋ ñɩna tɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ lɛɛlɛyɔ, kegbeɣlaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ tomnaɣ tɛ wɛ soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa. Lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩlakɩna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ payaɣ se wonuu kɩlɩzʋʋ yɔ camɩyɛ.
Voodu
Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa mba paakpa-wɛ yomaa yɔ, kɩ-tɛ nɛ Afrika ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʊ lɛ kɩyɛlɩ nɛ kɩtalɩ Karayɩbɩ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Amerika tɛtʊ naa taa. Voodu kpaɣ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ Kuba nɛ Hayiti halɩ ŋtalɩ Presili ajɛyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ Etaazuunii nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Louisiane. Kɩyɛlɩ kɩtalɩ Afrika nɛ Hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa, a-taa peeɖe kɩkpaɣ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, kɛlɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ sɩm ŋgʊ yɔ lɛ Gnawa Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ peeɖe lɛ kizitina malɩŋ tɩna payɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛyaa mba palakɩ voodu tʊmɩyɛ patalɩ ɛyaa miiliiyɔɔ waa nɩɩnʊwa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.
Nesi tɛɛ tʊma wondu kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kaawɛ Essen kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa (ŋgʊ payaɣ se Soul of Africa Museum) nɛ Strasbourg Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Voodu ñɔɔ pɩlɩna yʊrʊba sɔnzɩ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɛ ahʊna ɛyaa tɛ sɩwaa ɖama katɩɣ yɔɔ, kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Abomey kewiyaɣ walaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 17 nɛ 18 wɛɛ taa yɔ. Kɩlɩna Taado ɛyaa cɔlɔ Togo ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Aja (papa lɛ ahɔna ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se fɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ Goun ɛyaa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ yʊrʊba tɛ mba nɛ ŋgbaɣ mbʊ ŋɖɛɛ, ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɛyaa mba pakɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ Peenɛɛ nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Togo nɛ Kaana halɩ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ Niigeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ se voodu kɛ ɛsakuliye pɩyʊ, pɩkɛ ñɩm peyebinam, pɩkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm pɩyʊ, nesi tɛɛ laɣsɩ pɩyʊ, patʊ, yɔɔdaɣ nakayɛ, fɛbɩtʊ laɣsɩ pɩyʊ, miiziki soo mabʊ, tɔm hʊtʊ, ɖoŋ pɩyʊ, tɔm ɖɛzɩtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ pɩyʊ. Pɩlɩna yoma kpaʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, tɔmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwalɩɣ ɖɩtalɩ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Karayibi lɩm hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Hayiti.
Cɔlɩyɛ
Cɔlɩyɛ, krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ λογική / logikê, ɖɩkɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna λόγος / lógos nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tovonum, yɔɔdaɣ nɛ hʊhɩyɛ pɩkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ, yɔɔdaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, tɔm ndʊ tɩmɩna yɔ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖeu paɣtʊ kpeekpe ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ Xénocrate kaalɛɣna-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe. Cɔlɩyɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɩkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ piliŋa sɔsɔ nakɛyɛ, pɩnɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ) nɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (kedeŋa kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ).
Pɩnaɣ 1847 posusa takayaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm George Boole mana-kɛ payaa-kɛ se Mathematical Analysis of Logic, nɛ An Investigation Into the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities. Ka-taa peeɖe Boole yɔɔdʊʊ cɔlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm, ɖɩwɛna kɛlɛmɩŋ nɛ tʊʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ.
Tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ pɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tɔm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Aristote paɣtʊ naatozo ndʊ nɛ ɛzɩma pataka ɖooo Leibniz cɔlɔ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna akɔnta nɛ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kalɩnaʊ. Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaza ɖɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Aristote yaa Stoïci ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ yaa Leibniz waa pɛ-tɛ mbʊ yɔ palaba ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ.
Ɛgagaɖɩyɛ
Ɛgagaɖɩyɛ kɛna kɔɔka ŋga paɖʊ ka-taa kɛ tɩm yɔ. Ɛgagaɖɩyɛ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ malɩfa tɛ lotu yaa hɛŋga ŋga paɖʊ tɩm nɛ pɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɔtɔʊ yɔ. Malɩfana hŋzɩ ɖɔɔ nɛ sɔsɔsɩ, kɩmaɣnasɩ nɛ cikpesi pɛwɛ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛsɔtaa, tataa nɛ lɩmdɛɛ hɛŋzɩ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Hɛnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛ payaɣ se kpimm kpimm tʊmɩyɛ nɛ mba palakɩ-ɖɩ yɔ mba lɛ gbimm gbimm sɔɔjana ya yoya. Yee pɛkpɛnda gbimm gbimm wa kɔyɔ, payaɣ pɩtɩŋga se gbimm wa. Sɔɔjana mba pɔcɔŋna gbimm wa yɔɔ payaɣ-wɛ se cɔʊʊ gbimm gbimm sɔɔjana. Malɩfana mba pɛwɛna hɛnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɛ mbʊyɔ yɔ payaɣ-wɛ se yuŋ gbimm gbimm hɛnzɩ. Hɔzɩŋ weyi ɛwɛna ɖoŋ se ɛla mbʊ sɔɔjana mba palakɩ pɩ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, paya-ɩ se nɔmɔʊ wɩlʊ gbimm gbimm.
Ɖoo lɛ sɔɔjana ɖeke ɖɔkaɣna hɔzɩŋ ɩnʊ nɛ pɔtɔʊ ɛlɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖɑ naayɛ wɛna ɖoŋ se paka a-yɔɔ kɛ hɔzɩŋ ɩnʊ nɛ ɩtɔ-ɩ. Weŋdu teu taa lɛ, pɔyɔɔda wendu natʊyʊ se kɔɔka kɔyɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɩkɛna ñʊʊ leleŋ wendʊ yaa wendu mahɩɖɛ sɛwa.
William Shakespeare
Palʊla William Shakespeare kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 23 pɩnaɣ 1564 kɛ Stratford-upon-Avon tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ 23 pɩnaɣ 1616 ɖoli kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ. Pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ mba pamaɣ takayasɩ yɔ pa-taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ: ɛkɛ takayaɣ mayʊ, tanaʊ kʊyʊ (dramatiiɖizi) nɛ cɩmʊʊ nɛ keesi maɖʊ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ ɛyʊ nɛ pɩmʊna-ɩ kpɛ, ɛma takayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, natʊyʊ eeyiɣdiɣ-ɩ. Ɛ-tɔm nɛ ɛ-takayasɩ ɖɩɣna yɔɔdɩɣ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ, paa ɛfɛyɩ kɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Takayasɩ maya mba palɩza pɔ-tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋnaa ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ, William Shakespeare kɔŋ nanatozo taa; ɛ-ɛsɩnda lɛ, Agatha Christie nɛ Jules Verne pɛɖɛna-ɩ. Mba palɩzɩɣ tɔm nɛ kʊnʊŋnaa lalaa taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se palɩza ɛ-takayasɩ ta tɔm nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ 4281 taa. William Shakespeare ɖeke pɩzɩna ɛkɛ tnaʊ kʊyʊ nɛ dramatiirizi.
William Shakespeare ma dramatiiɖizi takayasɩ 37 kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1580 nɛ 1613. William Shakespeare wɛ ɛzɩ mba palɩzɩ anglisi kʊnʊiŋ kpem yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-takayasɩ maʊ taa lɛ, eluba tɔm pe kɩfana nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ paɖiɣna-yɛ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ajaɣ alona taa nɛ awɛ nɩɣ camɩyɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
E-evebutu
Palʊla-ɩ Stratford-upon-Avon kɛ Warwickshire egeetiye taa kɛ Angletɛɖɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ tɩnɩʊ nɛ ɛkɛ naatozo-tʊ nɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ abalɩbɩya taa. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1564. Pɛ-tɛ lɛ, pɔsɔʊ pɩga lɩm avema wena atɩŋgʊ ka-lʊlʊ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊwa se puuye kɛ palʊla-ɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se John Shakespeare, ɛkɛ haɖʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖʊ; ɛnʊ tɩna ɖɩɣa ŋga sɔnɔ taa payaɣ se The Birthplace (pʋtɔbʋʋ se "Ɖɩlʋlɩyɛ") yɔ. Ɛkɛ sabaabɩ kɛ Stratford nɛ pɩnaɣ1568 lɛ, pakpaɣ-ɩ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa lɔŋ tasɩyʊ nɛ pɩhayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ Stratford tɛtʊ taa mɛɛɖɩ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Payaɣ ɛ-halʊ se Mary Arden, nɛ Robert Arden of Wilmcote pɛlɔ kɛlɛ. Pɛwɛ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa nɛ kɛwɛ Henley Street tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa kɛ katolika tʊ.
Balla et ses balladins
Balla kɛna hendu teyu nɔɔyʊ nɛ eteu taa lɛ ɛna ɛyaa nabɛyɛ paɖʊna ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ palakɩ amʊʊzɛ. Ɛnʊ teu lɛ papa ñapaɣ ɛlɛ samaɣ hɛkɩŋ taa kɛ ɛsɔɔla ɛ-faawɩyɛ yaa payɛ labʊ yaa ñɔɔzʊ. Palɩza pɩtɛ tanaŋ kʊʊ kɛ Kiinee ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ pɩtalaɣ pɩnaɣ 1984 lɛ, akpaɣ anʊmɔʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se aɖɩ. Samaɣ hɛkɩŋ taa patʊ yaa tanaŋ kʊʊ mbʊ a-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɛ payawaɣ se Balla Onivogui nɛ pakpaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ Kiinee taa mba mba pakɩla hendu teu lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pakpaɣ-wɛ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patɩɩzaɣna hendu teyaa laala ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊna-wɛ ɛzɩ mba tena-tʊ yɔ.
Pɩnzɩ 1960 taa lɛ, Balla nɛ ɛ-tɛ payaa kaakɛna mba pañamsaɣ Kiinee kɛ pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ.Tanaŋ kʊyaa yaa payaa panɛ ɖenɖe pɩkɩla-wɛ nayʊ yɔ peeɖe lɛ: N'na soba, Sakhodougou nɛ Paulette, samba nɛ kogno koura.
Mba pɛkpɛnda nɛ panɛ Balla peteu hendu nɛ pabaɣ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yaa palakɩ tanaŋ kɛ samaɣ taa yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: Balla Onivogui, ŋgandɩyɛ hʊlɩyʊ, (ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 2011), Pivi Moriba, ŋgandɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ hʊlɩyʊ, Sekou pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se « Docteur » Diabaté, ɛlɛ makɩna citaɖi, Sekou Kouyaté; Fodé n'Diagne; Souleymane Sylla; Famoro Kouyaté; Kemo Kouyaté; ɛlɛ makɩna citaɖi ŋgʊ kɩwɛ hendu kalɩya taa; Nestor, hendu kalɩyʊ; Ibrahima Kouyaté, Agnero Diakité; Emile benny soumah.
Ɛyaa panɛ, mba pasɩba yɔ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Emile benny soumah, Chant, Agnero Diakité, Sekou Kouyaté, Nestor nɛ Kemo Kouyaté peɖeke pɩkaza.
Keɣa matʊ tɔm
Keɣa matʊ tɔm pɩkɛ matʊ paɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩkɛ ɖooo canaʊ tɔm yɔ nɛ tɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pama-tʊ cɛnzɩ com com ɛlɛ tɩwɛɛ tobi tobi nɛ panaɣ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ keɣa fɛyɩ yɔɔdaɣ ɖɔɖɔ, pacatɩɣ tɩ-tɔmpee kɩcatʊ nɛ acaɣ leleŋ pɩtɩɩ fɛyɩ (tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ nɛ wiluu) nɛ tɩ-tɛ ɖama taa ɖʊʊ (ɖɔnɛ, keɣa cɛnzɩ maɣzʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ laɣsɩ). Keɣa tɔm tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩɣ caɣ kaɖɛ nɛ tɩlɛɛzʊʊ paa alɩwaatʊ nɖʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ paa kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩlɩzɩɣ kɩ-tɔm nɛ tɩ-wazaɣ, tɩ-yɔɔ sɔzɩna ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ paa keɣa maɖʊ weyi maɣmaɣ ñɩndʊ.
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ keɣsɩ ɖɩma, kɛlɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se papazɩ keɣsɩ tɔm cɔlʊʊ paa caanaʊ ɛyaa mba lɛ pɛ-tɛ (krɛkɩ Egipiti nɛ Ɛndɩ ŋgbaɣ mbʊ nɖɛɛ). Panaɣ se yɔɔdɩtʊ kʊyʊm ndʊ, ɛzɩ Afrika keɣsɩ maɖaa lɩna keɣsɩ tɔm tɛ.
Malɛɛzii
Malɛɛzii kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: Prueyi, Indoneezii nɛ Tayilandɩ. Pamaza Malɛɛzii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 330 803 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,3 % yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 30 417 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 86 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1957 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Malɛɛzii kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Faris Petra nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Najib Razak. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ maalɛɛziyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kuwalaa Lumpuuri nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ komina tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Putrazaava. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +60 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rinziiti.
Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac kɛna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛkɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ weyi ɛmaɣ takayɩsɩ yɔ. Ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: ɛkɛ ñʊʊda maɣzɩm takayaɣ mayʊ, ɛhʊʊ tɔm nɛ takayɩsɩ mayaa nabɛyɩ matʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ takayɩsɩ mayaa yɔ mbʊ ɛlakɩ lɩzɩya tʊma tɩna, aseɣɖe tɔm heeyiyu ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ weyi pamaɣ takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛlɩzʊʊ-sɩ takayasɩ hatʊy yɔɔ yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1799 nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 18 wiye pɩnaɣ 1850 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 51. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛɛ kɔyɔ Lord R’Hoone Viellerglé. Eyeba ɛwayɩ nɛ takayɩsɩ, maɣzɩm takayɩs, ɛma-sɩ ɛszɩ 90 yɔ nɛ aseɣla tɔm nɛ ɛkpɛndɩ nɛ ɛyaa se La Comédie Humaine. Pɩtasɩɩna siyeke, ɛlɛ ɛma tanaŋ mʊya ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ mɩnɩʊ yɔ nɛ efebiya mʊya sakɩyɛ. Ɛma takayaɣ nakayɩ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se La Comédie Humaine nɛ ka-taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔda ɛzɩma ɛyaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ ɛzɩ Buffon yaayɔɔdʊʊ tɛtɛ wondu tɔm yɔ. Ɛyɔɔda tɔm-piye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩɖʊkɩna paa anɩ; nɖɩ lɛ se: paa anɩ, ndɩɩkɛ ñɩm-tʊ yaa kʊñɔŋ-tʊ yɔ, ŋkɛ weyi ɛsɔ haa yɔ. Payaɣ Honoré de Balzac caa se Bernard-François Balssa nɛ ɛkɛ lɔŋ pasɩyʊ wiyau ɖaɣ taa nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier. Bernard-François Balssa lɛɣzɩ Balssa nɛ Balzac kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa pɩnzɩ 1771 nɛ 1783 sɩ-taa. Bernard-François Balssa kaakɩla ɛ-halʊ nɛ pɩnzɩ 32 nɛ ɛkpaɣkaɣ-ɩ lɛ, ɛlɛ ñaawɛna pɩnzɩ 18. Honoré de Balzac kɛŋna kacalaɣ pʊwa pɩya naanza hɛkʊ taa: Honoré, Laure, Laurence nɛ Henri. Ɛkɩlɩ e-neu Laure nɛ fenasɩ 16 yeke nɛ sɔɔlɩm sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ pɛ-hɛkɛu taa camɩyɛ. Ɛna-ɩ pamaɣna takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛlɛ ɛmana ɛ-ɖalʊ yɔɔ tɔm kpeekpe.
Waaɣ
Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa papaɣ habɩyɛ.
Pɩnzɩ tɩŋɛ wɛna sɩ-hɩla kɛ paa waaɣ ŋga lɛ ka-taa:
Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ nɛ pɛtɛɛ lɛ, paatasɩɣ pɩnzɩ kalʊʊ, ɛlɛ waasɩ papaɣzɩɣ kalʊʊ. Kabɩyɛ sɔnzɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ talʊʊ waasɩ hiu lɛ, yee ɛsɩba yɔ papaɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ ɛsʊtʊyaa.
Frank Wright
Palʊla Frank Lloyd Wright kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ litoozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1867 kɛ Ricilandɩ taa, Amerika tɛtʊ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1959 kɛ Foniksɩ tɛtʊ taa, Ariizonaa egeetiye taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 91. Ɛɛwɛna halaa naatozo: Catherine Tobin (1889–1922) Maude Noel (1923–1927) nɛ Olga Lazovich Milanoff. E-piya mba pasɩma yɔ pɛwɛ naalɛ: Lloyd Wright nɛ John Lloyd Wright.
Kuduyiŋ maʊ kpalaahusi lʊʊ tɔm taa lɛ, ɛ-wayɩ fɛyɩ. Mbʊ yebina pɩnaɣ 1991 taa, Amerika keteŋga taa kpalahasi lʊya ŋgbɛyɛ ha-ɩ nimiye nɛ palɩçzɩ-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ-tʊ pe-keteŋga taa kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʊ nɛ pɩsɩɩna mbʊ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se William Carey Wright (1825-1904) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Anna Lloyd Jones (1839-1923). Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kaakɛ Frank Lincoln Wright. Ɛ-ñɩma ya-ɖama ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 1885 ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ Lincoln nɛ Lloyd se ɛɖʊna e-ɖoo kɛ hɩɖɛ.
Lantanɩ
Lantanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 57 nɛ yʊssaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ La. Ɛha ɛ-hɩɖɛ lantanɩdɩ waa cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se lanthanein nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mɛlʊʊ. Ɖoo pitihiɣ lantanɩ kaamɛla sɛrɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ yem ŋnɔɔ taa lɛ, lantanɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ saɣ. Lɩm yaa helim ɛɖɛna ɛ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ.
Palɩ lantanɩ yɔɔ kɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ tɛtʊ taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ Johan Gadolin nɛ Andrers Gustaf Ekeberg pɩtɩŋna gadolinite nɛ euxénite pɔ-yɔɔ. Lantanɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩyʊ yɔ palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɩcaʊ pɩnaɣ 1839 ɛlɛ Carl Gustf Mosander labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Palɩzɩɣ lantanɩ kɛ monazite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y) PO4) nɛ bastnäsite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)(CO3)F). Mbʊ papɩzɩɣ nɛ patʊʊ ɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lɛlaa yɔ wɛ kaɖɛ.
Ɛbɛɛ palakɩna-ɩ, lantanɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kaaʊ maakɩka ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, poluki-i pɩlɩna mischmétal yɔɔ, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ pesida yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ sɛrɩyɔm pɩtalɩ 55%, lantanɩ kɔyɔ 20%, nɛyɔdɩyɔm 15%, prasɛyɔdɩyɔm 5%, samarɩyɔm 1% ɛ nɛ ɩtrɩyɔm. Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpɩnda pɩ-taa peeɖe.
Ɛkɛ seɣtiyu ñamasɩŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi paɖʊʊ ɛ-taa karasɩm yɔ, nɛ ɛfɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ pɩlatɩnɩ nɛ paladɩyɔm mba palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩma ɖɩla nɛ ɖɩtaa tɔlɩ ɛ-tɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ taa, mbʊ peheyuu-ɖʊ se ɖɩtaa feziɣ pɩ-tɛ mʊzʊʊ nɛ fefekiŋ.
Ñʊʊ
Ñʊʊ kɛna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ yɔɔ piliŋa ŋga kɛwɛna ɛ-hayʊ kiŋ kpaagbaa yɔ. Payaaʊ se ñʊʊ yɔ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɩcɛlɩɣna weyi ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʊ yaa nɔɔ-ɖɛyʊ yɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ payaɣ weyi eɖiyu ɛjaɖɛ yɔ se tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, ɛnʊ ɖɛɣna ɛyaa kpeekpe nɔɔ nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa eɖi aseɣɖe naɖɩyɛ kɛ pa-hɩɖɛ taa. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñazɩyaa nɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ tɩnaa se ɛjaɖɛ taa ñʊŋ. Pɩwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, papɩsɩɣ payaa nɔɔyʊ se ñʊʊtʊ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ yɔɔ yaa ɛ-tʊmɩyɩ labʊ taa.
Ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ñʊŋ yɛlɩyaa nɛ pɔtɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa mba pañɩnɩɣ ñʊntaa lɔŋzɩnɖɛ tɩnaa yɔ. Natʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-tʊ se ñʊʊ yɔkʊʊ, nɛ pɔtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ eɖeke nɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlɛ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ehiliziɣ eyeke koŋ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, yee pacaɣ se pɔyɔɔdɩ se akele kɛ mɛ-ɛyʊ yaa matɩnayɩ pilim kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se: matɩna-ɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ nɛ ɛ-ñɔsɩ. Pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yʊʊ yɔ kɛ pilinzi sɔsɔsɩ kɩla wɛʊ kpem yɔ: peeɖe ñʊdaakaɣ wɛɛ, kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ñɔsɩ, limaɣ ne kiɖe pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ; ñʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛsɛ, lɩkpaɣzasɩ nɛ naŋgbaaŋ pɛwɛɛ; ñʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kɛ nɩŋgbaaŋ nɛ mɔɔŋ pɛwɛɛ, pɩtasɩnanɔɔ, tamaɣ nɛ ndoma pɛwɛɛ.
Rʊwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm
Rɔwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 111 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rg. Ɛlɩ ʊnʊnʊnɩyɔm (Uuu) pɩlɩna IUPAC yatʊ yɔɔ, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 111 ñɩnʊ kɛ matʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1994 alɩwaatʊ taa palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ labʊ pɩtɩŋna pɛkpɛnda ɛ nɛ 209Bi(64Ni,n)272Rg Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛlɛ IUPAC tisi ɛ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2003. Paha-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kpaagbaa nɖɛ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2004 pɩlɩna Wilhelm Röntgen hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛlɩza X cɛnzɩ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi palaba-ɩ kɩlabʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɔʊ cɛnzɩ siŋ yɔ, a-agbele ɖiɣɖiɣ ñɩnʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ yɔ lɛ 282Rg, nɛ ɛ-tɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ caɣyɛ tatalɩ cɛjɛsɩ 2,1. Ɛwɛ ɔrɩ tɛɛ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa, kɛlɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ pilimiye d nɖɛ tɛ nɛ ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ.
Rɔwɛntɩgɛnɩyɔm (ɖooo lɛ payaɣ-ɩ se ʊnʊnʊnɩyɔm), palaba-ɩ nɛ pasɩmɩ-ɩ lɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1994 wɛɛ taa, pɩtɩŋna Peter Armbruster nɛ Gottfried Münzenberg kɛlɛ Sigurd Hofmann kaa ɖɛna-wɛ nɔɔ kɛ Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI sukuli taa Darmstadt tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Bɔrɩ
Bɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 5, yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ B. Bɔrɩ kɛna ñʊʊ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 13 ñɩŋʊ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata yɔɔ. Bɔrɩ maɣmaɣ tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛlɛ ɛwɛna kɩtamsɩnaʊ tam nabutozo. Bɔrɩ caɣ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ tɛɛ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ laɣsɩ taa, ɛlɛ eyele ɛwɛɛ tɔrɩɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ kiŋ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ bɔrɩ ɖɔm yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ bɔras, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ bɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm.
Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 2000, pana se bɔrɩ kɛ -pɩtɩŋna Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩŋga nakɛyɛ yɔɔ (ECHA) pɩyʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ, REACH paaɣtʊ yɔɔ) ɛzɩ lɩm mbʊ pʊ-tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma paalakɩ kɩ-tɔm tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ. Pʊtʊnaa mba payi pɛwɛ bɔrɩ taa yɔ (Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, بورق – buraq, Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, burah, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ñɩlɩsɩɣ) paasɩma pɔ-tɔm ɖooo pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ alɩwaatʊ taa. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa, pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba palakaɣ cʊŋ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Room ɛyaa mba filipii ɛyaa yebina-wɛ ñɩm yɔ, lakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ bɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ palakɩna ñɩnɩŋ wondu.
Bɔrɩ yeke koŋ kɛna pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛ pɩyʊ kɛ caɣyɛ kpata taa kɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ aliminiyɔm, kaliyɔm, ɛndɩyɔm nɛ tatɩyɔm. Bɔrɩ taa pʊtʊnaa lalaa wɛ ɛzɩ Levis tɛ siziŋ tɩnaa.
Ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm
Ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm, pɩkɛ politiki tɔm ndʊ ɛyaa lakaɣ se pɩsa nɛ pɛ-tɛ ampiiri waa paɣlɩ yɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pacakɩ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna yɔɔ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kewiyaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ payaa se ampiiri. John Atkinson Hobson cɔlɔ lɛ, ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 paɣzɩtʊ wɛɛ taa kɛlɛ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩtatasɩ pɩkɛ ampiiri tɔm ɛzɩ pɩɩkɛʊ Pax Romana alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
Marx lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Rudolf Hilferding, Rosa Luxemburg, nɛ Lénine ɛ nɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛmaa nɛ ɛtɔŋ ka-taa se lalaa ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ, pɩkɛ menɖeke ma-ñɩm ɖoŋ alɩwaatʊ (pɩnaɣ 1916), ɛɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊʊ Hobson tɔm nɛ eyele nɛ tɩtɔyɩ ɛyaa tɩŋa cɔlɔ. Marx lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, lalaa ñʊŋ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm kɛ alɩwatʊ ndʊ menɖeke ma-ñɩm tɩnaa kpa ɖoŋ piŋ yɔ, nɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ tɔsʊʊ huuu lɩmaɣza yeke koŋ yɔɔ pamazɩɣ pɩtɛkɛ politiki tɔm.
Lalaa ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm ñɔza mɩzasɩ yasʊʊ tɔm ndʊ Caama ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa kaalaba yɔ. Pɩtɩŋna Versaille tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ tɔm yɔɔ lɛ Ositralii mʊ Kinee Kifalʊʊ tɛtʊ Caama mba nesi tɛɛ nɛ pɩtasɩna Bougainville lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ nɛ pɩkɛ ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tindimiye C nɖɛ.
Versaille tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ yebina nɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ takayaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ pɩlʊʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Waɖɛ takayaɣ ŋga se ɛcɔna ajɛyɛ yɔɔ halɩ nɛ Namibii ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkaɣ ñɔʊʊ yɔ yɔɔ kpazɩ ɖoŋ piŋ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ajɛyɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1990. Zelande kɩfalʊʊ mʊ waɖɛ takayaɣ C ŋga kɛ ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cɔlɔ pɩlɩna Caama Samoa ɛyaa yɔɔ.
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Lakʊ
Lakʊ kɛna tɛkpɩna kpaʊ nɛ a-kʊʊ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaa kʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna yɔ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pacaɣ-yɛ tɔɔʊ yaa pacaɣ se pɔɖɔɔ-yɛ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔdɔ lɛ agbama sɔɔla se pɔɖɔɔnɩ-yɛ nɛ ataañɔtɩna ɖɩsɩ yaa hayɩm. Palakɩ lakʊ yem, paɣtʊ wɛɛ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ lakʊ laɖa ɩɩñaŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ kominana ɖʊwa yɔ pɩtɛ lakasɩ payaɣ se milɩm lakʊ yaa mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ lakʊ. Weyi ɛlakɩ mɩlɩm ɛgbandʊ ndʊ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se mɩlɩm ɛgbam. Agbama wɛ agbama taa, pakɩlɩ ɖama.
Ɖoo lɛ pɛla kɛ palakaɣna ɛgbandʊ. Pɩkɔɔ lɛ, pɩjɔla; nɛ lɛɛlɛ yɔ malɩfana kɛ palakɩna- Tɔm hʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, lakʊ labʊ kɛna lakayaɣ ŋga pɩha waɖɛ kɛ paa anɩ se ɛtɩɩ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena afɛyɩna tɩnaa yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ J. Perrève tɔma se yee lakʊ ɛkɛna pɩyʊ tɩyʊ kɔyɔ, kɩkpaɣm siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ pʊwɛ se ɛyʊ ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ nɛ ɛsʊʊ lakʊ nɛ ɛñɩnɩ lakʊ wendu tɩŋga nɛ ɛkpa-tʊ nɛ ɖoŋ, paa pɩkɛna kpacana ɖʊʊ, lɛɛtʊ, wendu maɣma ndʊ ɛɖoɣa yaa malɩfanaa kɔyɔ, pʊwɛɛ se ɛkpa awayɩ wendu nɛ ekpena ɖɩɣa nɛ tɩwazɩ-ɩ.
Soŋgaɣ
Soŋgaɣ kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɔŋ weyi ɛhaɣ soŋgaɣ ŋga yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ tiŋ songaɣ yɔ, ɛlɩzʊ ɛ-yɔɔ kilokaloɖiiwaa ɛzɩ 580 yɔ (580 Kcal). Ñʊʊ taa lɔnsɩnɖɛ maɣzɩya Platon nɛ Théophraste pama soŋga yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ. Pama takayɩsɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖenɖe kalɩnaa yɔ nɛ mbʊ pɩpɩsʊ soŋga ŋga yɔ. Mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, mbʊ lɛ lɩm. Soŋgaɣ taa nɛ tomnasi cikpesi ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nzɩ paanaɣ nɛ ɛsɛ pee yem yɔ nɛ mʊzʊŋ nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, ɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ paa ɛyʊ weyi lɛ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ paa anɩ lɛ ɛtɔkɩ yɔ, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɖɩɩna labʊ yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ s oŋgaɣ ŋga kakpaɣ nɛ kalɩɣna yɔ. Soŋga ŋga kalɩɣna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ calɩm catɩ-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ anaɣmnaa nɛ pɩkazɩ asuluma yɔ.
Soŋgaɣ yekɩna nɛ ɛyʊ tɛ mɩŋ saʊ yaa feveku ɛ taaɖɛ 37 °C yɔɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pɩcamʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ nɛ pɩpʊʊzɩ-kɛ. Ɖakʊtanaa taa, ɛzɩ Ayurveda ɖakʊta taa, pɔyɔɔdʊ camɩyɛ se soŋgaɣ kɛna kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñalʊ ɛyʊ taa yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ pohuyuu lɩm yaʊ lona nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ paɖʊ ɩ-taa kɛ ladiɖiki miŋ nemasi se pʊsɔŋ nɛ ɛyaa yaɣ lɩm mbʊ lɛ pʊsɔŋ-wɛ nɛ palɩɩ soŋgaɣ. Mba paapɩzʊ lɩm yaʊ yɔ, lɩm ɖɩsɔyɛ kɛ paɖʊʊ ladiɖiki miŋ ɩnʊ nɛ inɩzʊ lɩm mbʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔsɔʊ-pʊ.