cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Anɩhɔ
Anɩhɔ nɛ Peenɛɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ. Maalika kanɛ, ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ anasayɩnaa kpacayaɣ Togo yɔ, ndʊ kkakɛna ɖenɖe powokaɣna yomaa nɛ pʊcɔ pɛɖɛɣna-wɛ tuuɖe taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ Anɩhɔ kaakɛŋna Togo tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɔm nabʊlɛ taa: Pɩnzɩ 1886 nɛ 1897 nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ pɩnzɩ 1914 nɛ 1919. Ɖooo lɛ Foli Bebe kaakɛŋna Kɩŋwaa wiyao nɛ pawɛ Kliji. Weyi ɛkɛ pe-wiyau lɛlɛ taa yɔ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Sedegbe Foli Bebe XV. Piyele Miina mba yɔ, Ata-Quaum tɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɛwɛ ɖenɖe payaɣ se Nlesi yɔ. Weyi ɛkɛ pe-wiyau lɛlɛ taa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Nana Ohiniko Quam Dessu XIV. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2002 taa Kɩŋwaa mba pɛwɛ Anɩhɔ yɔ, pɔ-nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Togbé Ahuawoto Zankli Savado Lawson VIII. Paakaɣ labʊ kediizaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakɛyɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kpaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 nɛ pɩsɩɩna 12 pɩnaɣ 2017 Anɩhɔ tɛtʊ taa. Ketiizaɣ ŋga pakaɣ-kɛ labʊ yɔ, ajɛya kpeekpe efebiya mba pañɩɣ se kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛɖeɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ, mba lakɩna ketiizaɣ ŋga.
2003
Pɩnaɣ 2003 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2003 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2003 kɛŋna naadozo ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 2002 nɛ 2004 hɛkʋ taa. =2003 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm matʊ
Tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm kɛdʊʊ (fezuu) krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa βίος tɔbʊʊ se fezuu nɛ γραφή tɔbʊʊ se matʊ, pɩkɛ matʊ tɔm ndʊ pɛkɛdɩɣ-tʊ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ yɔɔ yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ yee pʊtʊ ɛlaba nabʊyʊ amʊʊza naayɛ taa yaa tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ.
Pʊtʊ maɣmaɣ pɩzɩɣ ɛma ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ tɔm yaa nɔɔyʊ pɩzɩna ɛma ɖɔɖɔ. Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩzɩna piseɣti ɛyʊ nɛ ɛma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm, nabʊyʊ taa pʊtɔma ɛsɔɔlʊʊ se ɛ-tɩtɩŋa ɛyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm mbʊ ɛlaba e-fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ, kɛzɛɣa ŋga ɛɛwɛna pɩlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛma nɛ ɛtaasɔɔ wiɖii.
Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ paa anɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yaa pɩtɛ sɛɛ ɛlɛ ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ ɛtaŋ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ mbʊ pʊɖɔŋ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, pɔpɔzʊʊ-wɛ se paa anɩ lɛ ɛma ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm nɛ ɛsɩɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ taa nɛ pʊwɛɛ. Pɩkɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm fezuu labʊ yaa tɩ-yɔɔ tɔm ndʊ pakpaɣ-tʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayaa tɔm kɩkɛtɩtʊ paa anɩ cɔlɔ, lɔŋ tasɩɣ maʊ yaa mayaa kʊɖʊm.
Pɩnzɩ hiu
Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa papaɣ habɩyɛ. Pɩnzɩ tɩŋɛ wɛna sɩ-hɩla kɛ paa waaɣ ŋga lɛ ka-taa.
Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ lɛ, paapaasʊʊ waasɩ kalʊʊ naalɛ naalɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu lɛ pɩlaba waasɩ naalɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩsa nɛ pakɩlʊʊ camɩyɛ tobi tobi ɛyʊ pɩnzɩ kɛ waasɩ taa lɛ, pakalʊʊ se akele wɛna waazɩ hiu yɔ yee ɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔ kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ papaa-ɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɛgbadayaa yaa ɛlaba sɔsɔ.
Hʊʊlʊʊ abalɩmayaɣ
Hʋlʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ (consonne fricative)
Nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ kɛ abalɩmayaɣ ŋga ke-witu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ witu yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-kɛ lɛ, Feziŋ lɩɣna kela hɛkɩŋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɩɩlɩɣna nɔɔ tɩŋa taa waaa ɛzɩ payaʋ mayaɣ « a » yɔ.
Abalɩmasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩ-yatʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hʋlʋʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ yɔ. Ndoma nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ nɛ kela nɛ liŋ tɛ koŋgo pa-tɩŋa palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ payaa hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ ńzɩ.
Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyʋ ɛkpaɣ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ nɛ ɛkɛdɩna abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ. Sɩsɩ yatʋ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ. Ɖooo caanaʋ lɛ, kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa cɔlɔ lɛ, tokaɣ nakɛyɛ taawɛɛ abalɩmasɩ hɛkʋ taa. Paakpaɣ sɩ-tɩŋa se sɩ-yatʋ kɛ kʋɖʋmtʋ.
Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm
Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩɣna ɛsɩyɛ piye taa yɔ. Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm taa wɛ ɖɔm tɩyɛ nɛ wezuu ajɔɔla wena awɛ ɛsɛ taa yɔ, ana atɔʊna leleminaŋ ŋga. Wiliu taa kɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm lɩʊ nɛ nakpaazasɩ yɔɔ kɛ pikpeŋ. Pana ɛyʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ewuu. Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm ɛɛlɩʊ yem. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ ñaŋ kpakpaya yaa sɔɔndʊ kpaɣ-ɩ lɛ, pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩlɩɩ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛsɛtɩɣ kaabʊ kɔyɔ kɩ-tɛ helimaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛ kɛwɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ ñɩɣtʊ sɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm lɩɩ. Yee pɩkɩla eyʊ wɩzʊʊ, ɛyʊ taa ɛvɛyɩ lɛlɛŋ, yaa nabʊyʊ laba-ɩ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɩɣʊ kɔyɔ, ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm ɛɛlaɣzʊ lɩʊ. Pɩtɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ taa ɛkɩla leleŋ, woŋga ɛkɩla-ɩ yaa nabʊyʊ yem, ɛ-ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm pɩzʊʊ pɩlɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm wɛ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩhaɣ ɔkɩsɩzɛɛnɩ nɛ pɩñalʊ ɛsɛ hutu nɛ ɛsɛ pee asuluma. Wiliu lʊkɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa yaa ɛ-maɣzɩm taa wɩzasɩ kʊɖomɩŋ weyi ɩpɩzʊ ɩha ɛsɛ ñɩŋgɩyɛ yɔ. Wiliu kɛna ɖɔɖɔ nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ tɩŋgʊna nɛ ɛwɩlɩ ndʊ tɩɩsaŋgɩ-ɩ yɔɔdʊ yɔ. Ɛzɩ pɩɣa ɛjam yɔ, akpadayʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩkɩla ɛyʊ ɖɩɩzʊ yaa wɩzʊ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ 45 wayɩ pɩwɛ ɛyʊ kaɖɛ se ewii nɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm lɩɩ ɛzɩ pɩdɩɩ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-ɛsɛ hutu ajɔɔla hʊwa nɛ aatasʊ tisu kɛ ɛsɩtɛɣlɩm camɩyɛ. Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛʊ halʊ tɛ.
Klɔrɩ
Klɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 17 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Cl. Ɛkɛ halɔzɛnɩ waa taa weyi ɛkɩlɩ-wɛ kpɩtɩnaʊ yɔ. Klɔrɩ tɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yem nɛ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɔm kɩlɩ kɩjɛyɩɣ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ tablɩ yɔɔ ɖɔm yaa sɔdɩyɔm tɛ klɔrɩ (NaCl). Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ feziŋ sakɩyɛ caɣʊ taa. Klɔrɩ yem taa lɛ, wɛ ɛzɩ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ weyi paya-ɩ se tɩklɔrɩ Cl2, pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩwɛ caaʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩkpɩndɩ kɩkɩlɩ helim maɣmaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ sɔŋ fɛyɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛɛ sɔtʊ piŋ yɔ.
Klɔrɩ hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa chloros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala, pɛkɛtɩɣ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔlɩm. Palakɩ klɔrɩ pɩtɩŋna klɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ pɩlɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Klɔrɩ yɔlɩɣ yem, nɛ kɩwasɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩtalɩɣ -34°C ɛjaɖɛ soŋaɣ cɔlɔ.
Klɔrɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ lɩm keletuu alɩwaatʊ taa, pɔɖɔɔnʊʊna sɔŋ, hʊlʊmɩŋ wondu taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ cotu fefeku taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma klɔrɩ wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ mbʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ kɛna kajalaɣ fefeku ŋgʊ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you ɖeɖe ɛzɩ you fefeku malɩfa.
Ɖaakuɖe pombo
Ɖaakuɖe pombo kɛna tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊ nabʊyʊ nɛ paamakɩ-kʊ lɛ, ɛyaa kagbaanzɩ kagbaanzɩ wɛɣna nɛ paba-ɖama nɛ ɛsɛ. Pesiki ɖaŋ naalɛ naalɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ nɛ paɖʊ ɩ-hɛkʊ taa caacibeɣa nakayɩ nɛ weyi ɛɖɔkʊ pombo yɔ, ɛñɩnɩɣʊ se ewona ɛɖʊzɩ ɛ-taabalʊ caacibeɣa ñɩŋga taa. Caacibeɣsɩ sɩ-tɔbɩŋ tɛɛ tʊlɩ hooo hooo. Kadaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ pamakɩ pombo ŋgʊ yɔ, kɩkɛɣna kadaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna kʊlɔmɩŋ naanza naalɛ naalɛ ɖam yɔɔ yɔ.
Ɖaŋ weyi pesiki-i naalɛ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa makɩɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 3,05 yɔ. Piyele caacibeɣa walanzɩ taa wɛɣna santimɛtanaa 46 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Paakalɩɣ kpaala ɛzɩ pakalʊ naŋgbanzɩ pombo ɖeɖe yɔ. Pehɛʊ cinzi nasɩyɛ nɛ ɛyʊ ɛwɛna sɩ-wayɩ nɛ ɛlɔ nɛ pʊɖʊ caacibeɣa taa kɔyɔ, pakalɩɣ kpaala naatozo. Ɛlɛ yee ɛwɛ ciŋga ŋga nɛ ka-taa kɔyɔ, kpaala naalɛ pakalʊ.
Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, hɔɔlʊ lɛɛkʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛyʊsa nɛ lɛɛkʊ lɔ pombo nɛ kɔsʊʊ kɔyɔ, kpaɣɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kɛ pakalʊ. Hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩɖʊzʊ kpaala akɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, pɩlaba ŋgʊ wabɩna. Pamakʊ caacibeɣa taa pombo yɔ, nesi ɖeke pamakɩna. Pɔlɔʊ pombo ɛlɛ maɖaa cɛyʊ pa-dɩ se pekpebi-kʊ nɛ weyi ekpaɣ-kʊ lɛ ɛcɛyʊ ɛ-tɩ se ɛɖʊ-kʊ caacibeɣa taa. Lɔyʊ ɛnʊ, ɛtapɩzɩ nɛ ɛɖʊzɩ-kʊ caacibeɣa taa kɔyɔ, pa-anɩ ɛñɩnɩʊ se ɛkpa-kʊ nɛ ɛɖʊzɩ yaa ɛɖɛna poliŋ nɛ pataaɖʊzɩ-ɩ.
Ɛtɩyɛ
Ɛbɛ payaɣ ɛtɩyɛ? Ɛtɩyɛ, lɛlaa yaɣ se "mʋtɩyɛ". Pɩkɛ so wena ɛtɩ yaa mʋtʋ wokina ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyʋ yɔsɔ yaa ɛ-ɛtɩ ɛsɩba yɔ, petiyiɣ peheyi-i. Peheyiɣ-i lɛ, pɩkɛ-ɩ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ewolo nɛ ɛnanɩ ɛ-ɛzɩyɛ. Paapiŋi-i lɛ, ɛtɩŋ so tɩnaa nɛ nɔndɔʋ tʋ nɛ ewolo epi ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ ɛnʋ. Ewoki lɛ, ɛwɛna liidiye naɖɩyɛ se ɛɖʋʋ ɛ-tɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ ɛnʋ e-ɖipinɖe wiye. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛɖʋʋ piye nakʋyʋ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se paya-ɩ ɛtɩyɛ. Pawayɩ lɛ ɛɖʋ pɔʋ yɔɔ liidiye (paa kantɔŋ ŋkʋ kɩwɛna piye ŋgʋ kʋkʋ ɖʋ pɔʋ yɔɔ yɔ). Liidiye nɖɩ ɛɖʋʋ pɔʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pinɖaa tɩna-ɖɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛcɛba-wɛ lɩm se pa nɛ ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ mɛɛsʋʋ. Ɖɩnɩɩ se yee palaba ɛza yɔɔ caɣʋ nɛ pʋcɔ tɛʋ fe pepi sɩɖʋ yɔ, ɛtɩ wokina sʋlʋm peeɖiɣa nɛ ɛcalɩsɩna mba pasɩna-ɩ ɛza yɔɔ caɣʋ yɔ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, soɖabi lita powokina. Pepiŋ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, sɩɖʋ n̄ɩma nɩɩna ɖama nɛ paɖʋ egbele pazɩtʋ kɩyakʋ. Sɩɖʋ tɩŋ tɛɛ posusuu pazɩtʋ kɩyakʋ ŋ́gʋ nɛ paa weyi ɛnɩɩ kpaakpaa.
Paapaɣ sɩɖʋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛtɩ wokina ɛtɩyɛ, lɛlaa yaɣ se mʋtɩyɛ. Ewokina nɔndɔʋ tʋ ɖɩhʋlɩyɛ wiye ɖoho taa. Tɛʋ feŋ so wiye lɛ, ewona ɛ-mʋsɩ tɩnaa nɛ pɔcɔɔ ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ ɖɩɣa. Tɛʋ feŋ leɣa wiye lɛ, ɛsaa mʋtʋ nɛ ɛtaa tɩ-yɔɔ penim cɔɔ. Ɛtɩnɩ tɩ-yɔɔ kalimiye yaa su pɩ nɛ pu-ɖozi nɛ ɛ-sʋlʋm pɛʋ nɛ ewona. Ewokii lɛ, ɛɖʋʋ kpaaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa liidiye (paa kantɔŋ ŋgʋ nɛ ki-liidiye nɖɩ pʋɖʋʋ yɔ). Ɛtɩ ɖʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩsaʋ taa liidiye (wolaa n̄akpakɩɣna ɖɩɖɩ) nɛ ɛtɛ ɛɖʋ ɛ-halʋ tɔɔʋ taa liidiye.
Paa kantɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna atɛ n̄ʋʋ weyi pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛtɩ ewona yɔ. Laasa kantɔŋ taa lɛ, atɛ naalɛ koŋ pʋwɛɛ se ɛtɩ ewona ɛ-halʋ yɔɔ, ɛ-yɔsɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛ-ɛtɩ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛma, paatasɩɣ-ɩ ɖoli hɔm. Lamaa kantɔŋ taa lɛ, ɛtɩ pɩzɩɣ ewona ɛ-halʋ yɔɔ atɛ atalɩ naanza, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ewokina ɛ-ɛtɩ yɔɔ, ewona ɛ-yɔsɔ yɔɔ. E-piya wona egbele ɛtɩyɛ, powona neŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ.
2004
Pɩnaɣ 2004 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2004 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2004 kɛŋna naanza ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 2003 nɛ 2005 hɛkʋ taa. =2004 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Ɖɔnɛ
Ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖɔnɛ yaa ɖɔmtʊ kɛna ɖoŋ weyi mbʊ pifezu yɔ pɩwɛna se pɩkʊyɩna cɩnɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖenɖe ɛyʊ yaa kpɩnɛ woki yɔ, lona ana a-taa wɛ kaɖɛ. Paa pɩɩkɛ tataa, ɛsɔtaa yaa lɩm tɛɛ kɔyɔ. Ɖɔnɛ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛkpɛ kpɩna naayɛ ɖɔŋna naŋgbanzɩ naanza lɛɛna wɛɛna naalɛ. Naayɛ wɛna keŋ nɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛna lɩm kɩyanaʊ yaa pɛbɛtʊ.
Tɛtɛ wondu natʊyʊ ñɛfɛyɩna nabʊyʊ nɛ awɛ yem muzu muzu nɛ a-taa kɛlɛ ɖoma. Pɩsa nɛ ɖɔnɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hola, mɔɔ nɛ hola wondu ɖɩlɩyɛ pɛkpɛndʊʊna nɛ ɖɔmtʊ la. Tɛtɛ wondu natʊyʊ ñɛwɛna pɔɔyɩŋ kɛ a-yɔɔ nɛ pɩsa nɛ aɖɔ lɛ, alɩzʊ hɩlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ atʊʊna. Ɛyʊ ɖeke wɛna lɔŋ se elu naŋgbangaɣ yaa ɛla kalakalasɩ cɛɛcɛɛ nɛ ɛɖɔmna alɩwaatʊi ndʊ pɩcama-ɩ yɔ. Ɛcandʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛlɛ kʊdɔmɩoŋ weyi ɩkpaɣ ɛyaa nɛ pɔ-hɔɔlɩŋ sɩkɩ yaa kɛkpɛdɛsaɣ laba-ɩ nɛ ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋgaɣ yaa ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ pɛlɩ yɔ.
Nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ
Nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ (consonne palatale)
Nɔɔ witu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa yɔɔdʋʋ se nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ kɛna abalɩmasɩ nzɩ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-sɩ nɛ nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ yɔ. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ siɣye yekina nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ-sɩ.
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ masɩ wɛ nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ naalɛ ɖeke : hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ halɩmayaɣ [j] tɔmpiye « yourte » ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ nɛ mɔɔʋ tɛɛ mayaɣ [ɲ], tɔmpiye « gnon » ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe nɔɔ witu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa ñɩnaa nɛ kana nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ payaɣ se
-         Kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmayaɣ [ɟ], nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ kiwiwaɣ.
Ɖɩkpaɣ hɔŋgrʋwa kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye nagy [nɑɟ]. Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « sɔsɔ ».
-         Mɔɔŋ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ [ɲ]
Ɖɩkpaɣ Ɛspañɔɔlɩ kʋnʋŋ masɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye mañana [ma'ɲana]. Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « cee ».
Ɖɩkpaɣ Pɔɔrɩtigɛɛ kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye minhoca [mi'ɲokɐ]. Ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « ataɣ nikaɣ »
-         Hʋlʋyaa abalɩmasɩ [ç], hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ tandam. Ɖɩkpaɣ Caama kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye ich [ɪç]. Ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se « ma, mo, me, mɔ… ».
[ʝ], hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ kiwiwaɣ
-         Abalɩmasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se « sipirantɩ » abalɩmasɩ. Ɛzɩ [j], mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ Angɩlɛɛ kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye « yes [jɛs] ; ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se « ɛɛɛ ».
[ʎ], kpɛŋga yɔɔ abalɩmayaɣ. Ɖɩcɔnɩ Itaalii kʋnʋŋ masɩ taa, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye gli [ʎi].
Urduu kʊnʊŋ
Urduu, egeetiye hɩɖɛ, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Ɛndo-Ɩranɩyɛ agbela taa nɛ kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Hayi kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩ-kɛ ajɛyɛ ana a-tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Ɛndi nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ devanagari masɩ wɛtʊ taa.
Urduu kɛ kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa yɔ. Malɩŋ ñɩma mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yɔ ha-kʊ hɩɖɛ se Urduu nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩ matʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Pakɩsɩtanɩ taa yɔ. Ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 165 lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Urduu kʊnʊŋ nɛ pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 60 pɩtalɩ miiliyɔ waa 80 lakɩ-kʊ nɛ tɩmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ.
Urduu kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ Pakɩsɩtanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ matʊ nɛ tɔm hʊɣʊ kpamɩŋ taa. Pakpaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna malɩŋ ñɩma yɔ Ɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa tʊma sɔsɔna taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ muhadjir mba Karachi tɛtʊ taa ɖeeɖe nabʊyʊ taa kɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ cɔzɩya yaa agɔma Ɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ kɩŋ tɛyɩyʊ wayɩ pɩnaɣ 1947 taa.
Ɛɛndɩ taa lɛ, pasɩma ɖɔɖɔ Urduu kʊnʊŋ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa. Urduu kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ ajɛya anɛ a-taa Andrhra Pradesh nɛ Bihar nɛ Jammu-et-Cachemire nɛ Uttar Pradesh nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Delhi yɔ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, pamazɩɣ se Urduu kɛ hɩɖɛ sɛʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Pɩkɛ tevenim tɔm Lucknow nɛ Aligarh nɛ Hyderaba tɛtʊ taa. Ɛndi nɛ Urduu, kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi ɛmalɩna ɖama kpam yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 950 nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ ɛzɩ palʊlɩ-wɛ kɩ-ta yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ kedeŋga.
Carmel paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋɩyaa
Carmel paɣtʊ pɩkɛ Katoliki Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ maɣzɩm taa paɣtʊ natʊyʊ. Kɩ-tɛ ɛyaa payaɣ se Carme waa (ɛlɛ abalaa ñɩma) nɛ halɩñɩma payaa se Carmeliti waa. Pɛ-tɛ fata payaa se Elie. Palestine pʊʊ yɔɔ Carmel waa mba paawɛ peyeke lakʊ taa yɔ tʊlɩna-kʊ kpaɣɖʊ 12 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Kajalaɣ Carme waa kʊyɩ pa-lakʊ taa peeɖe kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa se powolo pɛmɛlɩ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɛ-tɛ yɛlʊʊ wayi yɔ, kʊyɩyaa mba pɛ-tɛ paɣtʊ lɛɛzɩ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ maacɔ waa wezuu caɣʊʊ tɛ paɣtʊ. Lɛɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ la kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ndʊ paya se Avila Tereziya tɛ ñɩndʊ yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa yɔ.
Sɔnɔ pɩlɩ pɩlɩŋ naalɛ, kajalaɣ lɛ, Carme waa sɔsaa (papa lɛ Avila tereziya tɛ ñɩnʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ totukina-wɛ) nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ tereziya lɛɛzɩtʊ paɣtʊ tukina yɔ, mba paalɛʊ naataŋkpala yɔ. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-naalɛ pɛtɛya-ɩ tam naatozo yɔɔ kɛnɛ, Carme waa kɛlɛ abalaa, Carmelite waa kɛlɛ halaa ñɩma, payaa-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ se paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ (Carmel) mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ paalɩzɩ Carme waa tɛ paɣtʊ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ pa-ñɩndʊ. Jerusalem caɣyɛ pɩnaɣ 1187, ndʊ tɩɖɩza Palestin ɖaɣnɩ you labʊ pɩtɩŋna Saladin yɔɔ, yɔ kaapɩsa kɩjɛyɩɣ tɔm Krɩstʊ mba mba paalɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa ɖama katɩɣ you wɛɛ taa yɔ se pɛɖɛɛ. Papɩsa Erɔpʊ taa lɛ pacaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa nɛ peeɖe palaba agbeela cikpena. Pɩnaɣ 1247 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, caɣyaa mba pɩkɛ Carmel ɛyaa yɔ, papa Innocent 4 tʊ kpɩɖɩ-wɛ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-wɛ maacʊ wezuu labʊ tɛ ham ɛyaa.
Lɩtɩyɔm
Lɩtɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 3 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Li. Pɩkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ nɛ kɩwɛɛ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa.
Lɩtɩyɔm tɛ hɛkʊ taa pee tɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ agbelenaa (6Li nɛ 7Li). Mbʊ tɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɩtɩyɔm tɔtɔyɩ wɩsɩ laɣsɩ taa ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba pɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ. Lɩtɩyɔm wɛna wazaɣ siŋ hɔyɛ taa piye tɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe.
Lɩtɩyɔm keeke kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɔfɩɩ, pɩwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye pɔyɔ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, kɩcalɩɣ nɛ kʊmʊʊ kalɩkɔtɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛnɛ helim nɛ lɩm potukuna ɖama yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ hʊlʊmɩŋ ɖɛʊ yɔɔ nɛ kpɛdɩŋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpegelem yuŋ fɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ɖʊʊyʊ wondʊ naa lɛɛla yɔ, ñɩɣlɩm lɩtɩyɔm tɩ lɛzʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ heelim nɛ lɩm pɔ-cɔlɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm num taa se paɖaŋ-ɩ nɛ helim.
Palakɩ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ñɩɣlɩŋ nɛ ñɩɣlɩŋ caɖasɩ nɛ cʊŋ tʊma taa, palakɩna piili naa nɛ paterii naa mba pɔɖɔkʊʊ laatriki miŋ yɔ, num, pɔñɔɔzʊʊ helim mbʊ CO2 wɛka yɔ, palakɩna ketu nɛ aŋwa naa, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ.
Lɩtɩyɔm lɛɣzɩɣ lɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛzɩ palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɖɩwɛyɛ taa yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛwɛɣ ɛzɩ nasɩyaa sɩɣlɩyaa wɛtʊ yɔ. Palɩzɩɣ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ kaŋ tɛ, cʊŋ tɛtʊ taa nɛ lɩm ɖɔm ñɩmbʊ taa. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpaagba pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩmɩŋ wondu yɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɛtɛŋ kɛʊ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɔyɔ, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ (55 % LiCl nɛ 45 % KCl, ŋtalɩ 400 °C).
USGS kaawila nɛ kɩna se kedeŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩtɩyɔm ɖɔɔ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 13 pɩnaɣ 2010 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩtaa peeɖe lɛ Polivi yeke ñatɩna 58% nɛ Siini ñatɩɩ 27%. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016, USGS ɖaɣnɩ wɩlʊʊ lɛ, pʊsɔza, pɩpɩsɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 14, nɛ pɩ-peekpe mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ tɛtɛɛ yɔ talɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 40. Kedeŋga kpeekpe labʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa 25300 pɩnaɣ 2010 ɛlɛ Etaazuunii fɛfɩ pɩ-taa (USGS teyele se ɛyaa ɛtɩlɩ papa ñɩndʊ). Lɩtɩyɔm wɛ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ lɩngamɩŋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ mbʊ payi pɩtɩŋa pɩ-fezuu pɩ-taa. Kɩɩwazɩɣ pɩyʊ kpɩnɛ yaa tɩŋ, paa kɩfɛyɩ palakɩ pɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ yem fɛyɛ, cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ kaʊ.
Arɩkɔŋ
Tɔmʊʊ arɩkɔŋ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ἀργός / argós pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se felentu, kaalʊlaɣ, pama nɛ kɔɔnaɣ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ ἀ nɛ tɔmʊʊ ἔργον / ergon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tʊmɩyɛ, tɔmɩŋ ɛɖɩlɩyɛ yekina nɛ nɛ pɔtɔ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ.
Arɩkɔŋ tɛ wɛʊ kɛ helim taa mbʊ yɔ ɖajaa Henry Cavendish nana tʊ pɩnaɣ 1785 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ Lord Rayleigh nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ William Ramsay ñɛwɛʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1894 pana tʊ. Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa lɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tɩnaa mba pa naalɛ pɩsɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔdaɣ tɔm pɩlɩna pɩ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1895.
Patasɩ arɔkɔŋ naʊ pɩnaɣ 1882 pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ tʊma yɔɔ mba yɔ H. F. Newall nɛ W. N. Hartley. Arɩkɔŋ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ar lɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1957, pɩsaɣ ɖooo hohoo taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛ kɛlɛʊ yem se A. palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arɩkɔŋ nɛ pasɩna nandʊ kɛ tɔɔnasɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ laatriki miŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩsaɣ miŋ piŋ yɔ kɛlɛ mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmʊyɛ pazɩ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩɩlakɩ pɩyʊ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖɩtanɖɛ TIG. Plakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ mɩnɩ mɩnɩ kpɛlɩ tɛ palakɩna tʊma naayɛ paa okɩsɩzɛnɩ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ. Fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ miŋ ɖiɖiziye ɖeɖe. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ panaɣ ɛwaɣsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ yɔ sɩ-pɩnzɩ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba petiki lɩŋgamɩŋ taa nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ, ɛhazɩɣ helim pɩ-taa.
Uruguwe
Yee pɔcɔnaa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ Uruguwe nɛ Pirezili pa-kamaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ pizidina kasitiyaŋ nɛ pɔritiigalɩ nɛ payaɣ-ku se pɔritiinɔlɩ. Sukilinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ Uruguwe ha waɖɛ se pawɩlɩ pɔrɩtiigalɩ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ nabʊyʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ pɩpaazɩɣna ɖamɩŋ lʊbɛ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1825 ɛlɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1830. Aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2004 taa pɔtɔ caca lɛ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Tabaré Vázquez nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ wayɩ, mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 2009 taa weyi palɩzaa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ José Mujica.
Mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 30 wiye patasa caca tɔʊ se palɩzɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ lɛ, Tabaré Vázquez nɛ Luis Lacalle Pou pa-naalɛ pa-taa lɛ, Tabaré Vázquez wabɩna nɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ kɛʊ Uruguwe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ. Ɛpaɣzɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caaʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2015.
Wiyaʋ Louis 14
Louis XIV kɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ɖaɣ nakʊ ñɩŋgaɣ taa kɛ Saint-Germain-en-Laye kɛ evemiye kagbanzɩ ŋgʊ wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1638. Nɛ ɛsɩ kɔɔnɔɔ evemiye wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1715 kɛ Versailles kɛ Fransɩɩ peeɖe. Ɛɛ-kɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Navarre pɛdɛ wiyau sɔsɔ. Pɩgbaʊ nɛ evemiye hiu nɛ naanaza agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1643 yɔ, Louis XIV ka-kɛnaɣ Fransɩɩ nɛ Navarre paa-ɛjɛɛ kewiyaɣ ɖiuu pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛsɩm wiye kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ evemiye wiye salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1715.
Ɛ-caa kɛ payaɣ se Louis XIII nɛ ɛ-ɖoo kɛlɛ Anne d'Autriche. Ɛwɛnaɣ halaa naalɛ nɛ piya loɖo. Ɛ-caa sɩm wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-pɩɣa Né Louis weyi ɛtasaɣ sɛʊ hɩɖɛ se Dieudonné, kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ lɛ Louis XIV, kpaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ. Fenasɩ pasɩ wayi lɛ, pɩcɔ ɛlakaɣ ɛtɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ yɔɔ tɔsʊʊ lɛ, ɛ-kakɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ naanaza tʊ tʊ kɛʊ wiyau kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔ, nɛ hiŋ naanaza nɛ naanaza wiyau kɛ Navarrɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wiyau naadozo tʊ kɛ Bourbons waɣ hɔlʊ taa kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Louis XIV caɣ kewitu pɩnzɩ hiŋ lʊbɛ nɛ naalɛ nɛ fenasɩ naadozo nɛ avema hiu nɛ lutozo. Ɛ-kewitu tʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛ pɩyʊ kem kɛ ɖeɖe tɔm hɔlʊ taa kɛ anasaayɩwaa tɛ.
Ceu takayaɣ
Ceu takayaɣ (arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ُرْآن, al-Qor’ân pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ñʊʊ taa ɖɔkʊʊ tɔm, pɩkɛ tɔm kiɖeɖetu Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa malɩŋ tɩnaa cɔlɔ, nɛ pamazɩɣ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga kɩkɛ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa nɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kakɩlɩ pɩnʊʊ takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ kɛ arabɩ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ sɔnɔ ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛɛkɛɛ malɩŋ tɩnaa yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ.
Malɩŋ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, Ceu takayaɣ taa wɛ Allah tɔm, nɛ tɔm kiheyitu (āyāt) ndʊ Ɛsɔ tiyiyu Mahomet kɔna yɔ (محمد, Muḥammad, ɛsamɩ-ɩ) kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 610 ŋtalɩ 612 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm pɩnaɣ 632 pɩtɩŋna tiyiyu Gabriel yɔɔ (جبريل, Jibrîl). Nabʊyʊ taa payaɣ Ceu takayaɣ yem al-kitâb (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ), adh-dhikr (tɔbʊʊ se tɔzʊʊ) yaa ɖɔɖɔ encore al furqân (tɛyʊʊ). Tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ mbʊ pɩ-taa, ɛkɛ malɩŋ tɩnaa tɔm ndʊ tɩɩwɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ Allah cɔlɔ potolubutu kulubu yɔ se tɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɔm yɔ.
Arabɩ tɔmpiye Qor'ân » (قُرَْآن) lɩna qara'a (قرا) liɖe taa nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se ñʊʊ taa ɖɔkʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdʊʊ. Tɔmpiye Qor'ân kɛ laɣsɩ tɔmʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se kalʊʊ, ñʊʊ taa kalʊʊ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛyʊtʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɔm ndʊ tiyiyu heyi Mahomet yɔ.
Abalɩmayaɣ
Abalɩmayaɣ (consonne)
Sɩ-taa lɛ, abalɩmasɩ kpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ halɩmasɩ ñɛkpɛndɩ nakʋ. Abalɩmayaɣ witu wɛ ndɩ nɛ halɩmayaɣ witu. Panɩɣ abalɩmayaɣ witu kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdʋʋ taa.
Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩlɩɩnɩ tɔmpiye yɔɔ nɛ panɩɩ abalɩmayaɣ witu.
Payaɣ abalɩmayaɣ lɛ, heelim lɩɣnɩ kela nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa. Abalɩmayaɣ witu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ halɩmayaɣ ñɩndʋ. Kʋnʋŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ. Paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ ka-kʋnʋŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kalʋ nɛ ka-kʋnʋŋ ɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kʋnʋŋ nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ ɖeu yaa nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ yuŋ.
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ abalɩmasɩ nzɩ pamaɣ yɔ, sɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X nɛ Z.
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɔɔ wiluu masɩ. Sɩsɩ ñɛkpɛndɩ hiu nɛ lutozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : b, d, g, v, z, ʒ, p, t, k, f, s, ƒ, m, n, ŋ, l…
Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ masɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ nɔɔ wiluu abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ kpɛndɩ naadozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : j, h nɛ w.
Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ
Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, al-jabr) pɩkɛ tʊzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa piliŋa nakayɛ ŋga keyeki se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ akɔnta labʊ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo pɩɩwɛʊ nɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ taa lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ siŋ lɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ Descartes labʊ yɔ.
Ɖooo canaʊ Egipiti nɛ Babiloni ɛyaa tɛ lɛ paatɛma wɛnaʊ laɣsɩ nzɩ mbʊ pakpaɣna nɛ pala pa-akɔnta yɔ. Eyaa mba paasɩma kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tɔm. Babiloni ɛyaa lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kɔyɛ labʊ nʊmɔŋ takayasɩ lɛɣtʊ halɩ pʊcɔ Euclid alɩwaatʊ. Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Papirus Rhind (weyi paasɩ-ɩ Museum Londrɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1650 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ ɩɩwɛɛ, taa kaawɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ se pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɛyɩ kuluŋuluu kpɔnɔ naa 100 ɛyaa hiu pa-taa kɔyɔ mɛlɛ sayʊ, tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ feŋiyu kʊyʊm, nɛ pa-taa paa weyi mʊwaɣ nabʊlɛ tɛ. Ɛzɩma pɛcɛlɛ kʊyʊm. Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ wɩlɩɣ se Pise Léonard weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Fibonacci kɔŋna-tʊ nɛ Afrika nɔmɔŋ wobitu alɩwaatʊ taa. Paasɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛlɛ Gerbert Aurillac tʊ, kaalaba tɩ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ Cordoue, nɛ ɛtɔ se pakpa Krɩstʊ mba nɛ pacaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ tʊ yee ɛpɩsɩ papa pɩnaɣ kudoku tɛ ŋga taa kɔyɔ pʊpʊ alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-ɩ se Sylvestre 2 tʊ. Papa Gerbert Arillac tʊ kaakɔŋna pɩnaɣ 1000 alɩwaatʊ kɛ mayaɣ 0, Ɛndɩ tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaalubina-kɛ Al-Khwarizmi nɛ Abu Kamil, ɛyaa pa nɛ paa-naalɛ papa ñaayeba nɛ patɩlɩ-kɛ ampiiri kpeekpe taa nɛ Cordou tɩŋa taa.
Ɖom
Ɖom, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pʊkɔŋa pɩ-tɩ yɔ nɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyʊ ɛɛtasɩɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣza naʊʊ yɔ (kɛlɛ pɔtɔtɔ se ɛɛnɩɣ) nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩlakɩ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ hola hɛzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ pazɩ yɔ. Ɖom tɩtɩŋga wɛ ndɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛwɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ kuduyuu tɛɛ pɔsɔkɩ-ɩ ñɩmɩyɛ nɛ edou mbʊ yɔ, ɖom pʊpʊ lɛ paa ŋyaɣ ɛɛnɩɣ, ŋtukuna-ɩ pusuma, ɛɛyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛɛcidiɣ.
Halaa nabayɛ ɛɛdou camɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛwɛʊ pa-fenasɩ taa yɔ (paaɖou kpem ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ) nɛ pa-taa peɖee lɛ pɩkɔzɩna halaa mba patasɩɣ fenaɣ labʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pakpadɩyaa. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛyaa sʊtɩyaa yaa akpadɩyaa eedou pɩtalɩɣ evepiyaa.
Platon ñalɩzɩɣ tɔbʊʊ se kɛ fezuu lambu mʊyʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Théophraste kaatɛma maʊʊ takayaɣ nakayɛ paya-kɛ se ɖom nɛ ɖoziye (krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Περὶ ὕπνου καὶ ἐνυπνίων ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 3 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, keɣa maɖʊ ɛlɛ latɛŋ tʊ Virgile ɛ-takayaɣ Énéide kɛtɩna kajalaɣ nabʊyʊ, se patɩlɩ se ɖom wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩɩwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ. Kɛlɛ pɔkɔɔ polu anasaayɩ ñɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ kpaɣɖʊ 20 wɛɛ taa ŋgʊ yebina nɛ patɩlɩ ɖom wɛtʊ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1937 lɛ hola tɛ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Alfred Lee Loomis ɖʊ tʊkaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩnza weyi ɖom wɛna yɔ, ɛnʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna anasaayɩ ñɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ, A nɛ B pɩkɛ ɖomɖomuu nɛ C ñɛkɛ ɖom ŋñɩɩ nɛ D nɛ E kɔyɔ ɖom sɔsɔm.
Ñɩnɩyaa ñɔtɔŋ se pɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩ-ɛsɛ nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ eeɖou kɛlɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ ɛzɩ pɔɔ taa sumasi nɛ sumasi nzɩ sɩyɛlʊʊ kadatayaɣ yɔ tɛ lɛ pɩɩlakɩ mbʊ sɩ-sɩ eeɖou kpem. Ɛyaa nabayɛ pɛkɛ ñɩnɩyaa Californi sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa kɛ Los Angeles pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔwɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Jerry Siegel, ñapɩzɩ nɛ ɛna se fenaɣ ŋga nɛ pʊcɔ sumasi nzɩ sɩɖʊ lɛ, halɩ ñɩnzɩ eeɖou sakɩyɛ pa nɛ pe-piyaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩsaŋ nɛ panaɣ pɔ-tɔyaa nɛ peseɣu.
2006
Pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛŋna loɖo ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 2005 nɛ 2007 hɛkʋ taa. =2006 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ Mikayɛlɩ
Mikayɛlɩ kɛna Ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛwɛ ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa sɔsaa naatozowaa taa. Ñazɩyaa mba mba yɔ: Raphaël nɛ Gabriel. Ñazɩyaa panɛ, kpaɣ Yudaa mba, Katolika ñɩma nɛ Malɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ patɩŋa pasɩma-wɛ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ sɩma ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ pakpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛna a-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ.
Ñazɩyʊ Mikayɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa tiiyaa ñontinaa ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ yoŋnayou nɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa tiiyu weyi ɛkɛ eleeu nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se satanɩ yɔ. Mikayɛlɩ tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se awɛ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ yɔ? Nɛ eyo you sɔsɔʊ nɛ cikpɛndɩɣ taa wiyao nɛ ɛwabɩ-ɩ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna ɛsɔtaa ñazɩyaa tɩŋga ñʊʊtʊ nɛ ɛnʊ kaŋdayɩɣna tisiyaa yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛnʊ lɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ yaa kɩpandʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Ñazɩyʊ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛwɛna tʊma sɔsɔna sakɩyɛ: Ɛsɔ ha-ɩ ɖɔoŋ se tɔm hʊʊ kpaagbaa wiye le, ɛnʊ kaɣna ciyamna k:e maɣzɩɣ nɛ ewona kɩpama kɛ ɛsɔtaa koboyaɣ taa nɛ mba patamʊna yɔ, ɛɖɛna-wɛ ɖenɖe miŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ pewiliɣ nɛ pasalɩɣ pe-kela yɔ. Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ñazɩyʊ Gabriel kiɖeɖeu lɩ Daniɛlɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ e-ɖoza tɔbʊʊ lɛ, eheya-i ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnʊ maɣmaɣ, ɛnʊ Gabriɛlɩ ɛɛtɛma paɣzɩɣ you you pʊcɔ nɛ ɛlɩɣʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Gabriɛlɩ nɛ Pɛrisi mba pɩɩsamɩŋ sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, Mikayɛlɩ kɩɖeɖeu kaakpaɣna ɛyaa tomnaɣ nɛ ewolo nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ lɩɩ you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Tʊtʊ wayɩ lɛ, Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ ɛsɔ tiyaa nɛ ɛna satan palʊ nayʊ mooze tomnaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kristu mba kpakɩɣ ɛzɩ pɔ-yɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ cɩnkpɛndɩɣ taa wiyao you taa yɔ. Koran taa yaa malɩŋ cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ nɛ Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu pɔyɔɔdɩɣ pɔ-tɔm se: weyi ɛkɛ Wla koyindu, ɛ-tiiyaa koyindu yaa Mikaɛlɩ kiɖeɖeu nɛ Tiiyu sɔsɔ Gabriɛlɩ yɔ, pakaɣ kɛʊ Ala koyindina mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, Ala kɛ mba paatisiɣ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ po-koyindinaa.
Pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ pɩnaɣ taa kɩyakɩŋ looɖo. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, salaŋ fenaɣ 29, kamɩŋ fenaɣ 8, agoza fenaɣ 8, salaŋ fenaɣ 6, aloma fenaɣ 16 pɩtasɩna paska kujuka naatozo ŋga wiye.
2007
Pɩnaɣ 2007 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2007 kɛŋna lʋbɛ ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 2006 nɛ 2008 hɛkʋ taa. =2007 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Fɛɛŋ naatozo pɔlɔndɔɔɔ ñɩŋgʊ
Fɛɛŋ naatozo pɔlɔndɔɔɔ ñɩŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa. Kɩwɛ Yaŋzi Jiaŋ egeetiye taa. Papaɣzɩ-kʊ huyu ɖɛfɛɛɛ ɖefɛɛɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2006 pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2009. Kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 600 nɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ mɛtanaa 185. Fɛɛŋ naatozo pɔlɔndɔɔɔ ñɩŋgʊ kʊnɛ, ŋgʊ kɩlɩna wɛnaʊ lɩm hoɖe nazɩyʊ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Fɛɛŋ naatozo pɔlɔndɔɔɔ ñɩŋgʊ kɩwɛ Sandupiŋ tɛtʊ taa, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩwɛ Yaŋgzi pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nɛ kɛtɛ kadaŋga cɔlɔ.
Kiposina lɩm fɛɛʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Gezuba yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 38 yɔ. Tambaɣ ŋga pakpaɣ se pohuyuu fɛɛʊ kʊnɛ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ nɛ pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm. Kediizaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakɩyɩ ɖeɖe kɛ pekpeɣla samaɣ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1992 nɛ paanɩ etisi se pɩwɛ ɖeu. Papaɣzɩ tʊma kɛ pɩnaɣ 1994 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2000 lɛ, pɩkɛza Yaŋgzi Yanŋ pɔɔ nɛ fɛɛŋ naatozo pɔlɔndɔɔɔ ñɩŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩkʊyaa ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 80 yɔ. Siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, fɛɛʊ naatozo pɔlɔndɔɔɔ ñɩŋgʊ kʊnɛ, kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 2 335 nɛ kɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa lɛ, mɛtanaa 85.
Sona lɛŋ ñɩna
Sona lɛŋ ñɩna kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩ-tɛɛ pee yɔɔ yɔ. Sona lɛŋ ñɩna ana awɛ lɔɔɔ lɔɔɔ nɛ payaʊ-yɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩ ma pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ lɛŋ yɔ. Sona naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, a-taa pee pʊʊ nɛ awɩlɩ pɔcɔ nɛ pɔsɔbɩ-yɛ nɛ patɩzɩ pʊcɔ pɔtɔɔ. Sona lɛŋ ñɩna anɛ awɛ huuha naalɛ kpayɩ taa: naayɛ taa wɛ hokasi nɛ lɛɛna taa nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ.
Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi sona lɛŋ ñɩna anɛ a-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, kaaɖɔɔtɩ, yala, kaabʊ nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi a-taa yɔ nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ sona lɛŋ ñɩna nɛ pileɖi aawɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-yɛ yem kɔyɔ apɩzʊʊ aɖazɩ yaa awɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-yɛ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-yɛ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Papɩzʊʊ pɛpɛdɩ sona anɛ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pasɩɩ nɩkaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa pɔcɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ patɩzɩ pʊcɔ pɛpɛdɩ. Sona lɛŋ ñɩna wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ caʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ yaa kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ naayɛ caaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pɩnaɣ 2006 ajɛya wena akɩla hayʊʊ sona lɛŋ ñɩna anɛ yɔ a-taa kɔyɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Ɛndonezii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Turkii.
Kɔnɛtɩkuti
Kɔnɛtɩkuti kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Kɔnɛtɩkuti taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Hartford nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Bridgeport.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Kɔnɛtɩkuti nɛ tɩta yɔ tɩɖɔɔ nɛ ajɛya wena-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Rood Ayilandi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Masacusɛtɩ piyel Niwu Yɔɔrki ñɛwɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Pamaza Kɔnɛtɩkuti ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 14 371 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñbɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 12 560 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 181 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 12,60 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 134 853 km2 yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ kagbaanzɩ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 3 574 097 yɔ nɛ yee pakalɩʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛtanaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 29 yɔ. Payaɣ Kɔnɛtɩkuti ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Dan Malloy (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Chris Murphy (D) nɛ Richard Blumenthal (D). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ: Eŋgilisi.
Koobu paɣtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe
Koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe Koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe kɛna Ɛsɔ tɛ Krɩstʋ mba tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩ-taa mba payaɣ kɛlɛʋ yem size Fransɩskɛ waa. Ɖɩkɛ katolika krɩstʋ mba paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcalɩ lɩʋ kajalaɣ taa pombo kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖajaa weyi ɛlɩza-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔɔ payaɣ size François kiɖeɖeu Assise tʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1210 taa.
Ɛzɩ ɖa-kɩpaɣlʋ Ɛsɔ yɔ, koobu paɣtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩ-tɛ wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɛzɩ krɩstʊ yɔ nɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ ajamaa sɔsaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Pe-wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɛzɩ mɛnvɛyɩ pɩyʋʋ waa yɔ. Pa-tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛlɛ size posusi Ɛsɔ tɔm paale. Pɔsɔlɩm kʋɖʋmʋm yɔɔ pɛcɛla pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ hɩɖɛ size " koobu ", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛʋ size mɩzaɣ kʋyʋmaɣ yɔɔ piya hɛkʋ taa koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ.
Ɛlɛ yee ɖɩcɔna camɩyɛ sɔnɔ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-taa pakpa cɔjɔ naa sakɩyɛ, ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size fadanaa yɔ. Maɣzɩm tɩnaa nanza nabɛyɛ yeba nɛ pa-caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, patɩlɩ Fransiskɛ waa camɩyɛ. Pa-hɩlaa yɔ, kiɖeɖeu Bonaventure Bagnoregio tʊ, nɛ Roger Bacon, nɛ Duns Scot, nɛ pɩtasɩna Guillaume d'Ockham.
Papɩ François yeba nɛ sakɩyɛ tɩlɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ. Mbʋ yɔ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, ɛlaba atɩma sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna lanhɛzɩyɛ taa wɛyʋ yaʋʋ mba mba pakʋwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ Ɛsɩpagnɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ you alɩwaatʋ taa. Koobiɖe ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɖiilesa ɖɩ-ɛyaa mba yɔ, paakpɛnda nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ nɛ, ɖɩlɩzɩ ɛyʋ kiɖeɖeu François Assise tʊ kaakɛ evebu pɩɣa ŋga kaalɩna hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩɩwɛ weewee siŋŋ yɔ.
El Niño
Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe naɖɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖooo lɔŋ se El Niño. Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Peruu nɛ Ekuwatɛrɩ pɛ-tɛtʋ taa. Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ hakuu. Ɖɩpaɣzɩɣ kpem lɛ, kpakpasɩ kpaʋ yaa piyiŋ lɔʋ sɩɣ tɩnaɣ.
Sɔnɔdaa lɛ, ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ keveŋka nakɛyɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ndɩ kpem yɔ. Keweŋka ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ kewensi lɛɛsɩ. Keweŋka ŋga, ke-feveku soŋaa pɩkɩlɩ kewensi lɛɛsɩ fevekiŋ. Lɩm keveŋga ŋga, panɩɣ ka-taŋ Pasifiki lɩŋamʋʋ hadɛ kiŋ taa.
Lɩm keveŋga ŋga kɛwɛ mbʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna Peruu tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Lɩm keveŋga ŋga, katamsɩna ɛsɔkaɣ tɛ kpaɣ Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ puwolo Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Paya pɩ-tamsɩnaʋ mbʋ se wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ aviɣda.
Lone taa caɣyʊ
Paɣtʋ Maʋ taa lɛ, hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ nɛ lakaɣ pamalɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama, caŋga fɛyɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
LƖMAƔZƖYƐ TƐZƖYƱ LONE TAA CAƔYƱ (le pronom complément) Exemples : 1.	Kolaa makɩ pombo. 2.	Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi. 3.	Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ kediizaɣ. Pombo =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ ɖozi =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ kediizaɣ = lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ Yee ɖɩlɛɣzɩ lakaɣ tɛzɩyaa mba nɛ po-lona taa caɣyaa kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ : 1.	Kolaa makɩ-kʊ. 2.	Nɛmɛ hiliɣ-sɩ. 3.	Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ-kɛ. Paɣtʊ (règle) Pɛhɛɣ caŋga (-) lakaɣ nɛ lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1970 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛɛkɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-caa payaɣ se Mouammar Kadhafi. Palʋlɩ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1942 taa nɛ ewona sɔsaa mʋlʋm pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋga taa.
Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛlɛ kajalaɣ pɩɣa ɛ-caa lʋlʋʋ taa. Ɛ-caa calɩ labʋ nesi ɖɔkʋʋ lɛ, eɖeke ɛlʋlaa. E-ɖoo payaɣ Fatiha al-Nuri. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɔʋ taa ɛ-ɖalaa lɛlaa yɔ, Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi laba Liibii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kewiyaɣ taa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi laba tamaɣ lɩzʋʋ tɛ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ ka-takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋga taa. Liverpool tɛtʋ taa ɛlaba e-sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ. Ɛ-caa kɛkɛ Liibii ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ Ɖajaa Mohamed Mouammar Kadhafi kɛkɛŋna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ aseɣɖe tɔm nɛ kaŋgalafunaa ndɩ ndɩ lɩzʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-Ñʋʋdʋ.
Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-tʋma yɔɔ cɩnɩyʋ. Ɛkataɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋɖoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe pombo mabʋ aleɣya ñʋndɩnaa nɛ ɛ wɛ palɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza pombo mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.
Pa-katʋʋ mbʋ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɛkɔma ehiɣ tɔm nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ hɔʋ taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛ-ɖalʋ ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Saadj. Ɛlɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pombo mabʋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ.
Paladɩyɔm
Paladɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 46 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pd. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ platɩnɩ waa tɛ kiŋ. Paladɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem wɛ hɛŋgɛlɛŋ, ɛtɔtɔyɩ, nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pamazɩɣ se ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩbaŋʊ, pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma laɣsɩ yɔɔ.
Pana paladɩyɔm nɛ rɔdɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna platɩnɩ kʊlʊlʊʊ ca ca ŋgʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1803 pɩtɩŋna Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ william Hyde Wollaston. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Wollaston maɣmaɣ ha pɩnaɣ ŋga katɩŋga ɛ-natʊ wayi yɔ lɩna tɩnzɩ cikpesi cɔlɔ mbʊ se pallas, pana-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1802 pɩtɩŋna tɩnzɩ taa nɔmɔʊ woɖu Heinrich W.M. Olbers, ɛlɛ ɛkɛ Caama tʊ.
Ɖooo alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ pamaɣa ɛyaa paladɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɔyɛ nɖɩ pawazɩɣna kpezi wɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ makaɣna 0,065 g evemiye taa. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pana se kɔyɛ nɖɩ palakɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ wɛna cɛyɩtʊ sakɩyɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa kɛ pʊwayɩ kɛlɛ pɛlɛzɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kɔɔ wena keeke apɔza yɔ.
Papɩzɩɣ pana paladɩyɔm ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩ nɛ sika pɛkpɛnda yɔ nɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ nɛ platɩnɩ waa tɛ yɔ kɛ sika ɖɩcɛsɩyɛ Oural, Ositrali, Etiyopii, Amerika nɛ Hayɩ kiŋ nɛ Hadɛ ajɛyɛ taa. Ɖikpeliye taa ɖenɖe pɛwɛʊ yɔ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ paladɩyɔm ɖɩlaɖɛ.
Tidjane Thiam
Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Tidjane Thiam yɔ, palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Kootidiivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Abiijaŋ tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ.
Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam wɛna ajɛya naalɛ tɛ takayɩsɩ. Ɛkɛ Kootidiivʋwarɩ pɩɣa, ɛwɛna Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣ se ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-pɩɣa yɔ. Ɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ takayaɣ ŋga kahaɣ-ɩ waɖɛ yaa ŋga kawɩlɩɣ se ɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ pɩɣa yɔ. Yee ḿbʋ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔnɔdaa ɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna liidiye kɩndʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ɖooo lɛ, ɖajaa Brady Dougan cɔŋaɣna tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɖajaa Brady Dougan kɛ Amerika pɩɣa. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ ɖɩtɛnɖɛ, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam lɛɣza-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋ yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam laba nesi tɛɛ tʋma lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sukuli Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛmʋ pɩ-tɛ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ñɩnʋʋ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ kʋkʋ tɛ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Mckinseɣ nɛ ɖajaa Company pɔcɔŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna tɩŋa payɩ yɔɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1986 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1994 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam sɔza ɛyaa naalɛ ḿba pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔcɔŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna yɔɔ.
Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam pɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1994 taa. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1999 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam kɛkɛŋna Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba pɔcɔŋna lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sukulinaa nɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ, pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ. Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam nɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ pɛkpɛndaɣna nɛ palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ.
Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1998 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam kɛ Kotidivwaarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se BNETD yɔ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛzɩma paɖʋ haba ndɩ ndɩ nɛ lona wena a-taa pʋpɔzʋʋ se pasɩɩ tʋma sɔsɔna ñʋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ.
Ñɩɩyʊʊ
Ñɩɩyʊʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɩla cɛcɛyaɣ ɖaalʊʊ. Cɛcɛsɩ 60 ñalakɩna ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, cɛcɛsɩ 60 wɛna nɛ ñɩɩtʊ 24 ñalakɩna evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Evemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wɩsɩ siɣaa.
Kɛteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya fɛyɩna ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ pɩlɩɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-lone nɛ pɩtasɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩtalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ: tɛsoŋgiye, yolum yaa mʊzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Latɩŋ taa lɛ, ñɩɩyʊʊ tɔbʊʊ se evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa hɔɔlaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ yaa ñɩɩyʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kɛ ñɩɩtʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza taa.
2008
Pɩnaɣ 2008 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2008 kɛŋna luutozo ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 2007 nɛ 2009 hɛkʋ taa. =2008 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Pɔtasɩyɔm
Pɔtasɩyɔm ɛnʊ ɖɩyaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kaŋwa, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 19 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ K (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, kalium). Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖʊʊyʊ pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ yɔ, ɛhʊlɩmɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, nɛ epiyi pazɩ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ ɛkpɛndɩɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛla kɛ teŋgu lɩm taa yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ. Ɛɛlazɩɣ mʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa nɛ patɩ ɖʊyɩ lɩm kɔyɔ ɛ-tɩ lɛɣzɩɣ kpaagbaa.
Palɩ kaŋwa yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1807 pɩtɩŋna Humphry Davy yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtɩŋna kaŋwa nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ pʊtʊ weyi paapɩza palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛwɛ eyeke yɔ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Davy ɛnʊ lʊbɩna hɩɖɛ se pɔtasɩyɔm nɛ ɖɩya-ɩ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se kaŋwa, pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ kaŋwa yɔɔ (pɔtasɩyɔm kaŋwa hɩɖɛ lɛ ɖooo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa) ɛ nɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔmʊʊ kɩtɩnɩɣ ium).
Yʊsaɣ mayaɣ K lɩna latɛŋ taa kalium, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ ɖɩlɩna ceu kʊnʊŋ taa (tɩŋ hɛkʊ taa). Pɔtasɩyɔm tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kalɩyɔm kɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa Caama kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa. Pɔtasɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɩ-tomnaɣ wɛʊ yɔ kɩwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-kʊ kɛbɛyɛ nɛ saɣ. Nɛ pɛsɛtɩɣ kpa lɛ, nɔsɩ yɔɔ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ. Ɛlaɣzɩɣ mʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa lɛ mbʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se pasɩ-ɩ num taa kɛnɛ.
Victor Hugo
Palʊla Victor Hugo kɛ Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 26 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1802 kɛ Besançon nɛ ɛsɩ Agoza fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1885. Victor Hugo kɛ takayaɣ mayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ politique tʊ nɔɔyʊ kpam. Pɩnzɩ XIXe taa lɛ, ɛñamsa ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɛñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza.
Pɔtasɩyɔm
Pɔtasɩyɔm kɛ pɩtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ tɩŋ paɣlaka hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pana-ɩ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ tɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa (ɛkɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩyʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa). Ɛkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pɩyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ kpɩna fezuu labʊ taa.
Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo ma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ mba pakɩlɩ takayasɩ maʊ yɔ pa-taa. Ɛkɛ poète lyrique nɛ takayasɩ nzɩ yɔ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Odes et Ballades (1826), Les Feuilles d'automne (1831) nɛ Les Contemplations (1856), ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɣa maɖʊ weyi ɛtɛma ɛ-taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛba fɛyɩna nɔɔyʊ. Ɛyɔɔda Napoléon III tɔm takayaɣ Les Châtiments (1853) taa. Yaa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ poète épique nɛ ɛma La Légende des siècles (1859 nɛ 1877).
Pɔtasɩyɔm
Yee ɛyʊ efeza pɔtasɩyɔm kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ eliba feziŋ ɛnʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna-ɩ ɛsa kʊdɔŋ, ɛ-mɔŋ tɛ wɩɣ, eliu tɛ wɩɣ nɛ pɩkɔna acɩmsa, kpezuu nɛ liu tɛ wɩzasɩ. Pɩ-tɛ fefeku ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛyʊ hʊzɩŋ taa kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna sɩm. Yee putukina ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ yaa ɛ-ɛsɛ kɔyɔ pɩha-ɩ heŋ sɔsɔŋ matɛŋ matɛŋ.
Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo kɛ takayasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Roman waa yɔ sɩ-mayʊ nɛ ɛmaʊ taa lɛ pɩɖʊkɩna paa-anɩ. Ɛma Notre-Dame de Paris (1831) nɛ Les Misérables (1862). Théâtre taa lɛ, ɛwɩlaa se ɛkɛ nɔyʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se drame romantique yɔ takayaɣ Cromwell (1827) taa. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ Hernani kɛ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ Ruy Blas kɛ 1838; Lucrèce nɛ Le Roi s'amuse.
Ɛma politique tɔm ndɩ ndɩ kɛ Chambre des pairs taa, Assemblée constituante nɛ Assemblée législative. Ɛma takasɩ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma paɖʊʊ ɛyʊ sɩm yɔ pɩyɔɔ tɔm, sukuli taa tɔm yaa nʊmɔʊ wobu tɔm: (Le Rhin, 1842, ou Choses vues, posthumes, 1887 et 1890), pɩna correspondance naa sakɩyɛ.
Akɔnta
Akɔnta, tʊzɩtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ akɔnta labʊ kɛ tʊzɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩyʊ ɛtaakpaɖɩ lɛɛbʊ yem yɔ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ pɩ-tɛ pɩyʊ kɩkpaɖɩŋ kaakɛ ñʊŋ kɩkalɩŋ. Pɩkɔma ɛjaɖɛ ɛsa feŋ lɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ nɛ pɩsaŋ palakɩ akɔnta kɛlɛʊ.
Tɔmpiye akɔnta, nɖɩ kɛna lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ laɣsɩ kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɛ kɛlɛmʊʊ, ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ se calculus nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kaʊʊ cikpeluu. Kaŋ cikpeŋ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ akɔnta kalɩtʊ natʊyʊ halɩ nɛ ɑ-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ yɔ. Paɖʊwaɣ kaŋ nɛ pɛkɛdɩɣ nɛ ɛyaa, kpɩna yaa tɔɔnaɣ nɛ sɔzʊʊ tɛ akɔnta yaa pasʊʊ ñɩŋʊ. Pɩɩkɛ ɛsa tɛ akɔnta nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ ñɩŋʊ, ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ wɩlɩyʊ paa hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa akɔnta nɔmɔʊ taa.
Abɛɛ palakɩŋna akɔnta, Ishango mɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ana payaɣ se Ishango ɖaŋ, pʊtʊnaa mba palakanaɣ akɔnta. Kajalaɣ akɔnta lɛ kalɩyasɩ palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ (pakalɩɣ wondu ñʊʊ tɩ-huɖe taa, pakalɩ sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊ kaŋ taa, pakalɩ kɩyakɩŋ ñʊŋ kɩyakɩŋ tɛŋɛlɛ yɔɔ yaa fenasɩ takayaɣ taa, liidiye hɛyʊ wondu ɖɩyaɖɛ taa yaa lambuu hɛyʊ).
Ɖooo ɖa-canaa cɔlɔ lɛ kaŋ cikpeŋ pakalanaɣ (calculi), yaa pakalaɣ nee nɔsɩ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Kɛlɛ Room mba ñaɖanɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ laɣsɩ ɛzɩ ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ nakayɛ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ Martianus Capella mana-kɛ pɩnaɣ 420 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Nima yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩoyɛ
Nima yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pañɩnɩɣ se patɩlɩ tomnaɣ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ tɔm natʋyʋ. Tɔm pɔzʋʋ sakɩyɛ wɛ tomnaɣ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Ñɩnɩyaa ñɩnɩɣ se patɩlɩ ɛzɩma mbʋ pɩlakɩ nɛ tɛtʋ hɔmtʋ ɖoŋ wɛɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔʋ tɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ pañɩnɩɣ se patɩlɩ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɖɔʋ tɛ hoɖe kpɛlɛkʋʋ nɛ ɖama tʋʋzɩnaʋ tɛ kɛtʋ paa mbʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɛkpɛndʋʋ kpɛm yɔ. Mbʋ nima yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ lɛɣtʋ pilinzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔɔ lɛ se, nima yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ɛɛñɩnɩɣ se kɩtɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩlakɩ nɛ ɖɔʋ tɛ hoɖe kpɛlɛkʋʋ nɛ ɖama tʋʋzɩnaʋ tɛ kɛtʋ kpɛndʋʋ kpɛm yɔ pi-ɖeke. Kañɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ kpem se kapɩzɩɣ kala nɛ ɖama yɔɔ keveŋga waa naanza mba patɩlɩ-wɛ yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm. Pʋnɛ pɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣ se pɩtɛŋa payɩ pʋ-yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Nima yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ laba kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ nɛ kɩcɛlɩ mbʋ pɩlɩ kajalaɣ taa yɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se pɔŋ kɩkpɛdɩŋ tɛ soɣgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ, nima yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ sɩŋna se ñɩnɩyaa ɛpɩzɩ patɩɣzɩna ɖajaanaa panɛ : Bekenstein nɛ Hawking pa-tʋmɩyɛ. Pɔŋ kɩkpɛdɩŋ tɛ miŋ saʋ wɛɛkʋʋ ñʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa papɩzɩ pala tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ.
Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ
Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ kɛna ñɩɣʊ ŋgʊ poluba se pɩwazɩ laadiriki yɔ. Polubu-kʊ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɩ-hɩɖɛ kɩla sɛʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVIII. Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ kɛna ñɩɣyʊ yaa ñamɩyɛ nɖɩ paɖʊ-ɖɩ mɩŋ ɛlɛ ɛlɩʊ nɛ awayɩ yɔ. Mɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩzʊna lɩm nɛ pɩwasɩ kaaka kɛ kpomuu nakʊyʊ taa nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩ-tɛ feveku maamaɣ pɩsʊʊna ɖoŋ weyi ɛpɩsʊʊ ɖoŋ yɔ. Feveku ñɩɣyʋʋ kʊnɛ ŋgʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ ñɩnɩyaa lɛɣ naʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ kpasɩnaʊ camɩyɛ yɔ se kɩpɩzʊ kɩha ɖoŋ weyi palakɩna feveku yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ñɩɩtʊ sɔɔsɔɔ ñɩnʊ sɔsɔm kɛɖɛwaɣna ɛsɩnda kpem kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIX taa, ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩɩpazaa kʊtʊ mɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɛ ñɩɩtʊ sɔɔsɔɔ ñɩnʊ sɔsɔm ɛsɩnda ɖɛʊ alɩwaatʊ. Feveku ñʊɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩfɛyɩ ɛzɩ lɩm ñahaɣʊ ɖoŋ weyɩ yaa pɔsɩ nɛ heelim ɖoŋ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɩm, pɔsɩ nɛ heelim ɛlɛ, pʊpɔzʊ se powona ñɩɣyʊ nɛ pasɩɩ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa pɔsɔza feveku ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kʊ-yɔɔ kɛ kpela wena acɔʊ nɛ ahaɣ feveku yɔ nɛ nazɩyʊ ñamɩyɛ pɩna ɖɔɖɔ ñɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa maɣmaɣ kɛ mɩŋ fevekʊ cakɩ yɔ. Ñɩɩtʊ ndʊ pɔsɔza feveku ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɩtɩŋgaɩlakɩ nɛ fevekʊ ɖoŋ tasʊ kpaʊ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɖɛʊna ɛsɩntaa.
Sɔɔlɩm hɔŋ
Sɔɔlɩm hɔŋ lɩzɩyʋʋ payaɣ size Marthe Robin. Ɛpazɩ lɩzɩɣ pɩ-tɛ hɔŋ ɛnʋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1936 taa. Nɛ ɖajaa weyi ɛlɛ ɖʋwayɩ nesi yɔ payaɣ size Georges Finet, weyi ɛkɛ ɛsɔ tɛ layʋ yɔ. Sɔlɩm hɔŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ angba wena agbelu mɛvɛyɩ nandɛ tɩnaa kpeekpe abalaa nɛ halaa yɔ. Mɛvɛyɩ nandɛ tɩnaa pa nɛ pa-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩnaɣ mba pa-takpaɣ halaa nɛ mba pa-tawalɩ yɔ, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛsɔ kɩlaŋ layaa. Ɛzɩ ɖooo kajalaɣ Krɩstʊ mba ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, pe-wezuu caɣʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pa-tɩyɛ. Pɛkpɛndʋʊ mbʋ mbʋ pɛwɛna yɔ nɛ payaɣ se pe-kpeekpe pa-pɩyʋ. Pa-tʋmɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ keekee kɛlɛ atɩma labʋ. Pa-kajalaɣ maɣzɩm sɔsɔm kɛlɛ size pɔsɔzɩ pa-tambayɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm suzuu kɩfam taa. Palakɩ kedizasi nɛ powoki lone ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ patɩmʋʋ kɩyakɩŋ nɩyɛ nɩyɛ.
Pɛ-ŋgbɛ nɛ katolika ŋgbɛ tʋkaa fɛyɩ, pɛkɛ kʋɖʋm. Sɔɔlɩm hɔŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mʋntʋsʋʋ hɔŋ, nɛ kʋjɔŋ hɔŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1986 taakɛ, sɔlɩm hɔŋ tɛ lɔŋ pasʋʋ ŋgbɛ tɩlaa size tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ sɔlɩm hɔŋ ɛnɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ, pɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɩpanɖɛ siŋ nɛ pɛ-ŋgbɛlɔŋ nɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩha-ɖɩ samtʋ nimiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1999 taa.
Pɛteravi
Pɛteravi kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se marantace yɔ sɩ-tɛ pɩlɩʊ taa piliŋga nakayɩ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ ki-lila yɔɔ nɛ lila ana awɛ mʊlʊm ɛzɩ hɛɛ yaa awiihɛɛyɔ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ kɩ-wazaɣ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ: pɔtɔkɩ-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sikiɖi nɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pakpakʊ pɛteravi ŋgʊ pekpɛndʊ nɛ piyoetanɔlɩ nɛ pasaɣ sanzɩ. Pɛteravi pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtɛ wondu tɔɔnasɩ. Pɛteravi ŋgʊ pasaɣ sikiɖi mbʊ yɔ kʊlɩkɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ taa camɖɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖala kɩɖaaɣla kʊdɔŋ nɛ ediye taa ñɩŋ. Pɛteravɩ kʊnɛ kɩkɛ kʊlʊmʊ nɛ kʊsʊ tɛtɛɛ piliŋgi. Pɛteravɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ yɔ kɩɩkɩlɩɣ sʊʊ tɛtɛɛ nɛ kɩ-tɔnʊ wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Toumani Diabaté
Toumani Diabaté kɛna Malii ɛjaɖɛ mʊsɩ laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ peeɖe lɛ, pakpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ mba pakɩlʊ mabʊ pa-cɩmʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se kora yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ Pamako tɛtʊ taa, Malii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu wiye pɩnaɣ 1956. Ɛ-pɩyalʊ payaɣ se Sidiki Diabaté, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛna mʊsɩ laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa payɩ lɛ, ɛnʊ pakpaɣ ɛzɩ cɩmʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se kora yɔ ki-wiyaʊ. Ɛ-ɖɛtʊ payaɣ se Mamadou Diabaté. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se se e-cejewiye kpeekpe taa mba kɛna mʊsɩ laɖaa.
2009
Pɩnaɣ 2009 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋm taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2009 kɛŋna nakʋ ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 2008 nɛ 2010 hɛkʋ taa. =2009 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Toumani Diabaté
Toumani Diabaté paɣzɩ kpɛlɛkʊ kɛ kora mabʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ ɖeke. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 13 lɛ, ɛnɛ hendu teu ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ paɣ-ɖɩ se Koulikoro yɔ, powolo kɛgbɛyaɣ nakayɩ ɖeɖe Malii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɛgbɛyaɣ ŋga palakɩ-kɛ paa pɩnzɩ naalɛ nzɩ lɛ sɩ-wayɩ. Peeɖe mba mʊna kacalaɣ kʊjɔʊ. Kpaagba mbʊ lɛ pasʊzɩ-ɩ Malii ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa mʊsɩ laɖa sʊsa ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Toumani Diabaté nɛ kora maɖa sʊsa sʊsa palaba amʊʊza ɛzɩ: Kandia Kouyaté, Taj Mahal nɛ Ali Farka Touré, weyi ɛna-ɩ palɩza tataɣ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2005 nɛ payaa-kɛ se In the Heart of the Moon.
Koloradoo
Koloradoo kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Koloradoo taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Denver nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pamaza Koloradoo ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 269 837 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 268 879. km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 962 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 0.36 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.