cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Canfor
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere na ngwụcha afọ 1930 mgbe ụmụnne di John G. Prentice na L.L.G. "Poldi" Bentley (aha gbanwere site na Bloch-Bauer nke ezinụlọ Bloch-Sauer a ma ama nke Vienna, Austria) na ezinụlọ ha hapụrụ obodo ha Austria obere oge tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ amalite. Ha biri na Vancouver ma wuo obere ihe igwe ihe nke bụ mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ karịrị afọ 75.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Ndị ọzọ
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nnyocha e mere maka ịdịmma mmiri dị n'ime ala nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke United States mere n'etiti 1991 na 2004, gosiri na 23% nke olulu mmiri ụlọ nwere mmetọ n'ogo dị elu karịa akara ahụike mmadụ. Nnyocha ọzọ tụrụ aro na isi nsogbu mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala n'Africa, n'ịtụle usoro ọ dị mkpa bụ: (1) mmetọ nitrate, (2) ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa, (3) mmetọ organic, (4) salinization, na (5) mmiri mmiri acid mine..
Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya
Ihe ndị dị iche iche na-akpata mmetọ mmiri n'okpuru ala gụnyere ndị a (nkọwa ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe a):
Canfor
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 2006, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọgụ dị n'etiti ndị ọgaranya Jim Pattison na Stephen A. Jarislowsky, ndị nwere 30% na 18% nke òkè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, n'otu n'otu. Pattison meriri ma chụpụ onye isi oche Jim Shepherd n'ihi arụmọrụ ọjọọ nke Canfor na ọnụahịa na-agbadata, nke mere ka Jim Pattison họpụta onye isi oche nwa oge.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic)
"Geogenic" na-arụtụ aka n'ihe okike nke sitere na usoro ala.
Canfor
Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
Nwa Poldi Bentley Peter Bentley (1930-2021) bụ Onye isi oche Emeritus nke Board of Directors. Canfor na-emepụta osisi dị nro, ngwaahịa osisi pụrụ iche, na ngwaahịa osisi. Canfor nwekwara òkè na-achịkwa na Canfor Pulp Limited, nke na-emepụta pulp kraft na akwụkwọ kraft nke ugwu na BC.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic)
'ime ala dịka ụdị arsenite dị ntakịrị na ụdị oxidized arsenate, oke nsi nke arsenite dị ntakịrị karịa nke arsenate. Nnyocha nke WHO gosipụtara na 20% nke oghere 25,000 a nwalere na Bangladesh nwere arsenic karịrị 50 μg / L.
Canfor
Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike mmepụta kwa afọ nke 5.9 ijeri ụkwụ osisi, 1.1 nde tọn nke ahịa kraft pulp nke ugwu, ihe dịka 220,000 tọn nke BCTMP na 140,000 tọn nke akwụkwọ kraft.
Ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọfịs dị na:
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic)
Ihe na-eme fluoride dị nso na ụbara na solubility nke mineral nwere fluoride dị ka fluorite (CaF2). Ọkpụkpụ fluoride dị elu na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-abụkarị enweghị calcium n'ime mmiri aquifer. Nsogbu ahụike jikọtara ya na fluorosis eze nwere ike ime mgbe mkpokọta fluoride na mmiri dị n'ime ala gafere 1.5 mg/L, nke bụ uru ntuziaka WHO kemgbe 1984..
Canfor
Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
Na Nọvemba 15, 2018 Canfor kwupụtara na ọ banyere na nkwekọrịta iji nweta òkè 70% nke Vida Group, ụlọ ọrụ ngwaahịa osisi nke dị na Sweden. Ndị nwe Vida n'oge gara aga na-enwe òkè 30% ma na-elekọta ọrụ kwa ụbọchị.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Ihe na-eme n'okike (geogenic)
Ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) ewepụtala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mmekọrịta Groundwater Assessment Platform (GAP), ebe enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ize ndụ geogenic nke mmetọ na mpaghara enyere site na iji geoloji, topographical na data gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ịnwale nlele. site na mmiri ala mmiri ọ bụla. Ngwá ọrụ a na-enyekwa onye ọrụ ohere ịmepụta maapụ ihe ize ndụ maka ma arsenic na fluoride.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ihe ndị dị iche iche dị ka ọnọdụ ńnú, iron, manganese, uranium, radon na chromium, na mmiri dị n'ime ala, nwekwara ike ịbụ nke sitere na geogenic. Ihe mmetọ a nwere ike ịdị mkpa na mpaghara mana ha agbasachaghị ka arsenic na fluoride.
Canfor
Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
Canfor bụbu onye nwe Englewood Railway na Vancouver Island, mana ọ resịrị ya Western Forest Products na 2006.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ
thumb|Ebe obibi ọdịnala dị nso na Herat, Afghanistan, ebe olulu mmiri miri emi (n'ihu) nọ n'akụkụ ụlọ mposi ahụ (nke a hụrụ azụ ọcha nke greenhouse) na-eduga mmetọ nke mmiri ala Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere nje nje na nitrate nwekwara ike ime site na mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala site na sistemu ịdị ọcha dị na saịtị dị ka ụlọ mposi olulu na tankị septik, dabere na njupụta ndị mmadụ na ọnọdụ hydrogeological..
Canfor
Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
Canfor bụ onye otu Forest Products Association nke Canada.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ
Ihe ndị na-achịkwa akara aka na njem nke pathogens dị mgbagwoju anya ma mmekọrịta n'etiti ha aghọtaghị ya. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eleghara ọnọdụ hydrogeological mpaghara (nke nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ime oghere nke square kilomita ole na ole) na-eleghara anya, obere akụrụngwa ịdị ọcha dị na saịtị dịka ụlọ mposi olulu nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike ọha na eze site na mmiri ala emetọru.
Mmírí na-esi n'olulu ahụ na-agafe na mpaghara ala na-adịghị mma (nke na-adịghị jupụta na mmiri). N'ikpeazụ, mmiri mmiri ndị a si n'olulu ahụ na-abanye na mmiri dị n'ime ala ebe ha nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri n'ime ala. Nke a bụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji olulu mmiri dị nso na-enye mmiri dị n'ime ala maka nzube mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'oge a na-agafe na ala, ọrịa nje nwere ike ịnwụ ma ọ bụ gbasaa nke ọma, na-adabere na oge njem n'etiti olulu na olulu mmiri.. Ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụghị pathogens niile na-anwụ n'ime ụbọchị 50 nke
Ọnọdụ mwepụ nke pathogen dịgasị iche na ụdị ala, ọdịdị mmiri, anya na ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara na-enweghị ntụpọ "na-asa" n'oge ogologo oge nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, na-enye ụzọ hydraulic maka ịgafe ngwa ngwa nke pathogens. Ọ na-esiri ike ịkọwa ebe nchekwa dị n'etiti ụlọ mposi olulu ma ọ bụ tank septic na isi iyi mmiri. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ndụmọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ gbasara ebe dị nchebe na-elegharakarị ndị na-ewu ụlọ mposi anya. Na mgbakwunye, ala ezinụlọ nwere oke oke ya mere a na-ewukarị ụlọ mposi olulu nso na olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala karịa ihe enwere ike were dị ka nchekwa. Nke a na-ebute mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na ndị òtù ezinụlọ na-ada ọrịa mgbe ha na-eji mmiri ala a dị ka isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ.
Mmiri nsị na mmiri
Enwere ike ịkpata mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mwụfu mkpofu na-agwọghị ya na-ebute ọrịa dịka ọnya anụ ahụ, afọ ọsịsa ọbara na dermatitis. Nke a na-adịkarị n'ebe ndị nwere obere akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ ebe enwere ọdịda usoro nke sistemu mkpofu mmiri na saịtị. Tinyere pathogens na ihe oriri, nsị a naghị edozi ahụ nwekwara ike ịnwe nnukwu ibu nke ọla dị arọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime usoro mmiri ala.
Mmiri a na-agwọ site na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nsị mmiri nwekwara ike iru n'ime mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na a na-agbanye ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na mmiri dị n'elu. Ya mere, ihe ndị ahụ a na-ewepụghị n'ebe a na-ekpocha mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri nwere ike irukwa na mmiri dị n'ime ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ fọdụrụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala bụ ihe dịka 50 mg / L n'ọtụtụ ebe na Germany. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị, micro-pollutants dị ka homonụ, ọgwụ fọdụrụnụ na micropropinents ndị ọzọ nwere mamịrị na feces naanị obere wepụrụ ma wụọ nke fọdụrụ na mmiri elu ya, ebe ọ nwekwara ike iru ala.
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwekwara ike ịpụta site na nsị nke a hụrụ dịka ọmụmaatụ na Germany. Nke a nwekwara ike ibute mmetọ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ.
A pụkwara itinye mgbasa mmiri mkpofu ma ọ bụ nsị n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka isi iyi nke mmetọ fecal na mmiri ala.
Ihe na-eme ka nri dị ọcha
Nitrate nwekwara ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na iji fatịlaịza mee ihe gabigara ókè, gụnyere ịgbasa nsí. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị akụkụ nke fatịlaịza nitrogen ka a gbanwere iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe fọdụrụ na-agbakọta n'ala ma ọ bụ furu efu dị ka mmiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke fatịlaịza nitrogen jikọtara ya na mmiri siri ike nke nitrate na-eduga n'inwekwu nsụdabawanye n'ime mmiri ala yana ịdọrọ banye mu Mmiri, si otú ahụ kpatara mmetọ mmiri. Ojiji gabigara ókè nke fatịlaịza nitrogen (ma ọ bụ na ha emepụtara maọbụ okike) dị njọ karịsịa, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime nitrogenium ndị osisi anaghị ewere gbanwere ka ya bụrụ Nitrate nke a pụrụ ịpụ ngwa. thumb|Omume nchịkwa na-adịghị mma n'ịgbasa nsí nwere ike iwebata ma pathogens na nutrients (nitrate) na usoro mmiri dị ala. Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, karịsịa nitrates, na fatịlaịza nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu maka ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-asachapụ ha n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ na-esi na ala banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala. Iji nnukwu fatịlaịza nitrogen eme ihe n'usoro ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe kacha enye aka na nitrogen anthropogenic na mmiri ala n'ụwa niile.
Ebe a na-eri nri / anụmanụ nwekwara ike iduga n'ịgbapụta nitrogen na ọla ka ọ banye mmiri dị ala. Ntinye nke nsị anụmanụ n'ụzọ gabigara ókè nwekwara ike ịkpata mmetọ mmiri dị ala na ọgwụ ndị fọdụrụnụ sitere na ọgwụ ụmụ ahụhụ.
Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na European Commission nọ n'ụzọ siri ike ịnagide nsogbu nitrate metụtara mmepe ugbo, dị ka nnukwu nsogbu mmiri nke chọrọ njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị.
Mmiri na-agbanye ọgwụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịbanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-akpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ site na olulu mmiri emetọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ ahụhụ a na-ahụ na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-adịkarị ala, na mgbe mgbe, oke ahụike mmadụ karịrị oke ahụike dị ala. Organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos (MCP) yiri ka ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole dị ize ndụ, na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbaze ma na-agagharị (ọ naghị ejikọta ya na mineral dị n'ala) pesticides nwere ike iru isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'ozuzu, a na-achọpụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu ụmụ ahụhụ ka mmemme nlekota nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abawanye ụba; Otú ọ dị, a na'ime obere nlekota na mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ihi nnukwu ego nyocha.
Mgbapụta azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
A chọtawo ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku ma nke anụ ahụ n'ime mmiri dị iche iche.
Ngwuputa ọla na ụlọ ọrụ igwe bụ isi ọrụ maka ọnụnọ ọla na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke sitere na anthropogenic, gụnyere arsenic. Obere pH jikọtara ya na acid mine drainage (AMD) na-enye aka na solubility nke ọla ndị nwere ike ime ka ọ banye n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala. thumb|Mmanụ na-awụfu nke jikọtara ya na paịpụ mmiri n'okpuru ala nwere ike ịhapụ benzene na hydrocarbons mmanụ ndị ọzọ a gafere ngwa ngwa. Enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu banyere mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na gasoline nke sitere na tankị nchekwa mmanụ (USTs) nke ọdụ ụgbọ oloko. Ngwakọta BTEX bụ ihe mgbakwunye kachasị na gasoline. BTEX compounds, gụnyere benzene, nwere njupụta dị ala karịa mmiri (1 g / mL). Dị ka mmanụ na-awụfu n'oké osimiri, akụkụ a naghị agwakọta ya, nke a kpọrọ Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL), ga-efegharị" na tebụl mmiri dị na aquifer.
A na-eji solvents chlorinated eme ihe n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ụlọ ahịa niile ebe a chọrọ iwepụ ya. PCE bụ ihe a na-eji emepụta mmiri nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ nhicha ala maka ịdị irè ya dị ọcha ma ọnụ ahịa pere mpe. A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe maka ọrụ metal. N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere n'ahụkarị, a naghị ahụ ya ugboro niile na mmiri dị ala karịa ka o si nweta isi iyi. A na-eji TCE eme ihe n'akụkọ mere eme dị ka nhicha ígwè. E debere ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Anniston Army Depot (ANAD) na United States n'ime Ndepụta Ntọala Mba nke EPA Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) maka mmetụ mmiri dị ala nwere ihe ruru nde pound 27 nke TCE. Ma PCE na TCE nwere ike ịghọ vinyl chloride (VC), hydrocarbon kachasị egbu.
Enwere ike iwepụ ọtụtụ ụdị solvents n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, nke gafere oge gaa na usoro mmiri dị ala.
Chlorinated solvents dị ka PCE na TCE nwere njupụta karịa mmiri ma a na-akpọ akụkụ ahụ anaghị agwakọta ya Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPL). Ozugbo ha ruru n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ọ ga-ada ma mesie gbakọta n'elu ala ndị nwere obere mmiri. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọgwụ na-agwọ osisi ewepụwokwa pesticides dị ka pentachlorophenol (PCP) na creosote n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta mmiri ala. PCP bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ na-agbari agwọ nke ukwuu ma bụrụ ihe a gafere egbu n'oge gara aga edepụtara ya na Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. PAHs na ọkara-VOC ndị ọzọ bụ ihe mmetọ a ma ama metụtara creosote.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ngwakọta, ma LNAPLs na DNAPL ka nwere ike iji nwayọọ nwayọ gbazee n'ime mmiri (mgwakọrọ) nke mepụtara plume wee si otú a ghọọ isi iyi ogologo oge. DNAPLs (chlorinated solvents, heavy PAHes, creosote, PCB) na-esi ike ijikwa ebe ha nwere ike ibi n'ime ala.
Mgbaji mmiri
Uto nke olulu mmiri na-agbaji ("Fracking") n'oge a na United States emeela ka nchegbu banyere ihe ize ndụ ya nwere ike imerụ akụrụngwa. E nyela EPA, tinyere ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ọzọ ka ha mụọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mgbawa mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume ime mmiri n'enweghị mmetụta dị mkpa maka onwunwe nke ala ma bụrụ na njikwa siri ike na usoro nchịkwa mma adị, enwere ọtụtụ ikpe ebe a hụrụ mmetọ mmiri site na nlekọta ọjọọ ma ọ bụ ọdịda teknụzụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na EPA ahụtabeghị ihe àmà dị ịrịba ama nke mmetụta zuru ebe niile, nhazi usoro na mmiri ọṅụṅụ site na hydraulic fracturing, nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ezughị ezu usoro tupu na post-hydraulic fracturing data banyere àgwà mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na ọnụnọ nke ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmetọ na. gbochie njikọ dị n'etiti mmanu siri ike na mwepu gas na mmetụta ya.
Ọzọkwa, a na-eche na mmetọ ahụ nwekwara ike ịkpata na mbugharị capillary nke mmiri residual hyper-saline miri na hydraulic fracturing fluid, ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe na mmejọ na mgbaji ruo mgbe emesịa na-akpakọrịta na mmiri ala mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta na-arụ ụka na. permeability nke nkume na-agafe n'ụdị shale dị oke ala nke na-ekwe ka nke a mee nke ọma. Iji gosipụta echiche a, ọ ga-abụrị na e nwere akara nke trihalomethanes (THM) nsị ebe ha bụ na ejikọtakwara ya na mmetụ gas furu efu. E wezụga nke ahụ, mmiri nnu dị elu bụ ihe okike a na-ahụkarị n'usoro miri emi.
Ọ bụ ezie na nkwubi okwu banyere mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dịka nsonaazụ nke hydraulic fracturing fluid flow nwere ike igbochi ma ohere maka sistemụ gas metọrọ dabere karịsịa na iguzosi Ike ku yosi ihe nke mmanụ shale / olulu, yana ọnọdụ ya metụtara usoro mgbawa mpaghara nke enwere ike inye ụzọ ndị ga-agafe.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbasara n'ọtụtụ ebe, mmetọ sistemụ site na hydraulic fracturing abụwo nke a rụrịtara ụka siri ike, otu isi ihe kpatara mmerụ ahụ nwere nkwekọrịta kachasị ukwuu n'etiti ndị nchọpụta ịbụ nsogbu kacha njọ bụ mpịakọta mberede mmiri mgbawa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe omume mmetọ mmiri ndị na-esite n'okporo ụzọ ụmụ mmadụ nke elu karịa ịbawanye ala site na ntọala shale. Ọ bụ ezie na mmebi ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe doro anya, a na-emekwa mgbalị dị ukwuu iji gbochie ọdachi ndị a ime ugboro ole na ibe ha, enweghị data sitere n'ịgbapụta mmanụ ka ga-ahapụ ndị nchọpụta nọgide. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị a, data e nwetara site na mgbapụta ma ọ bụ nsị ahụ anaghị adịkarị mgbagwoju anya, ya mere ga-eduga ndị nchọpụta ka ha ghara inwe nkwubi okwu.
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) mere ihe nlereanya maka mmepụta gas dị omimi na North German Basin. Ha kwubiri na o yikarịrị ka ịrị elu nke mmiri fracking site n'okpuru ala ruo n'elu ga-emetụta obere mmiri dị n'ime.
Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa
Mmiri na-agbapụta n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri dị ala. Kemịkal nwere ike banye n'ime mmiri ala site na mmiri ozuzo na mpụta mmiri. A chọrọ ka e ji ụrọ ma ọ bụ ihe sịntetịt ọzọ kpuchie ebe ọhụrụ a na-edebe ala, yana leachate iji chebe mmiri ala gbara ya gburugburu. Otú ọ dị, ebe a na-edebe ala ochie enweghị usoro ndị a, ọ na-adịkarịkwa nso na mmiri dị n'elu na n'ime ala ndị nwere ike ịgbasa. Ngwunye ala mechiri emechi ka nwere ike ibute mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ihe na-enweghị ike kpuchie ya tupu emechi ya ka ọ ghara ịwụsa ihe mmetọ..
Love Canal bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ a ma ama nke mmetọ mmiri dị ala. N'afọ 1978, ndị bi n'ógbè Love Canal dị na New York chọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọrịa kansa yana ọnụọgụ nkwarụ ọmụmụ. Nke a mechara chọpụta na ihe ndị e ji edozi mmiri ma dioxins sitere n'ebe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke arụnyere gburugburu ya, bụ ebe ọ batara wee banye n'ime Mmiri ahụ iji mebie ikuku. A kwụrụ ezinụlọ narị asatọ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ha wee kwaga, mgbe nnukwu agha iwu na mgbasa ozi.
Ịgbabiga mmiri ókè
Data Satellite na Mekong Delta dị na Vietnam enyewo ihe akaebe na mmiri karịrị akarị nke ala n'okpuru ebe ahụ ga-eme ka ọdịda ụwa nakwa maka ịhapụ arsenic na ikekwe ọla ndị ọzọ. A na-achọta arsenic n'ime ụrọ ndị dị elu maka oke ala ha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dabere na ihe ruru ájá. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-agafe ájá na gravels nwere obere arsenic. Otú ọ dị, n'oge mgbapụta gabigara ókè, gradient kwụ ọtọ na-adọta mmiri site na ụrọ ndị a naghị agafe emebi, si otú ahụ kwalite ntọhapụ arsenic banye na Mmiri.
Ndị ọzọ
Enwere ike ime mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mwụfu kemịkalụ sitere na ọrụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mwụfu kemịkalụ na-eme n'oge njem (dịka mwụfu mmanụ dizel), mkpofu ahịhịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ntinye site na mkpọpu mmiri n'obodo ukwu ma ọ bụ ọrụ Ngwuputa, nnu okporo ụzọ, kemịkalụ na-ekpochapụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ọbụna mmetọ ikuku ebe ọ bụ na mmiri dị n'ime ala bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri hydrologic.
I liri ozu na mmebi ha nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.
Usoro
Mmiri na-agafe n'okpuru ala nwere ike inye ihe mgbochi a pụrụ ịdabere ná ntị maka mmetọ mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọnọdụ dị mma.
Ọdịiche nke mpaghara ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibugharị mmetọ. Ebe nwere ike ịnwe ala ájá, nkume gbawara agbawa, ụrọ ma ọ bụ hardpan. Mpaghara nke karst topography na nkume limestone nwere ike imerụ mmetọ n'elu mmiri site. Njehie ala ọma jijiji nwekwara ike ịbụ ụzọ mbata maka ịbanye na mmetọ. Ọnọdụ tebụl mmiri dị oke mkpa maka inye ya mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ịgba ala ugbo iyi, mkpofu ihe (gụnyere nsị nuklia), ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara gburugburu ụwa.
Ọtụtụ kemịkal na-emebi ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke mmiri, ọkachasị n'ime ogologo oge dị ka ebe nchekwa mmiri dị n'ime ala. Otu ụdị dị ịrịba ama nke kemịkal ndị a bụ hydrocarbons chlorinated dịka trichloroethylene (nke e ji mee ihe na mmepụta ígwè ma mepụtara ngwá electronic) na tetrachloro ethylene eji eme ụlọ ọrụ nhicha akọrọ. Ọgwụ abụọ a, nke bụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa kansa n'onwe ya, nwere mmeghachi omume ire ure ụfọdụ, na-eduga na kemịkal ọhụrụ dị ize ndụ (gụnyere dichloroethylene na vinyl chloride).
Mmekọrịta ya na mmiri dị n'elu
Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere njikọ, a naghị amụkarị mmiri dị n'elu ala ma jikwaa ya dịka ihe onwunwe pụrụ iche. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri ala na nke elu bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya. Mmiri dị n'elu na-abanye n'ime ala wee ghọọ mmiri nọ n'okpuru. N'aka nke ọzọ, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwekwara ike inye isi iyi mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ osimiri na ọdọ mmiri sitere n'okpuru ala. Nke a pụtara na mmebi nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nwere ike imetụta osimiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị dabere ya. Mmiri nnu na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị iche iche bụ ihe atụ nke mmekọrịta ndị a.
Mgbasa ma ọ bụ ntọhapụ na-aga n'ihu nke kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ radionuclide mmetọ banye n'ime ala (nke dị anya site na mmiri elu) nwere ike ghara ịmepụta ntụpọ ma ọ bụ isi iyi mana enwere ike imerịta ihe ndị ahụ nọ n'okpuru, mepụta anwụrụ ọkụ. Enwere ike inyocha mmegharị nke plume ahụ site na ụdị ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe nlereanya mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.
Mgbochi
thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi na enwere ihe ize ndụ dị ala nke mmetọ mmiri n'okpuru ebe omimi miri emi karịa
Ụkpụrụ nchebe
Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya, nke sitere na ụkpụrụ 15 nke Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, dị mkpa n'ichepụta ihe ndị mmiri ala site na mmetọ. Ụkpụrụ nchebe ahụ na-enye na "ebe enwere egwu nke mmebi a ga-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke agaghị eji ya mee ihe dị ka ebumnuche maka iwepụ usoro ndị bara uru iji gbochie imezi gburugburu ebe obibi".
Otu n'ime ụkpụrụ isii bụ isi nke iwu mmiri European Union (EU) bụ itinye usoro nchebe.
Nlekota nke ịdị mma mmiri n'okpuru ala
A na-etinye usoro nlekota nke mmiri dị ala mgbe niile n'ọtụtụ mba gburugburu ụwa. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa iji ghọta usoro hydrogeological, na maka mmepe nke ụdị echiche na map ndị nwere ike ịdabere n'ime mmiri.
A ghaghị ileba anya mgbe niile n'ụdị mmiri dị ala gafee ebe a na-egwu mmanụ iji chọpụta ihe ndị mmadụ nwere. Nnyocha mmiri dị n'okpuru ala kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu mmetọ nchegbu. Enwere ike iji ọkwa mmetọ tụnyere ntuziaka World Health Organization (WHO) maka ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka njedebe nke mmetọ dị ala dịka ị gafere ahụike.
A ga-enye ego zuru oke iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha ogologo oge. Mgbe a chọtara nsogbu, e kwesịrị ime ihe iji dozie ya. Ntiwapụ nke mmiri na United States belatara site n'iwebata nyocha siri ike (na ọgwụgwọ) chọrọ ná mmalite afọ 90.
Obodo ahụ nwekwara ike inye aka nyochaa ogo mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị emepụtala ụzọ ndị nwere ike ịmepụta map ihe ize ndụ maka ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ime mmiri dị ala. Nke a na-enye ụzọ dị irè iji chọpụta olulu mmiri ndị kwesịrị ịnwale.
Mpaghara ala maka nchebe mmiri dị n'okpuru
Ọtụtụ ndị isi mmiri emeela mmepe nke map mpaghara iji ala mee ihe n'ụzọ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. E nwere ụdị map mpaghara abụọ: chaatị na-adịghị ike nke mmiri dị n'ime ala na eserese nchebe isi iyi.
Map nke mmiri na-adịghị ike
Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe dị mkpa (ma ọ bụ nke okike) maka mmetọ mmiri. N'ụzọ dị nro, ụfọdụ aquifers na-enwekwu mmetọ karịa ndị ọzọ. Mmiri ndị na-enweghị mgbochi dị n'okpuru ala nọkarị n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ n'ihi na e nwere obere ọkwa iji nyochaa ihe emetụ.
Mpaghara na-enweghị ntụpọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwụsị (na iwepụ) pathogens ma yabụ a ghaghị ịtụle mgbe ị ga-enyocha adịghị mma nke mmiri. Ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ kachasị ukwuu n'elu ala ebe mbelata pathogens na-arụ ọrụ karịa.
Nkwadebe nke map ndị na-adịghị ike gụnyere itinye ọtụtụ eserese isiokwu banyere ihe anụ ahụ ahọpụtara iji kọwaa adịghị mma mmiri. . Ụzọ ọzọ nke EPA mepụtara, usoro nyocha a na-akpọ "DRASTIC", na-eji ihe asaa hydrogeological emepụta ndepụta nke adịghị ike: omimi maka tebụl mmiri, net Recharge, mgbasa ozi Aquifer, ala media, Topography (mgbidi), Mmetụta n'ógbè vadose, na conductivity.
E nwere
Map nchebe
Ụzọ nyocha site na iji usoro kọwaa mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na njem mmetọ bụ nke a kacha jiri mee ihe. WHPA bụ usoro nyocha nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mepụtara site na US EPA maka ịkọwa mpaghara mmeri na ebe nchekwa isi iyi.
Ụdị kachasị mfe nke mpaghara na-eji usoro dị anya ebe a chụpụrụ ihe omume n'ime otu oge akọwapụtara gburugburu isi.
Ịchọta usoro nhicha n'ebe ahụ
Dị ka mmetụta ahụike nke ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na-ebilite mgbe ikpughe ogologo oge, ihe ize ndụ ahụike sitere na kemịkal na-adịkarị ala karịa nke nje na-akpata.. Ya mere, ogo nke usoro nchebe isi iyi bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ma pathogens nwere ike ịdị na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ikpeazụ.
Enwere ike ịhazi usoro ịdị ọcha na saịtị n'ụzọ ga-eme ka mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala site na usoro ịdị ọcha ndị a ghara ime.. E mepụtara ntuziaka zuru ezu iji tụọ anya dị nchebe maka ichepụta isi iyi mmiri n'okpuru ala site na mmetọ nke ịdị ọcha. A tụwo aro ụkpụrụ ndị a maka ọnọdụ dị nchebe (ya bụ, ikpebi ebe) nke usoro nhicha na saịtị:
Dị ka ntuziaka zuru oke, a na-atụ aro na ala nke olulu ahụ kwesịrị ịdịkarịa ala mita abụọ n'elu ọkwa mmiri dị n'okpuru ebe obibi, yana obere anya 30m site na oghere na isi iyi iji belata mmetọ nje. Otú ọ bụ ezie na ekwesighi ikwu okwu gbasara kacha nta ọdịiche akụkụ achọrọ igbochi mmerụcha nkeolugu si ụlọ mposi ya pụta ìhè. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbụlagodi 50m mpụta anya nkewa nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu oke na sistemu karstified siri ike nwere olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbadata, ebe anya nkewa mpụta 10m zuru oke ma ọ bụrụ na enwere akwa mkpuchi ụrọ mepere emepe nke ọma yana oghere anular nke. A na-emechi olulu mmiri dị n'ime ala nke ọma.
Iwu
Okwu ụlọ ọrụ na nke iwu dị oke mkpa n'ịkọwa ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke ụkpụrụ nchebe mmiri ala. Na United States Iwu nchekwa nchekwa na mgbake akụrụngwa na-echebe mmiri dị n'ime ala site n'ịhazi mkpofu ahịhịa siri ike na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, yana Nzaghachi gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ụgwọ ọrụ, nke a makwaara dị ka "Superfund", chọrọ ndozigharị nke ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ agbahapụ. thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama dị nso na Mannheim, Germany, nke na-egosi mpaghara dịka "ebe nchebe mmiri n'okpuru ala"
Nchịkwa
Enwere ike ịchịkọta nhọrọ maka mezie mmiri dị n'ime ala n'ime ụdị ndị a:
Ọgwụgwọ a ga-eji mee ihe
Enwere ike iji ngwaọrụ na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ "point-of-eji" (POU) usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na usoro ịgbasa mmiri n'ubi iji wepụ ụfọdụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala tupu ịṅụ mmanya, ya bụ mmetọ fecal ọ bụla. Ọtụtụ sistemu eji eme ka mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye kemịkalụ nke nwere ike wepu nje, chlorine, uto ọjọọ, isi na ọla dị arọ dị ka lead na mercury.
Usoro gụnyere ịsị esi, ọzịz, ọgwụ kemịkalụ, ultraviolet ọcha, mmiri mmiri ozone, mkpochapụ mmiri anyanwụ, ntanye anyanwụ, ihe nzacha mmiri arụrụ n'ụlọ.
Ihe nzacha mkpochapụ arsenic (ARF) bụ teknụzụ raara onwe ya nye a na-etinyekarị iji wepụ arsenic. Ọtụtụ n'ime teknụzụ ndị a chọrọ itinye ego ego na nrụzi ogologo oge. Ndị ọrụ na-ahapụkarị ihe nzacha na Bangladesh n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ na nhazi ha siri ike, nke dịkwa oke ọnụ.
Mgbanwe mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala siri ike belata karịa mmetụ nke elu ebe ọ bụ na Mmiri nọ n'ime ya nwere ike ịkwaga ogologo oge site na aquifers a naghị ahụ anya. Mmiri na-enweghị oghere dị ka ụrọ mere ka mmiri nke nje bacteria ghara ịdị ọcha site n'ịgbanye ya (adsorption and absorption), ịgbaze, yana, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mmeghachi omume kemikal na ọrụ ndụ; Otú ọ dị, n'okwu ole na ole, ihe ndị ahụ metọrọ emetọ gbanwere naanị ghọọ ihe emetụta ala. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke na-agafe oghere ndị mepere emepe ma nwee ike ibugharị ya dịka mmiri elu. N'ezie, nke a nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site n'àgwà mmadụ iji sinkholes sitere na okike mee ihe dịka ebe mkpofu ahịhịa karst.
Enwere ike wepu ihe mmetọ na ihe mmetọ na mmiri ala site na itinye usoro dị iche iche wee mee ka ọ dị mma maka ojiji. Usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ala (ma ọ bụ ngbanwe) na-agbasa teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ ndụ, kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke ala na-eji ngwakọta teknụzụ eme ihe. Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ndu gụnyere bioaugmentation, bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, na phytoremediation. Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ kemịkal gụnyere ozone na oxygen injection gas, mmiri ozuzo, nkewa akpụkpọ ahụ, mgbanwe ion, absorption carbon, aqueous chemical oxidation, na mgbake na-emewanyewanye elu. Enwere ike ime ụfọdụ usoro kemịkalụ site na iji nanomaterials. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na, mgbapụta na ọgwụgwọ, sparging ikuku, na mmịpụta akụkụ abụọ.
Ịhapụ ya
Ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ imezigharị mmiri dị n'ime ala metọọ dị ka ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ dị oke ọnụ, mgbe ahụ ịhapụ iji mmiri aquifer a na-achọta ebe ọzọ isi mmiri bụ naanị nhọrọ ọzọ.
Lusaka, Zambia
Mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Lusaka, isi obodo Zambia, nwere ọnọdụ ala bụ karstified siri ike ma n'ihi ya na mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nọ nso ebe a.
Obodo Babati, Tanzania
Na Tanzania, ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya dabere n'isi iyi mmiri dị ala, ọkachasị site na olulu miri emi nke ebe ahụ, maka ịṅụ mmanya na ebumnuche ụlọ ọzọ. Ọnụ ego nke mmiri gọọmentị emeela ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ dabere na olulu ndị mmadụ karịa ụlọ ọrụ Babati. Mmiri a na-eri site n'isi iyi mmiri nwa oge nke amaghị mma (karịsịa olulu ndị omimi) emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mmadụ nwee ọrịa sitere na mmiri. Na Tanzania, a na-akọwa ụmụaka pụkụ ịrị abụọ na atọ na narị itoolu n'okpuru afọ ise ka ha ga-anwụ kwa afọ site na ọrịa ọnyụnyụ ọbara na afọ ọsịsa metụtara ịṅụ mmiri adịghị mma.
India
Ganga River Basin (GRB) nke bụ mmiri dị nsọ maka ndị Hindu na-eche oke mmetọ arsenic ihu. India na-ekpuchi 79% nke GRB, ya mere ọtụtụ steeti emetụtala. Steeti ndị metụtara gụnyere Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradech, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Haryana na West Bengal. Ọnọdụ arsenic ruru 4730 μg / L na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, ~ 1000μg - l na mmiri ịgba ọsọ, yana ihe ruo 3947 μ g "kg" na nri niile karịrị ụkpụrụ nke United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization maka ịnya ụgbọ elu na ọkọlọtọ World Health Organisation Maka Mmiri ọṅụṅụ. N'ihi ya, ndị mmadụ na-ahụkarị ọrịa nke metụtara akpụkpọ ahụ ha, akwara ụbụrụ, ọmụmụ ihe na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, ọbụnakwa nwee ike ịkpata kansa.
N'India gọọmentị aga n'ihu ịkwalite mmepe idebe ihe ọcha iji lụso ịrị elu nke mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ. Mbọ a egosila nsonaazụ ma belata mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala ma belata ohere nke ọrịa maka ndị nne na ụmụaka bụ ndị okwu a metụtara nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa nke ukwuu dịka ọmụmụ si kwuo, ihe karịrị ụmụaka 117,000 na-erubeghị afọ ise na-anwụ kwa afọ n'ihi iri mmiri rụrụ arụ. Mgbalị mba ahụ ahụla ihe ịga nke ọma na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe nke akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ.
Hinkley, U.S
Obodo Hinkley, California (U.S.), nwere mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ya na-emetọ chromium hexavalent malite na 1952, nke dugara ikpe megide Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) yana nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ nde dollar na 1996. E gosipụtara ikpe ahụ na ihe nkiri Erin Brockovich, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 2000.
San Joaquin, U.S
Mgbapụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na mpaghara San Joaquin, California, ebutela mmetọ arsenic. San Joaquin county echewo oke mgbapụta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke mere ka ala dị n'okpuru San Joaquin mebie wee mebie akụrụngwa. Nke a kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala ekwela ka arsenic banye n'ime mmiri mmiri dị n'ime ala nke na-enye mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nde ndị bi na ya ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ubi maka ihe ọkụkụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ubi ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na US. Aquifers bụ ájá na gravel nke ụrọ dị obere kewapụrụ bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka sponge nke na-ejide mmiri na arsenic. Mgbe a na-agbapụta mmiri nke ọma, aquifer na-apịaji ma na-ada n'ala nke na-eduga na ụrọ na-ahapụ arsenic. Nnyocha na-egosi na aquifers merụrụ n'ihi n'ịfefefefefe, ha nwere ike ịgbake ma ọ bụrụ na nkwụsịtụ kwụsịrị.
Walkerton, Canada
N'afọ 2000, mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere na obere obodo Walkerton, Canada nke dugara ọnwụ asaa n'ihe a maara dịka ntiwapụ walkerton E. Coli. Mmiri nke e si na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nweta merụrụ O157:H7 bacteria. Mmetọ a bụ n'ihi na ugbo ahụ abanye mu olulu mmiri dị nso nke nwere ike imerụ mmetorị.
Sally Kipyego
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Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala
Edensibia
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Sally Kipyego
Sally Jepkosgei Kipyego (amụrụ na 19 Disemba, na afọ 1985) bụ onye America na-agba ọsọ ogologo na nke etiti. Ọ bụ onye nwetara ọlaọcha na mita 10,000 na afọ 2011 World Championships in Athletics na onye nwetara ọla ọcha n'otu asọmpi ahụ na afọ 2012 Summer Olympics na London. O nwere ihe ndekọ nke onwe ya nke 30:38.35 nkeji maka ihe omume ahụ na mita 5000 kachasị mma nke 14:30.42 nkeji na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị Kenya nke abụọ kachasị ọsọ maka anya.
O meriri dị ka akụkụ nke Texas Tech Red Raiders cross country na track and field teams n'okpuru onye nkuzi Wes Kittley. Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị Kenya mbụ meriri n'asọmpi NCAA cross country, nwanyị mbụ meriri atọ NCAA Division I Cross Country titles, na onye mbụ na-agba ọsọ meriri atọ Big 12 Conference cross country titles. O nwetakwara mmeri atọ na-aga n'ihu NCAA Indoor n'elu 5000 m ma bụrụ onye mmeri NCAA Outdoor ugboro abụọ. Ya na Suzy Favor-Hamilton jikọtara maka ọtụtụ asọmpi n'otu n'otu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke NCAA. Kipyego meriri ọtụtụ asọmpi NCAA n'otu n'otu na afọ 2 karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-agba ọsọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme NCAA. N'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, Kipyego nwetara akara ugo mmụta nọọsụ. Ọ na-agba ọsọ ọkachamara na International Association of Athletics Federations ' ("IAAF") World Athletics Tour. Nike, Inc. na-akwado ya.
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ ya na Kapsowar, Marakwet District, Kipyego gara Kaptiony Primary School. A kwaturu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na Jenụwarị na afọ 2013, ụlọ akwụkwọ Shoe4Africa Sally Kipyego nke e wuru ọhụrụ dochie ya. Ọrụ ịgba ọsọ Kipyego malitere n'afọ 2000 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ nọchitere anya Kenya dị ka onye na-eto eto na IAAF World Cross Country Championships, na-emecha nke asatọ. Otú ọ dị, ọkpụkpụ nchekasị gbochiri ya na 2002 na 2003 tupu ọ banye kọleji na United States.
Ọrụ kọleji
Sally Kipyego bụ onye mbụ Texas Tech Big 12 XC Champ na naanị nwanyị meriri 3 Big 12 Conference cross country titles (06, 07, 08).
Social issues in China
Okwu gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na China dị ukwuu, ma bụrụ nchịkọta nke mgbanwe akụ na ụba China nke etinyere na njedebe 1970s, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala obodo, na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị na mba ahụ, gọọmentị China echewo ihe isi ike ihu n'ịgbalị imezi nsogbu ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị a na-ekpughere site na mgbasa ozi China, ebe isiokwu ndị nwere ike ịnwe okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike ịkatọ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na nguzozi mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-esighị ike nke China, yana akụ na ụba afụ na -eme ka China bụrụ obodo na-akwụghị ụgwọ, ebe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka na usoro ọha mmadụ nke China emepụtala nguzozi iji kwado onwe ya.
Sally Kipyego
2007
Mgbe ọ bịarutere na United States, Kipyego gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ịgba ọsọ ya dị ka akụkụ nke South Plains College Texans track and cross country team ruo ọnwa atọ tupu ọ banye na Texas Tech Red Raiders cross country na track and field teams, na-aghọ nwanyị Kenya mbụ meriri NCAA cross country individual championship. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu na kọleji kachasị elu na United States. Nsọpụrụ a mere ka ọ bụrụ onye natara 2007 Honda Sports Award ma nye ya nhọpụta na-akpaghị aka maka onyinye Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year. Kipyego bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị asaa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke NCAA iji merie utu aha egwu anọ n'otu oge.
N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Kipyego meriri asọmpi mba nke abụọ ya n'usoro. N'ime nke a, o setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ, na-emeri nke gara aga site na sekọnd 18.
2008
Dị ka nwanyị kachasị elu na-agba ọsọ na mba ahụ, a họpụtara Kipyego ka ọ nata onyinye egwuregwu Honda nke afọ 2008.
N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2008, Kipyego meriri n'asọmpi nke isii ya na afọ 2008 NCAA Division I Indoor Track & Field Championships na 5000 m, ọzọ na oge kachasị n'ụwa. US Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association kpọrọ Kipyego USTFCCCA Division I Indoor Track & Field Women's Track Athlete of the Year maka afọ 2008. Ka oge na-aga, njikọ ahụ nyekwara Kipyego ihe nrite nke Women's Athlete of the Year maka oge mpụga nke afọ 2008.
Na 5 Mee, na afọ 2008, Kipyego setịpụrụ ndekọ NCAA 10,000-meter n'oge 31:25.45 na Stanford invitational (Palo Alto, CA), na-emeri ndekọ gara aga nke Lisa Koll nwere ihe karịrị 45 sekọnd. Ihe ndekọ ahụ guzo ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ abụọ, mgbe Koll weghachiri ya n'otu egwu ahụ na afọ 2010.
Na 13 June 2008, Kipyego meriri n'asọmpi nke asaa ya na 2008 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track & Field Championships na 5000 m, yana oge ndekọ NCAA. Ọ sochiri arụmọrụ ahụ site na njedebe nke abụọ na 1500m na 14 na onwa nke isii, na afọ 2008. N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2008, Kipyego meriri Big 12 Cross Country Championship na oge nke 19:45, ihe karịrị sekọnd 50 karịa onye otu nke abụọ Lillian Badaru. Mmeri ya nyeere ụmụ nwanyị Texas Tech aka imeri asọmpi asọmpi mbụ ha. Kipyego ghọrọ onye mbụ na-agba ọsọ kemgbe e guzobere nzukọ ahụ iji merie aha nzukọ atọ n'usoro.
2009
N'afọ 2009, e nyere Kipyego onyinye Honda Sports nke atọ n'usoro. Ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu mbụ a na-asọpụrụ ugboro atọ na ihe nrite mba nke mmemme ahụ. Kipyego mechiri ọrụ kọleji ya na 2009 Division I Indoor Track & Field Championships. O nwetara aha nke itoolu ya site na mmeri nke mita 5000. Nke a jikọtara ya na Suzy Favor-Hamilton nke Wisconsin maka ọtụtụ asọmpi NCAA. O were Kipyego naanị afọ abụọ na ọkara iji mezuo ihe Favor-Hamilton mere na anọ. Na asọmpi kọleji ikpeazụ ya, mile, ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ iri nke abụọ kewara Kipyego site na onye mmeri Sarah Bowman nke Mahadum Tennessee.
2012
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, Kipyego meriri 5000m na Payton Jordan Invitational na oge nke 14:43:11. 3000m kacha mma nke 8:35.89 nkeji bịara na Prefontaine Classic, ebe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ. O kwere nkwa isonye n'egwuregwu Olympic site n'ịbịa nke atọ na ihe omume nnwale 10,000m nke Kenya na Nairobi. O meriri na 5000 m na 10000 m, merie ọlaọcha na 10000 m ma jiri ihe nrite na 5000 m, na-agwụ ihe na-erughị nke abụọ n'azụ onye nrite ọla nchara Tirunesh Dibaba.
Otu nke ndị agha gburugburu
thumb|Òtù Ndị Agha Eco Eco Warrior Movement bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke dí na Ghana nke ha ndí na-eto eto na arúkóríta níhe gbasara ihu igwe na chekwa gburugburu. otu a bụ òtù ndị ntorobịa na ndị ntorobịa duziri nke ebumnuche ya bụ iweghachi ala ndị mebiri emebi ma belata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na usoro jikọtara ọnụ na nke gụnyere.Otuo-Akyampong Boakye, si mba Ghana, onye na-ahú maka gburugburu n'úzó iji sayensi, malitere Eco-Warriors Movement na'fó 2020.
Sally Kipyego
2012
Na onwa Septemba, na afọ 2012, MRI na CT-Scans ga-ekpughe ọkpụkpụ Calcaneus gbajiri agbaji na nkwonkwo ụkwụ aka ekpe ya; Mana n'ọnwa Eprel, na afo 2013, dịka oge egwu na-apụta ìhè, ọkpụkpụ Kipyego Calcaneus mebiri ọzọ.
2014
Na ọnwa Machị, na afọ 2014, Sally Kipyego meriri ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọkara marathon nke New York City na 1:08:31. Na Mee, na afọ 2014, Kipyego meriri 10,000m ụmụ nwanyị na 30:42.26 na afọ 2014 Payton Jordan Invitational. Asọmpi Kipyego bụ ọsọ 10,000 mita kachasị ọsọ n'ụwa ka ọ na-erule 10 Julaị 2014. Na 18 Julaị, Kipyego gbara ọsọ 14:37.18 na Diamond League Monaco.
John W. Mosley
John W. Mosley (May 19, 1907 October 1, 1969) bụ onye na-ese foto nke onwe ya nke na-edepụta ọrụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị Africa America na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ruo ihe karịrị afọ 30, oge gụnyere Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na òtù ikike obodo. E bipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin gụnyere The Philadelphia Tribune, The Pittsburgh Courier na <i id="mwHQ">Jet</i> magazine.
Sally Kipyego
2014
Sally Kipyego meriri na Millrose Games nke ụmụ nwanyị 3000m na 8:41.72, na-etinye ihe ndekọ, ma na-emecha 1.47 sekọnd n'ihu onye obodo ya Betsy Saina.
John W. Mosley
A na-akpọ Mosley "onye agha omenala" maka ichekwa ihe ndekọ nke ndụ ndị Africa America na Philadelphia na Pennsylvania, nke na-alụ ọgụ megide "echiche na-adịghị mma na nkọwa ụgha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị ndị Africa America". Ihe karịrị 300,000 nke foto Mosley gụnyere na Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection na Mahadum Temple. E gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya na Philadelphia International Airport na Woodmere Art Museum.
Otu nke ndị agha gburugburu
Ihe omume
1. Climate Smart Tree: ọrụ ahụ na-eji sayensị nke ịkụ osisi iji mee ka ikuku dị ọcha, iji mechie carbon, iji mepụta ebe obibi maka ihe ndị dị n'ime osisi ma malite akpa nke oké ọhịa dị n'obodo ukwu gburugburu ebe ndị metụtara ịdị ọcha dị ka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ụlọ mposi ọha na eze n'obodo mepere emepe na Ghana.
Sally Kipyego
2014
Na-asọmpi na mita 5,000 na Payton Jordan Invitational na 2 Mee, na afọ 2015, ọ gbara ọsọ IAAF World Championships na Athletics ụwa na Athletic na afọ 2016 Summer Olympics "A" ọkọlọtọ oge iru eru nke 14:57.44 ma bụrụ onye mmeri n'ihu onye obodo ya Betsy Saina.
John W. Mosley
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ John W. Mosley na 1907 na Lumberton, North Carolina. Nna ya bụ onye ụkọchukwu Baptist na onye na-akpụ isi. Mosley gbara bọọlụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ malitere ịkụziri onwe ya foto na igwefoto igbe dị mfe na 1920s. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith na Charlotte, North Carolina.
Otu nke ndị agha gburugburu
Ihe omume
2. Akụkọ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi: Ọrụ ịkọ akụkọ na-eji akụkọ dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji kwado ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi ma kụziere ndị na-eto eto, na-ekerịta ihe ncheta nwata anyị banyere otu okike si nye anyị ma hụ na mmekọrịta anyị na ntọala obodo.
John W. Mosley
Oge ọ malitere
N'afọ 1934, Mosley kwagara Philadelphia dị ka akụkụ nke Great Migration. N'ebe ahụ, ọ nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na Barksdale Photography Studio. O mechara nwee ụlọ ọchịchịrị na ụlọ foto na Christian Street YMCA.
Otu nke ndị agha gburugburu
Ihe omume
3. Eco Club Formation: na-agba mbọ n'usoro agụmakwụkwọ na-agba iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe site n'ịmepụta klọb n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-emekọrịta ihe ma na-etinye aka ịchọta ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo ha.
4. Iji Open Knowledge iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ọrụ Wikimedia.
Sally Kipyego
2014
Sally Kipyego nọ n'ọnọdụ nke ise na 31:44.42 na afọ 2015 World Championships in Athletics nke ụmụ nwanyị 10,000 mita.
Na ọnwa Nọvemba 1, Kipyego gbara ọsọ na marathon mbụ ya: TCS New York City Marathon. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe NYC Marathon buru amụma nke 65 n'ụbọchị asọmpi, yana ohere pasent 50 nke mmiri ozuzo na ifufe 9 mph. Kipyego sooro ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọkwá dị elu gbaa ọsọ ruo kilomita 23, ebe ọ kwụsịrị.
2016
Sally Kipyego gbara ọsọ 14:43.98 na 2016 Prefontaine Classic 5000 mita na Eugene, Oregon (USA) na onwa Mee 27, na afọ 2016. Na June 30, na afọ 2016, Kipyego gbara ọsọ 32:37.11 maka mita 10,000 na 2016 Athletics Kenya Olympic Trials na Eldoret 2200 m (7,217  in) elu. Kipyego meriri Rock 'n' Roll San Jose Half Marathon na 1:09:53 na San Jose, California. Onye nke abụọ Sally Kipyego (2:28:01) na afọ 2016 New York City Marathon n'azụ onye mmeri Mary Keitany (2:24:26) na n'ihu Molly Huddle onye nke atọ na 2:28:13.
2020
Na Atlanta, Georgia, na U.S. Women's Olympic Trials Marathon na Febụwarị 29, na afọ 2020, Sally Kipyego nwetara ọnọdụ nke atọ na 2:28:52. O nwetara ebe na US Olympic Team wee merie $ 55,000.
2021
A na-ewere Kipyego dị ka onye kachasị asọmpi na-abanye na Olympic Marathon na Sapporo, Japan, Ọgọst 7, 2021. Ọ gbara ọsọ na ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ihu n'akụkụ onye otu Molly Seidel na ndị Kenya kachasị elu (Peres Jepchirchir na Brigid Kosgei) site na ọkara mbụ nke ọsọ ahụ. N'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na mmiri, ọsọ Kipyego adịghị ike iji soro ìgwè ahụ. Ọ laghachiri azụ wee mechie nke iri na asaa na 2:32:53, nkeji ise na ọkara site na onye mmeri Jepchirchir.
Ndụ onwe onye
Kipyego gara Moi Kapcherop Girls High School na Kapcherop, Marakwet District, ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ ghọrọ ndị na-agba ọsọ ọkachamara, dị ka Pasca Myers. Ụmụnne ya ndị okenye, Mike Kipyego na Christopher Kipyego, bụkwa ndị na-agba ọsọ.
Mgbe Kipyego dị afọ anọ, nna ya nwụrụ, na-ahapụ nne ya ịzụlite ụmụ asaa. Ezinụlọ ahụ dara ogbenye, nne ya na-arịa ọrịa mgbe niile. Mgbe Kipyego dị afọ iri na otu, enyi nwanne ya nwoke merụrụ ahụ n'ihe mberede ịnyịnya ígwè. Kipyego gbara kilomita asaa gaa n'ụlọ ọgwụ kacha nso mana dọkịta ahụ ṅụbigara mmanya ókè wee chụpụ ya. Ihe omume ndị a nyere Kipyego ọchịchọ ịghọ nọọsụ ka o wee nwee ike inye nlekọta ahụike ka mma na mba ya.
Kipyego debara aha ya na South Plains College na Levelland, Texas. Mgbe ọ gafere na Texas Tech, ọ tinyere akwụkwọ maka mmemme nọọsụ na Febụwarị na afọ 2007. Kipyego natara akwụkwọ ozi nnabata wee malite klas nọọsụ mbụ ya na 5 Julaị na afọ 2007. Kipyego nwetara akara ugo mmụta nọọsụ na Mee 2009. Texas Tech cross country All-American Kevin Chelimo, ugbu a onye na-enyere onye nkuzi afọ ofufo aka maka Texas Tech Red Raiders, lụrụ Sally Kipyego n'oge ọkọchị 2008.
Na ọnwa Jenụwarị, na afọ 2017, Kipyego ghọrọ nwa amaala US.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
John W. Mosley
Foto
Mosley nwere ọganihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto site na 1930s ruo 1960s. A maara ya na ọ na-ese foto ihe ruru ihe omume anọ n'ụbọchị, ụbọchị asaa n'izu. Ọ gara gburugburu Philadelphia na njem ọha na eze, na-ebu igwefoto ya na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ.
Mosley gbara na fim ojii na ọcha. O jiri igwefoto Graflex Speed Graphic buru ịbu. na Rollieflex dị n'etiti.
N'etiti ndị o sere foto bụ onye ndú Duke Ellington, onye na-afụ òpi Cootie Williams, onye na'egwuregwu basketball Wilt Chamberlain, onye na na-egwu tenis Ora Washington, Paul Leroy Robeson, Billy Eckstine, Billie Holiday, Martin Luther King Jr., Cecil B. Moore, Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, na Onye isi ala Richard Nixon, ịkpọ aha naanị ole na ole.
Ebe ndị o weghaara gụnyere Nixon's Grand Theatre na Broad Street na Montgomery Avenue; Earle Theatre na 1049 Market Street; Chicken Bone Beach na Atlantic City, Glamour Row, na Club Harlem. Pyramid Club bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ebe ọdịbendị na ndụ ndị Africa America na Philadelphia nke o dere, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto nke klọb ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ. O bipụtara abọm foto kwa afọ maka klọb ahụ, Pictorial Album of the Pyramid Club. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ese foto nke First African Presbyterian Church na Philadelphia.
Mosley bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ojii America mbụ ịbụ onye na-ese foto. E bipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Afrịka na America dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka The Philadelphia Tribune na Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, na The Pittsburgh Courier ma gosipụta na magazin Jet</i>.
Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection na Mahadum Temple nwere ihe karịrị foto 300,000 nke Mosley sere. Nchịkọta onwe onye nke Blockson nke ihe ndị metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke ndị si n'Afrịka bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na United States. Blockson nwetara foto Mosley site na Clarence Still na Teresa Still Mosley, nwunye John W. Mosley, na 1985.
Onye na-ahụ maka Blockson Collection, Diane Turner, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọrụ Mosley dị n'ịlụso "echiche na-adịghị mma na nkọwa ụgha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị ndị Africa America na Philadelphia na Pennsylvania ọgụ":
John W. Mosley nọ na-ekedo obodo ndị African-American n'oge 1930s site na 1960s n'ụbosị enwere onyinyo sterotype ndi African Americans,
Dounia Boutazout
Edemsibịa
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ