cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Michael Jackson
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 taa padaɣna tataɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga lɩzʊʊ tɔm 32 taa. Michael Jackson kɩlɩna samtʊ nima ndɩ ndɩ mʊʊ hendu teu taa keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pɩɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 2000 taa palakaɣ Mɔntɩ-Kaarloo hendu teyaa amʊʊza sɔsɔna lɛ, Monaakoo tɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ Albert II cɛla Mileniyɔm kʊjɔʊ kɛ Michael Joseph Jackson. Kʊjɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɩlʊ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna tatasɩ kɛ pɛdʊ. Michael Jackson.
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 wiye pɩnaɣ 1847 kɛ Milaŋ egeetiye taa, Ohiyo tɛtʊ taa. Ɛsɩba aloma fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1931 kɛ Niwu Jɛrsii tɛtʊ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 84. Palʊla-ɩ lɛ, paya-ɩ se Thomas Alva Edison. Ɛ-tʊma sɔsɔna kɔyɔ: ñɩnʊʊ, kuduyiŋ bsɔsɔŋ maʊ kpalahusi lʊʊ, akɔnta labʊ, manzʊmalɩɩ, lɩzɩyʊ yaa luɖu, lakasɩ nasɩyɛ lakɩ lakɩ waa tɛlɛnzɩ maʊ nɛ kuduyiŋ maʊ. Ɛkɛ latriki miŋ caɖɩyɛ kacalaɣ tʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna laadriki miŋ caɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ mʊndʊsɩ ŋgʊ palakɩna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ yɔ. Ɛya ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ General Electric. Mɩŋ caɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa ñɩɩtʊ tʊma labʊ mbʊ pɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Samuel Ogden Edison (1804-1896) nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Nancy Elliott (1810-1871). Ɛ-caa kɛ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ ɛɛlɩna Neyɛrlandi taa. Ɛ-caa kaase Kanada mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛɛwɛ tɛtɛ ceɣsi nzɩ sɩɩkɔna yam yam lakasɩ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1837-1838 taa yɔ. E-ɖoo Elliot kaakɛna Kanada tʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ɛlɩna Ekɔsi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛñaakɛna sukuli cikpeluu taa wɩlɩyʊ. Thomas wɛna halaa naalɛ: Mary Stilwell (1871-1884) nɛ Mina Miller (de 1886-1931). Thomas Alva Edison kɛŋna pɩɣa lubɛ ŋga nɛ ɛkɛ tɩnɩʊ kɛ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ.
Alaskaa
Alaskaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Alaskaa nɛ Etaazuni tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kamaɣ nakayɩ fɛyɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Awayii hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ pasɩna-ɖamaa kamasɩ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Yukɔŋ nɛ Kolombii, Alaskaa wɛna Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Pasifiki lɩŋamʊʊ piyele nɛ Peeriŋgi ñɛwɛna Alaskaa nɛ Rusii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Pamaza Alaskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 1 717 854 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 236 548 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 13,77 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 1 81 305 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Alaskaa kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ nɛ Alaskaa tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 49 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1959. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 731 449 yɔ.
Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 3 060 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 6 190 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Teenalii. Payaɣ Alaskaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se: Bill Walker nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayaa kɛpayaɣ se Lisa Murkowski (R) nɛ Dan Sullivan (R). Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Anchorage.
Kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ
Kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ ñɩm kpou cɔlɔ lɛ, kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm yeke koŋ tɩyɩna kewiyisi ɖoŋ tɩŋa, ɛyɔɔda nɔɔyʊ eecosuu, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛtɔŋ se hayɩ, nɛ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ ɛɛɖaŋɩɣ-ɩ kaʊ, ɛlɛ e-kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛwɛna paɣtʊ, yaa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kewiyaɣ mba ɛlɩza kɔyɔ, pa nɛ yɔ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkʊyɩ nɛ e-kpelaɣ. Politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ paa ɛzɩmta ɛyaa kʊyʊna-ɖɩ kiɖi kiɖi, peeɖe Hannah Arendt tɔŋ se paɣtʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ mbʊ yɔ fɛyɩ ɖeu, pa-paɣtʊ tamʊna ɛyaa.
Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se dictatura, nɛ ɖooo hoohoo taa kɛ Roma ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ madana mana ŋga ka-taa ɛyʊ kʊyʊm koŋ tɩyɩna kewiyisi (ɛnʊ payaɣ kpaŋgbasɛmʊʊ, nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ). Tɔm ndʊ ɛyaa cɔna-tʊ se tɩfɛyɩ ɖeu nɛ papazɩ-tʊ ɖɩzɩɣ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 3 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, kɛlɛ Sylla nɛ Jules César paɖanɩ-ʊ paazʊʊ kɛlɛ pa nɛ ɛnʊ pasɩba kpa lɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩɖɩ.
Pɩtɛ lɛ, sɔnɔ avema anɛ a-taa ñazɩtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛɛ, kɛlɛ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pɩkɩlɩna Afrika nɛ Azii ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ. Erɔpʊ taa lɛ, Biélorussi nɛ Azerbaïdjan ajɛyɛ taa pamazɩɣ se tɔm tɩwɛɛ. Erɔpʊ nɛ Azii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ Turkii ɛjaɖɛ taa panaɣ se samaɣ waɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewiyitu wɛɛ pɩmʊkɩ.
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ pɩza nɛ pala filim waa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pa-taa kɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛzaɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ Charlie Chapin filim yɔɔdʊʊ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ tɔm (pɩnaɣ 1940) kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Hitler yɔ (Hynkel) nɛ Mussolini –Napoleooni). Barbet Schroeder tɛ aseɣɖe kɛlɛm kɛlɛm Général Idi Amin Dada : Autoportrait (pɩnaɣ 1974), yɔɔdʊʊ Ugandaa kpɛŋgbɛzɛmʊʊ laŋgbɛzɩyɛ tɔm. Ecosse kpaakpaa wiyaʊ (pɩnaɣ 2006) wɩlɩɣ Ougandaa kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ laŋgbɛzɩyɛ tɔm ɛnʊ lɛ Idi Amin Dada.
Agoza fenaɣ
Agoza fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ kagbanzɩ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɩwɛ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ wayɩ.
Hɩm
Hɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna pahɩʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛna kacalaɣ asuluma wena tomnaɣ lɩzʊ nɛ awayɩ yɔ. Calɩm catʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ kʊzɔɔtʊ tɩŋga lɛ, asuluma ana alɩʊ nɛ kɩyaɖɛ yaa abalɩtʊ yaa halɩtʊ pa-taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɛɛtasʊ hɩm hɩʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, paɖʊʊ-ɩ hɩm catɩyɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Hɩm tɛkɛna asuluma yaa mbʊ pɩvɛyɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɛlɛ kʊdʊmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hɩm waɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, hɩm taa nɛ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ ɩkʊʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Kɔɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena azʊʊ ɛyʊ taa pɩtɩŋna tomnaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔŋna ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ, hɩm kɛ fɛɖaa maɣzʊ nɛ pana-yɛ.
Mbʊ pɩwɛ hɩm taa yɔ mbʊ lɩm nɛ hɩm mʊzʊŋ. Hɩm mʊzʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩlɩna calɩm cata tɔɔnasɩ payɩ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ asuluma wena payaɣ-ɛ se azɔtɩ yɔ. Kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛ hɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna nimvila taa, calɩm taan nɛ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga tɛ asuluma taa. Kɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se nimviɖe siziŋ pɩndʊ. Weyi ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɖɩcatʊ clɩm taa lɩm ɛzɩ litanaa 180 yɔ nɛ hɩm maɣmamg ɛzɩ mililitanaa ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pahɩʊ hɩm nɛ pɩɖɛʊ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ evemiye taa yɔ, pɩkɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ paizʊ payaa se hɩm kadadayaɣ hɩʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ yaa pɩlɩɩna sikiɖi kʊdɔŋ yɔ.
Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩtɛkɛ kʊdɔŋ ɛlɛ pɩlɩɣna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ wɛɛ ɛñɔʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ nikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ. Nabayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, po-hola wena awɛɛ nɛ acɔŋna hɩm hɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ahʊwa kɔyɔ, hɩm pɩzʊ pɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yem yem. Ñɩnɩya naa se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa hɩʊ hɩm ɛzɩ miliyaaɖinaa hiu yɔ kɛ evemiye taa. Hɩm hɩʊ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ palɩka yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩʊ ɛzɩ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yaa litanaa naalɛ kɛ evemiye taa nɛ haɣ lɛ, lita hɔɔlʊ nɛ naatozo pa-taa, piyele afa lɛ, lita kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ litanaa litozopa-taa. Kpaŋnʊ hɩm wɛ litanaa 5 nɛ 15 taa kɛ evemiye taa nɛ nɔ lɛ, litanaa 10 nɛ 25 pa-taa nɛ tuu ñahɩʊ litanaa 40 nɛ 80 pa-taa kɛ evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɛɛ taa.
Andorɩ
Andorɩ kɛna Eeropʊ ilemiye nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Fransɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ pirenee pʊŋ hɛkʊi taa nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Pamaza Andorɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 468 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ.
Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.
Pɔlɔnɩyɔm
Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ pʊtʊ weyi Pierre nɛ Marie Sklodowska-Curie panaa pɩnaɣ 1898 taa yɔ, pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ ñɩnɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ pechblende cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ maalika sukuli taa (sɔnɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ se ESPCI Paarii tɛtʊ taa). Pʊwayɩ fayɩ yɔ pana radɩyɔm. Tɔmpiye pɔlɔnɩyɔm, palɩzɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ se paɖʊ hɩɖɛ Pɔɔlɔñɩ ɛyaa Marie Curie, ɖooo lɛ pɩɩkɛ Maria Sklodowska.
Pɔlɔnɩyɔm 210 tɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ wɛ ɖoŋ piŋ yebina nɛ ɛwɛɛ soŋgaɣ siŋ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa Argonne National Laboratory tɔŋ se soŋgaɣ ŋga kɩwɛʊ fʊwa ŋga ka-taa nɛ pɔlɔnɩyɔm 210 kɩɖam ŋñɩɩɩ pɩzɩɣ pɩcɛzɩ 500 °C. Pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa 1% Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa wɛna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊɖɔŋ lɛ pɩtɩŋna Pɔlɔnɩyɔm 210 yɔɔ kɛnɛ pɩlɩna sɩgaa ñɔyaa yɔɔ.
Pɔkɔma pana pɔlɔnɩyɔm sɩgaa ñɔsɩ taa pɩnzɩ 1960 paɣzɩtʊ wɛɛ taa lɛ, mba polukaɣ sɩgaa ŋgʊ nɛ pʊɖɔʊʊ Amerika taa yɔ pazɩ lɩmaɣza labʊ mbʊ ɛzɩ pala nɛ papasɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, puwokina nɛ Philip Morris yɔɔ kiŋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ halɩ papɩzɩ patʊlɩ kajalaɣ wiluu nɛ takʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpɩzɩ ɖɩmaɣzɩ ɛzɩma pakpaɣna nɛ pamaɣzɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ pɩwazɩ yɔ.
Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ
Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ (rayonnement) kɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlɛɣnɩ ñalamɩyɛ taa yɔ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nazɩyʋ hɔmtʋ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ wɛɛ. Wilitu nɩʋ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Kɔtɩɩ tomnasɩ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ tʋnɛ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋvɛyɛ pe (neutrons), pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyaa (protons), pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ pe. Kɔtɩɩ tomnasɩ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ « alpha » hɔɔlaɣ piye (particules alpha). Pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ mʋntʋsaɣ yaa mʋntʋsʋʋ piye (photons). Pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋvɛyɩyasɩ (neutinos). Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pila pila wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pila pila pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ.
Pʋcɔnɛ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ hɔɔlaɣ piye nɛ pila pila tɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ camɩyɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pakpaɣ pa-taa weyi lɛ nɖeke. Pʋbʋ papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ se cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtɩ kɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mʋntʋsʋʋ pe naayɛ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ se hɔɔlaɣ piye nɛ pila pila tɛ pɛkɛ mbʋ pʋhɔŋ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ yɔ.
Nɩhɔnɩyɔm
Nɩhɔnɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Nh) kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 113 yɔ. IUPAC tɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi yatʊ taa lɛ ɛ nɛ ʊnʊntrɩyɔm (Uut) palɩ ɖama, kɛlɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se pʊtʊ 113 matʊ paɣtʊ taa. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2004 pɩtɩŋna pɛkpɛnda ɛ nɛ 209Bi(70Zn,n)278Nh kɛ RIKEN, pɩñɔtɩna Tokyo.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004, pehiɣ nɩhɔnɩyɔm nɛ mɔsɩkɔvɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna Russe lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa nabayɛ ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ (palɩna pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩyɛ, JINR) nɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ Lawrence Livermore LLNL takɩɣ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ taa. UICPA ñɩɣ nesi natʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩyɔɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2015.
Pɩkɔma salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 lɛ, Japɔŋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ (Wakō, Saitama egeetiye pɩñɔtɩna Tokyo) susuu se palaba 113 tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa naatozo, ɛlɛ pɩkpaɣ-wɛ alɩwaatʊ ɛzɩ kɩyakɩŋ mɩnɩŋ kagbanzɩ nɛ nɩnɩwa nɛ naatozo mbʊ yɔ, pɔyɔkaɣ bɩmʊtɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna zɩnkɩ tɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ waa yɔɔ.UICPA ñɩɣ nesi RIKEN ŋgbɛyɛ natʊ tɔm saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2015. Japɔŋ ŋgbɛyɛ yana hɩla, nɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ pɛkɛdɩnaa, kɛlɛ payaa se japɔnɩyɔm (Jp).
Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ
Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ loɖo ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɩwɛ Agoza fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ wayɩ.
Boubacar Traoré
Palʊla Boubakar Traoré kɛ Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1942 kɛ Kayesɩ tɛtʊ taa. Boubacar Traoré kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ elukina e-hendu. Pɛɖɛɣ-ɩ se Kar-kar pʊtɔbʊ se pɔyɔkɩ pɔyɔkɩ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛmakɩ pombo camɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ lala yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ evebu kpem lɛ ɛmakaɣ pombo ŋgʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Pɩnaɣ 1968 paatɔ caca Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Moussa Traoré wa Modibo Keïta nɛ ɛlɛ kɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ Boubar Traoré tatasɩ hendu natʊyʊ teu Pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1987. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ eyeba hendu teu mbʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛyaa kamazaɣ se ɛ-tɔm tɛma se ɛsɩba, ŋgʊ ɛna ɛ-ɛsa. Ɛ-halʊ Sɩba pinaɣ 1989 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛcaɣ lʊlʊ yɔ.
Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛɖɛ ewolo Fransɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛmaɣ kʊtʊyɩŋ nɛ ɛcalɩʊ e-piya looɖo. Efemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ Pritaaniki tʊ nɔɔyʊ nɩ Boubacar Traoré tataɣ nakɩyɛ taŋ kɛ Pamakoo radiyo nakʊyʊ taa nɛ ɛlɛ paɣzɩ-ɩ ñɩnʊ. Pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɛna-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩŋna-ɩ. Ɛkacalaɣ hendu teu kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩɣ takayaɣ lɩ Pɩnaɣ 1990 nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se Mariama.
Boubacar Traoré tɛ hendu teu kɩlɛmɩŋ takayɩsɩ ɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Kongo Magni (Marabi, 2005), Denhou (Lusafrica, 2010), Mbalimaou (Man-ɖalaa), (kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ  2015), Dounia Tabolo (Lusafrica 2017).
1902
=1902 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ=
Salaŋ fenaɣ
Emila Zola sɩba.
Zarathustra ŋgbɛyɛ
Zarathoustra ŋgbɛyɛ yaa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖuluŋguu ɛsɔ kʊyʊm tɛɛ yɔ kɛ ɖooo Iran kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Pamazɩ-ɖɩ nɛ mazdɛyɩsmɩ nɛ payaa-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɖɩ-tɛ nayʊ yaa ɖi-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ Zarathoustra yɔɔ, kɛlɛ pama hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ Zoroastre taa pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ tɛ ɛyaa yɔɔ mbʊ se (Ζωροάστρης, Zōroastrēs). Lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩkɔma Zarathushtra ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa maɣzɩm kaakɛ se peɖiyi mazde ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tisi ɛsɔ kʊyʊm yɔɔ ɛnʊ lɛ ɛsɔ Ahura Mazdâ (pehlevi : Ohrmazd), weyi ñʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ cɔ-ɩ nɛ pata yɔ. Ahura Mazda yeke kɛnɛ lɩzɩna ɛsɔ nɛ tɛtʊ.
Hɩɖɛ Zoroatre ŋgbɛyɛ lɩna Zoroastre maɣmaɣ hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ, Zarathushtra yaa Zarathoustra (persan taa lɛ ز, رتشت, Zaraϑuštra, avestiki kʊnʊŋ taa, krɛkɩ kɩbvɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Ζωροάστρης pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se nayʊ, ɛnʊ ɖʊna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖi-kiɖe. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Zoroastre maɣzɩm taa lɛ, pɛɖɛzaɣ ɖama tɔm ɛzɩ caja kɛdʊʊ pɩɣa tɔm yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lalaa tɛ yɔ. Pʊwayi yɔ matʊ paɣtʊ paɣza ndʊ payaa se Avesta, pama tɔm kiɖeɖetu takayasɩ kpeekpe.Ɛlɛ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ takayaɣ maɣmaɣ kɔyɔ tɔm kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ yem pɩzɩna pɩwɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Takayasɩ sakɩyasɩ sakɩyɛ leba yaa mʊwa alɩwaatʊ Alexandre Sɔsɔ lakaɣ you yɔ nɛ nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe arabɩ kɔma you ɖɔɖɔ lɛ.
Zoroastre tisa se ɛyʊ sɩm wezuulɛɛkʊ ɖanɩɣ wɛʊ, tɔm hʊnaʊ wɛɛna nɛ kalɩzasɩ, se ɛyʊ weyi lɛ pahʊna-ɩ tɔm ɛzɩ ɛ-kʊwɛkɩm mʊnaʊ yɔ yaa ɛ-camɩyɛ laɣsɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se fezuu lɩna piyele kalɩzaɣ wɛɛ ɛsɔ nesi tɛɛ. Yee ɛyʊ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ewiza kɩtɛkɛdɛsɩ kɔyɔ pʊtʊ woki ɛsɔ ɖɩɣa taa pɩtɩŋna kondoloko nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa peeɖe mʊntʊsʊʊ tɛ ɛsɔ ɖaŋɩɣ-ɩ. Piyele pɩkɛ kɩtɛkɛdʊʊ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ ɖɛʊʊ miŋ maatɛŋ maatɛŋ taa. Kɛlɛ patasɩɣ sɔzʊʊ se tovonum lɛ kalɩzasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ miŋ nɛ pɔhɔŋ sɩ-nagbaŋɩŋ yɔ pʊwayɩ ɛzɩ sɩtɛm labʊ kʊñɔŋ yɔ lɛ sɩwoki ɖɔɖɔ koboyaɣ ɖɩɣa taa.
Mɛrɩkɩrɩ
Mɛrɩkɩrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 80 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Hg. Paaya-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ liidiye pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ paɣzɩtʊ. Paalaba-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ miŋ saʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ taa nɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa pɩcɔ pekizi-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1999.
Mɛrɩkɩrɩ kɛ pʊtʊweyi e-lone kɔyɔ 12 nɛ caɣyɛ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ 6. Stricto sensu, Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kʊñʊŋ yɔ, ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ laɣsɩ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔŋ se ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzɩɣ, kɛlɛ laɣsɩ ɖeɖe lɛ, pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɛnɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩɖɛzɩtʊ tʊma sakɩyɛ taa nɛ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ taa.
Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe nɩnaʊ tambaɣ nakayɛ lakɩ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se papasɩ mɛrɩkɩrɩ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ nɛ ɛzɩma kɩwɛna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ kedeŋga taa nɛ alafɩya nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ wɛ nʊmɔʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2010 (Stockholm tɛtʊ taa), pamazɩ tɩyɔɔ se pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. PNUE kpeɣla ajɛyɛ aɖɔɔ pɩcɛzɩ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ Nayiroobii (Keniya ɛjaɖɛ taa), kpaɣ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 ŋtalɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 2011 nabutozo tɛ kpeɣluu nɛ nɩnaʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩyɔɔ (INC3, pɩkɛna Intergovernmental Negotiating committee).
Krɛsɩ, Théophraste (-371,-288) kaama kajalaɣ lɛɣtʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna Lapidus ñɩɣlɩm yɔɔ, ka-taa peeɖe ɛkɛdɩɣ ɛzɩma papɩzɩɣ pohuyi sinabre yɔ (gr:κινναβαρι, kinnabari) pɩtɩŋna ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ ñalʊʊ nɛ pala ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ liidiye (χυτὸν ἄργυρον, chytón árgyron) pɔsɔkɩna sanɖaʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋʊ sinabre pɛkpɛndɩna fɩnɛgrɩ.
Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ
Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ lʋbɛ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛkɛ Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ wayɩ.
Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba yakɩ hasɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʋ kɛ ɛvalʋ se ɛkʋ haɣ pʋcɔ ɛlʋ.
Hirohito
Hirohito yaa Hiro-Hito (裕仁)palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1901 Tokiyo tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1980 tɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hirohito kaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1926 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm evemiye. Pasɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɖooo ɛ-sɩm nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se Soowa Tenno kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ, (昭和天皇,Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ).
Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩɣa ɛlɛ payaɣ se Taishō nɛ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ halʊ Teimei, wiyaʊ piya Yasuhito Chichibu, Nobuhito Takamatsu nɛ Takahito Mikasa kɔɔʊ, ɛkɛ shintō sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ taa 124 wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. E-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ kɩlɩna ɖalʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa (ɛlaba pɩnzɩ 62), nɛ payaɣ wɛɛ ana se Soowa wɛɛ (昭和) peeɖe ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-sɩm wayi hɩɖɛ. Ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɖooo pɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kʊlʊlʊ ñaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɛza-ɩ halʊ weyi kewiyaɣ sɩma-ɩ yɔ.
Ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ, pamʊ-ɩ ɛ-caa naa cɔlɔ nɛ peyebi-i ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ cikpeluu Yasuhito (Chichbu weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔ) kɛ sɔɔja mamʊ hɛzʊʊ tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ payaɣ se Kawamura Sumiyoshi ɛnɛ ɛ-halʊ. Paɖʊyɩ-ɩ pɩya sukuli taa kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa ŋga kaawɛ Akasaka pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1908. Pʊwayi lɛ, powona-ɩ abalɩbiya sukuli Gakushūin (pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ Kazoku piyaa ɖeke pawɩlɩɣ kɩ-taa yɔ) pɩnaɣ 1908 ŋtalɩ 1914 (nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ kaakɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja Maresuke Nogi.
Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Meiji sɩm pɩnaɣ 1912 hasɩyaɖɛ kɩyakʊ 30 yeba nɛ papamɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ. Paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɛ yaa keɣlee pasɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa peyebina-m kewiyaɣ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1916. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1921 wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛla lɩmaɣza naayɛ mbʊ se ewoki nɔmɔʊ kɩɖaɣlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ fenasɩ loɖo mbʊ yɔ Eerɔpʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Ampiiri nipon wiyaʊ pɩɣa cɔlɔ, ewokaɣ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii nɛ papa kewiyitu ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Pɛliziki ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛ-nʊmɔʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʊ ɛɛwɛʊ nɛ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm yɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1921 pɩlɩna ɛ-caa tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya kɩɩtalɩɣ yɔɔ, fiteenim taa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ, kɩɩkpa-ɩ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ.
Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1924 ɛkpaɣ halʊ, wiyaʊ pɛlɔ kuni Nagako (ɖooo ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ mbʊ yɔ paya-ɩ se wiyaʊsɔsɔ halʊ Kōjun), ɛ-tɛ liɖe cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ taa (王家, Ōke) kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, ɛnɛ-ɩ paaɖanɩɣ ɖama ɖooo mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1921, ŋgʊ ɖɩɣa taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sakɩyɛ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ.
Taishō sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1926 saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 lɛ, Hirohito mʊ e-kewiyitu kpelaɣ, nɛ wɛɛ kɩfana paɣzɩ kpaagba. Soowa (laŋhɛzɩyɛ wabɩtʊ). Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɛnʊ ɛtaafɛyɩna hɩɖɛ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ paya-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ Kinjō Tennō yaa ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔnɔɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ patɩlɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paka-ɩ yaʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ wɛɛ ana atʊʊzɩna e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇) pʊtɔbʊʊ se Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ.
Serge Lancen
Serge Lancen kɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ n ɛ ɛmakɩ piyano nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wendu luɖu yaa tɩ-mayʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Paarii tɛtʊ taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1922 nɛ ɛsɩ Paarii peɖe hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu wiye pɩnaɣ 2005 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 83. Palʊla Serge Lancen kɛ hɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ kpaɣna cɔzɔnaa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ sɛyɩnaa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɖakʊtanaa yeke lɩʊ na. Ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kɛ ɛpaɣza piyano welesuu e-ɖoo cɔlɔ nɛ pʊcʊɖɩ-ɩ pɩŋŋŋ. Piyebina nɛ Serge paɣzɩ piyano kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɔŋ nɛ eeyeki e-ɖoo piyano tʊkʊnaʊ. Ɛɛsɔɔla wendu ndʊ wezŋgalɩya teu-tʊ radiyonaa taa yɔ kɛ welesuu.
Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ lɛ eluba hendu ndu papɩzʊʊ pepeɣzina pɩɣa nɛ koɖoo yɔ. Ɛzɩma Serge kaakɛ pɩɣa ɛcam kɛ yem lɛ, e-ɖoo lʊʊ hendu ndʊ nɛ ɛsɩɩ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 lɛ eluuba hendu sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛla pɩ-tɛ amʊʊzɛ Lɔndrii tɛtʊ taa. Palʊla Serge Lancen kɛ hɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ kpaɣna cɔzɔnaa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ sɛyɩnaa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɖakʊtanaa yeke lɩʊ na. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ lɛ eluba hendu ndu papɩzʊʊ pepeɣzina pɩɣa nɛ koɖoo yɔ. Ɛzɩma Serge kaakɛ pɩɣa ɛcam kɛ yem lɛ, e-ɖoo lʊʊ hendu ndʊ nɛ ɛsɩɩ. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 lɛ eluuba hendu sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛla pɩ-tɛ amʊʊzɛ Lɔndrii tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1937.
Pɩtaapɩzɩ piheyi nɔɔyʊ se Serge Lancen kaɣ mabʊ suye pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-taabalʊ weyi ɛna-ɩ palakaaɣ sukuli kɛ tɔsʊʊ sukuli taa yɔ. Ɛ-taabalʊ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Désiré Dondeyne. Ɛlɛ ñaasɔɔla se ɛla amʊʊza nɛ nɛ ɛɛsɔɔla ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnɛ ɛ-taabalaa tiŋga palabɩna-yɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ pɩ-taa nɛ pɩcaŋ pɩlabɩ-ɩ liu. Serge Lancen laba nɔɔ labʊ wendu teu sakɩyɛ kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1971 taa. Serge nɛ ɛ-halʊ Raphaëlle paakɛ ɛyaa mba paacaɣ tɔm yɔ, pɛwɛ yem yobi, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ teevenim yɔ nɛ pɩɩha-wɛɛ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ paanɩ ɛñaŋgaɣ-wɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Poluba wendu sakɩyɛ ɛsɔ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Luther lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋɩtʊ
Luther lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩŋɩtʊ, pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩñɔ ɛyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Luther yɔ cɔlɔ, ɛ-lɩmaɣza taa nɛ ɛ-takayasɩ maʊʊ taa, ɛɛkɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ macɔ kɛ Caama pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ tʊ nɛ paya-ɩ Martin Luther, kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1517. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ maɣzɩm pʊtɔyɩ nɛ pʊñɔzɩ sakɩyɛ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ cɔɔcɩ naa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Luther ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ pɩsɩ pɩɣyɩyaa kpeekpe tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩyʊ. Paya mbʊ se pɩɣyʊʊ tɛ cɔɔcɩ yɔ pɩkɛ Luther piliŋa nakayɛ kɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Krɩstʊ tɩnaa. Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ lɛ katoliki cejewiye yɔkɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ɖoŋ ndʊ. Laɣsɩ nzɩ John Wyclif (pɩnzɩ 1320 ŋtalɩ 1384) nɛ Jan Hus (pɩnzɩ 1369 ŋtalɩ 1415 kaatɛma pʊ-tɔm yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ pawɩlɩ mbʊ pɩkaɣ kɛʊʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1517 lɛ Martin Luther, ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ maacɔ weyi Augustin kaakpa cɔjɔtʊ yɔ kʊyɩ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ.
Luther ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ katoliki kɔyɔ pɩtɛkɛ pɩyʊ yɔɔ yem kɛna katoliki cejewiye kɩla yɔɔyʊʊ paɣtʊ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ. Wittenberg hɔɔlʊʊ wɩlɩtʊ nakʊyʊ tɩna pɩɣyɩyaa lɛɛzɩtʊ tɔm ñɔ. Kɛlɛ pʊtʊnaa mba peyeba nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ, lɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ ɛnɩ ɛsɔ tɔm tɔbʊʊ se ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm pɩcɛlɩna e-tisuu yɔɔ yɔ. Kɛlɛ Luther ñɩkɩɣ niiye tɩ-yɔɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɖanɩɣ kalʊʊ Roma mba takayaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ apostolo Paul ñɩŋa yɔ yɔɔ.
Pɩkɔma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1520 lɛ, pekizina-ɩ se paatasɩ-ɩ Krɩstʊ tomnaɣ haʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ yɔɔ. Pɔñɔtɩ ɛ-takayasɩ sakɩyɛ miŋ. Awiyaa sɔsaa piyaa sakɩyɛ tisi lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛ Caama nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Pɩlɩna Cujus regio, ejus religio paɣtʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Ampiiri ageeta naayɛ taa ɛyaa pɩsɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ ɛyaa.
Robert Frost
Palʊla Robert Frost kɛ Sanɩ Fransisko tɛtʊ taa, Kalɩfɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 wiye pɩnaɣ 1874 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1963 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 88 kɛ Pɔstonii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛna amerika taa keɣsi luɖu yaa maɖʊ. Robert Frost caa kɛ payaɣ se William Prescott Frost Junior nɛ ɛkɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ kɔyɔ nɛ e-ɖoo Isabelle Moodie nɛ ɛkɛ Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ wɩlɩyʊ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ aseɣɖe tɔm yeɣiyaa ñʊʊtʊ kɛ Sanɩ Fransisko.
Ɛ-tɛ hɛkʊtaa sukuli taa kɛ ɛcalɩ ɛ-kacalaɣ keeɣa lubu yaa cɩmʊ mabʊ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ litoozo wɩye pɩnaɣ 1894 kɛ ɛpɛda ɛ-tɛ keeɣa yaa cɩmʊ, Mo-huuduhuyuu, kɛ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 15, ɛlɛ yee pɩɩkɛna sɔnɔ taa kɔyɔ pɩɩyaba ɛzɩ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 300 yɔ. Ɛ-taa laba leleŋ pɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ mbʊ lɛ, esuu halɩpɩɣa nakayɩ, Elinor Miriam White (1873-1938), nɛ ɛlɛ kɔɔ ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɛ pɛwɛɛ ɖama cɔlɔ kpaɣna saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 1895. Robert Frost tanɩɩ leleŋ kɛ ɛpɩcatʊ taa. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 11 lɛ ɛ-caa sɩbɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ nɛ ñɩm mbʊ eeyeba pɩtalɩɩ lɩm; pɩɩmaɣna tɔɔlaarɩnaa litoozo yeke. E-ɖoo ñasɩbɩna pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdʊŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1900. Pɩnzɩ 1897 nɛ 1899 hɛkʊ taa kɛ Robert Frost yeba ɛtɛ sukuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩwɩwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋŋ. Piyebina ɛ-caa tʊlɩ-wɛ, Robert nɛ Elior, kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kadaɣ nakayɩ kɛ Teerii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔɖɔʊ wondu nɛ ɛkʊyʊ tɛba tɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣ ɛ-takayɩsɩ. Ɖɔɖɛ ɛɛɖɔŋna-wɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, eyele ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli wɩlʊʊ. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1963 nɛ pepimɩ-ɩ Peniŋtoonii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pama ɛ-pɩlaʊ yɔɔ se: Mɛwɛna sɔɔlɩm tɔm nɛ ɛjaɖɛ.
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ luutozo ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Salaŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.
Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba tɔkɩ kɩyɛɛna kazandʋ nɛ paɖʋʋ cɩmɩŋ kɛ pa-akpema yɔɔ.
Azɔɔtɩ
Azɔɔtɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pʊtʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga 7 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ N (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, nitrogenium). Ɛnʊ kɛna ñʊʊ kɛ pnɩkɩtɔzɛnɩ waa caŋga taa. Yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ, azɔɔtɩ kɛ kɛlɛʊ tomnaɣ N2 (azɔɔtɩ naa naalɛ), ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ heɣlim taa, heɣlim taa ɛtalɩ kagbanzɩ yɔɔ lɛ eyeke ɛkpakɩɣ naanaza (ɖɔʊ taa lɛ 78,06%). Azɔɔtɩ kɛ pʊtʊ hiŋ niitozo nɛ naanaza tʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa pɩlɩna wazaɣ pɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ. Tɛtɛɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa wɛ azɔɔtɩ kɛ azɔɔtɩ siziŋ ɖɔm ñɩndʊ koŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ potasɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm KNO3 (ɛwɛ salɩpɛtrɩ taa) yaa nitri, ŋgʊʊ ɖooo alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa palakanaɣ malɩfanaa kɩmɩzaa mʊlʊm, nɛ sodɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm NaNO3 (kɩwɛ siili salɩpɛtrɩ taa). Antoine Lavoisier ɛlɩzɩ hɩɖɛ se azɔɔtɩ kɔyɔ, pama-ɖɩ nɛ a-(palɩzɩ) nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ kiɖe taa lɛ, ζωτ (wezuu tʊ) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se palɩzɩ-ɩ fezuu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ siɣye taa yɔ azɔɔtɩ ɛɛdɔkɩɣ kpɩna wezuu. Ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ N lɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa nitrogenium ndɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se nitron gennan nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛnʊ lakɩna salɩpɛtrɩ (potasɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm). Ɛnglɩsɩ tɔmpiye nɩtrɔzɛnɩ, pasɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ nɛ payaɣna azɔɔtɩ ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ tɔmpiye nɩtrɔzɛnɩ tatasɩ wɛʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ.
Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm
Ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ, akpalasɩɣ tɩŋ piye (pada kɛlɛ Vitis vinifera). Ɛrɔpʊ ajɛya taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzɩɣ keeke kɛlɛ se ŋvɛɛ kɛ sʊlʊm ɖoŋ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlɩna pɩdʊʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ, akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ lɛɛŋ yaa ɖɔfɩ ŋgʊ. Paalakɩ ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm lɛ, anasaayɩ yaɣ se vinification. Ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ anasaayɩ ya se œnologie. Mbʊ piyeba ŋvɛɛ waa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se hayɩm naa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ pɩtɛ tɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtɛ labʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ yaa pɩlɩna ɖɔɖɛ cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ papɩzɩɣ pala ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ yaa kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ŋvɛɛ naa taa wɛ leleŋ ndɩ ndɩ (nakʊyʊ wɛ ñaŋ, nakʊyʊ taa wɛ leleŋ), nakʊyʊ wasɩɣ nakʊyʊ ɛɛwasɩɣ. Akpalasɩɣ nɔɔ tɩŋ haɖaʊ mʊ hayɩm siŋ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛyaa sakɩyɛ hayʊʊ-kʊ.
Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ pee tɛ lɩm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pudukuna tomnaɣ. Walaaa tɛ ɖɔnɛ taa lɛ, akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palakɩna ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ ɛlɛ, ŋvɛɛ sʊlʊm kɩsɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ sampañɩ ɖenɖe akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ palabɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ. Ŋvɛɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, palaba-kʊ nɛ akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ kʊlʊmʊʊ kɛnɛ. Ŋvɛɛ kɩsɛmʊʊ caaʊ palaba-kʊ nɛ ŋvɛɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ŋvɛɛ kɩkpɛdʊʊ. Ŋvɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye sʊlʊm ŋgʊ payaɣ se akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ. Kɩlɩna Vitis vinifera tɩŋ pee tɛ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋ kɩ-hayɩŋ ɖɔ pɩŋ. Tɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛkɛ Vitis (Vitis riparia, Vitis rupestris ou Vitis berlandieri) ñasɩna nɛ patamsʊʊ ɛ-pilinzi. Akpalasʊʊ nɔɔ tɩŋ tɔbʊʊ maɣmaɣ wɛ tɛtɛɛ nɛ pɩsaɣ piliŋga ŋga patamsa yɔ kɔhɔ. Ŋvɛɛ ŋgʊ patatamsɩɣ kɩ-pilinzɩ yɔ kɩfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ kɩkɛtɩna ɛyʊ.
1903
Pɩnaɣ 1903 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1903 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1903 kɛŋna naadozo ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1902 nɛ 1904 hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
=1903 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ =
Cheikh Lô
Palʊla Cheikh N'Digel Lô kɛ pɩnaɣ 1955 kɛ Pobo Tioulaso kɛ Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kɛ Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba. Ɖooo e-efebutu taa kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ hendu tteu nɛ ɛlakɩ mʊsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ kɛ ɛkɔma ɛsʊ hendu teyaŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa, payaɣ-ɖɩ se Volta Jazz, nɛ ɛna kɩgaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩma peteu hendu. Pɩnaɣ 1978 taa kɛ ewoba Senegalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ Mbalax kpɛlɛkɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1987 taa kɛ ɛna Kotidiivuwari taa hendu teya kɩgaŋ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ nɛ Fransɩ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ angba wena alɛ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ palakɩ mʊsɩ. Mbʊ sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ ewolo Fransɩ peeɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 1987 nɛ ɛlɩzɩ hendu teu kɩlɛmɩŋ kanahaŋ sakɩyɛ.
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ yɔkaa yɔ, eɖeke ɛlakaɣna ɛ-mʊsɩ nɛ esidu mbalax nɛ rege yaa sukusi. Pʊwayɩ yɔ ɛna ɛ-taabalʊ Senegalɩ tʊ nɔɔyʊ, Ibrahima Sylla palɩza hendu teu kɩlɛmɩŋ kanahaŋ takayɩsɩ naatozo. Cheikh N'Digel Lô wɛ Baye Fall ŋgbɛyɛ taa pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ eyeki ɛ-ñɔsɩ nɛ sɩwɛʊ ɛzɩ mba payaɣ-wɛ se rastawaa yɔ. Ekɛ malʊ pʊ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛsu cabanaa.
Serge Perathoner
Serge Perathoner kɛna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 wiye pɩnaɣ 1953. Ɛkɛna wendu luɖu nɛ ti-teyu, soo mabʊ taa lɛ ɛkɛ nesi ;ɖɩdamɩyɛ tʊ, ɛñɔɔzʊʊ nɛ eɖiyu wendu teya lalaa. Ɛlaba tʊma nɛ wendu teya sɔsaɣa ɛzɩ: Yves Simon, Michel Berger, Luc Plamondon, France Gall, Johnny Hallyday, Sylvie Vartan, Céline Dion…Ɛñɔɔzʊʊ mba palakɩ amʊza nɛ tanaʊ yaa films cinéma et télévision yɔ, ɛzɩ Starmania nɛ Notre-Dame de Paris ɛnʊ sɩŋnana-wɛ pɛ-tɛ Hendu ñɔɔzʊʊ taa. Serge Perathner laba e-sukuli kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɖenɖe pawɩlʊ nesi tɛɛ tʊma, amʊʊza nɛ hendu teu yɔ. Peeɖe lɛ ɛkpɛlɩka piyano, eluki wendu nɛ ɛmaɣ-tʊ nɛ ɛñɔɔzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ wendu ndʊ tɩɩwɛɛ yɔ nɛ ɛɖaanʊʊ-tʊ teu. Ɛna mba peteɣ hendu yɔ pɔɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ pa-taa kɔyɔ: France Gall, Michel Berger, Johnny Hallyday, Sylvie Vartan, Jane Birkin, Gérard Manset… Céline Dion nɛ France Gall palɩza hendu lɛ, ɛnʊ ñɔɔzɩna-wɛ tʊ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ
Salaŋ fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ nakʋ ñɩŋa pinaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Aloma fenaɣ wayɩ.
Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ mba hʋyʋʋ hɛɛ nɛ pokuluu kɛtɛʋ.
Thomas Sankara
Sankara laba ɛ-hɛkʊ taa sukuli kɛ Ouezzin Coulibaly sukuli taa kɛ Poobo-Tiyolaso nɛ ɛ-sukuli kɛtɛzʊ kɛ Wagadʊgʊ. E-sukuli labʊ taa payɩ ɛɖʊwaɣ taabalɩyɛ nɛ tuuɖe ɛyaa kʊhʊlʊma piya. Cɔɔcɩ taa ɛɖʊwaɣ lɩm kɛ layʊ (fada) ɛlɛ ekiza se ɛɛlakɩ fadanaa tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛzɩ Blaise Compaoré ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɛlaba sɔɔjɛɛtʊ sukuli kɛ Yawʊnde, Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ ɛpɩsɩ sɔɔjanaa mba palɩʊna ɛsɔɔtaa lɔɔɖa taa nɛ pamaɣ yɔ. Ɛɛwɛ Nahuri, Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛnɛ Henri Zongo, Boukary Kabore, Blaise Compaoré et Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani palɩza ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ROC.
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ ἀναρχία / anarkhia, pama-ɖɩ nɛ an kajalaɣ pɛmtʊ mayaɣ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se arkhe, kewiyaɣ, sɔsɔtʊ, ñazɩtʊ tɔm fɛyɩ), pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛñazɩɣ nɔɔyʊ yɔ yaa kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ fɛyɩ yɔ, ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ wiyaʊ fɛyɩ, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛtɩyɩɣ eyeke sɔsɔtʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔyʊ ɛɛñazɩɣ lɛlʊ. Ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ panɩna ɖama, pala politiki paɣtʊ natʊyʊ naa yaa halɩ tɩɖɔɔ kɛlɛ kʊyʊm ɛɛtɩyɩɣ-tʊ eyeke nɛ ɛñazɩna.
Thomas Sankara
Thomas Sankara kaakɛ Hoti Vɔltaa, ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ se Purkina Faso yɔ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔdʊʊ sɔɔʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛkɛna weyi ɛlʊba se tuuɖe ajɛya taa sʊsa ɛɛtaakɔ nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ lɩmaɣza yɔ, weyi ɛlʊkɩ se ɛ-jaɖɛ ɛlɛɛzɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa yɔ, ɛsɔɔla kandʊ ɛ-samaɣ ñɩm nɛ ka-lɩmaaza yɔɔ nɛ ɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla Afrika ilemiye ɛyaa kpeekpe lɩmaɣza kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Sankara kɛŋna Purkina Faso ɛjaɖɛ taa kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ediya ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩcala paɣzʊ se ɖɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛna kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 wiye pɩnaɣ 1983 pɩsɩɩna aloma fenaɣ 15 ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1987 kɛ ɛɛkɛna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ nɩɣ taa, kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmɣzɩyɛ tɔm ɖɔ paa weyi ɛ-tɛ nɩɣ taa, nɛ pɩtasɩna pɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ. Ɖɩcaɣ eniiziye mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ pɩkɛ fiti fiti tɔm ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ kɩbandʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ samaɣ hɛkʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1840 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon kaalɛɣ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa mabʊ nɛ ɛtɔ se ɛkɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se etisa pʊ-yɔɔ.
Thomas Sankara
Pɩnzɩ naanza waa mba pa-taa ɛlʊba kpem ɛnɛ lʊbɩyɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛñɑɣ pana nɛ ɛlɛɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ tuuɖe ajɛya taa ɖɩ-ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣya kaaya se Hoti Fɔlta nɛ Purkina Faso. Hɩɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩlɩna moore nɛ diula kʊnʊmɩŋ taa nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Maananɛmɛɛsɛɛ ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ yaa Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ paapeɣzu ɖɩ-ɩyaa nɛ nabʊyʊ yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ samɣ (halaa) yomiye taa lɩʊ. Ɛtɛlɛm waa nabayɩ kʊna-ɩ nɛ Blaise Compaoré kpaɣ kpelaɣ aloma fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1987. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ wɛ Afrika mba tɩŋga nʊndaa pɩkɩlɩna Purkina Faso evebiya nɛ pɛlaa tɩŋga ñʊndaa. Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkaɣ sɔʊ sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɛ hɩɖɛ se « Che Guevara africain » yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛzɩ sɖʊʊ lɛɛkʊ, Patrice Lumumba ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ
Kewiyaɣ fɛyɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɔ-tɔŋ tɔm ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ɛyaa kɛnɛ paɣtʊ tɛ samaɣ, mbʊ papɩza nɛ peyele nɛ ɛyaa nɩɩ nɛ petisi se pɛkpɛndʊʊ pa-ñɩm tɩŋa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ pe-kpeekpe pa-pɩyʊ kpaɣ ɛzɩ kɩlabɩm wondʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ lalaa ñɔtɔŋ se hayi matɩna ma-ñɩm. Agbelenaa tɔm kpou pɩlɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna kʊnʊŋ ɖama tɔm nɩɣ cɔlɔ kɛ Caen Basse-Normandie lɛ pɔtɔŋ se pañɩna lɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ agbelenaa 9 yɔɔ lɛ lʊbɛ lɩzɩɣ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ ɖeu (cɔlɩyɛ fɛyɩ, siduu siduu tɔm yeke, yiduu tɔm yeke, wɛɛkɩtʊ tɔm yeke, kɩɩnɩnaʊ tɔm yeke, ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ nɛ aleɣwondu tɔm yeke) kɛlɛ politiki tɔm ndʊ polosa ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ yɔ kɛlɛ se (pa-tɩŋa pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ nɛ paa weyi ɛwɛɛ pɛɛɛ taa).
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1869, samaɣ ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pama-kɛ pɩtɩŋna Louis Asseline yɔɔ yɔ ñɩkɩɣ niiye tɔm tʊ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kɔtɔŋ se lalaa cɔlɔ lɛ pɩkɛ komina paɣtʊ fɛyɩ tɔm, sɔsɔtʊ fɛyɩ tɔm, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛwɩlɩɣ nɔɔyʊ nɔmɔʊ nakʊyʊ, paɣtʊ fɛyɩ, ŋgʊ peeɖe yɔ panaɣ yiki yiki tɔm sakɩyɛ ɛyaa fetenum taa nɛ pa-laɣsɩ taa. Lalaa ñɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ palɩzɩɣ politiki paɣtʊ natutozo ñɩndʊ natʊyʊ yɔ, cɔɔcɩ tɔm fɛyɩ, pɔyɔkɩ kewiyaɣ tɔm, pa-maɣmaɣ palakɩna pa-lɩmaɣza nɛ pa-tʊma, ɛkɔm ɛkɔŋna-wɛ kɩfatʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ɖoli.
Newton ciiduu paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ
Ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋa yaa tomnasɩ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ticiidiɣ yɔ. Sɔsɔ Newton caɣ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ pɩŋŋ lɛ, ɛkaɖɩ kpayɩ se tomnasɩ tɩŋɩɣna paɣtʋ natʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ tɩpɩzɩɣ ticiidiɣ yaa tɩɖɔŋ. Newton tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Newton tɛ mekaniki.
Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ weyi ɛmʋnaa nɛ pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛña ɛ-paɣtʋ yɔ. Ciiduu paɣtʋ ńdʋ sɔsɔ Newton ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ tomnasɩ yaa wondu tɩŋɩɣna nɛ tɩɖɔŋ yaa ticiidiɣ yɔ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɛtasɩ ñɩnɩʋ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋɩɣna nɛ tɩtɔlʋʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ piyeki nɛ yee pɔlɔ wonuu nakʋyʋ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ peyele-kʋ yɔ kɩtɔlʋʋ yɔ.
Flɛrɔvɩyɔm
Flɛrɔvɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Fl) kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 114 yɔ. Ɛ nɛ ʊnʊnkandɩyɔm (Uuq) palɩ ɖama mbʊ IUPAC kaaya-wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi, nɛ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pʊtʊ 114 matʊ paɣtʊ taa. Palaba-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe lɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1998 pɩtɩŋna pɩkpɛnda ɛ nɛ 244Pu(48Ca,3n)289Fl kɛ Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Doubna, Moscou ɛjaɖɛ taa. IUPAC ha ɖoŋ ɛ-hɩɖɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kajalaɣ evemiye pɩnaɣ 2011 nɛ paha-ɩ ɛ-kpaagbaa hɩɖɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2012 pɩlɩna FLNR yɔɔ.
Astatɩ
Astatɩ, paasɩma-ɩ ɖooo alɩwaatu natʊyʊ taa nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ eka-iode yaa alabame, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 85 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ At. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ kɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Flɛrɔvɩyɔm
Pɩdaa pee yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ (JINR) Doubna Russi ɛjaɖɛ susi kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1999 se panaza plʊtɔnɩyɔm 244 hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtɩŋna kalɩsɩyɔm 48 nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyaa yɔɔ nɛ ŋñɩɩ kɔtɩɩ kʊyʊm lɩna ɛlɛ yɔ 289Fl. Tɔm patapɩzɩ pɛlɛɣzɩ-tʊ kɛlɛ pamaɣzɩ se tɩfɛyɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ paapɩzɩ palabɩ-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ paa ɛzɩmta. Ɛyaa kʊyʊma mba paɖaɣnɩ yɔɔdʊʊ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1999 se pɛkɛza plʊtɔnɩyɔm 244 nɛ plʊtɔnɩyɔm 242 se pɩsa nɛ pala agbele naa lalaa.
Astatɩ
Astatɩ (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ astatine, pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ yɔɔ astatos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛfɛyɩ ɖiɣɖiɣ). Pɩnaɣ 1869, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Dimitri Mendeleïv susaɣa ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa tɛ caɣyɛ kpata lɛ, ɩyɔdɩ tɛ kaawɛ hooo. Pʊcɔ posusi keelee ɛ-tɛ natʊ tɔm lɛ, paaya-ɩ se éka-iode (eka-iodine Ɛnglɩsɩ taa), nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛɛwɛ ɩyɔdɩ tɛɛ kɛnɛ. Lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa takɩ cɛyɩ pa-tɩ se paana-ɩ kedeŋga taa, ɛzɩma ɛtɔtɔyɩ yɔ, natʊ sakɩyɛ kɛ cɛtɩm tɔm. Kajalaɣ pɩɣyɩɣ pɩlɩna éka-iode yɔɔ yɔ paalaba-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1932 pɩtɩŋna Fred Allison nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣdɩnaa mba paawɛ Alabama laɣsɩ sakɩyɛ sukuli taa (ŋgʊ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ Auburn sukuli sɔsɔʊ). Ɛyaa mba paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se alabame (alabamine Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa) pɩlɩna Alabama nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɛ Am, pʊwayɩ yɔɔ pɛlɛza nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Ab.
Yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ab kaakɛ pʊtʊ 85 takayasɩ sakɩyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1937 lɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Rajendralal De yɔɔdɩ pʊtʊ 85 natʊ tɔm pɩtɩŋna monazite ŋgʊ ɛyaa se dakin yɔ (pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Dacca yɔ) nɛ dekhine.
Cɔlɩyɛ yaa laɣsɩ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ
John Wesley sɩɣʊ kpeleɣ Wesley Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlabɩna-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1778 se pɩkɛ ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ kiɖe Londre tɛtʊ taa. Sɩɣʊ kpelesi tɛ laɣsɩ kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kaawɛ ɛ-tɛ tɛtɛɛ kuduyuu tɛɛ. Pɩkɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtʊɣʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ nɛ aŋglɩkan cɔɔcɩ yɔ, cɔlɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ pɩɣyɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖikpeɣluu cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, kɛlɛ patɩŋɛ payi mbʊ yɔ pa-maɣzɩm lɩna John Wesley cɔlɔ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 wɛɛ taa. Pɩkɛ cɔɔcɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa mbʊ lɛ, cɔɔlɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaɣzɩ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Ɛŋglɩsɩ nayʊ George Whitefield yɔɔ, kɛlɛ John Wesley kaakɛna ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩ-tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ, ŋgʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ paasɩma kʊkʊ yɔ kizi ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ kpeekpe.
Ŋgʊ George Whitefield kaawɛ ŋñɩɩ lɛ e-tisim kɛ ɛsɔ yɔɔ kaapaɣla piŋ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊmʊna-ɩ. Ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Etaazuunii tɔm susuu nɛ halɩ ɛtamaɣzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ tɔm, papazɩ pɩkɛtɩna-ɩ piŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛpɩsanaɣ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ yɔ, pɩlɩna Mooravi Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyaa mba pɛyɛlɩɣ yɔ tɛ tisuu yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ helim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ kaamakaɣ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ nɛ Mooravi ɛyaa mba paɩsɩ ɛgbaɣdɩnaa nɛ piseɣti-ɩ kɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1738 lɛ, piɖiyi-ɩ nɛ ɛkatɩ Ɛsɔ, kɛlɛ ɛpaɣzɩ yɛlʊʊ nɛ kpaŋnʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɛ taa nɛ esusuu Ɛsɔ Tɔm, ekpeɣluu ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ awayi nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ nɛ-wɛ, kɛlɛ aŋglɩkan ñɩŋʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩtɛma wɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ taasɔɔlɩ ɛ-tʊma.
John Wesley kekeŋaɣ ɛyaa cɔlɔ lɔŋ nɛ pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛtʊlɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ sukuli naa sakɩyɛ kʊñɔndɩtʊ ageeta taa nɛ ɛñɔtʊna-wɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ weyi ɛlʊba nɛ ɛɖaŋ yomtu tɔm yɔ. Cɔɔlɩyaa yaa laɣsɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ ɖɩñɔɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ Wesley kaawɛ Ɛsɔ susiyaa sukuli nakʊyʊ taa, ɖenɖe ɛkpɛlɛka ɛyaa sukuli atɩma laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ siyeki se Krɩstʊ cejewiye ehuu nɛ ɛyaa kɩfama tisim kpa ɖoŋ yɔ.
Igor Stravinsky
Palʊla Igor Fiodorovitch Stravinsky kɛ mɩssɩ kʊm fenaɣ kiyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1882 kɛ  Oraniyanbom  kɛ Rusii ɛjaɖ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ 1971 kɛ Niu Yɔrki tɛtʊ taa, Etazunii taa  ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 88.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Feodor Stravinski nɛ ɛlɛ ñaakɛ tanaʊ laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kɛ Marinskɩ pɩlɩʊ taa. Igor Stravinsky kɛna pɩɣa naatozo ŋga pɩiya naanza taa nɛ paawɛ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa. Ɛ-ñɩma kaawɛ mʊzʊŋ nɛ wɛ piyena nɛ Igor Stravinsky ma se: « Ɛwɩlaɣ-m ɛ-sɔɔlɩm nɛ e-leleŋ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwɩɣ-m yɔ tiɖeke».
Ɛkɛ wendu luɖu, mʊsɩtɩnaa ñʊʊtʊ, piyano maɖʊ yaa hʊlʊyʊ. Ɛpɩsa ɛ-tɩ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1934 nɛ Amerika tʊ pɩnaɣ 1945. E-wendu teu taa lɛ eeeteu kɩpɩndʊ ɛlɛ lɛɛlɛ taa wendu etu. Igor Fiodorovitch Stravinsky wɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa mba poluki wendu nɛ ɛya mba pakɩla ɖoŋ yaa keveŋga wɛnaʊ yɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXe taa yɔ.
Ɛ-weendu ndu eluba yɔ, ɛ-tatasɩ nɛ ɛ-payɛ wandɩ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe nɛ waɣsɩ nɛ waɣsɩ waɣsɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛlakasɩ e-wendu teu taa ɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-payɛ wɛna ndɩ kpem. Pɩnzɩ 1920 taa ɛlɛɣzɩ ɛlakasɩ nɛ e-wendu teu wɛtʊ nɛ tiyele tɩnɩɣzɩna kɩpam lɩmaɣza kɩfaɖɛ nɛ esidiɣna sɔsɔ sɔnzɩ. Pɩnzɩ 1950 taa ɛlɛ Igor Fiodorovitch Stravinsky ɖaɣna lɛɣzɩ e-wendu teu wɛtʊ ɩñɩnʊ nɔmɔŋ weyi ɛtɩŋna nɛ e-wendu pɩzɩ nɛ tɩtɩŋ ɖama camɩyɛ lɔɔɔ yɔ.
Fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa
Fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ fenasɩ naadozo yaa nasɩdozo kpɛndʊna nɛ pɩla fenasɩ naadozo. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ naanza wɛna. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa kɛ nabudozo taa kɔyɔ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ panaɣ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se, pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ naadozo wɛ tɔm naanza taa.
Aloma fenaɣ
Aloma fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ hiu ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Salaŋ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.
Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ mba loŋ pola.
Alpha Oumar Konaré
Palʋla Ɖajaa Alpha Oumar Konaré lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naalɛ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1946 taa Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʋla-ɩ Kayes tɛtʋ taa. Tɛtʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa ɛlaba e-sukuli cikpeluu. Pʋwayɩ lɛ ɛla hɛkʋ taa sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ Pamakoo tɛtʋ taa. Sukuli ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Terrasson de Fougères » yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlaba ɛ-hɛkʋ taa sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ ŋ́gʋ. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ hɛkʋ taa sukuli Mba payaɣ se Maristes waa yɔ po-sukuli taa Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa Taakarɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa Alpha Oumar Konaré laba ɖɔɖɔ hɛkʋ taa sukuli kɩfalʋʋ Kayes tɛtʋ taa. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɛsʋʋ sukuli ŋgʋ payaɣ se « Ecole normale secondaire de Katibougou » yɔ kɩ-taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1964 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛlaba e-sukuli sɔsɔʋ Bamako tɛtʋ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1965 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1969 ñɩŋga taa. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ ɛla sukuli sɔsɔ Pɔlɔɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa Farsoovii tɛtʋ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1971 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1975 ñɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Alpha Oumar Konaré calɩ kɛʋ wɩlɩyʋ sukuli cikpeluu nakʋyʋ taa Kayes tɛtʋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʋ Markala tɛtʋ taa sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Pʋbʋ wayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ sukuli Pamakoo tɛtʋ taa sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Markala kɛ Maalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ. Pamakoo ñɛkɛŋna Maalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1974 ñɩŋa taa se ɛkɛ Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʋ tɩlʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa ñɩnɩyʋ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, ɛkɛ Maalii ɛjaɖɛ caanaʋ ñɩm yɔɔ kandɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ ñʋʋdʋ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1975 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1978 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛlakaɣ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna evebiye nɛ tomnaɣ taa kpekpeka nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛzakuliye tʋma yɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1980 ñɩŋga taa lɛ, ɛkɛ ñɩnɩyʋ ñɩnʋʋ sukuli ŋgʋ payaɣ se ISFRA yɔ kɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ ŋ́ga ka-ta ɛɛkɛ wɩlɩyʋ Pamakoo sukuli kɩkpaɖʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se ENSUP yɔ kɩ-taa.
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa Ɖajaa Alpha Oumar Konaré kɛkɛ politiki aŋgba sakɩyɛ naayɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ. A-taa naayɛ hɩla kɔyɔ : AHGM ŋgbɛyɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa caanaʋ tɔm ñɩnɩyaa nɛ kedeŋa wɛtʋ ñɩnɩyaa pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ. UCAOAA ŋgbɛyɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ ajɛya taa kɩbɩnjaazɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖajaa Alpha Oumar Konaré ɖiya ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1989 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1992 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ PNUD ŋgbɛyɛ pa-tʋmlaɖaa lɔŋ tasɩyʋ.
Ɖajaa Alpha Oumar Konaré tɔɔ Maalii ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ pɩnaɣ 1992 ñɩŋga taa.
En septembre 2021, Alpha Oumar Konaré a été hospitalisé en urgence à l'hôpital Cheikh Zaid de Rabat au Maroc.
Kpalahʊwa lʊʊ
Kpalahʊwa lʊʊ kɛna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ lɩzʊ lona naayɛ se ɛma kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ yaa paa cikpelu yɔ ɛlɛ pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛña kudiiyiŋ maʊ mbʊ pɩ-paɣtʊ. Kudiyiŋ maʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ paa pɩɩtɩkɛna lɔnzɩnɖɛ nɖɩ panaɣ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ yem yaa ɛsɛkuliye naɖɩyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ keɖeɣa ñɩnɖɛ kɔyɔ, matʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-nɔɔ se ɖɩɖʊʊ. Paɣtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ cɔlɩɩɩ takayɩsɩ maʊ kɩpɩnzɩ nɛ kɩfasɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpalahusi tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ cɔŋna lona wena a-taa pɩwɛɛ se pama kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ ɩnʊ yɔ, samaɣ ŋga ka-taa pamaɣ-ɩ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palakɩo tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ nɛ wondʊ ndʊ pakpakʊ se pamana yɔ.
Kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi palʊʊ ɩ-tɛ kpalahusi nzɩ yɔ, i-taa kɔyɔ: kudiyiŋ weyi pasʊʊ ɩ-taa yɔ, pɩlaŋ weyi ɩwɛʊ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ yaa keɖewa yɔ, ɛyaa kiɖeɖema yaa agɔlɔma pɩlaŋ, sɔnzɩ sɩsɔsɩ lona, ɛsɔsɛtʊ kudiyiŋ, yɔɔ kaɖʊ yaa ɖaŋgʊ kʊlɔmɩŋ, nesi tɛɛ tʊma sɔsɔna kpaamɩŋ, tada sɔsɔna lona, tʊma tɩlɩʊ kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ, wɩlɩtʊ yaa tuʊzʊʊ tɛ loniye, keɖeɣyaɣ wondu tɩlɩtʊ tɛ, sɔɔsɔɔna tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ. Pɩtasɩɩna peɖe ɖeke ɛlɛ ɖenɖe pepiŋ sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛna kpalahusi lʊya kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se pala tʊma. Yaa ɖɔɖɔ kpaamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɩ-taa nesi tɛɛ tʊma wena alakɩ keɖeɣa nɛ cʊnʊʊ tʊma yɔ, mayaa sʊsaa mba, mba lakɩna-yɛ. Kpaamɩŋ sʊsɔŋ lɛɛŋ kɔyɔ: ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kpɛɛ naʊ nɛ ɛsɛ pee yaa ɖɔɖɔ aŋjaʊna nɛ sɩʊkpelesina lɩzɩʊ lona sɔsɔna kudiyiŋ.
Tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa kpalahusi lʊʊ wɛɛ yɔ, a-yɔɔ kɛ pɔtɔŋ se tɩlɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna ɛsɛkuliye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kpalahusi lʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kacalaɣ tʊma ɖeyi ɖeyi lakayaɣ ŋga pasɩma se kɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɛ keɖeɣya tʊma taa yɔ. Maya sɔsa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlakɩ ɖi-tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ilemiye nɛ tataa. Lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa palʊʊ kpalahusi yɔ,apɩzʊ akɛna ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa yɔ lone sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ maʊ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ yaa egetiye naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ maalika nakɩyɛ taa yɔ. Pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kuduyu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ yem ɖɩmayɛ yɔ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ Katediɖali Pierre kiɖeɖeu nɛ kɩwɛ Beauvais yɔ, pama-kʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIII taa nɛ kaaŋ yeke paamana-kʊ. Piyele paama keɣye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa kɛ Panthéon, nɛ nɖɩ kaakɛŋna keɣye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla kʊyʊ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa lɛ kɛ pama lɔbɔkʊ nakʊyʊ kɛ Florence katediɖalɩ nɛ kɩtalɩ-kʊ. Pɩwayɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa mbʊ yɔ, pamaɣ lɔbɔkɩŋ yaa keɣyasi nzɩ yɔ, sɩkɩla paŋŋŋ kɛ nzɩ pamawaɣ yɔ.
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ kɛna ɛyʋ yɔɔ ɛjɔɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ nɔɔtaa yɔ. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ wɛna wazaɣ ŋga yɔ kɔɖoo: nɖɩ lakɩna nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔkɩ tɔɔnaɣ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtaazɩɣ nɛ eli nɛ yɔɔdaɣ yaa wendu teu. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyʋ ɖɩkɩɣna tɔɔnaɣ yaa mbʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se pitii ɛ-taa yɔ. Ɛjɔɔɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ calɩm hosi sakɩyɛ.
Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ ɖaalakɩŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ sentimɛtanaa nakʋ yɔ, nɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naalɛ: liɖe nɛ tɔnʋʋ yaa nandʋ. Hola sakɩyɛ wɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ akpɛndɩ 17. Ɛlɛ hoɖe naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ kpem nɛ pɛtɛkpɛndɩna-ɖɩ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ se hola an, awɛ naalɛ naalɛ kɛ tɔm litoozo taa nɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ ñɛwɛ hɛkʋ taa kpayi.
Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin kɛna soo luɖu nɛ wendu luɖu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ piyano maɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ. Ɛ-piyaanoo mabʋ wɛ camɩyɛ kpem welesuu taa. E-liɖe lɩna Fransɩ nɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa.
Palʊla Frédéric François Chopin kɛ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1810 kɛ Farsoovii tɛtʊ taa, Polɔñ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ cɩmɩŋ, keɣsi nɛ wendu luɖu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ piyano nɛ soo ndɩ ndɩ  maɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ. E-liɖe lɩna Fransɩ nɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa. Ɛ-wɩlɩyaa sɔsa kɔyɔ: Václav Würfel nɛ Józef Elsner piyele e-sukuli piya taa kɔyɔ: Georges Mathias, Karol Mikuli nɛ Thomas Tellefsen.
Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Nicolas Chopin nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Justyna Krzyzanowska. Ɛ-kɔɔ kɔyɔ Ludwika Jędrzejewicz. Ɛtɛma ɛ-cɩmɩŋ nɛ e-piyano kpɛlɛkʊ ɛlɛ, ewolo Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Peeɖe ɛkada ŋgbɛndʊ nɔɔyʊ, George Sand nɛ ɛna-ɩ pɛwɛ pɩnzɩ nakʊ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIX taa ɛwɛ cɩmɩŋ maɖa nɛ wendu teya mba pakɩlʊ cɩmɩŋ weyi ɛkɩlʊ ɛyaa seɣtu yɔ pa-taa. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, e-wendu ɖɩɩna ɛyaa yɔɔ kʊyɩnaʊ hele hele. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1849 taa kɛ Paarii, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Tayi Kʋnʋŋ
Mba wɛna kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ mba kpaɣna pakʊnʊŋ nɛ paɖʊ se ŋgʊ pʊwɛ se pawɩlɩ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ komina taa nɛ pamaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ aseɣla tɔm heyu takayɩsɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɩ-daa kɔyɔ: Isaŋ, Muwaŋ, Pak tayi. Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩ-lɩkyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ kɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ nɛ mba pɔyɔɔdʊ -kʊ pɛwɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 15 nɛ 20 pa-taapiyele nɛ muwaŋ lɛ Tayilandi nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ.
1904
Pɩnaɣ 1904 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1904 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1904 kɛŋna naanza ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1903 nɛ 1905 hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
=1904 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ =
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɛ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Aloma fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.
Ɛlɛ, paatasɩɣ paʋ kamɩŋ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa pʋɖɔɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tɛʋ ɛɛnɩɣ lɔŋ lɛ, tɔɔnasɩ tɩŋa tatɩɩpɩta pɩkɩla nɛ mɩla. Kabɩyɛ mba yeki poɖuu hɛɛ pola taa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
Arakanzaa
Pamaza Arkanzaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 137 731 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2 879 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,09 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe maɣna ɛzɩ 134 853 km2 yɔ. Etaazunii ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, Arkanzaa kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ walanzɩ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 25 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 15 wiye pɩnaɣ 1836. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 915 918 yɔ nɛ yee pakalɩʊ ɛyaa kɛ kilomɛtanaa yɔɔ kɔyɔ, panaɣ -wɛ ɛzɩ 21 yɔ. Peeɖe pʊŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 198 yɔ nɛ pamaaza pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ yɔ lɛ pɩkpɛnda mɛtanaa 839 nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ Magazinii piyele ŋgʊ pʊtɔyɩnaa yɔ kʊkʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa ñamaɣna mɛtanaa 17. Payaɣ Arkanzaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Asa Hutchinson piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: John Boozman nɛ Tom Cotton.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ: Eŋgilisi.
Butaŋ
Butaŋ kɛna Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna kidiiliŋ nakʊyʊ. Pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se imalayaa yɔ, kɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩoyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ Ɛndɩ wɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siini tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna. Ɖooo wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kpataa lɛ, Sikim wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Nepalii pɛ-hɛkʊ taa pɩkazɩ nɛ hadɛ taa lɛ Asam tɛyɩna ɖɩnɛ Paŋgladɛsii.
Pamaza Butaŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 38 3994 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ litoozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa
Pɩɣyɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa, pɩkɛ Krɩstʊ piliŋa nakayɛ ka nɛ katoliki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa nɛ siuu siuu samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa. Walaa nɩɣ taa yaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ mba pɛkɛ lɛɛzɩyaa nɛ pekiziɣ papa kewiyitu tɔm yɔ.
Butaŋ
Payaɣ Butaŋ ɛjaɖɛ wiyau kɩfalʊ se Jigm Khesa Namgvel nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Tsheiring Tobgav. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Jɔŋga. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Timfu nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 758 288 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 60 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +975 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.