cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Togo
Faure Gnassingbé
Togo ɖɔŋ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ kɩ-tɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ se kɩlɩzɩ kɩ-takayaɣ naalɛ ñɩŋga ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ liidiye nɖɩ kaɖasɩm tʊma, ñɩɣyɩŋ tʊma, lɩm tʊma nɛ nɩɣlɩm pɛdʊʊ tʊma hɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma 2011 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ pama takayaɣ kanɛ. Agbaɣdaa aseɣɖe lɩzɩyʊ weyi Togo kewiyaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛma takayaɣ kanɛ yɔ, ewilaa nɛ ɛna liidiye nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma tɔm se ahɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma yɔ nɛ nɖɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma ñetisaa se amʊ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma cɔlɔ yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ITIE paɣtʊ 10 ñɩndʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.
=Démographie=
Ethnies
Baasɛɛ mba, Tamberma mba nɛ Kabɩyɛ mba kacakaɣ pʊŋ taa pʊŋ taa. Nabɛyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ size palɩna Afrɩka ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ anasayɩ kɔma nɛ ɛyakɩ ɛyaa nɛ ɛɖɛʊna tuuɖe taa nɛ ɛlakɩ-wɛ yoma yɔ. Ɛyakaɣ-wɛ nɛ sikiɖi, taba, fɩŋfɩŋnaa yaa malifanaa. Tada laɖaa mba pɔyɔɔdaɣ haoussa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, pɔkɔma ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pacaɣ Togo taa nɛ halɩ pakpaɣ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ natʊyʊ ɛzɩ Sansanen Mango, pʊtɔbʊʊ se maŋgʊnaa ɖeɖe yaa Gerin Kouka, pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se teliŋ tɛtʊ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Togo nɛ kɩ-hadɛ tɛtʊ kɩpɩndʊ natʊyʊ kpaɣ Haoussa mba hɩɖɛ: Ba Guida, pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se ɛyaa fɛyɩ peeɖe.
Togo nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ, papɩsa Gourma waa kɛ malɩŋ ppɩkazɩ nɛ Kotokoli mba ñacaɣ Sokoɖɛyɩ; nɛ Tyokosɩ mba yele pacaɣ Mangʊ tɛtʊ taa. Ɖahʊma mba mba yaɣ se Bariba waa yɔ pana mba palɩna Kana nɛ papaa lɛ Ashantɩ waa yɔ, pɔɖɔna caɣʊ Togo taa hɔɔlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ.
Mba mba paacaɣ pʊŋ taa mbʊ yɔ, paawɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ koyindu taapɩzɩ-wɛ yem nɛ ɛkʊ-wɛ. Mba papa ñaacaɣ Togo nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ yɔ, ɛzɩ ahʊna ñɩma yɔ, palɩna ɖooo Egypti ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa nɛ patɩŋgɩna Nigeria nɛ Ɖamʊma. Ahʊna mba nɛ pe-wiyaʋ Agɔkɔlɩ powolo pacaɣ Tado nɛ pama koloŋga sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ se pɩɖaŋ nɛ mba palɩɣna Togo nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, pataacɛyɩ-wɛ.
1981
Pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1981 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛŋna 81 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1980 nɛ 1982 hɛkʋ taa. =1981 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ
Tilima sɔsɔna maʊ kaawɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa nɛ weyi ɩkɩkla leɖiɣu yɔ pana-ɩ Ekɔsɩ tɛtʊ nɛ Ɔrɩkadɩ ñɩndʊ taa. Tilima wena pamawaɣ kookasi taa yɔ, pɩwɩlʊ sɩ-ɖoŋ piyele, ɛyaa sɔsa tindimiye ɛlɛ, kuduyiŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ kɛ pamaɣ kpaŋgbanʊʊ kpaŋgbanʊʊ. Pɩkɛ cɔɔcɩ cɔlɔ tilimiye kɔyɔ, pamaɣ-ɖɩ se popuzi igoŋgoɖiye nɖɩ paama se pawɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Tilimiye nɖɩ pakɩla-ɖɩ sɩm nɛ ɖɩkɩla kɩpɩncaazɩtʊ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ Jeriko tilimiye. Paama-ɖɩ pɩnzɩ 8300 taa pʊcɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtalɩ.
Tilima sɔsɔna wena akɩla kʊyʊ yɔ a-taa kɔyɔɔ nɛ awɛ ajɛya anɛ a-taa: Alɛkɩsandiri nɛ kɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa lona wena akɩla kacʊkasɩ yɔ a-taa; Ɛrɩkuli, kʊkʊ kɩlɩna leɖu nɛ kɩkpɛndɩ kɩwɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ; Piizi tilimiye nɖɩ pama-ɖɩ nɛ ihosiye yɔ; Siteasiburi katedirali tilimiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla kʊyʊʊ kɛterŋga kpeekpe nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ kaaŋ nɛ Ayɩfɛlɩ tilimiye ñaakɩlɩna kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ pɩnzɩ 18890 nɛ 1930 taa.
Ciŋili
Ciŋili pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa malɩŋ ɛyaa kpeɣluu nɛ patɩmʊʊna pe-kpeekpe yɔ. Ɛyaa mba po-kuduyiŋ ɛnʊ pama-ɩ ɛzɩma yɔ pʊkʊya leeleɣ nɛ kuduyiŋ ɖɔɔ pɩcɔɔ pɩta, nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna lone ndɩ ɖɩ-taa yayʊ kpaɣ ɛsɩŋʊʊ nɛ ɛyaɣ yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ kalʊʊ. Po-kuduyiŋ ñʊŋ taa taa lɛ ŋnaɣ se pɩwɛ kulu kulu. Kuduyuu ñʊʊ taa yayʊ (mouadh-dhan) kpaɣ nɛ ɛyaɣ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩtalɩ sɛtʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛ adhan wɛɛ taa.
Halɩ yatʊ taa payana hɩɖɛ nɖɩ se ciŋili, petisa ɖɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1550 fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, kɛlɛ pamila-ɖɩ kɩmɩlʊʊ Itaalii tʊ cɔlɔ moschea. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna ɖooo Azii sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se potukuna kiɖe nɛ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ pilimu. Arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔmpiye masjid nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ yɔ lɩna lakaɣ sajada cɔlɔ (kiɖe kɔyɔ s-j-d nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ eluŋi) nɛ pɩkɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ palakɩ atɩma alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
Pɩtɩŋna tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɔyɔɔda-kʊ Mahomet yɔɔ, se tɛtʊ tɩŋa kenkeŋ kɛ ciŋili kɛlɛ pɩlaŋ nɛ ɖenɖe koboyaɣ tɔyaa yɔ fɛyɩ pɩ-taa. Malɩŋ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ kajalaɣ ciŋili kaakɛ masjid al-Haram, paasɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ Kaaba kɛ Mɛkɩ tɛtʊ taa, pɔtɔŋ se pʊwɛʊ ɛzɩ Aɖam kaamana-kʊ, nɛ pʊwayi yɔ Abraham ɖanɩɣ-kʊ maʊ ɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ sɔsɔ Ismaël pɩlɩna Ɛsɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ. Ciŋili kɩbɩnʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ kɛlɛ al-Aqsa ñɩŋʊ.
Malɩŋ nɔsɩ hɔkʊʊ fenaɣ nakʊ ñɩŋa tɛ lɛ, (arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ رمضان), fenaɣ ŋga kakɩlɩna kele kele malɩŋ tɩnaa tɛ, pɔtɔkɩ-tʊ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ malɩŋ ñɩmba hɔkʊʊ nɔsɩ nakʊ fenaɣ kɩyakɩŋ, ciŋili naa mʊ ɖanaɣ tɔɔnasɩ (iftar) alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ yɔ nɛ atɩma naananza evemiye taa, maghrib.
Misisipii
Misisipii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Alabaamaa, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Luwiiziyanaa nɛ Arkanzaa, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mɛksiikii kidiiliŋ piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Tenesii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Jaksɔŋ nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Misisipii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 125 546km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 121 606 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ. 3 940 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 3,10 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 20 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1817. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 984 926 yɔ.
Payaɣ Misisipii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Phil Bryant (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Thad Cochran (R) nɛ Roger Wicker (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.
1982
Pɩnaɣ 1982 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1982 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1982 kɛŋna 82 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1981 nɛ 1983 hɛkʋ taa. =1982 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
1983
Pɩnaɣ 1983 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1983 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1983 kɛŋna 83 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1982 nɛ 1984 hɛkʋ taa. =1983 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ (liberté)
Pɔtɔŋʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ (liberté) yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛlakɩ mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛla nabʊyʊ. Ɛwɛna waɖɛ yaa ɖoŋ se ewolo ɖenɖe ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛtɔ se ɛcakɩ ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɛ ɛhɛzɩ.
Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ñɔɔzʊʊ yaa lubu nʊmɔʊ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔnɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɖɩ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ kʊɖɔ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ wonuu nakʊyʊ taa yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ anasaayɩ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se frɛɛ (frein) mbʊ yɔ yɔ, ɖɩnɩɣ-tʊ kɛlɛʊ. Frɛɛ ŋgʊ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yaa kpokpo yaa cɛɛcɛ sayʊ ciɣdiɣ nɛ e-wonuu seɣ mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.
Ɛyʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛkɛ yom. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛɛlakɩ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ yaa mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, mbʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa yɔ pakpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɖoŋ se ɛla. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paɖɩkɩ-ɩ nʊmʊʊ, ɛfɛyɩna ɖoŋ se ɛlɩɩna awayɩ. Soŋaɣ taa yaa niikaɣ taa, peeye ɛwɛɛ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛ-salaka ŋga ka-taa yɔ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɔtɔma se nɔɔyʊ wɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛfɛyɩna lɛlʊ kɛdɛɖaɣ se pʊcɔ ehiɣ nɛ ɛtɔɔ nɛ ɛñɔɔ. Nabʊyʊ ɛɛtɛɖɩɣ-ɩ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se filozofii. Kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se kɩñɩnɩ nɛ kɩtɩlɩ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza tɩŋɛ nɛ ɛ-maɣzɩm yeli. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ kʊkʊ se samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Kʊkʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se kɩñɩnɩ nɛ kɩtɩlɩ samaɣ ɖeu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩñɩnɩɣ se kɩtɩlɩ se ɛzɩma ɛyaa cakɩ ɖama cɔlɔ nɛ ɛbɛ nɛ ɛbɛ kakɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaa-kʊ se ɛyʊ waɖɛ tɔm (droit). Pɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩŋa ɛtɔŋ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, mbʊ kɩlɩna wazaɣ nɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ ɛyʊ wezuu caɣʊ taa. Politiki nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ kɩlɩna kɩjɛyʊʊ e-wezuu caɣʊ taa. Ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ haɣna-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛla mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yaa e-liu wɛɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋa payɩ. Paapɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ ɛyʊ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔbʊʊ nɛ pɩtɛ.
Mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ
Mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ kɛŋna ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩmaɣzʊʊ mʊndʊzʊʊ seɣa kɛ heelim taa pɩnaɣ pilim yɔ. Ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-mayaɣ kɔyɔ: AL yaa A.L. yaa ɖɔɖɔ a.l. Yee pamaaza ɖenɖe mʊndusuu ŋgʊ kɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkpɛnda kilomɛtanaa 9 461 miliyaarɩ. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊndʊsʊʊ seu kilomɛtanaa 300 000. Panɩɩzɩna fenaɣ mʊndʊsʊʊ talʊʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pɩkpakʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa 1,28 ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ nɛ wɩsɩ yɔ kɔyɔ pɩkpɛnda cɛcɛsɩ 8,32.
Minesootaa
Minesootaa kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Wiskɔnsɛɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Takota nɛ hayu kiŋ nɛ Takota nɛ hadɛ kiŋ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Iyowa yɔ tɩwɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Minesoota nɛ Ontaariyo.
Pamaza Minesootaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 225 365 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ206 375 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 18 990 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 2,6 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se St Paul nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 32 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 nkʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1858. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 303 925 yɔ. Payaɣ Minesootaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Mark Dayton (D) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Amy Klobuchar (D) nɛ Tina Smith (D).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.
Jean Piaget
Jean William Fritz Piaget, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ palʊla-ɩ kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1896 Neuchatêl Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1980 Geneve tɛtʊ taa, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, cɔlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ tɩlʊʊ tɛ wazaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛtʊsa mʊntʊsʊʊ ŋgʊ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ fetenum yɔɔ yɔ pɩsa pɩyʊ keem mbʊ pɩtɩlɩ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ nɛ e-lone pʊmʊna ɖama yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ palaka yɔɔ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛ-pɩjatʊ, ɛzɩma pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpaɣlɩ yɔ.
Ɛkɛ Arthur Piaget pɩɣa sɔsɔ (kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1865 ŋtalɩ 1952), ɛɛkɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa matʊ wɩlɩyʊ, e-ɖoo ñɛkɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ ɛlɛ payaɣ Rebecca Jackson (pɩnzɩ 1872 ŋtalɩ 1942), William Fritz Jackson pɛlɔ (James Jackson sɛyɩ kɛlɛ).
Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm lɛ, Jean Piaget ɛnʊ ɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa Neuchâtel latɛŋ kɔlɛɛzɩ taa, ɛma ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɛcɛlɩna yovo waa yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɛɛna ɛyʊ ɛnʊ lakʊ nakʊyʊ taa. Tɔmʊʊ ɛpaɣzɩna ɛ-lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Ɛlaba fenasɩ naatozo Zurich lɛ, tɛtʊ nddʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe ɛkpɛlɛka maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ (tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛ nɛ Sabine Spielrein palaba, nɛ mba tɛzɩna-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ, kɛlɛ ɛɖɛɛ nɛ ɛla pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ, ɖɩnɛ ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ Alfred Binet tɛ takʊʊ nɛ wiluu kuduyuu taa. Peeɖe ɛtɩlɩ nɔmɔŋ weyi pakpaɣna nɛ patɩlɩ ɛyʊ fitenum pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛyʊ lɔŋ ɖeɖe.
1984
Pɩnaɣ 1984 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1984 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1984 kɛŋna 84 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1983 nɛ 1985 hɛkʋ taa. =1984 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Ɛsakuliye
Payaʋ se "civilisation" yɔ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Latɛŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "civis", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "citoyen", ɛyʋ. Paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ kɛ-tɛ "civilisation" yaa kɛ-tɛ sɔnzɩ. Mbʋʋ sɔsaa tɔma se "ajɛɛ kpɛndʋʋ so, aakpɛndʋʋ payɛ.
Tɩŋgaɣyʋ (Arc-en-ciel)
Tɩŋgaɣyʋ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kaaʋ yaa kaɣyʋ. Pɩkɛna lakasɩ nzɩ, ɛyaa pɩzʋʋ pana-sɩ nɛ ɛsa yɔ. Tɩŋgaɣyʋ wɛ ɛsɔdaa nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kɩlɩʋ lɛ, ɛyʋ ɛkpaza ɛɛsɛ nɛ ɛsɔdaa kiŋ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzʋʋ nɛ ɛna kaaʋ yaa kaɣyʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ɛɛsɛ. Kɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ, lɩɣʋna kefeŋa wɛtʋ cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Kefeŋa (climat) ŋga keyekina nɛ c (spectre de lumière du ciel).
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size wɩsɩ n̄akɩ tɛʋ nɩʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩkɛna tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaaʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ yɔ. Ŋnaɣ kʋ caɣ lɛ, ŋnaɣ size kɩ-hɛkʋ taa nɛ tɔlɩm kɩsɛmɩŋ yaa cɩɩɩ tɔlɩm. Sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yaɣ pɩ-tɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʋ size calɩm sɛmɩŋ. Tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaɣyʋ ŋgʋ nɛ kʋyɔ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ yuleee cɛzʋ sɛmɩŋ (violet).
Ɛsakuliye
Panaɣ samaɣ nakɛyɛ tɛ civilisation yaa kɔ-sɔnzɩ pɩtɩŋna kɛ-lɛɣtʋ nɛ ka-fɩtɩyɩm nɛ kɛ-tɛ politiki labʋ nɛ kɔ-lɔŋ weyi kayaɣ yɔ. Samaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɔtɔ se kɔ-sɔnzɩ kɩlɩ ɖeu samaɣ lɛɛka n̄ɩnzɩ. Yee ḿbʋ pʋwɛɛ se pama tɔmpiye "civilisation" sakɩyɛ taa, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pama se "civilisations" yaa sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Toovenum lɛ, sɔnzɩ kɩbɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ sɔnzɩ kɩfasɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Tɩŋgaɣyʋ (Arc-en-ciel)
Tɩŋgaɣyʋ wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Isaac Newton, cɔlɩna tɩŋgaɣyʋ sɛmɩŋ ɛnɛ kɛ ɛwɛʋ wɛtʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɖajaa n̄ɩɣnɩʋ sɔsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛtɔŋ size, tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaɣyʋ sɛmɩŋ kpɛnda lʋbɛ. Kajalaɣ yaa kɔɔnɔɔ taa lɛ, cɩɩɩ yaa calɩm sɛmɩŋ, nabʋlɛ lɛ, leemuu sɛmɩŋ, nabudozo taa lɛ, sʋtʋ yaa caʋʋʋ sɛmɩŋ, nabʋnaza taa lɛ, sɛmɩŋ kɩkpɛdɩŋ ɛzɩ-ɩ pɔtɔŋgʋ size kpɛdʋʋ yɔ.
Kagbanzɩ sɛmɩŋ kɛlɛ, yuleee sɛmɩŋ, loɖo n̄ɩŋ kɛlɛ yuleee pɩŋŋ sɛmɩŋ nɛ pɩtɛzɩna lʋbɛ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛlɛ wɛ yulee cɩncɩŋ sɛmɛŋ. Tɩŋgaɣyʋ yaa kaɣyʋ sɛmɩŋ lʋbɛ ɛnɛ ɛ-taa ɛzɩ-ɩ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Isaac Newton tɛyʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size sɛmɩŋ kʋɖʋmɩŋ fɛyɩ pɩ-taa, pɩsaɣ sɛmɩŋ loɖo n̄ɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ, ɛwɛ tomnaɣ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ yɔɔdaɣ taa. Ɖajaa tɩŋgaɣyɩŋ sɛmɩŋ tɛyɩyʋ ɛnɛ, ɛsɔza sɛmɩŋ yulee pɩŋŋ n̄ɩŋ ɛnɛ size, pɩsa nɛ pʋtʋʋzɩ minziiki wilitu yaa tiluu nɩʋ taa.
Ɛsakuliye
Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ payawaɣ se "Mʋntʋsʋŋ alɩwaatʋ" yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛ, civilisation yaa sɔnzɩ kɛkɛ pʋyʋ mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ kpem yɔ. Pʋwɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se "culture" yaa sɔnzɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ (religion) nɛ Samaɣ (Société) yɔ. Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Victor Riqueti de Mirabeau yɔ ɛlɛyɩna tɔmpiye "civilisation" yaa sɔnzɩ hɩɖɛ yaʋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Mirabeau yɔ ɛ-pɩyalʋ. Ɖajaa Mirabeau kɔsɔɔlɩ lɛɣzɩtʋ kɩfatʋ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛyaa se "Ɛyaa Taabalʋ" (L'Ami des Hommes) yɔ ka-taa se : "Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ kɛna kajalaɣ wonuu nɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ mbʋ pɩpɩsɩɣna ɛyʋ nɛ wayɩ yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛbʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1758 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛma-tʋ. Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ yekina nɛ civilisation ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa. Ńdʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖajaa Condorcet yɔɔdʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛya-kɛ se " Esquisse d'un tableau des progrès de l'esprit humain" yɔ ka-taa. Ɛtɔŋ se, ɛyʋ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ payaɣ se "civilisation", se ɛyʋ yekuu tɛtɛ kan̄atʋ nɛ ɛtɩlʋʋ kpeyuu yɔ payaɣ se "civilisation. Ɛyɔɔdʋʋ se, ɛyʋ tɩlʋʋ lɔŋ yɔ payaɣ "civilisation.
Ɖooo waaɣ XIX n̄ɩŋga taa ɛyʋ cɔnaa se mbʋ payaɣ se sɔnzɩ yɔ, mbʋ kɩlɩna pɩtɩŋa payɩ wazaɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Sʋsaa tuu eduye se pasɩŋ ɛyʋ nɛ ɛ-sɔnzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ kɔ-sɔnzɩ. Yee mbʋ samaɣ nakɛyɛ sɔnzɩ takɩlɩ samaɣ lɛɛka n̄ɩnzɩ ɖeu yaa wazaɣ. Samaɣ nakɛyɛ fɛyɩ se kɛfɛɛnɩ kɔ-sɔnzɩ.
Mizigaanii
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ kujomuu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Huranii yɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Mizigaanii tɛ kujomuu nakʊyʊ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Ɛndiyanaa nɛ Ohiyo yɔ tɩwɛna, kujomuu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se sɔsɔʊ yɔ kɩwɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Pɛnsilivaanii. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ, pɩkɛna lɩm ɖeke.
Mizigaanii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Lansinii nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Detroit.
Pamaza Mizigaanii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 250 941 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 147 255 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 103687 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 41,30 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 26 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1837. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 962 311 yɔ.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Eŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.
Masacusɛtɩsɩ
Masacusɛtɩsɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ atlantikii kujomuu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Niwu Yorkɩ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Kɔnɛtikuti yɔ tɩwɛna, piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Niwu Hampsirii nɛ Fɛrmɔɔn.
Pamaza Masacusɛtɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 20 328 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 7 332 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 7 032 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 25,70 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa. Masaazuzɛtii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Boston nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ looɖo ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 547 629 yɔ. Payaɣ Masaazuzɛtii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Charlie Baker (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Elizabeth Warren (D) nɛ Ed Markey (D). Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se Eŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.
Peliizi
Peliizi kɛna nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Mɛkɩziki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖɩyɛ taa, nɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kʊwatamala yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩmopanɩ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩʊ se: kuzontuu taa kɛ mɛnɛɛdʊʊ; piyele kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Peliizi tɔɔlaarɩ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛngilisi ɛlɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊ yɔɔdʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 353 858. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 22966 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 0,7 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Tɩŋ piye
Tɔmʊʊ tɩŋ piye lɩnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa fructus nɛ kɩwɛnɛ kpaɣ latɛŋ alɩwaatʊ taa, tɔbɩŋ nɩʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛyʊ sɩma nɛ-ɩ yɔ sɔnɔ. Pɩɩkɛ fluor tɛ pɩdaa wɛɛʊ tɔmʊʊ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, piye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊtʊ yaa ɖɩfɛyɩ yɔ pɩkɛ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩnɛ ɖooo yala fʊwa taa nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ pɩɣʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kɔyɔ se kohuzuu pee yɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛ kawɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pee ɛmɩzɩɣ yɔ. Tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wɛ paatɔkɩ-yɛ nɛ halɩ naayɛ ñɛwɛ agʊʊ. Tɩzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ piye wɩlɩɣ pee wenaa awɛ mʊtʊ yɔ ɛlɛ, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ, weyi ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ leleŋ camɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔɔna lɛɛŋ nɛ ɛmʊna se palabɩna leleŋ tɔɔnasɩ ɛzɩ frɛzɩ waa yaa adɔtɔ naa yaa ɖɔɖɔ pee wenaa pɔtɔkɩ a-tɛ tokasi (rhubarbe).
Ŋdɛŋgbɛzaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ wena pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɛzɩ tɩmatɩ nɛ kelaa yaa agbisaa yaa kpɛnzʊʊ kisokuu, patɩzʊʊ-wɛ paaɖʊʊ sikiri nɛ pasʊʊ paa ɛzɩmtaa ɖɔm tɔɔnasɩ kɩlabɩsɩ taa. Pakpaɣ-yɛ se akɛ hatʊ ɖozi, yaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi pee. Mbʊ lɛ, tɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩzʊʊ kɩkɛ piye yee ɖɩwɛ tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɔyɔ, paa patɩzʊʊ-kʊ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi yɔ. Hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʊ paɖʊʊ tʊkaɣ piye nɛ hatʊ ɖozi pɩsaa pɩwɛ kaɖɛ. Pee naayɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔkɩ-yɛ ɛzɩ hatʊ ɖozi, ɛzɩ melon mbʊ yɔ, piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ tɔɔnaɣ ɖɩtɔɔyɛ kajalaɣ yɔ, yaa pee kɩtɩza naayɛ paɖʊʊ-yɛ nandʊʊ tɛlɛm naa taa ɛzɩ leemuu. Tuluŋga yɔ lɛ, hatʊ ɖozi nasɩyɛ taa wɛ leleŋ mbʊ lɛ, pɔtɔkɩ-sɩ hɛzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛzɩ awihɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa tɩzʊʊ tɛ lɛ, piye wala tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ leleŋ tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pamazʊʊ kajalaɣ taa se kɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kɔkɔŋna ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ taa fitamini naa nɛ mɔndɔndʊʊ yɔ. Erɔpʊ yaa Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ payaɣ se ɛkɩzɔtɩkɩ pee tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pee wena pɔkɔŋnɛ-yɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa pɩlɩɩna nɩnʊʊ nɛ naʊ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔm ɛzɩ adɔtɔ, ɛyabɩyɛ, kiwi, maŋgʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛɛ. Tɩzʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, piye kɛ mbʊ keŋkeŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm yɔ, ɛlɛ pamazɩɣ se tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pee sakɩyɛ ɖɩtɩzɩyɛ taa kɛ hatʊ ɖozi (kelaa, sonaa, samɩla, kɔŋkɔmbɩrɩ, tɩmatɩ, payaa, olive). Lɛlaa ɛzɩ sɔzɩŋ kusokuu (muscade kpaakpa, kpɛnzʊʊ kuzokuu, vanille nɛ kpɛnzʊʊ). Pɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ ɖaɣ pee (pilee nɛ mɔʊ) kɛ ɖɔɖɔ pee keeke nɛ pɩkɛ tɔɔnaɣ siŋ.
Tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ
Tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ yaa soŋgaɣ pɩnaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ kpakʊʊ nɛ tʊcɔɔ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ kɛ wɩsɩ nɛ tɩta yɔ. Tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ yaa soŋgaɣ pɩnaɣ wɛna kandɩ nɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga payaɣ se mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ yɔ. Mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ ñɛkɛŋna ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩmaɣzʊʊ mʊndʊzʊʊ seɣa kɛ heelim taa pɩnaɣ pilim yɔ. Ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-mayaɣ kɔyɔ: AL yaa A.L yaa ɖɔɖɔ a.l. Yee pamaaza ɖenɖe mʊndusuu ŋgʊ kɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkpɛnda kilomɛtanaa 9 461 miliyaarɩ. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊndʊsʊʊ seu kilomɛtanaa 300 000.
1985
Pɩnaɣ 1985 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1985 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1985 kɛŋna 85 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1984 nɛ 1986 hɛkʋ taa. =1985 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Ɛnglɩsɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ tɛ waɖɛ
Ɛnglɩsɩ Kɩbɩnɩɣ tɛ waɖɛ kɛ paɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ Nɔrɩmandɩ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1066 taa. Paɣtʊ takayasɩ kaaɖɔɔ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-kɩlɩɣ pɩnʊʊ yɔ nzɩ lɛ, Æthelbert de Kent nɛ Hlothhere nɛ Eadric kent tʊ nɛ Wihtred kent tʊ nɛ Ina Wessex tʊ. Paɣtʊ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ndɩ leges barbarorum nzɩ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba pɛlɛzaɣ romanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pajamɔyɔɔ. Patama takayasɩ nzɩ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa ɛlɛ pama-sɩ nɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ tɔbʊʊ se canaʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ. Kanoniki waɖɛ kɛ Krɩstʊ ñɩma mba palaɣ kɩlaʊ Ɛsɔ katoliiki kpaŋ taa yɔ tɛ waɖɛ romanɩ taa. Hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna kanon nɛ ɖɩtɔbʊʊ se paɣtʊ. Pasɩma hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖooo lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ kɛ yatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa corpus iuris canonicis nɛ yatʊ tɩtɩcaɣ corpus iuris civilis ndʊ tɩkɛ romanɩ paɣtʊ kpeɣluu takayaɣ yɔ ŋga Justinien kaatɛma maʊ yɔ.
Chrɩstʊ mba tɛ paɣtʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ samaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ, kɩ-tɛ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ nɛ kewiyaɣ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm tata. Ɛyaa mba patɩna sʊʊtʊ ndʊ yɔ paakɛ nɛ pɛkɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɛyaa yuŋmba nɛ layaa sɔsaa nɛ nʊntɩnaa kɩlaʊ kpaŋ taa takayasɩ mayaa sɔsaa nɛ kɩlaʊ kpaŋ taa nsukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa piyaa. Kiɖe tɛ lɛ, nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm paɣtʊ kɩlaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kaawɛ weewe pɩkɩlɩ mba paasɩŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ paɣtʊ.
Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, Katoliiki kpaŋ kɛna kpamɩŋ taa ɖoyo mbʊ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm kaawɛ leleŋ nɛ pɩ-tɛ pɩwɛ niikaɣ pazɩ. Pɛ-tɛ wonduu suu lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩna paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Yee pacaŋ tɔm hʊnaʊ kɩlaʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ taa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa kpandɩnaa suuwaɣ kɩlaʊ tokonaa. Pʊkɔma pileɖi lɛ, kɩlaʊ kpaŋ lɛɛzɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ pɔhɔŋ tisuu fɛyɩ tɩnaa nɛ paañaŋ layaa sɔsaa nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ-wɛ samaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ tɩnaa. Kɩlaʊ kpaŋ maɣmaɣ kaakpa Jeanne d’Arc nɛ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋgʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ ɛkɛ kɔɖɔnɖʊyʊ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ samaɣ tɔm hʊyaa nɛ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋgʊʊ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ kata tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pala nɔnɔɔ taa tɛ paɣtʊ. Pɔcɔ pañaŋgasɩ lɛ, pʊpɔzʊʊ se pahʊʊ tɔm. Samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se ɖiyeke ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩñaŋgasɩ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ tɔm natʊyʊʊ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔpɩwɛ mbʊ Fatiikaŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlɛ, pɩɩwɛna ɖoŋ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa.
Tɩɩŋa
Tɩɩŋa kɛna ɛsɔtaa tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwwɛɛ nɛ sɩnɩlɩzɩɣ yɔ. Tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ heliminaɣ tɩyɛ nɛ sɩwɛɛ heelim taa yem. Tɩɩnzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sɩkɩla ɖama paɣlɩka nɛ sɔsɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Nasɩyɛ ñɛkɛ kɩpɩnzɩ ɛlɛ, sɩwɛ ñɩɩɩ nɛ sɩtaapaɣlɩ, nɛ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, sɩkɛ kɩfasɩ nɛ sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ paɣlɩ yaa sɩwɛɛ ñɩɩɩ yaa sɩkɛ cikpesi. Cikpesi nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛlɛ tɩnzɩ kʊlʊmasɩ.
Tɩɩnzɩ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ: nasɩyɛ kɛ kɩsɛmasɩ kpaŋ kpaŋ, lɛɛsɩ kɛ yuulee, nasɩyɛ ñɛkɛ kʊlʊmasɩ layɩ layɩ nɛ lɛɛsɩ ɖɔɖɔ ñesidi. Tɩɩnzɩ tomnasɩ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna sɩ-yʊŋ cɔlɔ yaa sɩ-tɛ feveku cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɩlɩna sɩ-tɩ ̃nɔtinaʊ nɛ wɩsɩ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ. Tɩɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ heelim taa se Hertzsprung-Rusell kanaɣ yɔ, nzɩ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩmaɣmaɣ silukina si-miŋ yaa sɩ-mʊntʊsʊʊ pɩlɩɩna idrozɛɛnɩ ŋgʊ sɩkpakɩɣ nɛ sɩpɩsɩɣ eliyomi yɔ. Tɩɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, sɩmʊʊ sɩ-mʊntʊsʊʊ yaa si-miŋ kɛ lɛɛsɩ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ kɛna tɩɩŋa ŋga kɛ-miŋ kɩla ɖoŋ tɩɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ payɩ yɔ. Pɩwɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ maɣzʊ ɛ-taa se tɩɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ kilimuu yaa sɩcɔʊ nɛ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, sɩwɛ si-ɖeɖe nɛ siituu sɩɩkɛʊ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ. Tɩɩnzɩ tɩŋa wɛ sɩ-ɖeɖe nɛ sɩ-tʊkaɣ kɔyɔ se sɩkɩlɩ ɖama yuŋ, paɣlɩka nɛ feveku yaa miŋ yaa ñalamɩyɛ.
Ɖooo caanaʊ taa kɛ ɛyʊ kaasɩma tɩɩnzɩ wazaɣ: tɩɩnzɩ pɔcɔŋaɣna nɛ pɑlakɩ pa-tʊma naayɛ naayɛ kɛ pɩnaɣ taa, nɛ pasɩma ɖɔɖɔ se yee tɩɩŋa kanɛ yaa kanɛ pɔɖɔŋna nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊnɛ yaa pʊnɛ. Tɩɩnzɩ taa ŋga paakɩla kpaɣʊ se tɩɩŋa sɔsɔɣa yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ tɩmbalʊʊ. Lɔŋ taa ɛyaa mba pataatɩlɩ se tɩɩŋa wɛʊ yɔ, kaatuu kaakɛʊ, paamaɣza se ɖoo taa yeke kɛ tɩɩnzɩ lɩʊ. Ɛyaa wɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, paa ɛyʊ weyi ɛ na ɛ-tɩɩŋa. Patɩlɩɣ tɩɩŋa yɔɔ tɔm siŋŋ yɔ, pɩtakɩlɩ leɖuu: pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 16 taa kɛ sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Giordano Bruno yɔ, ɛnʊ calɩna-tʊ naʊ kɛ mbʊ se tɩɩŋa eetuu  kaakɛʊ nɛ pʊcɔ fayɩɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1814 taa Joseph von Fraunhofer tasɩ ñɩɣʊ niye se mbʊʊ pɩlaba. Tɩɩnzɩ wɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩna ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ: tɩmbalʊ wɛɛ, kalimuuduu pee wɛɛ, nɛ cɛlɛm mɔ-nɔ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
1986
Pɩnaɣ 1986 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1986 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1986 kɛŋna 86 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1985 nɛ 1987 hɛkʋ taa. =1986 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Marilandɩ
Marilandɩ kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Pamaza Marilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 32 160 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 25 338 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 6 968 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 21,60 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ lʊbɛ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1788. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5 773 552 yɔ.
Payaɣ Marilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Larry Hogan (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Ben Cardin (D) nɛ Chris Van Hollen (D).
Marilandii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Anapolis nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Baltimore.
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ aŋgilisi. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.
Tɩʊ
Tɩʊ kɛ tɛtʊ yɔ ñɩyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩzʊ kiɖalɩ ɛzɩ mɛta wa lʊbɛ nɛ pɩyɔ katɩnaɣ mbʋ yɔ. Tɩʊ palʊ nɛ kɩ-kpaɣ kpayʊɣ yɔ, kɩ-hɔɔyɛ ta kɩhɔʊ nɛ kɩlɩzʊ pilinzi yʊbɩlɛŋ. Kɩɩɖalʊ lɛ, tɩ-fɛtʊ heelim mbʊ payaɣ se fotosɛntɛɛzɩ yɔ. Tɩŋ kɛ pɛrɛnnɛ ñɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛɛ ɖoo pɩnzɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ yɔ. Tɩŋ ɖɔ ɖenɖe sɩŋŋ yɔ, peeɖe payaɣ se laʊ, nɛ tɩŋ palɩɣ peɖe sɩŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ, ɛlɛ, ɛwɛ hɔlɩŋ hɔlɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛ-palaɣ sɩŋŋ.
Tɩŋ wɛna waza sɩŋŋ, nɛ ɛwaza sɩŋŋ kɔyɔ se ɛnʊ hanaɣ tɛŋ, kuzotuu. Tɩŋ ñɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ, pa-tɩzʊʊ na tɩŋ pilinzi ɖɔɖɔ, tɩŋ hatʊ kɛ kɔyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʊyɔ pʊtɔbɔzɩ se paɖʊ-ɩ miŋ yem yem, yaa pɛcɛbɩ yem yem, pɩpɔza se weyi ɛcɛba tɩʊ nakʊyʊ yaa ɛñɔta-kʊ miŋ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛna pʊdʊ se ɛñɩnɩ nakʊyʊ nɛ ɛlɛzɩ nɛ ɛsɔ ku-loniye taa. Tɩŋ kɛ pɩyʊ kem kɛ ɛyaa cɔlɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ cɩnɛ.
Luwiiziyaana
Luwiiziyaaana kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ. Luwiiziyaaana taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se New Orleans nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ.
Pamaza Luwiiziyaana ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 2 275 940 km2.Luwiiziyaana kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ɛspañɔɔlɩ yɔ ɖɩhɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1764 taa kɛ Ɛspañɔɔilɩ mba kpacayaɣ Luwiiziyaana tɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1800. Pɩkpaɣʊna pɩnaɣ ŋga yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kpaɣna hayʊ kiŋ puwolo pɩsɩɩna hadɛ yɔ, pɩpaazɩna Kanadaa nɛ Mɛkiziiki piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-ɖʊlɩyɛ lɛ Misisipii Pɔɔ nɛ pʊŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ peeɖe ñɛwɛna kaaŋŋ ɖeke.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ,ɩnʊʊ lɛ yɔ fransɩɩ nɛ ɛspaañɔɔlɩ. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, komina maɣmaɣ tatɩɩ hada nɔɔ camɩyɛ se aŋgilisi kɛŋna kɩ-kʊnʊŋ.
Loma sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Loma sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ, pɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe mba pɛwɛna waɖɛ se papɩzɩɣ pala sukuli ŋgʊ, kɩwɛ Loma tɛtʊ taa Togo ɛjaɖɛ. Patʊlɩ sukuli ŋgʊ Loma nɛ hayi kiŋ tɛtʊ taa, salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1970. Peenɛɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ lɛɛzɩ mbʊ lɛ Peenɛɛ peeɖe sukuli sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ ɖɩyaɣ se ISB ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1965. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 2001, pɛlɛzɩ hɩɖɛ sukuli ŋgʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ se Loma sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ.
Loma sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ wɛna kɩ-taa ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ pilinzi kagbaanzɩ nɛ sukuli naa loɖo nɛ tɩlɩyaa aŋgba naatozo. Ɖɩnaɣ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa pɩlʊʊ (FDS), tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya piliŋga (FSS), tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ ɛzɩma tɔsʊʊ ɛɖɛna ɛsɩnda yɔ (FASEG), paɣtʊ tɩnaa hɔɔlʊʊ (FDD), takayasɩ mayaa nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɩlɩtʊ tɔm (FLESH). Loma sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2013 kɔlaɣ fenaɣ tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɖɩyaɣ se Wi-Fi, pʊtʊ ɛnʊ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ tamsɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe yɔɔ mbʊ kenkeŋ lakɩ yɔɔ, ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ yɔ.
Pirmaanii
Pirmaanii kɛna Azii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛnawɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena ana-ɖɩ pazɩ ɖama kamasɩ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Paŋgladɛsɩ, Siini, Ɛndɩ, Lawɔsɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ cɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ hadɛ kiŋ Andamanɩ Teŋgu nɛ Pɛŋgalɩ Teŋgu ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.
Lɩm kolonzi kpeekpe ɖaɣlakɩŋ tala ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Neyipidʊ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛ wezuu ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔzɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖi-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: Ɖɩkaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ Pirmaanii paa ɖooye. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa clɛ, paakpɛnda 51 419 420. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kiyati. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pirmaanɩ.
Ɛsɔ
Ɛsɔ kɛ Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛlaba kedeŋa nɛ eɖiyiɣ-kɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩkpaɖa pɩtɩŋa payɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ wɛna pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʊ- n̄ʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɛ pʊwɛɛ. Ɛkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe Ɛsɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛnʊ tɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛ-cɔlɔ tɩlɩtʊ tɩŋa lɩɣna. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɔŋ kpeekpe lɩɣna. Ɛnʊ yakɩna ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊʊ. Ɛsɔ paŋ ɛ-tɩ wɩlʊʊ kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ lɛɛlɛyɔ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se Ɛsɔ fɛyɩ. Lɛlaa se ɛwɛɛ. Mba pɔtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yɔ, petisaa se eɖeke koŋ kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ. Se Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ tatasɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɩtasɩna-ɩ. Mba seɣtiɣna ɛyaa se pɛwɛɛna lidaʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ nɛ pehiɣ n̂ʊʊ yabʊtʊ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ n̂ɛwɛɛ kpem nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Ɛsɔ. Se kedeŋa lɩ ka-tɩ yɔɔ yem.
Toovenum lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛza kuliye nʊmɔʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ hendu teu taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔ sakɩyɛ takayɩ maʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa cɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊ ɛ-tɔm tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ nɔmɔʊ taa ; kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Tobi taa se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, paa mba pakpakɩɣ Ɛsɔ se ɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ mbʊ lɛlaa n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛwa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa mba lɛ pe-tisim cɔlɔ yaa pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ-wɛ ndʊ tɩ-cɔlɔ.
Milton Hyland Erickson
Milton Hyland Erickson, palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1901 Aurum Nevada) nɛ ɛsɩ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1980 Phoenix (Arizona tɛtʊ taa), ɛɛkɛ kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ ɖɔkɔtɔ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɛyʊ ɖom lubitu hɔɔlʊʊ taa kpem. ́
Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ nɛ ɛyaa nabayɛ palakaɣna, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɛkpɛnda lɩmaɣza mba yɔ Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Lawrence Kubie, Aldous Huxley, John Weakland, Jay Haley nɛ Ernest Rossi. Ɛnʊ kɛna kɔɔ fɛbɩtʊ kɛlɛʊ cɛjɛ. Tʊma sakɩyɛ ñɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ kɔɔ labɩtʊ yaa fɛbɩtʊ sakɩyɛ lɩɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-yɔɔ. E-sukuli piyaa taa lɛ mba pa-hɩla pakɩlɩ sɩm yɔ mba yɔ Stephen Gilligan, William O'Hanlon, Stephen Lankton nɛ Jeffrey Zeig.
Palʊla Erickson saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1901 Aurum, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ cikpetu natʊyʊ tɩ-taa nɛ tataa ñɩm sakɩyɛ kɛ Nevada, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ tɛtʊ nddʊ tɩmʊwaa. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Charles, ɛlɛ tɛ nɛ Chicago, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Clara, ɛlɛ wɛna Ɛndɩ ɛyaa tɛ calɩm kɛ e-hola taa, pawala ɖama kɛ Wisconsin pɩnaɣ 1881. Palʊla-ɩ kpa mbʊ yɔ ɛɛwɛna kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛlɩna tantamtʊ cɔlɔ, ɛtanaɣ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Palʊla-ɩ mbʊ lɛ nɛ pɔcɔna e-ɖeɖe lɛ, ɛlɛɛzɩ e-fitenum pɩsɩ camɩyɛ pɔcɔ ɛpaɣlɩ. Erickson nɛ ɛ-kɔɔ talɩ sukuli wonaʊʊ lɛ pa-canaa wolo pacaɣ Lowell, Wisconsin tɛtʊ, peeɖe paayaba tɛtʊ leem. Erickson nɛ ɛ-kɔɔ naa lʊbɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ patɩŋa palakɩ hayɩm taa tʊmɩyɛ ɖeu.
Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza
Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza, pɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔŋna ɛzɩma ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa kewiyitu tɛyɩtʊ nɛ aŋgba hɛkɩŋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ɛkɛ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ piyeke. Nɔɔnɔ wɛɛ wɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ ñɩkɩɣ niiye ɛzɩma ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ kpɛnda ɖama taa (ɛzɩ, ɛyaa mba pakʊyɩ pa-ajɛyɛ taa pɛɖɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ pacaɣ peeɖe yaa ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊcɔ lɛɣzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ɛyaa mba paba ñɩkɩɣ niiye yɔɔdaɣ yɔɔ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔɔdaɣ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ).
Ɛzɩ ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tɛ tʊma sɔsɔna yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki tɔm, palɩzɩ pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena ñɩndʊ. Amerika taa kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ politiki tɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩndʊ kpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnaza nɛ naalɛ. Pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena taa lɛ, wena a-tɔm kɩlɩɣ kɩjɛyʊʊ yɔ ana yɔ. Ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, ɛgbaadɩyɛ yaa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm, tʊkaɣ politiki tɔm, caca naa wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, samaɣ tʊma tɔm nɛ ɛyaa tɛ politiki tɔm. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 5 nɛ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa papazɩ politiki tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩɣ da-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ, ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna ɛzɩ Platon (pɩnzɩ -427 ŋtalɩ -347) nɛ Aristote (pɩnzɩ -384 ŋtalɩ -322) yaa canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa ɛzɩ Thucydide pɩnzɩ -460 ŋtalɩ -395) mba pazɩna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naa tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ, nɛ pɩwalɩɣ halɩ pɩñɔtɩna komina tɩlɩyɛ.
Siini samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛna kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ mandarinat, nɛ wɛɛ ana ataa tɩpaza. Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki kɩndɩɣ ɛyaa tɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm laɣsɩ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm, waɖɛ yaa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Meenii
Meenii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Brunswicki, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ Keebɛkɩ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kanadaa yɔ, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Atlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Meenii taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Augusta nɛ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pamaza Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 86 542 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ñabɩ wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 74 859 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm ñɛwɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe ñɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ 11683 km2 yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩtalʊʊ ɛzɩ 13,52 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛŋna 45 ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ 23 ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊ Etaazunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 15 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1820. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa paakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ paana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 328 361 yɔ. Payaɣ Meenii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se ..piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Angus King (I) nɛ Susan Collins (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ yɔ ɛspaañɔɔlɩ nɛ fransɩɩ.
Ekɔsɩ
Ekɔsɩ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ Erɔpʊ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe aŋgba nɛ taabalɩyɛ kɩgaŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 78 772 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda 5 295 000. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Ediŋburigi nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Liivri Sɩtɛɛliŋŋ.
Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Iŋgilisis, Kayeliki, nɛ Skɔtɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ pakɩlʊʊ sɛʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ krɩstʊ ŋgbɛyɛ sɛtʊ.
Agoza fenaɣ kalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1707 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Nicola Sturgeon. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛpaɣzɩna maʊ ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafʊ taa kɛ masɩ 44.
Makɩyɛ
Makɩyɛ nabayɛ tɛ lɛ payaɣ se keziye pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe sɩma yɔ, pɩkɛ kpeluu ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩm pʊtʊ weyi paya-ɩ se kpeluu yɔ. Sumasi hɩla pɩlʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-pɩlʊʊ taa pɛkpɛnda sumasi 38, nɛ com com kpeluu taa palɩɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ (ŋgʊ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ sakɩyɛ leba). Makɩyasɩ kɛ sumasi nzɩ sɩsɔɔlɩ nandʊ tɔm kpem, pakʊyɩɣ ɛsɔdaa ɛzɩ pamazɩ-wɛ nɛ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa ɛlɛ pa nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ wɩsɩ taa yeke pɔɖɔŋ, pa-naŋgbanzɩ caɣ ɖoŋ piŋ nɛ pa-cɩkpaŋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ nɛ lɔŋ pɛfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ pakpaɣ nɛ pa-nandʊʊ yaa pɔ-tɔɔnaɣ. Panaɣ ɖooo poliŋ paa pɩwɛ cululuu mbʊ yekina nɛ panaɣ paa lee nandʊ, paa ɖooo poliŋ taa le. Sumasi nzɩ si-keŋ ɖalaa pɩtɛ pɩwalɩ pɛ nɛ kpelɩŋ maɣmaɣ pɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ.
Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩɣ anasaayɩ taa yɔ ɖɩtɩŋna latɛŋ yɔɔ aquila, pɩlɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ aigla (mbʊ yebina nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ anasaayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ mayaɣ g wɛɛ pɩ-taa). Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ eagle. Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Aar yaa Adler (kɩbɩnʊʊ taa lɛ adelar, matʊ taa pʊ-tɔbʊʊ makɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ) nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa (grc) (aetós) ɖɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɛwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ mazɩna-ɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kɛlɛmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ. Nabayɛ tɛ lɛ pawɩlɩɣna pa-lɩmaɣza keɖeɣa, nabayɛ papa wɩlɩɣ se pɛwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ yɔ yaa lalaa tɛ hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ pɩkɛna-wɛ. Roma mba tɛ papa mazɩna-ɩ nɛ payaa hɩɖɛ pɔ-sɔɔjanaa. Liidiye naayɛ yɔɔ palɩza-ɩ ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ nɖɩ payaɣ se Eroo mbʊ yɔ palɩza-ɩ nɛ pɔcɔzɩ tɩyɩnzɩ pɩtamɩ-ɩ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛ Caama ɛyaa tɛ.
Bob Marley
Bob Marley (palʊla-ɩ Robert Nesta Marley cejewiye taa), palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1945 Nine Miles (Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa), nɛ ɛsɩbɩna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛ Miami (Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa), ɛɛkɛ takayasɩ mayʊ, hendu lɩzɩyʊ, tɔm ɖɛzɩyʊ, hendu teɣyu nɛ ɛkɛ minziiki maɖʊ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkʊyʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ ɛwaba siŋ, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe sɩma-ɩ nɛ pasaŋ-ɩ sakɩyɛ regee minziiki mabʊ taa. Ɛpɛda ɛ-tɛ kasɛtɩ tatasɩ naa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe pɩtalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 200 mʊ yɔ pɩcɛzɩ pɩyɔɔ. Ɖɩtɛma yɔɔdʊʊ se palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1945 ɛ-caa ɖɩɣa taa Bob Marley Rhoden Hall tʊ, pɩñɔtɩna Nine Miles kɛ Anne Kiɖeɖeu Krɩstʊ cɔjɔ kpaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa.
Bob Marley ɖooo kɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛɖʊʊ ɛ-tɛ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ-wala lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 18 yeke, ɛnʊ payaɣ Cedella Booker, ɛ-walʊ kɔyɔ Marley Booker (pɩnzɩ 1926 ŋtalɩ 2008), ɛ-caa kaakɛ anasaayɩ Ɛŋglɩsɩ tʊ kɛlɛ palʊ-ɩ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛnʊ payaɣ Norval Sinclair Marley (pɩnzɩ 1885 ŋtalɩ 1955) ɛlɛ lʊkaɣ se ɛkɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja kɛ Royal Navy, kɛlɛ eyele ɛpɩsɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma tɩnaa nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ hayɩm naa taa. Ɛtatɩlɩ ɛ-caa pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ wokaɣ nɔmɔŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ ɛcɔŋnaɣ ɛ-halʊ yɔɔ ɖeu nɛ ɛ-pɩɣa. Ɛkʊyɩ e-evebiɖe kpa lɛ, Bob Marley tɩ yebu ɛ-haŋa ɛgeetiye nɛ ɛsʊʊ nɩnʊʊ taa Yudaa ɛyaa egeetiye naɖɩyɛ taa Trenchtown kɛ Kingston. Eyeba sukuli lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 yeke, kɛlɛ ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-ɛgbaɣ tʊ nɔɔyʊ Kingstone Neville Livingston ɛlɛ pɛɖɛyaɣ se Bunny Wailer, ɛɛsɩma-ɩ ɖooo pɩcatʊ ɛnɛ-ɩ peteɣana keɣsi hendu ndʊ naa pewelesaɣa raadiyoo naa taa yɔ Miami. Hendu tɣu Joe Higgs kpɛlɛkʊʊ-wɛ hendu teɣuu. Bob Marley yeɣ ɛ-kajalaɣ tataɣ Judge Not Ɛkpaɣ halʊ Rita Anderson lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1966 wayi lɛ, Bob Marley ɖoo pɔzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ñaɖanɩ walʊ Jamayiki tʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ payaɣ Booker ɛɛwɛ Wilmington Delaware ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛlɛ ɛɖɛɛ ewolo e-ɖoo cɔlɔ peeɖe Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛtalaa lɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ Dupont akɔma ɖɩɣa taa, kɛlɛ eteyele e-hendu teuu tʊmɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ maʊʊ yɔɔ. Constantine Dream Walker ɛɛmʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩ. Pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1966. Eyele ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa tʊma mba ɖɩyaɣ-wɛ se rasɩta tɩnaa yɔ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ taa, papa ñakʊyɩ kpaka Jamaiyiki ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1930, kɛlɛ palɩzɩ pa nɛ Peter Tosh nɛ Bunny Livingston tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tɔm kɩbandʊʊ Wail'n Soul'm.
Kɛntuukii
Kɛntuukii kɛna Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ cikpetʊ natʊyʊ. Nɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ajɛya cikpena naayɛ nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna nɛ aɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ awɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ taa kpaɩ. Etaazunii tɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊʊ.
Payaɣ Kɛntuukii ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ se Matt Bevin (R) piyele nɛ komina ñʊndinaa kɔyɔ: Mitch McConnell (R) nɛ Rand Paul (R).
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ yɔ Eŋgilisi ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ.
Edinbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ
Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ, pɩkɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Ekɔɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, patʊlɩ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1583 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Edimbourg paɣlaɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ. Pakalɩ sukulɩ kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ sukuli piyaa sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩpɩza lubutu kpɛlɩ lɛɣzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, kɩ-taa wɛɛ sukuli piyaa pʊɖɔɔ pɩkɩlɩ sukuli naa lalaa kɛ Ekɔsɩ ɛjadɛ taa nɛ kɩwɛɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛyi ɛwɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Charte royale mana sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛlɛ Jacques 6 tʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ Ekɔsɩ yɔ hana waɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1582. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ pamaʊ-kʊ yɔ, kɩ-tɛ mbʊ pakpaɣ nɛ pamana-kʊ yɔ lɩna Edimbourg tɛtʊ taa liidiye yɔɔ, kɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩ-kʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ keekee, nɛ pasɩm-kʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ nɛ yɔ se Tounis Kɔlɛɛzɩ.
Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ naananza ŋgʊ Ekɔsɩ ɛjadɛ kɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ Angletɛrɩ kaawɛna sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ naalɛ yeke papa yɔ Oxford nɛ Cambridge, patɩŋɛ mbʊ yɔ paawɛ ɖoŋ siŋ. Pʊwayɩ mbʊ yɔ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ pɩsɩ lone sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pana ñalɩmɩyɛ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-taa peeɖe panaɣ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa nɛ luɖaa piŋ kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna alɩwaatʊ taa. Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsɩ sɔsɔʊ kɛ sukuli naa sɔsaa lalaa taa Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ wandamm taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ nɛ kɩkɛ weewe sukuli naa hiu hɛkʊ taa sukuli lɛɛkʊ. Pɩlʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ 17 ñɩŋʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2009 wɛɛ taa Times Higher Education nɛ QS Top sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ heyuu-ɖʊ se Edimbourg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ kɛ kagbaanzɩ ŋgʊ Erɔpʊ taa nɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ taa kɩkɛ nɛɛlɛ ŋgʊ
Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ (Variole)
Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ kɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ sɔtʊ yɔ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊ piŋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa varus, i nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mʊɖɛ piye nɛ varius, a, um ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se takɩŋ tʊ. Pasɩŋ ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ mʊyaa pee pɩwɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpasa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1977 kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 26 (evemiye kpaagbaa ndɛ ndɩ ɖi-wiye pana ɛyʊ nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ Somaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛyʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛkɛ tɩzɩyʊ nɛ pasɩ-ɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ, pɩlɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ (kedeŋga taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ yɔ), pʊsɔzɩna sʊbɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa kpeɣluu sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1958 paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ feŋguu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kaawɛ pɩda peɖe kpanɛ pɩnaɣ 1967 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 21 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ pasɩɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ hɔɔlasɩ kɩɖɛzɩsɩ tʊma wena atakɩɣ nɛ a-na kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔ, wena OMS sɩma-yɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kaatɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ sɩm Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩcɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɩtɩna Louis 14 lʊlʊkʊ tɛ sɩm pɩnaɣ 1712. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa paya kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ nɛ pamasɩ-kʊ nɛ casaɣ kʊdɔŋ, ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kɩ-nɛ-kʊ payaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ. Pɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛyaa yeke koŋ hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Kɩfɛyɩ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɩna hɛkʊ taa yaa kɩɖɛʊ pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ. Kʊdɔŋ sʊtʊ lɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa kɩcɩkpɩŋ mʊʊna cɔlɔ nɛ liuu tɛ tomnaɣ yɔɔ kɩcɩkpɩŋ cɔlɔ. Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɛzɩɣ kʊɖɔŋ kpaɣ ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩɖɩkɩ ɛ-tomnaɣ pɔŋ. Ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɖɩhɩnɩyɛ nɛ e-wonduu kɩsʊsʊtʊ tɩya ɖɔɖɔ kʊdɔŋ ɖɛtʊ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se powona-tʊ momoluku ñɩɣyʊʊ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, wonduu ndɖu palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɛ-nʊ yɔ, pakpaɣ-tʊ nɛ palabɩna weyi ɛfɛyɩna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ weyi patɩɩ sɔba-ɩ piteleɖi yɔ nɛ ɛwɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ. Nɔnɔsɩ nzɩ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɩŋgɩnaʊ nɛ kɩkpaɣ ɛyaa yɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ feziŋ nɔnɔsɩ paa nɔmɔŋ lɛɛŋ ɛwɛ kɔyɔ.
1987
Pɩnaɣ 1987 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1987 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1987 kɛŋna 87 ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1986 nɛ 1988 hɛkʋ taa. =1987 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ = Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :
Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ
Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛkɛ kɩnadʋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʋʋna aleewaa kɩbama yɔ. Aleewaa kɩbama panɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʋʋ yaa paɖʋ-ɩ kʋn̄ɔŋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa yee tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛnɛ ɛɛlakɩ yaa yee ɛɖɔŋ paɣtʋ ndʋ ti-wokina wɛɛ nɛ pana-ɩ pa-tʋmɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ labʋʋ yɔɔ kɔ yɔɔ yɔ.
Pɛwɛna ɖoŋ size pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʋʋ mbʋ yɔ, mba hana-ɩ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlakɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Pazɩyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛna sʋʋtʋ siŋŋ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ samaɣ hɛkʋ taa pɩlɩɩna kalɩzasɩ nzɩ efeluu yaa afelaa kpaɣ nɛ peke yɔ sɩ yɔɔ. Kʋɖʋm ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛtɩlɩ efeluu yaa afelaa mba palakɩ kɩdɛkɛdɩm lakasɩ kpeekpe ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
Mba pekema aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa yɔ, mba kɛɣna afelaa. Aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa lakɩna lakasɩ kɛdekɛdasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paɖʋʋ pa-tɩnaa tɩlasɩ nɛ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ taa. Afelaa mba pakpaɣna ɛyaa kalɩsasɩ nɛ pakaŋ-sɩ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ pɩha ɖoŋ size ɛɖɔɔnɩ aleewaa kɩdɛkɛdaa afelaa wayɩ.
Ɛwɛna ɖoŋ size ɛla yaa ɛna mbʋ yɔ, pɩtaha ɖoŋ paa anɩ size ɛla nɛ ɛna-pʋ. Ɛyʋ ɛsɩba tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ size ɛna mbʋ pʋkʋ pʋdʋ ɛnʋ yɔ. Tɩʋ pazɩyʋ wɛna ɖoŋ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ : kʋdɔmɩŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ efeletu hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbʋ yɔ.
Pʋcɔ nɛ tɩʋ pazɩʋ paɣzɩ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, ɛsɔɔla size ɛna ɛ-cɔlɔ kɛ aseɣɖe tɩnaa naadozo mbʋ yɔ. Mba ɛhaɣ paɣtʋ yɔ.Tɩʋ eheyi ɛyʋ se ɛkʋ su kʋhʋlʋm nɛ ɛ-cɛyɩtʋ tɛ, su kʋhʋlʋm ɖɔɖɔ pʋdʋ kʋʋ.
Yee tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛɖʋ ɛyʋ paɣtʋ natʋyʋ se ɛlɛ ɛña-tʋ yɔ, pɩkɛ pʋdʋ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ɛlɛ ɛña-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋ pɩkɛɣ sʋʋtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tɩʋ pazɩyʋ ɛnʋ.
Rap
Rap kɛ yɔɔdaɣ nɛ payɛ cɩmʊʊ, kɩkɛ kagbanzɩ mʊsɩ taa mʊsɩ lɛɛsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩna hɩpɔpʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛʊʊ yɔ, ɖɩlɩ pɩnzɩ 1970 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Etaazuunii Yuda ɛyaa tɛ ageeta taa. Pasɩma payɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ yɔɔdaɣ wɛtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ nantaŋ ɖʊyʊʊ. Minziiki naa lalaa kaawɛ ɛwayɩ kpaɣ rege, blu, jazz nɛ rɔkɩ mbʊ lɛ, kʊ-nɛ yɔ ɛyaa sɔɔlʊʊ-kʊ sakɩyɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1980 wɛɛ taa.
Tɔmpiye rap lɩna Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se to rap, pɩkɛ lakaɣ nɛ kɔ-tɔbʊʊ se kɔkɔɖɛ yabɩtʊ, ɛyaa yɔɔ caɣʊʊ. Enzo Gonçave ñaɖanɩ lɩzɩɣ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1541 alɩwaatʊ tɔbʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ pɩkɛ kañatʊ yɔɔdɩtʊ yaa tolom tolom yɔɔdɩtʊ. Amerika ɛyaa tɛ tɔm kpou American Slang de Wentworth nɛ Flexner taa lɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yɔɔdɩnaʊʊ nɛ nɔɔyʊ, sɩmtʊ, pawɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ nabʊyʊ yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1931 lɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ kaŋ yɔɔdaɣ yaa keelee yɔɔdʊʊ.
Payaɣa se rap lɛ pɩɩkɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1971 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔɔdasɩ nzɩ paaɖʊ-sɩ Isaac Hayes, Black Moses kɛlɛmɩŋ takayaɣ taa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ñʊŋ ɛ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ Ike's Rap, Ike's Rap II, Ike's Rap III, nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ mbʊ. Pɩɩkɛ keekee taa lɛ yɔɔdaɣ pɩtaakɛ hendu kitetetu, pɔyɔɔdaɣ pɩlɩna nabʊ yʊ yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmakaɣ nɛ ɛpaɣ rap yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Herc, ɖɩcɔnaɣ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ rap lɩna Afrika ajɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔɔdaɣ ŋga kaapɔza cɩmʊʊ tʊ, keɣa tʊ.
Kɔsitaarika
Kɔsitaarika kɛna Amerika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Karayibu Teŋgu kɩwɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Nikaraguwa teŋgu wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ kɩwɛna; piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Panama ñɛwɛna.
Pɩnaɣ 2017 pakala ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 947 490 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 51 100 km2 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Saŋzoozee nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kolɔɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa petɛɣʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wondʊ nɛ petɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se: Paaɖooye tʊmɩyɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛsʊʊi tɛtʊ ndʊ fɩbɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena akɩla tɔyʊʊ yɔ a-taa kɛlɛ kotolika ñɩnɖɛ, protɛsɩtaŋ nɛ lɛɛna yem.
Rɔdɩyɔm
Rɔdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 45 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rh. Rɔdɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, ɛkɛ platɩnɩ mɛfɛyɩ yuŋ waa tɛ pɩlʊʊ taa nɔyʊ. Walaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, ɛ nɛ rʊtyɔm nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ ɔsɩyɔm nɛ ɩrɩtɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm, mbʊ paya-wɛ se platɩnɩ waa kpeekpe ɖɩwɛyɛ.
Pɩnaɣ 1803 kɛ William Hyde Wollaston lɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paladɩyɔm, pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩwɛyɛ taa ndʊ tɩkɛ Amerika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ yɔ, sʊtʊ lɩm mbʊ pehiwa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda lelemiŋ yɔ, nɛ patɛma lɩzɩɣ ɔsɩyɔm yɔ, platɩnɩ kajazasɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ nzɩ pɩma yɔ taa kaawɛ platɩnɩ pʊtʊnaa ɛzɩ ɩrɩtɩyɔm, ɛlɛ pɩɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ (pɩlɩna rɔtɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ yɔɔ) rʊtɛnɩyɔm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa kɛ platɩnɩ.