cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ritah Namayanja Kivumbi
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Kalthoum Bornaz
Kalthoum Bornaz (24 August 1945 - 3 September 2016) bụ onye Tunisia na-ede ihe nkiri, onye ndezi nke ihe nkiri, na onye nduzi nke so na ọgbọ mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Tunisia. A mụrụ ya na Tunisia na 24 August 1945 wee kwaga France iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Tunisia na mba ofesi na mmepe nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ogologo oge dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nduzi.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Kalthoum Bornaz bụ onye a matara ma nwee mmasị na ihe nkiri site na nwata. Mmasị a sitere n'eziokwu dị mkpa na o nwere ndị nne na nna nwere mmasị na ihe nkiri. Ọ gbasoghị mmasị ya ozugbo kama, ọ gbasoro igu ihe gbasara nka odide na Tunisia. Kalthoum Bornaz hapụrụ obodo ya, iji mezue agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya na France.
Mgbe ọ gafere na France, Bornaz gbanwere majors, kama o kpebiri ịgbaso ihe nkiri na Mahadum Paris III. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1968, nweta nzere, na nka na nhazi ihe nkiri, nlekọta edemede, na nhazi site na Institut des Hautes Études Cinématographiques nke dị na Paris. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị diplọma ya, Bornaz nọgidere na France ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri na mmemme dị iche iche, ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, na ihe nkiri na-agagharị agagharị.
Ọrụ
Kalthoum Bornaz rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị iche iche dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe, onye na-enyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri aka, onye na'ihe nkiri, na ọtụtụ ngalaba ndị ọzọ nke nka ya. Ya na ndị na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche, na ndị na'ime ihe nkiri rụkọkwara ọrụ na mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dịka Claude Chabrol, Roman Polanski, Randa Chahal-Sabbag. Ọ bụghị naanị na Bornaz mepụtara ihe nkiri na mmekorita ya na ndị nduzi ndị ọzọ ebe ọ bụ na ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'onwe ya na mmepụta ihe ngosi, ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, na ihe nkiri na-agagharị agagharị.
Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi
E mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ nke Kalthoum Bornaz na 1986, Couleurs Fertiles, ọ bụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke nkeji iri na ise, ma wepụta ya na Tunisia. Mgbe emepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Bornaz mepụtara ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi n'usoro n'afọ asatọ na-esonụ nke ọrụ ya: Three Characters in Search of a Theatre, The Gaze of the Seagull, Wedding Nights in Tunisia. N'afọ 2000, o mepụtara ihe nkiri ọzọ dị mkpirikpi nke a na-akpọ The Forest of El Medfoun, ọ bụkwa ihe nkiri mkpirikpa ikpeazụ ya.
Ihe nkiri ogologo oge
Ihe nkiri ya nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ bụ The Other Half of the Sky, e mepụtara ya na 2008 na Les Films de la Mouette, na Mille et Une Production. The Other half of the Sky nyere Kalthoum Bornaz ohere ka a mata ya dị ka naanị nwanyị nduzi na-asọmpi, ma gosipụta ihe nkiri ya na asọmpi gọọmentị na Television Festival na Ouagadougouńs Pan-African Film.
Ọnwụ
Ọ nwụrụ na Septemba 3, 2016.
Önwa ishií 20
Onye wuru
Òtù:Önwa ishií
Character assassination
Ogbugbu mmadụ (CA) bụ mgbalị a kpachaara anya ma na-adịgide adịgide iji mebie aha ma ọ bụ ntụkwasị obi nke mmadụ.
Okwu nkeá bụ "ogbugbu mmadụ" ghọrọ ihe a ma ama bídó n'afọ 1930. Echiche a, dị ka isiokwu nke ọmụmụ ndị ọkà mmụta, bụ Davis (afọ 1950) webatara na nchịkọta edemede ya na-ekpughe ihe ize ndụ nke mgbasa ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Afọ iri isii ka e mesịrị, Icks na Shiraev (afọ 2014) mere ka okwu ahụ dị ọhụrụ ma mee ka mmasị agụmakwụkwọ dịghachi mma site n'ikwu okwu ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe omume igbu ọchụ dị iche iche.
Ịmụ CA
Icks na Shiraev (afọ 2014) na-ekwu ọtụtụ ụdị sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji kọwaa ihe kpatara CA site n'echiche onye na-awakpo ya. Ha kwenyere na mkpali onye na-awakpo na-adaberekarị na ebumnuche ibibi onye ahụ n'ụzọ uche ma ọ bụ belata nkwado ọhaneze ya na / ma ọ bụ ohere ịga nke ọma na asọmpi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge ntuli aka, a na-ejikarị mwakpo eme ihe iji mee ka ndị na-eme ntuli aka na-enweghị mkpebi, na-eme ka ndị na-eme ntuli aka ghara ịma aka, ma ọ bụ gbochie mgbagha nke ndị na-akwado ya. Mwakpo ndị a na-aghọ ụzọ dị irè iji megharịa ndị na-eme ntuli aka mee ihe dị mma. Ha na-emekwa ka ndị na-akwado ndị na-akwado ya izizi banye n'ọkwa nke ndị "na-enweghị mkpebi" ma ọ bụ "ndị na-enweghị nkwa".
Narcissism
Dị ka òtù Thomas si kwuo, igbu mmadụ bụ mgbalị ebumnuche, nke onye na-echegbu onwe ya na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-adabere na ya, iji metụta ngosipụta ma ọ bụ aha mmadụ n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ndị ọzọ nwee echiche na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-adịghị mma maka ha. Ọ na-agụnyekarị ikwubiga okwu ókè ma ọ bụ iji eziokwu eme ihe n'ụzọ aghụghọ, ịgbasa asịrị na mgbasa ozi ezighi ezi iji gosipụta foto na-ezighi ezi nke onye a lekwasịrị anya, na nkatọ na-enweghị isi na oke.
Psychopathy n'ebe ọrụ
Ndị dere akwụkwọ Agwọ na Suits: Mgbe Psychopaths Gaa n'ọrụ na-akọwa usoro ise nke otú onye na-arịa ọrịa uche n'ebe ọrụ si arịgo ma nọgide na-enwe ike. Na nkebi nke anọ (mgbagwoju anya), onye ọrịa uche ga-eji usoro igbu mmadụ iji nọgide na-eme atụmatụ ha.
The International Society for the Study of Character Assassination
Otu mba ụwa maka ọmụmụ ogbugbu agwa (ISSCA) bụ ọkachamara na ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha màkà ọtú e si gbuo mwakpo na igbu ọchụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na n'oge a. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2011, ndị ọkà mmụta si obodo itoolu gbakọtara na Mahadum Heidelberg, Germany, iji gbaa ụka "nkà nke ịkparị na nkwutọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na taa". Ha guzobere otu iji mụọ igbu mmadụ mgbe niile. Ndị otu a gụnyere ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ.
Maggie Laubser
Maria Magdalena Laubser, nke ana akpọ Maggie Laubser (Ọmụmụ: 14 April 1886 – Ọnwụ: 17 May 1973) bụ nwa ada nke si na obodo South Africa. Ona ese kwa ihe ma na asapụtakwa ihe nke osere na ihe nkonye. Ndi imerime mmadụ kwekọtara na Laubser na onye nke ana akpọ Irma Stern, bụ ndi webatara ihe osise nke bekee na akpọ Expressionism na South Africa.
Ihe mkpofu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa
Ihe mkpofu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa bụ otu ụdị ihe mkpofu nke na-adịghị adaba ma ọ bụ ụdị ihe mkpuchi a na-ahụ anya, pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ nke dị ize ndụ, dị ka ihe mkpofu ndị a na-egwupụta n'ime ala na ihe mkpofu ugbo. Nke a ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na nkọwa ọzọ nke ihe mkpofu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nke na-ezo aka n'iwepụ ihe mkpofu n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.
Ihe mkpofu na-achịkwaghị achịkwa nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ebe ụfọdụ na Germany, a chọpụtara na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka site na mgbaze ọla na ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta site na osisi petrochemical dị nso n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi. Isi mmetụta nke mkpofu dị ka ndị a na-eduga na mmetọ nke mmiri ala site na kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu, yana acidification nke oke osimiri n'ihi ikuku CO2 sitere na Ngwuputa ala
Elizabeth Carter Brooks
Akụkọ ndụ
thumb| Elizabeth Brooks na Emma Hackley (na ihe nkiri). A mụrụ Brooks na New Bedford, Massachusetts, nke bụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ a maara nke ọma n'oge ahụ maka inye ebe mgbaba, ihe onwunwe, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ maka ndị bụbu ndị ohu. Nne ya, Martha Webb, bụbu ohu nke Onye isi ala John Tyler. Webb tinyere aka na Underground Railroad. Nwa ya nwanyị gara n'ihu zụlite "mmasị maka ịha nhata" nke were ndụ ya niile.
Brooks gara New Bedford High School, wee gaa Swain Free School, nke nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntọala siri ike na imewe na nkà iwu ụlọ. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye Afrịka Amerịka mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harrington Normal School for Teachers.
Brooks malitere izi ihe na mbido afọ 1890 na Howard's Orphan Home ma ọ bụ Howard Colored Orphan Asylum na Brooklyn, nke ndị Afrịka Amerịka guzobere ma na-elekọta.
N'afọ 1895, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC). Ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ nke Nzukọ ahụ na 1896 na osote onye isi oche site na 1906 ruo 1908. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke NACWC site na 1908 ruo 1912. Brooks sonyekwara National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e guzobere ya ma mesịa mepụta ngalaba NAACP nke ya na New Bedford. A ga-asọpụrụ ya dị ka onye isi oche emeritus nke New Bedford NAACP na 1948.
N'afọ 1897, Brooks nyere aka mepee New Bedford Home for the Aged, nke na mbụ nwere ọtụtụ ebe nwa oge. Na mgbakwunye, Brooks kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya maka ọnwa isii mbụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Women's Loyal Union " weere ọrụ maka idebe New Bedford Home for the Aged. " Brooks mechara chepụta ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide nke Colonial maka ebe ikpeazụ ya na 396 Middle Street. Women's Loyal Union, nke Brooks tinyere aka na ya, gara n'ihu na-enyere aka ịkwado ụlọ ahụ na ebe ọhụrụ ahụ. Brooks ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke ụlọ na nke Women's Loyal Union, ma nọgide na ọrụ ndị ahụ ruo 1930. Ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya ka na-eguzo na New Bedford ma dị okpukpu abụọ na ọkara n'ogologo, nke nwere elu ụlọ, dormers isii na ihu ihu nwere elu ụlọ dị larịị.
Brooks malitere izi ihe ọzọ, n'oge a na 1901 na Taylor School, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi Afrịka Amerịka mbụ na New Bedford.
N'afọ 1929, ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ lụrụ W. Sampson Brooks, onye bụ bishọp nke African Methodist Episcopal denomination nke Betel Church. Ya na di ya kwagara San Antonio, ebe ha biri ruo mgbe di ya nwụrụ na 1934. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri New Bedford.
N'afọ 1939, ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'ichekwa ihe nketa ndị isi ojii. Brooks chere na "ihe ncheta nke 'akụkọ agbụrụ' bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ala ndị Afrịka Amerịka ma kwesị ka echekwa ya. Ọ zụrụ ụlọ William H. Carney ma gbanwee ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ncheta.
Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1951, obodo New Bedford sọpụrụ ya site n'ịkpọ ụlọ akwụkwọ aha ya na 1957.
Edensibia
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nchekwa Okike
thumb|The Nature Conservancy logo The Nature Conservancy (TNC) bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere isi na Arlington, Virginia. 2021, ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na njikọ ma ọ bụ alaka na mba na mpaghara 79, yana gafee steeti ọ bụla na US.
Tọrọ ntọala na 1951, The Nature Conservancy nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị otu n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erule 2021 ma chebe ihe karịrị 119,000,000 acres (48,000,000 hectare) nke ala na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. n'afọ 2014, ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi site na akụ na ego a na-enweta na Amerịka.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb|Nzukọ na Alabama Nature Conservancy iji hazie mgbalị iji mee ihe ọzọ na Birmingham, 1972 The Nature Conservancy mepụtara site na nzukọ ndị ọkà mmụta a maara na mbụ dị ka Ecological Society of America (ESA). E hiwere ESA na 1915, ma mesịa guzobe Kọmitii na-echekwa mpaghara okike maka ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nke Victor Shelford duziri. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke Shelford bụ ịchọta mpaghara ala ga-aba uru maka nyocha ogologo oge. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1930, Shelford na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dịka Aldo Leopold nọgidere na-achọ ịkwado nchekwa. Nkewa n'echiche gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ nkwado mere ka Society gbasaa kọmitii ahụ na 1946, Shelford na ndị ọrụ ibe ya guzobere Njikọ Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Okike. Ìgwè nke ikpeazụ ahụ mechara were aha "The Nature Conservancy", na-eṅomi ụlọ ọrụ Britain nke aha ahụ, nke na-achụso ọrụ nke ichekwa oghere na ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa. E debanyere aha Nature Conservancy na United States dị ka nzukọ na-enweghị uru na October 22, 1951.
Ka nzukọ ahụ na-eto, nzukọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịzụta ọtụtụ ala dị ka o kwere mee n'aha nchedo na obere nnyocha sayensị emere n'ala tupu a zụta ya. Patrick Noonan jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala site na 1973 ruo 1980 ma na-ebute ụzọ n'inweta ala, ịnakọta ego na uto nke mmemme steeti. N'afọ 1970, nzukọ ahụ goro onye ọrụ sayensị mbụ ya, Robert E. Jenkins Jr., onye nyeere nzukọ ahụ aka ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya iji chekwaa ọdịiche dị iche iche. Site na nkwado Noonan, na 1974 Jenkins malitere iso gọọmentị steeti na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mepụta ndepụta steeti site na steeti nke na-achịkọta ma na-echekwa data na "ihe" nke okike (dịka ụdị dị iche iche na obodo okike) na "ihe ndị na-eme" (ebe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ebe ha na-eme), nke mechara ghọọ Natural Heritage Network, netwọk nke mmemme ihe nketa nke steeti.
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
thumb|Nature Conservancy nke Tennessee William B. Clark Sr. Nature Preserve na Wolf River na Rossville, Tennessee thumb|A na-ewere Clymer Meadow Preserve nke ndị na-elekọta dị ka otu n'ime ihe atụ ole na ole na ndị kachasị echekwa nke Texas Blackland Prairie (ógbè gburugburu ebe obibi) fọdụrụ. Mgbalị ndị Nature Conservancy gụnyere nchedo na North America, Central America, na South America, Africa, Pacific Rim, Caribbean, na Eshia.
North America: ọrụ ndị a họọrọ
The Nature Conservancy na onye mmekọ nchedo ya, Pronatura Peninsula Yucatán, iji kwụsị mgbukpọ ọhịa na ala onwe onye na gburugburu 1.8 nde acre (7,300 km2) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, n'akụkụ ókèala Guatemala na Mexico. Ha kwadoro nchebe nke 370,000 acres (1,500 km2) nke oké ọhịa na Calakmul. Na mmemme ọzọ, TNC na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ebe obibi anụ ọhịa na Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
N'afọ 2007, Nature Conservancy zụrụ 161,000-acre (650 km2) nke ọhịa New York site na Finch Paper Holdings LLC maka $ 110 nde, nnukwu ịzụta ya na steeti ahụ. Na June 2008, The Nature Conservancy na The Trust for Public Land kwupụtara na ha ruru nkwekọrịta ịzụta ihe dịka 320,000 acres (1,300 km2) nke ọdịda anyanwụ Montana ọhịa site na Plum Creek Timber Company maka $ 510 nde. Azụmaahịa ahụ, nke a maara dị ka Montana Legacy Project, bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị iji mee ka ọhịa ndị a nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na njikwa osisi na-arụpụta ihe ma chebe mmiri dị ọcha na ọtụtụ azụ na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, ka ọ na-akwalite ohere ọha na eze na-aga n'ihu na ala ndị a maka ịkụ azụ, ịga ije, ịchụ nta na ntụrụndụ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ihe na-esote, na 2015 The Nature Conservancy mere azụmahịa nde $ 134 iji zụta 165,073 acres - 257 square miles - nke oké ọhịa, osimiri na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa na Cascade Mountain Range nke Washington na Blackfoot River Valley na Montana. Conservancy nwetakwara ala a site na Plum Creek, gụnyere 47,921 acres na Yakima River Headwaters na Washington na 117,152 acres na Lower Blackfoot River Watershed na Montana.
Nature United bụ onye mmekọ Canada nke The Nature Conservancy. E hiwere Nature United dị ka ọrụ ebere nke Canada na 2014, na-ewulite ọtụtụ iri afọ nke nchekwa na Canada. N'ịbụ nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Toronto, nzukọ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ ubi dị na mba ahụ. Nature United na-akwado idu ndú ụmụ amaala, mmepe akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide, na nchekwa buru ibu, karịsịa na Great Bear Rainforest, Clayoquot Sound, Northwest Territories, na ugwu Manitoba.
Afrịka
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015, The Nature Conservancy kwupụtara mmezu nke mgbanwe ụgwọ mbụ na Seychelles maka nchekwa oké osimiri. Ebe ọhụrụ a na-echebe na-abawanye mmiri mmiri a na-echekwa na mba ahụ site na ihe na-erughị pasent 1 ruo ihe karịrị pasent 30 gụnyere nkwado maka ịmepụta mpaghara nke abụọ kachasị echekwa mmiri na Western Indian Ocean. E mere ka nkwekọrịta mgbanwe ụgwọ ahụ nwee ike site na mmekorita ya na Ministry of Finance nke Seychelles, nkwado nke mba ndị ji ụgwọ gụnyere France, na enyemaka sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye nke Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation na-edu.
Ọ bụ ndị na-etinye ego na Nature Conservancy nke a na-akpọ NatureVest haziri ego maka mgbalị a. E mepụtara NatureVest na 2014 site na nkwado nkwado ntọala site na JPMorgan Chase na ebumnuche ekwupụtara nke inweta na itinye ọrụ ọ dịkarịa ala $ 1 ijeri nke itinye ego maka nsonaazụ nchekwa a na-atụle karịa afọ atọ. Maka ọrụ ha na nhazi ụgwọ Seychelles, e nyere The Nature Conservancy na JPMorgan Chase FT / ITC Transformational Business Award for Achievement in Transformational Finance. Financial Times na World Bank's International Finance Corporation (IFC) na-enye onyinye ahụ maka ihe ngwọta na-emepe emepe maka nsogbu mmepe.
Kụọ ọtụtụ ijeri osisi
Mgbalị "Plant a Billion Trees" nke Nature Conservancy bụ mgbalị ịkụ otu ijeri osisi gafee ụwa n'oké ọhịa nwere nnukwu mkpa ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo afọ 15 ịkụ osisi na Brazil, China, Colombia, Guatemala, Kenya, Tanzania, Mexico, na United States. Dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa ahụ n'ozuzu ya, The Nature Conservancy kwere nkwa ịkụ osisi nde 25 dị ka akụkụ nke mmalite nke United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 's Billion Tree Campaign. Mgbasa ozi a na-agba ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na òtù ume ịkụ osisi nke ha gburugburu ụwa ma dekọọ omume a na weebụsaịtị dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ. Mgbasa ozi ya "Plant a Billion Trees" na Brazil na-ezube iweghachi Oké ọhịa Atlantic nke Brazil site n'ịkụ osisi ala na 2.5 nde acres nke e gburu.
Ọrụ
thumb|N'afọ 2012, onye bụbu onye isi ala Brian McPeek n'ọrụ ya n'oge ahụ dị ka Chief Operating Officer, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ikike nke ala dị hekta 10 maka onyinye mbụ iji guzobe Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge na [[Flórídạ|Florida]] alt=Christie Boser in the field|thumb|Christie Boser si na The Nature Conservancy na ihe atụ nke Urocyon littoralis, obere nkịta ọhịa nke dị na Channel Islands nke California The Nature Conservancy nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị otu n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erule afọ 2021. , ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi site na akụ na ego a na-enweta na Amerịka.
Jessica Rose Epel Alupo
A mụrụ ya na Katakwi District na 23 Mee 1974. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Aputon Katakwi. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Kangole maka ọmụmụ O-Level ya. Maka agụmakwụkwọ A-Level, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ngora High School. Alupo zụrụ azụ dị ka onye nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ya agụọ nkuzi cadet na Uganda Junior Staff College dị na Jinja. O nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na asụsụ, nwetara na 1997 na Mahadum Makerere. Nzere nke mbụ ya, Master of Arts in international relations na diplomacy, nwetara ya na Mahadum Makerere na 2008. O jikwa Diploma na nchịkwa ọha na njikwa, nwetara na 2008 site na Uganda Management Institute (UMI). Ugo mmụta nna ya nke abụọ bụ Masters in Public Administration and Management, nwetara n'afọ 2009, nakwa na Mahadum Makerere. Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nchekwa Okike
Nnukwu mmekọrịta azụmahịa
Nature Conservancy nwere njikọ na ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ndị dị na mmanụ, gas, igwu ala, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na ọrụ ugbo. n'afọ 2016, ndị nduzi ya gụnyere onye isi oche lara ezumike nká nke Duke Energy, na ndị isi si Merck, HP, Google na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ego. O nwekwara Kansụl Azụmaahịa nke ọ na-akọwa dị ka nzukọ ndụmọdụ nke gụnyere Bank of America, BP America, Chevron, Coca-Cola, Dow Chemical, Duke Energy, General Mills, Royal Dutch Shell, na Starbucks. Nzukọ ahụ chere nkatọ ihu na 2010 site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya maka ịjụ ịkwụsị mmekọrịta ya na BP mgbe mmanụ Gulf wụpụrụ.
Onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike Naomi Klein akatọwo The Nature Conservancy n'ụzọ siri ike maka inweta ego site na olulu mmanụ n'ala ọ na-achịkwa na Texas na maka mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala. The Nature Conservancy zaghachiri site n'ikwu na ọ nweghị ihe ọzọ ọ ga-eme n'okpuru usoro nkwekọrịta ọ bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas ọtụtụ afọ gara aga ma mesịa kwaa ụta.
N'afọ 2020, Bloomberg bipụtara otu isiokwu na-azọrọ na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ (dị ka JPMorgan Chase, Disney, na BlackRock) na-azụta ego carbon site na The Nature Conservancy na-azọpụta ego carbon maka ọhịa ndị na-achọghị nchebe.
N'afọ 2022, otu ìgwè nke 158 nchedo, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ghere oghe nye onye isi oche nke Conservancy, Jennifer Morris, na-ebo ebubo na The Nature Conservancy kwadoro oke ọdịmma osisi na ojiji nke ngwaahịa osisi dị ka ihe ngwọta ihu igwe. TNC bụ onye otu Forest Climate Working Group n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ngwaahịa osisi dị ka Weyerhaeuser na Enviva, na òtù ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ihe dị ka Trust for Public Land and American Forests.
Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ịza ajụjụ
The Charity Navigator nyere The Nature Conservancy akara kpakpando atọ n'ozuzu ya, akara ego kpakpando abụọ na ọkwa ịza ajụjụ na ngosipụta kpakpando anọ, site na kpakpando niile, maka afọ mmefu ego 2019.
Ịchụ nta
Dị ka ọtụtụ nnukwu òtù gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka Sierra Club na World Wildlife Fund, Conservancy gụnyere ikike maka ịchụ nta na igbu azụ n'ime iwu nchịkwa ya. Nzukọ ahụ anaghị amachibido ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ igbu azụ kpamkpam mana ọ na-agbanwe iwu ịchụ nta na igbu azụ.
Mbipụta
Nzukọ ahụ na-ebipụta magazin The Nature Conservancy (mbipụta isii kwa afọ).
Ịzụlite ya
E nweela ebubo na The Nature Conservancy na-enweta ala ma na-ere ya ọzọ na uru, mgbe ụfọdụ na ndị na-akwado ya na mgbe ụfọdụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ha ohere ịsị na ha ga-akwụ ụtụ isi. The Nature Conservancy na-ekwu na uru sitere na ahịa dị otú ahụ na-enye ohere ka The Nature Conservency mụbaa nchekwa ya nke ihe Nature Conservance na-ekwu bụ ebe ndị dị mkpa karị.
Arụmụka maka azụmahịa ala
N'afọ 2003, Washington Post gbara usoro nyocha gbasara Nchekwa Nature na ebubo nke mmekọ na-ezighi ezi yana ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma nke Nature Conservancy gbara aka. N'otu akụkụ, Post boro ebubo na Conservancy nwere, ugboro ugboro, zụtara traktị ala dị ịrịba ama nke gburugburu ebe obibi, tinye ụfọdụ mmachi mmepe wee resere ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-akwado ya n'ọnụ ahịa mbelata nke ukwuu. Ire ahịa ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme na-egbochi mmepe intrusive mana n'ozuzu na-enye ndị na-azụ ahịa ohere iwu ụlọ n'ala ahụ. Ndị na-azụ ahịa ahụ nyeziri ego Conservancy nke dabara na ọnụ ahịa mbelata. Nke ahụ nyere ndị nwe ọhụrụ ohere iwepụta ụtụ isi dị ukwuu maka onyinye afọ ofufo.
Nnyocha nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ
Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche The Nature Conservancy otu afọ, Brian McPeek gbara arụkwaghịm na Mee 31, 2019, mgbe akụkọ gbasara nyocha ime nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke Politico kpugheere na ndị isi abụọ ndị ọzọ mechara chụrụ dabere na nchoputa ya. Na June 7, 2019, Mark Tercek, Onye isi ala kemgbe 2008, kwuputara arụkwaghịm ya na arụkwaghịm nke McPeek. Na June 10, Luis Solorzano, onye isi isi nke The Nature Conservancy's Florida nke dabeere na Caribbean, ghọrọ onye isi nke ise hapụrụ nzukọ a. Na June 11, onye isi oche bọọdụ Nature Conservancy Thomas J. Tierney mara ọkwa na onye otu bọọdụ na onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke ime ime US Sally Jewell ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nwa oge, na-arụ ọrụ na Septemba 2019.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
3 Mee
3 Mee bu ubochi nke 3rd (nke atọ) na onwa ana kpo Mee. Na Gregorian calender, 3 Mee bu ubochi nke 123rd (124th na afo nke ana-kpo leap year) na afo. Anyi nwere agugu ubochi 242 du mgbe afo na agwu.
Onye wuru
Òtù:Mee
Lagos State Ferry Services Corporation
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lagos_State_Waterways_Authority_building%2C_Ikoyi%2C_Lagos_02.jpg/220px-Lagos_State_Waterways_Authority_building%2C_Ikoyi%2C_Lagos_02.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Lagos State Waterways Authority, Ikoyi, Lagos Lagos State Ferry Services Corporation (LSFSC) ma ọ bụ Lagos Ferry Services Company (nke a makwara dị ka Lagferry) bụ onye na-enye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na Lagos State. E guzobere ya na afọ 1983.
Lagferry na-arụkọ ọrụ na Steeti Lagos Waterways Authority (LASWA), National Inland Waterways Authority,NIWA na Nigeria Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA). E wezụga Lagferry, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-ejikwa ụgbọ mmiri nke oge a iji nye ọrụ njem azụmahịa n'etiti Ikorodu, Lagos Island, Apapa na Victoria Island.
Steeti Lagos Waterways Authority (LASWA) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa ọhụrụ iji lekọta mmezi nke ụzọ mmiri, nke nwere ọrụ nke gụnyere njem mmiri ka e guzobere na afọ 2008 ma bụrụ ọrụ maka nlekota na ịhụ na ndị ọrụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke Gọvanọ Babatunde Raji Fashola, yana ije ozi dị ka ebe enyemaka maka ihe niile gbasara ụgbọ mmiri.
Ihe odide
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Network Against Prohibition
Netwọk megide mmachibido iwu (NAP) bụ otu ndị na-akwado mgbanwe iwu ọgwụ ọjọọ nke Australia. A haziri ya n'ubochí asaá n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2002, na Darwin, Northern Territory iji zaghachi iwu ụlọ ọgwụ ọjọọ nke Australian Labor Party. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke òtù ndị a bụ ịkwụsị mmachibido iwu nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ntụrụndụ ma dọta uche na mmegbu ikike mmadụ nke ndị na-akwado ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eche ihu. Òtù ahụ na-enye ụfọdụ ọrụ, gụnyere mgbanwe agịga, anwụrụ ọkụ obodo, na akwụkwọ akụkọ email. E jidere ụfọdụ ndị otu NAP n'ihe gbasara ịkpaghasị ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke Northern Territory n'afọ 2002.
NAP bụ nke Njikọ ndị ọrụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na ọgwụ ọjọọ nke Australia (AIVL) na kwà Njikọ mba ụwa nke NGO maka amụma ọgwụ ziri ezi na nke dị irè (ICN).
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States
Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu (EPA) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nọọrọ onwe ya nke gọọmenti etiti United States na-ahụ maka ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye isi ala Richard Nixon tụrụ aro ka e guzobe EPA na Julaị 9, 1970; ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Disemba 2, 1970, mgbe Nixon bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ikike. Iwu nke guzobe EPA bụ nke kọmitii na-ege ntị na Ụlọ na Sineti kwadoro.
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye nchịkwa ya, onye isi oche họpụtara ma kwadoro ya site na Senate. Onye nchịkwa ugbu a bụ Michael S. Regan. EPA abụghị ngalaba nke Cabinet, mana a na-enyekarị onye nchịkwa ọkwa ọkwa kabinet. EPA nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Washington, D.C., ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara maka mpaghara iri nke ọ bụla, yana ụlọ nyocha 27.
Admiralty Circle Plaza
thumb| Lekki Toll Gate.jpg
Admiralty Circle plaza dị na Eti-Osa Local Government Area nke Lagos State na Nigeria. E guzobere ya iji nakọta ụgwọ n'okporo ụzọ 49 kilomita na LekkiʹEti-Osa Expressway. Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta Public Private Partnership (PPP) n'etiti gọọmentị Lagos State na Messrs ikeja Concession Company Limited LCC. Ọrụ malitere n'ọma ahịa ahụ n'ụbọchị nke 5 nke ọnwa Jenụwarị, 2011.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States
Ọ na-enyefe ụfọdụ ikike, nleba anya, na ọrụ mmanye n'aka steeti US na ebo gọọmenti etiti amatara. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ọkwa gọọmentị niile n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke mmemme mgbochi mmetọ afọ ofufo na mbọ nchekwa ike.
Ọkwa ndị ọrụ na-emefu ego nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2023 bụ 16,204.1 dakọtara oge niile (FTE). Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị ọrụ EPA bụ ndị injinia, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ndị ọkachamara na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi; ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere iwu, ihe gbasara ọha, ego, na teknụzụ ozi.
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
thumb|Akara na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ site na ọkụ batrị ụgbọala a tụfuru atụfu, foto nke Marc St. Gil, onye na-ese foto nke EPA e guzobere na nso nso a, sere na Houston na 1972. thumb|Otu anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ na 1975 mgbe emechiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ịgba mbọ maka nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi ka ukwuu Malite na ngwụsị 1950s na site na 1960s, Congress mereghachi omume n'ịbawanye nchegbu ọha na eze banyere mmetụta ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike inwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. Senator James E. Murray webatara akwụkwọ iwu, Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) nke 1959, na 86th Congress. Ụgwọ ahụ gaara ehiwe Council on Environmental Quality na Executive Office nke Onye isi ala, kwupụta ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba, ma chọọ nkwadebe nke akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi kwa afọ.
Mbipụta Silent Spring nke 1962 nke Rachel Carson mere mere ka ọha na eze mara banyere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'enweghị isi.
N'ime afọ ndị na-esochi, ewebata akwụkwọ ụgwọ ndị yiri nke ahụ na emere ikpe iji kparịta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nzaghachi ndị Congress nwere ike ime. N'afọ 1968, ndị isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator Henry M. Jackson, na Kọmitii Ụlọ na Sayensị na Astronautics, nnọchiteanya George P. Miller, kpọkọtara ọnụ ụlọ-Senate colloquium iji kwurịta mkpa ọ dị. na ụzọ isi mejuputa atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba. Na mkpokọta, ụfọdụ ndị otu Congress kwupụtara nchegbu na-aga n'ihu maka omume ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.
Edebere iwu iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba nke 1969 (NEPA) na ụgwọ 1959 RCA. Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na NEPA n'ime iwu na Jenụwarị 1, 1970. Iwu ahụ mepụtara Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) na Office Executive nke Onye isi ala. NEPA chọrọ ka edozi nkọwa zuru ezu nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmemme gọọmenti etiti niile na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. "Nkwupụta zuru ezu" ga-emecha kpọọ ya dị ka nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIS).
Ntọala
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ruckelshaus ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye nchịkwa EPA mbụ Na Julaị 9, 1970, Nixon tụrụ aro nhazigharị onye isi nke jikọtara ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị etiti n'okpuru otu ụlọ ọrụ, Agencylọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ. Atụmatụ a gụnyere ijikọ mmemme nchịkwa mmetọ site n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, dị ka nchikota mmemme pesticide sitere na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States na Ngalaba Ime Obodo United States.: 5  Mgbe ha nwesịrị ikpe n'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, Ụlọ na Senate kwadoro. atụmatụ ahụ. Emepụtara EPA ụbọchị 90 tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ,: 11  wee meghee ọnụ ụzọ ya n'ihu ọha na Disemba 2, 1970. Onye nchịkwa mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, William Ruckelshaus, ṅụrụ iyi nke ọrụ na Disemba 4, 1970.
Onye bu ụzọ EPA bu ụzọ bụ ngalaba ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke US Public Health Service (PHS), na okike kpatara otu n'ime usoro nhazigharị PHS nke mere n'oge 1966-1973. Site na PHS, EPA weghaara nchịkwa nchịkwa mmetọ ikuku nke mba dum, yana ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-ahụ maka njikwa mkpofu siri ike, Bureau of Water Hygiene, na akụkụ nke Bureau of Radiological Health. Ọ na-etinyekwa uche na Federal Water Quality Administration, nke ebufegoro na PHS na Ngalaba ime obodo na 1966. A na-etinyekwa ọrụ ole na ole sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na EPA: Federal Radiation Council nke nwere onwe ya na mbụ jikọtara ya; E bufere mmemme ọgwụ pesticides site na ngalaba nke ime ime, nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ, na ọrụ nyocha ọrụ ugbo; na ụfọdụ ọrụ e bufere site Council on Environmental Quality na Atomic Energy Commission.
Mgbe e kere ya, EPA ketara saịtị 84 gbasaa na steeti 26, nke saịtị 42 bụ ụlọ nyocha. EPA jikọtara ụlọ nyocha ndị a ka ọ bụrụ saịtị iri abụọ na abụọ.
Afọ ndị 1970
N'afọ mbụ ya, EPA nwere mmefu ego nke ijeri $1.4 na ndị ọrụ 5,800.: 5  Na mmalite ya, EPA bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka aka ọrụ nke setịpụrụ ebumnuche na ụkpụrụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, omume ọhụrụ na mmezigharị ndị Congress mere nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ikike nchịkwa ya.: 9  A kwadoro nnukwu mgbasawanye nke Iwu Ikuku Clean na December 1970.
Ndị ọrụ EPA na-echeta na n'oge mbụ e nwere "oke echiche nke nzube na obi ụtọ" na atụmanya na "enwere ụlọ ọrụ a nke ga-eme ihe banyere nsogbu nke doro anya na ọ dị n'uche ọtụtụ ndị na nke a. obodo," na-eduga na iri puku kwuru iri puku maliteghachi site n'aka ndị na-achọsi ike isonye na nnukwu mbọ a na-eme iji kpochapụ gburugburu America.
Mgbe EPA malitere ọrụ mbụ, ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ nwere mmetụta siri ike na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe na-agafe agafe. Ruckelshaus kwuru na ọ na-enwe nrụgide igosi ọha na eze nke na-enwe obi abụọ banyere arụmọrụ gọọmentị, na EPA nwere ike ịzaghachi nke ọma maka nchegbu zuru ebe niile gbasara mmetọ.
Osimiri Cuyahoga na-ere ọkụ na 1969 ebutela mkpesa mba. Na Disemba 1970, nyocha ndị jury gọọmentị etiti nke onye ọka iwu US Robert W. Jones duziri malitere, nke mmetọ mmiri nke ebubo na ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ 12 na-akpata na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Ohio kpatara. Ọ bụ nyocha ndị juri mbụ gbasara mmetọ mmiri na mpaghara ahụ. Ọkàiwu izugbe nke United States, John N. Mitchell, nwere ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ na December 18, 1970, na-ezo aka n'ịgba akwụkwọ gbasara nchịkwa mmetọ ọhụrụ, na-ekwu maka ịrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ, ma kwupụta ntinye akwụkwọ ikpe n'ụtụtụ ahụ. megide Jones na Laughlin Steel Corporation maka ịwụsa nnukwu cyanide n'ime Osimiri Cuyahoga dị nso na Cleveland. Jones gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe mpaghara, na-ebo ebubo imebi iwu Rivers na Harbors nke 1899.
N'otu aka dabere na ahụmịhe ịgba akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ, Congress weputara Ndezigharị Iwu Mmetọ Mmiri Federal nke 1972, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Iwu Clean Water Act (CWA). CWA hibere usoro mba maka ikwado ịdịmma mmiri, gụnyere ụkpụrụ njikwa mmetọ nke amanyere iwu, nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emejuputa atumatu ya na steeti. Congress mezikwara Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) na 1972, na-achọ EPA iji tụọ ihe egwu ọ bụla pesticide nwere megide uru ọ nwere.
Na 1973 Onye isi ala Nixon họpụtara Ruckelshaus ka ọ bụrụ osote Attorney General. A họpụtara Russell E. Train ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na-esote.
Ndị omebe iwu gafere Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ Nchekwa na 1974, na-achọ EPA ịzụlite ụkpụrụ gọọmenti etiti amanyere iwu maka sistemụ mmiri ọha na eze, nke na-eje ozi 90% nke ndị US. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka EPA manye ụkpụrụ ahụ site na nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ steeti.
N'October 1976, Congress gafere iwu nchịkwa ihe na-egbu egbu (TSCA) nke, dị ka FIFRA, metụtara mmepụta, ịde aha na ojiji nke ngwaahịa azụmahịa karịa mmetọ. Omume a nyere EPA ikike ịchịkọta ozi gbasara kemịkalụ ma chọọ ka ndị na-emepụta ihe nwalee ha, nye ya ikike ịhazi mmepụta na iji kemịkalụ (na-ekwu kpọmkwem banyere PCB), ma chọọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụta ndepụta kemịkalụ nke mba.
Congress mekwara iwu nchekwa nchekwa na mgbake (RCRA) na 1976, na-emezigharị nke ukwuu iwu mkpofu mkpofu siri ike nke 1965. O nyere EPA ọrụ ka o wepụta ebumnuche mba maka mkpofu mkpofu, ichekwa ike na ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ibelata mkpofu, na ịhụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma. njikwa ihe mkpofu. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụkpụrụ maka mkpofu siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ nke a ga-emejuputa na mmekorita ya na steeti.
Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter họpụtara Douglas M. Costle ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 1977. Iji jikwaa ọrụ iwu na ibu ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-agbasawanye, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1979, mmefu ego ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka ijeri $5.4 na nha ndị ọrụ mụbara ruo ihe dị ka 13,000.
Afọ ndị 1980
N'afọ 1980, n'esochi nchọpụta nke ọtụtụ saịtị mkpofu dị ize ndụ a gbahapụrụ ma ọ bụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa dị ka Love Canal, Congress gafere Nzaghachi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ụgwọ ọrụ, nke akpọrọ "Superfund." Iwu ọhụrụ ahụ nyere EPA ikike ịwụsa ụgbụ ka ukwuu maka ndị na-ahụ maka saịtị ndị mkpofu ihe dị egwu gara aga meruru ma guzobe usoro ego maka ntule na nhichapụ.
Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan họpụtara Anne Gorsuch onye nchịkwa EPA na 1981. Gorsuch gbadoro ụkwụ na nchịkwa ya nke EPA na usoro New Federalism nke ibelata ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti site n'inyefe ọrụ na ọrụ ha na steeti ndị ọ bụla. O kwenyere na EPA na-achịkwa azụmahịa nke ukwuu yana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ buru ibu na ọ bụghị ọnụ ahịa. N'ime ọnwa 22 ya dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, o belatara mmefu ego nke EPA site na 22%, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gbara akwụkwọ megide ndị na-emetọ ihe, mee ka ọ dị mfe ịgbasa ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu. O wepụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, wee were ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ha kwesịrị ịna-ahazi. Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi kwuru na atumatu ya e mere iji metọọ ndị na-emetọ ihe, ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-agbalị ịkwatu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
N’April 1986, mgbe ọdachi Chernobyl mere na Ukraine, e nyere EPA ọrụ ịchọpụta ihe ọ bụla metụtara United States na ime ka ọha na eze mara. Onye nchịkwa Lee Thomas kpọkọtara ndị otu interagency, gụnyere ndị ọrụ sitere na Commission Regulatory Commission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, na Ngalaba Energy iji nyochaa ọnọdụ ahụ. Ha nwere ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ maka ụbọchị iri.: 9  N'otu afọ ahụ, ndị omeiwu wefere iwu atụmatụ mberede na ikike ịma obodo, nke nyere EPA ikike ikpokọta data na kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu ma kesaa ozi a na ọha.
EPA nyochakwara ihe mbelata ozone stratospheric pụtara. N'okpuru onye nchịkwa Thomas, EPA sonyeere ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa iji mee nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke stratospheric ozone, bụ nke nyere aka n'ịkwalite ụkpụrụ Montreal Protocol, nke ekwenyere na August 1987.: 14
N'afọ 1988, n'oge mgbasa ozi onye isi ala mbụ ya, George H.W. Bush kwuru okwu banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe mmeri ntuli aka ya gasịrị, ọ họpụtara William K. Reilly, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka onye nchịkwa EPA na 1989. N'okpuru nduzi nke Reilly, EPA mejuputa mmemme afọ ofufo ma malite ịmepụta "ọchịchị ụyọkọ" maka ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi nke pulp na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. N'oge ahụ, a na-amatawanye gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe gbasara mpaghara, nke gosipụtara na 1990 mmezi nke Iwu Clean Air na ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
Afọ ndị 1990
Na 1992 EPA na Ngalaba Energy weputara mmemme Energy Star, mmemme afọ ofufo nke na-akwalite nrụpụta ike.
Onye isi ala Bill Clinton họpụtara Carol Browner onye nchịkwa EPA wee jee ozi site na 1993 ruo 2001. Nnukwu ọrụ n'oge Browner gụnyere:
Site na ngafe nke iwu Superfund na 1980, a na-atụnye ụtụ mpụ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na mmanụ ala, iji kwado ego ntụkwasị obi mkpocha. Ikike Congressional maka ụtụ isi ahụ ga-agwụ na 1995. Ọ bụ ezie na Browner na nchịkwa Clinton kwadoro ịga n'ihu na ụtụ isi, Congress jụrụ inyeghachi ya ikike. N'ikpeazụ, a kwadoro mmemme Superfund naanị site na ntinye ego kwa afọ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe mkpofu na-emezigharị n'ime otu afọ. (Na 2021 Congress nyere ikike ịtụ ụtụ isi na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal.)
Nnukwu mmelite ndị omebe iwu n'oge nchịkwa Clinton bụ Iwu Nchedo Ogo Nri yana mmezi nke 1996 na Iwu Ịṅụ Ọgwụ Nchekwa.
Afọ 2000
Onye isi ala George W. Bush họpụtara Christine Todd Whitman ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2001. Mike Leavitt nọchiri Whitman na 2003 na Stephen L. Johnson na 2005.
Na Maachị 2005 steeti itoolu (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico na Vermont) gbara ndị EPA akwụkwọ. Onye nleba anya n'ozuzu nke EPA ekpebiela na iwu EPA nke ikuku mercury agbasoghị Iwu Ikuku Clean Air, yana ndị isi nhọpụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emetụta ụkpụrụ ahụ. EPA akwụsịla ọmụmụ ihe Mahadum Harvard nyere ya nke megidere ọnọdụ ya na njikwa mercury. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ boro ebubo na iwu EPA na-ewepụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ site na "teknụzụ nchịkwa kachasị dị" bụ nke iwu na-akwadoghị, ma na-ebo ebubo na usoro EPA nke okpu na-azụmaahịa iji belata ọkwa mercury dị ala ga-ekwe ka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ kwụsị ibelata ikuku mercury. , nke ha jụrụ ga-eduga n'ebe dị ize ndụ nke mmetọ mercury n'ime mpaghara ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na nkezi ọkwa agbadala. Ọtụtụ steeti malitekwara iwepụta ụkpụrụ mkpochapụ mercury nke ha. Iwu Illinois tụrụ aro ga-ebelata mercury emission site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ site na nkezi nke 90% site na 2009. N'afọ 2008—site n'oge a ngụkọta nke steeti iri na anọ sonyeere uwe ahụ—Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia kpebiri na EPA iwu mebiri iwu ikuku dị ọcha. Na nzaghachi, EPA kwupụtara atụmatụ ịtụpụta ụkpụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ iji dochie Iwu Ọcha ikuku Mercury, ma mee ya na Maachị 16, 2011.
Na Julaị 2005 akụkọ EPA na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala na-eji loopholes na-emepụta ụgbọ ala ndị na-adịchaghị mma mmanụ ọkụ egbuola oge. Ekwesịrị ka ewepụtara akụkọ ahụ ụbọchị tupu agafere ụgwọ ike na-arụrịta ụka na ọ ga-enye nkwado ndabere maka ndị na-emegide ya, mana EPA na-egbu oge ntọhapụ ya na nkeji ikpeazụ.
EPA butere mmemme WaterSense afọ ofufo ya na 2006 iji kwalite ịrụ ọrụ mmiri site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa.
Na 2007 steeti California gbara EPA akwụkwọ maka ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ ikwe ka California na steeti iri na isii ndị ọzọ bulie ụkpụrụ akụ na ụba mmanụ maka ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ. Onye nchịkwa EPA Stephen Johnson kwuru na EPA na-arụ ọrụ n'ụkpụrụ nke ya, mana a na-ahụta mmegharị ahụ dị ka mgbalị ichebe ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala site na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ dị ala na ọkwa gọọmenti etiti, nke ga-ebupụ iwu obodo. Gọvanọ California Arnold Schwarzenegger, yana ndị gọvanọ sitere na steeti 13 ndị ọzọ, kwuru na omume EPA leghaara iwu gọọmenti etiti anya, na ụkpụrụ California dị ugbu a (nke ọtụtụ steeti nakweere na mgbakwunye na California) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ka ọ dị irè dị ka ụkpụrụ gọọmenti etiti a tụrụ anya. A kọrọ na Johnson leghaara ndị ọrụ nke ya anya n'ime mkpebi a.
Na December 2007 EPA Administrator Johnson kwadoro idepụta akwụkwọ nke kwupụtara na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ọdịmma ọha na eze-mkpebi nke ga-akpalite iwu nke mbụ na-amanyere iwu ikpo ọkụ n'ụwa. Onye osote onye isi nchịkwa Jason Burnett zigaara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na White House. Ndị na-enyere aka na White House—bụ ndị guzogidere iwu amanyere ogologo oge dị ka ụzọ isi lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya—maara isi ihe nchọta Johnson ga-abụ, Burnett kwuru. Ha makwaara na ozugbo ha meghere ihe mgbakwunye ahụ, ọ ga-abụ ihe ndekọ ọha na eze, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ arụmụka na siri ike iwepụ. Ya mere ha emegheghi ya; kama, ha kpọrọ Johnson ma gwa ya ka o weghachi akwụkwọ ahụ. Johnson kagburu akwụkwọ ahụ; na Julaị 2008, o wepụtara ụdị ọhụrụ nke na-akọwaghị na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe ize ndụ nye ọdịmma ọha. Burnett gbara arụkwaghịm na ngagharị iwe.
N'April 2008, Union of Concerned Scientists kwuru na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,600 ndị ọrụ EPA ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị zara ajụjụ online na ajụjụ zuru ezu kọrọ na ha enwetala ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ ha. Nnyocha ahụ gụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ, ndị ọkà mmụta toxicologists, ndị injinia, ndị ọkà mmụta ala na ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba sayensị ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na nnyonye anya a na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ ise gara aga karịa na afọ ndị gara aga.
Onye isi ala Barack Obama họpụtara Lisa P. Jackson ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2009.
Afọ 2010
N'afọ 2010, a kọrọ na nyocha nke maapụ $3 million na ịrị elu oke osimiri bụ njikwa EPA kwụsịrị n'oge ọchịchị Bush na Obama, na ndị njikwa gbanwere akụkọ mmekọrịta dị mkpa iji gosipụta mwepụ nke maapụ ahụ.
N'etiti 2011 na 2012, ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ EPA kọrọ na ọ siri ike na-eduzi na ịkọ akụkọ ihe ọmụmụ banyere hydraulic fracturing n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ na nrụgide gọọmentị, ma na-enwe nchegbu banyere nyocha nke akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Onye isi ala Obama họpụtara Gina McCarthy ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2013.
N'afọ 2014, EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ "Tier 3" maka ụgbọ ala, gwongworo na ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ, nke mere ka ihe ndị chọrọ ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike ma wedata ọdịnaya sọlfọ na mmanụ ụgbọala.
Na 2015, EPA chọpụtara oke mmebi nke Volkswagen Group n'imepụta ụgbọ ala mmanụ dizel Volkswagen na Audi, maka afọ 2009 ruo 2016. N'ịgbaso ọkwa nke mmebi iwu na ntaramahụhụ mpụ nwere ike ime, Volkswagen mechara kwenye na nhazi iwu ma kwụọ ọtụtụ ijeri US dollar ntaramahụhụ mpụ, ma chọọ ka ọ malite usoro ịzụrụ ụgbọ ala ma gbanwee engine nke ụgbọ ala iji belata ikuku ikuku na-akwadoghị.
N'August 2015, 2015 Gold King Mine mwụfu mmiri na-ekpofu mere mgbe ndị ọrụ EPA nyochara ọkwa nke mmetọ dị ka lead na arsenic na ogbunigwe Colorado, na mberede tọhapụrụ ihe karịrị nde galọn atọ nke mmiri mkpofu n'ime Cement Creek na Osimiri Animas. Na 2015, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), ngalaba nke World Health Organisation, zoro aka nyocha na-ejikọta glyphosate, ihe na-eme ihe na-egbu ahihia Roundup nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ Monsanto mere, na lymphoma na-abụghị Hodgkin. Na March 2017, onye ọka ikpe na-ekpe ikpe nke ndị na-azọrọ na ha mepụtara glyphosate na-abụghị Hodgkin's lymphoma meghere ozi ịntanetị Monsanto na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ metụtara ikpe ahụ, gụnyere mgbanwe email n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmenti etiti. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times si kwuo, "ihe ndekọ ahụ na-atụ aro na Monsanto nwere nyocha nke mmụọ nke e mesịrị kwuo na ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-egosi na onye isi ọrụ na Environmental Protection Agency arụ ọrụ iji kwụsịtụ nyocha nke isi ihe nke Roundup, glyphosate, nke a ga-enwe. Ndị Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ United States duziri." Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-egosi na Monsanto nwere ike ịkwado "mwakpo mmekọrịta ọha na eze" na nchọpụta ahụ mgbe a mara ọkwa na mkpebi Jess Rowland, onye isi nke kọmitii nyochaa ọrịa cancer nke EPA n'oge ahụ, ọnwa ole na ole. Ozi ịntanetị gosikwara na Rowland "ekwela nkwa na ya ga-akụghasị mbọ nke Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ na-eme iji duzie nyocha nke ya."
Na February 17, 2017, Onye isi ala Donald Trump họpụtara Scott Pruitt ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA. Ndị Democratic Party hụrụ nhọpụta ahụ dị ka ihe na-akpata arụmụka, ebe Pruitt nọrọla ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na-agbagha ụkpụrụ na amụma gburugburu ebe obibi. O nweghi ahụmịhe gara aga na ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi wee nweta nkwado ego site n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ fossil. N'afọ 2017, ọchịchị Trump tụrụ aro mbelata 31% na mmefu ego EPA gaa na ijeri $5.7 site na ijeri $8.1  na iwepụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, ndị Congress anabataghị mbelata a. Pruitt gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwá ahụ na July 5, 2018, na-ekwu maka "mwakpo na-adịghị agwụ agwụ" n'ihi esemokwu ụkpụrụ omume na-aga n'ihu.
Onye isi ala Trump họpụtara Andrew R. Wheeler ka onye nchịkwa EPA na 2019.
Na Julaị 17, 2019, njikwa EPA machibidoro onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Sayensị ntụkwasị obi nke ụlọ ọrụ, Francesca Grifo, ịgba akaebe na ntị kọmitii Ụlọ. EPA nyere ikike iziga onye nnọchi anya dị iche n'ọnọdụ Grifo wee bo kọmitii ahụ ebubo na "na-agwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ onye ha kwenyere na ọ tozuru oke ikwu okwu." Ntị ahụ bụ iji kwurịta mkpa ọ dị ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gọọmenti etiti na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ mgbe na onye ha chọrọ maka nyocha ha na-enweghị nchegbu maka nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla.