cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ
Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɛ e-ɖoo yayɩ-ɩ nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Woolsthorpe nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-hayɩm yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. E-ɖoo ɛnʊ ɛcɔnaa se ɛ-pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ɖoŋ kɛ kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kpɩna ɖɩyʊʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩna-ɩ sukuli taa se ɛtasɩ-kʊ labʊ pazɩ nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, wiɖii ɛɛsʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Isaac Newton wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ lɛ, ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ pazɩ ɖɩsʊʊ halʊ-pɩɣa nakɛyɛ ŋga payaɣ se Storey; ɛlɛ petekizina-ɩ nɛpaha-ɩ nɔɔ se ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖanɩ-kɛ nɛ ɛtɛma e-sukuli lɛ, ɛkpa-ke halʊ. Ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʊ ɛla kpɛɖɛŋ kpɛɖɛŋ nɛ ɛtawalɩ-ɩ nɛ Isaac Newton ɛnʊ, ɛcaɣ ɛɖandʊ e-wezu caaʊ tɩŋga.
Asɩmara
Asɩmara wɛ Hamasaŋ pʊʊ ñʊʊ taa nɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ pʊʊ sʊsɔʊ taa kɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa ɛlɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ lɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʊ. Ñɩɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ lubu tʊma taa, wodu kʊzusʊtʊ yaa tɔɔla ñɛyʊ, naakomnaa, pɩzatʊ lʊʊ nandʊ nɛ kpalabanaa taa sʊlʊm kɛ pakɩlʊʊ naʊ peeɖe.
Kpɔnɔ
Kpɔnɔ kɛnɛ sɔnzɩ tɛ kiɖe tɛ tɔnaɣ ɛzakuliye ñɩnʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ wondʊʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ lɛ, mʊlʊm nɛ lɩm. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, kɩ-taa wɛʊ ɖɔm. Wɔndʊʊ lɛɛtʊ pɩzʊʊ tɩ-sʊzɩɣ pɩlɩna kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ palakɩ yɔ yaa lakasɩ nzɩ pañɩnʊʊ se palabɩ-kʊ yɔ. Pɔsɔzʊʊ pɩdʊʊ lɛ, kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ kpaɣ pɩlɩna nɛ se kɩpɩɣʊ. Pɔhɔkɩ kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩpɩsɩɣ kpɔnɔ. Pɔhɔkɩ-kʊ canaʊ mɩsasɩ yɔ yaa kpɔnɔ mɩsasɩ yɔ yaa wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ taa ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ mɩza pɛyɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊʊ weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛla kpɔnɔ yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɔnɔ laɖʊ. Pɛpɛɖʊʊ kpɔnɔ kpɔnɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa.
Kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm lɩnɛ tɩŋ pee wena a-daa wɛ mʊlʊm yɔ ɖɩkpaɣ kpɔnɔ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee kɩkɩla, weewe ñɩna papɩzɩ pɔzɔzɩ-yɛ pɩmana nɛ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee lɛɛna weyi ɛwɛyɩ pɩdaa yɔ ɛzɩ samɩla nɛ kpaakpa nɛ sarazɩn nɛ satɛɛñɩ. Mʊlʊm pee wena awɛ pɩda yɔ wɛ ndɩ a-daa wɛ yaɖɛ tɛ leleŋ pɩkɛ yaɖɛ taa leleŋ kpeekpe weyi ɛwɛ sotuu yɔ nɛ ɛzɩna nɛ pa-ɖɩkɩ nɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-yeki nɛ kpɔnɔ pɩɣʊ yɔ nɛ kpɔnɔ mʊtʊ kpaɣ nɛ kpɔnɔ kɩ-kpakpaʊ yɔ nɛ pʊɖʊʊ kpɔnɔ hɔɔlʊʊ. Pɩtɛ pɩɣʊ mbʊ payaɣ se sʊlʊm pɩɣʊ yɔ lɩzɩɣ ñɔsɩ nɛ etanɔlɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɔzɔʊ tɩzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɔtɔsɔzɩɣ pɩdʊʊ kɔyɔ yɔ payaɣ kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ se kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ kɩbɩwa ɛlɛ pɩdʊʊ fɛyɩ kɩ-taa yɔ.
Kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ sɔnɔ ɖɩtɔkɩ yɔ kɛkɛ ɖooo canaʊ haɖaʊ tɔnasɩ kɩtɔsɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Pana kpɔnɔ ŋgʊ padaɖʊ kɩ-taa pɩdʊʊ yɔ lonaa nayɛ taa ɖooo pɩnzɩ 30000 pɔcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesʊ Krɩstʊ, pana tɩŋ pee tɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm kaŋ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna saɖaŋ nɛ sɔɔ. Pɩdɛ tɩŋ pee ana akʊ mbʊ lɛ, pakayʊʊ panaŋkɩ nɛ patɩzɩɣ.
Kpaɣnɛ haɖaʊ paazɩɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 8000 pɔcɔ Yeesʊ lɛ, mʊzʊŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ ageetaa taa lɛ, cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm lɩnɛ haɖaʊ tɔnasɩ cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Ɖooo canaʊ kpanɛ Mediteranee ɛzakuuliye alɩwaatʊ kɔmtʊ (Sumerɩyɛnɩ nɛ Egipiti nɛ Krɛkɩ nɛ Romanɩ) mba alɩwaatʊ lɛ kpɔnɔ tɔm pɩsa pɩmalɩna kpaagba kpam ɛzakuuliye wonduu ɛzɩ tɩŋ pee nem.
Homère
Homère kɛ abalʋ nɔɔyʋ kɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛkɛ koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Kpaɖʋ lutozo (8) kɛdɛza alɩwaatʋ taa palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋ ɖa-kɩpaɣlʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ.
Paa sʋyɩ hɩɖɛ size "koowa tʋ". Sɔsaɣ yanaɣ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ-ɩ mbʋ.
Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ sakɩyɛ kaɖɛ size patɩlɩ size, ɖajaa Homère koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, keekee taa lɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛ-tʋma n̄amsa tɛtʋ yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋnaa cikpetu samaɣ wɛɛ nɛ pɛkɛʋna ɖama pɩlɩɩna ɖajaa Homère koowa maɖʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Kapitaalism
Kapitaalism kɛ tɔsʋʋ nɛ samaɣ kpɛndʋʋ nɛ politiki pɛ-lɛɣtʋ natʋyʋ. Kapitaalism sɔɔlaa se paa weyi lɛ, ɛtɩɣyɩ n̄ɩm mbʋ ɛlaba nɛ e-nesi  nɛ ehiɣ yɔ. Kapitaalism wɛna tɔbɩŋ lɛɛŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩlɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyʋ maɣzɩɣ politiki tɔm taa yɔ nɛ Kapitaalism wɛɣna tɔbʋ nakʋyʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, payaɣ mbʋ se Kapitaalism yɔ, pɩkɛ kɛzɛɣ n̄ɩnʋʋ, pɩkɛ liidiye sakɩyɛ n̄ɩnʋʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ weyi payaɣ se Karl Marx yɔ, ɛtɔma se Kapitaalism kɛ mbʋ piyeki nɛ ɛyʋ lɛlʋ nuutuu yaa ɛnazɩɣ ɛyʋ lɛlʋ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa se ɛpɩzɩ ekuu n̄ɩm nɛ pɩkɩlɛ lɛlaa yɔ. Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Max Weber yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se Kapitaalism lɩnɩ kajalaɣ ɛyaa mba palaba lɩmaɣzɛ se palakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna naayɛ yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ.
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov (Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов), pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Lénine (Ленин), palʊla-ɩ Simbirsk (nɔɔnɔɔ Oulianovsk) ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1870 nɛ ɛsɩ Vichnie Gorki (nɔɔnɔɔ Gorki Leninskie) tɛtʊ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1924. Ɛɛkɛ caɣyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛzɩyʊ tʊ, politiki tɔm mayʊ nɛ Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1917, tsar kewiyitu yɔka lɛ, bolchevik waa kpaɣ kewiyaɣ Rusii ɛjaɖɛ taa aloma fenaɣ taa kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Lenine kewiyaɣ kpaɣtʊ tɩna Ruusii soviyetiki ñɔʊ, kajalaɣ politiki lɩmaɣza alɩzɩ kpɛndɛ tɔm yɔ nɛ pʊwayi yɔ palɩzɩ URSS. Lénine nɛ bolcheviks cɛyɩ pa-tɩ pakandɩ pɛ-tɛ politiki lɩmaɣza tɔm yɔɔ yɔ ŋgʊ palɩzɩ pa-tɩ ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ pɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɖama hɛkʊ taa you.
Oulianov cejewiye, Maria Alexandrovna, Ilia Nikolaïevitch nɛ pe-piyaa, Olga, Maria, Alexandre nɛ Dimitri nɛ Anna nɛ Vladimir. Palʊla Vladimir Oulianov Simbirsk, ɖenɖe ɛ-ñɩma kaacaɣ fenasɩ cabɩ yɔ. Ɛcaɣ ɛyaa lɔŋ ñɩma nabɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛzɩ Ilia Oulianov (1831 ŋtalɩ 1886) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-halʊ yɔ Maria Oulianova, palʊla-ɩ Blank liɖe taa pɩnzɩ 1835 ŋtalɩ 1916), pɛ-tɛ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, papɩtɩɣ palʊlʊʊ tɔm, kɔzɩ Ilia hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ilia caa, Nikolaï palʊla-ɩ haɖaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa nɛ Astrakhan kiŋ. Payaɣa ɛ-cɔzɔ naa se Oulyanine nɛ pʊcɔ pʊwayi yɔ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Oulianov.
Cejewiye nɖɩ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɖi-lilaa wɛ Nijni Novgorod egeetiye taa. Yee pakpaɣ Oulianov waa ɛzɩ pɩkɛ Ruusii ɛyaa kɔyɔ, Nijni Novgorod wɛʊna kɩkpɛndʊʊ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ cejewiye ndɩ tchouvache waa yaa mordve waa liɖe kaawɛ ɖɩ-taa. Paasɩŋ Lenine cɛjɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa neze liɖe keeke. Maria, Lenine kɔɔ kɛlɛ, kaatisa pɔ-cɔzɔ cejewiye kaawɛna tatar calɩm, pe-neze ñaakɛ kamouke yaa kirghize. Maria Oulianova nɛ Moshe Blank cɔzɔ kaakɛ Yuda pɛdɩyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ nɛ palɩna Volhynie kiŋ.
Cɔzɔ sɔsɔ Ilia Nikolaïevitch Oulianov, vassili, ɛɛkɛ haɖʊ weyi ɛtapɩzɩɣ se ekizi ɛ-tɛtʊ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛkɛ yom weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ pʊcɔ lɛɛzɩtʊ pɩnaɣ 1861 talɩ yɔ. Ilia caa lakaɣ ñɛyɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ Astrakhan, nɛ Ilia maɣmaɣ lakaɣ tɩlɩyɛ sukuli sɔsɔʊ. Ɛmʊ sukuli waɖɛ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1854 lɛ, ehiɣ sukuli wɩlɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ Penza tɛtʊ taa. Peeɖe ɛkakɩ Marie Alexandrovna Blank, weyi ɛlaba-ɩ halʊ kɩyɛna fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1863.
Kpɛdɩsʋʋ (Risque)
Kpɛdɩsʋʋ kɛna mbʋ ɛyʋ tasʋʋna yɔ. Ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ pɩcɔ pɩtalɩɣ. Kpɛdɩsʋʋ tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ yaa taa nɩʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩnaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩʋ lɔŋ yaa lɛɣtʋ taa. Kpɛdɩsʋʋ tɔm piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkɛ nabʋyʋ taa kɛ tɩ lɩzʋʋ pɩyʋ ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa sɩ «avéré».
Vladimir Lenin
Ɛpazɩ ɛsɔɔlɩ Rusii Ampiiri tɛ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiliu tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sukuli naa taa. Hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna pɩyaa lutozo. Anna, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1864, Alexandre, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1866, ɛwayɩ palʊla Vladimir palʊlɩ-ɩ, palʊla ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ pɩnaɣ 1870. Vladimir wayi palʊla, Olga pɩnaɣ 1871, Dmitri pɩnaɣ 1874 nɛ Maria pɩnaɣ 1878. Piyaa naalɛ hɔʊ kʊnɛyɔ ki-nesi tɛɛ sɩba pɩcatʊ taa. Halɩpɩɣa paaya ɖɔɖɔ se Olga pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ abalɩpɩɣa Nikolaï pɩnaɣ 1873.
Kpɛdɩsʋʋ (Risque)
Papɩzʋʋ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ sɩ kpɛdɩsʋʋ kɛna fɩya pɩyʋ wɛɖʋ tobi lɛ, pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «potentiel». Tɔm piye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩtɔbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ palɩza size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩyʋ yaa kɩn̄ɩnɩʋ. Ɛlɛ, kɩn̄ɩnɩʋ ŋgʋ pamana fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size «émergent» yaa ɖeɖe pɩyʋ yɔ.
Ɛyʋ wɛ nɛ ɛwɛʋ lɛɣtʋ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋ nɛ ɛwakɩna kɛkpɛdɩsɩ kɩfasɩ nɛ kɩpɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ. Kɛkpɛdɩsɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, pɩtɔbʋʋ sɩze sɩɖɔ siŋŋ yaa sɩfɛyɩ kalɩɣ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ wɛ size miŋ ɖiziyaa yaa azɛyʋ ɖiziyaa.
Miŋ ɖiziyaa yaa azɛyʋ ɖiziyaa panɛ, paya wɛ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "pompiers". Mba paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-kewiyaɣ lɩza size pɔcɔna na lɛɣtʋ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ kpeekpe yɔɔ. Miŋ ɖiziyaa panɛ, paya wɛ kɛkpɛdɩsaɣ nakɛyɩ ɖeɖe yɔ, peseu na saɣ nɛ powolo.
Paayaa miŋ ɖiziyu nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ. Kewiyaɣ hɛyʋ na-ɩ. Miŋ ɖiziyaa wɛna lɔɔɖa wena palabɩna pa-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Christian Huygens calɩna maʋ tɔm kɛ kɛkpɛdɩsɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1657 n̄ɩŋga taa.
Fɩyɛtɩnaam
Fɩyɛtɩnaam kɛna Azii keteŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwalɑnzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 331 212 km2 yɔɔ mbʋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakali kɩgalɩɣ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 94.
Ɛjɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayɩ kiŋ lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ piyele nɛ Lawɔsɩ, Kambɔɔjɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ kujomuu wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siini hɛkɛ nɛ hɛkʊ teŋgu wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩliyɛ nɛ ɖɩhadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa.
Fɩyɛtɩnaam tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Hanɔyɩ. Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natutozo kpayɩ:
Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ pɔŋ weyi ɛ-ñʊntaa wɛ landammm yɔ ɛkɩlɩna ɖɔʊ Fɩyɛtɩnaam ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Isilandɩ
Isilandɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki teŋgu cɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ tɔnɛ tɩwɛ Growelandɩ nɛ Nɔɔrɩwɛzɩ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔtɩna Amerɩka keteŋa ɛlɛ ɖɩt-tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɖɩ-caanɑaʊ tɔm ñɩɩzɩna Eerɔpʋ keteŋa taa tɔm.
Isilandɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 103 000 km2 nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda kutokiŋ 332 529 (2016). Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Reyikiyaviki nɛ kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Isiladɛɛ. Pʊcɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɔm lakɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ, Isilandɩ kaakɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kaakɩla ɖɛnaʊ ɛsɩndaa keteŋa kpeekp taa yɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa, Erɔpʊ Lɔŋ tasɩya ŋgbɛyɛ taa, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa, AELE taa, OCBE nɛ EEE aŋgba taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1996 pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 2016 mbʊ yɔ, sɔsɔ Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson kɛŋna Islandɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ.
Hollywood
Hollywood (matʊ taa lɛ, deɣa kɩñɩlɩnzaɣ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, pɩkɛ kooka nakɛyɛ Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa (Californie, Etaazuunii). Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Downtown Los Angeles nɛ hayi yɔɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Glendale wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsakuliye yɔɔ ɛzɩma ɖɩkɛ sɩnɩma tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ndɩ paakaɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ sɔʊ kaʊ yɔ lɛ, pamaɣzɩna mbʊ nɛ payaɣ Hollywood Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.
Kɩ-tɛ hɩla kɩsɛsena ana a-naalɛ lɩna ɛzɩma ɖɩtamsɩ ɖɩ-tɩ Amerika sinimaɣ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ Hollywood yɔ. Sɔnɔ yɔ aŋgba sakɩyɛ mɩza halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛna wena añɔtɩna kpɛyɛ yɔ a-taa ɛzɩ Westside ɛlɛ, hendu lɩzʊʊ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ sakɩyɛ wɛ Hollywood tɛtʊ taa ɛzɩ Paramount mbʊ yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kʊya pɩlɩna ɛzɩma sɩnɩma tʊma ɖɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Fefewɔlawo abe Marc Engelhard kple eƒe dɔwɔhatiwo ene le vevie dom nu le sinimawɔƒea.
Aŋgba sɔsɔna ɖɩjayɛ tʊma ɛzɩ ŋna papɩzɩ nɛ pawɩlɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ kɛ sɩnɩma tʊma tɛ lone sɔsɔyɛ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe lɩzɩya sɔsaa nɛ laɖaa sɔsɔ sʊʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1911 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Nestor sitidiyo kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɛɛ wɛʊ Hollywood taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩkɩwa yɔɔ lɛ, tɔmpiye Hollywood kɛ Amerika sɩnɩma tʊma sɔsɔna kuɖum taa, pɩtɩŋna samaɣ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ pɩpɩsɩ yaa pɩha tɛtʊ ndʊ ñɩm yaa ɖoŋ pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ.
Pɩnzɩ 1880 wɛɛ taa lɛ, hɔʊ nakʊyʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Kansas, Harvey Henderson Wilcox (weyi ɛsɩ ñɩm tʊma sɔsɔna ana a-taa yɔ ŋgʊ ɛtafɛyɩna naŋgbanzɩ pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yɔ) nɛ ɛ-halʊ Daeida Wilcox Beveridge, pamaɣzɩ se pakʊyʊ Topeka pɔkɔɔ patalɩ Los Angeles ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1886 taa lɛ, Wilcox ya tɛtʊ tɩ-maɣna kilomɛta naa 0,6 kpɛyɛ ko kɛ lakʊ nakʊyʊ taa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-wayi pɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ, Cahuenga kolonzi ɖoŋ nzɩ yɔɔ.
Daeida Wilcox kpaɣna hɩɖɛ hollywood nɛ ɛyaa ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ñɩm, ɛlɛ ɛtɩzɩna Caama ɛyaa mba paacaɣ pañʊŋ yɔɔ Ohio yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ mba payaɣa mbʊ. Ɛkpɛlɛka-ɖɩ suluku nakʊyʊ taa ɛɖɛɣa nɔmɔʊ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ kiŋ ɖoli ɛ-nɛ halʊ nɔyʊ pɛ-tɛ kɔkɔɖɛ labʊ taa ɛlɛ kaakɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-ɛyʊ. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-tɛ nɩɣʊ kɩdɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ranch kɛ Hollywood.
Léopold Senghor
Palʋla ɖajaa Léopold Sédar Senghor aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ (9) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1906 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Joal tɛtʋ taa. Sɔsɔ Léopold Senghor wona sɔsaa mʋlʋm saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ (20) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2001 taa. Verson tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba. Verson tɛtʋ wɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Ɖajaa Léopold Senghor kɛkɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ Fransɩ nɛ Senegaalɩ pa-ajɛya taa. Ɛnʋ kɛŋna kajalaɣ Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ ɖi-yomiye taa lɩʋ wayɩ.
Ñʋʋdʋ Léopold kpaɣ kpelaɣ pɩnaɣ 1960 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1980 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛsɔɔlɩna nɛ etii kpelaɣ yɔɔ.
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ kandɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa lɛ, Léopold Senghor kɛŋna Afrɩka tʋ kajalaɣ tʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Senegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ wɛɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Afrɩka tɛ ajɛya wena Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kacaɣ a-ñʋŋ yɔɔ yɔ a-tɩŋa payɩ.
Itaalii
Itaalii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛcɔnaa kɔyɔ ɛna se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ mediiteranee. Pʊŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alɩpɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛtamasɩna Itaalii nɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya wena aɖa lɩzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ se Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe ɛkpɛndɩ nɛ awɛɛ kpam yɔ a-taa. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena atɔkɩ eeroo yɔ a-taa nɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Room. Itaalii walanzɩ taa makʊɣna 301 340km2 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔna hiu waa looɖo nɛ taŋga nɛ nasitozo nɛ nɩɩnɩwa nɛ kagbanzɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Sergio Mattarella.
Keteŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you paɣzaɣ lɛ, Itaalii kaawɛ ɛjɛya wena akpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Aliyansɩ  yɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ yem kpo. Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɖiyele nɛ ɖɩsʊʊ Tiriipili-Antantɩ taa. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1915 wiye lɛ ɖɩtuli you kɛ OOtirisi-Hɔŋgirii. Pɩnaɣ 1917 talaa lɛ, Caama sɔɔjanaa tɛyɩ ɖama nɛ powolo se pasɩna Otirisi-Hɔŋgirii kɛ you. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pawa Itaalii ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ nɛ kɩcɛcɛyʊʊ nɛ aloma fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 1918 wiye lɛ, Itaalii pazɩ kɩtɔyɩtɩ ki-koyindinaa nɛ paba ñɩʊ nesi se peyele you mbʊ.
Benito Mussolini kpaɣ kewiyaɣ lɛ, ɛtɔ se you fɛyɩ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kiiwokina ajɛya tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa nɛ pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩtɛkɛ kʊñɔndɩna lʊkɩna se pɛwɛɛ ñɩm. Pɩkɔma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ1940 wiye lɛ, Mussolini kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ etuli you kɛ Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ nɛ Fransɩ. Ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1939 taa lɛ; ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩnɛ Caama ñɩnɖɛ paañɩʊ nesɩ nɛ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ kaɣlaa se se ɖɩɩtasɩɣ tuluu you nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nanza yɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ se ɖɩfɛyɩna malɩfanaa camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ ɛbɛlaba nɛ kutuli you ŋgʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Caama sɔɔjana kɩlaɣ yoŋ wabʊ. Kpaagba ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, patiwabʊ Itaalii sɔɔjanaa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ puwayɩ lɛ Itaalii se Afrika taa nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛyɩ ɖama Itaalii tɛtʊ kɛ Afrika taa.
Saladin
Saladin yaa Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf (arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ صلاح الدين يوسف) yaa Selahedînê Eyûbî (kurde kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی) palʊla-ɩ Tikrit tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1138 nɛ ɛsɩ Tamasɩ tɛtʊ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1193. Ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyʊ weyi eɖiya ayoubide kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kaawɛ Egipiti pɩnaɣ 1169 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1250 nɛ Sirii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnzɩ 1174 ŋtalɩ 1260. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ediyi Egipiti pɩnaɣ 1169 ŋtalɩ 1193, Tamasɩ pɩnaɣ 1174 ŋtalɩ 1193 nɛ Alep pɩnaɣ 1183 ŋtalɩ 1193. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ an-Nāsir tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛmʊʊ wabɩtʊ Ɛsɔ cɔlɔ yɔ nɛ Saladin tɔbʊʊ se Tisuu yɔɔ siɣsiɣ wɛtʊ. Yûsuf, Ayyûb pɩɣa, palʊla-ɩ Tikrit Tigre yɔɔ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Kurde nɛ tɩmʊʊ liɖe kɔyɔ nɛ Dvin, Arménie kɩbɩnʊʊ. Patɩ lʊla-ɩ kpa lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma kʊyɩ Tikrit nɛ pɛɖɛɛ Zengi, atabeg Mossoul. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛlɛ kpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ Baalbek komina ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ Shirkuh (Saladin ekpele) sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛ-sɔɔjana taa. Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1169, Franc sɔɔjana pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Amaury 1 Jeruzalem ñɩnʊ kʊyɩ Ascalon nɛ ɛtalɩ Egipiti aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 nɛ ɛtalɩna Byzantin mɛlɛna nɛ ɛdʊ mbʊ payɩ palakɩna you yɔ Damiette ɛsɩnda. Saladin maɣzɩ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ tɔñɔɔzɩta tɩ-tɩ nɛ sɔndʊ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛɛkʊyɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ ɛɖɛɛ you nɛ Damiette. Etiyina sɔɔjana nabɛyɛ nɛ pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyaa kɔyɔ e-ekpele Sihab al-Din Mahmoud nɛ e-kouu Taqi al-Din Omar.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1174 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa politiki tɔm saa mɩŋ nɛ pɩkɛdɩna Saladin. Jerusalem taa lɛ, wiyaʊ Amaury 1 sɩ nɛ eyele kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩɣa cikpelaɣ nakɛyɛ, Baudoun 4 ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ canaɣ. Kewiyaɣ pʊnʊyʊ Miles Plancy tʊ ñaakpakʊʊ paɣtʊ kɩbandʊ Egipiti yɔɔ kɛlɛ kewiyaɣ kʊyɩna-ɩ. Alep taa lɛ, Nur ad-Din ñeyebina kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩɣa As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ɛlɛ Nur ad-Din tɛtʊ taa sɔɔjana agʊla kandʊʊ kewiyaɣ pɩnʊyʊtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ kouu nɔɔyʊ palɩzɩ ɛlɛ kewiyaɣ taa nɛ ɛlɛ ñakʊyʊ nɛ wɛ.
Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1176 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Saladin kpaɣ halʊ Ismat al-Dîn, ɛlɛ kaakɛ Damas Unur pɛlɔ nɛ ɛkɛ Nûr al-Dîn lelu politiki nesi ɖɔkʊʊ nasɩyɛ taa. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 40 mbʊ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛtɛma walʊʊ Nûr al-Dîn pɩnaɣ 1147 nɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛtasɩ lʊlʊʊ pɩɣa nɛ Saladin. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ ɛnɛyʊ ɛɛsɔɔla-ɩ piŋ ɛzɩ ɛ-takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ nzɩ etiyana-ɩ yɔ sɩ-tʊzʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊ pɩɩwɩɣa-ɩ Harrân tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa la lɩmaɣza ɛzɩma paapɩzɩ nɛ peheyi-ɩ ɛ-halʊ sɩm tɔm yɔ (Ismat kaatɛma sɩbʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwɩɣa Saladin yɔ, nɛ peteheyi-ɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ fenasɩ naalɛ wayi pɩcɔ peyele ɛnɩɩ-tʊ).
Kanɖʋ
Pɔlɔɔn̄ɩ tʋ nɔɔyʋ lubina kanɖʋ. Ɛkɛ kɔ pɛdɩyʋ. Payaɣ-ɩ se, "Ignacy Lukasiewicz". Pɩnaɣ 1853 taa elubi-kʋ. Pɩkɛ fɩtɩla ŋgʋ kɩwɛna n̄eneɣa kɩ-tɔbʋʋ tɛɛ yɔ. N̄eneɣa ŋga, ka-taa paɖʋʋ karazɩm. Paɖʋʋ nimaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄eneɣa ŋ́ga ka-taa nɛ nimaɣ ŋ́ga, kɔ-nɔɔ lɩɩna n̄eneɣa nɛ haŋ kiŋ. Nimaɣ ŋ́ga kɔ-yɔɔ kaɖazɩm tɩŋɩɣna nɛ pɔsɔkɩ kɔ-nɔɔ taa miŋ. Kanɖʋ yaɖɛ kendiɣna nɛ heelim eeɖizi miŋ. Kanɖʋ miŋ naɣ ɖeu. Ŋgʋ lɛɣzɩna mutuke kpaɣnɩ pɩnaɣ 1780 taa. Poluba-kʋ nɛ kɩwɛɛ kɛlɛʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ mutuke pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma mbʋ ki-nimaɣ n̄ɔʋ kaɖazɩm n̄ɔʋ mbʋ yɔ. Kaɖazɩm pɩzɩɣ pɩkpa nimaɣ taa pɩtalɩ santimɛtɛnaa hiu mbʋ yɔ. Kanɖʋ ŋgʋ paɖʋʋ kɩ-taa kaɖazɩm mbʋ yɔ, palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɖoo taa ɖɩɣa taa. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa lɛ, kanɖʋnaa ḿba, pa-taa nimasɩ wɛ kuluŋkulu. Pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa ŋgʋ nɛ kɩ-n̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ lɛɛkʋ se "bec Kosmos". Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɔɖɔɔna-kʋ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Kɩ-kpalɩbanaa pɩzɩɣ pɩzɩɣ pɔhɔ miŋ nɛ ɛtasɩ nandʋʋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Payaa lɛɛkʋ se, "bec Matador". Kʋkʋ n̄eneɣa n̄awalaa nɛ ki-miŋ walɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɩ-kpalɩba wɛ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ pɩhaɣ miŋ waɖɛ se ɛn̄andɩ mbʋ pɩmaɣ-ɩ yɔ. Kanɖʋnaa mba paba n̄ɛwɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa yɔ, pa-taa nimasɩ n̄ɛwɛ tayɩ, sɩ-labʋ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ pɛkpɛkɩɣ-sɩ naalɛ naalɛ. Pa-kpalɩbanaa wɛ hʋyɩŋ nɛ pɩnaɣ pa-taa camɩyɛ ɛzɩ panaʋ-wɛ "westerns" waa taa yɔ. Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa ḿba, pa-kpalɩbanaa yeki nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛɖɔk-wɛ nɛ ɛyɛlɩna nɛ heelim eeɖiziɣ pe-miŋ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ kɔyɔ, kanɖʋnaa kɛwɛ tindima naalɛ taa: Tindimiye kɩpɩnɖɛ: ɖɩɖɩ palakaɣ nɛ heelim mbʋ pɩkpaɣ yɔ pɩsaɣ miŋ. Tindimiye ńɖɩ, ɛyaa yeba-ɖɩ. Tindimiye kɩfaɖɛ: ɖɩɖɩ palakɩ nɛ heelim niɣdiɣ ɖɩnɖɩ. Wayɩ wayɩ n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ńɖɩ wɛnɩ ɖeu kpem. Ɖɩkɩlɩ lɛɛɖɛ ɖoŋ. Tindima naalɛ ána, a-kanɖʋnaa ta animasɩ wɛ taŋ tayɩ nɛ a-kpalɩbanaa wɛɛ hʋyɩŋ poyi poyi nɛ pamaɣzɩ ɖaɣlʋʋ. Naʋ: Kanɖʋnaa ḿba pa-naalɛ Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋ. Tindimiye kɩpɩnɖɛ, ɖe-heelim saɣ miŋ. Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa mba pɛwɛ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ (Guillourd lubina-kʋ, ɛkɛ Fransɩɩ tʋ). N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ camɩyɛ yɔ eyolosaa nɛ elubina-wɛ.
Kanɖʋnaa lɛɛla n̄ɛwɛɛ, pan̄ɩkɩɣ kɩn̄ʋʋ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pe-miŋ ɖeɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa poluba-wɛ. N̄ɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ poyolosuu nɛ polukina-wɛ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋʋ yɔ: "cérium", "thorium" nɛ yttrium. Pɩnaɣ 1885 taa heelim taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnɩyʋ ɖajaa Carl Auer Von Welsbach na-tʋ. Ɛkɛ Otirisi tʋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩn̄ɩlɩnzɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɖooo yɔ, wiɖiyi patana n̄ɩɣyʋʋ nakʋyʋ n̄ɩlɩnzɩɣ ḿbʋ. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ nɛ laatiriki miŋ paanaɣ se awakɩ n̄ɩlɩnzʋʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pakpaɣ n̄ɩɣtʋ ńdʋ nɛ polubina lɩmɖɛ lɔɔɖa miŋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se "réverbères waa" yɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Poluba kaɖazɩm kaɖʋnaa nɛ Petromax n̄ɩma nɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋʋna. Pan̄ɩkɩɣ Petromax n̄ɩma yɔɔ kɩn̄ʋʋ nɛ pamʋʋ. Kanɖʋnaa mba polubi-wɛ nɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ ńdʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna n̄eneɣa nakɛyɛ, ka-taa pɔmpɩ ŋgʋ kaɖazɩm tɩŋɩɣna kɩ-taa nɛ pɩkpaɣ mbʋ pʋmʋʋ miŋ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ yɔ. Kpalɩba nakʋyʋ kuluŋkulu n̄ohuuzi pʋbʋ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa Fransɩɩ n̄ɩma nawa se "Petromax kanɖʋnaa" wɛ ɖeu siŋŋ, ɛlɛ, pa-taa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛlakɩna-wɛ tʋmɩyɛ ɛ-mɩzaɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛlɛ, halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, kanɖʋnaa ḿba, pɛwɛ Eurɔpʋ tɛtʋ ajɛya sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɛtɛ pɛwɛɛ Amerika n̄ɩndʋ taa. Pɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa laatiriki miŋ tɛwɛda yɔ nɛ ɛyaa lakɩ-wɛ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa ɖʋʋ ɖoo taa nɛ palakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna.
Kanɖʋnaa mba pan̄ɩkɩɣ kɩn̄ʋʋ nɛ pamʋʋ yɔ, pɛwɛ huwa naadozo taa: Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa mba palɩna caama yɔ (Petromax kanɖʋnaa). Pɔɖɔŋa-wɛ lubuu nɛ masɩ ndɩ ndɩ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa. Kaɖazɩm kanɖʋnaa mba palɩnɩ Ɛngilisi yɔ ( paba yɔ "Tilley" nɛ "Bialaddin yaa Vapalux". Amerika nɛ Kanadaa paba n̄ɩma. Ɖajaa Coleman lubina-wɛ. Paba taa lɛ, sanzɩ pakɩlɩɣ ɖʋʋ. Kanɖʋnaa nabɛyɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ, paan̄ɩkɩɣ-wɛ kɩn̄ʋʋ nɛ pamʋʋ. Paba lɛ, kaɖazɩm n̄ɩma nɛ sanzɩ n̄ɩma yaa halɩ alɩkɔɔlɩ n̄ɩma. N̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩn̄ɩlɩzɩɣ siŋŋ yɔ polubini-wɛ. Pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɛzɩ kpaɣ kpou kahʋyaɣ nɛ ŋkpa yɔ. Ɖɩnaɣ-wɛ Caama nɛ Fransɩɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa. Peeye kanɖʋnaa mbaa payaɣ se, "Tito-Landi" kanɖʋnaa. Ɖɩnaɣ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɩlɩ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ-wɛ ɖɩnɛ se, "Aladdin" kanɖʋnaa. Ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, "amsh" egeetiye taa kanɖʋnaa ḿba pakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ. Paa ɖooye pɔsɔkɩ kanɖʋnaa mba peeye.
Etiiki (éthique)
Pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛna wɛtʊ kɩbantʊ. Pʊwɛ se ɛ-ɖɔnɛ ɛkɛdɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma. Wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ ndʊ nɛ ɖɔnɛ kɩbanɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se etiiki (éthique). Tɔmbiye etiiki (éthique) lɩna krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se ethos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔnzɩ. Etiiki kɛ lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se filozofii (philosophie yɔ pɩ-tɛ piliŋa nakɛyɛ. Mbʊ pʊwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɛ wazaɣ pʊyʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔm etiiki hʊʊ. Etiiki piliŋa yɔɔ ɛyʊ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛɖʊʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ñaɖʊʊ yaa you nakʊyʊ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Yee mbʊ paɣtʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩndʊ. Ɖajaanaa panɛ : Aristote nɛ Kant pɔtɔŋ se etiiki tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se kʊɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋa hɛɛ yɔ. Tobi taa lɛ, mbʊ pʊwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊmʊna ɛyʊ yɔ mbʊʊ etiiki piliŋa ñɩnɩɣ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ. Yee mbʊ etiiki piliŋa tɩŋɩɣna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩɖʊʊ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pʊwɛɛ se paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa ɛɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Etiiki piliŋa ɖʊʊ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa lakɩ mbʊ yɔ, yaa ɛyaa sɔɔlɩ mbʊ yɔ, pɩɩkɛɣ mbʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi cee alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa kaɣ labʊ yaa pakaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ. Etiiki nʊmɔʊ taa tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ tɛkɛ kɩkpɛdɩm, nabʊyʊ tɛkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paɣtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ paa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa ɖajaa John Rawls yɔɔdaa se pʊwɛɛ se etiiki paɣtʊ ɛmʊna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-paɣtʊ.
Hugues Capet
Hugues Capet kɛ capet waa tɛ kajalaɣ wiyaʊ (987 ŋtalɩ 996) nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Capet ɛyaa tɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ (weyi ɛcaɣ Fransɩɩ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kɩ-tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ, nɛ kɩ-tɛ tɩ ɖanɩɣ ñɔɔzʊʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 1848). Palʊla-ɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 939 ŋtalɩ 941 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ pʊwɛɛ ɛzɩ Dourdan tɛtʊ taa palʊla-ɩ, nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 996 kɛ lakʊ nakʊyʊ taa (ɖenɖe ɛyaa taa fɛyɩ yɔ) yuda tʊ pɔñɔtɩna Prasville tɛtʊ cɔlɔ kpam, Franc waa tɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ (pɩnzɩ 960-987 alɩwaatʊ). Ɛɛkɛ Hugues Sɔsɔ pɩyalʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Hedvwige Saxe tʊ.
Kpaɣɖʊ 10 wɛɛ tɛmtʊ kɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ ɛsakuliye lɩwa keeke nɛ ɛyaa hiɣ pa-tɩ ɖeu pɩnaɣ 1100 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Haɖaʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ, agbaŋga pazʊʊ nɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ labʊ mbʊ pɩtɩŋna pɩnaɣ taa haɖɛ yɔɔ pɩlɩna kajalaɣ caroling ɛyaa yɔɔ, tɩna tɔsʊʊ huu siŋ nɛ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ paa kɩwɛ hɛɛɛ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ tɩtɩm. Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa ɖɩzʊʊ tɛ tɛmtʊ nɛ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ yeba nɛ ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ maʊ lɩ nɛ pɩsaŋ haɖaa yaa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖa pɩzʊʊ pɛmɛlɩɣ sɩ-taa.
Francia occidentalis tʊʊ kɩ-tɩ nɛ Ampiiri nɛ kajalaɣ Capet tʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛlɛzɩya yɔ, cɛyɩ pa-tɩ pama kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɛkpɛndɩna e-ɖoŋ nɛ halɩ paɖʊ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Robert pʊtɔdɩyɛ nayʊ kɛ pada Nɔwɛlɩ evemiye wiye pɩnaɣ 987 wɛɛ taa. Pɛcɛlɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ kɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 996. Capet kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga patɩna ke-kiɖe yɔ kɛwɛ kakaa pɩtalɩ waasɩ lutozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ ke-kewiyaɣ liɖe ñɔ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ Ɛsɩpaañɩ nɛ Itaalii nɛ Luxembourg nɛ Hɔŋirii nɛ Pɔritigaalɩ nɛ Piresiili.
Ɖɩsɩŋ sakɩyɛ Hugues Capet kewiyaɣ tɔm. Takayaɣ nayʊ nɔyʊ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa taakpaɣ se pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se ɛma e-fezuu caɣʊ tɔm. Pɔɖɔna mɩzɩɣ mɩzɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm takayasɩ nɔnɔɔ wɛɛ taa ndʊ mʊwanɩ Richard Reims tʊ kaama yɔ. Hugues wɛʊ yɔ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ palʊla-ɩ Dourdan ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ taa kɛnɛ pɩnzɩ 939-941 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛɛkɛ Hedwige Saxe tʊ pɩyalʊ (Otton 1 tʊ kɔɔ kɛlɛ) nɛ ɛ-caa kɛlɛ Hugues Sɔsɔ.
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ kɛ Afrika tetʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Kapʊvɛɛrɩ walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutokiŋ naanza yɔ. Kɩwɛ Moriitaanii, Kambii nɛ Seneegaalɩ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.
Etaazuunii
Etaazuunii kɛna ajɛya sakiyɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛlɛ Etaazuunii wɛna Amerika nɛ kɩ-hayɩ kɩŋ. Ajɛya nɩɩnɩwa kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ payaɣ se Etaazuunii. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ajɛya cikpena nayɛ wɛ 48 nɛ amalɩna nɩnɩwa lɛɛna. Ajɛya anɛ, awɛ Atlantiki teŋgu nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa  nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pasifiki teŋgu. Hayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ piyele Mekisiki ñɛwɛna hadɛ kiŋ. Ajɛya nayɛ ñɔtɩna Etaazuunii ɛlɛ afɛyɩ kamaɣ yɔɔ; ana lɛ: Alaskaa (Kanadaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa) nɛ awayɩ Pasifiki hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ.
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ kɛna tɛtʋ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-pʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ pɛtɛyʊ-tʊ tam sɔsɔm napʊlɛ taa: hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se îles Sotavento yɔ nɛ ndʊ yɔ Brava, Fogo, Santiago nɛ Maio. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, îles Barlavento nɛ Bowa Vista, Sal, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, São Vicente nɛ Santo Antão.
Etaazuunii
Pɩcɔ nɛ Eerɔpɩ ñɩma woki Etaazuunii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ lɛ, ɛyaa nabɩyɛ, Ameerɩndɩyɩŋwaa mba palɩna Eraazi yɔ paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pɩlabɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1 5000 mbʊ yɔ yɔ. Eerɔpɩ mba tɛ Etaazuunii kpacayʊʊ paɣzɩ ɛzaɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊwaa hiu nɛ looɖo yɔ. Pɩtaakɛ Eerɔpɩ ɛyaa ɖeke ɛlɛ Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ mba ɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ pe-nesi ɖomaɣaɣ fenaɣ 14 wiye pɩnaɣ 1607. Mbʊ yebina nɛ you ñapaazɩ nɛ kɩsɩɩna hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza pɩnaɣ 1775 wiye lɛ, Etaazuunii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Etaazuunii lɛɣna mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ
Tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Santiyago yɔ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɛ Kapʊvɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ peeɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ wɛɛ ndʊlɛ Prayiya. Pʊcɔ nɛ keteŋa yɔɔ yɛlɩya mba palɩna Pɔɔrtiigaalɩ powolo peeɖe pɩnaɣ 1456 lɛ, ɛyaa taawɛɛ tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ taa. Kapʊvɛɛrɩ taa kɛ ɛyaa tɩŋgaɣna nɛ pakpaɣa ɛyaa nɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ papɩsɩɣ wɛ yoma powokina-wɛ Amerika lɛ.
Ateyiizim
Ɛyʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖʊ-ñʊʊ se ateyiizim. Ɖooo kpaɖɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊmʊʊ (XXIe siècle) ñɩŋgʊ taa ɛyaa paɣzɩ wɛnaʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩɩ yɔ se Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ fɛyɩ. Ɛsɔnaa cikpeme nabɛyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se agɔlɩma naayɛ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛkɛ aatee yɔ, eetisiɣ Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔɔ. Eetisiɣ ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛwɛ yem koye. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛkɛ aatee yɔ ɛtɔŋ se ɛyʊ lɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yem. Se pɩtɛkɛ Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ yaa ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ lɩzɩna-ɩ. Ŋgʊ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyʊ talɩɩ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ yem. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se nɔɔyʊ wɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsɔdaa nɛ ɛkɩlɩ pɩtɩŋa payɩ; Ɛnʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se Ɛsɔ. Se ɛnʊ lɩzɩna pɩtɩŋa nɛ ɛnʊ tɩna pɩtɩŋa payɩ. Ɛ-cɔlɔ ɖoŋ tɩŋɛ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ tɩŋɛ nɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩŋɛ palɩɣna. Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ, pa-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ñʊʊ payaɣ se teeyizim. Yee mbʊ, lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ñʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se ateyiizim yɔ, ɖi-koyindu lɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ñʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se teeyizim. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛna lɩmaɣzɛ lɛɛna kpem, awɛ ndɩ nɛ aatee waa nɛ teeyizim waa pa-lɩmaɣzɛ. Paba payaɣ se añɔsɩtiki was.
Kapʊvɛɛrɩ
Sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩ woba peeɖe alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Francis Drake pɩnaɣ 1580 taa, Charles Darwin kɛ pɩnaɣ 1832 taa. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa ñɔɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ lɩ peeɖe nɛ pɩkʊ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ. Kapʊvɛɛrɩ mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1975 nɛ pɩsɩŋa lɛ, kɩwɛɛ CEDEAO taa.
Ateyiizim
Toovenum lɛ, mba payaɣ se aatee waa yɔ, pa-lɩmaɣzɛ lɩɣzɩɣ pɩlɩɩna wɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ takayɩsɩ mayaa tɩŋɛ ɛɛyɔɔdʊʊ tɔm kʊɖʊmtʊ pɩlɩɩna pɔ-yɔɔ.
Etaazuunii
Tɛtʊ sɔsɔyʊ payaɣ se Washington Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Joe Biden nɛ ɛnʊ kɛna peeɖe ñʊŋ tɩna 46 tʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ yɔ Kamala Harris.
Ateyiizim
Ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ, pɩkɩlɩna ajɛɛ wena aɖɛna ɛsɩndaa siŋŋ yɔ, akpakɩɣ aatee waa se pɛkɛ ɛyaa yem waa? Paaɖʊʊ-wɛ ɛyaa lalaa taa camɩyɛ.
Etaazuunii
=Ki-kiɖe= =Caanaʊ tɔm=
Sɔnɔdaa alɩwaatʊ(1991-2016)
=Politiki= =Kewiyisi nɛ ajɛya= =Kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ=
Ɖenɖe ɛyaa wɛɛ yɔ
=Ajɛya lɛɛna yɔɔ politiki= =Sɔɔjɛɛtʊ ɖoŋ= =Tɔsʊʊ=
Tɔsʊʊ politiki
=Samaɣ=
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊ
=Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ= Pɩnaɣ 2015 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, Etaazunii samaɣ kɩkpɛnda 320 miliiyɔɔ.
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Romanɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ agbeelaa taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ kɛ Ɛndɩ Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa. Ɖɩnaɣ se Romanɩɩ nɛ Italii yɔɔdasɩɩ ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Dante kʊma Italii kʊnʊŋ kɛ hɩɖɛ nɛ paya-kʊ se Si kʊnʊŋ nɛ pamaazɩ kʊ nɛ Oc (Occitan) kʊnʊŋ nɛ Oil (Fransɩɩ) kʊnʊŋ, mbʊ yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na se ɛɛɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩdozo ʊnʊ ɛ-daa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa yɔ. Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ kɛ yɔɔdaɣ ŋga kehiya nɛ kacaɣa ageeta lɛɛna taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ a-da pɩkɩlɩ kɩmaɣma kɩ-tɛ egeetiye taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩ-kɛ Toskaŋ kʊnʊŋ Florence kʊnʊŋ Pisa nɛ Sienne kʊnʊmɩŋ.
Etaazuunii
Samaɣ yɔɔ kandayʊʊ
=Lɛɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ=
Kʋnʋmɩŋ
=Ɛyaa sɔsaa= =Anjaʊ ŋgʊ pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔ= =Ki-nimaɣ= =Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ= =ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ=
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ
Toskaŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Dante Alighieri nɛ Pétrarque nɛ Boccace pama nɛ pɛ-takayɛsɩ nɛ pamaazɩ se panaadozo pɛkɛna takayɛsɩ mayaa sɔsaa kɛ Italii kɛ hɛkʊ pɩnzɩ alʊwaatʊ taa. Kɩkɛ Florence tɛtʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ kɩwɛna samtʊ kɛ kɩ-tɛ maʊ keɖeya taa. Kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛzakuliye nɛ keɖeɣa nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔmpe lɩzɩʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Italii kʊnʊŋ wɛna tɔm sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ʊnʊ ɛ-taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Paɣtʊ taa lɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ lɛɛzɩʊ kɩfam taa kɛ Pietro Bembo lɩzɩna lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ.
Karasii
Karasii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ pasɩ Pakisitani ɛjaɖɛ lɩzɩyʊ kɔnaɣ-tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Muhammad Ali Jinnah yɔ ɛ-tɛ sɩʊkpelaɣ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖama nɩnaʊ fɛyɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ageeta wena payaɣ-yɛ se suniti nɛ siititi yɔ aanaɣ ɖama nɛ ɛsɩyɛ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ yam yam lakasɩ nɛ ɛyaa kʊʊ tɔm ɖeke wena kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1980.
Karasii wɛ Arabi teŋgu kidiiliŋ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ ɛndusi wɛna. Peeɖe tɛtʊ taa kɛ komina tʊma sʊsɔna kɩla wɛʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa sukuli kɩtɛzʊ taa sukuli piya ɖɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 80 000 yɔ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa efebiya nɛ pɛlaa powoki se pala tʊmɩyɛ teŋu kidiiliŋ cɔlɔ. Payaɣ Karasii tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩkfalʊ se Lala Fazal-ur-Rehman.
Sambii
Sambii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ kaʊ. Ɛaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Commonwealth yɔ a-taa.
Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa palabɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naatozo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Luzakaa.
Ɖooo lɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Pɔcimɛnɩwaa yɔ mba kaalɛɣna caɣʊʊ peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ paakɛ akpaama nɛ tɩŋ-pee tɔɔyaa. Puwayɩ fayɩɩɩ yɔ kɛ Pantʊʊwaa woba nɛ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nanza taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lakɩŋ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖɩhayɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwalɩɣ walɩɣ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩsa nɛ paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛnɩna lɛlʊ lɛ palɩzɩ kʊnʊŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ panɩɩ nɛ pawɩlɩ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.
Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (Révolution industrielle)
Tʊma sɔsɔna kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ, tɔmpiye ndɩ Adolphe Blanqui lɩzɩna-ɖɩ nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, Friedrich Engels nɛ Arnold Toynbee palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ ɖɩ-wazaɣ. Pɩkɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩyeba nɛ pɩlɛɛzɩ kiɖi yaa kpɛlɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ nɛ ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ cɔlɔ, ɛyaa mba paasɩma se haɖaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa yɔ pɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa. Pɩ-tɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ ndʊ, tɩlɩna suluku kpaya wazaɣ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1840 taa nɛ pɩtana yaa putukina ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tʊma politiki tʊma nɛ ɛyaa nɛ mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖʊ pɩta kpɛɣɛ yɔ. Canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa nabɛyɩ etisuu tɔmpiye ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Werner Sombart cɔlɔ lɛ, (liidiye yeke lakɩna lɩmaɣza tɛ kɩfam pɩnaɣ 1902) kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna kɛ canaʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩpaza Florence yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 14 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ taa maŋgɩla waa tɛ ɛsakuliye. Fernand Braudel yeki se ɖɩna kiɖi wɛtʊ ndʊ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ pʊnɛ pɩlakɩ yɔ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpɛm taa yeke. Pasɩma kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ mbʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se paasɩma ɛyaa mba nɛ haɖaʊ tʊma nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma yɔ, papɩsa tadɩyɛ laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sɔsaa nɛ maɣzɩm tɩŋga kɛ lɛɣtʊ yaa nesi tɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩnaa nɛ awɛ camɩyɛ cɔlɩɩ. Kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna (sakɩyɛ taa lɛ,) pɩkɛ tʊma sɔsɔna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ ajɛyɛ taa wɛɛ kɩfana taa yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ lɩna tevenim tibu yɔɔ pɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ nɛ lona cɔlɔ yaa ajɛyɛ cɔlɔ.
Lona yaa ajɛyɛ wena a-taa pɛlɛ pazɩɣ tʊma ana yɔ ana yɔ Grande-Bretagne kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa. Pʊwayɩ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ Suwisi kpaɣɖʊ 19 paɣzʊʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ ajɛyɛ. Caama nɛ Etaazuunii paɣzɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ana alabʊ kpaɣna 19 hɛkʊ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ Ruusi kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ taa. Ajɛyɛ ana akɛ hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ ñɩna. Kpaɣna hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18, ɛyaa ɖɔʊʊ kaawɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛkɛ haɖaa yeke. Ɛlɛ lona nayɛ taawɛ pɩta ɛzɩ Flanfre, haɖaʊ taakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ peɖe hayim sɔsɔm tɩna kaatɩna tɛtʊ. Hayim yebuu pɩnzɩ naalɛ yaa natozo kaakɛ-wɛ paɣtʊ nɛ pɛkpɛndaɣ pahayɩɣ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ, pata cɔzɩ hayɩm naa kolonzi nɛ pɩzɩwanaɣ nɛ wonduu yɛlɩɣ paa le.
Soojaa
Soojaa yaa sonaa tɩŋ num ñɩŋ pɩkɛ tɩŋ weyi ɛlakɩ pɩnaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɩnɛ hatʊ ɖozi tɩŋ tɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Soojaa ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ cɔlɔ, lɛɛŋ kota nɛ pee sɛmɩŋ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ñɔtɩ kpam nɛ kɩɖe tɛ ñɩŋ nɛ kɩmaɣna nɛkɛdɛm nɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ. Kɩ-piliŋzi ɖalakɩŋ maɣna mɛta naa 30 ntalɩ 130 mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩ-hatʊ tɛɣ ɖama taa natozo natozo. Kɩ-tɛ pee wɛ hʊndʊʊ pɔyɩŋ taa, ɛ-ɖalɩ tʊzɛɛ yaa ɛ-koti ɛzɩ tɔʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-taa wɛʊ pee naalɛ yaa natozo. Padakpaɣnɛ-kʊ ɛzɩ ɖozi hayʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ yɔ, ɛlɛ,ɛzɩ num tɩŋ kɛ ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩjɔŋna tɔnasɩ nɛ haɖaʊ pɔyɔ yɔ ndɩ payaɣ se FAO. Soojaa kɛ ñɩm sɔsɔɔm tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa ɖooo pɩnzɩ 5000 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ kɩ-pee pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm nɛ kɩ-tɛ num yɔ, ɛyaa tɔkɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔkɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Pehilii-kʊ ɖozi kɩ-tɛ nalɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-tɛ num wɛna wazaɣ sɩŋ tʊma sɔsɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ajɛyaa wena akɩlɩɣ-kʊ hayʊʊ yɔ a-naa yɔ Etaazuunii nɛ Preeziili nɛ Arɩzantɩnɩ nɛ Siini nɛ Ɛndɩ. Soojaa tɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ ñɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ pahayɩ-kʊ kɩhayʊʊ nɛ kɩlɩnɛ ñɩtʊʊ taa Soojaa cɔlɔ kɛnɛ. Soojaa tɩŋ tɩŋga yɔ wɛ (hatʊ pɩlɩnzɩ nɛ pɔyɩŋ) hʊndʊ tɩsɛ caʊʊ yaa huluu sɛmɩŋ. Kɩ-hatʊ tɛ ɖama taa nɛ pʊtɔzʊʊ ɛzɩ sonaa hatʊ yɔ. Hatʊ cɩkpetʊ ndʊ tɩ-ɖalakɩŋ maɣna sentɩmɛtaa naa 6 ntalɩ 15 walanzɩ kɔyɔ 2 ntalɩ 7. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sonaa yɔ kajalaɣ hatʊ ha ɖama nɛ siiye hatʊ ndʊ tɩtɔʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ pɔyɩŋ lʊlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ.
Kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ
Kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ payaɣ se aliyaazɩ. Palabam nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ sakɩyɛ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ.
Ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ kelekele yɔ, pʊwɛna hoɖe kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu wɛtʊ. Hoɖe kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu payaɣ se mekaniki wonuu. Piyele ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa wɛ kelekele yɔ payaɣ se meetalɩ piiri. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔsɔzʊʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ kelekele yɔ pɩ-taa lɛ, ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ, pɩkpa ɖoŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔsɔzɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɩmviduu ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ, pɩkpa ɖoŋ. Lɩmviduu ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ payaɣ se solisiyɔɔ sooliidi. Papɩzɩɣ paɖʊ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ payaɣ se karɩbɔɔnɩ yɔ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa nɛ pʊpʊ kpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Wondu ndɩ ndɩ pɔsɔzʊʊ se meetalɩ piiri ɛkpa ɖoŋ yɔ, tiyeki se meetalɩ piiri ŋgʊ kɩtaapʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ meetalɩ piiri wɛɛna wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ lɛɛtʊ.
Wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ taa yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛ, wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, kɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ payaɣ se «meetalɩ tigiɖe» yaa «tigiɖe». Piyele nɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ pɔsɔza yem yɔ, payaɣ tʊtʊ se kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ wondu yaa wondu kɩsɔzʊtʊ. Wondu ndʊ pɩtamʊna se tɩwɛɛ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ wondu taa yɔ, tʊtʊ payaɣ se asuluma wondu.
Yee wonuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ taa yɔ, kɩtɛkɛ meetalɩ wonuu kɔyɔ, kɩɩwɛɣ ɖoŋ camɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, yee pɛtɛyɩ wondu ndʊ tɩwɛ karɩka ñɩɣɖɛ taa tam mɩnɩʊ kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ kpakɩɣ pɩɩtalɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ. Ɛlɛ, yee pɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se fɔɔtɩ (fonte) yɔ pɛtɛyɩ tam mɩnɩʊ taa kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ kpakɩɣ pɩɩtalɩɣ hɔɔlɩŋ lʊbɛ. Ŋgʊ papɩzɩɣ pɛkpɛndɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kwivri yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ payaɣ se sɛŋkɩ yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊʊ kɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgʊʊ payaɣ se lɛɛtɔɔ.
Huva lɩŋgamʋʋ
Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛna yuŋ kiɖe lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɛ Colorado pɔɔ yaa pʋwa sɔsɔwa ŋga kɛwɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kɔn̄ɔtɩna Boulder City nɛ kɩwɛ Arizona nɛ Nevadaa pa-ɛjɛɛ hɛkʋʋ taa kamaɣ yɔɔ. Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ size pama-kʋ pɩnaɣ 1931 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1936 pɛ-hɛkʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ kɛnɛ.
Pɩɩkɛ n̄ʋʋ yɔkʋtʋ sʋsɔtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa, nɛ pala Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ tʋlʋʋ sɔnzɩ kɛ evemiye niidozo ŋgʋ wiye kɛ salaŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1935 taa. Franklin Delano Roosevelt kaawɛna kewiya kpeɣla yɔɔ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Nɛ ɛnʋ kaahana nʋmɔʋ yaa nɔɔ nɛ pala sɔnzɩ nzɩ.
Kaɖɛ nɛ kaɖɛ nɛ pɩcɔ pɛtɛ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩmatʋ. Samaɣ kpeɣkpeka, nɛ ka-tɩ cɛlɩɣ siŋŋ wazɩna sakɩyɛ. Samaɣ kpaɣ ka-tɩ mpilim nɛ kɛ-cɛlɩ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlabɩyɛ ɖeɖe siŋŋ. Tʋmɩyɛ laɖa miiliyɔɔ waa mbɩ yɔ kpaɣ pa-tɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɩ faala pɩkɔ pɩsɩna pe-wezu kamaɣ yɔ.
Pɩcɔ nɛ pɛtɛŋ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-maʋ yaa kʋ-tʋma lɛ, tʋmɩyɛ laɖa mba pehiuna pe-weziŋ lesuu yɔ yaa sɩɖaa, talaɣ ɛzɩ mɩnʋʋ nɛ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm(111) mbɩ yɔ. Tambaɣyɛ nɖɩ pabɩza pɔkɔna nɛ Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ pama-kʋ yɔ, kɩ-tɛ tɔɔnɩ pɛtɔŋ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa lʋbɛɛ mbɩ yɔ. Kpaɖʋ hiŋ naala (20) tɩɩlɩ n̄ata lɛ, kɛ pakpaɣ kpɛlɛkɩ-tʋ lɩmazaɣ kɛ Black Canyon nɛ Boulder Canyon pɔ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna po-ɖoŋ yɔɔ size pabɩzɩ pɔɖɔkɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-pɩzʋ kɩɖʋ nesi camɩyɛ Colorado yɔ. Nɛ kɩbɩzɩ kɩ-kɔna yaa kɩ-haɣ lɩm nɛ pɩsaɣ nɛ nazɩyʋ (électricité) wɛ ɖeu yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1928 taa kɛ Etaazuunii ajɛɛ n̄ʋŋ tɩna ŋgbɛ kedizaɣ ɖɩlaɖɛ, kɛ paɣkpa lɩmazɩyɛ tamaɣ kanɛ yɔ.
Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ, paɣkpaɣ kʋ-tʋma nɛ pɛcɛlɩ tʋma ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nɖɩ payawa size Six Companies. Nɛ ŋgbɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩpaɣzɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1931 taa nɛ pɛtɛmɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1936 taa, pɩcɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1938 n̄ɩŋga ŋga paaɖʋwa se pɛtɛŋ ka-taa yɔ ka-kalɩɣ. Pɛtɔŋ ŋgʋ pamana Hoover lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ yɔ, patamada matʋ natʋyʋ nɛ pɛtɔŋ ŋgʋ mbʋ.
Lɔndrɩ
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Room mba kaalɩozɩna-tʊ pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ naalɛ (2 000) yɔ nɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 19 taa lɛ, Lɔndrɩ kaakɛŋna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kaakɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ peeɖe kɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩla wɛʊ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɩ-taa kɛ liidiye tɔsʊʊ koozaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 157 200 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 572. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakala kɩgalʊ peeɖe lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 787 892 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ ɛyaa tala ɛzɩ 13 879 757 yɔ.
Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa ɖeke kɛ papɩɩza nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊʊ tɛɛ santaɖaŋ pɩnzɩ naatozo: 1908, 1948, 2012. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tɩna mba powoki peeɖe yɔ, pɛɖe; ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 28 yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe lona naayɛ kpɛnda naanza nɛ awɛ kacuka sɩŋŋŋ yaa ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Kondoloko nakʊyʊ wɛ peeɖe nɛ kɩwɛ camɩyɛ kʊlʊŋgʊlʊ.
Etiyoopii
Etiyoopii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna Afrika nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Etiyoopii nɛ ajɛya nayɛ pɛkpɛnda kamasɩ. Ajɛya ana yɔ: Eriitree, Soomaali, Sudaanɩ, Suudanɩ nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ, Keniya nɛ Cibuuti ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Eriitree mʊʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993 yɔ, Etiyoopii tatasɩ wɛnaʊ waɖɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ teŋgu lɩm yɔɔ.
Afrika keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Etiyoopii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊʊ yɛ nɛ wena akɩlɩ walɩɣ yɔ a-taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ naakʊ ñɩnɖɛ. Ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa akpagba 1 127 127 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Adisi-Abeeba nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ kɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtenaa 2 400 yɔ. Kɛteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ yɔ tɩ-taa naanza ñɩnɖɛ. Keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Ariimenii wayɩ lɛ Etiyoopii kɛna ɛjɛya taa nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ pɩnɩɣ krɩtʊ tɔm taa yɔ. Peeɖe ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wɛɛ nɛ aapaɖɩɣ ɖama. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ kʊɖʊm naatozo yɔɔ kɛna malɩŋ. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Ɖajaa Mulatu Teshome nɛ e-kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Ɖajaa Haile Mariam Dessalegn.
Etɛŋ
Mbʊ payaɣ se etɛŋ yɔ, pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛklʊʊ tɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ. Kɩ-pɩyʊ n̄ɩɩɩ mayaɣ kɛlɛ 50. Ki-kumoɖo yaa kɩ-mayaɣ ŋga pasɩŋna-kʊ yɔɔ lɛ Sn. Payaɣ kɩ-mayaɣ (Sn) ŋga pasɩŋna-kʊ mbʊ yɔ nɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa stannum. Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ se krɩstalozɛɛnɩ waa. Etɛŋ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa natʊyʊ. Etɛŋ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa fɛyɩ ñɩm sakɩyɛ yɔ. Etɛŋ yuŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nakʊyʊ yuŋ kɛ 120, nakʊyʊ yuŋ ñɛkɛ 118 nɛ nakʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ yuŋ ñɛkɛ 116.
Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ se kasiteriti (cassitérite). Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊʊ ponuutuu nɛ palakɩ etɛŋ. Etɛŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ payaɣ se okɩsiidi (oxyde) SnO2 yɔ. Ɖooo caanaʊ pasɩma etɛŋ. Ŋgʊʊ polukaɣna ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩɩmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ. Etɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ palakaɣna ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se pɩrɔɔzɩ yɔ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ etɛŋ pɔɖɔɔna labɩnaʊ pɩrɔɔzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Pesidiɣ etɛŋ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʊ lɛɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ.
Charles 2 le Chauve
Charles 2 tʊ pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se ñʊʊ haza haza tʊ yaa ñʊʊ sakɩŋ tʊ, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 823 kɛ Francfort-sur-le-Main tɛtʊ taa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 877 Avrieux (Savoie). Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ Charlemagne sɛyɩ nɔyʊ mba pɛtɛyɩ Ampiiri pɩnaɣ 843 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Ɛnʊ kɛnɛ Aquitaine wiyaʊ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛ-caa kewiyaɣ alɩwwatʊ Louis, Fransɩɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa wiyaʊ pɩnzɩ 843 ŋtalɩ 877 nɛ papamɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ sɔsɔ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ pɩnaɣ 875.
Pɩnaɣ 867 tɛ paɣzɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, Charles pɩsɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ fada kɛ Denis kiɖeɖeu taa. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 877, kɩyakʊ ŋgʊ papa Jean 8 Maari Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ tɩna nɖɩ ɖɩkaɣ kɛʊ Corneille Kiɖeɖeu fada kɛ Compiègne yɔ, ɛhʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ koloŋgolo se pɩwɩlɩ se etisa piŋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ, ŋgʊ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ lɛ, Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ taa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ se wiyaʊ nɔyʊ ɛhʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mbʊ, ɛlɛ eyeba tandʊʊ cɔm cɔm.
Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Louis pɔtɔdɩyɛ nayʊ Ɛsɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖaŋɩyʊ piŋ pɩɣa ɛ-nɛ ɛ-halʊ kɩlɛlɩyʊ Judith Bavière ñɩnʊ, pakpa-ɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ tɔm wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ Walafrid Strabon (808 cɔlɔ ŋtalɩ 809-849), ɛkɛ mʊwanɩ Reichenau mʊwanɩ waa kpaŋ taa kɛ Alémanie. Pɩnzɩ nakʊ wɛɛ taa Strabon ɖɔkɩ sukuli wɩlʊʊ evebupɩɣa kanɛyɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛna lidau piŋ pɩɣa kɛnɛ kɔyɔ.
Pɩnaɣ 840 alɩwaatʊ taa pa-caa Louis pɔtɔdɩyɛ nayʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba kpa lɛ, piyaa paɣzɩ youp a-taa pe-yeke. Charles kpɛndɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ Germaniiki Louis, kɛlɛ paha ɛsɛ nɛ Lothaire 1 tʊ, pa-ɖalʊʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɛ maɣzɩ se ɛtɛyɩna-wɛ Ampiiri. Ɛlɛ patɩŋa pɛkpɛdɩ pawa Fontenoy-en-Puisaye, Bourgogne you pɩnaɣ 841.
Pɩnaɣ 843 alɩwaatʊ taa kpa lɛ, kɔkɔɖɛ sʊʊ Charles ñʊʊ koloŋgolo tʊ nɛ Nominoë pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 845, Ballon you wɛɛ taa lɛ, Nominoë wa Charles ñʊʊ koloŋgolo tʊ. Nɩnaʊ takayaɣ kajalaɣ ŋga wɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa pɩnaɣ 846. Nominoë pɩsɩ Bretgne wiyaʊ. Pɛ-hɛkʊ taa you ɖanɩɣ paɣzɩ pɩnaɣ 849 lɛ, Bretgne ɛyaa tɩ ɖɔm pɔyɔɔ nɛ kɩkpaɣ Rennes nɛ Nantes tɛtʊ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 851 taa lɛ, Erispoë wa Charles ɖɔɖɔ Jengland you ɖeɖe.
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, se ku-puu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ. Kpɛɛnzʊʊ tɔm pire (tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yea leemu sɛmɩŋ yea kɩsɛmɩŋ) kɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ taa yatʊ nɛ pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye kɛ Kapisikum (Capsicum) tɩŋ kɩkpanzɩ hɛkʊ taa, weyi ɛ-hatʊ tɛkʊʊ ɖama taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩʊ piye ndɩ pehiliɣ nɛ ɖozi yɔ yaa palakɩ nɛ tɔnasɩ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Kanadaa kpɛɛzʊʊ kɛ ɖozi pɩyʊ ɛlɛ kɩpaɣla, Kapɩsɩkum kpɛɛzɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se kpɛɛzɩŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ.
Kpɛɛzɩŋ weyi ɛpuu ɛyʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔ yɔ ɛlɩna Amerika nɛ haɖɛ kiŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛyaa taa ɖeeɖe pahayaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ kaɖaɣ taa ɖozi pɩlɩna kʊɖozi labɩnaʊ nɛ kʊ-sʊzɩŋ tɔnaɣ taa yɔ. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtaa yɔ ajɛyɛ 64 hayʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ pʊkɔzɩna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ ndɩ wɛ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩwɛna waza siŋ fɛbʊʊ kpɛɛlɛkʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Kpɛɛnzʊʊ kʊwɛ tindime kɩkpanzɩ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ paa ŋgʊ lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ kɩ-hɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ yuulee cɛzʊʊ nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɩm nɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊʊ taa kɩsɛmɩŋ. Pɩkɛ Amerika mba tɔnaɣ taa nakayɛ ɖooo pɩtalɩɣ pɩnzɩɣ 9500 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Peyeki se ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-haɖaʊ talɩɣ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa pɩtɩŋnɛ Pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa yɔ kɛnɛ. Goa egeetiye Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩlanaɣ tɔʊ kpɛɛnzʊʊ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ
Fɩyɛɛnɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ yɔ Otirisi. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩyɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Taaniibi pɔɔ kɛtɛsʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa hɛkʊ taa nɛ tiposina Paarii tɛtʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 243 yɔ; Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ yɔ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 651; pɩkazɩ yee pɩkɛ Prukisɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ kɔyɔ, pɩtalʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 112 yɔ.
Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ potina Pudapɛsɩtɩ ñɩndʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 250 pɩkazɩ tiposina Pɩraagɩ nɛ Muuniiki ñɩndʊ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 350. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla –tʊ ñɔtinaʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ Pratisilaadaa nɛ tʊtʊ ñɛwɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 60 yɔ.
Pɩsa nɛ patɩlɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa peeɖe yɔ lɛ, komina yeba nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016. Kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛma lɛ, ɛyaa 1 840 573 kɛ pana tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa.
Piyele pamazɩ tɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ landammm taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 41 489 yaa kilomɛtanaa 414,89. Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ taɣ liu nɛ alakɩ a-tɛ politiki ketiizasɩ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩɖʊʊ tɩ-nɔɔ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛ politiki tɔm taa yem yɔ.
Peeɖe kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ aŋgba nayɛ tɩkila wɛɛ nɛ aŋgba ana a-taa kɔyɔ: OSCE, OPEP, ONUDI yaa ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ aŋgba sakɩyɛ.
Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ poluki ñɩɩtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ pacakɩ tɩ-taa nɛ pasʊʊ tɩnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ pañɩnɩɣ se pana mbʊ keteŋa kaakɛna yɔ, kɛnaa yɔ yaa mbʊ kakaɣ kɛnaʊ yɔ.
Ɖooopɩnaɣ 2001 kɛ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ɖɩɖʊ ɖɩpɩlʊ taa. Payaɣ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛtʊ taa maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Michael Häupl.
(Europe)
Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ
Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ kɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩtɩŋgʊʊ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ ñɩndʊ wayɩ yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Kalifɔrinii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ pɩwɛna lɩm hɛɛʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se pasifiiki yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔ. Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ tɔbʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ kɛlɛ se «Ɖoɖoo Abiɖe Tiiyaa ñʊʊtʊ ɖicaɣyɛ».
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊʊ nɛ alɣya tʊma wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ñɔɔzɩ pɩ-tʊmaa tɔm napʊlɛ: pɩnaɣ 1932 nɛ pɩnɣ nɛ 1984. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Lɔsɩ Anzelɛsɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ ɛzɩ 27 yɔ  taa ñɩndʊ ɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma.Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Eric Garcetti (D).
Kpɩna
Kpɩna kɛ wondu ndʊ tɩdɩŋgaɣ payɩ pɔɖɔʊ tʊ yɔ. Kpɩna cikpenaɣ wɛ nɛ kpɩna sɔsɔnaɣ wɛ, kpɩna cɩkpenaɣ kɔyɔ: afanaa, heŋ, pʊŋ. Kpɩna sɔsɔnaɣ kɔyɔ: kpaŋnaŋ, kpaŋasɩ. Ɖɔɖɛ wɛna waza sɔsɔyɛ sɩŋ haɖaʊ hɔlʊda, kpɩna pɩndu kɛ huɖe nɖɩ haɖʊ kpakʊ nɛ ɛ-ɖʊʊ ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ tɛ yɔ, pɩsɩna tɔɔnaɣ se kɔlɔ nɛ kalʊlɩ yaa ka-ɖʊ pee camɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɛ yɔ lalaa wɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɔɖɛ hɔŋ nɩyɛ lakɩ nɛ ɛ-tɔɔkɩ. Paɣ egeeti nɖɩ lɛ, pɔɖɔʊ kpɩna wena apɩzu nɛ acaa egeeti nɖɩ ɖɩtaa yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔ pʊwɛ se pamazu atɔɔnasɩ yɔ. pʊyɔ pʊpɔza se, mba mba pɔɖɔʊ kpɩna nɛ paya wɛ se ɖiziyaa yɔ, powokina pɔɖɔɖɛ nɛ kɔyɛ laɖaa (ɖaʊ) ɖaɣ pa-kpɩna paɣ alɩwatʊ ŋdʊ lɛ kʊɖʊmbʊ fenaɣ taa. Ɖɩtasɔ kpɩna kɛ nandu ndʊ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ ɛñɩzʊ yɔ. Ɖɩtakɩlʊ tʊ tɔɔʊ, mbʊ yɔ tɩhaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kʊdɔmɩŋ.
Polivi
Polivii kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Pirezili, Paraguwe, Arizantini, Siilii nɛ Peruu. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖifɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ yaa lɩŋgamʊʊ na kʊyʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ Erɔpɩ mba pazɩɣ-ɖɩ kpacayʊ lɛ, Polivii kaakɛna Inkaawaa tɛ ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ kɛ Amrika nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Kolombʊtʊ kɔɔ yɔ. ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ pɩna 1809 lɛ, you laba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 16 yɔ fayɩɩ pʊcɔ nɛ payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Simon Bolivar.
Polivii kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa keyiyaɣ kpelaɣ wɛ tɛtʊ ñnʊʊtʊ nesi tɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nakʊ. Peeɖe kʊñɔntɩnaa ɖɔɔ nɛ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 43 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Tʊma wena palakɩ yɔ a-taa kɔyɔ haɖaʊ, tɩŋ sɔʊʊ nɛ piyiiŋ lɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ: étain, argent, yaa litiyɔm. Polivii ɛjaɖɛ taa Amerika ilemiye taa ɛndɩ mba waa wɛɛ, pisidam waa ɖɔɖɔ, Erɔpɩ mba, Aazii mba nɛ Afrika maba ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ.
Kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-kʊ komina tʊma taa peeɖe yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpañɔlɩ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛzɩ aymara nɛ kesua yɔ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Polivii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komɩna tʊma taa yaa pawɩlɩɣ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɛkpɛndɩ 37, an yɔ: ayimara, arawɔna, bɔrɩ, besiro, kanisana, kavineña, kayubaba, saokobo, simaŋ, ese ɛja, ɛsɩpañɩ, kuarani, kuarasuwe, kuarayu, itonama, kalawaya, leko, masineri, maropa, mojeño-trinitario, mojeño-iñasiano, more, moseteŋ, movima, pakahuara, pukina, kesua, siriono, takana, tapiyete, toromona, uru-sipaya, wisi, yaminahua, yuki, yurakare nɛ zamuco.
Paasɔŋ
Paasɔŋ kɛ minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa yɔ. Kɩ-lɩ kpaɖʋ 14 taa Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Nɛ paya-kʋ hɩɖɛ size fagotto. Palaba-kʋ nɛ kɔɔka kɩɖala nakɛyɛ. Pa-hʋyɩ ka-taa pɔʋ, nɛ ɖeɣa ŋga keɖewa nɛ ka-ɖalakɩŋ taa makʋna ɛzɩ mɛtana 2,50 yɔ ka-saɣtʋ taa (pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛrapɩlɩ tɩʋ yaa palɩssandrɩ tɩʋ).
E-kpiya ɛ-tɩ yɔ, nɛ soo wonuu kʋnɛ kʋ-hʋlʋyʋ weyi payayɩ size paasɔŋnɩsɩ yɔ, ɛɖɔkɩ kʋ enesi kɩpanzɩ tɛɛ. Pɔnɛ loɖo wɛna hayi kiŋ, nɛ kagbanzɩ piliŋa sʋsa nɛ cikpeɣla naadozo ŋga pa-kpɩtɩna ɖama kpam nɛ sulam naanaza ŋgʋ. Nɛ pɩkpɛndɩ pɩtɩŋa pʋwɛ ɛzɩ U yɔ, pɩkpɩtɩna ɖama cɩncɩn.