cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Legɔsɩ
Legɔsɩ kɛŋna Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walnzɩ yɔ nɛ Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaariwaa 99 960 ha yaa kilomɛtanaa 999,6. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 12 090 000 ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ti-ageeta lɛɛna kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm (21 000 000). Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kaakɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ sɔnɔ taa yɔ Legɔsɩ ñɩndʊ kɩlɩna.
Pʊcɔ nɛ Abuuja tɛtʊ pɩsɩɣ Naajeeriya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1999 lɛ, Legɔsɩ kaakɛŋna mbʊ ɛlɛ tɩ-taa teŋu kidiiliŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛɛ yɔ, kɩwɛ Afrika taa kidiiliŋ weyi ɛkɩla liŋgu yɔ ɛ-taa. Peeɖe kɛ tadɩyɛ t ʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɩtʊ lubʊ kɩla wɛʊ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa. Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ kɛna tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ Legɔsɩ. Legɔsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ pɩkɩlŋa ɖɛndɛ payaɣ se Ikeja nɛ Agege yɔ. Mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ efebiya nɛ pɛlaa peseɣ ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ powoki peeɖe se pala tʊma nɛ payabɩ-wɛ wondu ɛzɩ kpokponaa, cɛɛcɛɛnaa, kancɩnaa yaa nabʊyʊ yem.
Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ ɖɛɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ pɩkɩlʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩlɩna tadɩyɛ yɔɔ, sanzɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ. Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ taa lɛ, cɔɔcɩ laɖaa yaa mba patɩŋ gʊ Yeesu Kristu wayɩ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patala ɛzɩ ɛyaa 75 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ malɩŋ ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 15 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mba pɛkɛ malɩŋ kpem yɔ mba lɛ Yʊrʊba mba nɛ Yʊrʊba mba kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanʊwa (25) kɛŋna malɩŋ. Payaɣ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Akinwunmi Ambode.
Fɛɛlandɩ
Fɛɛlandɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1995. Palitiki teŋu wɛ Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛwɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɩkazɩ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Fɛɛlandɩ lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ. Fɛɛlandɩ kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ Scadinavie hɔɔlɩɣ taa.
Fɛɛlandɩ walanzɩ taa wɛ 338 145 km2 nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ kɛŋna kakpanzɩ nɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ  taa kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ aŋgba taa. Ajɛya wena acɔ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Rusi, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Nɔrɩvɛzɩ nɛ Suyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 5,3.
Erɔpʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ dɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛjɛya wena a-taa ɛyaa takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Hɛlisinki nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ weyi pawɩlɩɣ sukilinaa taa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ finuwa nɛsuyɛdʊwa.
Fɛɛlandɩ tɛtʊ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Snauli Niinistö nɛ kewiyaɣ ñɩnʊ yɔ Juha Sipilä. Erɔpʊ taa payɩ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɛɣ halaa waɖɛ haʊ se pɔtɔ cacanaa yɔ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɛlɛɣ halaa haʊ waɖɛ se papɩzɩɣ pasɩɩ pa-takayasɩ nɛ yee palɩzɩ-wɛ lɛ pɛkɛ tɛtʊ ñʊntɩnaa.
Kana
Kana kɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩlyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Kiinee kolɩfɩ cɔlɔ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Kana n,e ata ytɔ ana yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Togo, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Kootidivʊwaarɩ, hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Purkina Fasoo.
Kana tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Akra nɛ Kana wɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ peeɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ Twi, pɩkazɩ nɛ liidiya ŋɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ Seedi. Frankofonɩ tɔm taa lɛ, Kana eeleyuu mbʊ pɩ-yɔo yɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ ajɛya wena alʊkɩ kpem se Frankofoni ɛwogina nɛɛsɩnda yɔ a-taa.
Ɖooo lɛ, payawaɣ Kana se Côte d'Or (Gold Coast) nɛ kɩkɔma nɛ kɩhɩɣ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, pɛlɛdɩ nɛ paya-kʊ se Kana se paɖʊna hɩɖɛ kɛ peeɖe sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Kwame Nkruma yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 2004 taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩpɩnʊ weyi payaɣ-se John Agyekum Kufuor yɔ patasa tɔʊ cacalɛ, ɛnʊ palɩza. Pɩkɔma saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pinaɣ 2008 lɛ, patasaɣ caca tɔʊ lɛ, nɛ pɩtaatasɩ John Agyekum Kufuor kɛ warɛ se ɛsɩɩ ɛ-takayɩsɩ ɛlɛ, ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɖaaa. Pɔtɔ caca lɛ, palɩzɩ John Atta-Mills se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ.
Eriitree
Eriitree kɛna Afrika nɛ hayɩ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ dɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ Etiyoopii. Ɖɩwɛ ɖi-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993.
Eriitree ñaɣ pana nɛ kɩlɩɩ yomiye taa mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1869 kɛ Iitalii kaayaba Asaabɩ nɛ pɩcɔ kʊɖʊmaa mba powoli nɛ pacaɣ Maasawa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890.
Keteŋa kpeekpe you laba nɛ Iitalii takpaɣ nabʊyʊ you taa lɛ, ONU tɛzɩ kpaɣʊ Eriitree nɛ kiyebina Etiyoopii kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1952 ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 kɛ Etiyoopii paɣzɩ kɩ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. Pɩñɩtʊ nɛ pɩkpɑɣ mbʊ yɔ, Eriitree wɛɛ kɩñɩnɩɣ kpem se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ agoza fenaɣ 1991 lɛ, peeɖe hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlʊkaɣ kpɛm mbʊ se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se FPLE yɔ, kɩwa nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖi-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ payaɣ se Ɖajaa Issayas Afewerki.
Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés kɛ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ tʋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɩŋgɛ kɛlɛ Fernando Cortés de Monroy Pizarro Altamirano. Ɛkɛ Tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ size Oaxaca yɔ, tɩ-tɛ kɛdɛŋga kajalaɣ tʋ weyi, ɛlaba malɩfanaa nɛ tɔŋ you Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa size ɛkpaɣ ɖɩ-taa ajɛɛ naayɛ nɛ ɖoŋ yɔ.
Palʋla-ɩ paa pɩɩla ɛzɩmaɣ yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1485 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Medellín, Estrémadure tɛ haɖaa taa hɛkʋ nakʋyʋ taa. Ɛsɩba saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1547 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ size Castilleja de la Cuesta, ɖɩn̄ɔtɩna lone nɖɩ paya size Séville yɔ kpam.
Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Hernán Cortés ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛlaba Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa n̄ɩm kpaɣʋ nɛ ɖoŋ you yɔ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ n̄ʋʋ leleŋ tʋ, ɛlaba you sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwabayɩ ɖɔɖɔ payɩ. Ɛlaba you nɛ ɛmʋna ɖoŋ kɛ aztèque Ampiiri yaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Charles Quint kaakɛna Castille tɛ tɛtʋ wiyau. Ɛnʋ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ, wiyau sɔsɔ kɛ ɖoma caama kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdɩyaa tɛ.
Abalʋ ɖoŋ tɛtʋ mʋyʋ yoyu tʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ cɛɣɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ɛsɩpan̄ɔlɩ kɩfalʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ lɩɩ. Ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ, ɖɩtaawɛ kedeŋa yɔ. Kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ nanaaza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ kɛnɛ kpaɖʋ ŋgʋ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yoyaa n̄aza siŋŋ nɛ pamʋna ɖoŋ Amerika ajɛɛ nɛ pacaɣ a-n̄ʋŋ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʋ ɖoŋ tɛtʋ mʋyʋ yoyu ɛnɛ, ɛlɩna ɛyaa kɩbama nɛ n̄ɩm tɩnaa sɔsɔ cejewiye yaa hɔʋʋ taa kɛnɛ.
Kpentɔɔyaɣ
Kpentɔɔyaɣ kɛna lakʊ taa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ kpoun yɔ, ɛlɛ ɖɩkɩla-kʊ paɣlʊ pazɩ. Paapɩzʊʊ pɛkpɛndɩ-kʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ taa yem yem. Ɛlɛ papɩzʊʋ paɖʊ-kʊ kpayaa taa. Kpemtɔɔyasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nasɩyɛ sɛwa, lɛɛsɩ wɛ caʊʊʊ tɩyɛ. Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔ pakʊ kpentɔɔyasɩ nɛ sɩteŋ tɛm yɔɔ. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ wayɩ waƴɩ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa padaŋɩ kpentɔɔyasɩ kʊ yɔɔ. Eerɔpɩ taa kpentɔɔyasɩ wɛɛ nabʊlɛ taa: Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa nzɩ nɛ Sibeeriya nzɩ. Ameriki taa lɛ, kpentɔɔyasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ yɔ, sɩwɛ yʊʊlaa nɛ panay-sɩ Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa; payaɣ lɛsɩ se Ariktiki tɛ kpentɔɔyaɣ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kpentɔɔyasɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kpentɔɔyasɩ nasɩ wɛɛ sɩsɩ sɛwa.
Arɩzaɣ
Tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ payaɣ se arɩzaɣ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɛ siimii wonuu nakʊyʊ. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu nakʊyʊ. Pama se «Ag» yɔ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ. Arɩzaɣ mayaɣ kɛ 47. Nabʊyʊ taa yɔ, payaɣ arɩzaɣ se metaliki yaa arɩzaɣ metalɩ. Ɛlɛ, tɔsʊʊ laɖaa ñaɖʊ tokaɣ nakɛyɛ arɩzaɣ metalɩ nɛ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Papa kpaɣ arɩzaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ se ŋgʊʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ tɔsɩŋ nʊmɔŋ taa.
=Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa palakɩna arɩzaɣ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ=
Kinsasa
Kinsasa kɛna Kɔŋgo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se RDC yɔ kɩ-tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1881 nɛ 1966 taa lɛ, payawaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ se Leopolidvili pɔcɔ pʊwayɩ payaɣ-tʊ se RDC. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔnaa 12 071 000. Tɛʈu tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 9 965. Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛKɛɛrɩ nɛ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ, Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ. Kinsasa tɛtʊ wɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se kɔŋgo yɔ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele kɩha ɛsa nɛ Kɔŋgo Pirazavili. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ caɣʊ peeɖe yɔ paakɛ Pantu mbaa; payaɣa-wɛ Teke nɛ Humbu waa. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XVIII nɛ XIX taa lɛ Kinsasa kaakɛna ɖenɖe tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋgaɣ camɩyɛ kpem yɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 1881 taa kɛ ñɩnɩyʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Henry Morton Stanley yɔ ɛya Kinsasa tɛtʊ se Leopold tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Ɛya-tʊ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛcaɣa se ɛɖʊmna hɩɖɛ kɛ Pɛlɩzɩ kewiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Léopold Naalɛtʊ yɔ. Kɔŋgo ɛjaɖɛ taa payɩ lɛ, Kinsasa taa kɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ: tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu wɛ, tadɩyɛ, sukulinaa sɔsaa nɛ sukulinaa kɩtɛzʊ, sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa lɛ Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kaawɛ cabɩ yem nɛ paamaɣna ɛyaa 1 600 nɛ pɩnaɣ1950 lɛ patalɩ ɛyaa 202 000, piyele pɩnaɣ1960 lɛ paawɛ 4443 000; pɩnzɩ 1970 taa kɛ peeɖe ɛyaa talɩ miliyɔɔ nɛ paawɛ 1 070 000; pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda 5 414 000 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa lɛ pɛwɛ 8 415 000.
Kitaari
Kitaari kɛna minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ palabɩ-kʋ nɛ nimasi yɔ. Nimasi ńzɩ, palaba-sɩ nɛ sɩkpɩtɩna ɖama. Sɩwɛ ɖalakɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ sɩwɛɛ kandɩmaŋgandɩ tɩyɛ. Sɩwɛ sɩ-mabʋ kpata yɔɔ ɖama taa kɛ tisuu weŋgalaɣ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tɩyɛ ɖɩɖɔkɩyɛ taa. Wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɛsɛtɩ-wɛ fɩrɛtɩ tɩyɛ.
Pɔ-yɔɔ peeɖe pan̄ɩkɩɣna nee nimaɣ yɔɔ nɛ nee nɛ pɩcɛlɩɣ witu ndɩ ndɩ. Nesi lɛɛsɩ kpɩtɩɣna nimasɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩɣ witu. Cɩkpaŋ pakpɩtɩɣna nimasɩ nzɩ. Kitaari waa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna nimasɩ loɖo.
Kitaari kɛna anasaayɩwaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛ nsʋlɩmɩyɛ taa lɩzɩtʋ ndʋ tɩkɩla tɔyʋʋ yɔ minziiki tʋma wondu hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Période moderne)
Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ yaa wɛɛ kɩfana tɩkpaɣna kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ ndʊ tɩpaɣzɩna Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ cɔlɔ (kpaɣɖʊ 6 ŋtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15) ndʊ paɖʊ -tʊ pɩnaɣ 1453 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ (Kɔnsɩtantɩnɔpɩlɩ tɛ tɔlʊʊ pɩnaɣ) yaa pɩnaɣ 1492 (pɩnaɣ ŋga palɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Christophe Colomb yɔɔ). Pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ tɔm kɩbɩndʊʊ kɛdɩyaa cɔlɔ lɛ, pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩzɩna Fransɩɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1789 (pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛɛzɩtʊ paaza) yaa 1792 (pɩnaɣ ŋga pozusa kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm) nɛ pɩtɩŋgɩ nɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ.
Kitaari
Kitaari kʋnɛ, kɩ-tʋkaɣ nɛ minziiki wondu lɛɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-wɛtʋ wɛ mbʋ yɔ tɩtaa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ: balalaïka, nɛ bouzouki, nɛ charango, nɛ luth, nɛ mandoline, nɛ oud, nɛ théorbe, nɛ pɩtasɩna ukulele nɛ ɛ-wɛɖʋ, nɛ nabʋlɛ taa lɛ nimaɣ wena wena palʋ n̄ɛ kitaari taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Kitaari waa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pa-taa nabɛyɛ hɩla yɔ : viola, violão, cavaco nɛ cavaquinho (Piresviili), nɛ tiple, nɛ requinto (Amerika taa nɛ Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ taa). Kitaari waa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pɛ-tɛ ambitus yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-tɛ suye tɔnɛ yɔɔ.
Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Période moderne)
Alɩwaatʊ kɩkɔmtʊ ndʊ nɛ anasaayɩ taawɛna-tʊ takayaɣ taa. Wɩlɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʊ kɩkɔmtʊ ndʊ (Caama nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ) wɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kɛtɛmtʊ ɖeɖe. Ɛjaɖɛ sɩm tɛ tɔm kɛtʊʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ se Canaʊ tɔm kɩfatʊ. Ɛyaa mba yaa takayaasɩ taa tɔm kɛdɩya mba ɖɩyaɣ se kɩfama (pɩfɛyɩ se pɛkpɛndɩ-wɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ wonduu laɖaa nɛ takayaasɩ mayaa yaa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɩnaa mba pɛkɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 taa mba yɔ yaa kpaɣɖʊ 20 taa ɛyaa).
Kpaŋnɔ
Kpaŋnɔ kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɔkɩ n̄ɩtʋ siŋŋ nɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩcakɩ wezuu yɔ. Kpaŋnɔ acaya tɛtɛyɩ a-hɛkɩŋ taa ɛzɩ ɖɩɣa kpɩna lɛɛna yɔ. Ɛcɩɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ wɛna kpam kpam ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ naanza yɔɔ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa 45 yaa 55 yɔ, kpaŋnɔ lɩʋ yɔ. Kajalaɣ kpaŋnɔ kɛwɛ ɛzɩ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna haɣ paɣlaka yɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna ne yʋʋʋ yɔ. Kpaŋnaŋ sɔɔla caɣʋ yaa yɛlʋʋ com com, ɛlɛ, ɛ-taa kʋɖʋm ɖɛɣna-yɛ nɔɔ. Kpaŋnaŋ cakɩ wezuu ɛzɩ ɛyaa yɔ, mbʋ yɔ paa ɛ-taa weyi ɛwɛna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ɛ-ɖikpeɣliye taa. Kpaŋnaŋ sɩma seɣa tɔm siŋŋ, pʋ-yɔɔ nabʋyʋ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtʋlʋʋ ɛ-tɔɔyaa nesi tɛɛ. Pɩma kpaŋnaŋ maʋ nabʋyʋ né ndí kpem, mbʋ yɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ eɖoo ɛsɔdaa. Eeɖou ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ ɛzʋnɔɔ, e-ɖom wɛ ɛzɩ kozoŋa ɖom yɔ. Payaɣ kpaŋnɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ se "jument". Kpaŋnɔ halɩn̄ɩnʋ kpakɩɣ hɩɖɛ lɛ, fenasɩ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmaɣ ɛlakɩ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛlʋlɩ. Payaɣ kpaŋnɔ pɩɣa se "poulain". Kpaŋnɔ lʋlʋʋ piileɖiɣ nɛ ɛ-pɩɣa pɩzɩ kapazɩ seu.
Ɛyʋ kɔŋna kpaŋnɔ ɖɩɣa nɛ ɛɖɔɔ-ɩ. Kpaŋnɔ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ Aazii pɛ-tɛtʋ tɩŋa taa ɖooo caanaʋ taa. Sɔnɔdaa pɩdakasɩ kpaŋnɔ nɔɔyʋ se ɛwɛ n̄ɩtʋ taa nɛ pɩtasɩna "Przewalski" kpaŋnɔ weyi ɛyʋ pɩzɩoɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛkɛ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩnʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɣa kpaŋnaŋ sakɩyɛ nɩɩyɛ pɩzɩ lakʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ wɛna tɔmpe sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛdɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ kpaŋnaŋ wɛɛ yɔ nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʋ ɛwɛna yɔ nɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa ɛwɛɛ yɔ nɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ ɛwɛna yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛcakɩ e-weziŋ  yɔ. Ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩ kpaŋnaŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nʋmɔʋ poliŋ n̄ɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ yaa ɛla you yɔ. Kpaŋnʋ paɣlaka siŋŋ lɛ, pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa. Kpaŋnɔ cakɩ wezuu pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ yaa pɩnzɩ niidozo mbʋ yɔ. Ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩ kpaŋnɔ se ɛlakɩ-ɩ ɛtɔma sakɩyɛ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ kpaŋnɔ nɛ ɛɖɔ nʋmɔʋ poliŋ n̄ɩŋʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛhayɩna kpaŋnɔ hayɩm lemmm. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛcaɣ kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Kpaŋnaŋ yeba nɛ tadɩyɛ wobina ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ n̄ɩm ajɛɛ sɔsɔna taa.
Ɖɩɣa Kpɩna tɩŋa taa lɛ, kpaŋnɔ kɩlɩna wazaɣ siŋŋ. Ɛ-tɔm pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʋʋ caanaʋ taa. Ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnaʋ yeba nɛ nesi tɛɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ naayɩ n̄ɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʋʋ mbʋ payaɣ se "sports hippiques" yɔ pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa mbʋ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se kpaŋnaŋ yebina nɛ tʋma ana aɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ. Sɔnɔdaa ɛyaa cakɩ kpaŋnaŋ yɔɔ ajɛɛ wena a-tɔsʋʋ ɖɛ ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ yɔ se peleɣyi yaa se pala tɔnʋʋ taa kpekpeka hayɩsʋʋ tʋma. Kpaŋnɔ wɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa mbʋ yɔ ɛyʋ tɔkɩ ɛ-nandʋ nɛ ɛn̄ɔɔ ɛ-naalɩm. Ɛyʋ lakɩ naadaŋgbala nɛ Kpaŋnɔ tɔnʋʋ. Kpaŋnɔ hɩm wɛ ɛyʋ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛɛ sɔsɔna naayɛ taa lɛ, kpaŋnɔ lakɩna nɛ haɖaʋ nɛ tadɩyɛ powokina ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ. Ɖɩɣa kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ cɔnaʋ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Wondu ndʋ pakpakɩɣ nɛ pɔcɔŋnanɩ kpaŋnɔ yɔɔ yɔ, tɩwɛ ndɩ kpem. Pʋ-yɔɔ pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛyaa mba pasɩma kpaŋnaŋ tɔm camɩyɛ yɔ, mba ɛkpɛlɛkɩna lɛlaa ɛ-yɔɔ cɔnaʋ.
Luwandaa
Luwandaa kɛŋna Aŋgolaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Aŋgolaa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ. Pɔritiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔzɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ɖoooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1575. Pɩɩkɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wadaɣ yɔ nɛ pɔcɔna se paapizaa se pama teŋu. Mbʊ yebina nɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1627 lɛ tɛtʊ tʊne tɩpɩsɩ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Aŋgolaa peeɖe yɔ pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 241 800 yaa kilomɛtanaa 2 418. Pɩnaɣ 1975 taa kɛ Aŋgolaa mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba paawɛ Luwandaa yɔ paakpɛnda 600 000 nɛ Pɔrɩtiigalɩ mba kaaɖɔ pa-taa sɩŋŋŋ.
Pɩnzɩ 1975 nɛ 2002 taa you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pazaa nɛ kɩñamsɩ Aŋgolaa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛyaa se pʊŋ taa nɛ powolo pɛmɛlɩ Luwandaa tɛtʊ taa, mbʊ yebina nɛ peeɖe ɛyaa pazɩ pohuu nɛ pɔñɔtɩna ezɩ miloyɔɔnaa kagbaanzɩ yɔ (5 000 000) kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008. Tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu lɩna nesi tɛɛ tʊma yɔɔ, lubu nɛ karazɩm pɛdʊ, ñɩɩtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se fɛɛrɩ yɔ, kɔfɩ nɛ kpakpasɩ kpaʊ pɔ-yɔɔ. Luwandaa tɛtʊ wɛ napʊlɛ taa: Luwandaa haɖɛ ŋgʊ yaa kataŋga taa ŋgʊ nɛ hatʊ ñɩŋgʊ yaa pʊʊ taa ñɩŋgʊ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Luwandaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pelo Orizɔnti (Pireeziili) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1968, Pɔrɩtoo (Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1999, Husitɔnɩ (Etaazuunii) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2003, Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ (Pireeziili) nɛ Tahuwa (Niizɛɛrɩ).
Iranɩ
Iranɩ kɛnɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ patasɩɣ-ɖɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛrɩsɩ. Iranɩ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖama nɛ kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Afganistani, Arimeeni, Azɛribayijani, Irakɩ, Pakisitaani, Turkimenisitanɩ nɛ Tuurikii. Iranɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Teeraŋ nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe kɛ aloma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 80 096 604. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pɛrɩsanɩ nɛ liidiye ŋɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ riyalɩ. Payaɣ pɛ-tɛ pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ takayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛrɩsanɩ.
Papazɩɣ yaʊ se Iranɩ yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ leɖɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1935 taa kɛ papaazɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩɩ yaʊ mbʊ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Pɛrɩsɩ.
Iranɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 1 648 195 km2. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ pinaɣ 2015 taa. Ɛlɛ yee pʊwɛɛ se pɔcɔna ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm ñɩm kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖwɛʊ hiu nɛ litoozo taa kedeŋa kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ pɔcɔnaa se ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm ñɩm talɩɣ ɛzɩ tɔɔlarɩna 11 200.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Iranɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛjaya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ nɛ aɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP yɔ, Iranɩ kɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kaɖazɩm pɛdɩɣ taa.
Heu hʋndʋ
Heu hʋndʋ paya ɖɔɖɔ size pɩsatʋ hʋndʋ. Heu hʋndʋ kɛna kpɩna wonuu. Keekee taa lɛ, paya hɩɖɛ size hʋndʋ kɔyɔ, paa pɩɩla ɛzɩma pɩkɛɣna kpɩnɛ hʋnʋʋ.
Hʋndʋ wɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Pʋ-yɔɔ yɔɔ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ kpɩna hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Paya size hʋndʋ kɔyɔ, paa weyi ɛ-lɩmaɣza woki kpɩna hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛnɛ. Heŋ hʋndʋ palakɩna wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Pakpakɩɣ heŋ hʋndʋ ndʋ nɛ palakɩna pɩsatʋ: Heu hʋndʋ ndʋ pakpakɩɣ nɛ palakɩna tʋma sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ.
Fɩtɩyɩm
Ndʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɩ-tɔm cɩnɛ yɔ tɩkɛna ɛyʊ tɛ fɩtɩyɩm tɔm. Ɛyʊ tɛ fɩtɩyɩm nɛ tɛtɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ tɛ fɩtɩyɩm pacaɣ wɛm ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyʊ ɛcɔnaa kɔyɔ pɩlɩ ɖama. Ɖooo lɛ, ɛyʊ fɩtiyim taakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ. Ɛyɔ wɛʊ kpem yɔ ɛ-fɩyɩm tɩna-ɩ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-ñʊʊtaa maɣzɩm, ɛ-nɔɔtaa tɔm nɛ ɛ-lakasɩ tɩŋa lɩɣna ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm ɖɔm taa.
Tɛtɛ wondu tɩŋga taa payɩ lɛ, kpakpalikiyaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se paalɛnɩ yɔ, ka-fɩyɩm kɩlɩna yʊŋ nɛ ko-yʊŋ wɛ kilogramnaa 6,92 nɛ ɛyʊ tɛ ñamaɣna kilogramnaa 1,5. Paanɛ mbʊ yɔ, Ɛyʊ tɛ fɩtɩyɩm kɩlɩɣna ɖɔm camɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ tɛ fɩtɩyɩm kɩlɩna wɛʊ ɖoŋ kɛ tɛtɛ wondu kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩtala ɛzɩ tɔm lʊbɛ kɛmbʊ yɔ yɔ.
Ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ: hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛ nɛ ɛnʊ ɛtɩna lɔŋ nɛ lɛɛtʊ, lɛɛŋ wɛ nɛ ɛnʊlɛ yɔɔdaɣ, hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ ñañɩnɩɣna ndʊ ɛyʊ sɔwa yaa ɛɛna nɛ ɛnɩɩ pileɖaa nɛ ɛɛtasɩuɣ-tʊ tɔzʊ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se ordinatɛɛrɩ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm wɛɛ; ɛlɛ ɛyʊ tɛ ñakɩla mbʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyʊ lɩzɩna ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ. Ɛzɩ ñɔsɩ ɖɔʊ ɛyʊ ñʊʊta yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ fɩyɩm wɛna wazaɣ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ kalʊʊ. Kʊtɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛ nɛ ɛkpa ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛtasʊ wɛʊ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ kpaaŋ, taba kʊyaɣ katadayaɣ yɔʊ, ñʊʊtaa cɔʊ. Canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩzʊ pɩkpa ɛyʊ nɛ pɩcɔzɩ-ɩ; nabʊyʊ taa ɛɛyɔɔdʊʊ yaa ɛɛnɩʊ.
Ɖooo lɛ fɛɖaa taapɩzʊ se pawaa sɩŋŋŋ kɛ fɩrɩyɩm kʊdɔmɩŋ pʊɖɔɔ. Lɛɛlɛɛ taa lɛ fɛɖaa ñaɣ pana nɛ palɩzɩ ñɩɩtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ payaa-tʊ nɛ anasayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se sikaanɛɛɖɩ. Sikaanɛɛɖɩ kʊnɛ kɩpɩzʊʊ nɛ kiwili ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa nɛ tɩlabʊ-tʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ paayasʊ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ fayɩɩ se pʊcɔ nɛ pʊcɔ se paañɛyɩ-kʊ.
Heu
Heu kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩtɔkɩ ñɩtʊ yɔ. Heu pɩlɩʊ taa mba payaɣ se kaprɩnɛ waa. Palɩna pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ, kʊkʊ payaɣ se povidɛ waa pɩlɩʊ. Heŋ sʊʋ kpoŋ tɛɛ. Yolim taa lɛ, paɖɩɩɣ-ɩ hula taa se ɛɛtaatɔɔ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ lʊŋgʋyɛ lɛ pɛhɛɖɩ-ɩ nɛ peyele mbʊ yɔ, pa-ñɩtʊ fɛyɩ, tɩwɩlaa, pʊ-yɔɔ peyeki-i se ɛñɩnɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ mbʊ ɛtɔɔ-yɔ. Heu pʊwa payaɣ se heɣa. Halɩñɩŋa payaɣ se hɩyaɣ nɛ abalɩñɩŋa lɛ ɛyaʊ. Heu wɛ kajalaɣ kpɩna wena ɛyaa lɛɣ pazʋʋ ɖɔʊ yɔ a-taa. Pasama heu nɛ ɛ-tɛ hɩlɩm mbʊ pʊwazɩɣ nɛ palakɩna waagaasɩ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ.
Pɔtɔkɩ heu nandʊ, ɛ-tɔnʋʋ wazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩnɛ. Ɛ-hʊndʊ wazɩɣ sakɩyɛ. Palʋʋ-tʋ nɛ nima. Ɛ-ñɩhɩŋ wɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛnʋʋ pamakɩna kpaŋkoŋ. Ɛ-gbɛm wazɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ndʋʋ pasandɩɣna kɔndɔnaa nɩŋgdanzɩ tɛɛ. Heu kɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɛma tɔɔʊ kɔyɔ, ɖɩcakɩ se ɖɩhɛzɩɣ lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖihoo mbʋ ɖɩtɔwaa yɔ ɖɩkpazɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ taa nɛ ɖɩpazɩ tɔɔʊ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɖiliki ñɩtʋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɖihikiɣ-tʋ yɔ. Ɖɩɩhɛzɩɣ lɛ, ɖihoo-tʋ nɛ ɖɩpazɩ tɔɔʋ. Heu kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ, ɛyʋ takpa heu nɛ lakʋ taa nɛ ɛkɔna ɛɖɔɔ ɖɩɣa. Heu wɛna naŋgbanzɩ naanza nɛ paa naŋgbaŋgaɣ ŋga lɛ, kɛwɛɛna aca naalɛ. Heŋ cɩkpaŋ payaɣ se aca. Aca ana a-yɔɔ ɛfɛyɩɣ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ. Heŋ ɖɔɖɛ wɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ ɛzakuliye nɔmʊʋ taa. Pɔɖɔʋ heŋ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ajɛya wena a-taa pakɩlɩɣ heŋ ɖɔʋ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ, Ositraalii, Patagonɩ, Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ. Heu kɛ kpɩnɛ kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɩɣna haɖaʊ hɔɔlʋʊ taa yɔ. Heu wɛ wazaɣ sɩŋŋ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa. Heu pɩndʋ kɛ huɖe siŋŋ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ kpaamɩŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ heu wɛna wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, kɔkɔ kɔzɩ malɩŋ cɔlɔ, mbʋ yɔ, hɩyaʋ Ɛsɔ wɩlɩ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abriham nɛ ɛlɛ kpaɣ nɛ ɛlaa-ɩ kɩlaʋ.
Kanadaa
Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Amerika nɛ hayɩ kɩŋ nɛ ageeta hiu kpɛndɩna nɛ ateɛyɩ ɖama tam naputozo taa. [Wp/kbp/Atlantique teŋgu|Atɩlantiki]] lɩm kamʊ wɛna kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Arkitiiki Teŋgu, piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasiifiki Teŋgu ñɛwɛna. Yee wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ kɔyɔ, Etaazuunii tɛtʊ wɛna. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa miliɔŋnaa kutokiŋ hiu yɔ. Kɩ-walanzɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Ruusii wayɩ lɛ, Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩna walanzɩ.
Kanaada ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpeekpe kpɩndɩ miliyɔɔnaa ɛzɩ 35 yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe kɔ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ 36 ñɩnɖɩ wena akɩla ɛyaa wɛnaʊ yɔ. Kanaada wɛna lɩm kucokiŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 31 700 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ eŋglɩsɩɩ nɛ fransɩɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Otawaa.
Peeɖe tɛ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ paɣzɩɣna +1.
Lusakaaa
Luzakaa kɛŋna Sambii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 7 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 70. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ; lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛkpɛnda 1 742 979. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa hʊkʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ.
Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Luzakaaa tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Tʊsambee (Taajikisitani) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1966 nɛ Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ (Etaazuni) ɖooo agoza fenaɣ 7 pɩnaɣ 1968. Payaɣ Luzakaaa tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Stephen Chilatu.
Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ
Kantɔnɛɛ kɛ Canton tɛtʊ taa kʊnʊŋ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, ŋcɔnaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa kɔyɔ, yʊsaɣ sakɩyɛ wɛ Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩnaɣ Ɛsɩpaañɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ pa-kʊnʊmɩŋ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, paa kʊnʊmɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-nɩʊ maʊ taa ɛwɛ camɩyɔ kɔyɔ, pɩtɩŋna Siini tɔmpe wena akɛ kʊyʊma yɔ a-yɔɔ.
Mandarɛɛ tɛ tʊkaɣ kɛlɛ se kʊwɛna yɔɔdasɩɩ naanza nɛ Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ ñɛwɛɛna kʊkʊ yɔɔdasɩɩ nakʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yɔɔdasɩɩ nasɩyɛ lɩʊ ndɩ ndɩ tam nakʊ nɛ sɩwɛɛna tɔbʊʊ nɩʊ tam nakʊ pɩlɩɩna yɔɔdʊtʊ nɔɔ cɔlɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpe tɛyɩʊ taa lɛ, nabʊyʊ taa nasɩyɛ tɛzɩɣna abalɩ masɩ (p, b, m, n, ng, g, k, d, t) ŋgʊ Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, halɩ masɩ yeke nɛ abalɩmasɩ naalɛ yeke koŋ (n, ng) kɛ tɔmpiye tɛzɩʊ taa. Pamaɣ-kʊ nɛ Siini tɔmpe, a-taa naayɛ kɛ kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩ-masɩ nɛ, yaa paatasɩɣ-sɩ katʊʊ kaʊ kɛ Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ taa. Mbʊ lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-sɩ yaa palakɩna-sɩ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ sɩtɛ sɩwɛɛna kamaɣ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Jyutping matʊ yɔ. Siini nɛ hadɛ kiŋ aŋgba kɛna dooo poliŋ ñɩna wena amɩza lɔŋ lɔŋ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa yɔ se papɩsɩ aŋgba wena alɩna Siini tɛ mɩzɩ kɛ ajɛyaa taa yɔ. Kantɔnɛɛ kʊnʊŋ pɩza nɛ kɩcaɣ ɛzɩ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ na ɖama, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ anglo-saxon ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ kɩɖɩna kʊɣ Mandarɛɛ kʊnʊŋ.
Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ
Esɩperantɔ kɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ kedeŋga ajɛyɛ kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ajɛyɛ mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ taa. Pɩkɛ kɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkpɛlɛkɩ-kʊ nɛ pʊcɔ ŋlabɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ kɛ kɔyɛ hayʊ ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ mba palʊlɩ-wɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa se papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na ɖama tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa. Esɩperantɔ lɩmaɣza yɔ se kɩ-kɛ kondoloko ɛsɛkuliye ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Pɩnaɣ 1887 taa Ɖajaa Zamenhof, nɛ ɛ-sɛ hɩɖɛ se Doktoro Esperanto pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖɔkɔtɔ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Ɛnʊ hana pʊwayɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ ɛsusuu ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tambɔ tɔm. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩtɩhuu lɔŋ lɔŋ pɩnzɩ kajalaɣ ñɩnzɩ taa nɛ pɩkpaɣna mbʊ nɛ palɩzɩʊ samaɣ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ ɖama katɩʊ.
Caŋga yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɩʊ kajalaɣ wɛtʊ pɩnzɩ 2000 nɔɣ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɩlɩ wayi wayi Esɩperantɔ tɔm kɩwɩlɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lonaa sakɩyɛ yɔ ɛzɩ Duolingo pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ mɛɛsaɣtɛ aŋgba wena asɩna nɛ Esɩperantɔ kʊnʊŋ ɖɛɣ na lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ.
Esɩperantɔ tɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Ɛlɛ, kɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ aŋgba wena awɛna kɛsɛɣa tɛ ɛhʊyɛ yɔ, kajalaɣ taa paa lɛ Esɩperantɔ tɛ aŋgba. Esɩperantɔ cɔlʊʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kedeŋga Esɩperantɔ ŋgbɛyɛ (UEA), ɖɩ nɛ ajɛyɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ UNESCO ɖama nɛ tabalɩyɛ nɩnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.
Ernest Lubitsch
Ernest Lubitsch kɛ Amerika tɛtʊ laɖʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ, ɛcɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ pazʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1892 Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1922. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1947 Bel Air (Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ huu lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, ɛlaba kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩtalɩ nɩnɩwa mbʊ yɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ natozo taa.
Ernest Lubitsch kɛ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa tɔlɩ ñɛyɩyʊ, Simon Lubitsch kaakɛna Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa abala wondu kususutu kuduyuu ñɩma ɖɔkɩyʊ sɔsɔ. Simon Lubitsch kaakɛ Hofjuden waa liɖe taa ɛyʊ (yuda ɛyaa pɛkɛwa). Ernesrt, ɛgbamɩyɛ pɩɣa, palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1892, eyeba sukuli lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ loɖo yeke.
Kɔzɔɖɔ kʊyʊmʊ wayi ɛzɩ ewobu Etaazuunii pɩnaɣ 1922 nɛ pɩtalɩ-ɩ pɩyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛkʊyɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1923 mbʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 30, se pɩsa ewolo ɛcaɣ Hollywood pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma Mary Pickfort ya-ɩ yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ kaasɔɔla se ediyi Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall taa. Ɛnʊ kizi nɛ eyele ɛla Rosita pɩnaɣ 1923, kɛ ɛ-kajalaɣ Amerika kɛlɛm kɛlɛm nɛ kɩwa ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe mbʊ.
Pɩnaɣ 1935 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ tisi ɛ-haŋ tɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛkɛ Caama ɛyʊ. Pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa, ɛpɩsɩ Paramount hendu kɩlɩzɩtʊ ñʊʊ tʊ, eyeke koŋ Hollywood laɖʊ weyi ɛcɔŋa hendu lɩzʊʊ tʊma yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1935 hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛkpaɣ halʊ Vivian Gaye, palʊla ɛlɛ, Sanya Bezencenet pɩnaɣ 1908, ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlaɖʊ. Pɛwɛna pɩɣa kʊyʊmaɣ koŋ halɩpɩɣa, Nicolas Lubitsch, palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 pɩnaɣ 1938.
Heɣlim sɔsɔm
Heeim sɔsɔm kɛna heelim mbʋ pɩkɛna kajʋcʋlaɣ heelim sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ heelim mbʋ, pu-ɖoŋ fɛtɩɣ siŋŋ. Heelim pʋnɛ, pɩɩfɛtɩɣ paa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, ɛlɛ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ talɩɣ lɛ, hɛɛɛ tɔm fɛyɩ. Heelim sɔsɔm pʋnɛ, pi-tɛ ɖoŋ ɛɛsɔŋ nabʋyʋ. Pɩkɛna heelim mbʋ pu-ɖoŋ wɛɛkɩɣ sakɩyɛ kpem yɔ. Heelim pʋnɛ payaɣ fiii fiii heelim. Ɖooo ɛsɔdaa pɩtɩŋɛ pɩcalɩɣna paɣzʋʋ. Pɩkɛ tɛʋ sɔsɔʋ heelim. Pɩ-tɛ tɛʋ ɖɔʋ pazɩ, ɛlɛ, heelim ɛɛkɩlɩɣ kɩ-taa ɛzɩ sɔsɔʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ. Peeɖe kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsɔkaɣ laɣsɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩtɔŋ size Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ mɩnʋʋ nɛ pɩtɩnɩ hiŋ kagbanzɩ (150) mbʋ yɔ heelim sɔsɔm mbʋ pʋkʋʋ. Piyele kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ fiii fiii heelim mbʋ, pʋkʋʋ ɛyaa mba yɔ, nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩ pa-ñʋʋ. Pɩwɛɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ yɔ, tʋtʋ fɛyɩ kalʋʋ.
Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, sɔsɔ von Bismarck, palʊla-ɩ Schönhausen tɛtʊ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1898 Friedrichsruh, ɛkɛ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ nɛ Caama. Peyeba se ɛkɛ cɛjɛ Bismark pɩnaɣ 1865, nɛ pʊwayɩ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Bismark-Schönhausen awimpɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1871 nɛ wiyaʊ kɛ Lauenburg pɩnaɣ 1890. Ɛkɛ cenje taa Prusse Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ pɩnaɣ 1862 ŋtalɩ 1890, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Caama nɛ Hayi ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm hʊya ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1867 ŋtalɩ 1871, pʊcɔ ɛsʊ kajalaɣ tɔm hʊya tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe Caama Ampiiri kɩfalʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1871, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛɖɔka ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tʊmɩyɛ mbʊ Prusse tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kpɛndʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Bismarck la ɛ-tɩ hɩɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛkandɩɣ Junkers waa ñɩm yɔɔ, pɩkɛ Prusse tɛtʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ ɖooo politiki labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pakpa-ɩ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1862. Prusse ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ maʊ taa lɛ ɛlʊbɩna tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɩna se ɛha ɖoŋ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu lɩmaɣza.
Palʊla Otto von Bismarck ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 Schönhausen. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Ferdinand von Bismarck, ɛlɛ kaakɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɛ ɛwɛna tɛtʊ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Wilhelmine Mencken ɛlɛ kaakɛ politiki abalʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ kaakɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau tɔm yɔɔ tisiyu yaa ɛgbaɣtʊ. Otto kaawɛna ɖalʊ kʊyʊm Bernhard (pɩnzɩ 1810-1893) nɛ kɔʊ kʊyʊm Malwina (pɩnzɩ 1827-1908).
Pɩnaɣ 1816, ɛ-ñɩma kʊyɩ pɛɖɛɛ nɛ Kniephof Poméranie nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, ɛlɛ petikizi pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paawɛna-tʊ Schönhausen yɔ. Otto la ɛ-pɩjatʊ peeɖe. E-ɖoo sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1839 lɛ, Bismarck kpaɣ ɛ-ñɩma tɛtʊ Kniephof. Ɛpɩsɩ haɖʊ, ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Bernhard weyi ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ yɔ pahayɩ Kniephof, Külz nɛ Jarchlin tɛtʊ Poméranie wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, Naugard kantɔɔ taa. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1841 lɛ palɩzɩ Berbhard se ɛkɛ Nauguard egeetiye lɔŋ tasɩya ñʊʊ tʊ, mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɛtɛyɩ pazɩ tɛtʊ, Bernhard cɔŋnɩna Jarchlin tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ Otto cɔŋna Külz nɛ Kniephof tɛtʊ yɔɔ. Pa-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1845 taa lɛ, Otto ɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ cɛjɛtʊ ɖɩɣa taa Schönhaussen, Stendal kantɔɔ taa.
Pɩtɩŋna Moritz von Blanchenburg yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ɛtabalʊ nɔyʊ weyi ɛkatɩ-ɩ Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, Bismarck ɖʊ tabalɩyɛ ɛ-nɛ pɔtɔdɩyɛ tʊ Adolf von Thadden-Trieglaff. Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ kɛlɛ Marie Blanckenburg, Moritz pɛlɔ. Paa Marie nɛ Otto pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama kɔyɔ, Marie tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛyɔdɩ ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊ ɖʊnaʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ ɛwalɩ Trieglaff aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1844. Nesi ɖɔkʊʊ sɔnzɩ wiye lɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛtabalʊ Johanna von Puttkamer Bismarck cɔlɔ. Otto nɛ Johanna pakpaɣ pawalɩ ɖama nɛ palʊlɩ piyaa naatozo. Marie (1848-1926), ɛlɛ walɩ Kuno zu Rantzau, Herbert (1849-1904), ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Marguerite von Hoyos nɛ Wilhelm (1852-1901) ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Sibylle von Arnim-Kröchlendorff.
Kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ
Kpeziwɩlaɣ kɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊ yɔ. Kɩlɩna ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ tɛ nɛ kɛɖɛʊ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-lakasɩ ɛyaa yɔ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɩm ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ yɔ (OMS) tɛ wayɩ wayɩ pɩnaɣ tɛ tɔm lɩzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩlɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ndʊ tɩlɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa yɔ, yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 1,5 sɩba nɛ kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa. Pɩlɩna kedeŋga tɛlɛŋga yɔ lɛ, kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tɛyɩtʊ wɩlʊʊ-ɖʊ se ajɛyɛ nɛɛlɛ taa wɛ kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛyaa hiŋ nakʊ (90 %). Paa pawaɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ, kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm kpaɖa kʊñɔŋ ajɛyɛ taa pɩtɩŋna wɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ yɔɔ. Kɛdɛdaɣ wɛtʊ nɛ kinaŋ tɛ ɖama cɔlɔ caɣyɛ nɛ tɔɔnaɣ kɩɩtalʊʊ nɛ matʊ kɩɩsɩŋgɩlɩtʊ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔnaa matʊ tɔɖɔɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩna VIH tɛ wɛʊ. Kʊ-tɔm kpaɖʊ yoŋ nɛ ñɔsɩ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se mbʊ pewiliɣ nɛ patakɩ nɛ pana nɛ pehiɣ kʊ-kɔyɛ hayʊʊ yɔ wɛ kaɖɛ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ yɔ. Kɩ-kɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖalʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩ-lakasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kɩkpaɣ ɛyaa nɛ kpɩnaa. Kpeziwɩlaɣ kɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩpɩnʊʊ ɛlɛ, kʊdɔmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ cɔlɔ lɛ, kpaɣɖʊ 19 palaba pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ kaawɛ ɖooo pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa natozo. Kɩ-kiɖe lɩna Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kiŋ nɛ pamazɩ se kɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe ɖɩlʊlɩyɛ. Pɩwɩlʊʊ se kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kpadɩyaa pɩkɩlɩ ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-tɛ walʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa tamsɩna kɩ-maɣmaɣ.
Pɩnaɣ 1882 tɛzʊʊ taa, pɩlɩna Louis Pasteur tʊma labʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Robert Koch wɩlɩ keele kpeziwɩlaɣ tɛ ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ tɛ heŋ yɔ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1882 taa, pʊcɔ lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩna nɛ takayaɣ Pɛrɩlɛɛ taa ajɔɔla kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ŋgbɛɛ kɛ ŋna pañɩnɩ nɛ patɩlɩ kpeziwɩlaɣ tɛ ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ haɖaʊ. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 esuusi Berliner klinische Wochenschrift taa kɛ tɔm taa tazʊʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ɛkɔŋna ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ nakayɛ pana-kɛ ɛyʊ tɛ kpeziwɩlaɣ heŋ nɛ ndatʊ taa.
Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, Johann Lukas Schonlein kaalɛna labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye kpeziwɩlaɣ pɩnaɣ 1839. Kɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ heŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ hɩɖɛ taa kɛnɛ ndɩ yɔ toote (tubercule). Palabɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo kpaɣdʊ 17 taa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ latɛŋ taa kɛ tuber tɔbʊʊ se canaʊ paɣlaka. Paasɩma kpeziwɩlaɣ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ se kɩzɩkʊʊ kʊlʊmʊ kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ kɩzɩkʊʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ nɛ kʊkʊwaɣ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa.
Irɩlandɩ
Irɩlandɩ kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1973. Irɩlandɩ wɛ Kewiyaɣ Kpɛndɩɣ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo mbʊ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se ɖɩwɛ Sɛlɩtɩ ajɛya taa. Irɩlandɩ mayaɣ sɔsɔwa kɔyɔ sɛlɩtɩ cɩmʊ mayaɣ nɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ pe-liidiya eeroo mayaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mayaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɛwɛ kacaɣ xɛʊ ɛzɩ maayʊʊ hayʊʊ yɔ nɛ ŋga peeɖe rugibii maɖa ɖɔkɩɣ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɖɩɩleeyuu. Pɩnzɩ 1980 taa mbʊ yɔ paya-ɖɩ yɔ ɖɩsɛʊ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 2007 nɛ 2010 lɛ, ɖɩtɔlɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa Irɩlandɩ tɔsʊʊ tiba ɛzɩ 32,4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mba petehiɣ tʊma yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu nɛ naanza kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa mba ñakɩ pana se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se irilandɛɛ yɔ, kɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.
Kanzɩ pɔɔ
Kanzɩ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ pɔɔ. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ lɩna kɛ-tɛ ɖɩñɔyɛ taa kpaɣ kilomɛtanaa 2500 nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 3000. Ka-walanzɩ makɩɣna kilomɛtanaa 907000 nɛ kɛ-tɛ handala fɛɛʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊ nɛ Bramaputra ñɩŋgʊ. Kanzɩ pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛŋna pɔɔ kiɖeɖeya kɩlaʊ pɔsɩ lʊbɛ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊwayi lɛ, kɛtɛzɩɣ Haridwar pɔɔ. Kaka tɛ kʊkʋyʋmʋŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 300 nɛ kekpeŋ nɛ katɩŋɩɣna Ɛndɩ-Kanzɩtiki kɛdɛŋa taa. Kɛfɛyɩna kʊkʊyʊmɩŋ pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, kɛwɛna pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ. Pɔsɩ nzɩɩ yɔ nɛ sɩ-ɖalakɩŋ: Yamʊna pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1300 nɛ karnalɩ pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa 1080 Chapra tɛtʊ taa nɛ Gandak pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ Hajipuur tɛtʊ taa nɛ Ramganga pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 640 pʊcɔ ŋtalɩ Allahabad nɛ Sone ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 784 Patna tɛtʊ taa, nɛ Koshi ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ Bhagalpuur cɔlɔ nɛ Gomtɩ pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 675 Varanasi cɔlɔ nɛ Damodar pɔɔ ɑlakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛtanaa 541 Kalkuta nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ. Kanzɩ pɔɔ woki nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Bengale yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pɩkpɛndɩɣ pɩpɩsɩ handala fɛʊʊ sɔsɔʊ. Fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Sundarbans yɔ kɩ nɛ Brahmapoutre fɛɛʋ pesidiɣ ɖama taa yɔ. Ɛndɩ pɩlɩŋa nakɛyɩ, handala fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩsɩna Hooghly, ŋgʊ kɩtɛzɩɣ Kalikuta pɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlɩŋa sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ ŋga kekpeŋ Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ taa yɔ, ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ Padma, pɔcɔ kɛkpɛndɩ kadɩ nɛ Brahmapoutre nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Meghna.
Kiŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ
Kiŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ (paɖanɩɣ-ɖɩ maʊ se Ch'ing yaa Siŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ yaa Ciŋ kewiyaaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ, Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 清朝, Pinyin taa lɛ, qīng cháo, Wade taa lɛ, Ch'ing ch'ao, mandchou kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Daicing gurun, mongol kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Манж Чин Улс, kɩ-tɛ nɛ mandchoue tɛ), kɩkɛ kpaagba kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1644 ŋtalɩ 1912. Kɛlɛza wayi wayi Han kewiyaɣ nɛ Miŋ kewiyaɣ. Potula you nɛ Miŋ ɛyaa pɩnaɣ 1644 pazɩtʊ caca mbʊ lɛ, pamʊ kewiyaɣ ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ Siini kpeekpe taa. Pamʊ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ pɩnaɣ 1644 nɛ pasɩ politiki kewiyaɣ kɩfalaɣ, Kiŋ Sɔsɔ Ampiiri nɛ Siini wɛ pe-kewiyaɣ nesi tɛɛ. Kpaɣɖʊ 19 hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ naalɛ ndʊ taa, Kiŋ Ampiiri tɔla, ɛlɛ, pɩlɩna ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ lɛɛna tɛ seɣee waa yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɛmna se Xinhai waa tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩɣ tuza pe-kewiyaɣ nɛ piyele Siini ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ mbʊ ɖɩsɩna-ɖɩ sɔnɔ yɔɔ. Kiŋ kewiyaɣ tɛma lɛɣla fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1912 taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩ-wiyaʊ kpaagba ñɩnʊ kiza kewiyaɣ, mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ loɖo.
Kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kaañɔɔ ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ Siini ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Han waa yɔ tɩna kɛ-tɛ kiɖe. Ɛyaa mba pakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlɛ, mandchous ɛyaa mba pɔdɔɖɔɔ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɖa-evema ana a-taa yɔ mba tɩna ke-kiɖe. Mandchous ɛyaa kɛ Jurchens (女真) liɖe taa ɛyaa, pɩkɛ toungouse ɛyaa mba paawɛ egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩ-taa wɛ nɔnɔ kɛ Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ tɛ ɛyaa tɛ nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Heilongjiang yɔ kɩ-taa. Nurhaci kaakɛ cejewiye cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ tɛ wiyaʊ ndɩ Jurchen kɛ Jianzhou taa, kpaɣɖʊ 12 paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ. Vassal kiŋgi kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ, nɛ ehiɣ tɔm kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1582 taa nɛ mandchou cejewaɣ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɔɔjana yoŋ kɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa pɩsɩ kpɛlɩ ɛjaaɖɛ tɩŋga you, nɛ pʊpɔzʊʊ se pɛkpɛndɩ Jurchen nɛ Jianzhou cejewaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1616 pazɩtʊ taa ca lɛ, Nurhaci kaawɛna kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ sakɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-yaa ɛ-tɩ se Jin Sɔsɔʊ ñʊʊ tʊ ɛlɛ, ɛtɩɣzɩna Jurchen kɩbɩnʊʊ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ.
Asiyee
Ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se fɛɛrɩ (fer) yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ kʊkʊ se karɩbɔɔnɩ yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩkɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ. Asiyee yuŋ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, karɩbɔɔnɩ kpakɩɣ lɔɔlʊʊ 0,02 yaa hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Paa mbʊ yɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ yuŋ yebina nɛ payaɣ se asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ. Ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ taa wɛ fɛɛrɩ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ, paayaɣ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ se asiyee. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se fɔntɩ (fontes) nɛ fɛɛro-aliyaazɩ (ferroalliages) waa mbʊ yɔ.
Mbʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ taa yɔ
Asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ caɣ ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Poluba asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ se palabɩna mbʊ payaɣ se mekaniiki (mécanique) yaa siimii yɔ pa-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ. Papɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛkpɛndɩ mekani iki nɛ siimii pa-tʊma nɛ palabɩna asiyee ñɩɣtʊ.
Pʊcɔ nɛ papɩzɩ pakpaɣ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ palabɩna-kʊ nɛ siimii tʊmɩyɛ lɛ, pʊpɔzʊʊ se siimii wondu ɛwɛɛ asiyee taa nɛ pɩtasɩna karɩbɔɔnɩ. Wondu ndʊ pɔsɔzʊʊ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ se wondu kɩtasɩtʊ. Wondu ndʊ pɔsɔzʊʊ mbʊ yɔ, ndʊʊ yɔ : maŋganɛɛzɩ (Mn) nɛ kurom (Cr) nɛ niikɛɛlɩ (Ni) nɛ molibidɛɛnɩ (molybdène, Mo).
Wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ asuluma yɔ. Wondu ndʊ, ndʊʊ yɔ : suufrɩ (soufre, S) nɛ fɔsɩfɔɔrɩ (P). Fɔsɩfɔɔrɩ wɛ kɔkɩ (coke) nɛ plɔɔbɩ pa-taa. Wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ asuluma nɛ tɩwɛ asiyee taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛɛtʊ yɔ : pʋlɔŋ (Pb) nɛ etɛŋ (Sn).
Wondu ndʊ tɩsɩŋna yɔ. Wondu ndʊ tɩsɩŋna yɔ tɩlakɩna nɛ asiyee ñɩɣyʊʊ luɖu ɖaŋ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ asiyee ñɩɣtʊ miŋ ɛtaañaɣ-ɩ. Wondu ndʊ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ : aliminiyɔm nɛ silisiyɔɔm nɛ kalɩsiyɔɔm.
Fɩtɩyɩm taa maɣzʊʊ ɖoŋ (libre arbitre)
Nabʊyʊ wɛ ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa nɛ pɩhaɣ-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛmaɣzɩ. Fɩtɩyɩm taa maɣzɩm ɖoŋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «libre arbitre». Nabʊyʊ mbʊ pɩhaɣna ɛyʊ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛlakɩ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛla lɩmaɣza kɩbana nɛ ɛlakɩ mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩɣa taŋayɩ pɩzɩɣ kaɖʊ ka-ñʊʊ taa se kɛcɛyɩɣ ka-tɩ nɛ kala sukuli ɖeu nɛ kɛɖɛɛ anasaayɩnaa tɛ nɛ kɔkɔɔ kapɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ cee yɔɔ. Pɩɣa nakɛyɩ ñapɩzɩ kaɖʊ ka-ñʊʊ taa se kalakɩ sukuli nɛ kɔkɔɔ kapɩsɩ minisi. Nakɛyɩ ñapɩzɩ kaɖʊ se kɔsɔɔla se kapɩsɩ sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊʊ sɔɔjatʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɩɣa nakɛyɩ ñapɩzɩ kɔsɔɔlɩ se kapɩzɩ haɖʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa weyi ɛ-maɣzɩm cɔlɔ. Pɩɣa ŋga kaɖʊʊ ka-ñʊʊ taa se kɔtɔsɔɔlɩ kɔ-yɔɔ ɛwɩɩ yɔ, kakaɣ pɩsɩʊ mɩlʊ cee yɔɔ. Yee toovenum pɩɣa ŋga kɔkɔma kapɩsɩ ha-m mɔntɔɔ yaa mɩlʊ yɔ, pʊwɛɛ se pɔhɔ ka-naŋgbaŋʊʊ nɛ kɩcɛkɩ yɔ, kɩcɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ŋga taasɔɔlɩna se kɔ-yɔɔ ɛwɩɩ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «déterminisme» yaa «fatalisme». Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa ñɔtɔŋ se nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa nɛ pɩhaɣ-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛmaɣzɩ nɛ ɛla mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se ɛyʊ maɣzɩm yaa ɛ-lakasɩ ɛɛlɩɣna ɛ-cɔlɔ. Pakaɖa kpayɩ se pʊcɔ palʊlɩ ɛyʊ lɛ, pɩtɛma ɖʊʊ mbʊ ɛkaɣ labʊ payɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ tɩŋa taa yɔ. Pɩtɛma ɖʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ ɛkaɣ kɛʊ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa yɔ. Pʊɖʊwa se palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ, ɛkaɣ kɛʊ ñʊʊdʊ nɔɔyʊ, mbʊʊ ɛkɛʊ. Pʊɖʊwa se palʊlʊʊ-ɩ yɔ, ɛkaɣ kɛʊ ha-m mɔɔtɔɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛʊ. Pʊɖʊwa se palʊlʊʊ-ɩ yɔ, ɛkaɣ kɛʊ mɩlʊ, mbʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛkɛʊ. Pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛyʊ lakɩ mbʊ payɩ yɔ, pɩɩlɩɣna ɛ-cɔlɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se, pɩtamʊna se pɔhɔ nɔɔyʊ nɩŋgbaŋʊʊ se ɛwɛɛkɩ pʊyʊ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, mbʊ ɛwɛɛkaa yɔ, pɩtalɩɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ. Pɩɩtɛma ɖʊʊ mbʊ se mbʊʊ ɛkaɣ wɛɛkʊʊ. Yee mbʊ, lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ taa se «déterminisme» yaa «fatalisme» yɔ, ki-koyindu lɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «libre arbitre» yɔ. Pa-naalɛ pa-taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ keɣlee se mba pɛkɛ fatalisti waa (fatalistes) yɔ, peyeki nɛ ɛyaa ɛɛcɛyɩɣ pa-tɩ nabʊyʊ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se mbʊ pʊɖʊwa se paa weyi ɛkɛ yɔ, mbʊʊ ɛkɛʊ. Paa ɛyʊ ɛɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩma, pɩɩɖʊwa se ɛtaahiɣ ɛ-tɩ kɔyɔ, ɛɛkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-tɩ hiɣu wiɖiyi kaʊ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ pɩkɛwa. Maɣzɩm pʊnɛ piyekiŋna nɛ kedeŋa pɩzɩɣna wayɩ wayɩ. Ŋgʊ Ɛsɔ lɩzɩ kedeŋa nɛ eyebina ɛyʊ tataa cɩnɛ se ɛla nɛ kowobina ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ.
Azwanɩ Tɔʋʋ
Azɩwanɩ Tɔʋʋ kɛna lɩm tɛ nazɩyʋʋ tɔʋʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1970 ñɩŋa taa pɛtɛma tɔɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-maʋ. Pɔɔ ŋga, ka-ɖɩlɩyɛ maɣzɩtʋ kasɩna mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ yee papaɣzɩna Azɩwanɩ tɔtʋ kɩpɩndʋ kɛnɛ yɔ. Nɛ pɩkpaʋ nɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ hiu kɛ mbʋ yɔ kɛ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ niili pɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Azɩwanɩ pɔɔ wɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kɛkɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛwɛ ɖɩ-taa yɔ ɖɩ-taa samaɣ. Pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa lɩm pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ ɛbgɔŋ kudokiŋ 169 mɛtɛ waa kudokiŋ naadozo mbʋ yɔ. Pʋcɔ nɛ pama Azwanɩ tɔtʋ tʋnɛ lɛ, Niili Pɔɔ kawadaɣ soŋaɣ alɩwaatʋ kpeekpe taa kɛ fɛɛŋ weyi ɛwɛ mʋzʋŋ yɔ ɛ-taa. Nɛ lɩm kawadaɣ ŋga kalɩna Afriki nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Lɩm kawadaɣ kanɛ yɔ, kɔkɔŋkaɣna mbʋ pɩhaɣ tɛtʋ mʋzʋŋ siŋŋ yɔ. Nɛ lɩm kawadaɣ kanɛ yɔ, kɛkpɛndɩɣna n̄ɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ sakɩyɛ nɛ kɛɖɛɣna.
Pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ mbʋ yɔ, pɩhaɣ Niili fɛɛʋ tɛtʋ mʋzʋŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩɛ. Mʋzʋŋ ɛnɛ eyekina nɛ haɖaʋ tʋmɩyɛ wokina ɛsɩndaa niili hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɛlɛ fɛɛʋ kʋnɛ pʋwɛɛ se pefeŋ camɩyɛ kʋ-mʋzʋŋ ɛnʋ ɛ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ pɩsatʋ haɖaʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
Himalaya pʊŋ
Pʊŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama lʊʊʊ nɛ paya-yɩ se Himalaya pʊʊ. Pʊŋ ɛnɩ ɛpɩlɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 400 yɔɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kɛ kpaɣ kilomɛtanaa 250 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa 4000. Himalaya pʊŋ tɛyɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Tibétain piyaɣ nɛ Aazii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Himalaya pʊŋ pɩlaa, kpaɣ Nanga Parbat egetiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna Namche Barwa egetiye wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Nanga Parbat egetiye wɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Piyele Namche Barwa egetiye ñɛwɛɛ Tibɛtii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Himalaya pʊŋ sɩ tɩnaɣ nɛ Indus pɔɔ kujomuu. Piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛsɩɩ tɩnaɣ nɛ Brahmapoutre pɔɔ kujomuu. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛwadɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 000 kaaree yɔɔ. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Himalaya pʊŋ kɩlɩma kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ. Pʊŋ hiu nɛ naanza kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ talɩ mɛtanaa 8 000 halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pʊŋ hiu nɛ naanza ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, Everest pʊʊ kɩlɩna pʊŋ lɛɛŋ tɩŋɛ kʊyʊʊ. Ɛkʊyɩ kʊyʊʊ mbʊ yɔ yebina nɛ mba pasɩma pʊŋ kpaʊ lɛɣtʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ, palʊ kpem nɛ pakpa patʊlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-ñʊŋ taa. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-laŋ tɩŋ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 3 900. Piyele ɛ-yɔɔ ɖomba mʊlʊm kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtanaa 5 000 nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩkpa.
Hiluu
Ɛyʊ hiluu payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «estomac». Payaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se poche estomacale. Ɛsɩtomaakɩ wɛ ɛzɩ kabaɣ tɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔkɩ mbʊ payɩ yɔ, e-hiluu taa pitiki. Hiluu wɛ likiyuu (oesophase) nɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se duodénum pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Nɔɔ taa ɛyʊ tɔkɩ tɔɔnaɣ. Mbʊ ɛtɔwaa yɔ, pitii e-liu tɛɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋna e-likiyuu taa nɛ pɩtalɩ e-hiluu taa.
Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ tɛ hiluu tɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ kpaɣna santimɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ santimɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ. Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ tɛ hiluu pɩzɩɣ kʊñɔɔ lɩm litri waa naanza mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ lotu taa ñama ñama naa ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Hiluu wɛɛ, hɔyɛ wɛɛ, lotu wɛɛ, hozaɣ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ wondu natʊyʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se pancréas nɛ lɛɛtʊ se diaphragme nɛ lɛɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ se mésocôlon. Paba ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛyʊ lotu taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tiyekina nɛ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ mbʊ yɔ, pɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-taa nɛ pɩyaɣ-ɩ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛcakɩ wezuu. E-hiluu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛyʊ tɔɔ ɛ-nɔɔ taa ketiki nɛ kacaɣ. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛdɩ ɛyʊ hiluu nɛ mooti kpomuu. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mooti kpomuu yɔ, hiluu taa tɔɔnaɣ kʊtɔwaɣ cakɩ. Peeye kacakɩ nɛ kaɖaɣnɩ yɔlʊʊ ɖeu nɛ ka-taa ñɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ tomnaɣ wazaɣ yɔ, pɩcatɩ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se nɛɛrɩ (nerfs) waa yɔ pa-taa nɛ pɩcɔɔ tomnaɣ tɩŋa taa nɛ pɩyaɣ tomnaɣ ɖoŋ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa wɛʊ alaafɩya.
Tɔɔnaɣ kʊtɔwaɣ ŋga, ka-taa mbʊ pɩɩwazɩɣ tomnaɣ yɔ, pʊbʊ cɔlɩ ɛyʊ lotu kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ tɩ-taa. Pɩkɔŋ nɛ pʊɖɔɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ sobi nɛ ɛlɩzɩ-pʊ nɛ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ.
Paarii
Paarii kɛna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Paarii yɔ ka-lɩm ɖivalɩyɛ nɛ pɔsɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se maarnɩ nɛ ʊwaazi yɔ sɩ-lɩm ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ. Paarii kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Fransɩɩ yɔ, tɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ tam nɛɛlɛ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ Liiyɔɔ nɛ Maarisɛɛyɩ.
Paarii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 12 475 808 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa; piyele tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊlmaɣ, nga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 2 229 621. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ eɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ pɩkɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa; pʊtɔbʊʊ se kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ lɛ Mɔsɩkʊʊ nɛ naalɛ ñɩndʊ lɛ Isitambuli.
Yee pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ lɛ 29 ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Paarii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 105,40. Payaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Anne Hidalgo (PS). Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2020 taa ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ tɛŋ.
Asɛyʊʊ
Asɛyʋʋ (Catastrophe)
N̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size azɛyʋʋ. Tɔm piye azɛyʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩwɩlɩɣ kaŋŋ size azɛyʋʋ laba yaa n̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ laba nɛ pʋyʋ wɛɛkɩ yɔ. Azɛyʋʋ yaa n̄ʋʋzɩkɩyɛ ɛlaba ca kɔyɔ, pʋyʋ kɩwɛɛkɩm lɩɣ. Azɛyʋʋ kɛna pʋyʋ kiɖi n̄ɩm lakasɩ kɩwɩzɩsɩ nasɩyɛ. Azɛyʋʋ tɛkɛ pʋyʋ yaa lakasɩ kɩbanzɩ. Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ leɖiɣ, nakʋyʋ ñɛwɛɛ tobi.
Ñʋʋzɩkɩyɛ lakasɩ lɩɣna ɛyʋ lakasɩ cɔlɔ.
Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba yɔ, wondu sakɩyɛ leki,Nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lesiɣ pe-weziŋ.
Azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, putukuuna samaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, azɛyʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa samaɣ seɣ lɔŋ nɛ powolo pasɩna samaɣ ŋga azɛyʋʋ talɩ-kɛ yɔ. Azɛyʋʋ sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ ɛlaba hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, raadiyoonaa taa ɛyʋ nɩɣ-tʋ. Paɖʋ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛntɛɛrɩnɛtɩ yɔɔ. Pawɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ azɛyʋʋ-kʋ televiziyɔɔnaa taa.
Sonaa kʊnʊŋ
Sonaa yaa Sisona yaa Siwiina yaa Zezuru kɛ Pantu waa kʊnʊŋ yaa ɖama tɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩkɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ keeke Simbaabuwee ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ɖeeɖe kɩwɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ hiʊ nɛ loɖo taa yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa ɛzɩ Afria nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ Hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Pɔcɩwaanaa nɛ Malawii nɛ Sambii ajɛyɛ taa.
Kɩwɛna matʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Sonaa tɔm kpouŋ wɛ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔm kpouŋ wɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Sonaa-Ɛnglɩsɩ. Sɔnɔ Sonaa kʊnʊŋ ñɩkʊʊ niye tɩmʊʊ liɖe ndɩ payaɣ se Zezuru yɔ tɛ yɔɔdɔɣ yɔ Simbaabuwee hɛkʊ taa.
Kpou
Ɛzɩma pamaɣ kpou ? Pɛcɛzɩɣ kpɩnandʋ sakɩyɛ. Cʋʋ kɩsɛmʋʋ payaɣ se kpɩnandʋ. Pɛcɛzɩ-tʋ nɛ pokuu powona pohuti lone naɖɩyɛ taa. Pokuu-tʋ nɛ pʋɖɔɔ lɛ, pañɩŋ-tʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɔhɔɔyɩɣ tɩ-yɔɔ lɩm pazɩ pazɩ kɩyakɩŋ naadozo yaa naanza mbʋ yɔ.
Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pañɩnɩ pɩñɩtʋ. Ñɩtʋ cikpetu natʋyʋ payaɣ mbʋ. Ñɩtʋ ndʋʋ paɖʋʋ kpɩnandʋ taa nɛ ponuuti. Pɩñɩtʋ ndʋ tɩlakɩna nɛ kpou ɛɛyaɣ. Pesidiɣ pɩñɩtʋ ndʋ nɛ kpɩnandʋ lɛ, ponuuti pɩtɩŋa. Ponuutuu nɛ pɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ lɛ, pasɩɩ kpou tɔbʋʋ. Pɩyɛ tayɩ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ pasɩɣ kpou tɔbʋʋ. Pamaɣ kpou pazɩ pazɩ. Paamaɣ kpou nɛ pakʋ-kʋ evemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ. Yee kpeɣa pamaɣ kɔyɔ, papɩzɩɣ pama-kɛ nɛ kpɩtaŋ naalɛ. Kpou cikpeluu payaɣ se kpeɣa. Ɛlɛ, yee pɩkɛ kpou sɔsɔʋ kɔyɔ, ɛyʋ kpakɩɣ fenaɣ mpilim nɛ ɛmana-kʋ.
Tam kʋɖʋmbʋ pamaɣ kpou evemiye taa. Ɛlɛ, yee kpɩnandʋ ɛwɛ tɛyɩɣ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, papɩzɩɣ pama kpou tam naalɛ evemiye taa. Yee ɛyʋ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛma e-kpou tam nabʋlɛ evemiye taa kɔyɔ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pañɩŋ kpɩnandʋ ɖoo taa nɛ papazɩ-tʋ nuutuu tɛbɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋwɛɛ se pama-kʋ lɔŋ nɛ pʋcɔ ninɖiyaa wɩsɩ talɩ. Pʋbʋ, matʋ pɩzɩɣ tɩwɩlɩ nɛ pʋcɔ wɩsɩ siɣ. Yee mbʋ, wɩsɩ siɣu wayɩ lɛ, papɩzɩ patasɩ tanaŋ tɛɛ matʋ yɔɔ tɩnɩʋ. Pamaɣ kpou nɛ pakʋ-kʋ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, paɖaɣnɩ ñɩnɩʋ pɩñɩtʋ nɛ pesidina kpɩnandʋ nɛ ponuuti pɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pama kpɛndɛɛɖɛ. Kaaʋ kɩwalʋʋ yɔɔ pamaɣ kpɛndɖɛɛɖɛ. Pamaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ peseɣ-ɖɩ kpɩtaʋ mpilim wayɩ. Kpɛndɛɛɖɛ posuluu kpou yɔɔ nɛ tɛʋ ɛtaatii kpou taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, palʋʋ kpandɩ nɛ posuu-kʋ. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, palʋʋ hokuu nɛ papa kpɛndɛɛɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ tɛʋ ɛtaayele nɛ ɖɩyɔlɩ.
Kpoŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kpoŋ cikpeŋ wɛɛ, ɛnʋʋ payaɣ se kpeɣsi. Kpoŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩmaɣnaŋ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ kpoŋnaalɛ ñɩŋ ñɛwɛɛ. Kpoŋnaadozo ñɩŋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Halɩ kpoŋnaanza ñɩŋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kpoŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛ-taa kabɩyɛ tʋ ɖʋʋ ɛ-hayɩm taa tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Kpou taa tɔɔnaɣ wɛ yoŋ pɩkɩlɩ saakɩnaa yaa piitɔɔnaa taa tɔɔnasɩ. Sɩsɩ wɛ kpooluu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.
Kabɩyɛ pɩɣa, taasɔɔ kpou yɔɔ kaʋ !
Isaac Newton
Palʊla Isaac Newton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1643 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1727. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1727 yaa kɛ-tɛ kɩyakɩn nɛɛlɛ, lalaa se saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642. Ɛkɛ britannique tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ philosophe mathématiki tʊ, physiki tʊ, alchimiste, astronome nɛ Anglisɩ théolozɩ tʊ. Sciences taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛnana mbʊ payaɣ se mécanique classique yɔ, gravitation universelle. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛna Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz palɩza akɔnta ŋgʊ payaɣ se calcul infinitésimal yɔ. Ɛnʊ ɛnana ɖɔɖɔ se mʊndʊsʊʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ; ɛnʊ lubina télescope de Newton ɖɔɖɔ.
Mekaniki taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛna se mbʊ mbʊ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ yɔ, pɩwɛna paɣtʊ natutozo. Ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se mécanique newtonienne. Pasɩma-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se théorème du binôme nɛ méthode de Newton.
Newton wɩlaa se tɔmnasɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ mbʊb mbʊ piciidiɣ yɔ yaa ɛsɔtaa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ, pɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ natutozo ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛtɩŋgɩna Kepler tɛ paɣtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se loi universelle de la gravitation yɔ.
Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ kpem pɩnaɣ 1686 nɛ sciences tʊma taa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Ɛma ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ alchimie taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛna ɛnɔɔ. Ka-taa kɛ ɛyɔɔdaa se keteŋga yɔɔ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkpɛnda niitozo nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩtɩŋga pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ.
Isaac Newton kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊla Isaac Newton yɔ, Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taatɩ paɣzɩda gregori fensi takayaɣ kalʊ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ-ɩ se ɛsɩba Saŋgayɩŋ Fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642 kɛ Woolsthorpe tɛtʊ taa, pɩñɔtɩna Grantham, kɛ Lincolnshire Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛñɩma kɛ haɖaa. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩla fenasɩ nɛ naatozo nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩlaba pɩnz naatozo ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, e-ɖoo Hannah Ayscough, ɖɛɛ nɛ ɛmalɩ na nɔɔyʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, powona-ɩ na-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛ e-egbele tɛ. Ɛtɔɔ kʊñɔŋ kpem kɛ ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Powona-ɩ sukuli pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ taa kɛ sukuli cikpelu ŋgʊ payaɣ se Skillington yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 12 taa lɛ powona-ɩ Grantham tɛ kolɛzɩ taa.