cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe
Nkwekọrịta
Emepụtara ederede nke ọgbakọ Fremewok n'oge nzukọ nke Kọmitii Mkparịta uka Ọchịchị na New York site na abalị iri atọ n' ọnwa Eprel ruo abalị itoolu nke ọnwa  Mee na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ. A nakweere Ọgbakọ a n' abali itoolu na ọnwa Mee n' afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, wee mepee maka mbinye aka na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, nkea abịa nyere aka n' ya site n'aka Otú United Nations conferensi na Evironment na Development (UNCED) na Rio de Janeiro (nke aha ya na-ewu ewu, bụ Mba  Ụwa Summit ). N' abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ, mba otu narị na iri ise na anọ bịanyere aka na UNFCCC, nke na nkwado nke gọọmentị ndị mbinye aka kwadoro iji belata ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin na ebumnuche nke "igbochi nnyonye anya dị n' ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe ụwa". Nkwenye a ga-achọ mbelata nke ukwuu na ikuku ikuku griin haus (lee akụkụ nke ọzọ, "Nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas griin haus" ). Ndị otu a na-ezukọ na ọgbakọ ahụ kwa afọ site na afọ nke otú na ọgbakọ nke Paties (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe.
"UNFCCC" bụkwa aha nke United Nations Secreteretna-ahụ maka ịkwado ọrụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ, na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Haus Carstanjen, na UN Campus (nke amaara dị ka Langer Eugen ) na Bonn, Germany. Site na afọ puku abụọ na iri ruo n' afọ  puku abụọ na iri na isii onye isi nke odeakwụkwọ bụ Christiana Figueres. Na ọnwa Julaị  afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, Patricia Espinosa meriri Figueres. Ụlọ ọrụ Secretariat, nke agbakwunyere site na nyirịta mbọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), bu n'obi inweta nkwenye site na nzụkọ na nkparịta ụka nke atụmatụ dị iche iche. Kamgbe ebi nyere aka na nkwekọrịta UNFCCC, ọgbakọ ndị otu (COPs) atụlewo ka a ga-esi mezuo ebumnuche nkwekọrịta ahụ.
Kyoto Protocol
Nzukọ nke mbụ nke ndị otu (COP-1) kpebiri na ebumnuche nke Annex I Parties na-eme ka ikuku ha guzosie ike bụ ụkpụrụ nfesasi na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, na afọ puku abụọ nfesasi
bụ "ezughị oke", na nmkparịta ụka ndịọzọọ na nnọkọ ndị ọzọ mere ka ehiwe Kyoto Protocol na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa. E kwubiri na Kyoto Protocol wee guzobe ọrụ na-ejikọta iwu n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa, maka mba ndị mepere emepe iji belata ikuku na ikuku griin ha n'ime afọ puku abụọ na asatọ rue na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ  Ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ  puku abụọ na iri weputara nkwekọrịta na-ekwupụta na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọdịnihu ga-ejedebe n'okpuru 2. Celsius C (3.6 °F) n'ihe gbasara ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ.
Protocol Kyoto nwere oge nkwa abụọ, nke mbụ sitere na afọ puku abụọ na asatọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Emeziri ụkpụrụ ahụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ ka ọ gbasaa nke abụọ maka oge afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na Ndezigharị Doha.
Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ UNFCCC tọhapụrụ bụ maka mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado ka ha guzobe akụrụngwa ikuku griin haus (GHG) na mwepụ na mkpochapụ, nke ejiri mepụta ọkwa benchimak na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, maka ịbanye mba Annex I na Protocol Kyoto na maka ntinye aka nke mba ndị ahụ na mbelata GHG. Mba Annex I ga-etinyerịrị ngwa ahịa e mepụtara kwa afọ.
United States of Amerika akwadoghị Kyoto Protocol, ebe Canada katọrọ ya na afọ puku abụọ na iri  na abụọ. Ndị ọzọ niile nke Annex I ọzọ kwadoro Protocol Kyoto.
Ndị otu Annex I niile, ewezuga Mba United States of Amerika sonyere na oge nkwado Kyoto nke mbụ. Obodo iri ato na asaa na Mba Annex I na European Union kwenyere na mbuso Kyoto agba nke abụọ. Mba ndị a bụ Australia, ndị niile so na European Union, Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Norway, Switzerland, na Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan na Ukraine kwuru na ha nwere ike ịpụ na Protocol ma ọ bụ ghara itinye n'ike iwu ndezigharị na ebumnuche nke abụọ. Japan, New Zealand na Rọshịa sonye na agba nke mbụ nke Kyoto mana ha etinyeghị ebumnobi ọhụrụ n'ime oge nkwa nke abụọ. Mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe na-enweghị ebumnuche agba nke abụọ bụ Canada (nke wepụrụ na Protocol Kyoto na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ  na United States.
Mba niile fọdụrụ na-eso na Protocol Kyoto zutere ebumnobi oge mbụ ha chọrọ.
Nkwukọrịta nke mba na mba
Akụkọ nzikọrịta ozi mba na mba adịkarị ọtụtụ narị peeji n'ogologo wee kpuchie usoro obodo iji belata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ yana nkọwa nke adịghị ike na mmetụta ya sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. A na-akwado nzikọrịta ozi mba dịka ntuziaka nke ọgbakọ ndị otu na UNFCCC kwadoro. Ntụnye aka (NDC) nke mba dị iche iche bụ ntọala nke nkwekọrịta Paris dị mkpụmkpụ na obere nkọwa mana na-agbaso usoro ahaziri ahazi ma dabere na nyocha teknụzụ sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara.
Nkwekọrịta Paris
thumb| Mgbapụta carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ikike (dị ka nke 2015) Ndị otu a zutere na Durban, South Africa n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu wee kwupụta "oke nchegbu" na mbọ a na-eme iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2 ma ọ bụ 1.5 Celsius C, n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ, pụtara ezughị oke. Ha kwadoro iwepụta nsonaazụ ekwenyela na ikike iwu n'okpuru Mgbakọ dị n'akụkụ niile.
Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise  UN Climate Change Conference na Paris n'oge ahụ otu narị na iri itoolu na isii  pati kwetara ime ka ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2. Celsius C, ma gbalịa ịmachi mmụba na 1.5 Celsius C. Nkwekọrịta nke Paris batara na abalị anọ nke Novemba, n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii na mba ndị kwadoro Nkwukọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ kwadoro Nkwekọrịta kemgbe.
Ntụnye ekpebiela n'obodo
Ihe banyere Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) kere ntuziaka maka mmejuputa NDC, maka ojiji nke ndị na-eme mkpebi na mba ndị mepere emepe. N'ime ntuziaka a, CDKN chọpụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu mba na-enwekarị na mmejuputa NDC, gụnyere otu esi eme:
Mkpebi ndị ọzọ
Na mgbakwunye na Protocol Kyoto (na mmezi ya) na nkwekọrịta Paris, ndị otu na Convention ekwenyela na ha ga-emekwu nkwa n'oge ọgbakọ UNFCCC nke ndị otu. Ndị a gụnyere Bali Action Plan nke afọ puku abụọ na asaa,  ya na Copenhagen Accord nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu ,  nkwekọrịta Cancún  nke afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ ,  na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (puku abụọ na iri na abụọ ).
Dị ka akụkụ nke Bali Action Plan, nakweere na afọ puku abụọ na asaa, mba niile mepere emepe Parties ekwenyela na " quantified emission mmachi na mbelata ebumnobi, na-ahụ na ntunyere nke mgbalị n'etiti ha, na-eburu n'uche ihe d'iche iche n' akpa ha n' ọnọdụ." Ndị otu mba na-emepe emepe kwenyere na "[mba] n'ime usoro mbelata kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọnọdụ mmepe na-adigide, nke teknụzụ na-akwado ma na-enyere aka site na nkà na ụzụ, ego na iwulite ikike, n'ụzọ enwere ike ịlele, nke a na-akọ na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya." Mba iri anọ na abụọ mepere emepe enyefela ebumnuche mbelata n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC, dị rụrụ mba iri ise na asaa na-emepe emepe na Group Africa (otu mba dị na United N).
Dị ka akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu n' afọ puku abụọ na itoolu Copenhagen, ọtụtụ mba mepụtara nkwekọrịta Copenhagen. Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ kwesịrị ịbụ n'okpuru 2.0 Celsius C (3.6 °F). Nkwekọrịta ahụ akọwapụtaghị ihe ntọala bụ maka ebumnuche ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ndị a (dịka ọmụmaatụ, gbasara tupu ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nke afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu. (di ka UNFCCC si kwuo), ebumnuche ndị a na-emetụta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ.
Mba otu narị na iri na anọ kwetara na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC na-ekwu na "Ụfọdụ ndị otu ... kwuru na nzikọrịta ozi ha nye ndị odeakwụkwọ nkọwa gbasara ọdịdị nke nkwekọrịta ahụ na ihe ndị metụtara ya, dabere na nke ha kwenyeworo na [Accord]." Ọgbakọ nke otu dị iche iche anabataghị nkwekọrịta ahụ. Kama, ndị COP "debanyere nkwekọrịta Copenhagen."
Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta Cancún, mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe nyefere atụmatụ mbelata na UNFCCC. Ejikọtara atụmatụ ndị a na ndị emere dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ Bali Action Plan.
Na Berlin, Cancún,  na Durban,  e kwughachiri mkpa mmepe nke otu mba na-emepe emepe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Durban Platform kwadoro na: [...] Ihe na nbawanye nke akụ n'ụba na mkpochapụ nke ubiam bụ nke mbụ ya na ọkacha kacha na ọchịchọ nke ọganiru nke mba Paties nke oganiru n' obodo o n' emepe emepe nke Paties ke na enwemaghiusoro nke opupu nke bụ isi nyere idebe ọganiru ya na nkekorita nke opupu nke ụwa niile geto wee zute ihe atụrụ anya na aka ya na nmepe na otuto.
Ntụgharị asụsụ aticlu (2)
Ebumnobi kachasị nke ọgbakọ Fremewok bụ "nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku ọjọọ nke ga-egbochi nnyonye anya dị ize ndụ anthropogenic [ya bụ, mmadụ kpatara] na usoro ihu igwe". Nkeji edemede 2 nke mgbakọ ahụ na-ekwu na nke a "kwesịrị ime n'ime oge zuru ezu iji mee ka usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe, iji hụ na mmepụta nri agaghị agwu na iji mee ka mmepe akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị". Iji mee ka mkpokọta GHG dị na mbara igwe kwụsie ike, ihe ọkụkụ GHG nke mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-arị elu wee daa (lee mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ). Ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala ga-achọ ka ikuku ga-arị elu ma daa na mbụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. Eserese dị n'elu na-egosi mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na mwepụta GHG zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ (atụnyere na CO 2 -dakọrọ) maka ọnọdụ nkwụsi ike dị iche iche. Eserese abụọ ndị ọzọ na-egosi mgbanwe ndị emetụtara na mkpokọta GHG ikuku (na CO 2 -equivalents) yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ọnọdụ ndị a. A na-ejikọta ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala na ogo dị ala nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu.
Enwere ejighị n'aka maka otú mkpokọta GHG na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-esi gbanwee na nzaghachi nke ikuku anthropogenic (lee nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ihu igwe ). Eserese nke dị iche na-egosi mgbanwe okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 2100 maka ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ikuku, gụnyere atụmatụ ejighị n'aka.
Enwere echiche dịgasị iche iche maka ọkwa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ. Nyocha sayensị nwere ike inye ozi gbasara ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, mana ikpebi ihe ize ndụ dị ize ndụ chọrọ ikpe ikpe bara uru.
Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke merelarị na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nye ụfọdụ sistemu mmadụ na eke (dịka ọmụmaatụ, coral reefs). Oke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abawanye ohere nke mmetụta ọjọọ. Dị ka Field et al. (2014), ihe egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ "dị oke egwu" yana 1 ruo 2 Celsius C nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. 4 Okpomọkụ Celsius C ga-eduga n'ihe egwu dị elu nke ukwuu, yana mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime gụnyere mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche yana ibelata nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara.
Amụma mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibute ụgwọ ndị metụtara isiokwu 2. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, atumatu siri ike iji chịkwaa ikuku GHG nwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ka njọ, mana ọ nwekwara ike ịdị oke ọnụ iji mejuputa ya.
Enwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka maka mgbanwe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ikuku GHG anthropogenic, oke ikuku GHG, na mgbanwe ihu igwe jikọtara ya. Na-enweghị atumatu mbelata, ịba ụba ume ike na iji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe nke ukwuu nwere ike ibute okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) nke 3.7 ruo 4.8 Celsius C dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ (2.5 ruo 7.8 Celsius C gụnyere ejighị n'aka ihu igwe).
Iji nwee ohere nke ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) ka ọ dị n'okpuru 2 Celsius C, mkpokọta GHG ga-adị mkpa ka amachi ya na gburugburu 450 ppm CO 2 -eq. Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke ikuku n' ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ adịghị ka ọ dabara na ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'okpuru 1.5 ma ọ bụ 2 Celsius C.
Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapụ anya
N'ime mkpebi, a na-atụle ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya mgbe achọpụtara ihe omume dị ize ndụ, enweghị mgbagha, ma ọ bụ ọdachi, mana nyocha sayensị nke nwere ike imebi ejighị n'aka (Toth et al ., 2001, p. 655–656). Ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na-egosi imesi ike na mkpa ọ dị igbochi mmetụta ọjọọ dị otú ahụ.
Ejikọtara ejighị n'aka na njikọ ọ bụla nke ihe kpatara mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku GHG n'ọdịnihu bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, dịkwa ka mmebi mgbanwe ihu igwe dị. Agbanyeghị, n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ akpachara anya, ejighị n'aka abụghị ihe kpatara enweghị ọrụ, nke a na-ekwenye na Nkeji edemede 3.3 nke UNFCCC (Toth et al ., 2001, p. 656).
Ndị otu
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Ndị otu UNFCCC N'ihe dị ka afọ 2015, UNFCCC nwere pati 197 gụnyere mba ndị otu United Nations niile, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN na-abụghị ndị otu Niue na Cook Islands na European Union supranational Union. Holy See abụghị onye otu, kama ọ bụ onye na-ekiri ihe.
Nhazi nke ndị otu na nkwa ha
A na-ekewa ndị otu UNFCCC dị ka:
obodo ndị nọ na Annex I
Enwere 43 Annex I Paties gụnyere European Union. A na-ekewa mba ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe na akụ na ụba na mgbanwe. N'ime ndị a, 24 bụ Annex II Paties, gụnyere European Union, na 14 bụ Economy na Transition. thumb| Ndị otu: Annexes, EU, OECD, EITs
Nzukọ nke ndị otu Paties
Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations bụ ọgbakọ ndị a na-eme kwa afọ n'usoro nke UNFCCC. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ nzukọ nke UNFCCC Parties ( Conferences of the Parties ) (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe, na malite n'etiti 1990s, iji kparịta usoro Kyoto iji guzobe ọrụ iwu kwadoro maka mba ndị mepere emepe. belata ikuku ikuku ikuku ha. Ebe ọ bụ na 2005 ọgbakọ ndị ahụ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) na ebe ọ bụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii ka ọgbakọ a na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties na Paris Agreement (CMA).
Emere ọgbakọ mbụ nke (COP1) na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na ise na Berlin. Emere ọgbakọ nke 3 (COP3) na Kyoto wee rụpụta ụkpụrụ Kyoto, nke emeziri n'oge ọgbakọ Doha na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ (COP18, CMP 8). Emere ọgbakọ COP21 (CMP11) na Paris wee rụpụta nnabata nke Agreement Paris. Emere COP26 (CMA3) na Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
Mbungu
Mbungu bụ aha nna Kikongo na aha. Ndị ama ama nwere aha nna gụnyere:
Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe
Òtù enyemaka
Otu enyemaka bụ kọmitii na-enyere ọgbakọ ndị otu a aka. Ndị enyemaka gụnyere:
thumb| UN Campus, Bonn, oche nke odeakwụkwọ Ọrụ n'okpuru UNFCCC bụ onye odeakwụkwọ dị na Bonn, Germany kwadoro ya. E hiwere odeakwụkwọ n'okpuru edemede asatọ nke ọgbakọ ahụ. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na-eduzi ya. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ugbu a, Patricia Espinosa, ahọpụtara na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Mee na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii.
site n'aka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Ban Ki-moon wee were ọrụ na na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Julaị n' afọ puku abụọ na iri isii. Ọ nọchiri Christiana Figueres onye ji ọfịs kemgbe afọ puku abụọ na iri. Ndị ode akwụkwọ nchịkwa mbụ bụ Yvo de Boer site na afọ puku abụọ na isii ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri, Joke Waller-Hunter n' afọ puku abụọ na abụọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na ise na Michael Zammit Cutajar na afọ otu puku na ise ruo na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ.
Ihe Omume maka ike ihu igwe
Ihe omume maka ike ihu igwe.bụ okwu UNFCCC nakweere n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, inwe aha dị mma maka isiokwu a karịa "Akụkụ 6". Ọ na-ezo aka na Nkeji edemede 6 nke ihe odide mbụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ, na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ isii dị mkpa: agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, mmata ọha na eze, ntinye aka ọha na eze, ohere ọhaneze nweta ozi, na nkwado mba ụwa n'okwu ndị a. Achọpụtala mmejuputa mpaghara isii niile dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka onye ọ bụla ịghọta na isonye na idozi nsogbu ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta. ACE na-akpọ gọọmentị ka ha zụlite ma mejuputa mmemme mmụta na ọha mmadụ, zụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ aka na njikwa, kwalite ohere ịnweta ozi, na ịkwalite nsonye ọha na eze n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya. Ọ na-agbakwa mba dị iche iche ume ka ha gbakọọ aka na usoro a, site n'ịgbanwe omume ọma na nkuzi a mụtara na ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mba. A n' eduzi ọtụtụ ọrụ a site n'ebumnobi dị iche iche nke, ọnụ, a n'ahụta dị ka ihe dị oke mkpa maka imejuputa mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọma na omume mbelata, yana iji nweta ebumnobi kachasị nke UNFCCC.
Ozi dị gbasara nkwa ndị a
Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, UN na Peru na France kere Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA maka ide na ịlele nkwa ihu igwe niile.
Nkatọ nke usoro UNFCCC
Ufodu katọrọ nche anwụ na usoro niile nke UNFCCC na Kyoto Protocol a nakweere na ha enwetabeghị ebumnobi ha ekwuru na ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide (onye bụ isi na-ebute oke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 21st senchuri. N'okwu e nyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Todd Stern - onye nnọchiteanya US mgbanwe ihu igwe - kwuputara ihe ịma aka ndị dị na usoro UNFCCC dị ka ndị a: "Mgbanwe ihu igwe abụghị ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. . . . Ọ na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile nke akụ na ụba steeti, ya mere ọ n' eme ka mba dị iche iche na-atụ egwu maka uto na mmepe. Nke a bụ okwu gbasara akụ na ụba n'ihi na ọ bụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi." Ọ gara n'ihu kọwaa na United Nations Fremewok Convention on Climate Change bụ òtù dị iche iche na-eche banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe ma nwee ike bụrụ usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ịmepụta amụma mba ụwa. N'ihi na usoro a gụnyere ihe karịrị mba otu narị na iri itoolu na n'ihi na a na-achịkwa mkparịta ụka site na nkwenye, obere ìgwè nke mba nwere ike igbochi ọganihu.
Ọdịda iji nweta ọganihu bara uru na iru CO dị irè - ịbelata nkwekọrịta amụma n'etiti ndị otu ahụ n'ime afọ iri na asatọ gara aga emewo ka ụfọdụ mba dị ka United States kwụsị ịkwado nkwekọrịta kachasị mkpa nke UNFCCC - Kyoto Protocol - na nnukwu akụkụ n'ihi na Nkwekọrịta ahụ ekpuchighị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe bụ nke gụnyere ugbu a nke kachasị ikuku CO. Otú ọ dị, nke a emeghị n'uche ma ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mgbanwe ihu igwe kemgbe mmepụta ihe, nke bụ okwu esemokwu na mkparịta ụka, yana ọrụ maka ikuku sitere na oriri na mbubata ngwaahịa. O mekwara ka Canada pụọ na Kyoto Protocol na afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu n'ihi ọchịchọ ịghara ime ka ụmụ amaala ya kwụọ ụgwọ ntaramahụhụ nke g' eme ka ebufe akụ na ụba na Canada. Ma US na Canada na-eleba anya atụmatụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ afọ ofufo dị n'ime iji gbochie ikuku carbon dioxide na-abụghị Usoro Kyoto.
Echiche a na-eche na enweghi ọganihu emewokwa ka mba ụfọdụ chọọ na ilekwasị anya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị oke ọnụ ahịa dị ka ịmepụta nke Climate na Clean Air Coalition iji belata mmetọ ikuku na-adị mkpụmkpụ nke na-achọ ịchịkwa mmetọ ndị dị mkpirikpi dị ka methane, ojii. Carbon na hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), bụ ndị a kwenyere na ha ga aza ihe ruru otu n'ime uzo atọ nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a mana nke iwu ya adịghị emejupụta na mmetụta na mmegide akụ na ụba buru ibu.
Na afọ puku abụọ na iri, Japan kwuru na ọ gaghị edebanye aha ya na ọkwu abụọ nke Kyoto , n'ihi na ọ ga-amachibidoro ya n' abụghị ihu isi ya n'asọmpi akụ na ụba, China, India na Indonesia. Onye isi ala New Zealand nyere ihe ngosi yiri nke ahụ na Nọvemba n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Na ọgbakọ nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ, mmegide ikpeazụ nke nkeji na ọgbakọ nke Russia, Ukraine, Belarus na Kazakhstan leghaara ndị ọrụ nchịkwa anya, ha egosiwokwa na ha ga ewepụ ma ọ bụ ghara ịkwado nkwekọrịta ahụ. Nrụrụ aka ndị a na-etinyekwu nrụgide na usoro UNFCCC nke ụfọdụ n' ahụ dị ka ihe siri ike ma dị oke ọnụ: na UK naanị, ngalaba mgbanwe ihu igwe ejirila ụgbọ elu puku atọ n'ime afọ abụọ na-ere ihe karịrị £otu ijeri na narị puku atọ (British pounds sterling).
Ọzọkwa, UNFCCC (karịsịa n'oge protocol Kyoto) emeghị ka ịnyefe teknụzụ dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi (SETs) nke bụ usoro eji ebelata adịghị ike nke agbụrụ mmadụ megide mmetụta adịghị mma nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị bụ isi mmalite ume ọhụrụ. UNFCCC kere ahụ "usoro teknụzụ" nke ga-ekesa ihe ndị a na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe; Otú ọ dị, nkesa a adịchaghị mma yana, ejikọtara ya na mmejọ nke nkwa mbụ ahụ <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEdiboglu">"Ntụle arụmọrụ nke usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations". mahadum nke Aberdeen. mahadum nke Aberdeen. <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEdiboglu"> eweghachiri 28 Febụwarị 2018. oge nke Kyoto protocol, na-eduga na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwenye dị ala maka ntinye aka nke abụọ (nke kpatara na ọ gaghị aga n'ihu).
Tupu 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, magazin <i id="mwAvI">National Geographic</i> gbakwụnyere na nkatọ ahụ, na-ede, sị: "Kemgbe 1992, mgbe mba ụwa kwetara na Rio de Janeiro iji zere 'nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe,' ha ezutewo ugboro 20. na-enweghị ịkwagharị agịga na ikuku carbon. N'ime oge ahụ, anyị atụkwasịla ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ carbon na ikuku dị ka anyị mere na narị afọ gara aga."
Azụmahịa mba ụwa
Ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ isiokwu nke 3(5) nke mgbakọ ahụ, nke na-ekwu na ekwesịrị izere usoro ihu igwe ọ bụla nke ga-egbochi azụmahịa mba ụwa.
Ntụaka
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Menzi
Menzi nwekwara ike izo aka na:
Aha e nyere South Africa
Ndị ama ama nwere aha a gụnyere:
Mesuli
Mesuli bụ aha South Africa nyere. Ndị ama ama nwere aha gụnyere:
Moustapha Hima
Moustapha Abdoulaye Hima (amụrụ ya na 1 Jenụwarị 1992) bụ onye na-akụ ọkpọ na Nijeria. O sonyere Niger na Summer Olympics nke afọ 2012 dị ka onye na-agba ti ọkpọ (69 kilogram). Abdoulaye Hima bụ onye na-eburu ọkọlọtọ Niger n'ememe mmeghe. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị, Abdoulaye Hima meriri Cameron Hammond nke Australia site na mkpebi 6-13 na agba nke iri atọ na abụọ.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Alice Edun
Alice Edun bụ onye na-abụ abụ ma bụrụkwa onye Naijiria bi n' obodo Rọshịa mana oji ụlọ ya dị na Milan, Italy mere ebi obibi. Egwu ya bu ihe banyere dance na gospel. A maara ya nke ọma dịka Edun, dika osi ede ya, wee banye na eurodance  Off-Limits na Italy ma nye ya ikike na Robbins Entertainment  ịnọ na United  States.
Usoro malite
N'afọ 2005, Edun mere ihe izizi ya dịka onye pụtara olu na egwu a "Onye na aku aka?" nke FB (nke amara dika Ferry Corsten na Benny Benassi), nkeji egwu enye ahu ike,Holland. N'afọ ahụ, o mekwara ka ọ bụrụ naanị ya na "Put 'Em Up", egwu nke Sannie Carlson dere ma Igor Farvetto mepụtara ya. "Put 'Em Up" mechara bụrụ onye na-ero ụra egwu ukwe ụwa mgbe afọ abụọ gachara, ọkachasị na United States, dịka nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma kụrụ, na-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ na eserese Hot Dance Airplay chart of Billboard's′ nke August 25, 2007. "PutEm Up" bụ abụ a gosipụtara na PlayStation 2 na arcade na  egwu Dance Dance Revolution X
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2010, Edun wepụtara egwu ya a na-eche ogologo oge akpọrọ "My Love Is Here For You." Dị ka Edun si kwuo, "Ọ bụ abụ ịhụnanya-agba egwu ịhụnanya, ụdị metụtara onye ọ bụla nwere ịhụnanya n'ebe mmadụ nọ ma onye nke ọzọ na-atụ ụjọ ịhụ gị n'anya." Oweputara egwu ya site na akoro nkwa nka na ozu ana kpo iTunes. .
Staatsbosbeheer
Staatsbosbeheer na-elekọta ugbu a karịa hectare 250,000 na Netherlands. Ọtụtụ mgbe ala a na-emeghe ọha na eze maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ, mana mgbochi na-emetụtakarị. Ọmụmaatụ bụ mmanye iji leash mgbe ị na-ebuta nkịta, ma ọ bụ ịnweta naanị ụbọchị.
Alice Edun
Links dị na mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Ndi madu
Staatsbosbeheer
A katọrọ nzukọ a maka na ha anaghị elekọta ala ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ maka itinye aka na mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mana akụkọ akụkọ na-adịkarị mma ma ọ bụ na-akọ akụkọ ozi ọha sitere na nzukọ ahụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na ntụgharị nkịtị nke aha ahụ ga-abụ 'State Forest Management', ọhịa na-eme naanị 900 square kilomita nke ala niile dị n'okpuru nlekọta. Ala fọdụrụnụ nwere ọdịdị ala dịgasị iche iche dị ka dunes, polders na ala mmiri.
Alice Edun
Links dị na mpụga
Òtù:Category:Russian people of Yoruba descent Yoruba musicians Òtù:Category:Russian people of Yoruba descent Òtù:Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Òtù:Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Singers from Milan Òtù:Category:Italian people of Nigerian descent Italian female singers Òtù:Category:Nigerian female pop singers Living people Òtù:Category:Robbins Entertainment artists Òtù:Category:Singers from Saint Petersburg Nigerian gospel singers Òtù:Category:Nigeria dance musicians Italian dance musicians Òtù:Category:Nigerian people of Russian descent
Issufu Habou
Issoufou Habou (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1945) bụ onye na-akụ ọkpọ na Naijiria. Habou sonyere na Summer Olympics nke afọ 1972 maka Niger. Ọ dara naanị otu egwuregwu ya na Mohamed Majeri nke Tunisia.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Maghreb Emballage
Maghreb Emballage nwere ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ narị asaa, gbasaa n'elu ebe mmepụta atọ n'elu 50,000 m2 na Oran na ala ịta ahịhịa ya. Ọ na-ekpuchi ókèala mba niile ma hụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị nke ịdị nso..
Edensibia
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A Soldier's Story (2015 film)
A Soldier's Story bụ ihe nkiri ime ihe Naijiria nke afọ 2015 nke Frankie Ogar duziri. O nwere Tope Tedela, Linda Ejiofor na Daniel K Daniel n'ọrụ ndu. Maka ọrụ ya dị ka "onyeisi", Daniel K Daniel nwetara onyinye AMAA na AMVCA.
Atụmatụ
Ihe ngosi mmeghe na-amalite site na ndị agha nọ n'obodo agha tisasịrị nke obodo dị na agbata obi Nigeria. Otu bọmbụ gbawara mgbe ụfọdụ ndị nnupụisi wakporo ndị agha ahụ.
Major Egan ( Tope Tedela ) si n'àkwà alụmdi na nwunye ya zọpụta ka ọ na-eji ejiji maka ọrụ agha. N’amaghị ama, nwunye ya, Lebari ( Adesua Etomi ) mụ a
anya. Mgbe nnọkọ esemokwu na ntinye aka nke Col. Bello (Chukwuma Aligwekwe), nna nna Lebari na onye nkuzi Major Egan. N'ogige ndị nnupụis Bossman ( Daniel K Daniel ) gburu mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị ikom ya maka ihe ọ ghọtara nadị ka bụ omume "oke". N'oge a na-achọ ihe ndị bara uru gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, Regina na Angela hụem ndị agha yiri ka ọ nwụrụ a ma na emeghari ahunwụ. Regina nkpebieem ịkpọrọ ya gaa n'ụlọ ya maka nyocha ọzọ na-amghiasị Angela. Mgbe izu ole na ole nke ọgwụgwọ gasịrị ma mata onwe ya, onye agha ahụ gosipụtara na ọ bụ Major Egan mana ugbu a na-arịa ọrịa amnesia. Bossman na-eyi egwu ime nwanne Regina ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị agha ya ma ọ bụrụ na Regina nọgidere na-enye ya ndụmọdụ ka ọ gbanwee ụzọ ya. Regina na Major Egan na-abịaru nso na ekworo nke Angela. Mgbe ya na Bossman lụsịrị ọgụ, Major Egan na-echetara ihe niile mere na ndụ ya gara aga. Mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ọọ la nwanyi di, Major Egan hapụrụ Regina gawa Nigeria. Mgbe ọ bịarutere Legọs, ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmaBizi a ụlọ bu na mbụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe kpọgara l. Ụlọ ọCol. rụ Bello, onye gwara ya na nwunye nọghị n'Abuja maka ajụjụ ọnụ ọrụ. E mechara kpughe ọ na Col. Belbụ ya mere maogbụo ya rụ n'ọrụ agha n'ihi ebumnuche ya ịlụ Lebari.
Nnabata
36onobs.com kọwara na nlebanya ya na onye nduzi tụfuru ahịrị akụkọ na-adọrọ mmasị na ihe ngosi na-adịghị ike. Ọ gara n'ihu kwubie na "Ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa enweghị afọ ojuju nke mmadụ na-enwe mgbe ọ hụrụ akụkọ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke na-aghọtaghị ikike ọ nwere n'ụdị ọ bụla, ma iwe a na-aka njọ mgbe onye na-ahụ maka ise ihe nkiri agaghị arụ ọrụ ya nke oma."
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Ihe nkiri Naịjirịa
Caroline Chikezie
Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Chikezie na nne na nna Naijiria. Na iri na anọ, ezitere Chikezie ka ọ banye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Nigeria iji gbalịa mee ka ọ hapụ nrọ ya ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Tupu nke a, ọ gara akwụkwọ ọmụmụ izu ụka na Italia Conti. Mgbe ọ laghachiri United Kingdom, o debara aha na Brunel University ebe ọ mụrụ Medicinal Chemistry (a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-ewega ụlọ ọgwụ nna ya na Naijiria), ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe ndị nkuzi kpebiri na ya enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na ndụ agụmakwụkwọ. O mechara nweta akara akwụkwọ na Academy of Live Recorded Arts.
Telivishọn
Ọ pụtara dị ka Lisa Hallett, onye so n'òtù nzuzo nke Torchwood bụ onye gbanwere ọkara ọkara mmadụ -Cyberman in "Cyberwoman", ihe merenụ Torchwood, na dịka Tamara, onye na-achụ nta na mmụọ ọjọọ ibe ya, n'oge nke atọ nke mbụ Supernatural.
Nkiri
Dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri, Chikezie emeela ka Nasuada na ihe nkiri ahụ Eragon.
William McBride (artist)
William McBride Jr. (1912- August 11, 2000) bụ onye Africa-America na-ese ihe, ónyé na-ese onyinyo na onye na-anakọta ihe. McBride malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ ndị 1930 n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ohere nka nke Works Progress Administration nyere. Ọ ga-emecha hapụ akara ya na Chicago dị ka ihe na-akpali South Side Community Art Center. McBride gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka ónyé nkụzi, dị ka ónyé na-ahụ màkà ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana dị ka onye nchịkọta nka na nka Africa site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe ojii nke ọgbọ ya.
Ndụ onwe onye
A mụrụ William McBride Jr. na 1912 na Algiers, New Orleans. Ọ bụ nwá nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke William na Mary McBride. Mgbè ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ iri, ọ sonyeere ihe a na-akpọ Great Migration of African Americans ka ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara South Side nké Chicago, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar St. Elizabeth na Wendell Phillips High School. McBride nwụrụ na August 11, 2000 na Alden Princeton Rehabilitation Center na Chicago, mgbè ọ dị afọ 87.
Òtù nka na ọrụ aka
Na mbido ndụ ya, McBride nwere mmasị na nka anya. Na mbido afọ 1930, ọ gàrà klas na School of the Art Institute of Chicago, ọ gàrà n'ihu sonye n'òtù ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe ojii a maara dị ka Arts and Crafts Guild. Ọ bụ George Neal guzobere guild ahụ n'oge Great Depression, ndị otu ya na-ezukọ mgbe niile iji kesaa usoro na nkà, kwurịta nka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma nweta ego màkà ihe ngosi nke ha na ọrụ nka.
Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ
"Only in Crowd: Prints of the 1930s and 1940s by African-American Artists From the Collection of Reba and Dave Williams" ngosi nke American Federation of Arts haziri ma kesaa, meghere na Newark Museum, N.J. na Equitable Gallery, N.Y., Dec.10 1992-Feb.28, 1993. [citation needed]African American Designers in Chicago: Art, Commerce, and the Politics of Race Exhibitions, Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs & Special Events, October 27, 2018 ːz March 3, 2019
Molade
Mesuli bụ aha South Africa nyere. Ndị ama nwere aha:
Mary Uduma
Mary Uduma (a muru na abalị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Mei na afọ otu puku narị iteghete na iri ise na abụọ (1952)) bụ onye isi nzube ahia Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye isi ala Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NIRA) ugboro abụọ. Ọ bụ onye isi oche Nigeria Internet Governance Forum.
Agụmakwụkwọ
Uduma gụrụ akwụkwọ ndekọ ego na Institute of Management Technology, Enugu (IMT). O mechara gaa Mahadum nke Lagos wee nweta nzere B.Sc na mgbakọ na nwepụ nke bekee kpọrọ akaụntin.
Ọrụ
Uduma rụrụ ọrụ na Audit nke gọọmenti etiti dị ka onye isi ọrụ mgbe ọ ka na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Lagos. O mechara rụọ ọrụ na Ivory Merchant Bank.
N'afọ 1995, Uduma sonyeere Nigerian Communications Commission dịka onye nnyere aka n'ihe gbasara ego. Na 1999 ọ ghọrọ osote onye nduzi na ngalaba tarifu na ụgwọ. A kwagara ya na nhazi ụlọ ọrụ na afọ puku abụọ na ise ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ otu afọ tupu ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke ikikere. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ihe gbasara ndị ahịa na na afọ puku abụọ na ịrị na otu (2011).
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka osote onye isi oche nke Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NIRA) tupu ọ pụta dị ka onye isi nke abụọ nke otu ahụ. Ahọpụtakwara ya ọzọ dịka Onye isi nke atọ. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Nigeria Internet Governance Forum (NIGF). Ọ nọchitere anya NIGF na mmemme ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị n'emume umunwanyi na mba ụwa niile, bụ nke e mere na Abuja na afọ puku abụọ na ịrị na itenani, wee kwuo maka ntinye ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu okwu na amụma metụtara oghere ịntanetị ma na mpaghara ma na mba ụwa.
Ihe nrite
N'afọ puku abụọ na ịrị na isii (2016), ọ nwetara nturu ugo pụrụiche site n'aka NIRA Presidential Award, nke Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NIRA).
Oby Kechere
OBY Kechere bụ onye Naijiria omee na onye nhazi ndu ihe nkiri. O si na mbaise na Imo steeti, Naijiria.
Mary Uduma
Ntụaka
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Oby Kechere
Ọ pụtala n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Nollywood rue ugbu a, gụnyere Di "Ala-Bekee (American Husband)", "Karia Ọnwu (Beyond Death)", "Dokinta Thomas (DR Thomas)", "Ekete", "Nsogbu Ekwenti (GSM Wahala)", "Nkpi (He Goat)", "Oge m (My Time)", "Ọnoọnikpo Akụ", "Onye Obioma", "Ijeoma (Safe-Journey)", "Nzuzo Obi", "World a Na Pawpaw", "Ezi Nkwenye" na "Mmekorita umunwanyị".
Ebe Nweta
Njikwa ikike
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Bouchra Ahrich
Bouchra Ahrich (nke a na-akpọkwa "Hraich"; a mụrụ n'abalị 27, ọnwa Julaị afọ 1972 na Salé) bụ onye Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ọchị.
Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Ahrich na Salé. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ debanyere aha na Institut supérieur d'art dramatique et d'animation culturelle (ISADAC) na Rabat, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ anọ na-amụ ihe nkiri.
Edemsibịa
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Końskowola
thumb|80px|right|Coat of Końskowola thumb|250px|right
Końskowola (IPA : [kɔɲskɔ'vɔla]) bụ ogbè no na South-Eastern ala ana-kpo Poland. Ono n'etiti obodo Puławy na Kurów, obodo no n'ime Poland, ebe miri ogologo (river) ana-kpo Kurówka.
Links na aga n'ezi
Òtù:Polish towns
Essex Hemphill
Essex Hemphill (16 Eprel, 1957 - 4 Nọvemba, 1995) bụ onye Amerịka na-ede uri na onye na-eme ihe ike. A maara ya maka onyinye ya na Washington, DC nka nka na mgbe afọ 1980s, nakwa maka ikwurịta n'ezoghị ọnụ isiokwu ndị metụtara obodo ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'Afrịka na Amerịka.
Akụkọ ndụ ya
A mụrụ Essex Hemphill na Eprel 16, 1957, na Chicago, Illinois, nke Warren na Mantalene Hemphill, ọ bụkwa nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ ise. Na mbido ndụ ya, ọ kwagara Washington DC ebe ọ gara Ballou High School. Ọ malitere ide uri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, na-ede banyere echiche ya, ndụ ezinụlọ ya, na mmekọahụ na-eto eto. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ debara aha na Mahadum nke Maryland n'afọ 1975 iji mụọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ hapụrụ kọleji mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara n'ihu na-emekọrịta ihe na DC nka: na-ekwu okwu ọnụ, na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ma na-amalite ibipụta akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya. Ọ ga-aga n'ihu nweta akara ugo mmụta ya na Bekee na Mahadum nke District of Columbia.
Ọrụ ya
N'afọ 1979, Hemphill na ndị ọrụ ibe ya malitere Nethula Journal of Contemporary Literature, mbipụta nke ebumnuche ya bụ igosi ọrụ nke ndị oji nke oge a.  Otu n'ime ọgụgụ mbụ ya n'ihu ọha bụ nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ Nethula bụ E. Ethelbert Miller haziri na Howard University's Founder Library ebe ọ rụrụ n'akụkụ ma bụrụ enyi onye na-eme ihe nkiri Michelle Parkerson. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Mahadum Harvard, Mahadum Pennsylvania, na Mahadum California na Los Angeles ịkpọ aha ole na ole.
N'afọ 1982, Essex Hemphill, Larry Duckett, ezigbo enyi ya, na Wayson Jones, onye ya na ya bi na mahadum, hiwere otu okwu a na-akpọ "Cinque", nke rụrụ na mpaghara Washington DC. Hemphill gara n'ihu na-eme uri ya, okwu ya, na 1983, natara onyinye site na Washington Project for the Arts iji mee "ihe nkiri nnwale" nke uri akpọrọ Murder on Glass, ya na Parkerson na Jones. Hemphill malitekwara ibipụta nchịkọta uri nke ya n'oge a, malite na Diamonds Was in the Kitty na Some of the People We Love (1982), wee soro ya na Earth Life (1985) na Conditions (1986). Ọ ga-enwetakwu nlebara anya mba mgbe e tinyere ọrụ ya na In the Life (1986), ihe odide nke uri sitere n'aka ndị oji, ndị na-ese ihe na-edina ụdị onwe ha, nke ezigbo enyi Hemphill, onye hụrụ ya n'anya, na onye edemede ibe ya, Joseph F. Beam chịkọtara. E bipụtala uri ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede ya apụtawo na Obsidian, Black Scholar, CALLALOO, na Essence n'etiti ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1986, Hemphill nwetara mkpakọrịta na uri site na National Endowment for the Arts.
Essex Hemphill pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'etiti mgbe afọ 1989 n'afọ 1992. N'afọ 1989, ọ pụtara na Looking for Langston, ihe nkiri nke Isaac Julien duziri banyere onye na-ede uri Langston Hughes na Harlem Renaissance. Hemphill na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-emeri Emmy Marlon Riggs rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri abụọ:Tongues Untied (1989) nke lere anya n'ime mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara ojii na ndị na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, na Black is.''.. Black Ain't'' (1992) nke tụlere kpọmkwem ihe bụ "ọchịchịrị".
Mgbe Beam nwụsịrị site na ọrịa AIDS n'afọ 1
1988, Essex Hemphill na nne Beam rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ iji bipụta usoro ya na In the Life. E bipụtara ihe odide nke abụ'afọ na 1991 n'okpuru aha Brother to Brother: New Writings by Black Gay Men, nke debere ọrụ nke ihe dị ka ndị edemede iri atọ na abụọ, gụnyere Hemphill n'onwe ya. Mgbe ọ na-ede banyere Hemphill na Beam n'akwụkwọ ya, Evidence of Being: The Black Gay Cultural Renaissance and the Politics of Violence, Darius Bost na-ekwu na Hemphill kwagara na nne Beam iji nyere aka rụchaa anthology, na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ n'ọnọdụ ụlọ na osisi. Ọ na-ede na Hemphill kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na e mepụtara anthology ahụ n'ọnọdụ nke ibuso ọrịa AIDS na ọnwụ gbara anyị gburugburu. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nguzogide siri ike nke na-ekwu, 'Tupu m nwụọ, aga m ekwu ihe ndị a.’’” Hemphill dekwara uri a raara nye Beam mgbe ọ nwụsịrị nke akpọrọ “When My Brother Fell,” ma nyefee ya abụ ya nke afọ 1986 “Heavy Corners” nye ya. N'afọ 1990, o kwuru okwu na ogbako OutWrite (ebe ọ bụ naanị onye isi ojii), nke mechara bụrụ mmeghe na anthology. Nwanna na Nwanna ga-aga n'ihu iji nweta Lambda Literary Award.
N'afọ 1992, Hemphill bipụtara nchịkọta uri na obere akụkọ ya kachasị ukwuu, nke akpọrọ Ceremonies: edemede na abụ, nke gụnyere ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya, kamakwa nhọrọ site na nchịkọta uri mbụ ya, Earth Life and Conditions. N'afọ sochirinụ, a ga-enye anthology ahụ National Library Association's Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual ihe Nrite onye odee ọhụrụ na Pew Charitable Trust Fellowship na nka. N'afọ 1993, ọ bụ ọkà mmụta nleta na Getty Center.
Ihe Nketa
Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, òtù atọ (Gay Men of African Descent (GMAD), Mba ndị ọzọ, na Black Nations / Queer Nations?) kwupụtara na Disemba 10, 1995 ka ọ bụrụ Ụbọchị Ncheta Mba maka Essex Hemphill na New York City's Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center. Cheryl Dunye raara ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1996 Watermelon Woman nye Hemphill.
Na edemede ya (Re - Recalling Essex Hemphill" in Words to Our Now, Thomas Glave, na-ekele ndụ Hemphill, na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide nke omume ya. Glave dere, sị:"Na nke a ugbu a, anyị na-eme ememe ndụ gị na asụsụ Essex. Ya mere na-eme ememe, anyị maara na anyị na-akpọ gị ọzọ n'ihe dị ukwuu, iji gbazite site n'aka onye ọhụụ ọzọ, 'oge na-enweghị nnukwu.' Nnukwu ibu nke ọnụnọ iku ume gị agafeela. Ugbu a, a ga-amanye ndị agha ugbu a na ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu - onwe gị onwe gị na ndị ọzọ - ịmụta, dị ka ị mere ma mee ka ọ pụta ìhè, na mmadụ niile na-aga n'ihu n'eziokwu - n'ihe efu; ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, ọ bụghị mpako; nkwuwa okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ, ọ bụghị ụjọ."N'afọ 2014, Martin Duberman dere Hold Tight Gently: Michael Callen, Essex Hemphill, na Battlefield of AIDS nke Duberman dere ndụ Essex Hemphill, ya na onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike, Michael Callen. Akwụkwọ ahụ ga-aga n'ihu iji merie Lambda Literary Award for LGBT Nonfiction.
N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, Hemphill bụ otu n'ime ndị mbido iri ise nke ndị America “ndị ọsụ ụzọ, ndị na-agba ọsọ, na ndị dike na National LGBTQ Wall of Honor n'ime Stonewall National Monument (SNM) na New York City's Stonewall Inn. SNM bụ ihe ncheta mba mbụ nke United States nke a raara nye ikike LGBTQ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ekpughere mgbidi ahụ n'oge ncheta afọ iri ise nke ọgba aghara Stonewall.
Busamma language
Bukawa (amakwaara dị ka Bukaua, Kawac, Bugawac, Gawac) bụ asụsụ Austronesian nke Papua dị na Guinea Ohụrụ.
Essex Hemphill
Isiokwu
Ọtụtụ n'ime uri Hemphill na okwu ọnụ ya bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, ma gosipụta ahụmịhe ya dị ka mmadụ ole na ole na obodo ndị Africa na America na LGBT.
O dere ihe ndị dị ka "Family Jewels", nke gosipụtara obi nkoropụ ya banyere ịkpa oke ndị ọcha, ọkachasị n'ime obodo ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha. N'ime edemede ya "Mama gị ọ maara banyere m?" Hemphill na-akatọ onye na-ese foto Robert Mapplethorpe's The Black Book, nke gosipụtara foto nke penises nke ụmụ nwoke ojii. Hemphill rụrụ ụka na iwepu ihu nke ụmụ nwoke ojii gosipụtara na ndị ọcha na-edina ụdị onwe ha na-edina ụdị onwe ha.
uri na edemede ndị dị na Ememe na-ekwu maka mmegide mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwoke ojii na omenala ndị ọcha, mmekọrịta n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ojii na-edina nwoke na ụmụ nwoke ojii na-abụghị ndị nwoke na nwanyị, HIV / AIDS na obodo ojii na ihe ezinụlọ pụtara. Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-akatọ ma usoro ndị nna, na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ.
Hemphill rịọrọ owu ọmụma ugboro ugboro n'ọrụ ya niile. Owu na ọrụ Hemphill bụ mmetụta dị egwu, mmetụta mgbe niile nke ịjụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikom ahụ laghachiri n'ụlọ mgbe ndị ọcha na-edina ụdị onwe ha jụrụ ha, mana a jụkwara ha n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii. Na uri Hemphill, ọ na-egosi owu ọmụma dị ka mmetụta nchịkọta. Ọ kọwara owu ọmụma dị ka mmetụta nke ịbụ, nke nhụjuanya na-enweghị mmata ọha na eze mara. Mmetụta nke nkewa n'ebe ọha na eze nọ na-emepụta agụụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ihi na ọ bụ ezie na njem ahụ bụ owu, ịlụ ọgụ megide njem ahụ ka ọ ghara igbu gị, dị ka Hemphill kwuru n'otu n'ime uri ya, na-eme ka ị nwee agụụ maka obodo na nkwado.
Joan Hambidge
Joan Helene Hambidge (amụrụ ya na 11 Septemba 1956 na Aliwal North, South Afriika) (aha nna bekee n'agbanyeghị), bụ onye na-ede uri Afrikaans, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye na-ede uri na Afrịka, na-arụrịta ụka dị ka onye ọha na eze na nkatọ na ama ama maka ụdị edemede ya na-apụ apụ. Enyemaka usoro mmụta ya na-emetụta Roland Barthes, mwepu, postmodernism, psychoanalysis na metaphysics.
Akụkọ ndụ ya
Hambidge gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Stellenbosch na Mahadum Pretoria. A nabatara ya na doctorate n'okpuru André P. Brink na Mahadum Rhodes na 1985. Dọkịta nke abụọ sochiri ( Mahadum Cape Town, 2001).
Essex Hemphill
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Joan Hambidge
Akụkọ ndụ ya
Ọ bụ ezie na Hambidge kwuru na ọ chọtara ihe ngosi ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ bụ mgbe ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Mahadum North, Limpopo Province, South Africa, ka ọ malitere ito eto dị ka onye edemede.
Enyere ya ihe nrite Eugène Marais maka akwụkwọ maka uri nke abụọ ya, Bitterlemoene ("Bitter Oranges"), na 1986. Ihe nrite a bụ otu n'ime ihe nrite agụmagụ kacha achọsi ike na South AfriIkaa. Ọ nwetakwara ihe nrite Litera yana ụlọ akwụkwọ uri uri nke Africa maka uri ya.
Ugbu a ọ bụ prọfesọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Asụsụ na Akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town.
Ọrụ okike ya bụ isi
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ede na Afrikaans, Hambidge atụgharịala ụfọdụ uri ya n'asụsụ Bekee. Jo Nel, onye na-ede uri ibe ya na ezigbo enyi Johann de Lange, na Charl JF Cilliers, emewo nsụgharị ndị ọzọ. E bipụtala ọrụ ya na Netherlands na UK yana na US. N'ịbụ onye bipụtaworo mpịakọta ịrị abụọ na isii nke abụ ruo n'afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye na-ede uri kachasị na Afrikaans.
Mmasị Hambidge nwere n'echiche agụmagụ (karịsịa psychoanalysis na metafiction ) pụtara n'ihe odide ya, ọkachasị na akụkọ ifo ya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọdịiche dị n'etiti tiori na omume na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Judaskus ("Judas kiss", 1998) na "Kladboek" (2008). O bipụtakwala ọrụ usoro ihe abụọ: Postmodernisme (1995), banyere Roland Barthes, deconstruction and post-modernism, na Psigoanalise en lees ("Psychoanalysis and reading", 1991), na Jacques Lacan na ịgụ akwụkwọ.
Onyinye ndị ọzọ
Hambidge bụ onye njem na-eme njem ma na-ede kọlụm kwa izu maka Cape Town kwa ụbọchị, Die Burger. Ọ bụ onye nkatọ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ e-zine Litnet nke Afrikaans.
Ụdị akwụkwọ
Hambidge bụ onye ama ama maka ụzọ akara ngosi ya na enweghị nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịnala agụmagụ na Afrịka na arụsị ọdịnala yana maka nyochagharị ya nke isiokwu ndị dị na mbụ. Ọ bụkwa onye odee Afrịka nke mbụ lebarala anya n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị site n'echiche onye nyocha. Ọ na-amanye ntụgharị ọchị na satirical n'ọtụtụ isiokwu ọ na-agba.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mpumi
Mpumi bụ aha South Africa nyere. Ndị ama ama nwere aha gụnyere:
Ken Erics
Ekenedilichukwu Ugochukwu Eric Nwenweh, (amuru Febụwarị 28,1985) Ken Erics Ugo ma ọ bụ naanị Ken Erics bụ onye na -eme ihe nkiri na ihe onyonyo na Naịjirịa, onye edemede, onye na -emepụta ihe na onye egwu oge ụfọdụ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Ugo na fim 'The Illiterate' ya na Tonto Dikeh na Yul Edochie. Ọ bụ onye Anambra steeti.
Ọrụ
Na 2001, dị ka nwa akwụkwọ afọ mbụ na Mahadum, Erics nwetara ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya, na Chris Ubani duziri 'ihe nkiri' direct-to-dvd 'Holy Prostitute', ebe ọ rụrụ obere ọrụ dị ka dibia bekee., na naanị ihe nkiri atọ. Ọ gara n'ihu gụchaa na Mahadum wee malite ịga nyocha ma tinye ọtụtụ ọrụ cameo ndị ọzọ na fim ụlọ. Agbanyeghị, ihe ngosi 2012 nke "Ugo" na ihe nkiri "The Illiterate" mere ka ndị mmadụ hụ ya n'anya wee mepere ya ohere ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Naịjirịa.
Dị ka osi bụrụ onye edemede, Erics bu ụzọ bipụtara ọrụ "Cell 2" nke enwetala nlebara anya ma ejiri ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Naịjirịa maka imepụta ihe nkiri na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ.
Dị ka osi bụrụ onye abụ na onye na -akụ egwu na onye na kpọ ụbọ na onye n'pita ahụigodo oge ụfọdụ, Erics, e nwe bu ọ la ndi egwu nke ya, etinyela aka na imepụta ọtụtụ ezigbo egwu dị na ihe nkiri.
Ọ na esokwa ndị ama ama n'eme ihe nkiri dị ka; Ngozi Ezeocha,Yul Edochie,Desmond eliot,Chiwetalu Agu,Regina Daniels na ndị ọzọ.
Na 2014, Erics meriri nturu ugo maka Onye na-akwado na -eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na City People Entertainment Award, yana onye ndu kachasị mma na Afrifimo Awards na United States. Na 2015, ọ gara n'ihu nweta nturu ugo onye ndu kacha mma na ''City People Entertainment Award. ''