cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Neodimium
Neodymium glass
The first commercial use of purified neodymium was in glass coloration, starting with experiments by Leo Moser in November 1927. The resulting "Alexandrite" glass remains a signature color of the Moser glassworks to this day. Neodymium glass was widely emulated in the early 1930s by American glasshouses, most notably Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), and Steuben ("wisteria"), and elsewhere (e.g. Lalique, in France, or Murano). Tiffin's "twilight" remained in production from about 1950 to about 1980. Current sources include glassmakers in the Czech Republic, the USA, and China; Caithness Glass in Scotland has also used the colorant extensively. The sharp absorption bands of neodymium cause the glass color to change under different lighting conditions, being reddish-purple under daylight or yellow incandescent light, but blue under white fluorescent lighting, or greenish under trichromatic lighting. This color-change phenomenon is highly prized by collectors. Neodymium in combination with praseodymium gave Moser's "Heliolite" glass. In combination with gold or selenium, beautiful red colors result, such as Moser's "Royalite" or Tiffin's "Wistaria" or some of the colors achieved by Fenton. Since neodymium coloration depends upon "forbidden" f-f transitions deep within the atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass. However, for the best color, iron-containing impurities need to be minimized in the silica used to make the glass. The same "forbiddenness" of the f-f transitions makes rare earth colorants less intense than those provided by most d-transition elements, so more has to be used in a glass to achieve the desired color intensity. The original Moser recipe used about 5% of neodymium oxide in the glass melt, a sufficient quantity such that Moser referred to these as being "Rare Earth Doped" glasses. Being a strong base, that level of neodymium would have affected the melting properties of the glass, and the lime content of the glass might have had to be adjusted accordingly.
History
Neodymium was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, in Vienna in 1885. He separated neodymium, as well as the element praseodymium, from a material known as didymium by means of fractional crystallization of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrates from nitric acid, while following the separation by spectroscopic analysis; however, it was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos, new, and didymos, twin. Neodymium is frequently misspelled as neodynium.
Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s. The Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash and Chemical Corporation, at one time the largest producer of rare earths in the world, offered neodymium oxide purified in this manner in grades of 65%, 85% and 95% purity, at prices ranging from approximately 2 to 20 dollars per pound (in 1960 dollars). Lindsay was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium, using the technology developed by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University/Ames Laboratory; one pound of their 99% oxide was priced at $35 in 1960; their 99.9% grade only cost 5 dollars more. Starting in the 1950s, high purity (e.g. 99+%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements. The metal itself is obtained through electrolysis of its halide salts. Currently, most neodymium is extracted from bastnaesite, (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)CO3F, and purified by solvent extraction. Ion-exchange purification is reserved for preparing the highest purities (typically >4N). (When Molycorp first introduced their 98% grade of neodymium oxide in 1965, made by solvent extraction from Mountain Pass California bastnaesite, it was priced at 5 dollars per pound, for small quantities. Lindsay soon discontinued operations.)  The evolving technology, and improved purity of commercially available neodymium oxide was reflected in the appearance of neodymium glass made therefrom, that resides in collections today. Early Moser pieces, and other neodymium glass made in the 1930s, have a more reddish or orange tinge than modern versions, which are more cleanly purple, due to the difficulties in removing the last traces of praseodymium, when the fractional crystallization technology had to be relied on.
Occurrence
Neodymium is never found in nature as the free element; rather, it occurs in ores such as monazite sand ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4) and bastnäsite ((Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)(CO3)F) that contain small amounts of all the rare earth metals. Neodymium can also be found in Misch metal; it is difficult to separate it from other rare earth elements. -->
Campuran
Campuran Neodimium awangun
Pènget
Awu logam Neodimium iku gambang murub lan bisa njalari bebaya jeblugan.
Uga delengen
Magnit Neodimium (NIB utawa Nd2Fe14B)
Surat An Naas
Surat An-Naas punika surat ingkang pungkasan (surat kaping 114) wonten ing Al Qur'an. Nami An-Naas dipunpendhet saking tembung An-Naas ingkang kasebat wola-wali wonten ing surat punika. "An Naas" piyambak suraosipun "manungsa." Tembung "manungsa" ing basa Arab bènten-bènten. Ing tembung "An Naas", tembung punika ngrujuk kaliyan artos "manungsa" kanthi wadhag. Tembung manungsa bèntenipun ingggih punika "insan" ingkang ngrujuk manungsa saking péranganipun ing batos. Mula, ing surat punika An-Naas (manungsa) kasandingan kaliyan jin ingkang sami-sami saged dados sétan.
Surat punika kalebet golongan surat Makkiyah. Surat punika nganjuraken supados manungsa pados pangayoman dhumateng Allah lan sétan punika saged saking bangsanipun manungsa lan sétan.
Tèks
قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ النَّاسِ مَلِكِ النَّاسِ إِلَهِ النَّاسِ مِنْ شَرِّ الْوَسْوَاسِ الْخَنَّاسِ الَّذِي يُوَسْوِسُ فِي صُدُورِ النَّاسِ مِنَ الْجِنَّةِ وَالنَّاسِ
Alih aksara
Bismi A l-lahi al -r-Rahmani- al -r- Rahimi
Cathetan: Aksara ingkang kacithak warni abrit boten dipunswantenaken.
Dhaptar lintang ing rasi lintang Corvus
Punika minangka lintang-lintang ingkang wonten ing rasi lintang Corvus
Aty Cancer Zein
Karier
Nganti saiki, Aty Cancer Zein kaloka kanthi figur masarakat kelas ngisoran amarga akè maraga dadi wong kang prasaja. Sadurungé main ing filem, Ati makarya minangka penyiar ing radhio Kayumanis Jakarta. Aty miwiti karier nalika dadi salah sawijining paraga ing filem Dunia Belum Kiamat ing taun 1971.
Amarga nduwé pengalaman dadi penyiar lan paraga ing sandiwara radhio, Aty uga aktif dadi dubber. Antara liya kanggo lakon bonékah Si Unyil (TVRI) saka taun 1981 nganti 1992, uga kanggo filem-filem asing lan telenovela kanggo TV swasta. Aty uga mèlu main ing filem Taksi (1990), Potret (1991) lan Kuberikan Segalanya (1992). Banjur sinétron Alang-alang (1994), Indonésia Berbisik (1995), Balada Dangdut (1996-1997), Perkawinan Siti Zubaedah (1997), lan sapanunggalané.
Aty Cancer Zein éntuk pangaji-aji minangka Best Actress utawa Aktris Terbaik ing Indonésian Movie Awards 2010 lumantar paragané ing filem Emak Ingin Naik Haji.
Kasultanan Banten
Kesultanan Banten punika sebuah kraton Islam ingkang naté madég ing Provinsi Banten, Indonésia. wiwitanipun sawétawis 1526, ing Karajan Demak mperluas prabawa ing kawasan pasisir barat Pulau Jawa, kaliyan naklukakné pintén-pintén kawasan pelabuhan lajéng dadosaken ing pangkalan militèr sarta kawasan dagang.
Maulana Hasanuddin, putéra Sunan Gunung Jati gadhah peran ing penaklukan kasébut. sasampunipun penaklukan tersebut, Maulana Hasanuddin madég bètèng pertahanan ingkang dipunnamani Surosowan, ingkang ing ngajéng dintén dados punjer papréntahan sasampunipun Banten dados kesultanan ingkang madeg piyambak.
Ngantos 3 abad Kesultanan Banten mampu bertahan manawi nggayuh kejayaan ingkang saé, ing wekdal sami kaliyan penjajah saking Éropah sampun berdatangan lan nanem prabawa. Perang saudara, lan persaingan kaliyan kabetahan global punika ngerubetaken sumber daya utwi dagang, sarta gumanutung badhé persenjataan sampun nglemahaken hegemoni Kesultanan Banten manawi tlatahipun. Kekuatan pulitik Kesultanan Banten pungkasan runtuh ing taun 1813 sadèrèngipun Pura Surosowan minangka simbul kekuasaan ing Kota Intan dipunahancraken, lan ing mangsa-mangsa pungkasan pemerintananipun, para Sultan Banten boten langkung saking ratu andhahn saking papréntahan kolonial ing Indhiya Nèderlan.
Pembentukan wiwit
Ing wiwit kawasan Banten ugi dipuntepang kaliyan Banten Girang punika péranganing Karajan Sunda. Kedatangan wadyabala Karajan Demak ing ngandap pimpinan Maulana Hasanuddin ing kawasan mau sanèsipun kanggé perluasan wewengkon ugi kanggé penyebaran dakwah Islam. Lajeng dipunpicu déning wontenipun kerjasama Sunda-Portugal ing babagan ékonomi lan pulitik, hal punika dipunanggep saged mbahayakan kalungguhan Karajan Demak selepas kekalahan punika ngusir Portugal saking Melaka taun 1513. Atas dhawuh Trenggana, sami kaliyan Fatahillah nglampahi penyerangan lan penaklukkan Pelabuhan Kelapa sawatawis taun 1527, ing wekdal punika tsih merupakan pelabuhan utami saking Karajan Sunda. Sanèsipun wiwit yasa bètèng pertahanan ing Banten, Maulana Hasanuddin ugi ngelanjengaken perluasan kekuasaan ing laladan penghasil lada ing Lampung. Piyambakipun gadhah peran ing penyebaran Islam ing kawasan mau, sanèsipun punika piyambakipun ugi sampun nglampahi kontak dagang kaliyan ratu Malangkabu (Minangkabau, Karajan Inderapura), Sultan Munawar Syah lan dipunanugerahi keris déning ratu mau. Seiring kaliyan kemunduran Demak mliginipun sasampunipun minggal Trenggana, Banten ingkang sadèrèngipun vazal saking Karajan Demak, wiwit nglepasaken piyambakipun lan dados kraton ingkang swatantra. Maulana Yusuf putra saking Maulana Hasanuddin, naik singgasana ing taun 1570 ngelajengaken ekspansi Banten ing kawasan pedalaman Sunda kaliyan naklukaken Pakuan Pajajaran taun 1579. Lajeng piyambakipun dipun-gantos putranipun Maulana Muhammad, ingkang nyobi nguwasani Palembang taun 1596 dados péranganing usaha Banten ing mempersempit obahan Portugal ing nusantara, nanging gagal amargi piyambakipun ninggal ing penaklukkan mau.
Nyadar
Nyadar inggih punika tradhisi kadang tani sarem Madura ingkang katindakaken kaping tiga saben taunipun. Ancas kawontenaken upacara nyadar inggih punika kagem wujud sukur dhumateng Gusti Allah saha kagem kintun donga dhumateng para leluhur ingkang sampun maringi kawruh babagan pandamelan sarem wonten ing Kabupatèn Sumenep. Kawit 2017, tradhisi nyadar resmi kaakeni déning Pamaréntah Républik Indonésia minangka salah satunggaling Warisan Budaya Sanès Barang salebeting bab padatan, tata cara, kaliyan pahargyan.
Exxon
Prusahaan Exxon Mobil utawa ExxonMobil (nyse: XOM), kang duwé markas ing Texas (Amérikah Sarékat, iku sawijining prusahaan kang ngasilaké lan pengècèr lenga patra kang diwangun ing30 November 1999 liwat panggabungan prusahaan Exxon lan prusahaan Mobil. ExxonMobil iku indhuké perusahaan Exxon, Mobil lan Esso i8ng saindhenging donya.
Nyadar
Sajarah
Tradhisi nyadar dipun wiwiti déning satunggal wadya saking Bali aran Anggasuta ingkang kalah paprangan saking Kraton Sumenep, lajeng nyingkrih dhumateng Désa Pinggir Papas sareng kaliyan wadyabalanipun. Ratu Sumenep ngampuni saha ngangsalaken wadyabala Bali ndunungi désa punika. Tanah-tanah ing désa punika boten saged dipun tanemi pantun jalaran tanahipun kapernah ing pasisir lan asring kaelepan toya seganten. Pramila ingkang ndunungi kedah ngandelaken sumber daya sanèsipun kados ta sarem ingkang gampil kapanggih.
Cariyosipun bebrayan Pinggir Papas, Anggasuta nemu endhapan toya ingkang awujud kristal ingkang sayektosipun aran sarem. Anggasuta lajeng sinau ngenani pandamelan sarem saking toya seganten kagem bebrayan ing Pinggir Papas ingkang nembé mbetahaken pakaryan. Pandamelan ingkang sepindhah, Anggasuta ngginakaken enem kothak ingkang kaisi toya, ingkang sedayanipun kasil dados sarem. Anggènipun ndamel sarem punika lajeng dipun tumuti déning bebrayan désa. Menawi pandamelanipun boten ngancik enem kothak, tambak saremipun dipun pitadosi boten kasil. Sasampunipun nyobi malih kanthi wekdal satunggal wulan tur kasil panènipun, Anggasuta lajeng nindakaken nyadar (slametan).
Exxon
ExxonMobil minangka prusahaan kabuka kang gedhé dhéwé ing donya. Kauntungan operasiné ing taun 2005 ana AS$36,13 milyar (sawijining rékor kanggoné prusahaan ing kabuka), sethithik luwih cilik tinimbang PDB Azerbaijan, déné pikolèhané luwih gedhé saka PDB Arab Saudi. ExxonMobil duwé kantor pusat ing Irving, Texas.
Nyadar
Tata cara
Upacara nyadar kawontenaken kaping tiga saben taun, inggih punika ing wulan Juni utawi Juli, Agustus, kaliyan Sèptèmber. Sadèrèngipun nindakaken upacara nyadar, sesepuh désa ngawontenaken pasamuwan ngrembug paleksanan upacara punika saha nyepakaken kalih pusaka arupi dhuwung kaliyan tumbak, sarta nyepakaken piring keramik ageng aran panjang kagem wadhah dhaharan.
Upacara kaping satunggal kaliyan kalih katindakaken ing makam Anggasuta, wondéné upacara kaping tiga katindakaken ing griyanipun Anggasuta ingkang pusaka dhuwung kaliyan tumbak désa sumimpen ing ngrika. Nyadar kaping satunggal kaliyan kalih ngagem sekar, menyan, wedhak, sekul, lawuh tigan, ayam, kaliyan bandeng, wondéné nyadar kaping tiga ngagem pirantos panjang kagem wadhah sekul, tigan, kaliyan bandeng. Mligi kagem nyadar kaping tiga, kawedalaken saha kawaosaken naskah kina ingkang dumados saking naskah Sampurna Sembah kaliyan Jatiswara ingkang ngewrat piwulang-piwulang agami Islam. Kajawi punika, dhuwung kaliyan tumbak désa kawedalaken déning sesepuh désa.
Exxon
Bebarengan karo Shell, BP lan Total, Exxon Mobil minangka papat prusahaan lenga patra gedhé dhéwé ing donya. Direktur ExxonMobil saiki ya iku Rex W. Tillerson.
Administrasi prusahaan
Ketua Umum Direksi lan CEO Exxon Mobil Corporation ya iku Rex Tillerson. Tillerson nampa posisi dhuwur tanggal 1 Januari 2006 nalika ketua umum lan CEO Lee Raymond kang wis suwé mengku kalungguhan, pensiun.
Nyadar
Nyadar
Upacara nyadar kaping tiga katindakaken nalika wulan Sèptèmber ing griyanipun Anggasuta. Sesepuh adat miwiti upacara punika kanthi acara donga ingkang dipun lajengaken kanthi maos naskah rontal macapat ingkang asesirah Sampurna Sembah kaliyan Jatiswara. Bénjingipun, panyarta upacara nyadar ngawontenaken upacara rasulan. Upacara rasulan punika acara dhahar sareng mawi wadhah panjang (piring keramik). Berkat saking upacara rasulan racakipun dipun bekta kondur kagem tangga ingkang boten dugi utawi kulawarga ingkang wonten alangan.
Exxon
Déwan dirèksi
Anggota dirèksi ExxonMobil saiki ya iku:
Alfred Moisiu
Sadangunipun 1943-1945, piyambakipun ndhèrèk mendhet pérangan wonten ing Perang Kamardika Albania saking pendudukan Jerman. Taun 1946, piyambakipun ndhèrèk Uni Soviet minangka sawijining siswa. Taun 1948, piyambakipun lulus saking sekolah teknik militèr ing Saint Petersburg ngkang sadèrèngipun gadhah nama Leningrad. Piyambakipun dipuntugasaken dados satunggaling komandan pleton ing Tirana ing Sekolah Kesatuan Opsir (1948-1949) lan minangka pengajar ing Akademi Militer (1949-1951). Taun 1952-1958, piyambakipun kuliah wonten ing Akademi Teknik Militer (Academy of Military Engineering) ing Moskow. Piyambakipun lulus kanthi predikat Golden Medal
Sasampunipun kondur dhateng Albania, Moisiu nglajengaken karier militeripun ing pérangan teknik saking Kementrian Pertahanan. Periode 1967-1968, piyambakipun kursus staf umum tinggi Akademi Pertahanan Tirana. Wonten ing wekdal ingkang sesarengan, piyambakipun dados komandan sawijining brigade ponton ing Kavaje (1966-1971). Taun 1971, piyambakipun dados Kepala Biro Teknik lan Perbentengan Kementrian Pertahanan (The Bureau of Engineering and Fortifications of the Ministry of Defense) ingkang wonten ing sangandhaping kepemimpinan Enver Hoxha. Ewunan kotak balok dipunyasa kanggé mempertahanaken saking nagara-nagara ingkang dipunanggep musuhan kaliyan Albania.
Taun 1979, Moisiu pikantuk gelar Ph. D. ing babagan ngèlmu kemiliteran. Wiwit taun 1981, piyambakipun dados Wakil Mantri Pertahanan. Piyambakipun tetep njabat wonten ing posisi mau ing sangandhaping pamaréntahan Beqir Balluku, Mehmet Shehu, lan Kadri Hasbiu dumugi Oktober 1982. Mantri Utama Shehu tilar donya rikala Dhésèmber 1981. Mbok manawi amargi perselisihan Shehu kaliyan Enver Hoxha, piyambakipun dipunkintun dhateng Burrel lan nindakaken tugas minangka komandan kesatuan teknik saking 1982-1984. Piyambakipun nilaraken militeripun minangka satunggaling jenderal.
Piyambakipun wangsul malih dhateng pagesangan publik rikala Dhésèmber 1991 nalika dipuntunjuk minangka Mantri Pertahanan wonten ing pamarèntahanipun Wilson Ahmeti ingkang kasungsun saking nimpuna lan miwiti kapilihipun parlemen ingkang kapisanan kanthi dhémokratik ing Albania pasca-kuminis. Piyambakipun njabat dumugi April 1992 nalika pamarèntaha kapisanan Parté Dhémokratik Albania (Democratic Party of Albania) ingkang dipunpimpin Aleksander Meksi kadhapur. Badan èksekutif ingkang énggal ngundhang Moisiu saperlu makarya minangka counselor wonten ing Kementrian Pertahanan.
Piyambakipun nguwaosi Basa Ruslan, Basa Italia, lan Basa Inggris. Piyambakipun ugi sampun nyerat kathah artikel sarta makalah panalitèn babagan ngèlmu-ngèlmu kemiliteran, babagan pertahanan lan keamanan. Piyambakipun minangka pemimpin non-Muslim kapisanan Albania wiwt nagara punika medal saking dekade kuminis.
Omah Joglo Ngayogyakarta
Omah Joglo Ngayogyakarta menika griya adat kang saget ditemokaken ing Ngayogyakarta uga Jawa Tengah. Omah Joglo menika gadhah ciri kang mboten saget ditemokaken ing papan liya ing Indonesia. Bentuk, arsitektur, bahan, lan filosofi lan jinisipun gadhahi unik setunggal lan setunggalipun.
Sajarah
Sajarah bab Joglo menika tasih kirang jelas dumugi sak menika. Nanging joglo menika dados tiron kagem damel candhi-candhi ing Jawi kados Prambanan lan Barabudhur. Joglo menika dados papan palenggahanipun tiyang sugih arta utawi ageng drajatipun. Mila ing jaman rumiyin joglo namung angsal digadhahi dening raja utawi priyayi. Nangung anggepan menika sampun luntur.
Nanging tembung Joglo menika dicuplik saking kalih tembung inggih menika Tajug Loro (Juglo) kang artosipun kalih giri. Ing kabudayan Jawi giri menika gadhahi artos kang inggil lan suci. Tajug menika bentukipun kados kalih giri.
Nangin sebatan Juglo menika dados Joglo. Joglo menika saderengipun didamel masyarakat kang inggil. Nanging ing jaman menika dados gedung kantor utawi papréntahan.
Bentuk
Gendhèng joglo menika bentukipun tajug kang kados giri. Gendhèng joglo menika gabungan saking kalih gendhèng kang bentukipun segitiga kalawan bentuk gendhèng kang bentukipun trapésiyum. Gendhengipun gadhah kamiringan kang benten setunggal lan setunggalipun. Pucuk gendhèng menika wonten ing tengah kang dikelilingi kaliyan gendheng liyanipun.
Joglo menika bentukipun persagi kang migunakaken sekawan saka ing tengahipun. Saka menika dipun arani saka guru. Saka kang cacahipun sekawan dados pralambang arah inggih menika ler, kilen, kidul, lan wètan. Saka guru menika nyangga blandar lan pengeret. Ing jaman samenika, wonten papan tambahan ing griya joglo menika. Griya menika gampil ditemukaken ing Ngayogyakarta.
Joglo menika gampil sanget ditemahi ing Ngayogyakarta. Nanging wonten benten setunggal lan setunggalipun papan ing Ngayogyakarta piyambak. Kados dene griya joglo kang wonten ing Kuthagedhé.
Nanging sabanjuripun Eropah mlebet ing Kuthagedhe, wonten joglo kuthagedhe kang gantos bahu dhanyang menika dados sangga saking wesi. Sangga wesi menika gadhah ukiran kang benten timbang bahu dhanyang. Nanging, mboten sedaya griya joglo menika migunakaken sangga wesi. Tasih kang wonten migunakaken bahu dhanyang. Ing Kuthagedhe sakmenika joglo mboten namung gadhahipun priyayi, nanging ugi masyarakat alit smapun gadhahi joglo.
Joglo menika wonten tandha-tandhanipun kang béntenaken kaliyan griya liyanipun kados ing ngandhap punika.
Pèrangan
Joglo menika dibagi dados kalih perangan, inggih menika griya utama lan tambahan ing sisih kiwa tengen. Ing sisih utama menika wonten:
Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai (Pashto: حامد کرزي) inggih punika Présidhèn Afganistan wiwit 7 Dhésèmber 2004). Sasampunipun papréntahan Taliban dhawah, piyambakipun dominan sanget wonten ing poltik Afganistan lan dados tokoh pulitik ingkang misuwur wonten ing Afganistan. Wiwit Dhésèmber 2001, Hamid Karzai njabat Ketua Pamarèntahan Transisi lan Présidhèn sementara (interim) wiwit 2002. Piyambakipun ingkang kapisanan kapilaih kanthi dhémokratis lumantar pemilu présidhèn 7 Dhésèmber 2004.
Biografi
Hamid Karzai, satunggaling ètnis Pashtun saking klan Popalzai miyos wonten ing Kandahar, Afganistan. Klan punika kumawasa lan asring miyosaken raja Afgan. Karzai asalipun saking kulawarga ingkang njurung raja sadèrèngipun, Zahir Shah. Amargi punika wiwit awal piyambakipun kagayut wonten ing pulitik wonten ing Afganistan.
Karzai kabur dhateng India nalika masa pendudukan Afganistan déning Uni Soviet lan dumunung wonten ing mrika dumugi dhawahipun Taliban. Piyambakipun mendhet program pasca-sarjana wonten ing ngèlmu pulitik ing Universitas Himachal ing Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (India) periode 1979-1983. Lajeng, piyambakipun wangsul minangka pamados dana saperlu njurung pemberontakan nglawan Soviet ing Afganistan sadangunipun intervensi Soviet dumugi pungkasaning taun 1980-an. Sasampunipun wadyabala Soviet mundhur lan pamarèntaha Najibullah kumawasa ing taun 1992, piyambakipun njabat dados wakil mantri jaban rangkah wonten ing pamarèntahaning Burhanuddin Rabbani.
Rikala taun 1999, Hamid Karzai palakrama kaliyan Zeenat Karzai, satunggaling wanita ingkang makarya minangka "dhokter kandhutan" lulusan Afgan lan sapunika wonten ing wewengkon Pakistan. Pasangan garwa punika miyosaken putra ingkang nama Mirwais ingkang miyos rikala tanggal 25 Januari]] 2007.
Tawon
Tawon iku saklompok gedhé gegremet sing dikenal amarga seneng urip nglompok utawa mbentuk koloni sanajan sajatiné ora kabèh sifaté kaya mangkono. Tawon sing urip ndhéwé ora ing golongan mau tawon solitèr. Tawon kalebu ing suku/familia Apidae (ordho Hymenoptera: gegremet kanthi swiwi slaput). Ing donya ana kira-kira 20.000 spésies tawon sing bisa tinemu ing saben bawana, kejaba Antartika.
Minangka gegremet, tawon nduwé telung pasang sikil lan rong pasang swiwi. Tawon nggawé susuhé ing ing dhuwur wukir, ing wit kayu lan ing gendhèng omah. Susuhé digawé saka malam sing ana ing awaké. Tawon mangan nektar kembang lan serbuk sari.
Ing sawijining golongan tawon utawa koloni, ana pambagéyan tugas selaras karo wangun awaké, yaiku:
Pranala njaba
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Kupatan Jalasutra
Kupatan Jalasutra inggih punika upacara adat ingkang minangka mujudaken raos sukur dhumateng Gusti Ingkang Maha Agung ingkang sampun paring rahmat saha kanugrahan satemah asiling tetanèn saged lumampah kanthi sae, ugi nyuwun berkah supados asil tetanèn ing salajengipun saged langkung saé tinimbang taun kapengker. Sasanèsipun, ugi sarana ndonga dhumateng kanjeng Nabi Muhammad SAW lan para leluhuripun, kalebet Sunan Geseng, supados tansah pinaringan rahmat saha barokah. Wiwit Sunan Geseng taksih sugeng, masarakat Jalasutra tansah nindakaken upacara Rasulan saben taunipun sasampunipun panèn pantun. Kathah tamu ingkang rawuh, kalebet saking Karaton. Kanggé nglipur tamu saking Karaton, ing saben upacara tansah dipun suguhi nyamikan ingkang boten kalebet sesaji, inggih punika awujud kupat lan lawuhipun. Nanging, bènten kalih kupat limrahipun, kupat Jalasutra dipun wungkus ron gebang lan ukuranipun langkung ageng, watawis 15 x 15 cm ngantos 356 x 35 cm. Déné cara ngolahipun bènten kaliyan kupat limrahipun satemah raosipun ugi beènten, lawuhipun gudheg manggar. Kupat Rasulan puniki minangka dhaharan kas ing upacara Rasulan dhusun Jalasutra ngantos sapuniki.
Sujarah
Kacariyos rikala jumenengipun raja Mataram Islam kaping 2, Pangéran Seda Krapyak utawa Mas Jolang, salah satunggal ratunipun nembé mbobot lan kepéngin padoos ulam sisik kencana utawi dipun wastani wader sisik emas. Amargi awrat anggènipun pads mina, lajeng dipun adani sayembara. Wonten ingkang sarujuk ndhèrèk sayembara, inggih punika Cakrajaya utawa Sunan Geseng ingka manggèn ing papan ingkang sapunka dipun wastani dhusun Jalasutra. Cakrajaya ngejokaken sarat supados benang sutra dipun sedhiyakaken kanggé jaring. Amargi ulamipun naming saged dipun cepeng nganggé jala ingkang kadamel saking bolah sutra.
“gelar jalasutra wong sakawan sandi kanggo nambahi wong kang padha marang Wiranala Ummah Pangeran Purubaya gusti nuwun kawula amit karuhun | mantuk. mring Bagelèn arsa amrênahkên anak rabi." Irah-irahan tembung sandhi Jalasutra diwenehake kanthi rata kanggo wong papat. Wiranala matur “Pangeran Purubaya Gusti, kula nyuwun pamit sadèrèngipun kondur dhateng Bagelèn badhe/ngaturaken palakrama anak...”. Mliginipun upacara tradhisi puniki nyariyosaken Sunan Gesang, muridipun Sunan Kalijaga, ingkang sampun dipun wartakaken ing masyarakat kang gadhahi upacara adat puniki.
Wekdal
Upacara Kupatan Jalasutra dipuntindakaken sasampunipun panèn pantun, dinten Senèn Legi wulan Sapar lan dipun wontenaken ing Jalasutra, Kalurahan Srimulya, Kapanéwon Piyungan, Kabupatèn Bantul, peneriipun wonten ing pasaréan Sunan Geseng. Nanging, amargi wekdalipun panèn sampun gantos wulan, boten kedah wulan Sapar lan nami pasaran boten kedah Legi, anggeripun sanès pasaran Pon, déné tanggalipun adhedhasar. Pandoman pananggalan Jawi, inggih puniku 10-15 sadèrèngipun wulan purnama. Pucak acara kasebat dipun tindakaken ing wanci siyang antawisipun tabuh 14.00-16.00 WIB. Dinten Senèn Legi, sabibaripun sholat Dhuhur, jodhang-jodhang ingkang isinipun sesaji kendurèn saking macem-macem RT wonten ing tlatah dhusun Jalasutra dipun bekta sesarengan ing lapangan Jalasutra. Sasampunipun sedaya sampun siyaga, jodhang-jodhang dipun bekta sesarengan dhateng panggénan upacara ing pasareyan Sunan Geseng kanthi kairing kesenian jathilan. Acara punika dipun wiwiti kanthi atur pambagya harja saking Lurah Srimulya saha Panewu Piyungan. Acara ingkang utami dipun wiwiti kanthi waosan ikrar ingkang dipun andharaken déning pangemban pasareyan Sunan Geseng, dipun lajengaken waosan donga déning warga lan ditutup kanthi dhahar sesaji saking sesaji kendurèn ingkang sampun kasedhiya awujud sekul ameng, gurih, lan lawuh ugi asil palawija, jajanan peken, rendhang lan entèn-entèn.
Ancas
Upacara tradhisi Kupatan Jalasutra kagungan ancas minangka pakurmatan mligi kanggé Sunan Geseng. Pangaji-aji spiritual ingkang dipun asta déning panjenenganipun supados kanggé dipun ambal-ambali mangké minangka pérangan saking ajining gesang ingkang ngrembaka ing bebrayan. Upacara kupatan punika dipun mangertosi minangka upacara ingkang mujudaken raos syukur dhumateng Gusti Ingkang Maha Kuwaos ugi dados lantaran nyawijinipun para warga.
Yodium
Yodium utawa Iodine (, utawa ; saka ιωδης iodes "ungu"), iku unsur kimia kanthi simbul I lan nomer atom 53. <!-- Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons.
Chemically, iodine is the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive halogen after astatine. However, the element does not occur in the free state in nature. As with all other halogens (members of Group VII in the Periodic Table), when freed from its compounds iodine forms diatomic molecules (I2).
Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in medicine, photography and in dyes. Although it is rare in the solar system and Earth's crust, the iodides are very soluble in water, and the element is concentrated in seawater. This mechanism helps to explain how the element came to be required in trace amounts by all animals and some plants, being by far the heaviest element known to be necessary to living organisms.
Properties
Iodine under standard conditions is a dark-purple/dark-brown solid. It can be seen apparently subliming at standard temperatures into a violet-pink gas that has an irritating odor. This halogen forms compounds with many elements, but is less reactive than the other members of its Group VII (halogens) and has some metallic light reflectance.
Elemental iodine dissolves easily in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The solubility of elementary iodine in water can be vastly increased by the addition of potassium iodide. The molecular iodine reacts reversibly with the negative ion, creating the triiodide anion, I3−, which dissolves well in water. This is also the formulation of some types of medicinal (antiseptic) iodine, although tincture of iodine classically disolves the element in alcohol. The deep blue color of starch-iodine complexes is produced only by the free element.
Students who have seen the classroom demonstration in which iodine crystals are gently heated in a test tube to violet vapor, may gain the impression that liquid iodine does not exist at atmospheric pressure. This misconception arises because the small amount of vapor produced has such a deep colour that the liquid appears not to form. In fact, if iodine crystals are heated carefully to just above their melting point of 113.7 °C, the crystals melt into a liquid which is present under a dense blanket of the vapor.
History
Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811. He was born to a manufacturer of saltpeter (a vital part of gunpowder). At the time of the Napoleonic Wars, France was at war and saltpeter was in great demand. Saltpeter produced from French niter beds required sodium carbonate, which could be isolated from seaweed washed up on the coasts of Normandy and Brittany. To isolate the sodium carbonate, seaweed was burned and the ash then washed with water. The remaining waste was destroyed by adding sulfuric acid. One day Courtois added too much sulfuric acid and a cloud of purple vapor rose. Courtois noted that the vapor crystallized on cold surfaces making dark crystals. Courtois suspected that this was a new element but lacked the money to pursue his observations.
However he gave samples to his friends, Charles Bernard Desormes (1777 - 1862) and Nicolas Clément (1779 - 1841), to continue research. He also gave some of the substance to Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 - 1850), a well-known chemist at that time, and to André-Marie Ampère (1775 - 1836). On 29 November 1813, Dersormes and Clément made public Courtois’ discovery. They described the substance to a meeting of the Imperial Institute of France. On December 6, Gay-Lussac announced that the new substance was either an element or a compound of oxygen. Ampère had given some of his sample to Humphry Davy (1778 - 1829). Davy did some experiments on the substance and noted its similarity to chlorine. Davy sent a letter dated December 10 to the Royal Society of London stating that he had identified a new element. A large argument erupted between Davy and Gay-Lussac over who identified iodine first but both scientists acknowledged Courtois as the first to isolate the chemical element.
Applications
Iodine is used in pharmaceuticals, antiseptics, medicine, food supplements, dyes, catalysts, halogen lights, photography, water purifying, and starch detection.
Occurrence on earth
Iodine naturally occurs in the environment chiefly as dissolved iodide in seawater, although it is also found in some minerals and soils. The element may be prepared in an ultrapure form through the reaction of potassium iodide with copper(II) sulfate. There are also a few other methods of isolating this element in the laboratory-- for example the method used to isolate other halogens: oxygenation of the iodide in hydroiodic acid (often made in situ with an iodide and sulfuric acid) by manganese dioxide (see below in Descriptive chemistry). Although the element is actually quite rare, kelp and certain plants and algae have some ability to concentrate iodine, which helps introduce the element into the food chain.
Sources
Iodine is found in the mineral caliche, found in Chile, between the Andes and the sea. It can also be found in some seaweeds as well as extracted from seawater.
Extraction from seawater involves electrolysis. The brine is first purified and acidified using sulphuric acid and is then reacted with chlorine. An iodine solution is produced but it is yet too dilute and has to be concentrated. To do this air is blown into the solution which causes the iodine to evaporate, then it is passed into an absorbing tower containing acid where sulfur dioxide is added to reduce the iodine. The solution is then added to chlorine again to concentrate the solution more, and the final solution is at a level of about 99%.
Another source is from kelp. This source was used in the 18th and 19th centuries but is no longer economically viable.
Descriptive chemistry
Elemental iodine is poorly soluble in water, with one gram dissolving in 3450 ml at 20 °C and 1280 ml at 50 °C. By contrast with chlorine, the formation of the hypohalite ion (IO–) in neutral aqueous solutions of iodine is negligible.
Solubility in water is greatly improved if the solution contains dissolved iodides such as hydroiodic acid, potassium iodide, or sodium iodide. Dissolved bromides also improve water solubility of iodine. Iodine is soluble in a number of organic solvents, including ethanol (20.5 g/100 ml at 15 °C, 21.43 g/100 ml at 25 °C), diethyl ether (20.6 g/100 ml at 17 °C, 25.20 g/100 ml at 25 °C), chloroform, acetic acid, glycerol, benzene (14.09 g/100 ml at 25 °C), carbon tetrachloride (2.603 g/100 ml at 35 °C), and carbon disulfide (16.47 g/100 ml at 25 °C). Aqueous and ethanol solutions are brown. Solutions in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide are violet.
Elemental iodine can be prepared by oxidizing iodides with chlorine:
or with manganese dioxide in acid solution:
Iodine is reduced to hydroiodic acid by hydrogen sulfide:
or by hydrazine:
Iodine is oxidized to iodate by nitric acid:
Iodine is converted in a two stage reaction to iodide and iodate in solutions of alkali hydroxides (such as sodium hydroxide):
Notable inorganic iodine compounds
See also iodine compounds
Stable iodine in biology
Iodine is an essential trace element; its only known roles in biology are as constituents of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These are made from addition condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in a protein-like iodine-containing molecule called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively. The thyroid gland actively absorbs iodide from the blood to make and release these hormones into the blood, actions which are regulated by a second hormone TSH from the pituitary. Thyroid hormones are phylogenetically very old molecules which are synthesized by most multicellular organisms, and which even have some effect on unicellular organisms.
Thyroid hormones play a very basic role in biology, acting on gene transcription to regulate the basal metabolic rate. The total deficiency of thyroid hormones can reduce basal metabolic rate up to 50%, while in excessive production of thyroid hormones the basal metabolic rate can be increased by 100%. T4 acts largely as a precursor to T3, which is (with some minor exceptions) the biologically active hormone.
Human dietary intake
The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends 150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men and women. This is necessary for proper production of thyroid hormone. Natural sources of iodine include sea life, such as kelp and certain seafood, as well as plants grown on iodine-rich soil.
Iodine deficiency
In areas where there is little iodine in the diet—typically remote inland areas and semi-arid equatorial climates where no marine foods are eaten—iodine deficiency gives rise to hypothyroidism, symptoms of which are extreme fatigue, goitre, mental slowing, depression, weight gain, and low basal body temperatures.
Iodine deficiency is also the leading cause of preventable mental retardation, an effect which happens primarily when babies and small children are made hypothyroid by lack of the element. The addition of iodine to table salt has largely eliminated this problem in the wealthier nations, but as of March 2006, iodine deficiency remained a serious public health problem in the developing world.
Radioiodine and the thyroid
Human exposure to radioactive iodine will cause thyroid uptake, as with all iodine, leading to elevated chances of thyroid cancer. Isotopes with shorter half-lives such as I131 present a greater risk than those with longer half-lives since they generate more radiation per unit of time. Taking large amounts of regular iodine will saturate the thyroid and prevent uptake. Iodine pills are sometimes distributed to persons living close to nuclear establishments, for use in case of accidents that could lead to releases of radioactive iodine.
The artificial radioisotope 131I (a beta emitter), has a half-life of 8.0207 days. Also known as radioiodine, 131I has been used in treating cancer and other pathologies of the thyroid glands. 123I is the radioisotope most often used in nuclear imaging of the kidney and thyroid as well as thyroid uptake scans (used for the evaluation of Graves' Disease). The most common compounds of iodine are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3).
Potassium iodide (KI tablets, or "SSKI" = "Saturated Solution of KI" liquid drops) can be given to people in a nuclear disaster area when fission has taken place, to block the uptake of iodine-131 by the thyroid. The protective effect of KI lasts approximately 24 hours, so it should be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodines no longer exists. The exposure can be reduced by evacuation, sheltering, and by control of the food supply. Iodine-131 also decays rapidly, with a half-life of 8 days, so that 99.95% of the original radioiodine is gone after three months.
Iodine-129 129I (half-life 15.7 million years) is a product of cosmic ray spallation on various isotopes of xenon in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray muon interaction with tellurium-130, and also and uranium and plutonium fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors. Nuclear processes, in particular nuclear fuel reprocessing and atmospheric nuclear weapons tests have now swamped the natural signal for this isotope. 129I was used in rainwater studies following the Chernobyl accident. It also has been used as a ground-water tracer and as an indicator of nuclear waste dispersion into the natural environment.
Radioiodine and the kidney
In the 1970s imaging techniques were developed in California to utilize radioiodine in diagnostics for renal hypertension.
Isotopes
There are 37 isotopes of iodine and only one, 127I, is stable.
In many ways, 129I is similar to 36Cl. It is a soluble halogen, fairly non-reactive, exists mainly as a non-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, 129I concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of 129I to total I (which is virtually all 127I). As is the case with 36Cl/Cl, 129I/I ratios in nature are quite small, 10−14 to 10−10 (peak thermonuclear 129I/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 10−7). 129I differs from 36Cl in that its half-life is longer (15.7 vs. 0.301 million years), it is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I− and IO3−) which have different chemical behaviors. This makes it fairly easy for 129I to enter the biosphere as it becomes incorporated into vegetation, soil, milk, animal tissue, etc.
Excesses of stable 129Xe in meteorites have been shown to result from decay of "primordial" Iodine-129 produced newly by the supernovas which created the dust and gas from which the solar system formed. 129I was the first extinct radionuclide to be identified as present in the early solar system. Its decay is the basis of the I-Xe Iodine-xenon radiometric dating scheme, which covers the first 83 million years of solar system evolution.
Effects of various radioiodine isotopes in biology are discussed above.
Toxicity of iodine
Excess iodine has symptoms similar to those of iodine deficiency. Commonly encountered symptoms are abnormal growth of the thyroid gland and disorders in functioning and growth of the organism as a whole. Elemental iodine, I2, is a deadly poison if taken in larger amounts; if 2-3 grams of it is consumed, it is fatal to humans. Iodides are similar in toxicity to bromides.
Precautions for stable iodine
Direct contact with skin can cause lesions, so it should be handled with care. Iodine vapor is very irritating to the eye and to mucous membranes. Concentration of iodine in the air should not exceed 1 mg/m³ (eight-hour time-weighted average). When mixed with ammonia, it can form nitrogen triiodide which is extremely sensitive and can explode unexpectedly.
Clandestine use
In the United States, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) regards iodine and compounds containing iodine (ionic iodides, iodoform, ethyl iodide, and so on) as reagents useful for the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. Persons who attempt to purchase significant quantities of such chemicals without establishing a legitimate use are likely to find themselves the target of a DEA investigation. Persons selling such compounds without doing due diligence to establish that the materials are not being diverted to clandestine use may be subject to stiff penalties, such as expensive fines or even imprisonment.
See also
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Kasultanan Banjar
Kesultanan Banjar utawi Kesultanan Banjarmasin        (madeg 1520, dipunhapusakén sepihak déning Walanda ing tanggal 11 Juni 1860. Nanging rakyat Banjar mnéika ndérék wonten papréntahan darurat/pelarian ingkang énggal ing kapungkasan 24 Januari 1905. Nanging ngantos 24 Juli 2010, Kesultanan Banjar gésang malih kaliyan dipunlantik Sultan Khairul Saleh. Karajan Banjar inggih punika sebuah kesultanan tlatah ing wanci punika ing provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonésia. Kesultanan punika berkutha krajan ing Banjarmasin lajéng dipunpindah ing pintén-pintén pangénan lan kapungkasan ing Martapura. ing kutha krajan ing Martapura dipunsébat ugi Karajan Kayu Tangi.
Ing kutha krajan taksih ing Banjarmasin, mila kesultanan punika dipunsébat Kesultanan Banjarmasin. Kesultanan Banjar punika penerus saking Karajan Nagara Daha inggih punika kraton Hindhu ingkang kutha krajan ing kutha Nagara, sapunika kutha krajan kacamatan Daha Selatan, Hulu Sungai Selatan.
Bendera Nagara Banjar warninipun kuning ing inggil cemeng ing bicolour horisontal. (John McMeekin, 15 Januari 2011).* Bendera Banjar
Sajarah
Miturut mitologi suku Maanyan (suku tertua ing Kalimantan Selatan), kraton kawiwitan ing Borneo Selatan inggih punika Karajan Nan Sarunai ingkang dipunperkirakaken wewengkon kekuasaanipun terbentang luas wiwit saking laladan Tabalong ngantos ing laladan Pasir. Keberadaan mitologi Maanyan ingkang nyiptakaken babagan mangsa-mangsa keemasan Karajan Nan Sarunai sebuah kraton purba ingkang rumiyen mempersatukan ètnis Maanyan ing laladan punika lan sampun nglampahi gegayutan kaliyan pulau Madagaskar. Karajan punika angsal serangan saking Majapait. pramila pérangan rakyat nyingkir ing pedalaman (wewengkon suku Lawangan). Salah satunggaling tilas arkéologis ingkang asalipun saking jaman punika ya iku Candhi Agung ingkang manggèn ing kutha Amuntai. Ing taun 1996, sampun dipunlampahi pengujian C-14 kaliyan sampel arang Candhi Agung ingkang ngasilaken angka taun kaliyan kisaran 242-226 SM (Kusmartono lan Widianto, 1998:19-20). Nggadahi saking angka taun dipunmaksud mila Karajan Nan Sarunai/Karajan Tabalong/Karajan Tanjungpuri usianya langkung tuwa 600 taun dipunbandingaken kaliyan Karajan Kutai Martapura ing Kalimantan Wétan.
Miturut Hikayat Sang Bima, wangsa ingkang nurunaken ratu-ratu Banjar inggih punika Sang Déwa bersaudara kaliyan wangsa ingkang nurunaken ratu-ratu Bima (Sang Bima), ratu-ratu Bali (Sang Kuala), ratu-ratu Dompu(Darmawangsa), ratu-ratu Gowa (Sang Rajuna) ingkang kaping gangsal bersaudara putera-putera saking Maharaja Pandu Dewata. Jumbuh kaliyan Tutur Candhi (Hikayat Banjar versi II), ing Kalimantan sampun madeg suatu papréntahan saking wangsa kraton (karaton) ingkang kalajengaken ngantos tlatah ing salebeting Indhiya Nèderlan ing 11 Juni 1860, inggih punika:
Maharaja Sukarama, Raja Nagara Daha sampun berwasiat supados wigatine inggih punika cucunipun Radèn Samudera, anak saking putrinipun Puteri Galuh Intan Sari. Ayah saking Radèn Samudera ingih punika Radèn Manteri Jaya, putra saking Radèn Begawan, saudara Maharaja Sukarama. Wasiat mau nyebabagen Radèn Samudera terancam keselamatanipun amargi para putra Maharaja Sukarama ugi berambisi dados ratu inggih punika Pangeran Bagalung, Pangeran Mangkubumi lan Pangeran Tumenggung.
Dhaptar lintang ing rasi lintang Crater
Punika minangka lintang-lintang ingkang wonten ing rasi lintang Crater
Chadli Bendjedid
Chadli Bendjedid (شاذلي بن جديد) inggih punika Présidhèn Aljazair ingkang kaping 6, nalika periode 9 Fèbruari 1979 - 11 Januari 1992.
Awal karier
Chadli Bendjedid gadhah tugas ing Angkatan Dharat Perancis minangka bintara berjuang wonten ing Indo-China. Piyambakipun mbelot dhateng Front Pembebasan Nasional (FLN) nalika wiwitan perang kamardika Aljazair rikala taun 1954. Minangka anak didik saking Houari Boumedienne, Bendjedid dipunhurmati kaliyan parèntah militèr saking Oran, Aljazair laladan wonten ing taun 1964. After independence he rose through the ranks, becoming head of the 2nd military region in 1964 and Colonel in 1969.