cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Clarence Moniba
Clarence K. Moniba, Ph.D (amụrụ na Maachị 15, 1979) bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị Liberia. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye kachasị nta n'akụkọ nke mba ahụ iji ọkwa Minista nke Steeti na-enweghị ọfịs, yana Onye isi oche nke Board nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Liberia. Ọ bụ onye isi ndụmọdụ na onye njikwa ọrụ nke onye isi ala Liberia na onye isi na mmepe akụrụngwa na Liberia site n'afọ 2014 ruo afọ 2018. Dr. Moniba n'oge dị iche iche duziri Diaspora Engagement Unit, Philanthropy Secretariat na President Delivery Unit nke na-ahụ maka mmejuputa ọrụ ndị dị mkpa. Moniba n'ọrụ ndị gara aga arụwo ọrụ na African Development Bank South Level Panel na Post Conflict & Fragile States, yana United Nations Post-2015 Development Agenda. E nyere ya ihe nrite mba Knight Commander of the Most Venerable Order of Pioneers - nke Onye isi ala Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kwuru na ọ bụ maka ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na nke pụrụ iche na gọọmentị.
Tupu ọrụ ya na gọọmentị Liberia, Moniba bụ onye America na-agba bọọlụ na Arena League (2001 - 2004). Ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ The Official Guidebook to a College Football Scholarship
Ọ bụ onye ọtụtụ ndị na aghụghọ lọtrị adịgboroja metụtara, nke kwuru na o nwere, ma dị njikere ịzụ ahịa ọtụtụ nde dollar na diamond na ọlaedo Afrịka.
Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri
Moniba mere ihe nkiri bọọlụ na ihe nkiri Radio, ebe o mere egwuregwu mmeri nke egwuregwu maka ndị otu ụlọ T.L. Hanna High School. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nduzi nke egwuregwu bọọlụ na ihe nkiri Invincible ebe ọ gara megide onye isi Vince Papale, nke Mark Walhberg gosipụtara, ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri bọọlụ nke We Are Marshall.
Akwụkwọ ebipụtara
Moniba dere "The Official Guidebook to a College Football Scholarship" nke e bipụtara na mba niile nke United States na 2011.
Ọrụ bọọlụ
Moniba gbara bọọlụ kọleji ya na Mahadum New Mexico State site n'afọ 1999 ruo 2001. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara ruo afọ anọ na Arena Football League maka òtù Carolina na New York.
Ndụ onwe onye
Clarence bụ nwa ikpeazụ nke onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Liberia, Dr. Harry F. Moniba, onye jere ozi n'ọkwa ahụ site na 1984 ruo 1990.
Agụmakwụkwọ
Moniba nwetara nzere Ph.D ya na Mahadum New Mexico State ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee nweta nzere na Rhetoric na Professional Communications. O lekwasịrị anya na Intercultural na International Communications. O nwetakwara nzere masta ya na International Relations. Akwụkwọ edemede ya e bipụtara bụ "Ethnic Exclusion in Government São - A Case Study of the Republic of Liberia".
Moniba nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration site na John F. Kennedy, School of Government na Mahadum Harvard.
Shaun Cummings
thumb|Shaun Cummings 2012.jpg
Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Chelsea, ọ nọrọ oge na mgbazinye na Milton Keynes Dons na West Bromwich Albion, tupu e ree ya na Reading na Septemba 2009. Ọ nọrọ afọ isii na klọb ahụ, na-enyere ha aka inweta aha Asọmpi na oge 201112 ma gosipụta na egwuregwu itoolu nke Premier League na mkpọsa na-esonụ. E rere ya na Millwall na Jenụwarị 2015 ma ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị naanị egwuregwu 55 n'ime oge abụọ na ọkara, o gosipụtara n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na 2016 Iko FA nke hụrụ Millwall wepụrụ ndị otu atọ kachasị elu. Ọ nọrọ na Rotherham United n'afọ 2017 na ọnwa abụọ n'afọ 2018 na Doncaster Rovers.
Ọrụ klọb
A mụrụ ya na Hammersmith, London, Cummings sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ Chelsea dị ka onye dị afọ iri na abụọ n'afọ 2002 ma bụrụkwa onye na-eme ihe ngosi nke Blues na ọkwa ndị otu na 2007-08, na-egwu egwuregwu iri na asatọ ma gbaa otu ugboro. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2008, ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu Njikọ otu Milton Keynes Dons na mgbazinye ọnwa mbụ. O mere nke mbụ ya maka Dons na 16 Ọgọstụ, na mmeri 1 na Northampton Obodo na Stadium MK. E mechara gbatịkwuo ego ahụ ruo na ngwụcha oge 2008 na 1909. N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a chụpụrụ ya maka mmejọ Sean Thornton nke Leyton Orient. Ọ gara n'ihu na-apụta na egwuregwu 35 Njikọ na iko maka Dons.
Ọ sonyeere ndị otu Asọmpi West Bromwich Albion na mgbazinye otu ọnwa na 17 Ọgọstụ 2009, ya na onye njikwa "Baggies" ugbu a na onye njirimara Dons mbụ Roberto Di Matteo chọrọ mkpuchi maka onye merụrụ ahụ n'aka nri Gianni Zuiverloon. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na Hawthorns naanị izu abụọ tupu ọ bịanye aka na Ọgụgụ na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ maka ego a na-akọwaghị, ya na onye njikwa Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Chelsea, Brendan Rodgers.
Ịgụ Ihe
Cummings mere nke mbụ ya maka "Royals" na 12 Septemba 2009, na 0 draw na Doncaster Rovers na Madejski Ama egwuregwu. Otú ọ dị, ọ nweghị ike ijide ebe mbido mgbe niile, na-apụta naanị ugboro asaa ọzọ n'okpuru Rodgers. Saịtị na Ọgụgụ na-alụ ọgụ na league, a chụrụ Rodgers n'ọrụ na Disemba na n'okpuru onye nọchiri ya, Brian McDermott, Cummings apụtaghị ọzọ maka oge fọdụrụ na 2009 na 10. Oge 201011 gbasoro usoro yiri nke ahụ maka Cummings na Andy Griffin họọrọ na azụ aka nri. Ọ pụtara naanị ugboro iri na abụọ n'oge oge ahụ, mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmeri nke abụọ nke Reading na Cardiff City, na-ejupụta n'akụkụ aka nri ma na-enweta otuto maka arụmọrụ ya. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya a na-ejighị mee ihe na Wembley na mmeri ikpeazụ nke Swansea City, nke onye bụbu onye isi Reading bụ Brendan Rodgers duziri.
Cummings bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta otu afọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2011, na-edebe ya na klọb ahụ ruo n'ọnwarị n'afọ 2013. N'agbanyeghị ịmaliteghachi oge ahụ dị ka nkwado maka Griffin, mmerụ ahụ onye na-agbachitere ya nwere ahụmahụ mere ka Cummings banye n'òtù ahụ na usoro arụmọrụ dị egwu mere ka ọ kwado ọnọdụ ya n'akụkụ. O mere ngụkọta nke 36 na 201112 mkpọsa n'oge Reading na-emeri n'asọmpi ka ha laghachiri na Premier League na nchebe kachasị sie ike na Championship. Site na mbinye aka nke Chris Gunter na July 2012, Cummings chọtara onwe ya ọzọ n'akụkụ maka mmalite nke oge Premier League. Ọ laghachiri n'òtù ahụ maka mmeri 3X2 League Cup megide Queens Park Rangers wee gbaa egwuregwu anọ sochirinụ tupu Gunter weghachite ọnọdụ ya n'akụkụ ahụ. Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ afọ abụọ na ọkara na Disemba 2012, na egwuregwu ọzọ na Disemba na Jenụwarị sochiri, tupu ọ pụọ ọzọ n'akụkụ mgbe Stephen Kelly sonyeere n'oge windo mbufe Jenụwarụ. Ọ pụtaghị ọzọ n'oge afọ 2012 n'okpuru McDermott ma ọ bụ onye nọchiri ya Nigel Adkins, na nke ikpeazụ n'ime egwuregwu iri na otu na-abịa na Jenụwarị 5 na mmeri FA Cup nke 3 na Crawley Town. O bidoro nke ọma n'afọ 2014 na-egwu egwuregwu isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ma gbaa goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu nke 118 nke ọrụ ọkachamara ya iji nyere aka nweta akara 2 na Wigan Athletic. Otú ọ dị, ọ gbara naanị nkeji iri atọ na otu maka Reading mgbe Steve Clarke weghaara ọrụ na Disemba.
Millwall
Na 12 Jenụwarị 2015, Cummings hapụrụ Reading maka ndị na-asọmpi Championship Millwall na nkwekọrịta a na-akọwaghị, na-etinye aka na nkwekọ afọ abụọ na ọkara; onye njikwa Ian Holloway kwuru na "dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọ nwere ike inye aka na nchekwa na mwakpo" ma nwee olileanya na ọ ga-egosi na ọ ga'abụ "ezi akụ maka anyị n'oge dị mkpirikpi na ogologo". Ọ gbara egwuregwu iri na abụọ maka "Lions" ka klọb ahụ merụrụ ahụ na ngwụcha oge 2014 na 15. Ọ gbara goolu nke abụọ n'ọrụ ya mgbe onye na-edebe goolu Daniel Bentley meriri ya na mmeri 4 na Southend United na 28 Disemba. Ọ gbara egwuregwu iri abụọ n'oge afọ 2015 na afọ iri na isii, mana ọ nọghị n'òtù egwuregwu maka mmeri ikpeazụ nke Barnsley n'ihi na a chụpụrụ ya kemgbe ọnwa Febụwarị mgbe a wasịrị ya iji dozie mmerụ ahụ cartilage na ikpere ya.
N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2017, ọ gbara goolu nke atọ ya n'asọmpi ya na mmeri 3 na AFC Bournemouth nke Premier League na agba nke atọ nke FA Cup. Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ na mmeri 1 na Watford na agba na-esote, tupu ọ gbaa naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ na agba nke ise ka Millwall kụrụ klọb Premier League nke atọ n'usoro na The Den, na-emeri Leicester City na otu n'ime agba ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ. Egwuregwu iko ahụ bịara na White Hart Lane na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ, ebe ndị Tottenham Hotspur siri ike meriri Millwall na 6o0. Cummins gbara egwuregwu iri abụọ na atọ n'oge afọ 2016 na afọ iri na asaa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ hapụrụ mmeri ikpeazụ nke Bradford City mgbe a gbanwere ya na akụkụ mbụ nke egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya na Scunthorpe United. Onye njikwa Neil Harris nyere ya nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na Mee 2017.
Rotherham United
Cummings sonyeere Rotherham United na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na 9 Ọgọst 2017, mgbe ọ masịrị onye njikwa Paul Warne na ikpe, onye nwere olileanya na ọ ga-enye asọmpi maka onye azụ aka nri Josh Emmanuel. Ọ gbalịrị ịbanye n'ime ndị otu mbụ nke "Millers", na-egosi ugboro iri na ise n'oge oge 2017 na afọ 18, na naanị otu ugboro mgbe Krismas gasịrị. Ọ hapụrụ New York Stadium mgbe Rotherham tọhapụrụ ya na ngwụcha oge ahụ.
Doncaster Rovers
Cummings sonyeere Scunthorpe United na ikpe na July 2018. Na 14 Nọvemba 2018, Cummings sonyeere Doncaster Rovers na nkwekọrịta ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọ masịrị onye njikwa Grant McCann n'oge nnwale na Keepmoat Stadium. Onye na-enyere onye njikwa Cliff Byrne aka kwuru na ịbịanye aka ya ga-ekpuchi Joe Wright merụrụ ahụ. Ọ gbara naanị egwuregwu ise n'oge afọ 2018 na 19.
Cummings sonyeere Port Vale na ikpe na July 2019.
Ọrụ mba ụwa
N'agbanyeghị na a mụrụ ya n'England, a kpọrọ Cummings ka ọ gaa na ndị otu Jamaica na Mee 2013 maka egwuregwu atọ nke 2014 World Cup. O mere nke mbụ ya ọnwa anọ ka e mesịrị na 6 Septemba, na 0 0 0 draw away na Panama. O meriri n'asọmpi nke abụọ ya na Costa Rica na 10 Septemba. Ọ bụ onye ọzọ na-agba bọọlụ na ndepụta ndị otu nwa oge maka 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup, mana ọ banyeghị na 23 ikpeazụ. Egwuregwu nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ ya bịara na mmeri 3 na South Korea na 13 Ọktoba 2015.
Ụdị egwuregwu
Cummings bụ onye azụ aka nri, ọ bụ ezie na ọ pụkwara igwu egwu na azụ azụ ma kwupụta njikere ya igwu egwu n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla.
Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology
The Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology bụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nke Mahadum Scott Christian bipụtara na Kenya. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka isi nzukọ maka ntụgharị uche nke ozioma na nkà mmụta okpukpe Africa.
E bipụtara AJET na 1982 dị ka East Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology. Ọ nakweere aha ya ugbu a na 1990.
Curtis Harding
Curtis Harding (amụrụ na June 11, 1979) bụ ónyé America na-agụ egwu na ónyé na-ede egwu. N'ịbụ ónyé na-ese mkpụrụ obi, ụdị "slop 'n' mkpụrụ obi" ya na-ebu mmetụta nke ụdị gụnyere blues, gospel, psychedelia, R&B, na rock. Abọm mbụ ya, Soul Power (2014), Face Your Fear sochiri ya na 2017, na mmepụta sitere na Danger Mouse na Sam Cohen. thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ A mụrụ Harding na Saginaw, Michigan, ezinụlọ ya bírí na Atlanta mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. A kpughere ya egwu mgbè ọ dị obérè ka ezinụlọ ya na nne ya, ónyé bụ onye na-agụ egwú gospel, na-eme njem. N'afọ 2000, Harding kwadoro CeeLo Green, o guzobere R&B / garage rock band Night Sun na Atlanta na ndị Black Lips na 2009.
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Harding na June 11, 1979, na Saginaw, Michigan. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụzi ụgbọala, nné ya, Dorothy, bụ onye na'agụ egwú gospel. A zụlitere ya na ụmụnne ya ise dị ka ndị Mennonite. Ha kwagara Alabama Mgbè ọ dị afọ atọ, wee gaa Arizona, California, Texas, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke United States. Ezinụlọ ya enweghị ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide ruo mgbè ha biri na Atlanta, Georgia, mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Barry Hankerson
Barry Hankerson (amụrụ n'August 3, 1947) bụ ónyé America na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ónyé nwe ụlọ ọrụ egwu na onye njikwa. Hankerson bụ ónyé guzobere Blackground Records. Ọ bụ nwanne nna nke ónyé na-agụ egwu na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri Aaliyah.
Ọrụ
Hankerson formed Blackground in 1993, as a result of unsuccessful efforts to sign his niece, Aaliyah, to big record labels. Using his connection with singer R. Kelly, who he managed at the time, Hankerson obtained a contract with Jive to distribute the release of Aaliyah's debut album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number. Initially named Blackground Enterprises, the label switched its name to Blackground Entertainment and later Blackground Records in 2000. It co-operated with a publishing company founded by Hankerson, named Black Fountain Music. Hankerson served as Aaliyah's manager until 1995 when her father, Michael Haughton, took over as manager. Aaliyah remained on his label until her death on August 25, 2001. He managed and produced The Winans, and was a percussionist on their albums Let My People Go and Decisions. Hankerson also managed Toni Braxton.
JoJo
Na Julaị 30, 2013, a kọrọ na JoJo gbara akwụkwọ megide Blackground Records màkà "mmebi a na-apụghị idozi edozi na ọrụ ọkachamara ya". Ụmụaka enweghị ike ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta nke ga-adịru ihe karịrị afọ asaá n'okpuru iwu steeti New York ma si otú a na-ekwu na dịka a bịanyere aka na nkwenye ya na 2004, nkwekọrịta ya kwesịrị ịkwụsị na 2011. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2013, ndị ọka iwu JoJo na Blackground kwetara ịhapụ ikpe ahụ ka ndị otu abụọ ahụ bịarutere nkwekọrịta n'èzí ụlọ ikpe. JoJo kwuru na ónyé njikwa ya na akara ya agaghị ahapụ ya na nkwekọrịta, mana ha na-ajụkwa ikwe ka ọ wepụta egwu ọ bụla.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Helix Ihi ụra
Helix Ihi ụra bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo, nke dabeere na US, nke e-azụmahịa, na-arụ ọrụ na pọtụfoliyo ndị mmadụ dị ka ndị nke ụdị ngwaahịa ụlọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere isi na New York City. A na-emepụta matarasị na sofa niile na US, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebugharị ngwaahịa na United States na Canada.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Helix Ihu ụra bụ nke Jerry Lin, Kristian von Rickenbach, na Adam Tishman guzobere na 2015. Ndị guzobere ya zutere na mmemme MBA nke Mahadum Pennsylvania Wharton School. Ha jikọtara aka n'ihi mgbanwe nke ịkwaga n'obodo ọhụrụ na ọgụ nke ịzụta matarasị ọhụrụ. Ha chọpụtara na ụlọ ọrụ matarasị ahụ mebiri emebi, ha chọkwara idozi ya. N'August 4, 2015, a malitere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ihe ụra. Tupu mmalite afọ okuku n'oge ochie nakwa ike ịbelata ọnụ ụzọ Kraịst ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara ego site n'aka ndị mmụọ ozi na-etinye ego.
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbasaa ọrụ nnyefe ya iji ruo ndị ahịa na Canada na Jenụwarị 2016.
Helix Ihi ụra kwupụtara na ọ ga-enweta ego Series A n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016. Ndị na-etinye ego gụnyere Double J Capital, Great Oaks VC, Simon Venture Group, WIT, Jonathan Klein, na Jess Itzler.
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere akara Birch site na Helix na Mee 2019. A malitere akara Allform na Mee 2020.
Ngwaahịa
Akara Hellix Ihi ụra na-enye ndị ahịa ajụjụ iji mụta banyere ịdị elu na ịdị arọ ha, otu ha si hie ụra, na otu mattresses ha si sie ike ma jiri data ahụ mee ka ndị ọrụ kwekọọ na mattresses zuru oke.
Ntụaka
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Chizo 1 Germany
Haruna Salisu (amụrụ na 1 June 1995) nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Chizo_1_Germany ma ọ bụ Chizo Germany, bụ onye na-agụ egwu na Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe ọchị, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na na-agba egwu, na onye na-emetụta mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ
Boll & Alaka
thumb|[[Boll & Alaka]]
Chizo 1 Germany
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Chizo Germany na Tudun Wada, Kaduna State, Nigeria, nne na nna ya mechara kwaga Fagge na Kano State ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke ndị alakuba. O mechara kwaga Chandit Barrack iji nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị (SSCE).
Ọrụ
Chizo banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ma mesịa malite ịgụ egwu mgbe ọ zutere onye Kannywood Adam A Zango. O mere egwu izizi ya "Sarka Zancen Banza" ya na Adam A Zango nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama. N'ihi nnupụisi na Northern Nigeria Chizo Germany kwagara Niger Republic, Libya, Italy ma mesịa biri na Germany. Ya na enyi ya Bello Sisqo mepụtara ọtụtụ egwu dịka "Aisha", "Ifeoma", "Jarum" na "Abin".
Boll & Alaka
Boll & Alaka bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa na United States nke na-ere akwa akwa n'ịntanetị ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie nakwa ndị niile na. N'ịbụ nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Summit, New Jersey, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-emepụta ma na-ere ákwà owuwe ihe ubi, blanket na ákwà nhicha ma bụrụ onye mbụ na-emepụta ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ nke Fair Trade USA kwadoro.
Chizo 1 Germany
Ndụ onwe onye
Chizo 1 Germany lụrụ Astrid Kemper, onye Germany ọ zutere n'oge ọ nọ na Tanzhaus NRW n'ọnwa Eprel 2019.
Boll & Alaka
Boll & Alaka malitere na Jenụwarị 2014 site n'ime ụmụ gị aka n'ime Ihe dị ka ndị ọzọ n'aka onye bụbu onye nkuzi nke atọ, Missy Tannen na di ya, onye bụbu Wrigley na Kraft Foods exec, Scott Tannen, bụ onye nyere onwe ya ego maka ọrụ ahụ. A na-emepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Kolkata, India na CHETNA Organic na-akụ ogho na Orissa, India.
Chizo 1 Germany
Ebensidee
7. Ajụjụ ọnụ BBC Haruna salisu Chizo Dan ciranin daya shahara a tura https://www.bbc.com/hausa/media-55865510.amp
Boll & Alaka
A na-eme atụmatụ na ego ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enweta kwa afọ gafere $ 100 nde.
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2017, ha kwupụtara mmeghe nke ebe mbụ ha na-ere brik na mortar na The Mall na Short Hills na Short Hills, New Jersey N'ọnwarị 2019, Nordstrom kwupụtara na ọ ga-eme ka ngwaahịa Boll & Branch dị na 21 n'ime ụlọ ahịa ha. Nke a ga-abụ oge mbụ ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-enweta site na onye na-ere ahịa nke atọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ so na ndị na-ere ahịa mbụ iji ọkụ Far-UVC 222 mee ka ụlọ ahịa ha dị ọcha na Town Center na Boca Raton na Greenwich, CT.
Chizo 1 Germany
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Boll & Alaka
Ngwaahịa
Boll & Branch enwetala ọkwa maka mmepụta ụkpụrụ omume na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke akwa akwa akwa okomoko. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015, ọ malitere usoro akwa akwa akwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma webata usoro akwa akwa na blanket maka ụmụ ọhụrụ n'ọnwa Oktọba n'afọ 2015.
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere usoro ihe ndina flannel nke e mere na Guimaraes, Portugal. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, ọ wepụtara usoro nke isi ala Down.
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2018, ọ gbasaa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ matarasị. Ha na-akwalite "mattress ha dị oké ọnụ ahịa" dị ka ndị na-enweghị ụfụfụ ncheta, kama ha na-eji ajị anụ, coils na ogho.
Ntinye ego
Boll & Branch natara $ 7 nde Series A ego site na Silas Capital na Eprel 2016 wee nweta $ 4 nde Series B itinye ego na Ọktoba 2017 kwa site na Silas capital.
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ natara nde $ 100 site na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo, L Catterton. Site na itinye ego a, Onye guzobere Scott Tannen ga-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi oche.
Ntụaka
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Ọrịa Chela
Efemia Chela (amụrụ n'afọ 1991) bụ onye edemede Zambia-Ghanaian, onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ. "Chicken", akụkọ mbụ ya bipụtara, edepụtara maka afọ 2014 Caine Prize for African Writing. Chela nwere akụkọ mkpirikpi na uri bipụtara na New Internationalist, Wasafiri, Token na Pen Passages: Africa. N'afọ 2016, o so dezie nchịkọta Ụbọchị akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na mba Africa, Migrations. Ọ bụkwa Andrew W. Mellon odee na obibi na Mahadum Rhodes na afọ 2018. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ Francophone na Contributing maka The Johannesburg Review of Books ugbu a.
A mụrụ ya na Zambia, Chela tolitere na England, Ghana, Botswana na obodo South Africa. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere BA na French, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmepeanya oge ochie na Mahadum Rhodes na obodo South Africa, na Institut DiaoEtudes Politiques na Aix-en-Provence, France.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Africa Justice Foundation
Booth ekwuola na usoro iwu siri ike ma bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya dị oke mkpa maka akụ na ụba na-apụta iji nwee ọganihu n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
Ihe omume AJF lekwasịrị anya na ogidi anọ: ịkwalite ohere ịnweta ozi iwu; inye ohere ikpe ziri ezi; imeziwanye ogo iwu; na ọzụzụ na nkà iwu azụmahịa, gafee kọntinent ahụ. Na mbido akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, AJF nyere onyinye agụmakwụkwọ maka ihe karịrị ndị omeiwu iri abụọ si Sierra Leone, Ghana, Ethiopia na Rwanda.
AJF kwadoro maka ọrụ maka Iwu Iwu na atụmatụ mmepe post-2015, ma rịọ Onye isi oche nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka okwu a yana ndị ọka iwu maka mmepe mba ụwa. Nzọụkwụ a kwadoro site na Business Council for Africa, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.
Africa Justice Foundation kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na June 2018.
Braverman gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye nduzi nke ọrụ ebere na 2015, obere oge ka a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Conservative Member of Parliament maka Fareham. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ụlọ n'afọ 2022 n'okpuru Praịm Minista Liz Truss. O kwuru n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022 na ọ ga-amasị ya ịhụ ihu akwụkwọ nke The Daily Telegraph na-eziga ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na Rwanda, ma kọwaa ya dị ka " nrọ" na "nchegbu" ya. O kwuru na ya ekwupụtaghị njikọ ya na Africa Justice Foundation na ọrụ ya na-azụ ndị ọka iwu gọọmentị Rwanda n'ihi na ọ dịghị mkpa. Ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Africa Justice Foundation nwere ọkwa dị elu na gọọmentị Rwanda ugbu a.
Zalabiyeh
Zalabiyeh (Arabic) ma ọ bụ Pitulici bụ fritter ma ọ bụ doughnut a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ nri na Europe, Middle East na West Asia. A na-eme ụdị igwe njuoyi site na ntụ ọka ọka wit dị nro nke a na-awụnye n'ime mmanụ ọkụ ma sie ya. Nchịkọta nri mbụ a maara maka nri ahụ sitere na akwụkwọ nri Arabic nke narị afọ nke iri ma e mere ya na mbụ site na ịwụsa ụyọkọ ahụ n'ime mkpokoro akị bekee. Zalabiyeh bụkwa okwu asụsụ Arabic nke ndị Juu Mizrahi na-eji eme ihe maka ntụ ọka yeast siri ike, nke a na-ejikarị mmanụ aṅụ ma ọ bụ syrup, nke a makwaara dị ka burmuelos na Ladino.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Nchịkọta nri mbụ a maara maka zalabiya sitere na akwụkwọ nri Arabic nke narị afọ nke 10 bụ Kitab al-Tabikh. N'akwụkwọ ochie Al-Baghdadi nke usoro nri nke ndị Arab; a wụsara ntụ ọka ahụ n'ime mkpokoro akị bekee. Ụdị friza a yiri nke Indian jelabi na usoro nri nke narị afọ nke iri na isii sitere na nri ndị Germany maka strauben nke ejiri funnel mee.
Ụzọ dị iche iche emeela n'ịkwadebe nri na-atọ ụtọ. Dị ka Muqadassi (narị afọ nke iri OA) si kwuo, ndị nọ na nnukwu Syria n'oge oyi "[ga-akwadebe] ụdị Zalabiya na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Nke a ga-abụ Zalabiya, onye na-esi achịcha e siri esi. Ụfọdụ na-adị ogologo n'ọdịdị, yiri crullers, ebe ndị pere mpe, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eme ka ha bụrụ bọọlụ, yiri ọdịdị dumplings. " Na North Africa, ha ga-enye aha Zalabiya na ụdị achịcha dị iche, ya bụ Mushabbak, ịbụ achịcha a siri esi nke a na-eme site na ịpị ụfụfụ, ma tinye ya na  'asal (honey) syrup ma ọ bụ qatr. "
N'afọ 1280, dọkịta ndị Juu Sicilian bụ Faraj ben Salim sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ọgwụ n'asụsụ Latin, (beke: nah nkewa mba dị iche iche Latin: Tacvini Aegritvdinvm et Morborum ferme omnium Corporis humani), nke Ibn Jazla onye dibịa Arab dere ma nwee ọtụtụ usoro nri ndị Peshia, gụnyere otu maka "Zelebia".
N'etiti ndị Juu Yemenite, zalabiyeh bụ nri a na-eri karịsịa n'oge ọnwa oyi. Na Yemen, a na-esi zalabiyeh n'ime ite ncha nke e ji mmanụ dị ihe dị ka 1 cm. miri emi kpuchie, ebe a na-agwakọta mmanụ na mgbe ụfọdụ mmanụ aṅụ. N'ebe ahụ, a "mere zalabiyeh site na achịcha yeast dị nro [na] nke a na-esi n'akụkụ abụọ na mmanụ miri emi. E nwere ndị na-agbakwunye cumin ojii na ntụ ọka maka uto ka mma. A na-eri ha mgbe ha ka na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe ụfọdụ na-eri ya na mmanụ aṅụ ma ọ bụ shuga. ".
Mmalite mbụ a maara
Dị ka 2 Samuel 13:810 si kwuo, nwa nwanyị Eze Devid kwadebere fritters (Hibru: ) maka nwanne ya nwoke Amnon. Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke abụọ OA, aha onye na-esi nri ewerela aha sūfğenīn (Hibru: ) na Mishnaic Hibru, okwu sitere na ọdịdị sponge ya nwere oghere alveolar.
Omenala
Ndị Alakụba na-eri Zalabiyeh n'oge ọnwa Ramadan, na n'oge ememe Diwali maka ndị Hindu na ndị Kraịst n'oge Advent na Ista, na ndị Juu Sephardic maka Hanukkah.
Chuck Harmony
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Harmon ma zụlite ya na East St. Louis, Illinois. Ọ tolitere na-eme ihe nkiri na chọọchị. Mgbè ọ dị afọ 4, ọ mụtara ịkpọ ụbọ, nke mere ka Harmon kpọọ trombone, tuba, piano, na mgbakwunye na ịbụ abụ na ndị ukwe chọọchị. Ọ gụrụ egwu na Mahadum Alabama State, ebe ọ na-amụta piano na ebumnuche nke ịghọ ónyé na-akpọ piano jazz. Mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, ọ kwagara Atlanta, Georgia.
Ihe Nríte
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Zalabiyeh
Mgbanwe nke oge a
A na-ahụkarị fritter na mpaghara India, na mba ndị dị ka India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, ọ bụ ezie na emere ya n'ụzọ dị iche na nke Middle East na North Africa. N'ọtụtụ mba Middle East na North Africa, dị ka Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Tunisia, Algeria, Ethiopia, nakwa n'Ijipt, ha yiri spongy-cake e siri na mmanụ.
Na Iran, ebe a maara ya dị ka zolbiya, a na-enye ndị ogbenye ihe na-atọ ụtọ n'oge Ramadan. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro nri nke narị afọ nke iri na atọ nke ihe na-atọ ụtọ, nke a nabatara nke Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi kwuru n'akwụkwọ nri.
Na Iraq na narị afọ nke 20, starch (Arabic: ) bụ ihe dị mkpa na zalabiyeh ha, nke e ji shuga kpuchie. N'Ebe Ugwu Africa, a na-ejikarị yogọt agbakwunye na ihe ndị kpọrọ nkụ eme zalabiyeh.
A maara ha dị ka zlebia na nri Tunisia, jalebie na Philippines, zülbiya na Azerbaijan na jilapi na India.
Ebensidee
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ụlọ ọrụ Chittenden & Eastman
Eastman House nwere ikike na mba ndị a: Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, New Zealand, Omen, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, Ukraine, United States, Vietnam, Yemen.
Akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ
thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Chittenden & Eastman Burlington Iowa
Ihe odide
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Pamela Sunstrum
Pamela Phatsimo Sunstrum bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ise ihe, ntinye ihe. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, nke gụnyere GTA21 Triennial Exhibition na Museum of Contemporary Art na Toronto, Canada; The Bronx Museum na New York, USA; The Wiels Contemporary Art Centre na Brussels, Belgium; Museum der Moderne Salzburg, Kunsthaus Zürich, Germany; The Showroom na London, England; na Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa na Johannesburg, South Africa.
Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Sunstrum na 1980 na Mochudi, Botswana, ma nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia. Ọ bịara na United States na 1998 wee nweta nzere BA na nkwanye ugwu kasị elu site na Mahadum nke North Carolina na Chapel Hill na International Studies na itinye uche na Trans-national Cultures na 2004. Sunstrum nwetara MFA ya na Mt. Royal School of Art na Maryland Institute College of Art na 2007. O mechara biri na Baltimore Maryland dị ka onye na-ese ihe na Baltimore Creative Alliance, mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Maryland Institute College of Art. Ọ na-ebi ugbu a na Johannesburg, South Africa ebe ọ na-egosi na ihe ngosi onwe onye na nke otu gburugburu ụwa. A họpụtara Sunstrum ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ na Ngalaba Visual Art & Art History nke Mahadum York na 2017.
Ọrụ
N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na akụkọ ifo oge ochie na echiche sayensị, Sunstrum na-eche banyere mmalite nke oge, echiche ala, na echiche banyere eluigwe na ala. Ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ, nnukwu ntinye, na ihe nkiri na-akwụsị akwụsị na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ na akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, na-ekwu maka mmepe nke njirimara mba, njikọ mmadụ, na ememe gafere ókèala. N'ịbụ onye ahụmahụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche kpaliri, Sunstrum na-enyocha otú otu mmetụta nke njirimara si emepe n'ime ọnọdụ ala na ọdịbendị. Ihe osise ya bụ akụkọ ọdịdị ala nke na-apụta n'otu oge na ọdịnihu na oge ochie na-agbanwe n'etiti ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi dị egwu nke ugwu mgbawa, n'okpuru ala, na ala dị elu.
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Akilu Aliyu
Alhaji Dr. Aliyu Akilu M.F.R (1918 October 19, 1999) nke a makwaara dị ka Malam Akilu Aliyu ma ọ bụ Aqilu Aliyu bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri, onye edemede, onye ọkà mmụta, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na-ede abụ Hausa nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ.
Akụkọ ndụ
Akliu Aliyu ka muru na Jega (nobodo a nakpọ Kyarmi, na steeti Kebbi nke oge a). Malam Akilu nọrọ ụfọdụ oge ndụ ya na Kano, ebe ọ gara dị ka nwa akwụkwọ Alakụba mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Ọ nọ na Maiduguri iri afọ ole na ole tupu ọ laghachi Kano ebe o biri ruo oge ọnwụ ya. Ọ biri dị ka onye nkuzi Alakụba, onye na-akwa ákwà na onye na-ede uri (abụ uri bụ ihe ọ na-akụziri ọtụtụ pku ụmụ akwụkwọ a na-adịghị ahụ anya). O hiwere, ma kuziere ya na ulo akwukwo islam di na Maiduguri na Azare.
Agụmakwụkwọ
Maka agụmakwụkwọ nwata ya, a zụrụ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Quran dị na Kano, n'okpuru òtù ụmụnna Tijaniyya, ma mesịa gaa Borno ịgụ akwụkwọ n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta Islam a ma ama sitere na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ agụ akwụkwọ nke na-ede n'asụsụ Hausa na Arabik, ihe ndị ọ na-agụ mere ka ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Hausa na-eto nke ukwuu. Ọ malitere ide abụ Arabik n'afọ 1930.
Ikike Malam Akilu nwere n'ide uri malitere igosi mgbe ọ bụ naanị onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Redio Nigeria, Kaduna na 1966, onye na-ede uri kwuru na ọ malitere ide egwu n'asụsụ Arabic ọbụna tupu ọ banye n'abụ uri Hausa. Dị ka ọ dị n'oge ahụ, o kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o nwere ihe karịrị narị uri asaa nke ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ihe ruru amaokwu 300. N'ezie, o dere otu nke nwere otu puku amaokwu!
Ọrụ
Ndị na-ede uri ibe ha bụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-asọpụrụ onye na-ede abụ bụ ndị weere ya dị ka onye okenye maka ike uri ya pụrụ iche. Prọfesọ Neil Skinner, onye ọkà mmụta Hausa a ma ama, n'akwụkwọ ya, An Anthology of Hausa Literature, kọwara Malam Akilu dị ka "onye na-ede uri siri ike ma na-arụpụta ihe nke ukwuu". Sheikh Naibi Suleiman Wali, onye ọkà mmụta Alakụba na onye na-ede uri n'asụsụ abụọ (Arabic na Hausa), kpọrọ onye na-ese uri nwụrụ anwụ a fasihi; okwu Arabic nke Hausanised nke pụtara. Alhaji Mudi Sipikin jikwa onye na-ede uri kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu. Mgbe Alhaji Shehu Shagari nọ n'ọchịchị (ọ bụkwa onye na-ede uri, chetara Wakar Nigeria ), ọ kpọrọ ndị na-ede abụ Hausa ibe ya na Argungu ma sọpụrụ ha ma n'ezie Malam Akilu so n'ime ha. Malam Akilu bụkwa onye natara nsọpụrụ mba yana nzere doctorate nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Bayero, Kano.
N'abalị Dị jụụ
N'abalị Dị jụụbụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta àkwà na matarasị na UK ma dị na Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ nke HIG Europe bụ onye nwetara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 10 Mee ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị y 2011, na-esote oge nchịkwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ihe ndina na matarasị Rest Assured ma guzobe ya na 1946.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
Ihe ọzọ mere ka onye na-ede uri ahụ nwekwuo nkwanye ùgwù bụ nnabata ya maka ọgbara ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịhụ nke a na mgbanwe nke uri ya nke na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ mmadụ dị ka okpukpe, ọrụ, ntụrụndụ, okike, agụmakwụkwọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime isiokwu ndị dọtara uche Malam Akilu bụ agụmakwụkwọ. N'ezie, amaokwu ụfọdụ sitere na uri ya a ma ama, "Kadaura Babbar Inuwa", na-eje ozi dị ka ụda mbinye aka maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ VOA Hausa Service, "Ilimi Garkuwar Danzadam". N N'otu uri ahụ ọ gbara ndị ntorobịa ume ka ha tinye aka n'ọrụ dịka ọgwụ, iwu, nkuzi, nta akụkọ, ụlọ akụ na ndị ọzọ.
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Akara ahụ bụ Silentt, aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ N'abalị Dị jụụ otu.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
"Ihe osise a na-egbuke egbuke na
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Tom Clarke guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 11 Julaị 1946. E guzobere ya dị ka Clarke's Matarasị Limited na Skipton na ụgwọ a kwụrụ Tom mgbe a chaputara ya na Royal Navy. A gbanwere ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ nke dị ka ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Silentnight Limited na 1951 na aro nke nwunye Tom, Joan. Clarke mèchàrà kwuo uche na nke ukwu na mgbanwe aha ahụ bụ ụbụrụ nke wetara ọtụtụ nde mmadụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
Wanda idonku yake kallo na
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ede ndị mmadụ dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ahịa na 1973 mana n'ihi ejighị n'aka ahịa na enweghị ntụkwasị obi na njikwa, ezinụlọ Clarke weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọzọ na 2003 ma ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ nke onwe.
N'ime afọ 1980, na ọzọ n'afọ 2000 na afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka Onye ọrụ nkụzi bụ onye na-emepụta àkwà kachasị na United Kingdom.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
Za ku tuna ni watan wata rana
Ko wani ya yi kiran sunana
Sai ku cane Allah ya jikaina
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọgaranya ụlọ ọrụ ahụ belatara ndị mmadụ na ndị nwe onwe ha, na Mee 2011, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ zọpụtara site na nkata ụlọ nzukọ alaeze nke dị ka ndị ọzọ na ímé ihe site na HIG Europe, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka onwe. A gbanwere ọtụtụ n'ime njikwa ndị dị ugbu a na 2011, gụnyere ezinụlọ Clarke.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
Har ku yi min addu'a bayana;
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
HIG Europe mefuru £ 19 nde iji nweta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mana n'ime nke a, echekwara ụfọdụ ikike atụmatụ ezumike nká maka ndị ọrụ lara ezumike nkwe na ndị ọrụ ugbu a. Onye na-ahụ maka ezumike nká nyere ọkwa na 2013 na ha ga-amalite usoro iwu iji gbanwee usoro a ma manye HIG itinye ego £ 17.2 nde n'ime ite ezumike nkwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. HIG mechara kwenye na nkwekọrịta £ 25 nde na onye na-achịkwa na 2021.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
Amin na roke ku zumaina
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Omume ịgba arụkwaghịm
thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Barnoldswick n'oge ọgbaghara Silentnight - June 1986 Ruo ọnwa iri na asatọ n'etiti afọ 1985 na 1987, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọgbaghara ogologo oge nke bụ ọgbaghara kachasị ogologo megide otu ụlọ ọrụ na Britain, nke mere ihe karịrị ụbọchị 616.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
'Allah dai ya cikan fatana. "'
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Omume ịgba arụkwaghịm
Ndị ọrụ nke Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union mere ngagharị iwe site na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ nke Silentnight n'oge ahụ, Barnoldswick na Sutton-in-Craven n'ihi mmụba nke ndị njikwa na-achọ na mmepụta. Òtù ahụ kwukwara na e meela nkwekọrịta ebe ndị ọrụ agaghị agbasi mbọ ike ka a kwụọ ụgwọ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeghị ka a chụọ ha n'ọrụ. Izu asatọ ka e mesịrị, e mere ka ndị ọrụ 52 ghara ịrụ ọrụ.
Akilu Aliyu
Ọrụ
Ahịrị uri ndị a dị n'elu bụ ihe Akilu Aliyu dere n'okpuru foto ya na Fasaha Akiliya, nchịkọta ụfọdụ n'ime abụ ya ndị nyere aka na uri ndị Hausa n'ogo na n'ịdị mma, dịka onye odee a maara nke ọma, a na-enwebeghị ike karịa.
N'abalị Dị jụụ
Omume ịgba arụkwaghịm
N'ihi ọgbaghara ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ chụpụrụ ndị ọrụ 346. Ọgbaghara ahụ nwetara nkwado dị ukwuu site n'aka ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala na ndị otu Labour Party. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụlere ọgbaghara ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ma mara ya maka ọdịdị ya n'ozuzu ya, e nwere ihe omume nke ịtụ nkume na otu ihe omume dị ịrịba ama mgbe a gbara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ọkụ. Onye isi nchịkwa n'oge ahụ bụ Tom Clarke, onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, onye na-akwado ndị Conservative Party na enyi Margaret Thatcher, onye nyere ya aha njirimara nke Maazị Wonderful. Nke a mere ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe guzobe bọọdụ n'ahịrị mkpesa nke na-agụ "Mazị Wonderful's scabs cross here".
Ọdịdị ya
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewe ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,250 na United Kingdom. O nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Barnoldswick, Lancashire, na Pendle, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị kemgbe 1949, na ụlọ ya ugbu a kemgbe 1961. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ dijitalụ na Quay Street na Manchester.
N'oge gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Sutton-in-Craven (1970-1994), Batley (mechiri na Machị 2012) na Keighley, nke mechiri na Machị 2002. Ihe ndị a niile, na ụlọ ọrụ Barnoldswick, dị na West Riding nke Yorkshire mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere. Mgbanwe ókèala nke 1974, tinyere ụlọ ọrụ Barnoldswick na Lancashire. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye isi na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ Rolls-Royce jet engine n'obodo ahụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ gburugburu United Kingdom n'ihi nnweta nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-asọmpi. E mechiri ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị na South Wales na Andover, nke bụ akụkụ nke akara Ducal, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ haziri ma gaa n'onwe ya na 2003. E wegara ọtụtụ ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ Keighley mechiri emechi na Sunderland, mana e rere ụlọ ọrụ a dị ka ihe nchịkwa n'okpuru akara Stag Furniture na June 2005.
N'oge HIG nwere ma ntụgharị na uru amụbaala nke ukwuu, mgbe njikwa mbụ ahụ kwụsịrị ma tinye atụmatụ ntụgharị ahụ n'ọrụ. Mgbasa ozi ji ihe karịrị 50% rịa elu n'etiti afọ 2012 na 2017 ma a gbanwere mfu ụtụ isi nke £ 4.5m ka ọ bụrụ uru ụtụ isi mbụ nke £ 11.6m n'otu oge ahụ.
Tupu nnweta
Ihe odide
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Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri
thumb|Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri
Mgbakọ ahụ sitere na Nzukọ Ọchịchị nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke atọ (UNCLOS III), bụ́ nke weere ọnọdụ n'agbata afọ 1973 na 1982. UNCLOS nọchiri nkwekọrịta anọ nke Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Oké Osimiri 1958. UNCLOS malitere na 1994, otu afọ mgbe Guyana ghọrọ mba nke iri isii kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ. Na 2023, e nwetara nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta oke osimiri nke a ga-agbakwunye dịka ngwá ọrụ nke mgbakọ ahụ, iji chebe ndụ oké osimiri na mmiri mba ụwa. Nke a ga-enye usoro gụnyere mpaghara echedoro mmiri na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ọ bụ ezie na odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations na-enweta ngwá ọrụ nkwenye na ịbanye na UN na-enye nkwado maka nzukọ nke mba ndị so na mgbakọ ahụ, Ụlọọrụ United Nations enweghị ọrụ kpọmkwem na mmejuputa nkwekọrịta ahụ. Otu ụlọ ọrụ pụrụ iche nke UN, International Maritime Organisation, na-ekere òkè, n'agbanyeghị, yana akụkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka International Whaling Commission na International Seabed Authority (ISA), bụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ hiwere n'onwe ya.
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
UNCLOS nọchiri echiche “nnwere onwe nke oke osimiri” ochie, nke malitere na narị afọ nke 17. Dịka echiche a siri dị, ikike mba bụ naanị na eriri mmiri akọwapụtara nke sitere n'akụkụ oke osimiri nke mba, na-abụkarị 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (oke kilomita atọ), dịka iwu "mgbọ egbe" nke ndị gọọmentị mepụtara siri dị. Onye ọka iwu Dutch Cornelius van Bynkershoek. A na-ewere mmiri niile gafere oke mba dị ka mmiri mba ụwa: nweere onwe ya na mba niile, mana enweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha (ụkpụrụ mare liberum nke Hugo Grotius kwuru).
Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mba ụfọdụ kwupụtara ọchịchọ ha ịgbatị nzọrọ mba ha: ịgụnye ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, ichekwa oke azụ̀, na inye ihe ndị a ga-eji na-amanye nchịkwa mmetọ. (The League of Nations kpọrọ ogbako 1930 na The Hague, ma ọ dịghị nkwekọrịta ọ pụtapụtara). akụrụngwa nke ya continental shelf. Mba ndị ọzọ dị ngwa ịgbaso otu ihe ahụ. N'agbata 1946 na 1950, Chile, Peru, na Ecuador gbatịpụrụ ikike ha ruo 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) iji kpuchie ebe ịkụ azụ̀ Humboldt dị ugbu a. Mba ndị ọzọ gbatịpụrụ oke oke osimiri ha ruo kilomita iri na abụọ (22km; 14 mi).
Ka ọ na-erule 1967, ọ bụ naanị mba 25 ka ji ogologo maịlụ atọ ochie, ebe mba 66 ewepụtala oke mpaghara 12-nautical-mile (22 km) na asatọ ewepụtala oke 200-nautical-mile (370 km). N'ihe dị ka 15 July 2011, naanị Jọdan ka na-eji oke 3-mile (4.8 km). A na-ejikwa oke ahụ eme ihe n'ụfọdụ agwaetiti Australia, mpaghara Belize, ụfọdụ ụsọ mmiri ndị Japan, mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Papua New Guinea, na Ókèala Mpụga Britain ole na ole, dị ka Gibraltar.
UNCLOS anaghị emetụta okwu gbasara esemokwu mpaghara ma ọ bụ dozie okwu gbasara ọbụbụeze, ebe ọ bụ na iwu nke iwu mba ụwa na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ maka inweta na mfu nke ókèala.
Ebumnuche nke United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 nwere ebumnuche gbasara iji oke osimiri na akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide na-akwado usoro iwu UNCLOS.
UNCLOS I
N'afọ 1956, Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu mere ọgbakọ mbụ ya na Iwu Oké Osimiri (UNCLOS I) na Geneva, Switzerland. UNCLOS I rụpụtara na nkwekọrịta anọ emere na 1958:
Ọ bụ ezie na e lere UNCLOS I anya dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma, o meghere okwu dị mkpa nke obosara ókèala mmiri.
UNCLOS nke Abụọ
Na 1960, United Nations mere ọgbakọ nke abụọ na Iwu nke Oké Osimiri ("UNCLOS II"); Otú ọ dị, ogbako Geneva nke izu isii arụpụtaghị nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ọ bụla. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, mba ndị na-emepe emepe na mba ụwa nke atọ sonyeere naanị dị ka ndị ahịa, ndị mmekọ, ma ọ bụ ndị dabere na United States ma ọ bụ Soviet Union, na-enweghị olu dị mkpa nke onwe ha.
UNCLOS nke Atọ
thumb|447x447px|Ebe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na ikike mba ụwa (Top view) Arvid Pardo nke Malta welitere okwu dị iche iche nke nzọrọ dị iche iche na UN na 1967, na na 1973 Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke atọ na Iwu nke Oké Osimiri gbakọtara na New York. N'ịgbalị ibelata ohere nke otu mba-steeti na-achịkwa mkparịta ụka ahụ, ogbako ahụ jiri usoro nkwenye kwadoro kama ịme ntuli aka. Ebe ihe karịrị mba 160 so na ya, ogbako ahụ dịgidere ruo 1982. Mgbakọ ahụ si na ya pụta malitere ịdị irè na 16 November 1994, otu afọ mgbe steeti 60, Guyana, kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ.
Mgbakọ ahụ setịpụrụ ókè nke mpaghara dị iche iche, nke a tụrụ site na ntọala nke ọma akọwapụtara. (Na-emekarị, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-esote eriri mmiri dị ala, ma mgbe ụsọ oké osimiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri, nwere àgwàetiti ndị na-asọ oyi ma ọ bụ na-adịghị akwụsi ike, a pụrụ iji usoro ntọala kwụ ọtọ.) Ebe ndị a bụ ndị a:
Mmiri dị n'ime: Na-ekpuchi mmiri niile na ụzọ mmiri n'akụkụ ala nke ntọala. Steeti dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nweere onwe ya ịtọọ iwu, hazie ojiji, na iji akụrụngwa ọ bụla. Ụgbọ mmiri mba ọzọ enweghị ikike ịgafe n'ime mmiri dị n'ime. Ụgbọ mmiri dị n'oké osimiri na-ewere ikike n'okpuru iwu ime obodo nke steeti ọkọlọtọ ya.
Oke oke osimiri: Ruo 12 nautical miles (kilomita 22; 14 kilomita) site na ntọala, steeti dị n'ụsọ osimiri nweere onwe ya ịtọ iwu, hazie ojiji ya na iji akụrụngwa ọ bụla, n'ezie, steeti dị n'ụsọ osimiri nwere ikike ọchịchị na ikike ọchịchị n'ime ya. oke osimiri ya. Enyere ụgbọ mmiri ikike nke ndị aka ha dị ọcha gafere n'oke mmiri ọ bụla, na-enwe usoro dị iche iche na-enye ohere ịgafe ụgbọ agha dị ka ụzọ njem, n'ihi na a na-ahapụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha ka ha nọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ nke ga-abụ iwu na-akwadoghị na oke osimiri. A kọwapụtara "ụzọ na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ" site na mgbakọ ahụ dị ka ịgafe mmiri n'ụzọ dị ngwa ma na-aga n'ihu, nke na-adịghị "na-emegide udo, ezi usoro ma ọ bụ nchekwa" nke ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ịkụ azụ, imetọ ihe, ime ngwá agha, na nledo abụghị "ndị aka ha dị ọcha", a na-achọkwa ka ụgbọ mmiri okpuru mmiri na ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru mmiri na-agagharị n'elu na igosi ọkọlọtọ ha. Mba nwekwara ike kwụsịtụ ịgafe ndị aka ha dị ọcha nwa oge n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oke osimiri ha, ma ọ bụrụ na ime nke a dị mkpa maka nchekwa nchekwa ha.
Mmiri Archipelagic: Mgbakọ ahụ debere nkọwa nke "Archipelagic States" na Nkebi IV, nke kọwakwara ka steeti ahụ nwere ike isi see oke ala ya. A na-esetịpụ ntọala n'etiti isi ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke agwaetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, n'agbanyeghị na isi ihe ndị a na-adịru ibe ha nso. Mmiri niile dị n'ime akara ngosi a ka ahapụtara "Mmiri Archipelagic". Steeti nwere ikike n'elu mmiri ndị a ka ukwuu ruo n'ókè o nwere n'elu mmiri dị n'ime, mana dabere na ikike ndị dị ugbu a gụnyere ikike ịkụ azụ ọdịnala nke steeti dị nso ozugbo. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị mba ọzọ nwere ikike ịgafe mmiri ndị aka ha dị ọcha, mana steeti ndị dị n'oké osimiri nwere ike kpachie ụzọ ndị aka ha dị ọcha n'okporo ụzọ oké osimiri a họpụtara.
Mpaghara na-aga n'ihu: Na-agafe oke 12-nautical-mile (22 km), enwere 12 nautical miles (kilomita 22) site na oke oke oke osimiri, mpaghara contiguous. N'ebe a, steeti nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-amanye iwu na mpaghara anọ akọwapụtara (omenala, ụtụ isi, mbata na ọpụpụ na mmetọ) ma ọ bụrụ na mmebi iwu malitere ma ọ bụ na-achọ ime n'ime ókèala steeti ma ọ bụ ókèala mmiri. Nke a na-eme ka mpaghara contiguous bụrụ mpaghara ịchụso ọkụ.
Mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụiche (EEZ): Ndị a gbatịrị 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) site na ntọala. N'ime mpaghara a, mba dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ikike irigbu naanị maka ihe niile sitere n'okike. N'iji nkịtị eme ihe, okwu ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye oke osimiri na ọbụna shelf kọntinent. Ewebatara EEZ iji kwụsị ọgụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-arịwanye elu maka ikike ịkụ azụ, n'agbanyeghị na mmanụ na-adịkwa mkpa. Ọganihu nke ikpo okwu mmanụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Ọwara Mexico na 1947 ka emeghachiri n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'ụwa, na ka ọ na-erule 1970 ọ ga-ekwe omume na teknụzụ ịrụ ọrụ n'ime mmiri dị mita 4,000 (13,000 ft). Mba ofesi nwere nnwere onwe nke ịnyagharị na ịfefefefe n'okpuru usoro iwu nke steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri. Steeti mba ofesi nwekwara ike ịtọọ ọkpọkọ na eriri okpuru mmiri.
Continental shelf: A kọwapụtara shelf kọntinent dị ka ịgbatị ebumpụta ụwa nke ókèala ala ruo na mpụta oke akụkụ kọntinent, ma ọ bụ 200 nautical miles (370 km) site na ntọala steeti dị n'ụsọ osimiri, nke ọ bụla ka ukwuu. Shelf kọntinent nke steeti nwere ike gafere 200 nautical miles (kilomita 370) ruo mgbe ogologo ogologo oge ahụ kwụsịrị. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ike gafere 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) site na ntọala ntọala; ma ọ bụ ọ gaghị agafe 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) gafere isobath 2,500 mita (8,200 ft) (akara na-ejikọ omimi nke 2 500 m). Steeti dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ikike iwe ihe ubi na ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ n'ime ala nke shelf kọntinent ya, ewezuga ndị ọzọ. Steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwekwara ikike pụrụiche gbasara ihe ndị dị ndụ "na-ejikọta" na shelf kọntinent, mana ọ bụghị n'ahụ ihe e kere eke bi na kọlụm mmiri gafere mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche.
A na-akpọ mpaghara dị n'èzí ebe ndị a dị ka "oke osimiri" ma ọ bụ naanị "mpaghara".
Ewezuga ndokwa ya nke na-akọwa oke oke osimiri, mgbakọ ahụ na-ewepụta ọrụ izugbe maka ichebe gburugburu mmiri na ichebe nnwere onwe nke nyocha sayensị na oke osimiri, ma na-emepụtakwa usoro iwu ọhụrụ maka ịchịkwa nrigbu ihe ịnweta akụ na mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri gafere ikike mba, site na ya. International Seabed Authority na ụkpụrụ nketa nke mmadụ.
A na-enye steeti ndị nwere ala enweghị ikike ịbanye na isi n'oké osimiri, na-enweghị ụtụ isi nke okporo ụzọ site na steeti ndị njem.
Akụkụ nke iri na otu na nkwekọrịta 1994
Akụkụ XI nke mgbakọ ahụ na-enye maka ọchịchị metụtara mineral ndị dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri n'èzí mmiri nke steeti ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche (EEZ). Ọ na-eguzobe ikike International Seabed Authority (ISA) inye ikike nyocha na igwu ala mmiri na ịnakọta ma kesaa ndị eze na-egwupụta ihe n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
United States megidere ndokwa nke akụkụ XI nke mgbakọ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ihe, na-arụ ụka na nkwekọrịta ahụ adịghị mma maka ọdịmma akụ na ụba na nchekwa nke America. N'ihi akụkụ nke XI, United States jụrụ ịkwado UNCLOS, n'agbanyeghị na o gosipụtara nkwekọrịta na ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mgbakọ ahụ.
Site na 1982 ruo 1990, United States nakweere ihe niile ma e wezụga akụkụ XI dị ka iwu mba ụwa, ebe ha na-anwa iguzobe usoro ọzọ maka nrigbu mineral nke oke osimiri. Emere nkwekọrịta ya na mba ndị ọzọ na-egwupụta akụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri ma nyekwa ndị otu mba ụwa anọ ikike ikike. N'otu oge ahụ, e hiwere Commission Preparatory iji kwado maka n'ikpeazụ ga-abata n'iwu nke ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ nabatara mgbakọ, nke ndị bịanyere aka na ya kwadoro. E doziri ndakọrịta dị n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ, mana mbelata nke ịchọ mineral sitere n'akụkụ oke osimiri mere ka ọchịchị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ghara ịdị mkpa. Na mgbakwunye, mbelata nke ọchịchị Kọmunist na ngwụcha afọ 1980 wepụrụ ọtụtụ nkwado maka ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-arụrịta ụka nke Part XI. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]