cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Tafsut n Yimaziɣen
Amezruy n Tefsut n Yimaziɣen : D acu yeḍran ?
21 Yunyu 1980 ɣef jjuj n tmeddit, Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer (CDDCA) akk d Useqqamu agraɣlan mgal aqmaḍ (répression) gan timlilit sdat n Taggazt n Leqdic (Bourse de travail) deg Paris. Gar yiberriḥen (slogans) ay d-nnan medden : "Ḥebsem aqmaḍ", "Brum-asen-d i yimeḥbas akk mebla ccuruṭ", "ilsawen iɣerfanen (populaires) (taɛṛabt n Ldzayer d tmaziɣt d ilsawen iɣelnawen". Akk tuddsiwin (organisations) d yemdanen idzayriyen d yefṛensisen yettwassnen ttwaɛerḍen-d ɣer temlilit-a. Ttekkan deg-s akk wid ay yesteɛṛfen s yimenzayen-a (principes). CDDCA, ASEP, UNEF, LCR, FEN, FO, OCI, FFS. Ma Djamel Allam akk d terbaɛt n Djurdjura gguman ad ttekkin deg temlilit-a. Ferhat d Aït Menguellet llan ttwaṭṭfen deg Ldzayer.
25 Yunyu 1980 Deg Tizi Wezzu, medden gan ass n webdad i lmend n yimeḥbas. ɣef tmanya n tmeddit, Tanegga n Tɣamsa Tadzayrit (APS) tenna-d dakk-n 24-nni n yimeḥbas n Berrouaghia ad asen-fken tilelli takudant (liberté provisoire) i uzekka-nni.
26 Yunyu 1980 Teqleɛ yiwet n terbaɛt, deg-s aṭas n tkeṛwas, seg Tizi Wezzu, akk-n ad d-awyen imeḥbas-nni umi d-bran. Wigi, mi ten-id-ssawḍen ɣer Tizi Wezzu, gan-asen tameɣra.
Umuɣ n 24-nni n yimeḥbas n Berrouaghia :
Racid Caker yemmut deg wass n 5 Ɣuct 1980 deg yiwet n twaɣit n webrid ay deg mmuten ula d tameṭṭut-is, memmi-s d yemma-s. Yella d aselmad amalal (assistant) n tdamsa (économie) deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Yettekka deg umussu (mouvement) n Tefsut n 1980 deg umazday (collectif) "mgal n weqmaḍ" (anti-répression) deg tesdawit.
Tiɣbula: http://membres.lycos.fr/cicbgayet/ch20avril80.html
Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK
1980 : Abeddel ameqran
"Tafsut n Yimaziɣen" n 1980 d yiwet seg tedyanin tisertiyin (politiques) timeqranin akk deg Ldzayer timziregt (indépendante).
Uqbel, tamsalt n tmaziɣt tella tenkeṛ-itt ddula yernu imassanen (savants) llan qqnen fell-as allen, neɣ ur ttwalin-tt d tamsalt ur nesɛi azal meɣɣren, d tin yeqqnen s afulkluṛ. D acu kan, asmi ay d-ḍrant tedyanin n 1980, tamsalt-a deg yiwen webrid kan tban-d u yegget fell-as wawal. Timeskanin (timesbaniyin) akk d yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan gar medden d yiɣallen n ddula deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt gar Meɣres n 1980 d Mayyu n 1981 sseknen-d dakk-n wid yessutturen tamaziɣt ur llin d aggagen (intellectuels) imeɛzulen, wanag d ay-n yerzan u bɣan-tt akk wid yessawalen tamaziɣt deg Ldzayer. "Tafsut n Yimaziɣen" d tin ay d-yemlan dakk-n medden ukin-d u bdan la ttxemmimen ad d-neṭqen, ad d-ssiwlen i yiman-nsen ɣef way-n bɣan deg yiwet n tmurt anda ddula tella tebɣa ad d-tessken dakk-n kullec deg-s yeddukkel. Uqbel, tasertit (politique), tasnakta (idéologie) d yedles llan s ddaw n umunupul n ddula yernu d tamenḍawt (consitution) ay as-iḍemnen ay-a. U deg way-n yerzan iles, ulac kra n tlelli deg tmurt imi seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), akk timenḍawin n tmurt qqarent-d dakk-n d "taɛṛabt ay d iles aɣelnaw unṣ̣ib (national et officiel) n tmurt". Iḍrisen n llsas (textes fondamentaux) n tmurt d nitni sskanayen-d s lejheṛ dakk-n d ddula kan ay yettalasen ad teṭṭef asselɣu (information) u ad t-tesseddu s yiles ay as-yehwan. Tiɣawsiwin banent ugar mi ara nɣer tizzwariyin (préambules) ay d-uran i tmenḍawin (constitutions), d tid-nni umi qqaren "irkawalen iɣelnawen" (chartes nationales). D acu kan, seg wasmi ay tɛedda Tefsut n 1980, lejyal n yelmeẓyen bdan la d-sskanayen dakk-n ugin ineḍfaren-nni (dogmes) ay yettwaḥettmen fell-asen.
D ljil s lekmal-is n yelmeẓyen, d imezdaɣen akk n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay d-yekkren u ssuttren "asteɛṛef s yiles amaziɣ" d u ad asen-tettunefk "tlelli n wawal".
D tadyant yesɛan iẓuran lqayit
Assutter n tmaziɣt yesɛa iẓuran ijehden deg wegdud, d ay-n ara idumen yernu ur yezmir ad yettussusem. Amnaɛ n usarag (conférence) n Mouloud Mammeri deg wass n 10 Meɣres 1980 d ifeṭṭiwej ay d-yessaɣen urfan yellan ffren seg zik-nni. Yagi, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden llan wwan u rran urfan-nsen ɣer daxel seg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1970.
Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu, yettwaldin deg 1979, tejbed-d aṭas n waggagen, teqqel d amkan anda ay ttemlilin akk wid yeɣran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yurar dduṛ deg ussenker n tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin). Maca ɣas ma yella d tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu ay yeqqimen acḥal n ledwaṛ la tessedday deg tmeskanin-nni, ay-n ay d-yesnekren medden ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer temsal taggagin (intellectuelles). Amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥulfan dakk-n terza-ten temsalt n ussutter n tmaziɣt yernu ttekkan deg tedyanin-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-is (indépendance), ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin am tid ay d-yellan deg wussan-nni n tefsut. Ama deg Tizi Wezzu, ama deg Bgayet, d ledwaṛ ay qqimen medden la ttgen timeskanin (timesbaniyin). Ula deg temdinin timecṭuḥin, ffɣen-d medden akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara tikli n ddula (Ɛin Lḥemmam, Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Dreɛ Lmizan, Buɣni, Iɛeẓẓugen, Amiẓur, Sidi Ɛic, Aqbu, atg.), ula deg tuddar.
ɣas ma yella kra n yimanayen (observateurs) ifṛensisen nnan dakk-n ala deg Tizi Wezzu d tama-ines ay d-llant tedyanin, Tamurt n Leqbayel akk tewlawel, s "tmeqrant", s "tmecṭuḥt". Bitt, tikkwal, kra seg yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan deg "tmecṭuḥt" (Bgayet d yeɣzer n Ṣṣ̣umam) ugaren wid ay d-yellan deg Tizi Wezzu. Aqmaḍ (répression) ur yezgil ula d yiwet n tama. Tubiret d Bgayet, ɣas ma llan kra ay yettwalin dakk-n txuṣ̣ṣ̣ timmuzɣa-nsent, uɣent tiytiwin ijehden ugar n tid ay tuɣ Tizi Wezzu. Akk-n yebɣu yili, ɣas ma yella kulci yebda-d seg Tizi Wezzu, ddula ur twit ara medden deg-s akk-n ay ten-twet anda niḍen yernu seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tettḥadar tamdint-a d tmura ay d-iqerben ɣer-s.
Tamsalt n tmaziɣt dindin kan tefreq u tennul aṭas n tmiwa n tmurt n Ldzayer. Yernu d ilmeẓyen s umata ay tt-yettnaɣen fell-as, dɣa d ay-n ay aɣ-yejjan ad d-nini dakk-n amussu-a (mouvement) d win ara idumen u ad yesɛu azal meɣɣren deg uzekka n tmurt. Ddula teɛreḍ ad tesseddu awal dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren tamsalt n tmaziɣt d kra n yemdanen ur nemɛin, ur nesɛi azal yernu "jjmen tallit n Fṛansa", maca ay-a ur yelli d tidet, wanag wid yennuɣen ɣef temsalt n tmaziɣt ggten u meẓẓiyit.
Amur ameqran deg wid irefden tamsalt-a dima llan sɛan s ddaw n 25 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-nsen. Wid yerɣan fell-as aṭas, amur meɣɣren deg-sen d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée), yernu ur ttɛeddin ara i ɛecrin n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ. Akk-a ay yella lḥal ama deg tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ama deg wakk tid ay tent-id-iḍefren. Akk-a daɣen ay yella lḥal deg tmeskanin-nni ay d-yellan deg Nwembeṛ n 1985 : ixxamen n ccṛeɛ n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥekmen s lḥebs ɣef wazal n meyya n yelmeẓyen ɣef ljal n "ccwal" ay snekren deg yiberdan, akk-n ma llan d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée). Ljil-a n yelmeẓyen d Ldzayer ay ten-yesseɣren akk yernu ur ssinen ara Fṛansa ... ɣas ma yella nga-as dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren timeskanin-a (timesbaniyin) d imdanen yeɣran s tefṛensist yernu ahat jjmen kra n zzman iɛeddan, amek ara d-nessefhem dakk-n ilmeẓyen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay tessɣer ddula n Ldzayer ad ddun d wid yebɣan ad rren Ldzayer ɣer deffir ?
Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit-nni (politique) n usseɛṛeb ur tessaweḍ ara ad d-teqleɛ "ay-n ay d-yeqqimen" seg temsalt n tmaziɣt seg Tmurt n Leqbayel wanag d assejhed ay tt-tessejhed. Takti (lfekra) n tmaziɣt tuɣ akk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel deg lweqt ay deg ddula tella tugi-tt u la tt-tettḥaṛab seg lqaɛa. D ti ay d tiɣawsiwin ay wuɣur yessefk ad d-rren lwelha-nsen wid yesseddayen lumuṛ n ddula.
Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziɣt ur yelli ara daɣen yezmer ad yettwarnu, imi ay d-yenker deg yiwet n tallit ay t-iɛawnen ɣef way-nni, d tallit ay deg ikabaren (partis) uffiren (gar-asen FFS n Aït Ahmed d kra n trebbaɛ timecṭuḥin n uzelmaḍ) gren-d iman-nsen, d acu kan, medden maci d ikabaren-nni ay ḍefren wanag ay-n ay ten-yessewlawlen yugar ay-a. Yuɣ lḥal, ikabaren n tenmegla (opposition) deg Ldzayer qqimen d uffiren alama ay d tagara n 1988, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur ssawḍen ad rṣ̣un iman-nsen deg wegdud u ad yaɣ uẓar-nsen deg-s u ad idum, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur gin kra n tigawt (action) ara idumen akk-n ad qablen tasertit (politique) n ddula.
Amussu (mouvement) adelsan amaziɣ yefhem seg tazwara dakk-n ur yessefk ara ad d-yeɣli deg snat n tfexxtin : tamezwaurt, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqel d uffir, tis snat, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqim s ddaw tecḍaḍt n yikabaren (partis). Dɣa, wid ay t-id-yesnekren deg yiseggasen n 1980, ssawlen-d s lejheṛ, ẓran-ten medden. Yuɣ lḥal, mi ara nwali ɣer ussirem-nsen, ɣer tmuɣliwin d uxemmem-nsen, ad nẓer dakk-n wid yennuɣen ɣef tmaziɣt glan-d s ubeddel ameqran deg tmurt n Ldzayer, snekren-d tagrawla (révolution) n tidet : medden qqlen zemren ad ssiwlen s lejheṛ, deg webrid, yernu yettwakcef-d weqmaḍ-nni (répression) ay tqemmeḍ ddula n Ldzayer s kra n win ara d-yessiwlen. D ay-a ay yejjan ad d-yekker yiwen n ljil n yimeɣnasen (militants) ur nettagad, d wid iwejden ad nnaɣen akk d weqmaḍ n ddula u ad bedden ɣef wawal-nsen alama d ṭṭerf. Zik, akk-n ad tessens urfan n medden, ddula tella tettaṭṭaf wid ay d-yessenkaren timeskanin (timesbaniyin) neɣ tḥebbes medden yettekkan deg trebbaɛ ur nelli, neɣ deg trebbaɛ, seg wasmi ay tent-id-sbedden llan yagi deg-sent yemdanen iqeddcen d yiɣallen n laman, maca, asmi ay d-yekker ljil-a amaynut n yelmeẓyen, tiɣawsiwin qqlent ur la tteddunt ara am wakk-a. Tiɛeqqayin n tmaziɣt ɣlint u mɣint-d deg yal tama, d ay-n ay d-yesnekren aṭas n medden, mi tensa tmes da, ad d-tekker anda niḍen. Yeqqel yimenɣi iban, yettili-d s lejheṛ, d imenɣi s ljehd n yiɣil ay yekksen tugdi akk d tsusmi seg wulawen n medden. Yekkes lweḥc-nni izedɣen medden zik-nni, deg tallit n Boumediene, asmi ay llan ttxemmimen dakk-n iɣallen n ddula llan deg yal amkan.
D acu kan, yessefk daɣen ad nẓer dakk-n deg 1980, ddula n Ldzayer tella la tettbeddil : tamettant (lmut) n Boumediene tessewlawel akk ddula d werkad ay tella terked-it zik-nni, yernu adabu (autorité) n Chadli Bendjedid ur yejhid ara akk. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula amzun temmehmeh, ur teẓri ara d acu n tikli ara d-tawi akk d tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ladɣa imi ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tedyanin timeqranin am tid-nni yernu tella ddula ur tebni ara fell-asent ad d-ilint. Tlata n wayyuren ay teqqim ddula ɛerqent-as, tikkelt ad tesseqdec iɣil (dɣa tiyita ijehden akk d tin n 20 Yebrir, asmi ay mmɣen yibulisen ɣef tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu), tikkelt, tɛerreḍ ad tessens times, am wasmi ay d-bran i 24-nni n warrac "ay d-yesnekren ccwal" sdeffir ma ɛeddan deg ccṛeɛ n laman n ddula). Taggara, ddula tefren ad teqbel tamsalt n tmaziɣt, ad tt-teddem u ad d-telhu id-s akk-n ad tezmer ad tt-teḥkem, yili uqbel tella teffeɣ-as akk afus. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni n ukukru n ddula, wid ay d-yesnekren amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ssawḍen ad d-sseknen dakk-n tamsalt n tmaziɣt tesɛa iẓuran lqayen deg wegdud : medden gan sin n yisudiden imuta (grèves générales), llant-d aṭas n tmeskanin, llan-d aṭas n yimenɣiyen u qqlen yimenɣiyen-nni weɛṛen u meɣɣrit ugar sdeffir n 20 Yebrir. Seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), d tikkelt tamezwarut ay deg ara d-kkren yimezdaɣen n yiwet n tama s lekmal-is u ssawḍen ad bedden acḥal n ledwaṛ deg wudem n ddula.
S way-a, d imeɣnasen (militants) n yedles, amur ameqran deg-sen meẓẓiyit, yernu deg tallit-nni tella texḍa-ten tsertit (politique) neɣ akk-n kan ay bdan keccmen deg-s, ssawḍen ad gen ay-n ur igi ula d yiwen n ukabar aserti (parti politique) n menwala ar imir-n : bedden s lejheṛ deg wudem n ddula yernu idum webdad-nsen alama ay ḥettmen ddula ad testeɛṛef s temsalt-nsen yernu ad tessenqes seg teqseḥ n weqmaḍ-ines (répression).
1980 : Tadukli n waggagen* d wegdud
"Tafsut n Yimaziɣen" n 1980 tella-d deg yiwet n tallit ay tt-iɛawnen akk-n ad d-tili : imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt qqimen la qeddcen azal xmesṭac n yiseggasen deg yedles, ɣas s tuffra, imeɣnasen yerɣan aṭas ɣef temsal-a bdan la keccmen tasertit (politique) yernu tebda la tettwabnay cwiṭ, cwiṭ yiwen n uẓeḍḍa (réseau) n "yimeɣnasen imesmaziɣen" (amazighistes). Gar way-a d way-n niḍen, Tizi Wezzu tella la tettnerni s tɣawla, dɣa, sdeffir ma tella d tamdint yeqquren, teqqel d tamdint meɣɣren deg tama-nni. Deg 1979, tettwaldi tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu, dɣa d nettat ay d ssebba ay yejjan Tafsut n 1980 ad d-taɣ. ɣas ma yella timeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980 maci d aggagen (intellectuels) d yesdawanen (universitaires) kan i yiman-nsen ay tent-igan, maca tildin n tesdawit deg Tizi Wezzu d ay-n yuraren dduṛ meɣɣren deg tmeskanin-a yernu d nettat ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) ad yimɣur.
Amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ, asmi ay d-yeṭṭerḍeq, yelfa-d d ameqran, xelḍen deg-s akk medden yernu ur iṣ̣eggem ara aṣ̣eggem ay ijehden, dɣa d tasdawit ay yuraren dduṛ deg usseqɛed d usseddu n lecɣal n umussu-nni.
ɣef way-a, maci deg lbaṭel ara tɛerreḍ ddula n Ldzayer ad tessenqes seg ljehd n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu (imi ur tezmir ara ad tt-tekkes) : akk isenfaren (projets) n wesnerni n tesdawit-a llan ttuwexxaren, sneqsen seg-s inelmaden alama ay d ay-n kan, ttwakksen seg-s yinurar n usselmed s lekmal-nsen yernu iban dakk-n ddula tebɣa ad terr tasdawit-a d tarbaɛt kan n yiɣerbazen (llakulat) n yisuda (instituts) n usselmed aɛlayan, ay deg ur ttilin ara waṭas n yinelmaden u ad ifsusen i weḥkam.
Tafsut n 1980 tessken-d daɣen dakk-n tella-d tdukli gar waggagen imeɣnasen (intellectuels militants) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yesskanay-d ay-n gant trebbaɛ deg lɣerba seg 1965 alama ay d imir-n d ay-n yeddan d way-n yebɣa wegdud, yernu leqdic-nsen yegla-d s lateṛ d ameqran deg tmetti (société) n Tmurt n Leqbayel.
Werjin yewlawel wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u deg Ldzayer akk akk-n yewlawel asmi ay sdukklen waggagen (intellectuels) iɣallen-nsen akk d wegdud, u d ay-a ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ad d-iban s lejheṛ u ad yimɣur akk-n ad yaɣ akk Tamurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt u ad yeqqim akk-n ugar n useggas (seg 10 Meɣres 1980 ar 19 Meɣres 1981).
1980 : d tiyita ay d-yejjan lateṛ
Deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980, nezmer ad nger tamawt dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ yekka ɣef snat n talliyin yemgerraden (yemxallafen). Talliyin-a mgerradent ama deg tegnit ay deg d-llant, ama deg tsudist-nsent (stratégie).
Tallit n Meɣres 1980 ar Ctembeṛ 1981, nezmer ad as-nsemmi "tallit yeḥman", d tin ay deg yella waṭas n leqdic akk d tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin deg webrid (ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel neɣ deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt), timliliyin, inejmuyaɛ yemgerraden, timsirin (dduṛus) n tmaziɣt (ama deg Ldzayer neɣ deg Tmurt). Yuɣ lḥal, imir-n, wid ay d-yesnekren u sseddan amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ dindin kan ukin dakk-n timsal n tmagit (identité) tamaziɣt d tid wuɣur d-rran medden lwelha-nsen yernu aṭas n medden ay yewlawlen fell-asent. Akukru n ddula akk d beddu n weskasi (débat) ɣef yedles deg tmurt n Ldzayer d ay-n ay yejjan imeɣnasen (militants) ad faṛsen tagnit u ad sdumen lḥeṛs ɣef ddula. Yuɣ lḥal, imeɣnasen ssarmen ad teg ddula kra n tɣawsa ibanen i tmaziɣt, ad teldi tiwwura u lxerṣ̣um ad teqbel ad tettusselmed tmaziɣt u ad yili unadi fell-as deg tesdawiyin n Tizi Wezzu akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt. D ay-a ay yes d-yewɛed uneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan n tallit-nni, A. Bererhi.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1 ɣuct 1744 - 18 dujamber 1829) d aserdas ilan (yesεan) d Afṛensaw n teɣlent, akken iga daɣen d amesnudran,  d akadim d amsalel seg tazwara i tekti n teẓri n temhazt tasnudrant d akken-it  anelfu (aneḍru) i d-illan yerna ikemmel ilmend n yisuḍaf igamanen Lamarck ittekka deg umsenɣi n 7 n yiseggasen mgal Prusya, yewwi-d tazalɣi n tebɣest-is deg wannar n umennuɣ,  sin akkin igguǧ ɣer Munaku,  yuɣal Lamarck yefka azal i umezruy n ugama akken  iy guccel ɣef tezrawt n tesnujjya, yestaɣ seg tsardast ass mi yeffudi deg useggas n 1766 i wakken ad yuɣal ɣer tezrawt  n tesnujjya Lamarck yessnerni azal i tesnimɣant seld imi i d-yezzuzer amahil igebren seg 3 n yimaddaden (Flour Francoise (1778)), yewwi-d tigmemt takadimt tafransist i tmussniwin deg useggas n 1779, Lamarck yuɣal d aselmad n tesnɣersiwt ass mi i d-tesbedd tiddukla taɣelnawt tafransist asalay aɣelnaw i umezruy agaman deg useggas n 1793
Tafsut n Yimaziɣen
1980 : Abeddel ameqran
D acu kan, dindin kan teqqel ddula ɣer weqmaḍ-ines. Tebda la tferren wid ara teṭṭef u ad ten-tawey ɣer lḥebs (maci d imeɣnasen n menwala) i wakk-n ad tesseɛreq tikli i umussu (mouvement) amaziɣ.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Deg useggas 1801 yezzuzer-d adlis "anagraw n tnaɣlalin" igan d amahil-is agejdan deg usesmel n tnaɣlalin, d irem yessaleɣ-it deg useggas 1802 Lamarck yettumeggez d amezwaru isxedmen irem n tesnudert s unamek-is atrar, ikemmel amahil-is am umnir agejdan deg tesnɣersiwt n tnaɣlalin.
Tafsut n Yimaziɣen
1980 : Abeddel ameqran
Asmi ay ifuk useqqamu alemmas n FLN askasi-ines (débat) ɣef yedles aɣelnaw ay d-yellan gar Yunyu d Yunyuz n 1981, iga-d timeɣtusin (résolutions) ɣef yedles, dɣa tebda tikli n ddula la d-tettban. Ddula tɛawed yefren ad tkemmel deg timuɣliwin-ines tiquranin imi askasi-a yefra-tt-id dakk-n tamagit (identité) tadzayrit d taɛṛabt-tineslemt. Llan kra n yemdanen seg wid yettekkan deg weskasi-nni, nnan-d dakk-n mazal zemrent ad ilint lemcawṛat ɣef temsalt-a (ɣas ma yella timuɣliwin n yemdanen-a llant beɛdent s waṭas ɣef tid n yimeɣnasen [militants] imaziɣen), d acu kan, d wid yettnaɣen ɣef tesnakta (idéologie) taɛṛabt ay yernan deg weskasi-a. Yagi, aṭas n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay bdan yemsaɛṛaben (arabistes) d yemsaɛṛaben-isenselmen (arabo-islamistes) la keccmen u la ttaṭṭafen akk tisuda (institutions) n tesnakta n ddula, ladɣa deg yedles, deg usselmed u deg ukabar (parti) n FLN.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Lamarck yettumektayed deg tallit tatrart s teẓri n tukkest n tmeskanin inelmiẓen i yettusemman tukkest taleggaɣt, dɣa ibder-itt-id deg udlis-is afelsaf n tesnɣersiwt deg useggas 1809, maca tikti n teẓri-ayi tella send n usnefli n temhazt ayyi yerna tessileɣ-d anagar kra n wamur meẓẓiyen seg teẓri n temhezt, akken i tella tettwaddeg (yettwaqbel) deg tallit-is sɣur kra n yimazrayen igamanen. uttekki n Lamarck yettumeggez deg temhazt d tiẓri tamezwarut i yettwaṭṭfen i temhezt tasnudrant  anda idemmer tadusi n tseggugra takrurant imuddiren ɣer teskala n usukres,  tguwes tadusi n twennaṭ s ussezgi-ines d twennaṭin tidiganin s usexdem-ines iferdisen,  d ukkas wid nniḍen,  d usemgired gar-asen,  d yimuddiren niden
Imniren
Taggayt:Isardasen ifṛensawen Taggayt:Tilalliyin n 1744 Taggayt:Timakkasin n 1829 Taggayt:Imyura deg tsut tis 18 Taggayt:Imyura deg tsut tis 19 Taggayt:Isnudranen ifṛensawen Taggayt:Igmamen n Tkadimit Tafṛensawt n Tussniwin
Tafsut n Yimaziɣen
1980 : Abeddel ameqran
Imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt ɛerḍen tikkelt taneggarut "ad ḥeṛsen ddula swadda", dɣa gren-d tiɣri i medden, deg wass n 26 Ctembeṛ, akk-n ad gen asunded amatu (grève générale) u ad ɣanzun (boycotter) aɣerbaz (llakul), d acu kan, tikkelt-nni, medden ur ten-ḍfiren ara akk-n yessefk acku, mebla ccek, ur yeffiɣ ara fell-asen way-nni deg tegnit-nni. Dɣa, iban-asen-d i yimeɣnasen n tmaziɣt dakk-n ulac d acu ara asen-d-tefk ddula, wanag taneggarut-a la tqeddec akk-n ad yeqqim kullec akk-n yella zik, bitt, tebda la tqeddec akk-n ad tessejhed asseɛṛeb. Ay-a iban-d deg tuqqla (rentrée) ɣer tesdawit deg 1981, imi ay teɛzem ddula ad tesseɛṛeb akk ifurkawen (branches) n tussniwin talsanin (sciences humaines) deg tesdawit. Dɣa iban dakk-n ddula tebɣa d nettat kan ara iḥekmen tasnakta (idéologie) sdaxel n tesdawit.
Seg yimir-nni, imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt ɛawden ṣ̣eggmen iman-nsen akk-n ad d-awin tikli ara idumen, yernu d ay-n kan ara yeffɣen fell-asen. Dɣa bdan la d-ssuffuɣen tisufaɣ (publications), ɣas sɛint ara ttesriḥ, maca ddula ur tgi acemma akk-n ad teḥbes afraq-nsent, yernu tisufaɣ-a llant d ttawil ay yes sseddan yimeɣnasen isalan (lexbarat) ilelliyen akk d weskasi-nsen (débat) ɣef tekta (lfekrat) deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Daɣen, sbedden-d yimeɣnasen tirebbaɛ n leqdic ɣef yinurar yerzan iles d yedles : dɣa bdant trebbaɛ-a la qeddcent ɣef usseqɛed n yiles amaziɣ (la d-bennun awalen itekniyen [techniques]), u ssawḍen ad d-ssuffɣen iqeddicen yemmuzzgen (spécialisés), werjin ttwagan-d uqbel deg tmaziɣt, am "Tmawalt n Tusnakt" (Léxique de mathématiques). Daɣen, bdan yimeɣnasen la ttgen timsirin (dduṛus) i usselmed n (tira) tmaziɣt s tuffra. S way-a, qqlen yimeɣnasen ur la ttnadin ara ad asen-d-tefk ddula kra, wanag llan la qeddcen yal ass akk-n ad d-bnun amussu (mouvement) ijehden ugar yernu d win ur nezmir ad yens : d idles amaziɣ ay izemren i yiman-is yernu yettuwehha ɣer yimal (avenir). D ay-a ay yejjan imeɣnasen ad d-sbedden tasɣunt (revue) Tafsut, ay yettwagan i lmend n tezrawin d weskasi (études et débats). Tafsut teqqel d ttawil ay deg aggagen (intellectuels) imaziɣen qqlen la d-ttarun ay-n ttxemmimen ɣef temsal n yedles.
Seg 1980 [ɣer 1990], nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n azal n 300 n medden ay yettucaṛɛen yernu yettwaḥkem fell-asen lḥebs ɣef ljal n yimenɣi ɣef tmaziɣt ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ama deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt (attekki deg tmeskanin [timesbaniyin], afraq n tewriqin, attekki deg leqdicat d lecɣal yeqqnen ɣer ussutter n tmaziɣt). Ma d wid ay yettwaṭṭfen sakk-in bran-asen-d mebla ma ɛeddan deg ccṛeɛ, wid yettwaṭṭfen deg yexxamen n yibulisen, wid yettwaḥebsen tallit ɣezzifen mebla ssebba, wid ay d-ɣerrqen seg yiɣerbazen (llakulat), wid umi kksen ipaspuṛen-nsen u menɛen-ten ad ffɣen seg tmurt, wigi akk ur nezmir ad ten-id-neḥseb : tiɣawsiwin-a llant ḍerrunt-d yal ass, qqlent d tarutint ay nnummen akk yimeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt. Dɣa, ay-a akk yessnakay-aɣ-d amek ay tefka temsalt n tmaziɣt iẓuran deg wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden qqlen sskanayen-d s lejheṛ tamagit-nsen (identité) tamaziɣt deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. ɣas ma tessukk ddula acḥal n yiseggasen n lḥeṛs d weqmaḍ ɣef wegdud, maca ay-a ur yessaweḍ ara ad yeqḍeɛ ay-n izedɣen deg wulawen n medden. Ccwal yekkren deg 1985-1986 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel yella d win iweɛṛen ugar n win n 1980, u yessken-d dakk-n medden ukin-d deg tama-a, yernu amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ yessaweḍ ad d-yessuffeɣ urfan n medden ɣer lejheṛ u qqlen medden, ama deg tmurt n Ldzayer, ama deg umaḍal (ddunit) slan s temsalt-a n tmaziɣt u ttḍafaren-tt.
Lejnas steɛṛfen s ljehd n umussu* amaziɣ
Seg 1980 d asawen, ttuwehhant akk teftilin ɣef Ldzayer, ladɣa ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel : ay-n yebɣu teg-it ddula akk-n ad teḥbes tikli n yisalan (lexbarat), ur tessaweḍ ara, medden akk ẓran. Seg yimir-n, ddula teqqel teẓra dakk-n ur tezmir ara ad tkemmel aqmaḍ (répression) s tuffra.
Deg lweqt ay deg llant la d-ḍerrunt tedyanin deg tmurt, deg lɣerba, imeɣnasen bdan-d leqdic n wesḥulfu (sensibilisation) d ussaki n medden, alama ay yeqqel umussu (mouvement) amaziɣ la d-ijebbed u la yettqenniɛ Idzayriyen yellan deg lɣerba ugar n Tdukli n Yidzayriyen deg Tuṛuft (Amicale des Algériens en Europe), yellan, deg tidet, d tarbaɛt itebɛen ɣer FLN deg lbeṛṛani.
Daɣen, deg tallit-nni, bdan wid yessawalen tamaziɣt deg lɣerba s timmad-nsen la d-ttarun idlisen ussnanen (scientifiques) ɣef tmaziɣt, dɣa d ay-a ay yekkan ibeṛṛaniyen ad d-rren ugar lwelha-nsen ɣer way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Asmi ay bdan Yimazɣanen (Maghrébins) la d-lehhun nitni s timmad-nsen s tezrawin (études) ɣef tmaziɣt, tebda la tettebɛad takti-nni (lfekra) dakk-n d timura « listiɛmeṛ » ara ijebbden lexyuḍ. Ay-n d-ttinin neɣ ttarun-t-id yimassanen-a (savants) imazɣanen d ay-n zemren ad t-amnen medden, d nitni ara d-yessawalen ɣef yiman-nsen, maci d wiyaḍ ara d-ineṭṭqen deg umur-nsen. Imi ay d-lhan id-s yimazɣanen (maghrébins) n tmura yemgerraden n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebda « tmesmaziɣt » (berbérisme) la tetteqqel d amussu (mouvement) n uxemmem iḥuzan akk tama-a, ur yeqqim ara kan deg yiwet n tmurt.
Timmuzɣa* akk d tugdut
ɣas ma yella imussa isnaktanen (mouvement idéologiques) deg tmura n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) mgerraden, maca tella yiwet n tɣawsa ay ten-yesdukklen : Tamazɣa d taɛṛabt yernu s kra n leqdic ara yettwagan ɣef yedles, yessefk ad yeqqim kan deg tlisa-a. Ma d timmuzɣa (amazighité), ya tettwankeṛ maḍi, ya tettwaḥqer alama ay d ay-n kan. Win yessawalen tamaziɣt, imi ay yettwankeṛ am wakk-a, ur yessefk ara ad newhem mi ara t-nwali yettsuɣu-d : « Ala ! Lliɣ yernu mazal bɣiɣ ad iliɣ azekka ! ». D ay-n ibanen ad d-yini ay-a, d lḥeqq-is.
Ḍḍeɛfan ay yeḍɛef yedles deg tmura n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) u ladɣa deg Ldzayer d ay-n ay d-yurew wemnaɛ ay ttwamenɛent waṭas n tɣawsiwin seg seg wasmi ay uwyent tmura-a izurag-nsent (indépendances) : tamaziɣt teqqel deg rrif, maca daɣen, tettuḥaṛeb tefṛensist yellan, ama nebɣa neɣ negguma, d ttawil yuɣen aẓar deg Tmazɣa u d yiwen seg yilsawen igan leqran i yedles d ccfawat-nneɣ. Ay-a yerra idles n tmura n Tmazɣa d igellil, yernu qrib ulac akk tudert taggagt (intellectuelle) deg yimukan ay teṭṭef ddula. Axemmem yeddren, idles yeqqnen ɣer tidet ttafen kan iman-nsen beṛṛa i tsuda (institutions) n ddula, ttilin-d kan deg yimukan idergen i wallen n ddula, ladɣa deg lbeṛṛani. Yagi, maci deg lbaṭel ara naf dakk-n amur ameqran deg way-n d-itteffɣen deg yedles d tudert taggagt (intellectuelle), itteffeɣ-d s tmaziɣt neɣ s tefṛensist. Ay-a ur yebɣi ara ad d-yini dakk-n taɛṛabt ur tezmir ara ad tesseddu idles amuddir, wanag ssebba nettat iles-a, deg tegnit ay deg nella, ata-n gar yifassen n d wid yeṭṭfen tasertit (politique) d tesnakta (idéologie) n ddula.
Akk Imazɣanen (Maghrébins), ama d wid yessawalen s tmaziɣt neɣ d wid yessawalen s taɛṛabt, ala d rrbeḥ kan ara rebḥen lemmer ad ḥesben timmuzɣa d aḥric seg wayla-nsen. Asmi ara mṣ̣alaḥen Yimazɣanen wagar-asen u ad qeblen tikkersit (complexité) d tenḍa (diversité) n tmagit (identité) d yedles-nsen, ass-nni, tezmer ad teqqel Tmazɣa d tamurt n wesnulfu d unnerni. Tukci n wazal i tmaziɣt d ay-n ara yesqeɛden assaɣen (relations) gar uɣerman (citoyen) d ddula ay t-iḥekmen. Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziɣt d win ay d-yeglan yid-s s ussutter n tuggta (pluralisme), n weqbal n wiyaḍ, n tenḍa (diversité) akk d tlelli (liberté), ama d tin n wemdan, ama d tin n terbaɛt. Amussu-a yugi ad ttuḥettmen medden ad ddren s ddaw n yiwet kan n tecḍaḍt, tin ara tḥettem fell-asen ddula u d tin ay izemren ad tɣurr kra akk-n ad sbedden leḥkem amesbaṭli. Tabṛat n umussu-a tban, ladɣa deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : maci d ddula ara d-yesnulfun neɣ ara d-yebnun « idles » i wegdud, yernu ay-nni ur yelli d idles wanag d timucuha tunṣ̣ibin (officielles) ara qebleɣ mebla ma nniɣ-d acemma. S yisem-iw d aɣerman ilelli, ttalaseɣ ad d-iniɣ d acu ay lliɣ, d acu ay bɣiɣ ad qqleɣ u ad bnuɣ ay-a. Tamagit-inu (identité), idles-inu ur llin ara, akk-n ay d-yenna Kateb Yacine, d akaram (dossier) n lekwaɣeḍ ay d-tga ddula, d win ay tettbeddil akk-n ay as-yehwa, ma d nekk ad qebleɣ ay-n s tsusmi. Idles d ay-n ay d-tesnulfuy yal ass tmetti (société) tilellit.
ɣef way-a, amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ur yelli d win ay yes bɣan Yimaziɣen ad ɣelqen ɣef yiman-nsen, d amussu uḥṛis yerzan kan kra n wegdud, neɣ d taɣelnaẓri (nationalisme) tamaynut am tid-n akk yekkan : wanag, assutter amaziɣ d win ay d-yuwyen taɣawsa tamaynut, d tin ay yugaren iɛeddan i tlisa n tmaziɣt-nni s timmad-is, d assirem i lebni n tmetti (société) ay deg tella tenḍa (diversité), ay deg medden mṣ̣alaḥen wagar-asen yernu maci d amnaɛ, aḥqar d wenkaṛ ara yesseddayen tiɣawsiwin n tmurt. Ad tili tlelli tadelsant (culturelle) d tlelli i yiles amaziɣ, maca daɣen ad tili tlelli i wakk medden, acku wid yessawalen tamaziɣt fehmen dakk-n ur zmiren ara ad ttwaḍemnen yizerfan-nsen (lḥuquq) s tidet u ad dumen deg yiwet tmetti (société) ala ma yella d aɣerman (citoyen) ara yeṭṭfen leḥkem yernu amdan ur itteqqel ara ittedder u itteddu akk-n ay as-yehwa i ddula neɣ i kra n terbaɛt yerran leḥkem d ayla-s.
Yettwakkes-d seg « Imazighen ass-a », n Salem Chaker (tiẓrigin Bouchène, Ldzayer, 1990).
Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK
tamesluyt
Sɣur Amnay http://www.imyura.net
Amezruy n Tefsut n Yimaziɣen yessuqqel-it-id OMAR MOUFFOK - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen,
http://membres.lycos.fr/cicbgayet/ch20avril80.html
Taggayt:Amezruy Taggayt:Tifaskiwin Taggayt:Tifaskiwin tidelsanin Taggayt:Tilemmiẓin n yebrir
Aẓerẓur (tawsit)
Aẓerẓur neɣ imesfer (Assaɣ ussnan: Sturnus) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temsefrin. Asesmel n tegrawt-a d ukris a waṭas, yerna imniren mgaraden s tuget deg telmas i ssrusayen deg tewsit-a.
Tilmas
Isesmilen niden gebren seg:
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Igṭaṭ Taggayt:Iɣersiwen Taggayt:Tiwsitin n yigṭaṭ Taggayt:Aẓerẓur Taggayt:timsefrin
Azirdyaw
Azirdyaw neɣ Aɣafaf (Assaɣ ussnan: Mephitidae) d yiwet n twacult yeṭṭafaren tafesna n temseksumin, Aṭas n medden tt-ɣilen d akken azirdyaw d yiwen n uɣersiw maca deg tidet dges 12 n telmas yemgaraden, Azirdyaw yettwassen s tikdi (rriḥa) n diri iberru-y-as mi ara ad tt-yaggez kra n umihi am tgemrawin imusnawen llan tt-ɣilen d akken azirdyaw yeṭṭafar tedɣaɣatin maca sin akin tuɣal tettwasismel d tawacult timziregt
Asismel
Tawacult n tzirdyawin (Mephitidae) d tin id yennulfan sɣur usnudran Afrensaw Charles-Lucien Bonaparte deg useggas n 1845 anda id yessegrew yakk izirdyawen deg yiwet n twacult. Send n uzmez-a (1845), azirdyaw yella tettwasismel d adu-twacult yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tedɣaɣatin maca tazrawt taǧiniyt tulles-as (tbeddel-as) asismel, Amur ameqran n telmas n twacult-a d wid yettidiren deg Marikan anagar snat n telmas ttidirent deg unẓul agmudan n Asya
Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert)
Amur ameqran n telmas d tewsitin n uzirdyaw ttidirent deg Marikan anagar snat n telmas
Tissit
Tissit d almaẓ n imazzalen s yimi aladɣa aman, Acku yal amuddir (afgan neɣ aɣersiw) Mara ad yefray (ad iḥulfu) s ffad ad isew aman
Anecfal (tawsit)
Tanecfalt neɣ Anecfal neɣ Meryiɣel (Assaɣ ussnan: Convolvulus) d yiwet n tawsit n yimɣan isaɣuren imseggasen neɣ imezgiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tnecfalin. Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 250 n telmas yeǧǧuǧǧugen.
Aṭas seg telmas-is gant d igdalen acku zemrent ad kemmement w ad ẓelgent (ad xenqent) imendiyen d yimɣan i d-yettemɣayen zdat-nsent, aladɣa deg wakal yettwakrazen.
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Imɣan Taggayt:Tiwsitin n yimɣan Taggayt:Tanecfalt Taggayt:Tinecfalin
Tasulla
Tilmas
thumb|Hedysarum coronarium - Tasulla thumb|Hedysarum coronarium - Tasulla
Tiwelhiwin
Taggayt:Imɣan
Nuddam
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:isekna
Tameknut
right|thumb|A [[Takenzirart, d amedya afessas]]
thumb|120px|tameknut
Tamknut deg tusnakt d tafekka tasnakant igebren seg tegrawt n wagazen, anda i d-ttbinen wagazen idisanen d azlem imalen, yerna azlem aɣɣad yettili d tagnit tusligt seg tmeknut, anda aqqaṛ n tmeknut yettawaṭ ar yifed.
Amedya afessas yakk ɣef timeknutin d tawinest.
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Tanzeggit timizrirt Taggayt:Timeknutin Taggayt:Tasnidegt Taggayt:Tusnakt Taggayt:Tanzeggit
Almaẓ
Almaẓ (llan wid id yeqqaren Asebleɛ maca awal-a yekkad seg Tserɣint: البلع) d tamhelt dgi yteddu učči neɣ tissit seg yimi ar tenkart ar ugerjum
Aseṛwu
Aseṛwu deg tekrura tesɛa 3 n inumak. Yakk deg-sen ɣur-sen assaɣ ar tuwda ar tfellayt.
1) deg takrura tasengamt: D tiẓunt yettuxalen d amerway n yal tanga, yezmer ad yessefsi timerniwin deg sent, Tizunt-a tettusemma Tiẓunt n talamut.
Aṭlas ameqqran
Aṭlas ameqran (s Tsusit d Tamaziɣt n weṭlas alemmas: Adrar n Dern) d amur afellay n tezrart n idurar n Aṭlas deg umeṛṛuk tbeddu seg yiri n ugaraw anaṭlas deg teftisin n Agadir deg unẓul utrim alamma d umurakuc, Isek (Taqacuct) yeflalen yakk deg tezrart-a d isek n tugg kal s waddud n 4165 m, Tazrart-a tettwagzem ar snat n tkura yebṭan gar-asent deg usaka n Tilwin, Dɣa d takura tutrimt (n umalu) i yeflalen ɣef tkura tagmudant (n usamar), Tazrart-a tla azal meqqren deg unezwi imi tgezzem tagelda n Umeṛṛuk ar snat n tamiwin tinezwayin (Anezwu aneẓraf deg usamar, d unezwu amnummsan deg umalu).
Isem
Imaziɣen iy zedɣen idurar-a ssemman-asen Adrar n Dern acku gan d aɣbalu n waman id yettaken tudert.
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Idurar n waṭlas Taggayt:Tizrarin timsedrarin Taggayt:Tizrarin timsedrarin n Umeṛṛuk Taggayt:Idurar n Umeṛṛuk
Aswu
Aswu (Assaɣ ussnan: Ciconiidae) yettwassen ɣer Yiqbayliyen s Abellarej dɣa awal-a yekka-d seg Tegrikt (Πελαργός / Pelargós) d aylal iminig seg Iylalen meqqren d yiṭarren ɣezzifen. Aswu d tawacult dgi llant 6 n tewsitin yettawin 19 n telmas
Aglam
Aswu d tatna meqqren (seg 75 cm ar 152 cm), Iṭarren-is ɣezzif-it, aqamum-is yemsed, yezmer ad yefferfer s teflel meqqren
Iɛezzuzen
Iɛezzuzen d yiwet taddart d-yezgan di tmurt n Leqbayel di tɣiwant n Larbɛa n At Yiraten. Abban Remḍan yiwen seg warraw-is.
Tagrawt n tanaft
Tagrawt n tanaft d abelkim neɣ d acubar yettuẓunen (yttuferqen) ɣef ucubar agman
U yal Mara ad tedrusi (ad tenqes) pKa i wzeffar anaftay ad temɣur tizmert n tegrawin n tanaft
Le Plessis-Robinson
Taggayt:Timdinin n Fransa
Amsaɣ
Amsaɣ (Asget: imsaɣen) d ameččay neɣ d win yessaɣen ilzuzen seg ulzuz neɣ seg tzaɣa
Levallois-Perret
Levallois-Perret d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n agezdu (département) n Hauts-de-Seine. Zedɣen-tt 63,462 n yimezdaɣen.
Atmelli
Atmelli (ɛeyyu d awal areṭṭal) d tagnit tafarit deg wemdan deg-s aṭas n yiglamen yettilin gar n tilwit (tiffinyent) deg wermud n wemdan ar kra n telmas n wefray s tekma tamaẓwalt s usrag n kra n uxeddim iy tetten tafasa. Atmelli yezmer ad yili d afekkan neɣ d anellay (lbal)
Tafelwit tawalant
thumb|250px|Tafelwit tawalant.
Atmelli
Atmelli afekkan d tagnit andaamdan ur izemmer ara ad yeg gra n umahil (ad yexdem kra) i tennum tezmert-is txeddem-iten. Dɣa asken-a d win yellan d imezdi s tuget ɣer yimdanen yal ass maca asemdu-ynes yettili d anamsad ugar mi ara ad yili wadad meqqren ɣef talest tagamant. Ma d atmelli anellay igellu-d s nuddam d usunded. Atmelli iga d asken acku d amaṭun id yeqqaren fell-as i wid-ak niden.
Tafelwit tawalant
Tafelwit tawalant d amsasa afelwan i yiferdisen ikruranen, ttwasnin s unect n wuṭṭun-nsen abelkim, tawila taliktṛunant d iylanen ikruranen imallusen, anda tamuska-ines tesskanay-d tizniwin tiwalanin. S umata, iferdisen i d-yezgan deg wedras amezwaru ttilin (tallit) d amɣuz ɣer tnila n uzelmaḍ, U d aramɣuz ɣer tnila n uyeffus, anda i ttmersen iferdisen ilan (yesɛan) tikliwin tikruranin timarwasin (yemcabin) deg yiwen n wejgu. Idrasen n tfelwit ttusemman (di tuget n tugnatin) s twalanin, ma d ijga ttusemman s tegrawin. Yerna 6 n tegrawin lant (sɛant) ismawen s tmerniwt ɣer wuṭṭunen usligen. Amedya, iferdisen n tegrawt tis 17 igan d ihalujinen, d tegrawt tis 18 igan d igazen iheggaṛen, akken i d-ittwafsar deg telɣa n kuẓ n yideggan usrimen neɣ deg yiswiren ifurkanen yeqqnen s tčarit n imezzayen ibelkamen yemgaraden.
Atmelli
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Isekna Taggayt:Aṭṭanen
Tafelwit tawalant
Yella wamek ara ad tettwasuddes tfelwit tawalant i usuddem n wassaɣen gar n yiylanen n yiferdisen yemgaraden, yakk d d yiylanen d teklatin tikruranin yettuṛajun i yiferdisen ur d-nettwasnirem ara neɣ wid i d-ittwasuddsen s akken kan. Amusnaw n tekrura n Rusya Dmitri Mandelyiv yella d netta i d amdan amezwaru ifser-d tafelwit tawalant deg useggas n 1869, sin akin yella-d usnerni-ines s talɣa tagejdant i usegzi n tniliwin tiwalanin i yiferdisen yettwassnen imir-nni. Akken i icuyel kra n yiylanen iferdisen ur nettwafran ara i yellan yettuṛaju ad ččaren ibeṛjujen n tfelwit. Dɣa yella-d usihrew n tekti n Mandelyiv u tettusenṭeḍ yakked usnirem d usnulfu n yiferdisen imaynuten niḍen d usnerni n tmudmiwin tiẓranin timatuyin i usegzi n tkelli takrurant. Tafelwit tawalant tatrart tettak-d akatar yelhan i teslaḍt n tsedmirin tikruranin, yerna mazal-itt tettusexdem s waṭas di tekrura d tfizikt taɣisant d tussniwin niḍen.
Mager Iṭij
Tilmas
thumb|Helianthus annuus - Mager iṭij
Tiwelhiwin
Taggayt:Imɣan
Tasedmirt n twaksa
Tasedmirt n twaksa d talmest n tsedmirin tigmanin dgi tettili twaksa n snat n tcubarin deg ucubar aẓaṛan deg yiwen n userrif neɣ sin n iserrifen, s wakka ad yelfu uraseṛwu n ucubar
Tettwassen (tettusemma) tzukt n userrif amyiwen d umsin s tsedmirin E1 reaction d E2 reaction, s wesnay
Tazukt E1
(CH3)3C-Br → (CH3)3C+ + Br- (CH3)3C+ → (CH3)2C=CH2 + H+
Tazukt E2
(CH3 - CH2 - Br) + OH- → CH2=CH2 + H2O + Br-
Fad
thumb|250px|Taqcict tettess aman
Taserramt
thumb|250px|Taserramt n [[uzzal|wuzzal]]
Malakoff
Malakoff d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n agezdu (département) n Hauts-de-Seine. Zedɣen-tt 29,973 n yimezdaɣen.
Taggayt:Timdinin n Fransa
Akerkas
Akerkas neɣ Tanecfalt n yigran (Assaɣ ussnan: Convolvulus arvensis) d yiwet n telmest n yimɣan ijgagalen yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tnecfalt. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg Uruppa d Asya d kra n yideggan n Tferka n Ugafa.
Aglam
thumb|240px|Akerkas thumb|240px|Iferr n tnecfalt n yigran
Saɛd Daḥlab
Saɛd Daḥlab ilul ass n 18 yebrir 1918 di Qṣer Cellala. Yemmut ass n 16 dujember 2000. D argaz asertay azzayri, yennuɣ ɣef uzarug n tmurt n Dzayer di ṭṭrad n uslelli aɣelnaw n 1954-1962.
Tameddurt-is
Saɛd Daḥlab yeɣṛa di tesnawit Duveyrier di Blida (tasnawit Ibn Ṛucd tura) anda i yemlal akked waṭas n yimeɣnasen iɣelnaẓriyen, gar-asen : Ɛebban Ṛemḍan, Ɛli Bumenǧel, Lamin Debbaɣin, Mḥemmed Yazid akked Benyusef Benxedda.
Tiṭṭ n tsekkurt
Tiṭṭ n tsekkurt (Assaɣ ussnan: Adonis annua) d yiwet n telmest n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n uwnaman di twacult n tzeɣlilin.
Saɛd Daḥlab
Tameddurt-is
Yella d ameɣnas deg ukabar Itri n Tefriqt Ugafa, Akabar n Wegdud Azzayri akked Amussu i Unalak n Tlelliyiin Timagdayin, yella daɣen d amaray n Miṣali Lḥaǧ.
Iles n wezger
Tiwelhiwin
Iles n wezger Taggayt:Imɣan
Saɛd Daḥlab
Tameddurt-is
semman-t deg ugraw n ṣṣumam n ɣuct 1956 d amsalaḍ n Taseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem akked Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit akked Krim Belqasem,Ɛebban Ṛemḍan,Lɛerbi Ben Mhidi akked Benyusef Benxedda. D Netta akked Ɛebban Ṛemḍan i yellan deffir n usebded n weɣmis Lmuǧahid di 1956.
Di ɣuct 1957 deg temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit di tmurt n Maṣer yettwakkes seg Tseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem.
Tiṭṭ n tsekkurt
Aglam
Tasekkurt d afrux amectuh ila umeqran
Azeffar anaftay
Azeffar anaftay deg tiẓri n Brønsted-Lowry i yizeffaren d ilugan HX, ilan tayuga n uddisen yettsuqulen gar asent s twaksa neɣ s tmerna n upṛutun
Asuref agraɣlan
Asuref agraɣlan d tuddsa tarnabdant yellan di temdint n London, amahil-is yezzi ɣef tlufa ittaken assaɣ ɣer izerfan n wemdan. Tuddsa ayi teqqar-d d akken tla (tesɛa) ugar n 7 n imelyan n igmamen deg yakk ideggan n umadal.
Tuddsa n usuref agraɣlan tennulfa-d deg useggas n 1961 di London, srid mi i d-yella wefsar n umagrad iddmen azwel n imuṭṭifen yettwattun deg weɣmis n The Observer ass n 28 mayyu 1961 sɣur umyaru Peter Benenson i d-irran tamuɣli ɣer truẓi n izerfan n wemdan. Sin akin, deg taggara n umagrad yessuter azrekki (aqader) n ilugan isudaf igraɣlanen, akken i yexdem i wakken ad yesmures turda tazayezt i wakken ad yili uttekki ɣef iduba yettruẓen izerfan n wemdan deg tmura-nsen.
Tuddsa ayi tettarem ad tawi izerfan i d-isegger (i d-yeḍmen) ulɣu aseddayan n izerfan n wemdan, akken i tettarem ad terr tamuɣli n inabaden d teddukliwin tigraɣlanin ɣer waddad n yizerdan n wemdan deg tmura n umadal yakk.
Tiṭṭ n tsekkurt
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Imɣan Taggayt:awnaman Taggayt:tizeɣlilin
Asuref agraɣlan
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Imerna n warraz n Nobel i telwit Taggayt:Tuddsiwin timernayin n warraz n Nobel Taggayt:izerfan n wemdan
Saɛd Daḥlab
Tameddurt-is
Yuɣal d aneɣlaf n tɣawsiwin n wezɣer (beṛṛa) deg Unabaḍ Uɛḍil n Tegduda tazzayrit wis kraḍ, si 09 ɣuct 1961 armi 1962. Yekka deg wastugen n Ibyan akked udabu n Fransa. Attekki-yis deg wastugen-a yesɛa azal meqqṛen imi aẓar-is si sseḥra n Dzayer, acku Fṛansa tebɣa ad d-tefk azarug i lezzayer bla ṣṣeḥra.
Yemmut ass n 16 Dujember 2000, yemṭel di tjebbant n Sidi Yahya.Meḍlen ɣef yidis-is amdakel-is n tudert Benyusef Benxedda.
Semman fell-as taseddawit n Blida
Marnes-la-Coquette
Marnes-la-Coquette d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n agezdu (département) n Hauts-de-Seine. Zedɣen-tt 1,815 n yimezdaɣen.
Taggayt:Timdinin n Fransa
Awudem n talalest
Awudem n talalest, d aterras asugnan id yeffɣen seg amahil aseklan. Yezmer ad yilli d amdan, persona, tamagit neɣ tayunt ayɣef taneṣlit n usnulfu ines yella deg umahil neɣ dduṛ n amahil n talalest. Nnig imdanen, iwudam zemren ad illin d tayunin tifɣagniyin am llant deg idles aɣerfan, des iɣersiwen, iyucen neɣ tigzi taragmawant.
Blitu
Tiwlafin
thumb|Blitu - Arroche des jardins
Tiwelhiwin
Taggayt:Imɣan
Taɣbubt
Taɣbubt (Assaɣ ussnan: Actitis hypoleucos) d talmest n yigṭaṭ imezdeɣimdaten yeṭṭafaren tawacult n teɣbubin. Talmest-a d tin yettidiren deg waṭas n yideggan, Deg yakk tamiwin n Uruppa d Asya alamma d Tferka n ugafa.
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:iɣbuben Taggayt:iɣersiwen Taggayt:igṭaṭ
Tizifut
Tizifut neɣ Taɣadyut (Assaɣ ussnan: Scolymus) d tawsit n yimɣan id yettemɣayen deg tamiwin yezzin i wemda n yilel agrakal yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tetrawt. Tawsit-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) anagar 3 n telmas gant d: Dɣa 3 n telmas-a d tid yettemcabin s waṭas ayen yettaǧǧan asmyif (ameyyez) gar-asent d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen)
Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggayt:Imɣan Taggayt:Tiwsitin n yimɣan Taggayt:Tiwsitin n twacult n tetrawin Taggayt:Tatrawt
Tikti
thumb|250px| Tikti (Asget: Tiktiwin) d ayen yakk id yettasen ar tagerrawt (lbal) seg turdiwin (leṛyuy) d tmuɣliwin d yal tifratin id yettasen s agerru n ufgan, Dɣa Tikti d afaris n usekti
Tizmekt tazegzawt
Tizmekt tazegzawt neɣ Taɣaɣa tazegzawt' (Assaɣ ussnan: Balaenoptera musculus) d aɣersiw amsuṭaṭ awlal meqqren s waṭas yeṭṭafar Tader-fesna n tzemkin tibalinyin, Teɣzi-ynes yessaweṭen ɣer 30 m d wazuk-is i zemren ad yugar 170 n iṭunnen yeǧǧa-t ad yili d aɣersiw meqqren yettwassnen deg wakuden yakk.
Tafekka n tzemket tazegzawt d taɣezfant d tusdidt tettwaklu s waṭas n yiniten ifarayen anda azagur-is d azunɣid yezzegzun ma deg yidis n wadda d adnanes.
Tizmekt tazegzawt tgebber seg 3 n tdefrin ma drus, Tidefrin-a gant:
Učči n tzemkin tizegrawin yezzi ɣef truca timeẓẓyanin kan yettusemman s tekrileyyin.
Aglam d tkelli
thumb|Tizemkt tazegzawt treffed adfar-is sufella n waman thumb|Tizmekt tazegzawt tamawwaṭ Tafekka n tezmekt tazegzawt d taɣezfant, talɣa-ynes tusdidt yerna yettbin-d yezzuɣzef s wassaɣ ɣer tfekkiwin n tzemkin niden yeččuren di tfekka. ma d talɣa n yixef-is isbeṭ, yemmug am usekkil n U. Yegber seg tefririyin tuffiɣin yezzuɣezfen seg wesmum alamma d acenfir imineg. Amur amezdat n yimi d azuran yerna yegber seg wazal n 300 n tfilin tifawin, ttcengilent-d seg uɣesmar imineg s akin ad tuɣal s wezgen n umiter (0,5 m) ɣer yimi. Dinna llan gar n 70 d 118 n yimrujen yettenfufuden deg ugerjum s umsadaɣ yakk d uzzuɣzen n tfekka-ynes, imrujen-a ttallent deg usufeɣ n waman seg yimi seld mi ara ad yečč
Tassacaft n uzagur n tezmekt tazegzawt d tin meẓẓiyen, anda teɣzi-ynes tga gar n 7/8 ar 70 cm ma d addud-is gar n 20 ar 40 cm, tasaccaft-a tettbin-d i kra n wakud kan mi ara ad tili treddeb. Teɣzi n tsaccafin n tezmekt tazegzawt tga gar n 3 ar 4 m, ini n wadisen-is iminigen han d izunɣiden yakk d tlisa tusdidin mellulen, ma d yidisen imazdaren d imellalen, ini n yini n uqerruy d wedfar gan d izunɣiden, dɣa tisacafin-is d wamuren-is iminigen ttilin deg waṭas n tikkal d iberbacen. Tazzla d urured n tezmekt tazegzawt tezmer ad taweṭ alamma d 50 km/s as mara ad tili tessedmir d tzemkin niden s umdemmer meẓẓiyen. Ma f tazzla-ynes tamudemt mi ara ad tili treddeb tettawaṭ ar 20 km/s, mi ara ad tili tettett tessedras deg tazzla-ynes alamma d 5 km/s
Tazmek tazegzawt tettidir iman-is deg tuget n wakuden neɣ d yiwet n tezmekt niden, ma deg yideggan anda yettili wučči s tuget zemrent ad gint tagrawt yugaren 50 n tzemkin deg tjumma meẓẓiyen, maca tizemkin tizegrawin ur d-tgint ara tigrawin yeqqnen am tid n tzemkin tibalinyin niden
thumb|Tugna seg igenni tesskanay-d tisaccafin-is tidemrawin
Ableɣ
thumb|250px|Ifli seg wansa i d-tessuffuɣ aman thumb|right|[[Tasaccaft n warur|Tasaccaft n warur n tezmekt tazegzawt (deg tama tazelmaṭ n tugna)]] Tizmekt tazegzawt d aɣersiw ameqqran yettwassnen yakk ig ddren deg tegnit ama tura neɣ deg yal tallit yezrkn, ma d adinaẓur ameqqran yakk yettwassnen iga d Arjintinusawrus yeddren deg tallit n tudralmast. Azuk-is d win yellan yettawaṭ ɣer 90 n iṭunnen, ayen i d-immalen d akken d tizmekt tazegzawt i d-t-yugaren s waṭas. Dɣa azuk n tezmekt tazegzawt d win yemrayen i wakat s usrag n ubleɣ-is meqqren s waṭas. Akken i tga tegnit yakk d tzemkin timeqqṛanin niden i d-gemmren inegmaren, iwetmen n tezmekt tazegzawt werjin ttwaktan yakk, maca ttwagzamen ɣer igezzumen meẓẓiyen sin akin ad yifrir (ad yishil) wakat-nsen, dɣa anecta yeǧǧa isazalen n wazuk i d-ttafen d wid i d-itteffaɣen ur wwiṭen ara ɣer wazuk-is imdetti (n tidett) acku tizmekt mi ara ad tettwagzem tzelli (tesṛuḥay) aṭas seg yimazzalen-is d idammen-is
Taseṭṭa n meryem
thumb|Taseṭṭa meryem - Armoise arborescente thumb|Taseṭṭa meryem - Artemisia arborescens thumb|Taseṭṭa meryem - Artemisia absinthium-Absinthe thumb|Taseṭṭa meryem - Artemisia absinthium-Absinthe
Tiwelhiwin
Taggayt:Imɣan
Tizmekt tazegzawt
Ableɣ
Tizemkin tizegzawin yettidiren deg ugaraw anaṭlas d ugaraw Amelwi ttilint meẓẓiy-it ɣef tid yettidiren deg yideggan yudsen ɣer tizgelt n unẓul, anda i d-ttujerden wazuken igan gar n 150 alamma d 170 n iṭunnen i tzemkin yessawaṭen di teɣzi ɣef 27 m, dɣa isindi aɣelnaw n temsuṭaṭ tiwlalin Amrikan yefkad asazel ɣef tzukt teɣzi-ynes 30 m s ugar n 180 n iṭunnen, ma d tazmek meqqren yakk i d-tuzen s talɣa tufrint Tella d tawtemt azuk-is yessaweṭ ɣer 177 n iṭunnen.
Tismin
thumb|250px|Tismin sɣur [[Haynes King 1831- 1904]]
Tismin (war asuf) d tiktiwin d ifrayen akk d tikeli iy leffun (iy ḍerrun) Mara ad iɣil kra n ufgan d akken assaɣ-is neɣ tazdayt-is i kra n ufgan tettwaggzen sɣur ufgan n iden
Amru
Amru d afecku awlellay yettusxedmen i tira d usuneɣ ɣef uferki, yemgarad ɣef telmas n yimra n iden d akken-it yezmer ad yettwasfeṭ (s tesemsut)
S tenmegla n wayyen yettwassnen (d akken amru yettwaxdam s uldun) amru deg tidet yettwaxdam s ugrafit d ukaṛbun yettwarwin s waluṭ, Amru yennulfa-d deg tsut tis 18 anda send n uzmez-a yella yettwaxdam ufraw n waylalen i tira s yileɣ
Meudon
Meudon d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n agezdu (département) n Hauts-de-Seine. Zedɣen-tt 45,328 n yimezdaɣen.