cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ḥmed Umerri
Ilul-d Umerri
Kecmen ar tekwatt. Warɛad ssarsen iman nsen inna yasen Muḥ Aṛezqi: - Ay atmaten, akken a nemyusan cwiṭ, myal yiwen deg-neɣ aɣ-d-yini anwat d wacu i t-id issawḍen ar da, ar gar-aneɣ. Nek s timad-iw qqaren-iyi Ḥajj Ali Muḥend Aṛezqi n Iɣil Imula. Muggraɣ d tsertit si temẓi. Lliɣ d ameɣnas n PPA maca tagara yagi yuɣal ukabar n Ugdud Azzayri d inan kan, d awal kan. Xas akken, aɣref izga ibezzer idrimen i ukabar yerna seg uksum-is iten-id-itekkes. Llan wid diɣen iten-id-issuksen i uɣrum n warrraw nsen akken ad gren afus. Maca iqerray n ukabar ɣilen d Rrebbi asen-tt-id yawin netta win irjjan Rrebbi ad irjju ayen terjja tteryel. Assa a nettkel kan ɣef yiman nneɣ u ad tt-nqwemmer kan akka gar aneɣ ma illa nebɣa ad d-nḥelli tilelli i ugdud nneɣ. D aya kan. Atan ar ɣur-ek wawal a Asman a gma. Inṭeq uterras nni iqqimen ar tama-s inna: - Medden ssawalen-iyi Asman. Maca isem-iw Amar Xujja Aḥsen. Lulaɣ di taddart at Meksent deg At Abdelmumen. Fɣeɣ s adrar seg wass-mi d-rriɣ ttar n baba i ɣef ituɛedda yiwen “uqjun” ḥaca timira nwen. Yerna aydi yagi irna yas zzux d wawal imi d axwummas n Lqayed. Akka i issagwad medden. Ma d ass-a aql-i yidwen s tezmert-iw d tdukli-w. Attan nnuba ar Amar. - Isem-iw Amar Amsaḥ n tɣiwant n Haussonvilliers (Nnasirya n wass-a) iyi-tt-wagedlen ass-a. Nɣiɣ dinna yiwen uterras d Aɛrab azzayri illan d ccaf-iw deg yiwen laɛzib. Laɛzib-agi d ayla n yiwen ukulun. Aterras-agi ihi itekkes sser fell-aneɣ s ifellaḥen. Asusef d regmat si sbeḥ ar temeddit. Izga iqqar-aɣ “kelb ben kelb” u yiwen wass issuli-d ajenniw-iw issaweḍ-itt armi ur zmireɣ ara as-awiɣ nnig wanect-en, dɣa tekkaɣ-as din. Ussan-agi ad zemmen 12 n waguren aya-gi. Mawel aql-i zgiɣ di Rebeval (Beɣlya) u ass-a ferḥaɣ aṭas s yis-wen imi sya d asawen ad tuɣalem d imwansen.
Aterras wis kuz imgarad cwiṭ fell-asen. Issusem ikmed maca tamuɣli-is qessiḥet, tessagwad. Ṣṣura-as tettbin-ed amzun iffeɣ-itt rruḥ. Seg-mi id-iwweḍ d netta ɣef tiṭ Umerri. Dɣa inṭeq-d ula d netta: - Nek akken zriɣ, ulac ayen isemgarden amakwar d umerwal ɣef yemsulṭa neɣ d imenfi ɣef tektiwin-is. Ittwagdel-asen akw wass d tikli gar medden. Mgal tigi zriɣ a neddukkel akken ma nella u atent-nqazem s uzday n lqed. Maca ɣur-wat ad tettum iman nwen. Ilaq a nezwir deg iman-nneɣ u mi neccur lejjwayeb nneɣ d tḥawacin n twaculin nneɣ ad d-nelhi sakin d iẓawaliyen d igelilen. Acku amɣid d adebbuz kan i ttqadar wanag awal aẓidan s ucennef akw i t-ittarra.
Mi ikfa uterras-agi tiyita di medden, issekna aqerruy-is issusem. Umerri iẓra yir awal am wagi ur issuffuɣ ara ar wayen ilhan. Iḥus am akken ad asen-yuɣal uterras-agi d azrem uqelmun. Injjer taɣect-is inna yasen: - Nek n taddart at Jimaɛ n Iwaḍiyen. Zriɣ izwwer-awen-d Muḥ Aṛezqi awal fell-i, fiḥel ma nniɣ-awen-d ayen iwen-dinna yagi. Ass-a nemlal-ed dagi akken a nemsefham ɣef tikli nneɣ d wamek ara asen nekker i wid irkḍen deg uɣref nneɣ. D aɣref i ɣef ara nsenned u d netta kan ar aɣ-isselken. Aṭas n wid iɣ-d-izwaren yagi ar umadaɣ maca imi tuɛeddan ɣef ifellaḥen, uɣalen ar medden am jenjjar i tiṭ. D ulaqrar almi ttwakemcen acku amɣid issaɣ akw ɣef tmurt am umccim di tiɣilt. Ilaq ad nsed ɣur-s ad isenned ɣur-neɣ, ad tili tagmatt gar aneɣ. Ma illa nessedda-t gar icenga nneɣ xas d aẓawali iceffu u issen ad yandi. Ma llan medden d tirni ar tama nneɣ, aɣ-d-fken ucci, ad ldin allen u ad fken tamezzuɣt fell-aneɣ. Iswi nneɣ macci d tukarda macci d tamḥeqranit deg ẓawali. Iswi nneɣ, s yiwen wawal, d tiririt n tissas i wid mi-tt-ksen Iṛumyen d ixwumassen nsen. Tikli nneɣ ad tili d tin zeddigen u ad ilin ilugan a tt-id-izzerben. As-d-ilin d tilisa. Tura imi d nek i d aqerruy n tarbaɛt, tura kan awin-ten-in-inniɣ yiwen yiwen u ad awin arnuɣ kra n wayen ttɣunfuɣ d wayen d wid ur iyi-d-nezgi ɣef tiṭ.
Tagara n Umerri
Qqimen di 4 di tɣarɣart, ɣef tyeggirin, zzin-d i tarbut n seksu d waftaten n uksum irsen ɣef ugartil. Iqḍa-d inefq-ed Aâli imi iâareḍ-ed imeddukal-is. Tarbaât Umerri d Muḥ Aṛezqi di sin, netta d âaemmi-s di sin. Tetten, ttnecraḥen, ttaḍsan. Yak d imeddukal. Iɣli-d laman gar-asen. Ur d-illi usurdu, ur d-illi ccek. D tagmatt. D tadukli ɣef tgella d lemleḥ. Maca Aâli izga itett Umerri s nqar n tiṭ. Amzun ittalas-as-tt. Amzun iceggeḍ-it kra. Netta tuɣ-it yunditt netta d âemmi-s. Ksan-d tundar yiwet yiwet, almi d-ssawḍen Umerri ɣer txenfuct ubeckid nsen di tesga n uxxam nsen.
Umerri ur yuki d nda mi itekkat. Ur yuksan, d netta d umeddakul-is tuɣiten di nnican, gar tɣunam n tmegwḥelt n Aâli. Aâli Wasel, n Iâezzunen, d ameddakul-is iḍelli, d amedddakul-is assa. Ur d-yelli wayen ara a t-ikukru. ɣur-s, am akken ur ḍrint. Âait ɛait. Wanag, urjjin isrussuy tamegwḥelt-is ar tmurt. Tezga ar yidis-is, ɣef udem ufus akken mi tt-iḥwajj ad tt-iddem imiren imiren. Azal ttaken Iqbayliyen n imiren i tmegwḥelt am win ittaken i tlawin nsen: ur ittnuz ur irehhen! Assen, isers-itt, isenned-itt ar udekkan di teɣmert. Ur d-lli ara ɣef udem ufus-is. Mi inuda fell-as, yuɣit ismar-as Aâli macci d yiwet n tarsast. Isḍarḍeq-as ibardiyen-is am netta am umeddakul-is. Teffeɣ swa swa akken i tt-undin. Wa iqqar d Aâli i itekkan ɣef znad wa iqqar d âemmi-s. Ama d wa ama d wihin, Umerri yuɣal d aquran di tɣerɣert. Icca-t waldun di tesga n ṭṭlam. Izirig ileddayen yuzel ɣef tamart-is. Immut. Si tiremt-nni d afella, tensa tafat n Umerri. Iquc usirem id-irra i watas n medden. D ayen d tagara. Xas akken, ikmumes amzun d aqejmur, d ajdar, ɣef udem-is issaɣ-d yiseɣ. Ittban-d amzun immut s tfenṭazit neɣ am akken ur ibni fell-as. Timi-s tekres amzun ur yuḥtam ara ayen iḍran yid-s. D aya ihi i ɣef Aâli d âemmi-s ufan ulamek ara as-anfen akken. Ksen-as ula d talaba ines zeddigen, selsen as tayeḍ yumsen, ixnunsen. Ssufɣen-t seg uxxam u ewwin-t ar iɣzer akken ad ssidren seg azal-is. Ladɣa dina is-gan tafuṭuttt-nni id-iqqimen ar medden d tirni. Seg-s issenned ɣef tezṛutt amzun illa win i t-issarsen. Ur d-iban ara deg-s am win iɣlin, am win icca waldun. Ihi ula di tmettant rran ad t-ssimsen. Dagi akw i t-ttwaɣ. Acku caḍen, ttḥarqen. Am akken tamgarḍt-is ur asen-teccur ara tiṭ.
Imi Umerri yuɣal i Iṛumyen d iqeddacen nsen d jenjar i tiṭ, d aṛejjaq di tgerjumt, llant-ed deqs n temliliyin fell-as. Lkumanda n Tizi Wezzu, ccambitat, lqayed, d iḥerkiyen nniḍen akw i tezzin fell-asen u ternuḍ-as s ufell-a kra n win i wumi ifka tiyita akken ad t-id yerr s abrid. Myal tikkelt, ad as-sennin kra illan gar wallen nsen nutni d ayen n dir, d ayen ifɣen i ibardan. Kra n wanida d-tella tukarda, kra n wanida id-illa imenɣi ad t-aebbin ɣef uqerruy Umerri. Xas akken, Umerri izdeɣ deg ulawen n medden u yiwen ur ifki deg-s afus.
Tusa-d tikti i lkumanda amek ara tsekertfen. Ẓran akken ad as-awḍen ilaq asen ubrid n laman:yiwen seg imeddukal-is. Ilaq as-sbedden. Maca anwa seg-sen? Amek ara t-qenâen ad ibxes u ad ifek afus deg Umerri illan imiren d assaḍ gar wallen n medden d tirni?
Refden sarsen ufan-d ilaq ad t-smarkin netta d yiwen seg imeddukal-is. Akken ad yilli usemmarki ilaq ad afen taɣwsa ur izmir umeddakul-is ad isemmaḥ. Ilaq asen ad afen kra uxeclaw ur izmir as yanef Uqbayli ad iâeddi. Ilaq kra d amuqran, ara yawḍen i umdan ar tamart-is, ar isseɣ-is, ar nnnif-is. Ayen ara t-icemten gar medden ma ur d-erri ara ttar. Am tamgarḍt, neɣ tuksa n sser. Xemmem as diɣen aṭas u gezmen di rray d akken zemren ad qqenâen yiwen seg imeddukal-is ma illa sbaben-as agejdur, ma illa gren-d tameṭṭut-is ar taḥsirt xas akken ur tuksan ara. Akka ihi ssalin tasraft, fernen Aâli imi d ameddakul amuqran n Umerri yerna tella-d ɣur-s tmeṭṭut tecbeḥ nezzeh, akken d-nnan. Gren fell-as meskint ayen ur texdim.
Ewwin-t ihi ar Tizi Wezzu ɣef tqacuct iqerray nsen. Azal n 3 ussan d wuḍan i teṭfen ɣur-sen akken ad tessimnen. Dɣa rwin-as aqerruy-is akken iwata. Ssawḍen ihi almi iten yumen d akken Umerri ikcem-as s axxam u kkes sser ɣef tmeṭṭut-is. Netta anect-a yak ur d-illi maca di tegwnitt am tinna, ibundel Aâli. Idderɣel. Yuɣal ittwali kan amek ara ineɣ Umerri acku mawel ad ssufɣen awal ar taddart u as ittwagdel wawal gar yergazen. Akka i tella imiren. Isseɣ d nnif am tamgarḍt. Ma illa iffeɣ-d wawal macci d ayen fessusen ad tesfehmeḍ i medden d tikarkas. Ladɣa ladɣa ma ɣef tmeṭṭut imi kra illan d isseɣ n twacult, itti ɣef uqerruy-s nettat yerna ur tezmir ad tenni kra.
Iffeɣ-d Aâli syin u deg uqerruy-is tban tikli: ad ineɣ Umerri, ad yerr ttar akken i wata. Ifra ssuq, tenza sselâa. Immeslay d âemmi-s imi tamsalt tâna akw tawacult-is. Emtawan amek ara t-ksen si tudart imi yuɣal-asen d ugur, d ayen iten ssarxan gar medden.
Bernen Iṛumyuen d iqeddacen nsen ihi Aâli almi yuɣal irra iman-is d qebbaḍ lerwaḥ am winna n tmucuha. Win n tmucuha meqqar ittass ar win i wumi teccur, ma d Aâli iccur-itt i Umerri. Akka ihi is-ihegga imensi. Yir imensi. Win n uɣurru. Yiwen ur yuksan wayeḍ ur yuklal. Umerri ur ixdem kra, Aâli Wasel seccen-t, ccuren-as taqerruyt d tmelɣiɣt almi ulamek ara yidir ma illa idder Umerri. Ṛzag-it wussan skud idder Umerri. Ufan-as abrid. Deg ussegwass n 1947. Di furar. Ass wis 16. Deg Iâezzunen. Swa-swa ass-mi id-issali Krim Belqasem tarbaât-is OS yulin s adrar send 1954. Yak mlalen netta d Umerri akken ad dduklen mgal amaḥras maca ur umtawan ara, ur zgin ara ɣef yiwet n tmuɣli. Maca ar assa ur neẓri ara amek id-teḍra gar-asen neɣ wisen ayen ur dduklen ara.
ḤMED UMERRI sɣur Ɛ. Mezdad, 1974
Yennayer 1974
Ayamun; asmel n tsekla tamaziɣt Imyura; asmel n imyura n tamaziɣt
Taskenfut
Taskenfut (FR:Taskenfout) d taddart deg Aṣqif n Ṭmana.
Taggayt:Tuddar
GIMP
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) d afecku n wunuɣ. D aseɣẓan ilelli. D ahil i wunuɣ, taklut, asider n tugniwin, atg. Ɣur-s aṭas n yisiɣzaf.
Yetteddu deg Linux, Windows akk d Mac Os X.
Asmel unsib : http://www.gimp.org/
Facebook
Facebook d yiwen uzeṭṭa n tmetti deg internet yettaǧǧan yal amdan yesɛan amiḍan ad yesnulfu amaɣnu n useqdac, deg-s ad iceggeɛ tilɣa izemren ad walin w'i d-is-yehwan, akken yextaṛ. yezmer ad iceggeɛ tilɣa ama d: (tugniwin, iḍrisen, imarrazen, atg.) ad yesnulfu isebtaren, igrawen iwakken ad yeǧǧ wiyaḍ ad issinen tisuddutin, tiṛmisin, d wayen yark fayeg yettnaḍaḥ. Deg isebtaren, d igrawen ayen yark i yebḍa umseqdac ad twalin imseqdacen wiyaḍ maci am ma yili s umaɣnu-yines.
Iɣmaren
Iɣmaren (s tifinaɣ: ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵔⵏ) d yiwen n wezdar amaziɣ amesmud yettidiren di tama n Arrif deg ugafa n Umeṛṛuk.
Iɣmaren ttnegmin-d d akken ttilin-asen-d i yisusiyen, acku ttutlayt-nsen (taɣmart) tudes s waṭas ɣer tutlayt tasusit.
Iderman
Amqun n Iɣmaren yegber seg 9 n yiderman: At Grir (ttmeslayen taɛrabt) At Xaled (ttmeslayen taɛrabt) At Menṣur (ttmeslayen s tmaziɣt) At Rezin (ttmeslayen taɛrabt) At Selman (ttmeslayen taɛrabt) At Smiḥ (ttmeslayen taɛrabt) At Zyat (ttmeslayen taɛrabt) At Zjil (ttmeslayen taɛrabt)
Imniren
Taggayt:Imaziɣen Taggayt:Arrif Taggayt:Ameṛṛuk Taggayt:Iɣerfan
Biter Ban
biter Ban ( Taglizit : Peter Pan ) d awadem n tidmi n umaru Jims Matyu Bary ( JMBarry ). Biter Ban d aqcic bu ccwal yezmer ad iferferur irennu ara deg Yila. Yettidir timzi-ines ur nkeffu deg tegzirt n Niberland ( Neverland ) D aɣella n terbaɛt-is n warrac iḍallen iqeddec d tewkilin n yilel ( mermaides ) d ugdud anaṣli n Temrikt d leǧnun d yiflisen d warrac n umaḍal-nneɣ seg berra n Niberland. Yezga yella deg wallalen n tussna, d usiwel ɣer tɣuri n leqdayec n Barry.
14 wamber
Ass 14 wamber d ass wis 318 n useggas (wis 319 deg iseggasen bisekstil). Llan 47 wussan deffir-s ar taggara n useggas. 13 wamber - 14 wamber - 15 wamber
Imagraden iqqenen
Taggayt:Ass n wamber
Emma n Saɛid U Muḥemmed
vignette|Yezmer d Ɛayca id-yettwasugnen deg unnuɣ-agi n la danseuse mauresque ( taceṭṭaḥt tamuriskit ) sɣur yimsunneuɣ afransis Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec . Emma n Saɛid U Muḥemmed s yisem n tmedyazt-ines Ɛayca, d tamedyazt yernu d tacennayt tafransist , tlul deg wass n 10 duǧember 1876 deg Fransa , temmut deg wass n 18 yulyu 1930 deg Paris. D jida-s n tcennayt yettwassnen Édith Piaf sɣur yemma-s.
Tameddurt
Ass mi meqqret Emma, tezweǧ d yiwen qqaren-as Eugène Maillard deg useggas n 1894, mi tella txeddemdi ssirk deg tmurt n Ṭṭelyan, aseggas umbeɛd deg useggas n 1895 sɛan-d taqcict isem-is Annetta Maillard, d tin ara yuɣalen tacennayt yettwassnen s yisem n Line Marsa, d nettat ara d-yesɛun umbeɛd Édith Piaf.
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton d tasertayt tamerikanit seg Ukabar Amegday, d tamazwart i tfernin tiselwayanin n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n 2016. Ass-agi tella d tamurt n uwanak i tasertit tawerdanit n Yiwunak Yeddukklen.
Emma n Saɛid U Muḥemmed
Tameddurt
Yemmut urgaz n Emma  Eugène Maillard deg 1912. Tɛawed zzwaǧ deg useggas n 1923 akked yiwen n useḍḍal qqaren-as Adolphe Louis Cornu (1867-1837).
Deg tazzwara n yiseggasen n 1920, tufa-d iman-is meqqret ur tezmir ara ad tecnu akken tella zik imi imesli-ines yettuɣal d amɣar, ɣef waya tuɣal d taqeddact i yxeddmen deg useyyeq, d tasekranit yernu d takeyyafit, temmut deg yulyu n useggas n 1930 s waṭan n la Tuberculose.
15 wamber
Ass 15 wamber d ass wis 319 n useggas (wis 320 deg iseggasen bisekstil). Llan 46 wussan deffir-s ar taggara n useggas. 14 wamber - 15 wamber - 16 wamber
Imagraden iqqenen
Taggayt:Ass n wamber
Taqṣebt (Batent)
Taqṣebt d yiwet tɣiwant n twilayt n Batent, deg tdayra n Ras Leɛyun. Deg 2008 ɣur-es azal n 17,074 imezdaɣen deg 2008.
Asideg
Taqṣbet tezga-d (tella) deg ugafa tḥudd af tiɣiwanin am tid n Ɛin Azal ed Buṭaleb i yellan deg twilayt n Sṭif.
Tutlayt deg Teqṣebt
Tutlayt tanasayt (traditionnelle) tella ay d Tcawit, maca deg lqern yezrin taɛrabt tuɣal ad tif tamaziɣt deg izenqan. Luqa, werɛad ad nufi medden i yessawlen s tcawit, ladɣa deg imɣaren ed tisednan (tulawin).
Octave Mirbeau
Octave Mirbeau ilul ass n 16 di furar 1848 deg Trévières (Fransa), immut deg Paris g 16 di furar 1917. D amaru afransis.
Afernan n tẓuri, ikka iga ameddakkel d Claude Monet d Auguste Rodin. Isten awed Alfred Dreyfus g tedyant-nnes.
Ungalen
thumb|200px|Auguste Rodin, Le Jardin des supplices, 1902
At Yenni (taɣiwant)
Tira d timselɣa
Taggayt:Taɣiwant n twilayt n Tizi-Uzzu
Aẓru Uqellal
Azru Uqellal (FR:Azrou Kollal) d taddart deg Asqif n Ṭmana.
Taggayt:Tuddar
Aẓekka n Masensen
Imniren
Taggayt:Amezruy n Inumiden Taggayt:Iẓekwan Taggayt:Imaziɣen Taggayt:Amezruy n imaziɣen Taggayt:Numidya Taggayt:Amezruy n Lezzayer Taggayt:Amezruy Taggayt:Tumgisent tamaziɣt Taggayt:Tasegda tamaziɣt
Adana
Adana d tamdint tis seddis (seta) meqqren deg tmurt n Turkya akked wazal n 2258718 n yimezdaɣen, deffir n Isṭambul, Anqara, Izmir, Bursa, d Antalya, s umata. Ɣef leḥsab n taggara n 2020. iturkiyen, d ikurdiyen, d iεraben i izedɣen tamdint-a. Ikurdiyen zedɣen deg tɣiwanin n unẓul n temdint. tamdint-a tezga ɣef wasif n Siḥan، s 30 km seg lebḥer Amellal alemmas، deg unẓul n Anaḍul. D Axxam n tmehla n twilayt n Adana. agraw-a n temdinin i d-yeṭṭafaren i Adana d Mersin - i d-yezzin seg usammer ɣer uɣerb s teɣzi n 100 km - tesɛa 2،87 imelyan n yimezdaɣ.
MySQL
MySQL d yiwen unagraw n usefrek n taffa n yisefka tamasɣant.
S unagraw-a, nezmer ad nekles isefka n yiwen wahil sdaxel yiwet taffa. Deg taffa n yisefka, llant tifelwa anda ara yilin yisefka. Deg yiwet tfelwit llan yisefka yedduklen, amedya tafelwit “Udem” tezmer ad tesɛu isefka “Isem”, “Azemz n tlalit”, “Tansa”, atg. Isem 	Azemz_n_Tlalit 	Tansa Afrux 	10/02/2008 	1 aɣlad Asigna 00001 Igenni Adeffu 	02/06/2008 	5 aɣlad Tibḥirt 00002 Akal
SQL (Structured Query Language) d yiwet tmeslayt n usihel s wayes yezmer yiwen ad yesteqsi yiwet taffa n yisefka. Ma nra ad nessin azemz n tlalit n yiwen isem-is Adeffu deg tfelwit Udem, nezmer ad naru s tutlayt SQL: select Udem.Azemz_n_Tlalit from Udem where Udem.Isem = ‘Adeffu’;
Iwakken ad nernu yiwen wudem deg tfelwit Udem, nezmer ad naru: Insert into Udem values (’Tafunast’, ‘12/05/2008′, ‘25 aɣlad Adaynin 00005 Taddart’);
Tafelwit Udem teqqel: Isem 	Azemz_n_Tlalit 	Tansa Afrux 	10/02/2008 	1 aɣlad Asigna 00001 Igenni Adeffu 	02/06/2008 	5 aɣlad Tibḥirt 00002 Akal Tafunast 	12/05/2008 	25 aɣlad Adaynin 00005 Taddart
Akka, taffawin n yisefka, neḥwaj-itent iwakken ad nejmaɛ isefka n yiwen wahil neɣ n yiwen usmel Web sdaxel tifelwa. SQL d yiwet tmeslayt i taffawin n yisefka. MySQL d yiwen unagraw anda llant taffawin n yisefka.
Asmel unṣib : www.mysql.com
16 wamber
Imagraden iqqenen
Taggayt:Ass n wamber
Ameskan
=Amudlif, anagraw n uglam n tmudmin=
=Amudlif=
=Amezruy awezlan n umudlif= Takti tamezwarut n umudlif teffeɣ-d deg udlis d-nudder usawen i umi ttinin : Aḍfas n wagim iɣernuqen "Senbazuru Orikata" yura Rokoan Gido i d-yeẓreg deg useggas 1797 deg tmurt n Jjapun. Nnan-d fell-as inmezrayen, d netta i d adlis amezwaru deg umḍal i d yemmeslayen s yiwet n tmuɣli yemmden ɣef tẓuri n wurigami. Deg isebtar-a, yedda-d deg-s wunuɣ n tmudem, iwenniten akked yiɣawasen imeẓyanen n wamek ara neḍfes tamudem.
S umata d unuɣen ur nesɛa ara assaɣ gar-asen. Ulac win i d-yefkan amek ara neḍfes iḍefsen n tmudemt seg umezwaru alamma d aneggaru. Maca akken yebɣu yili, d netta i d ababat n umeskan atrar i ssemrasen tura yimurigamen. Sakin, deg tallit tartar, rnan-d yedlisen nniḍen i d-yessumren inagrawen i ɛerḍen ad mmlen amek i d-yettili umussu n uḍfas. D inagrawen ẓẓayen acku ggten deg-sen izamulen akked wunuɣen, yal aḍefs ssunuɣen-as aɣawas. Llan wid d yessumren ahdum n tewlafin i uḍefs… Ulac anagraw n uḍfas i qeblen yimurigamen n umḍal d amudlif. Armi d Aseggas n 1954 i d-yessumer umurigam Akira Yoshizawa yiwen n unagraw afessas i yes-s nezmer ad neglem tamudemt. Yessufeɣ-it-d deg tirawt i umi isemma : Taẓuri n wurigami amaynut ‘’Atarashi Origami Geijutsu’’ (New Origami Art) deg useggas n 1954. Yessemres aderrir s tneqqiḍin akken ad yemmel amek ara d-yili, ɣef umedya, uḍefs adrar akked uḍefs iɣzer. Yerna-as kra izamulen amedya n uzamul ‘’taneccabt n ucuffu’’...
Anagraw-a, iger-as tamawt Mass Samuel Randlett akked Robert Harbin imarikaniyen, segmen-t ugar, rnan-as kra izamulen amedya n uzamul ‘’tineccabin n tuzzya’’… Akka i d-yeffeɣ umudlif neɣ ayen i umi ttinin anagraw Yoshizawa-Randlett. Anagraw-a, yettwaglem-d i tikkelt tamezwaru, s wudem unṣib deg udlis n Samuel Randlett i umi isemma : Taẓuri n Wurigami, Aḍfas n Ukaɣeḍ, seg Unsayan ɣer Utrar (The Art of Origami; Paper Folding, Traditional and Modern). Iẓreg-d deg tmura yedduklen n temrikt, deg useggas n 1961.
Seg d-yeffeɣ unagraw-a, msefhamen akk fell-as, qeblen-t merra yimurigamen akked tmuriganin n umḍal. D win i d yeggran ar ass-a nessemras-it, nettini-as amudlif asunɣan. Sakin rnan sɣenwen-d amudlif nniḍen ideg ssemrasen tiwlifin, ttinin-as amudlif n tewlifin. Yerna iḍfer-it-id usaru awezlan i nettaf s umata deg Youtube (Anternet). Ɣer taggara-a, yeffeɣ-d umudlif nniḍen i umi ttinin amudlif asinan. D amudlif ssemrasen i tetwilt n wurigami azegriran.
Tifinaɣ
Qqaren d akken aẓar n wawal Tifinaɣ ikka-d si Tifi (tifin), d nneɣ. maca wiyaḍ qqaren, illa deg-s ccek, tamaziɣt n 2500 iseggasen aya, mačči am tcelḥit neɣ taqbaylit n tura.
Tazayant
Agemmay
Taggayt:Tutlayin n Umeṛṛuk
Tifinaɣ
Asmagnu agreɣlan (Unicode)
Seg uḥric wis 4.10 n Tagnut umi neqqar Unicode, isekkilen Tifinaɣ ungalen seg wangal uskil U+2D30 ar U+2D7F. Llan ar tura azal n 55 isekkilen i yungalen deg anagraw Unicode.
Tifinagh
Tifinagh d terre n tutlayt tmazight,tetwari s alfis an celwagi negh s celwagi an alfis,negh s nnej an adday negh s adday an nnej,ttarin sis Imazighen, tella di Libya di adrar n Infusen,di Werfella ,di Ghirian,tella di Tunis,ded tella di tmurt n Imucagh,tella di Tcanarit,terra n Tifinagh Tiru ur ttarin ara sis ghas Imucagh,maca Asinag Ageldan n Tussna Tmazight IRCAM,yemanu terre tamaynut seg isekkilen n Tifinagh, isem-nnes Neo-Tifinagh,negh tifinagh Tatrart{tamaynut}, zgemmi n aseggas n 2003 di Tageldant n Lmaghreb di tagherbazin-nnsen ttarin s Tifinagh ketyaw Isekkilen-nnes:
Tawalt n Tifinagh
Dis Imessanen mmalun tawalt n Tifinagh tused s Finiq,niten d medden Usuned s Finiqia{tiru Lubnan},maca dis awal widhen, tawalt n Tifinagh tused s Tifi-nnegh {our invention},tifi tused s Yufa{to find.to invent},acku Imazighen wahd-asen Igun Terra-yuh,
Idlisen
Taggayt:Agemmay Taggayt:Imaziɣen Taggayt:Imucaɣ
Tagensa
Taggayt:Tuddar
Agelmim n Viktorya
Agelmim n Viktorya neɣ Viktorya Nyanza (s Taglizit : Lake Victoria), d agelmim meqqren akk deg Tafriqt, yezga-d s tuget deg Tanzanya d Uganda, ed yiwen n uḥric-is amecṭuḥ yezga-d deg Kenya. D aɣbalu n Nnil, tajumma-s d 68100 km², agelmim-nni yesɛa aṭas n tigzirin.
Budafal
Budafal (FR:Boudafal) d taddart deg Asqif n Ṭmana.
Taggayt:Tuddar
Iferki
thumb|250px|Iferki
Iferki d tanga tusdidt (rqiqen) id yettwaxdamen s ugilim n iferki id yettwaxdamen s uttekki n isirgen isililuzen n yimɣan, iferki tettusexdem i tiri d usuneɣ d ujellel
Ixef Usammar
Ixef Usammar (FR:Ikhef Oussamer) d taddart deg Asqif n Ṭmana.
Taggayt:Tuddar
At Ziki
Tira d timselɣa
Taggayt:Taɣiwant n twilayt n Tizi-Uzzu
Aẓekka n tṛumit
Aẓekka n tṛumit neɣ Aẓekka ageldan amuritan d yiwen n uẓekka yettuɣalen ɣer tallit n inumiden. Aẓekka-ayi yezga-d di tɣiwant n Sidi Raced yeṭṭafaren agezdu n Tipaza deg ugafa alemmas n tmurt n Lezzayer.
Kamirun
290px|Carte du Cameroun - Map of Cameroon|thumb|right Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tagduda n Tefriqt Talemmast, Kungu, Gabun, Ginya Tasebgast d Axliǧ n Ginya (n Agaraw anaṭlas).
Aẓekka n tṛumit
Aglam
Aẓekka-ayi iga d ikerkar n yidɣaɣen. Akdu-ines 60,9 m, yeflal s wazal n 32,4 m.
Kamirun
Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun yella s ddaw leɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ yella s ddaw ifrensiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin-agi yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayyu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.
Aẓekka n tṛumit
Imniren
Taggayt:Imaziɣen Taggayt:Amezruy n imaziɣen Taggayt:Numidya Taggayt:Amezruy n Lezzayer Taggayt:Amezruy Taggayt:Tumgisent tamaziɣt Taggayt:Tasegda tamaziɣt Taggayt:Amezruy n Inumiden
Kamirun
Aqeddem
Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is, asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.
Tazwart
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit, taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is. Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya.
Cameroun s ttfaṣil u s tewzel
ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi, akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun". Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun. Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin. Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt (plurilinguisme) d tsertit n tutlayt di Cameroun
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. [Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi.
Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord).
17 wamber
Ass 17 wamber d ass wis 321 n useggas (wis 322 deg iseggasen bisekstil). Llan 44 wussan deffir-s ar taggara n useggas. 16 wamber - 17 wamber - 18 wamber
Imagraden iqqenen
Taggayt:Ass n wamber
Kamirun
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ)
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug (indépendance)
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren.
Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu." Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud".