cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Litowen
Present-day Lithuania has one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union. Lithuania became a full member of the Schengen Agreement on 21 December 2007. In 2009 Lithuania will celebrate the millennium of its name.
History
The first mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval German manuscript, the Quedlinburg Chronicle, on 14 February, 1009. The Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas in 1236, and neighbouring countries referred to it as "the state of Lithuania". The official coronation of Mindaugas as King of Lithuania was on July 6, 1253, and the official recognition of Lithuanian statehood as the Kingdom of Lithuania.
During the early period of the Gediminas (1316–1430), the state occupied the territories of present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia. By the end of the fourteenth century, Lithuania was the largest country in Europe, and was also the only remaining pagan state. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania stretched across a substantial part of Europe, from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Lithuanian nobility, city dwellers and peasants accepted Christianity in 1386, following Poland's offer of its crown to Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Grand Duke Jogaila was crowned King of Poland on February 2, 1386. Lithuania and Poland were joined into a personal union, as both countries were ruled by the same Gediminas branch, the Jagiellon dynasty.
In 1401, the formal union was dissolved as a result of disputes over legal terminology, and Vytautas, the cousin of Jogaila, became the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Thanks to close cooperation, the armies of Poland and Lithuania achieved a great victory over the Teutonic Knights in 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald, the largest battle in medieval Europe.
A royal crown had been bestowed upon Vytautas in 1429 by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor, but Polish magnates prevented his coronation by seizing the crown as it was being brought to him. A new crown was ordered from Germany and another date set for the coronation, but a month later Vytautas died as the result of an accident. As a result of the growing centralised power of the Grand Principality of Moscow, in 1569, Lithuania and Poland formally united into a single state called the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a member of the Commonwealth, Lithuania retained its institutions, including a separate army, currency and statutory law which was digested in three Statutes of Lithuania. In 1795, the joint state was dissolved by the third Partition of the Commonwealth, which forfeited its lands to Russia, Prussia and Austria, under duress. Over ninety percent of Lithuania was incorporated into the Russian Empire and the remainder into Prussia.
Many Jews fled Lithuania following persecution and followed opportunities that lay overseas.
After a century of occupation, Lithuania re-established its independence on February 16, 1918. The official government from July through November 1918, was quickly replaced by a republican government. From the outset, the newly-independent Lithuania's foreign policy was dominated by territorial disputes with Poland (over the Vilnius region and the Suvalkai region) and with Germany (over the Klaipėda region or Memelland). Most obviously, the Lithuanian constitution designated Vilnius as the nation's capital, even though the city itself lay within Polish territory as a result of a Polish invasion. At the time, Poles and Jews made up a majority of the population of Vilnius, with a small Lithuanian minority of only 1%. In 1920 the capital was relocated to Kaunas, which was officially designated the provisional capital of Lithuania. (see History of Vilnius for more details).
From 1944–1952 approximately 100,000 Lithuanians participated in partisan fights against the Soviet system and the Red Army. More than twenty thousand partisans ("forest brothers") were killed in those battles and many more were arrested and deported to Siberian GULAGs. Lithuanian historians view this period as a war of independence against the Soviet Union. During the Soviet and Nazi occupations between 1940 and 1944, Lithuania lost over 780,000 residents. Among them were around 190,000 (91% of pre-WWII community) of Lithuanian Jews, one of the highest total mortality rates of the Holocaust. An estimated 120,000 to 300,000 were killed by Soviets or exiled to Siberia, while others had been sent to German forced labour camps and/or chose to emigrate to western countries. Forty-six years of Soviet occupation ended with the advent of perestroika and glasnost in the late 1980s. Lithuania, led by Sąjūdis, an anti-communist and anti-Soviet independence movement, proclaimed its renewed independence on March 11, 1990. Lithuania was the first Soviet republic to do so, though Soviet forces unsuccessfully tried to suppress this secession. The Red Army attacked the Vilnius TV Tower on the night of January 13, 1991, an act that resulted in the death of 13 Lithuanian civilians. The last Red Army troops left Lithuania on August 31, 1993 — even earlier than they departed from East Germany.
On February 4, 1991, Iceland became the first country to recognize Lithuanian independence. Sweden was the first to open an embassy in the country. The United States of America never recognized the Soviet claim to Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Russia currently refuses to recognize the occupation of Lithuania, claiming that Lithuanians decided to join the Soviet Union voluntarily, although Russia signed a treaty with Lithuania prior to the disintegration of the USSR which acknowledged Lithuania's forced loss of sovereignty at the hands of the Soviets, thereby recognizing the occupation.
Politics
Since Lithuania declared independence on March 11 1990, it has maintained strong democratic traditions. In the first general elections after the independence on October 25 1992, 56.75% of the total number of voters supported the new constitution. There were heavy debates concerning the constitution, especially the role of the president. Drawing from the interwar experiences, many different proposals were made ranging from a strong parliamentary government to a presidential system similar to the one in the United States. A separate referendum was held on May 23 1992 to gauge public opinion on the matter and 41% of all the eligible voters supported the restoration of the President of Lithuania. Eventually a semi-presidential system was agreed upon.
The Lithuanian head of state is the President, elected directly for a five-year term, serving a maximum of two consecutive terms. The post of president is largely ceremonial; main policy functions however include foreign affairs and national security policy. The president is also the military commander-in-chief. The President, with the approval of the parliamentary body, the Seimas, also appoints the prime minister and on the latter's nomination, appoints the rest of the cabinet, as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts. The judges of the Constitutional Court (Konstitucinis Teismas), who serve nine-year terms, are appointed by the President (three judges), the Chairman of the Seimas (three judges) and the Chairman of the Supreme Court (three judges). The unicameral Lithuanian parliament, the Seimas, has 141 members who are elected to four-year terms. 71 of the members of this legislative body are elected in single constituencies, and the other 70 are elected in a nationwide vote by proportional representation. A party must receive at least 5% of the national vote to be represented in the Seimas.
Counties, municipalities, and elderates
The current administrative division was established in 1994 and modified in 2000 to meet the requirements of the European Union. Lithuania has a three-tier administrative division: the country is divided into 10 counties (Lithuanian: singular — apskritis, plural — apskritys) that are further subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular — savivaldybė, plural — savivaldybės) which consist of over 500 elderates (Lithuanian: singular — seniūnija, plural — seniūnijos).
Wirawangsa, Ajung, Jember
Wirawangsa iku désa ing kacamatan Ajung, Kabupatèn Jember, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Litowen
Counties, municipalities, and elderates
The counties are ruled by county governors (Lithuanian: apskrities viršininkas) appointed by the central government. They ensure that the municipalities adhere to the laws of Lithuania and the constitution. County government oversees local governments and their implementation of the national laws, programs, and policies.
Jayaningrat (Patih Surakarta)
Raden Adipati Jayaningrat ya iku pepatih ing Surakarta ing taun 1710-1722 J (1784-1796M). Saka uruting trah, RA Jayaningrat turun saka Sultan Agung kanthi urutan Sampeyan dalêm Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjêng Sultan Agung Prabu Anyokrokusumo ing Mataram, pêputra Pangeran Ronggo ing Kajiwan, pêputra R.Ay.Tmg. Alap-alap, pêputra R.Rg.Tanpapulas II, pêputra R.Rg.Gêndèrêh (Kêndhèrèh,) pêputra R. Suratirta, pêputra R.Tmg. Suradirja wadana patrol ing Surakarta, pêputra K.G.P.Adp. Jayaningrat. Dene Rangga Tanpapulas II putrane Radèn Tumênggung Alap-alap, Radèn Rangga Tanpapulas I, Pangeran Dêmang Tanpanangkil, Pangeran Rangga, Kyai Agêng Mataram (= Pamanahan).
Anggone kalungguhan pepatih ya nglungsur saka maratuwane, ya iku Adipati Sindureja II. Sawise 12 taun dadi patih banjur lèrèh, seda sumare ing Astana Gadhingan, Cangkringan.
Litowen
Counties, municipalities, and elderates
Municipalities are the most important unit. Some municipalities are historically called "district municipalities", and thus are often shortened to "district"; others are called "city municipalities", sometimes shortened to "city." Each municipality has its own elected government. In the past, the election of municipality councils occurred once every three years, but it now takes place every four years. The council elects the mayor of the municipality and other required personnel. The municipality councils also appoint elders to govern the elderates. There is currently a proposal for direct election of mayors and elders, however that would require an amendment to the constitution.
Elderates are the smallest units and they do not play a role in national politics. They were created so that people could receive necessary services close to their homes; for example, in rural areas the elderates register births and deaths. They are most active in the social sector: they identify needy individuals or families and distribute welfare or organise other forms of relief.
The current system of administrative division receives frequent criticism for being too bureaucratic and ineffective. Significant complaints have been made about the number of counties, since they do not have much power. One proposal is to create four lands, a new administrative unit, the boundaries of which would be determined by the ethnographic regions of Lithuania. The benefit would be that the lands would follow natural boundaries, rather than being defined by bureaucrats or politicians. Another of the proposed solutions involves reducing the number of counties so that there would be five in total, each based in one of the five largest cities with populations of over 100,000. Others complain that elderates have no real power and receive too little attention; they could potentially become local initiative communities which could tackle many rural problems.
Geography
Lithuania is situated in northern Europe. It has around 99 kilometres (61.5 mi) of sandy coastline, of which only about 38 kilometres (24 mi) face the open Baltic Sea and which is the shortest among the Baltic Sea countries; the rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. Lithuania's major warm-water port, Klaipėda, lies at the narrow mouth of the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršių marios), a shallow lagoon extending south to Kaliningrad. The main river, the Neman River, and some of its tributaries carry international shipping vessels.
The Lithuanian landscape has been smoothed by glaciers. The highest areas are the moraines in the western uplands and eastern highlands, none of which are taller than 300 metres (1,000 ft) above sea level, with the maximum elevation being Aukštojas Hill at 294 metres (964 ft). The terrain features numerous lakes, Lake Vištytis for example, and wetlands; a mixed forest zone covers 30% of the country. The climate lies between maritime and continental, with wet, moderate winters and summers. According to one geographical computation method, Lithuania's capital, Vilnius, lies only a few kilometres south of the geographical centre of Europe. -->
Pamérangan
Litowen dumadi saka region-region: <!--
Economy
In 2003, prior to joining the European Union, Lithuania had the highest economic growth rate amongst all candhidate and member countries, reaching 8.8% in the third quarter. In 2004 — 7.3%; 2005 — 7.6%; 2006 — 7.4%; 2007 Q3 — 10.8% growth in GDP reflects the impressive economic development. Most of the trade Lithuania conducts is within the European Union.
It is a member of the World Trade Organization, and the European Union. By UN classification, Lithuania is a country with a high average income. The country boasts a well developed modern infrastructure of railways, airports and four lane highways. It has almost full employment, with an unemployment rate of only 2.9%. According to officially published figures, EU membership fuelled a booming economy, increased outsourcing into the country, and boosted the tourism sector. The litas, the national currency, has been pegged to the Euro since February 2, 2002 at the rate of EUR 1.00 = LTL 3.4528, and Lithuania is expected to switch to the Euro on 1 January 2010. There is gradual but consistent shift towards knowledge based economy with special emphasis on biotechnology (industrial and diagnostic), because in Lithuania there are concentrated major biotech producers in the Baltic countries, as well as laser equipment.
Like other countries in the region (Estonia, Latvia) Lithuania also has a flat tax rate rather than a progressive scheme. Lithuanian income levels still lag behind the rest of the older EU members, with per capita GDP in 2007 at 60% of the EU average. Lower wages may have been a factor that in 2004 influenced the trend of emigration to wealthier EU countries, something that has been made legally possible as a result of accession to the European Union. In 2006 income tax was reduced to 27% and a reduction to 24% was made in October of 2007. Income tax reduction and 19.1 % annual wage growth is starting to make an impact with some emigrants gradually beginning to come back. The latest official data show emigration in early 2006 to be 30% lower than the previous year, with 3,483 people leaving in four months.
Ethnic composition
The population of Lithuania stands at 3.3662 million, 84.6% of whom are ethnic Lithuanians who speak the Lithuanian language (one of the two surviving members of the Baltic language group), which is the official language of the country. Several sizable minorities exist, such as Poles (6.3%), Russians (5.1%), and Belarusians (1.1%).
Poles are the largest minority, concentrated in southeast Lithuania (the Vilnius region). Russians are the second largest minority, concentrated mostly in two cities. They constitute sizeable minorities in Vilnius (14%) and Klaipėda (28%), and a majority in the town of Visaginas (52%). About 3,000 Roma live in Lithuania, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas, and Panevėžys; their organizations are supported by the National Minority and Emigration Department.
Hambuku Tengah, Sungai Pandan, Hulu Sungai Lor
Hambuku Tengah iku désa ing Kacamatan Sungai Pandan, Kabupatèn Hulu Sungai Lor, Provinsi Kalimantan Kidul, Indonésia.
Litowen
Ethnic composition
Most Lithuanian schools teach English as a first foreign language, but students may also study German, or, in some schools, French. Schools where Russian and Polish are the primary languages of education exist in the areas populated by these minorities.
Religion
In 2005 79% of Lithunians belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. The Church has been the majority denomination since the Christianisation of Lithuania in the end of fourteenth century and beginning of fifteenth century. Some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime (symbolised by the Hill of Crosses) and, after independence was regained, against socialism and liberalism, especially in ethical questions. Church attendance has increased since the end of the Soviet occupation and the country has so far maintained a fairly high level of religious practice.
Health and welfare
As of 2004 Lithuanian life expectancy at birth was 66 years for males and 78 for females. The infant mortality rate was 8.0 per 1,000 births. The annual population growth rate in 2004 declined by 0.5% in 2004. Less than 2% of the population live beneath the poverty line, and the adult literacy rate is 99.6%.
Lithuanians have a high suicide rate: 91.7 per 100,000 persons, the highest in the world in 2000, followed by the Russian Federation (82.5), Belarus (73.1), Latvia (68.5), and Ukraine (62.1). This problem has been studied by a number of health organisations. -->
Pranala njaba
🇪🇺
Sibulue, Boné
Kacamatan Sibulue iku kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Bone Propinsi Sulawesi Kidul.
Mégan
Dara Mégan (Columba livia) ya iku jinis dara, famili Columbidae. Jinis dara iki gampang titenane, ya iku duwé wulu endhas lan gulune erna klawu tuwa, mengkilat ijo utawa abang ing gulu, garis kadel warna ireng ing suwiwi lan pucuk buntut, lan wulu putih ing suwiwi sisih njero. Dara megan kang isih alasan duwé warna wulu awak klawu enom, déné kang lulut lan dadi ingon-ingone manungsa uga duwé warna variasi saka blirik ireng nganti semu ireng.
Dheskripsi awak
Dara Megan diwasa awak dawane 29–37 cm, ambané suwiwi 62–72 cm. Dara kang isih alasan boboté 238-380 gram. Werna Wulu kaya kang wus kadheskripsi ing ndhuwur. Dara lanang lan wadon duwé praupan kang memper, sanajan uga ana bedane.
Papan urip
Kéwan iki urip ing laladan kang tenggar, lan ing alam racaké yasa susuh ing watu utawa karang. Asline tinemu ing Éropah, Afrika Lor lan Asia Kulon, banjur sumebar ing akèh papan. Populasine udakara 17-28 yuta ing Éropah.
Reprodhuksi
Dara megan racaké duwé sipat monogami, ngendhog cacah 2 lan diayahi déning dara lanang lan wadon.
Wanareja, Kaliwungu, Kendhal
Wanareja (cara Indonésia: Wonorejo), iku salah siji désa / kalurahan ing Kacamatan Kaliwungu, Kabupatèn Kendhal, Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Jingglong, Sutajayan, Blitar
Jingglong iku désa/kalurahan ing kacamatan Sutajayan (Sutojayan), Kabupatèn Blitar, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Owabong Purbalingga
Owabong ya iku salah siji Objék Wisata banyu kang ana ing Bojongsari Kabupatén Purbalingga. Jeneng Owabong sabeneré cekakan saka Objék Wisata Air Bojongsari. Sadurungé dadi owabong, objèk wisata iki awujud padusan (bèji). Owabong manggon ana Jl. Raya Bojongsari No.1 Purbalingga, Jawa Tengah 53362. Bojongsari manggon watara 5 kilomèter saka kutha Purbalingga. Owabong dadi tujuwan wisata kang misuwur ana ing Jawa Tengah. Banyu ana ing Owabong asalé saka Tuk Cidandang, Cipawon, lan Cikupél. Ana warna-warna wahana ing owabong. Wahana-wahana kang ana kaya wahana WaterBoom, Pasisir Bebas Tsunami, nganti tekan wahana èmbèr wutah. Saliyané wahana banyu, ing owabong uga disadiakaké wahana liyané kaya ta Gokart lan Teraphy Ikan. Kanggo njurung wisata owabong uga ana cottage ing sacedhaké owabong. Kanggo nyenengaké wong-wong kang dolan ana ing owabong saiki wahana biyoskup patang diménsiné. Sing diunggulaké saka biyoskup 4 dimensiné owabong ya iku penonton nganggo kacamata lan lungguh ana ing korsi kang bisa muter nem arah angin, ngetutaké situasi adegan kang ana pilmé. Bedané Bioskop 4 dimensiné owabong karo kang ana ing Gelanggang Samodra aNcol, ya iku biyoskup 4 dimensiné owabong luwih pepak dibandingaké karo kang ana ing Ancol.
Vatapá
Vatapá ( Yoruba : vata'pa, [vɐtɐˈpa] ) minangka salah sawijining jinis olahan arupa sajian Afro-Brasil sing digawe saka roti, urang, santen, kacang tanah sing ditumbuk lan lenga sawit sing ditumbuk dadi pasta krim Iki minangka panganan khas Salvador, Bahia lan umume kanggo wilayah Lor lan Timur Laut Brasil. Ing negara sisih wétan-wétan Bahia umume dipangan kanthi acarajé, lan minangka persembahan ritual ing Candomblé, kanthi acaçá utawa acarajé. Vatapa asring dipangan nganggo beras putih ing wilayah liyane ing Brasil. Udang kasebut bisa diganti nganggo tuna, ayam utawa iwak kod, uga pilihan liyane.
Gemawang, Girimarta, Wanagiri
Gemawang iku kalurahan ing Kacamatan Girimarta, Kabupatèn Wanagiri, Jawa Tengah.
Mohammad-Reza Hekmat
Reza Hekmat (1891 - 15 Maret 1978) yaiku Perdana Menteri Iran. Panjenengané dadi Perdhana Mentri Iran tanggal 18 Desember 1947 lan ana ing kantor nganti 29 Desember 1947 kanggo mung 11 dina.
Dheweke dadi pamicara Parlemen Iran saka taun 1947 nganti 1955.
Søreidgrenda
Søreidgrenda punika dhusun ingkang kapernah ing praja Nurwègen.
Mohammad-Reza Hekmat
Dheweke lair ing Shiraz taun 1891 lan tilar donya ing Teheran nalika taun 1978 nalika umur 87 taun.
Ferrari Enzo
Ferrari Enzo ya iku montor kang duwé 12 silinder mid-engine Berlinetta, jeneng pendiri perusahaane Enzo Ferrari. Dibangun ing taun 2002 nganggo tèknologi Formula Siji, kaya awake serat karbon, F1-style tranmisi nggeser elektrohidrolik, lan serat karbon sing dikuati karo Silicon Carbide (C / SiC) keramik komposit rem cakram. Uga nganggo tèknologi sing ora inthok ning F1, kaya déné aerodinamis aktif, lan kontrol traksi. Sawisé downforce saka 775 kg (£ 1.709) kegayuh ning 355,6 km/jam (221 mph) swiwi mburi diobahke karo komputer kanggo nahanake downforce. V12 Enzo ya iku sing sepisanan saka génerasi anyar Ferrari. Iki didhasarkake ing arsitèktur V8 sing digawé ning Quattroporte adhik perusahaan Maserati, nggunakaké arsitèktur dhasar sing padha lan 104 mm (4.1 in) bore spasi. Désain iki arep nggantikake ning V12 lan V8, mesin sing ameh digunakaké ning Ferrari kontemporer liyané. F430 2005 ya iku Ferrari keloro ning versi anyare utawa powerplant anyar.
Prodhuksi
Enzo digawé karo Ken Okuyama, ya iku mantan pimpinan désainer Pininfarina Jepang. Pisanan Enzo ngandharake taun 2002 mrodhuksi watese namung 349 mobil, kang regane US $ 659.330. Perusahaan iki ngrimake undhangan marang pelanggan mligine sing naté tuku mobil tipe F40 lan F50. 349 mobil wis kedol. Saking akèhé panyuwunan, Ferrari yasa 50 Enzos luwih, sing akèhé dadi 399.
Tanété Riattang, Boné
Kacamatan Tanete Riattang iku kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Bone Propinsi Sulawesi Kidul.
Kabupatèn Bone
Kabiskopan León ing Spanyol
Kabiskopan León (Legionen(sis)) yaiku kabiskopan sing ana ing kutha León, provinsi grejawi Oviedo, Spanyol.
Pesantrèn, Kutha Kadhiri
Pesantrèn iku kacamatan ing Kutha Kadhiri.
Adhaptasi
Adaptasi punika caranipun organisme supaya saged nyesuaikaken kaliyan lingkungan ingkang ngandap. Fungsinipun adhaptasi punika:
Jenisipun Adaptasi
Adaptasi jenisipun wonten 3, inggih punika:
Adaptasi Morfologi
Adaptasi morfologi punika, bentukipun salira ingkang nyesuaiken kanggé kebutuhanipun urip. Kajaba:
Cucuk
Garudha gadhah cucuk ingkang kiyat lan uwang ngandhap mlengkung kaliyan tajem kanggé nyengkrem mangsanipun.
Oyod
Oyod ing ara-ara punika, kageman oyod ingkang kiyat kanggé nyerep toya. Manawi oyod hawa kanggé ambegan.
Waja mirunggan
Waja kéwan karnivora utawi ingkang nedha daging, adaptasinipun dadosaken waja dados sekawan waja siyung ingkang gedhé lan lancip. Fungsinipun kanggé nangkep mangsa, lan waja bam ingkang landhep ing pucuk kanggé ngoyak mangsanipun.
Adhaptasi Fisiologi
Adhaptasi fisiologi punika, fungsi fisiologis ingkang 'nyami' kanggé kabetahanipun urip. Kaya ta:
Klanjer badheg
Sigung punika saged miyosaken ganda ingkang badheg saking cuwèran ingkang disemprotaken saking bolongan sisihé silit.
Kanthong mangsi
Cumi kanggé kanthong mangsi punika supados saged nglindhungi awak saking mungsuh utawi prédhator.
Adaptasi Tingkah Laku
Adaptasi tingkah laku punika adapatasi uatawi penyesuaian tingkah laku. Tuldhanipun:
Pura-pura tidur atau mati
Kéwan ingkang ngelakoaken adhaptasi punika tupai Virginia. Tupai punika tilem lan nutup soca, meanwi wonten predator ingkang nyedhak. Dados ketinggalipun tupai punika sampun mati.
Migrasi
Ikan Salem ing Amérika utara, migrasi kanggé endhog-endhog ikan salem. Ikan salem uripé punika ing laut. Ikan salem ingkang ageng, umur 4 ngantos 7 taun, kempal ing pasisir barat Amérika Utara lan sareng-sareng nuju kali. Ing kali punika Ikan salem kang lanang, ngetoaken sperma ing nduwuripun endhog-endhog punika. Ikan salem ingkang sampun ngetoaken sperma limrahipun mati. Endog-endhog punika urip ing banyu tawar, manawi sampun ageng sareng-sareng nuju laut.
Paul Lemoine
Paul Lemoine (28 Maret 1878 - 14 Maret 1940) inggih punika tokoh saking Prancis ingkang ahli wonten ing babagan géologi, lair wonten ing kutha Paris. Panjenenganipun putra saking kimiawan Georges Lemoine (1841-1922).
BWF Super Series
BWF Super Series punika format ènggal kejuaraan bulu tangkis ingkang dipuntèpangakn Federasi Bulu Tangkis Dunia ing tanggal 14 Dhésèmber, 2006. nanging makaten, BWF Super Series ènggal wiwit dipertandingkan ing taun 2007.
Bebungah Yatra
Secara mliginipun, bebungah yatra punika dipundistribusiaken nglampahi rumus makaten:
Ing turnamen 2008, pemenang tunggal putri pikoleh aji yatra bebungah ingkang sami kados ta pemenang tunggal putra. kados ta ingkang sampun kassebut ing inggil sadaya pemenang tunggal, putra utawi putri-badhé angsal porsi pérangan bebungah sebesar 7.5 persèn, ing pundhi sadaya pemenang ganda-baik putra, putri utawi campuran-pikoleh porsi pérangan bebungah sebesar 6.9 persèn saking total bebungah. Sejak turnamen 2011, sadaya pemenang ing sadaya kategori pikoleh panggènan bebungah ingkang sami sebesar minimal USD$90,000, ing wanci nepangaken format seri tetandhingan Premier.
Poin Ranking Dunia
KAliyan dipunresmiaken format Super Series, BWF gantos format ranking donya ing taun 2007. Poin ranking donya badhé pikoleh juru main ingkang saé namung bertahan ngantos babak kualifikasi utawi ingkang kasil dados juara. BWF ugi nepangaken ranking super series kanggé nemtokaken para juru main ingkang berhak ndhèrèk Super Series Final.
Pemisahan kewarganagaraan
Wiwit taun 2007, juru main saking nagara ingkang sami boten dipunpisahaken ing babak utama saking turnamen. sadaya sanèsipun kalih unggulan teratas boten dibagi dados kalih seri amargi mereka sadèrèngipun. Pemain tebaik Cina Lin Dan sampun mengkritik owahan peraturan. 2010 dan seterusnya melihat aturan diowah kaliayn pemisahan kebangsaan ing babak kapisan.
Kualifikasi
Namung 32 juru main utawi pasangan ingkang badhé dimainkan ing babak utama kaliyan minimal 64 juru main utawi pasangan ing turnamen pungkasan.ing antawisipun 32 juru main utawi pasangan, namung 8 juru main utawi pasangan ingkang dipununggulaken ing saben kategori. Saben kategori badhé gadhah 28 juru main utawi pasangan ingkang dipuntemtuaken otomatis dhedhasar peringkat donya ingkang énggal. sawatara 4 panggènan sanès badhé dipunputusaken ing babak kualifikasi kaliyan 64 juru main utawi pasangan ingkang berpartisipasi.
Saben turnamen Super Series badhé dipunselenggarakkean ing enem dinten, kaliyan babak utama ing gangsal dinten. nanging, babak kualifikasi juru main utawi pasangan kedah bermain sekawan ubengan sadèrèngipun ngelajengaken ing babak utama.
Wiwit September 2008, saben turnamen namung saged 16 juru main utawi pasangan kanggé main ing babak kualifikasi, boten 32 juru main utawi pasangan ing babak punika kanggé nghindari ketegangan ageng ing babak salajengipun.
Wasit
ing turnamen ing taun 2008, saben-saben turnamen Super Series kedah gadhah wolung wasit bersertifikat lan terakreditasi internasional, dados gantos peraturan taun 2007 ing pundhi saben turnamen saged ngadiraken wasit lokal, ingkang saged kecaman saking pinten-pinten juru main ngantos turnamen ing taun 2007.
Turnamen
saben taun, Federasi Bulutangkis Dunia ngatur kalih welas turnamen ing sadaya Éropah lan Asia, kaliayan Cina kanthi tradhisional nyepeng kalih turnamen saben mangsa, nagara tunggal ingkang dipunangsalaken kanggé nglampahi ingkang sampun dipunijinaken déning BWF.
Pandhanreja, Wagir, Malang
Pandhanreja iku désa ing Kacamatan Wagir, Kabupatèn Malang, Jawa Wétan.
Rykene
Rykene punika dhusun ingkang kapernah ing praja Nurwègen.
A Portuguesa
A Portuguesa iku lagu kabangsané Portugal.
Darupono, Kaliwungu Kidul, Kendhal
Darupana (cara Indonésia: Darupono), iku salah sawijining désa / kalurahan ing Kacamatan Kaliwungu Kidul, Kabupatèn Kendhal, Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Indonésia.
Powiat Płońsk
Powiat Płońsk iku powiat (kaya déné “kabupatèn” in Tanah Jawa) ing Polen. Kutha krajané yaiku Płońsk. Powiat iki papané ana ing provinsi Mazowia lan sing ndunungi 87.584 jiwa.
Careful What You Wish For (filem)
Careful What You Wish For ya iku filem thriller saka Amérikah Sarékat kang digawé taun 2015. Filem iki disutradarani Elizabeth Allen, dhedhasar saka skénario anggitané Chris Frisina. Sing maragani filem iki antarané Nick Jonas, Isabel Lucas, Graham Rogers, lan Dermot Mulroney.
Ringkesan
Filem Careful What You Wish For nyritakaké bab Doug Martin (Jonas), sawijiné nonoman kang dhemen marang mangsa panas ing pasisir lan péngin lunga maring Kolombia saperlu neruské pawiyatan. Karo wong tuwané, dhèwèké ngresepi mangsa panas ing pasisir, kalebu kancha cedhaké, Carson, kang terus-terusan ngandhakké marang dhèwèké babagan wadiné wong wadon kang pating sliwer saindhengé. Sawijiné pegawé bank investasi lan bojone kang seksi, Lena (Lucas), teka lan manggon ing omah sangarepé omah wong tuwané Doug.
Setatsiyun Kasubuchi
Setatsiyun Kasubuchi (粕淵駅) yaiku setatsiyun sepur ing Misato, Distrik Ōchi, Prefektur Shimane, Jepang, sing dioperasike dening West Japan Railway Company (JR West).
Careful What You Wish For (filem)
Ringkesan
Doug meneng-meneng ngawasi Lena lan ndadèkké minangka pepénginé amarga Lena mènèhi pratandha kang sarujuk marang pepénginé Doug. Kaanan kuwi dumadi, nalika bojoné Lena mbutuhaké tenaga ahli kanggo ngurus prau layar. Doug kang sinau babagan prau saka éyang kakungé, nampani pagawéan iku. Saka pagawéan iku, dhèwèké bisa nyolong-nyolong ndelengi Lena lan tumindak selingkuh. Sabanjuré, sesambungan asmara antarané Doug Martin karo Lena pedhot nalika ana kadadéan raja pati kang nyalawadi. Cilakané, cubriyané pulisi kaarahakè marang Doug.
Setatsiyun Kasubuchi
Jalur
Setatsiyun Kasubuchi dilayani dening Jalur Sankō saka Gōtsu ing Prefektur Shimane nganti Miyoshi ing Prefektur Hiroshima, sing ditutup ing 31 Maret 2018.
Rantau Karau Raya, Sungai Pandan, Hulu Sungai Lor
Rantau Karau Raya iku désa ing Kacamatan Sungai Pandan, Kabupatèn Hulu Sungai Lor, Provinsi Kalimantan Kidul, Indonésia.
Sitimulya, Piyungan, Bantul
Sitimulya iku désa ing Kacamatan Piyungan, Kabupatèn Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Pisces
Pisces (Iwak) yaiku zodiak rasi lintang kang dumunung ing antarané Aquarius ing sisih kulon lan Aries ing sisih wétan. Pises iku pratandha astrologi kang kaping 12 ing zodiak, kang asalé saka Konstelasi Pises. Miturut astrologi, Pises identik karo pratandha feminin utawa négatif. Pisces uga pratandha banyu. Ing zodiak, tandhane pisces yaiku iwak sapasang kang lagi nglangi kanthi arah kang berlawanan. Kanthi tradhisional, Pises dunungé ana ing Planet Yupiter, nanging wiwit tinemu, Neptunus saiki dadi dunungé Pisces kang modheren.
Miturut Zodiak, pawongan kang dowe bintang Pises, lair ing tanggal 19 Fèbruari nganti tekan 20 Maret, nalika srengéngé ana ing bintang Pisces.
Pratélan bintang
Lintang-lintang kang kalebu ing rasi iki, yaiku:
Tanété Riattang Kulon, Boné
Kacamatan Tanete Riattang Kulon (Basa Indonésia : Tanete Riattang Barat), iku kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Bone Provinsi Sulawesi Kidul.
Kabupatèn Bone
Karanganyar, Ambulu, Jember
Karanganyar iku désa ing kacamatan Ambulu, Kabupatèn Jember, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Ali Jaber
Ali Saleh Mohammed Ali Jaber ( علي صالح محمد علي جابر  Utawa luwih dikenal kanthi jeneng Syekh Ali Jaber ) minangka juru pendakwah lan ulama sing dadi warga negara Indonesia. Dheweke uga dadi hakim ing Hafiz Indonesia lan khotbah ing macem-macem studi ing macem-macem stasiun televisi nasional.
Pandemi
Pandèmi inggih punika pényakit ingkang nular saha nyébar ngélampahi populasi manungsa ing kuwasaan ing jawi, tuladhanipun bawana utawi ing sédaya donya. Pényakit endemik luas saha stabil ing pintné-pintén tiyang ingkang gréah saking botén pandémi. Saklajéngipun, pandémi flu kéjaba flu musiman, kéjaba mangsa flu inggih punika pandemi. Pandemi ingkang langkung énggal kalebet pandemi HIV lan pandemi flu 2009. Pandemi inggih punika epidemis lelara nular ingkang nyebaraken nglampahi populasi manungsa ing laladan ingkang jembar, tuladhanipun bawana, utawa ing sadaya donya. Lelara endemik ingkang jembar lan stabil ingkang kathah tiyang ingkang gerah saking punika boten pandemi. Salajengipun pandemi flu gejaba flu musiman, sanèsipun mangsa flu inggih punika pandemi. Jumlah pandemi kados ta cacar, saha TBC. Pandemi ingkang langkung énggal kalebet pandemi HIV lan pandemi flu 2009. Organisasi Keséhatan Dunia (WHO) sampun mroduksi mmenawi klasifikasi enem tahap ingkang gambaraken prosès ing pundhi virus novèl influenza obah saking infeksi kawiwitan ing manungsa nglampahi pandemi. Punika dipunwiwiti kaliyan virus nginfeksi kéwan, kanti pinten-pinten kasus ing pundhi kéwan nginfeksi tiyang, lajeng obah nglampahi tahap ing pundhi virus wiwit nyebar kanthi langsung antawis tiyang-tiyang, lan pungkasan kaliyan pandemi punika nginfeksi saking virus énggal sampun nyebar ing dunya. Lelara utawi kaanan boten pandemi namung punika ya iku jembar utawi bunuh tiyang kathah, ugi kedah nular, dados tuladhané kanker tanggel jawab ingkang kathah kapejahan nanging boten kaanggep pandemi amergi lelara punika boten nular.
Ali Jaber
Urip pribadi
Ali Jaber wis digunakake ing maca Al-Qur ' an wiwit cilik. Iku rama sing pisanan nambah semangat Ali Jaber kanggo sinau Al-qur ' an. Ing ingkang agomo, ing tartamtu Qur ' an lan shalat, kang rama banget tenan, malah ora ragu-ragu kanggo mencet nalika Ali Jaber cilik ora mbukak pandonga. Kulawarga dikenal minangka kulawarga sing agama. Ing Madinah dheweke wis gedhe masjid sing digunakake kanggo ritual Islam. Minangka anak pisanan saka rolas sedulur, Ali Jaber dibutuhake kanggo terus perjuangan kang rama ing syiar Islam.
Pandemi
Sebapipun Flu
Epidemis utawi epidemics flu, dipunsebapake déning galur-galur énggal virus influenzaingkang kanthi genetis cekap bènten saking galur-galur sadèrèngipun pramila manugsa arang kebal kaliyan flu. Ingkang nyebapaken tukule lelara virus inggih punika nyebare virus saking populasi manungsa ingkang alit saha terisolasi. Tuladhané AIDS boten gadhah asma saha boten gadhah dhasar ing pinten-pinten dasawarsa. Lelara virus énggal ing manungsa inggih punika nyabaraken virus ingkang sampun wonten saking kéwan sanès. Kéwan ingkang dados ingang lan saged nularake virus katamtu namung umumuipun boten kapengaruh déning virus punika dipunsebat dados virus reservaor alami virus. Epidemi flu punika tuladha ingkang saé saking efek virus ingkang pindhah saking satunggal spésies ing spésies sanèsipun. Wonten tiga virus influenza: jinis B saha C, ingkang namung nginfeksi manungsa saha boten naté nyebapaken epidemi, lan jinis A, ingkang nginfeksi pinten-pinten jinis kéwan, ingkang kagolong inggih punika manuk, babi, jaran, manungsa. Galur influenza A ingkang nyebapaken 3 epidemi.
Ali Jaber
Urip pribadi
Sanajan wiwitane dheweke urip minangka kekarepane bapake, suwe-suwe dheweke ngerti yen kabutuhane dhewe lan nalika yuswa sewelas taun, dheweke wis apal 30 juz Al-Qur'an.
nusuk
Ing tanggal 13 September 2020, Syekh Ali Jaber ditusuk karo wong sing ora dikenal nalika kuliah ing Mesjid Falahuddin, Sukajawa, Bandar Lampung. Asile, dheweke nandhang tatu tusuk ing lengen tengen. Tersangka, jenenge Alfin Andrian, sing lahir tanggal 1 April 1996, sukses ditangkap.
Megulunglor, Pituruh, Purwareja
Megulunglor iku désa ing Kacamatan Pituruh, Kabupatèn Purwareja, Jawa Tengah.
Kalipang, Sutajayan, Blitar
Kalipang iku salah siji désa/kalurahan  ing kacamatan Sutajayan (Sutojayan), Kabupatèn Blitar, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Girimarta, Girimarta, Wanagiri
Girimarta iku désa ing Kacamatan Girimarta, Kabupatèn Wanagiri, Jawa Tengah.
Dayoh
Dayoh utawa mau tamu ya iku wong kang teka utawa dolan/mertamu ana ing pangonan utawa omah, warung toko , bengkel kang mumpangaté bisa njlari tali silahturohmi sajeroning urip guyub ruku ana ing masarakat sakiteré utawa ana kapentingan.Dayoh bisa uga diarani wong kang teka utawa dolan ing pangonan liyané kanggo perjamuan,nginep,tuku (sega , pecel lan barang kang dikarepake.Dayoh ana ing tlatah jawa, racaké asring ngowa woh tangan (olèh-olèh) kaya ta :
Jalan Lurus, Sungai Pandan, Hulu Sungai Lor
Jalan Lurus iku désa ing Kacamatan Sungai Pandan, Kabupatèn Hulu Sungai Lor, Provinsi Kalimantan Kidul, Indonésia.
Andhongsari, Ambulu, Jember
Andhongsari iku désa ing kacamatan Ambulu, Kabupatèn Jember, Provinsi Jawa Wétan, Indonésia.
Powiat Pruszków
Powiat Pruszków iku powiat (kaya déné “kabupatèn” in Tanah Jawa) ing Polen. Kutha krajané yaiku Pruszków. Powiat iki papané ana ing provinsi Mazowia lan sing ndunungi 144.418 jiwa.
Wong kakang-adhi
Wong kakang-adhi yaiku telu sutradara sing kakang-adhi lan juru kamera kakang adhi katurunan Tionghoa sing aktif ing donya perfileman Hindia Walanda (saiki Indonesia). Putra saka pengkhotbah Advent, katelune – Nelson (1895–1945), Joshua (1906–1981), lan Othniel (lair 1908) – nempuh pendidikan ing Amerika Sarekat sadurunge menyang ing Shanghai lan ngadegake The Great Wall Productions.
Ngampèl, Pituruh, Purwareja
Ngampèl iku désa ing Kacamatan Pituruh, Kabupatèn Purwareja, Jawa Tengah.
Setatsiyun Iinuma
Setatsiyun Iinuma (飯沼駅) yaiku setatsiyun sepur ing kutha Nakatsugawa, Prefektur Gifu, Jepang, sing dioperasike dening operator sepur sektor katelu Akechi Railway.
Jalur
Setatsiyun Iinuma menika setatsiyun ing Jalur Akechi, lan nduweni adoh 7.6 kilometer saka terminus jalur kasebut ing Ena.
Louis Germain
Alfred Louis Pierre Germain (8 Januari 1878 - 18 Oktober 1942) inggih punika tokoh Prancis, malacologist lairing Niort, departemen Deux-Sèvres.
Tanété Riattang Wétan, Boné
Kacamatan Tanete Riattang Wétan (Basa Indonésia : Tanete Riattang Timur), iku kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Bone Provinsi Sulawesi Kidul.
Kabupatèn Bone
Louis Germain
Piyambakipun sekolah wonten ing Angers sarta Paris, angsal gelar dhoktor ngèlmu taun 1907. (1861-1935) mbiyantu Louis Joubin ing laboratorium moluska, cacing sarta zoophytes ing musiyum nasional d'histoire naturelle, Paris. Saking taun 1936 ngantos 1942 piyambakipun dados direktur musiyum. 2010 génus énggal saking kerang banyu tawar saking Madagaskar dipunjenengi Germainaia dipuntepangaken ing dunya pangetahuan.
A.R. Fachruddin
A.R. Fachruddin utawa jeneng dawané Abdul Rozak Facruddin iku salah sawijining alim ulama Indonésia kang kalebu cendekiawan Islam kang asalé saka Ngayogyakarta. Panjenengané lair ing Purwanggan, Pakualaman ing surya 14 Fèbruari 1916. Ing satengahing bebrayan agung, panjenengané luwih tinepung kanthi jeneng Pak AR. Panjenengané naté nglurahi organisasi Muhammadiyah suwé dhéwé, yaiku 22 taun saka 1968-1990.
Kulawarga
A.R. Fachruddin lair saka kulawarga priyayi. Ibuné asma Maimunah binti Idris Pakualam, sawijining pengusaha bathik ing omahé, déné bapaké asma K.H. Fachruddin kang nyambut gawé minangka lurah naib ing Pura Pakualaman kang diangkat déning Paku Alam VIII. Bapaké asal saka Blèbèran, Brosot, Galur, Kulon Praga. Amarga iku, kulawargané Pak AR kalebu kalangan kang dikurmati lan A.R. Fachruddin banjur dilebokaké ana pawiyatan muslim Muhammadiyah kang ana ing Kutha Ngayogyakarta.
Pawiyatan
Ing wiwitan wiyatané, Pak AR naté lumebu menyang pawiyatan umum kayata Standaard School Muhammadiyah Prenggan ing Kuthagedhé. Panjenengané uga naté lumebu Madrasah Muallimin Muhammadiyah amung rong taun suwéné jalaran kepéngin ngugemi préntahé bapaké supaya sinau marang para sawenèh kyai ing Blèbèran, kaya ta K.H. Abdullah Rosad, K.H. Abu Amar, lan K.H. Fachruddin, bapaké dhéwé. Saliyané iku, saben bubar magrib panjenengané sinau menyang Madrasah Wustha Muhammadiyah Wanapeti ing Sewugalur. Ing 1932, Pak AR ngangsu kawruh ing Madrasah Darul Ulum Muhammadiyah Wanapeti sawisé bapaké séda rong taun sadurungé. Panjenengané banjur alihan menyang Madrasah Tabligh School Muhammadiyah ing 1935 nganti lulus.
Lelabuhan
Ing 1935, A.R. Fachruddin kabenum dening Hoofdbestuur Muhammadiyah menyang Talangbalai, saiki aran Ogan Komering Ilir, kanthi nggawa kawigatèn ngrembakakaké dhakwah Muhammadiyah. Ing kana panjenengané ngedegaké pawiyatan Wustha Muallimin Muhammadiyah kang satataran SMP. Ing 1938, panjenengané uga ngedegaké pawiyatan kang padha ing Ulak Paceh, Sekayu, Musi Ilir, saiki aran Musi Banyu Asin. Ing 1941, panjenengané alihan menyang Sungai Batang, Sungai Gérong, Palémbang minangka guru ing Hollandcse Inlanders School (HIS) Muhammadiyah, pawiyatan satataran SD. Ing 14 Fèbruari 1942, Jepang ngebroki pabrik lenga Sungai Gerong. Gelem ora gelem, pawiyatané kudu ditutup kanggo sawetara banjur Pak AR dialih menyang Tebing Grinting, Muara Meranjat, Palembang nganti taun 1944. Sasuwéné ngemban gati, Pak AR mulang sekolah Muhammadiyah sarta mimpin lan nggladhi Hizbul Wathan, mènèhi pangajian, lan sapanunggalané. Nalika bali menyang Ngayogyakarta, menyang désané ing Blèberan, Kulon Praga, Pak AR panggah dhakwah ing Muhammadiyah. Ing 1950, panjenengané alihan menyang Kauman lan isih nglakoni dhakwah sinambi sinau marang para assabiqunal awwalun Muhammadiyah, kaya ta: K.H. Syudjak, K.H. A. Badawi, KRH. Hadjid, K.H. Muchtar, Ki Bagus Hadikusuma, K.H. Djohar, K.H. Muslim, K.H. Hanad, K.H. Bakir Saleh, K.H Basyir Mahfudz, lan Hj. Badilah Zuber. Cawé-cawéné A.R. Fachruddin ing punjer Muhammadiyah nglantaraké panjenengané dadi Pimpinan Daerah Muhammadiyah Kutha Ngayogyakarta, banjur dadi Ketua Pimpinan Wilayah Muhammadiyah DIY, bacuté dadi anggota Dzawil Qurba Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah kang tundhoné pinitaya dadi Ketua Umum Muhammadiyah lawasé 22 taun. Pak AR dadi Ketua Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah kawit taun tahun 1968 sawise di-fait accomply kanggo dadi pejabat Ketua PP Muhammadiyah gegayutan kalawan sédané K.H. Faqih Usman. Ing sajeroning Sidhang Tanwir ing Panaraga, Jawa Wetan ing 1969, Pak AR kadhapuk minangka Ketua PP Muhammadiyah tumeka Muktamar Muhammadiyah ka-38 ing Makassar, Sulawesi Kidul taun 1971. Kawit iku, panjenengané kapilih terus kanthi urut-urutan sajeroning patang Muktamar Muhammadiyah candhaké ing 1971-1974, 1974-1978, 1978-1985 lan pungkasan 1985-1990.
Koeksister
A koeksister punika salah sawijining jinis olahan tradisional Afrikaner kitha digawe saka goreng keuangan infused ing sirup utawa madu. Sampeyan ora kudu bingung  kanthi swara Cape Malay koe'sister sing padha, yaiku adonan wajan goreng sing digulung ing klapa. Jeneng kasebut asale saka tembung Walanda "koek", sing umume artine glepung gandum, uga asal saka tembung Inggris Inggris "cookie", lan "adhine" bisa nuduhake tradhisi lisan saka rong sadulur sing lagi plang donat banjur dunking ing sirup, mula nggawe jajanan apik iki. "Sis" uga bisa ngrujuk swaraning swara ka|jmpl| Monumen Koeksister ing Orania
Herodotus
Herodotus punika ahli sajarah ingkang gesang ing abad kaping 5 SM (±484 SM - 425 SM). Panjenenganipun dipunkenal amargi seratanipun "Sajarah" (Yunani: Ιστοριης απόδεξις), satunggiling kempalan cariyos prakawis manéka papan lan tiyang ingkang panjenenganipunkempalaken salaminipun lelampahanipun. Amargi karyanipun puniki, panjenenganipun asring dipunanggep minangka "Bapak Sajarah".
Kartaharja, Kutha Madiun
Kartaharja iku kacamatan ing Kutha Madiun.
Luzon
Luzon iku pulo gedhé dhéwé lan akèh dhéwé padunungé ing Pilipina. Pulo iki klebu 15 pulo gedhé dhéwé ing donya. Kapernah ing sisih lor kapuloan Pilipina, Pulo iki dadi punjering ékonomi lan pulitik negara. Ing pulo iki kapernah kutha krajan Pilipina, Manila,kang duwé pérangan kutha, Quezon City kang duwé akèh dhéwé padunung ing negara iki. Pulo iki didunungi 53 yuta jiwa ing taun 2015, lan kalebu papat pulo kang akèh dhéwé padunungé ing donya (sawisé Jawa, Honshu, lan Britainia Gedhé). Udakara 53% saka gunggung padunung negara manggon ing negara iki.
Luzon iku bisa nuduhaké salah siji saka telung golongan pulo baku ing negara iki. Pulo gedhé Luzon dumadi saka Pulo Luzon, kapuloan Batanes lan Babuyan kang kapernah ing sisih Lor, Pulo Polillo kapernah ing sisih wétan, lan pulo-pulo kang adoh saka Pulo Luzon kaya ta Catanduanes, Marinduque, Masbate, Romblon, Mindoro, Palawan, lan liyané kang kapernah ing sisih kidul.
Etimologi
Jeneng Luzon iku ngrujuk saka tembung Tagalog lusong, yaiku lesung kayu kang gedhé kanggo nutu beras.
Sajarah
Luzon sadurungé kapèrang dumadi krajan Hindu-Buddha, pamaréntahan Muslim, lan kapracayan ing sawenèh suku-suku, kang duwé gegayutan dagang karo Kalimantan, Malaya, Jawa, Indocina, India, Okinawa, Korea, Jepang lan Cina, sadurungé Spanyol njajah laladan iki. Wong Tagalog lan Kapampangan sing manggon ing Luzon kidul lan tengah ngyasa sistèm pulitik nalika sadurungé taun ka-sèwuné bangsa iki. Sistem pulitik kang misuwur kaya ta Maynila, Tondo, lan Namayan. Ing Prasasti Keping Tembaga Laguna (prasasti kapisan Pilipina) kang ditulis ing taun 900 M, nyebutaké panggonan ing Manila Bay lan sakupené, kaya ta Medan ing Indonesia. Krajan iki duwé sistem yaiku menehaké upeti lan pajeg marang panguwasa désa (Datu) lan tuan tanah (Lakan) utawa Rajahs. Krajan-krajan iki kalebu désa pasisir amarga kalebu golongan pulitik Asiah. Sawenèh pérangan Luzon dadi islam nalika Sultan Brunei jembaraké kakuwasané saka Kalimantan menyang Pilipina lan ngyasa Krajan Maynila minangka negarané bonéka. Éwadéne, krajan liyané kaya ta Wangdom  Pangasinan kang dadi pérangan laladan saka Cina lan sakèhé laladan Luzon yaiku krajan Sinified.
Geografi
Pulo Luzon iku wiyaré 109964.9 km2,  lan pulo ka-15 gedhé dhéwé ing donya. Pulo iki diwatesi Sagara Cina Kidul ing sisih kulon (Ing Pilipina jejuluk Sagara Luzon), ing sisih wétan diwatesi déning Sagara Pilipina, lan ing sisih lor déning Selat Luzon kang ngemot laladan banyu Babuyan lan Balintang. Ing dharatan iku kira-kira wujudé persegi dawa lan duwé semenanjung Bikol kang mendawa menyang kidul-wétan.
Luzon iku dipérang dumadi papat: Luzon Lor, Tengah lan Kidul, lan Laladan Kutha Krajan Nasional
Luzon Lor
Ing laladan sisih lor-kulon pulo iki, kapernah laladan Ilokos, kang wujudé lebak ing sadawané pasisir wétan nganti gunung Cordillera Tengah. Pagunungan Cordillera kang kapernah ing pérangan lor-tengah pulo iki, dithukuli wit-witan alas pinus tropis lan wit-witan laladan tropis. Gunung dhuwur dhéwé ing laladan iki,Gunung Pulag, kang dhuwuré 2.922 mèter. Ing pagunungan iki ana hulu Kali Agno, ing sadawané éréngan Gunung Data lan ing énggok-énggokan kali ing sadawané Pagunungan Cordillera Kidul sadurungé laladan Pangasinan.
Ing Luzon lor-wétan lumrahé awujud pagunungan, kang pagunungan paling dawa ing negara iki yaiku Sierra Madre. Ing antarané Sierra Madre lan Gunung Cordillera Tengah kapernah Cagayan Valley. Laladan iki, misuwur kanthi akehé ngasilaké beras kaloro lan akèh dhéwé ngasilaké jagung ing negara iki. Ing laladan iki kapernah kali Cagayan, kang kali dawa dhéwé ing Pilipina.
Ing sadawané sisih kidul Cordillera Tengah kapernah Pagunungan Caraballo kang kurang misuwur. Pagunungan iki nggayutaké antara Cordillera Tengah lan Sierra Madre, kang misahaké éréngan Cagayan lan Luzon Tengah.