cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Muriel Turner, Baroness Turner nke Camden
Ọrụ
N'agbata 1970 na 1987 Turner bụ onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ASTMS (mgbe emechara nrụpụta, sayensị na ego, Amicus na ugbu a Unite the Union). Site na 1981 ruo 1987 ọ bụ onye otu TUC General Council
E kere ya dị ka Life Peer na 29 Mee 1985 na-ewere aha Baroness Turner nke Camden, nke Camden na Greater London. O nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na ọdịmma ọha na eze na nsogbu ezumike nká, site na 1987 ruo Ọktoba 1996 ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Front Bench na Ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ na-emegide. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke House of Lords n'etiti afọ 2002 na 2008.
Ọ bụ onye otu Equal Opportunities Commission 1982-88; Occupational Pensions Board 1977-93; Council Member, Occupational Pension Advisory Service, 1989-2007; na onyeisi oche, Personal Investment Authority Ombudsman Council 1994-97. Ọ bụ onye otu British Parliamentary Committee for Iran Freedom.
Ọnụnọ ya na Ụlọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 13 June 2017. Ọ nwụrụ ọnwa asatọ ka e mesịrị, ọ dị afọ 90.
Ndụ onwe onye
N'afọ 1955, Muriel Price lụrụ Reginald Thomas Frederick Turner, MC, DFC. Ha enweghị ụmụ ọ bụla mana alụmdi na nwunye ahụ wetara ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ tupu ya, ọ nwụrụ na 1995.
Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke Humanists UK na onye mmekọ nsọpụrụ nke National Secular Society. Na 15 Septemba 2010, Turner, ya na mmadụ 54 ndị ọzọ, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na The Guardian, na-ekwupụta mmegide ha megide nleta steeti Pope Benedict nke Iri na Isii na UK.
Ihe odide
<references group="" responsive="1">
Gordon Keith (producer)
Gordon Keith (aka William Henry Adams Jr.) (August 12, 1939 – November 17, 2020) was an American record producer who was the first person to sign a recording contract with the Jackson 5 and release their records. In 1966, he and four friends founded Steeltown Records in Gary, Indiana, with each able to manage, record, and sign local talent themselves in and around Gary. The quality of the music and dance scene was high in and near Gary. Vivian Carter, founder of VeeJay Records, and the Spaniels, a prominent doo-wop group, are examples of Gary's musical culture. Keith states that each Steeltown partner individually discovered, signed, and took the responsibility and any profit for each signed individual or group, using Steeltown Records (Steeltown label) as an umbrella to promote name recognition. Keith also points out that he had himself went solo as a vocalist in the 1960s because he wearied of the lack of discipline and commitment of so many of the young singers he sang doo-wop songs with. Therefore, he was looking not only for talent, but talent with a disciplined professional attitude and commitment.
Nchịkọta
Keith dekọrọ ma mepụta egwu anọ nke Jackson 5 na akara Steeltown na 1967. Ihe a ma ama, bụ egwu mbụ nke Jackson 5 bụ "Big Boy", nke Michael Jackson bụrụ. Keith bịanyere aka na Jackson Five na nkwekọrịta njikwa na ndekọ ọnwa isii na ya na Nọvemba 21 n'afọ ahụ, n'oge, n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọ dịghị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ákàrà na mpaghara ahụ ga-eburu ha. Mgbè ọ wepụtara "Big Boy" na Jenụwarị 31, 1968, ọ na-egwuri egwu na redio ma ree ya na mpaghara Chicago-Gary. Jackson 5 dekọrọ "Big Boy" na ụlọ ndekọ Sunny Sawyer na West 69th Street, na South Side nke Chicago, nke bụ ébé óbíbí nke ụda Chicago Soul nke oge áhụ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndị egwu, ndị na-ede egwu, na ụlọ mmepụta. Àgwà na ikike a nụrụ na ndekọ "Big Boy" dị otú ahụ na Jerry Wexler nke Atlantic Records chọtara Keith wee soro ya mee nkwekọrịta na Machị 5, iji mee ka ATCO, nkewa nke Atlantic Records, kesaa "Big Boy " na mba. Atlantic Records / Atco na New York City na-agbanye ma kesaa ọtụtụ puku "Big Boy" na ákàrà Steeltown na aka ndekọ Atco. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a ka dị, dị ka nsụgharị ndị bu ụzọ kesara na Gary. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nwèrè otu n'ime ihe ndekọ "Big Boy" / "You Changed" (Steeltown # 681), nke a gosipụtara n'ebe ahụ na 2010.
Moses Kottler
thumb|Moses Kottler "Irene" thumb|Moses Kottler "Frank Wunder" Moses Kottler (1896-1977) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na ónyé na-akpụ ihe na South Africa. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, tinyere Anton van Wouw na Lippy Lipshitz, dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na South Africa. Triumvirate nkeá nwèrè ọdịiche nke ịbụ onye na-eme nke ọma n'iji mgbasa ozi eserese; Lipshitz na monotypes na Van Wouw na eserese na eserese. Ọrụ Kottler na mmanụ mere ka a nwekwuo echiche dị ka onye na-ese ihe.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Moses Kottler, ónyé a na-akpọ Moshe, bụ nwa nke asatọ nke Joseph Kottler na Zirla Solin. Nnà ya bụ ónyé na-ere ahịa ihe ugbo na ụlọ ha n'ihu ụlọ nzukọ o yiri ka ọ bàrà ọgaranya site na ụkpụrụ ndị Juu na Czarist Russia. Asụsụ ha bụ Yiddish, mana Moses nwetakwara ikike nke German na Russian n'oge ọ bụ nwata. O gosipụtara nkà aka na ikike ise ihe dị elu site na nwata. N'oge na-adịghị anya, nwanne nna ya, Haim Israel Sacks, onye bụ onye isi Zionist, dọtara uche ya n'ọrụ Moses. O sere foto nke onye snow Moses mepụtara, ma gosi ya onye na-ese ihe, Ilya Jakovlevich Günzburg, mgbè ọ nọ na nnọkọ ndị Zionist na Vilnius. Günzburg dụrụ nwata nwoke ahụ ọdụ ka a zụọ ya dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe.
Cape Town Disemba 1916 Mee 1929
Moses Kottler rutere Cape Town na Disemba 1916 iji bírí na ya. Ọnọdụ dị n'ụwa nka dị njọ, na-enweghị ndị na-ere ihe osise, ụlọ ngosi, ndị na-anakọta ihe nwere ebumnuche siri ike na, màkà ónyé na-ese ihe, foundries màkà ịkpụ ọla nchara. Ndị kachasị emetụta na eserese bụ J. S. Morland, Crosland Robinson, Constance Penstone, Gwelo Goodman na Edward Roworth. Ha bụ ndị na-agbaso ọdịnala, na-emegide ndị na-eme ihe nkiri avant garde na-apụta na France na Germany. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1940, Edward Roworth toro Adolf Hitler n'ihu ọha mgbochi nke Modern Art na Germany. South African Society of Artists bụ nzukọ kachasị emetụta n'oge ahụ. E hiwere ya n'ubochí irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba 1902 ma mee ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Drill Hall, Cape Town na ngwụcha afọ ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu na 1917 bụ otu narị na iri abụọ na otu, gụnyere Hendrik Pierneef, Anton van Wouw, Nita Spilhaus, Ruth Prowse, Florence Zerffi na Moses Kottler, bụ ndị sonyeere n'afọ ahụ.: 380 Xi 381
Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa
N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1921, Kottler rụchara bust nke General Christiaan de Wet, nke ọ gara Klipfontein, ugbo General na Orange Free State. Ọrụ ahụ, na General na-arịa ọrịa, ejirila ụbọchị iri na abụọ mànà hapụrụ mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na Kottler banyéré àgwà nke ónyé ndú ndị agha.
N'ọnwa Juun 1921, o dechara bust nke Lord de Villiers, nke e debere ọla nchara na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, Cape Town na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị, Bloemfontein. N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ọ rụchara ọla nchara nke Max Michaelis, ugbu a n'ogige nke Old Town House, Cape Town.
Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị
Na Jenụwarị 1929, Kottler kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịhapụ Union of South Africa, na-akpata iwe na Cape Times, Die Burger na The Cape, akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara niile. N'ubochí irí n'ọnwa Mee 1929, ha ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Europe, naanị iji laghachi na 1932.
Mgbè ọ laghachiri South Africa na 1932, Kottler biri na Johannesburg. Ọ sonyeere New Group, jere ozi na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke Johannesburg Art Gallery n'etiti 1956 na 1965, e nyere ya Medal for Sculpture (1962) site na Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns na, na 1974/5 e nyèrè ya nsọpụrụ na Prestige Retrospective Exhibition site na Pretoria Art Museum, South African National Gallery na Johannesburg Art Gallery.
Charles Ndukauba (Novelist)
Chinedu Charles Ndukauba bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya onyoonyo. Charles malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị obere. O bu onye amara nke Oma na Ihe nkiri.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Ndukauba charles bụ onye Ogboji sitere na Anambra East dị na mpaghara odida anyanwu nke Naijiria, na-adịghị anya na Ȯra Delta. Nne ya bụ onye na azu ahia, nna ya bụ onye isi ụka ma na elekwa ahia na Umuoji. Chinedu Ndukauba bu onye azụlitere nke ọma, nke ano n'ime ụmụ isii, ụmụ nwanyị atọ,umu ano. Ọ gara akwukwo na Holy family high school,Nkpor, Naijiria. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Amaka Boys, Onịchạ ebe ọ nwetara diplọma na asusu.
Oru
Ndukauba bu onye na arusi orụ ime ihe nkiri Ike. Onye na-emepụta chọpụtara Chinedu Ndukauba na nyocha ọ gara gbasara Anambra state broadcasting service. Ọganihu ya bịara na 2022 mgbe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ụwa gbasara umuaka na Naijiria.
Movement
Ngahari nwere ike izo aka na:
Siemon Allen
Siemon Allen (amụrụ na Durban, South Africa) bụ onye na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na ntinye ihe. Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na mba United States. A na-ewere Allen dị ka otu n'ime ndị a ma ama na-egosipụta nka South Africa na Northeastern USA.
Ndụ
Mgbe ọ ka bi na South Africa, Allen bụ onye guzobere FLAT Gallery (1993 - 1995) n'ime ihe gbasara atụmatụ ndị na-ese ihe.
E gosipụtara ọrụ Allen na 2nd Johannesburg Biennale dị ka akụkụ nke ngosi "Graft". O kwubeghi ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ndụ onwe ya na ndụ ọha na eze Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ nchịkọta n'ime na n'èzí South Africa, nke gụnyere nchịkọta nke Durban Art Gallery, Guggenheim Museum na New York City na Standard Bank Collection.
Nkà ihe ọmụma
Siemon Allen bụ onye na-ewekọta ihe na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị na-adịghị adịte aka na South Africa, nke ọ na-eji emepụta nnukwu ihe ngosi na ihe ọmụma. N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ọrụ ndị a "ọrụ nchịkọta" ma na-enyocha echiche nke ịmepụta njirimara site n'ebe dị anya na onyinyo nke South Africa n'ozuzu.
Maka ihe owuwu ya, Allen na-achịkọta ihe ndị e biri ebi, nke ọ na-edepụta ma gosipụta. Usoro ọrụ ahụ yiri nke onye na-edebe ihe ochie. Dị ka onye South Africa bi na mba ọzọ, Allen nwere mmasị karịsịa na ịchọpụta na ịghọta otú a na-ahụ mba site na mpụga na ihe bụ ọrụ mba ahụ na-ewu onyinyo a. Na mbido afọ 2000 ọ hụrụ ebe weebụsaịtị nke gọọmentị South Africa nke na-akpọsa arịrịọ maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mma na mpụga mba ahụ yana maka iwebata ndị South Africa na-abụghị gọọmentị bi na mba ọzọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị ka "ndị nnọchiteanya" maka mba ahụ. Ihe ntinye Allen na-agbagha echiche a dị mkpa nke "akara" South Africa ma nye aka na ya.
Ọrụ Allen n'ezie bụ maka ịmepụta nnukwu ihe ncheta nke dabeere na ịntanetị nke akwụkwọ ọdịyo gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa. A kpọrọ ihe ngosi nke sitere na ihe ncheta a "Records" ma gosipụta ya na South Africa na 2009 na US na 2010.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Julia Varley
Julia Varley, OBE (16 March 1871, Bradford, Yorkshire – 24 November 1952, Yorkshire) was an English trade unionist and suffragette.
Early life
Born at 4, Monk Street in Horton in Bradford, she was one of seven surviving children out of nine born to Martha Ann née Alderson (1849-1896) and Richard Varley (1847-1913), an "Engine Tenter" according to the 1911 Census, meaning he oversaw the operation of the engine driving the machinery at a local woollen mill. The family lived in Horton Bradford. Her maternal grandfather, Joseph B. Alderson (1796-1886), was among those protesting during the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 and was a Chartists during the 1830s, and it was perhaps from him that she inherited her social conscience and desire to campaign for the rights of ordinary working people.
In 1883 at the age of 12 she worked as a 'half-timer', attending school but also working as a sweeper. A 'full-timer' at the age of 14, she joined the General Union of Textile Workers and quickly became a full-time organiser and branch secretary. In 1886 aged just 15, she became the secretary of the Bradford Weavers' and Textile Workers' Union. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Julia Varley In the 1891 Census Varley is listed as a "Worsted Weaver", and during this period she showed her early commitment to the rights of working people when she supported textile workers at Manningham Mills when they went on strike over low pay and poor working conditions. She talked to workers about the importance of joining a union. On the death of her mother in 1896 Varley became responsible for caring for her younger siblings until 1902, at the same time still working long hours at the mill while also maintaining her trade union efforts.
Suffragette
Varley was the first woman to join the Bradford Trades Council in 1900, and went on to serve on the Council for seven years. Aged 24 she chose to live for six weeks as a tramp, walking or ‘tramping’ from Leeds to Liverpool to see what it was like to live on Poor Law handouts. She served on the Board of the Poor Law Guardians of Bradford between 1904 and 1907. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Varley (left) with suffragette and trade unionist Mary Macarthur (seated) in 1908 Varley joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), with whom in February 1907 she was involved in a raid on the floor of the House of Commons. She refused to pay a fine for disturbance and obstruction and was sentenced to 14 days in Holloway Prison. Varley served a second sentence for a similar action and was released on April 20 1907. For these actions she was awarded the Holloway brooch by the WSPU. In 1909 Varley moved to Birmingham and established a branch of the National Federation of Women Workers at the Cadbury factory at Bournville. She was also involved in the Cradley Heath women chainmakers' strike of 1910, led by Mary Macarthur, and the Black Country strike of 1913, and later sat on the General Council of the Trade Union Congress.
Trade unionist
áká_èkpè|thumb|Varley (centre) leading a March in support of striking Cornish Clay workers From 1912 to 1929 Varley was an organiser for the Workers' Union. In 1913 she supported the Workers' Union when 5,000 Cornish Clay workers went on strike. Until 1915 Varley was the only female organiser in the Workers' Union, actively working for the Union as an organiser throughout World War I, even though she endured a serious operation on her throat in 1917. Varley disagreed with many of the male members of the Birmingham Trades Council when the government introduced conscription, joining the breakaway Birmingham Trade Union Industrial Council. In 1918 Varley joined five other women who were sent to France to investigate rumours that WAACs serving there during WWI had behaved in an immoral way. Varley and the other women found the rumours to be baseless, finding instead that the women had actually served with distinction.
In 1920 in Birmingham Varley founded a Domestic Servants' Union to take on the plight of the 1.25 million female domestic servants. Varley set up a social club for these women in Birmingham which the Daily Chronicle referred to as a "servants’ paradise". At the same time a Servants' Charter of appropriate working conditions for the women was issued covering working hours, time off, a minimum wage, their own bedroom, that the employer was responsible for paying for their uniform and that they should be addressed by their proper names. Varley was a member of a 1923 Ministry of Labour enquiry into the problem of the 'servant shortage'. This, she stated, was largely down to parents wanting a better life for their daughters, rather than have them endure the drudgery of domestic service. Varley also worked with the Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women, and in 1925 travelled to Canada to meet women who had settled there. At this time she was also involved in the work of the Industrial Welfare Society, which was concerned with the struggle for employer-provided lunchrooms and restrooms.
Varley was Women Workers member of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (1921–1935), and Chief Women's Officer of the Transport and General Workers' Union (1929–1936).
Mgbe afọ gachara
A họpụtara ya OBE na 1931 maka ọrụ ọha. Na 1928 na 1937 Varley nwetara ịwa ahụ n'anya ya ma mesịa kpuo ìsì. Na Septemba 1935 ọ bụ onye otu nnukwu ndị nnọchi anya mba ụwa na Njikọ Mba Nile na Geneva bụ nke kwuru okwu maka ịha nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Ọ bụ onye isi okwu nke ndị nnọchiteanya na ọrụ ya na Kọmitii Women's of Trades Union Congress (TUC) na Kọmitii International nke Trade Union Women. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1938 mana ọ gara n'ihu na-ebi na Birmingham, mana n'ihi ahụ ike ya na-ada ada na kpuru ìsì ọ gara biri na nwanne ya nwanyị di ya nwụrụ bụ Jessie Wooller na Bradford na Yorkshire. Julia Varley nwụrụ na Nọvemba 1952 dị afọ 81 na 32 Hampden Street na Bradford wee lie ya n'ili Undercliffe. Ọ lụọghị nwanyị ma hapụ nwanne ya nwanyị Jessie otu ala bara uru na £ 1419 14s 3d.
Na Mee 2013, e mere ncheta ya site n'iwulite ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ụlọ mbụ ya na 42 Hay Green Lane, Bournville, nke Birmingham Civic Society. A na-edebe ebe nchekwa akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Hull Archives...
Camilla Nielsen
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Camilla_Nielsen_1928-crop.jpg/220px-Camilla_Nielsen_1928-crop.jpg|thumb|Camilla Nielsen (1928) Camilla Marie Nielsen née Jensen (1856-1932) bụ onye ọrụ ebere na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Danish nke a na-echeta maka mkpebi ya maka ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mpaghara Frederiksberg nke Copenhagen. N'afọ 1887, ọ nwetara ala mebiri emebi na Ny Carlsberg Vej nke ọ gbanwere ka ọ nwee obere ụlọ 75 maka ezinụlọ ndị nọ ná mkpa nwere ụmụaka. N'afọ 1909, mgbe a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ọhụrụ nke Frederiksberg, o guzobere kichin ndị mmadụ nke na-emepụta ihe karịrị otu puku nri kwa ụbọchị maka ndị nwere nsogbu ego. N'ịbụ onye na-etinye aka na ndị Social Democrats, ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ọnọdụ ụlọ ka mma na mmelite maka ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ sonyere n'ọtụtụ òtù ọrụ ebere na Denmark kamakwa n'afọ 1915 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya Danish na Women's Peace Congress na Hague.
Ndụ mmalite na ezinụlọ
A mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 20 Eprel 1856 na Særslev Parish dị nso na Jyderup na Holbæk Municipality, Camilla Marie Nielsen bụ otu n'ime ụmụ isii, mana naanị nwa nwanyị, nke onye nwe ala Jens Jensen (1823 - 1878) na nwunye ya Ane Kirstine née Kjølsen (1827 Xi1899). N'afọ 1881, ọ lụrụ Andreas Frederik Larsen, onye ọrụ, onye ya na ya nwere otu nwa, Jens Frederik (1881). Mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ahụ gbasara n'afọ 1903, ọ lụrụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala bụ Christen Nielsen.
Ọrụ
N'afọ 1887, n'ihi kọntaktị ya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe, ọ ghọrọ onye nwe ụlọ mebiri emebi na Ny Carlsbergsvej na Frederiksberg ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụzigharị obere ụlọ iri asaa na ise, na-akwụ ha ụgwọ dị ọnụ ala nye ezinụlọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ụmụaka. N'afọ 1903, ọ lụrụ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya mbụ ya bụ Christen Nielsen, onye ọkwọ ụgbọala nke kpaliri mmasị ya na Social Democrats. Ọ nwụrụ afọ anọ ka e mesịrị n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1907, na-ahapụ ya ka ọ na-elekọta onwe ya. N'ịbụ onye Social Democratic Women's Association gbara ume, na 1908 a họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na bọọdụ nke ego enyemaka Frederiksberg, ọnọdụ ọ nọgidere na-arụ maka ndụ ya niile. N'afọ sochirinụ, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ na-elekọta ụlọ kichin dị n'ógbè ahụ ebe ọ na-akwadebe ihe karịrị otu puku nri kwa ụbọchị nke ezigbo nri dị ọnụ ala, ọtụtụ n'ime mmefu ego ahụ bụ nke ego enyemaka na-akwụ.
Site na mkpa ndị ọzọ sitere na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, n'afọ 1917 ọ na-elekọta Frederiksborg Folk Kitchen, na-emepụta nri abalị 3,000 kwa ụbọchị yana nri maka ụmụaka n'oge ọnwa oyi. N'ihi nkwado o nwere ike ịnakọta, ọrụ ahụ nke gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 1931, emeghị ka obodo ahụ kwụọ ụgwọ ọ bụla.
N'ihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Nielsen bụ onye otu ndị otu Social Democratic Women's Association, ebe a họpụtara ya n'afọ 1917 ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị isi nke Frederksberg Municipality, ebe ọ jere ozi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1932. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ tiwapụrụ, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Danish Peace Society (Dansk Fredsforening). Ya na Andrea Brochmann [da], ọ nọchitere anya Social Democrats na 1915 Women's Peace Conference na Hague, na-aghọ onye otu alaka Danish nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Ọ bụkwa onye otu ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka gụnyere Peter Sabroes Foundation na ụlọ ụmụaka, Odd Fellows Rebekka Home na ụlọ ụmụaka Princess Helena.
Camilla Nielsen nwụrụ na 16 Disemba 1932 na Frederiksberg. E liri ya na Frederiksberg Cemetery.
Onyinye
N'afọ 1928, e nyere Nielsen Medal of Merit.
Claude Kelly
thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ Claude Kelly (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ ónyé America na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu na ónyé na-emepụta egwu. Ọ bụ ónyé a họpụtara ugboro anọ na Grammy Award, ma dee ma ọ bụ soro dee egwu maka Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears, Ariana Grande, Bruno Mars, Christina Aguilera, Adam Lambert, Jennifer Lopez, Kesha, Brandy, na One Direction. Ya na Chuck Harmony mejupụtara R&B duo Louis York, ma guzobe otu egwu Weirdo Workshop.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Kelly ma zụlite ya na New York City. Nné ya a mụrụ na Jamaica mere ka ọ mata ụdị egwu dịgasị íchè íchè, gụnyere jazz, reggae, blues na R&B. Ka ọ na-etolite, ọ mụrụ piano na ọjà na Third Street Music School Settlement ma soro New York Boys Choir bụrụ abụ. Kelly gara Grace Church School, Riverdale Country School, na Berklee College of Music na Boston, Massachusetts, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere na azụmaahịa egwu / njikwa na 2002.
Ide egwu
Mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Berklee, Kelly rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-agụ egwú na East Coast, tupu ọ malite ide egwu nke ya. O tinyere egwu mbụ ya n'afọ 2002, mgbe "You're Taking It" gụnyere na nchịkọta CD maka uwe ndị Japan A Bathing Ape. O dere "Daddy's Little Girl" màkà Frankie J, nke e wepụtara dị ka otu na 2006, ma mee ka nkwekọrịta mbipụta na Warner / Chappell Music. N'afọ ahụ, a kọwaara Kelly ónyé na-emepụta RedOne, wee malite iso ya na Lady Gaga rụọ ọrụ, onye na-arụ ọrụ na abọm mbụ ya n'oge ahụ. Nke a dugara na mmeghe Akon. Kelly na Akon so dee "Hold My Hand" na Whitney Houston n'uche, mana Akon nwere mmasị n'abụ ahụ nke ukwuu nke na o kpebiri idekọ ya dị ka duet na Michael Jackson. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndekọ ikpeazụ nke Jackson, ma pụta na album ya nke 2010 Michael.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Abu Simbel
thumb|Abu Simbel Abu Simbel bụ ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwere nnukwu ụlọ nsọ abụọ e gwuru na nkume n'obodo nta Abu Simbel (Arabic: ), Aswan Governorate, Upper Ijipt, nso ókèala ya na obodo Sudan. Ọ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser, ihe dị ka kilomita narị abuo na ịrị atọ (140 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Aswan (ihe dị ka  kilomita 300 (190 mi) site n'okporo ụzọ). A tụrụ ụlọ nsọ gbàrà mkpi ahụ n'akụkụ ugwu na narị afọ nke oge 13 BC, n'oge ọchịchị nke 19 nke Fero Ramesses nke Abụọ. Nnukwu ihe oyiyi ha dị n'èzí nke Ramesses nke Abụọ a buru gọ ihe ngosi. A pụrụ ịhụ nwunye ya, Nefertari, na ụmụ ya na obere ihe site na ụkwụ ya. Ihe a tụrụ atụ n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nsọ ahụ na-echeta idu ndú Ramesses nke Abụọ na Agha nke Kadesh.
Ihe owuwu
N'oge ọchịchị ya, Ramesses nke Abụọ malitere usoro iwu ụlọ sara mbara n'Ijipt na Nubia, nke Ijipt na-achịkwa. Nubia dị ezigbo mkpa nye ndị Ijipt n'ihi na ọ bụ isi iyi nke ọlaedo na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa. Ya mere, o wuru ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ nsọ n'ebe ahụ iji mee ka ndị Nubian nwee ike ịchịkwa ike Ijipt ma mee ka ndị Nubia bụrụ ndị Ijipt. Ụlọ nsọ ndị a ma ama bụ ụlọ nsọ ndị e gwuru na nkume dị nso n'obodo Abu Simbel nke oge a, na mmiri Naịl nke Abụọ, ókèala dị n'etiti Lower Nubia na Upper Nubia. e nwere ụlọ arụsị abụọ, nnukwu ụlọ nsọ ahụ, nke a raara nye maka ramesses nke abụọ n'onwe ya, na obere ụlọ nsọ ahụ, nke a raara nye onyeisi nwunye ya eze nwanyị Nefertari.
Nchọpụta ọzọ
thumb|Ihe osise nke afọ 1840 sitere na Ala Nsọ, Siria, Idumea, Arabia, Ijipt, na Nubia na-egosi otú ájá si kpuchie nnukwu ụlọ nsọ ahụ. Rịba ama na nke a bụ ihe dịka afọ iri abụọ mgbe Belzoni wepụrụ ụfọdụ ájá iji mepụta ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke nnukwu ụlọ nsọ ahụ Ka oge na-aga, ụlọ nsọ ndị ahụ dara n'ọrụ ma nnukwu ụlọ nsọ ahụ mechara kpuchie ya. Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke isii BC, ájá kpuchiri oyiyi nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ ruo n'ikpere ha. [ihe odide dị mkpa] E chefuru ụlọ nsọ ahụ rue ọnwa Machị na afọ 1813, mgbe onye nyocha si na obodo Switzerland Johann Ludwig Burckhardt hụrụ obere ụlọ nsọ na elu nke ụlọ nsọ.
Nnukwu Ụlọ Nsọ
Nnukwu ụlọ nsọ dị na Abu Simbel, nke were ihe dị ka afọ iri abụọ iji wuo, e wuchara ya n'ihe dị ka afọ irí abụọ na anọ nke ọchịchị Ramesses Onye Ukwu (nke kwekọrọ na oge 1265 BC). A raara ya nye chi Amun, Ra-Horakhty, na Ptah, yana Ramesses n'onwe ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka ụlọ nsọ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị mma n'oge ọchịchị Ramesses nke Abụọ, yana otu n'ime ndị kachasị mma n"Ijipt.
Ọdịdị anyanwụ
Ekwenyere na ọ bụ ndị na-atụpụta ihe n'Ijipt oge ochie debere axis nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ n'ụzọ ga-eme ka n' ọnwa ọtoba 22 na onwa Febrụwarị 22, ìhè anyanwụ ga-abanye n'ebe nsọ ahụ ma mee ka ihe a tụrụ atụ na mgbidi azụ, ma e wezụga ihe oyiyi nke Ptah, chi jikọtara ya na ala nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ, onye nọgidere n'ọchịchịrị mgbe niile. Ndị mmadụ na-ezukọta na Abu Simbel n'ụbọchị ndị a iji hụ nke a. [nkọwa dị mkpa]
Joyce Johnson (onye edemede)
Joyce Johnson bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ ifo na akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo. A mụrụ ya Joyce Glassman na 1935 n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu dị na New York City ma zụlite ya na mpaghara Morningside Heights nke Manhattan, nke dị kilomita ole na ole site n'ụlọ Joan Vollmer Adams ebe William Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg na Jack Kerouac biri site na 1944 ruo 1946. Ọ bụ nwa na-eme ihe nkiri ma pụta na mmepụta Broadway nke I Remember Mama, nke o dere banyere ya na 2004 Missing Men.
Ndụ onwe onye
Ụzọ e si zụlite Johnson bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma dị iche na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ dị afọ ya na 1940s na 1950s. Ọ tolitere n'ọtụtụ ndụ ya na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na ndụ ya na ọtụtụ ọgụ na ndụ na-anwa ịchọta nzube. Otu ihe atụ ga-abụ nne ya onye dị afọ iri na itoolu na-aga n'ihu site n'otu ebe gaa n'ebe ọzọ na mbọ ezinụlọ ya na-agba iji nyere ya aka inweta atụmanya alụmdi na nwunye ka mma. Dị ka o kwuru na County College of Morris's Legacy Project Forum on Women of the Beat Generation na-ekpughe ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dị iche iche na-etolite, ọ kwenyere na nke ahụ bụ ihe mere o ji mụta ịghara ịdabere na onye ọ bụla. Dị nnọọ ka nne ya, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị na kọleji ụmụ nwanyị.
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ọ malitere ịnọ na Washington Square Park, ihe jikọtara ọdịbendị bohemian na ọdịbendị egwu ọdịnala nke oge ahụ. Ọ gara Barnard College mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ọ chọpụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga Barnard College bụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti nke ezinụlọ ha zitere ebe ahụ ịchọta ezigbo di. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ nupụụrụ isi megide nke ahụ bụ naanị ihe mere ha ji gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ma kpebie iji ohere ahụ gbapụ na atụmanya ọha na eze ma wuo njirimara nke ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị nwere onwe ha. Nke a mere ka Johnson kwado ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu kama ịbụ naanị nwunye.
Johnson kpughere n'akwụkwọ ya, Door Wide Open na mgbe a mụrụ ya, nne ya chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ onye egwu. Otu n'ime nrọ nne ya, mgbe ọ dị obere, bụ ịbụ onye na-agụ egwú ma ọ gbara Johnson ume ịgbaso ụzọ egwu. Ka ọ na-etolite n'afọ iri na ụma ya, nne ya kwadebere maka ọganihu Johnson site n'ịdebanye aha ya n'ọtụtụ ọzụzụ dị oke ọnụ nke ide egwu egwu, a zụrụ ya ide ma dee egwu na edemede nke ya. Nne ya n'oge ahụ bụ onye njikwa ya ma gwa ya na ọ gaghị alụ di n'oge na ọ nwere ike ichere ruo mgbe ọ "kwusiri ike" n'ọrụ ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ nọ na Barnard College, mmekọahụ ghọrọ ihe iyi egwu nye ikike nne ya n'ebe ọ nọ. Nne ya bi n'ofe okporo ámá ebe Johnson bi iji lekwasị ya anya. Ọ bụ ezie na Johnson nọgidere na-ede egwu maka nne ya, o dekwara akụkọ ndị ọ na-agaghị anwa iweta n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ hapụ nne ya ka ọ gụọ. E bipụtara otu akụkọ na magazin Barnard Literary banyere mmekọrịta Johnson na ezinụlọ ya.
Johnson chetara ibi ndụ abụọ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, n'oge ahụ, ya na onye nkuzi Barnard aha ya bụ Donald Cook nọ na mmekọrịta, onye ji afọ iri tọọ ya ma bụrụkwa onye klas Lucien Carr na Allen Ginsberg na Columbia. Site na mmekọrịta ya na Cook, a kọwaara ya Carl Solomon, Burroughs na Ginsberg. Ginsberg na Johnson zutere n'ụlọ Cook mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, site ebe a ka ya na Ginsberg malitere ọbụbụenyi.
N'afọ 1955, Johnson kwenyesiri ike na mmekọrịta ya na Cook ga-eduga ha n'alụmdi na nwunye ozugbo ọ hapụrụ ụlọ nne na nna ya. Otú ọ dị, o mechara biri n'ọnụ ụlọ odibo n'otu ụlọ dị nso na Columbia ma rụọ ọrụ odeakwụkwọ ebe a na-akwụ ya dollar iri ise n'izu iji bie ndụ n'onwe ya ọ bụ ezie na o zuo ezughị. Mmekọrịta ya na Cook emeghị ka ọ dị mma ka ọ na-ewepụ onwe ya n'ebe ọ nọ ma mesịa hapụ ya ka ya na nwa akwụkwọ Barnard ọzọ nọrọ.
Na Barnard College, ọ ghọrọ enyi na Elise Cowen (onye Allen Ginsberg hụrụ n'anya n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi) onye mere ka ọ mata ndị Beat. Ginsberg mere ndokwa ka Glassman na Kerouac zute na ụbọchị ìsì mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Come and Join the Dance, nke e rere na Random House mgbe ọ dị afọ 21 ma bipụta ya afọ ise ka e mesịrị na 1962 dịka ọ na-amalite ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ. Mmekọrịta ya na Jack Kerouac bụ oge dị mkpa na ndụ ya. "'M ga-ekwu na otu n'ime ndị ikom a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke gbara m ume n'ihe odide m bụ Jack Kerouac'."Otu n'ime ihe mere o ji bụrụ oge dị ịrịba ama maka Johnson bụ site na nkwupụta ya dị n'elu ebe ọ kwetara na ọ bụ mmekọrịta ya na Kerouac mere ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọrụ edemede ya n'ihi na ọ kwadoro ya ka ọ banye n'akwụkwọ. N'oge mmekọrịta ya na Kerouac, ọ ghọtara na ụmụ nwoke na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe maka ederede ha, na dị ka ihe mmekọahụ, ọ bụghị dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Johnson kwenyere na nghọta a nke ụmụ nwanyị Beat kwadebere ụzọ maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ, na-akpali mkpali maka ha ịbụ ihe karịrị naanị obere ihe odide.
Mgbe ya na Jack Kerouac gbasara, ọ lụrụ onye na-ese ihe James Johnson, onye nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ọgba tum tum. Site n'alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ ya na onye na-ese ihe Peter Pinchbeck, nke gwụrụ na ịgba alụkwaghịm, nwa ya nwoke, Daniel Pinchbeck، bụkwa onye edemede.
Akaraka
Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Johnson gosipụtara okwu banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ na njedebe nke ahụmịhe ha n'ihi okike ha dị ka nwanyị. A na-ele nwanyị ahụ anya dị ka onye na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ndị nnupụisi na ndị mmehie na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa. Ya mere, mbipụta ndị a kpaliri Johnson imepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya Come and Join the Dance na 1962. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ tupu òtù Beatnik aghọọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'omenala ma bụrụ nke a ghọtara dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Beat mbụ nke nwanyị dere. Ewezuga Come and Join the Dance, o bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dị ka Bad Connections na 1978 na In the Night Cafe na 1987. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a nwere isiokwu yiri nke ahụ ebe ha gosipụtara ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na 1950 na 60s.
N'ọnwa mbụ nke afọ 1957, Johnson zutere Jack Kerouac na ụbọchị ìsì nke Allen Ginsberg haziri. Kerouac gbara Johnson ume ide akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1962. Otú ọ dị, ịhụnanya ha were naanị afọ abụọ ma mee ka o dee akwụkwọ ncheta akpọrọ Minor Characters nke e bipụtara na 1983. Akwụkwọ ncheta ahụ na-atụgharị uche na ndụ ya n'etiti 1957 na 1958, ọkachasị maka mmekọrịta ya na Kerouac. O mekwara ka Kerouac pụta ìhè bụ onye si n'ọchịchịrị gaa n'ọkwa mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya On the Road na 1957. Ọzọkwa, ọ tụgharịrị uche na ya ịlaghachi azụ na ndụ ndị nọ n'etiti ebe ndị mụrụ ya chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ede egwu. Otú ọ dị, ọ chọrọ ịghọ onye na-ede uri na onye na-agụ egwú; ya mere, ọ malitere ịgbapụ ma gbalaga na Washington Square Park iji chụsoo nrọ ya. Akwụkwọ ncheta a emeela ka a mara ihe dị n'ime ya, ndụ onwe onye, ahụmịhe ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị jikọtara ya na ndị edemede Beat Generation.
N'afọ 1990, kpọmkwem afọ iri abụọ na asatọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, o bipụtara ọrụ mgbasa ozi nyocha nke akpọrọ What Lisa Knew: The Truths and Lies of the Steinberg Case. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ikike uche, mmekọahụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ya apụtala na Harper's, Harper's Bazaar, New York, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Vanity Fair na The Washington Post. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na William Morrow, The Dial Press, McGraw-Hill na The Atlantic Monthly Press. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ibipụta akwụkwọ, o dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ gụnyere Vanity Fair, The New Yorker, The New York Times Magazine, New York, Harper's Bazaar, Mirabella, na Harper's. Site na 1983 ruo 1997, ọ kụziri edemede na Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, Mahadum Vermont, Mahadim New York na nke mbụ na mmemme MFA nke Mahadum Columbia.
From the period her memoir entitled minor characters won the national book critics circle award in 1983.then in 1987 her penultimate chapter from her novel in the night cafe which is the children wing won the first prize o.henry  award or grant from the national endowment for the arts (NEA) in 1992
N'afọ 2000, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta Door Wide Open: A Beat Love Affair in Letters. Ọ bụ nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ ozi nke ịhụnanya ha nke ya na Kerouac dere site na 1957 ruo 1958. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ọzọ, Missing Men, n'afọ 2004. Mgbe afọ anọ nke ibipụta ọrụ ya gasịrị, ya na onye na-ebipụta ya bụ Viking/Penguin bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta maka akụkọ ndụ Jack Kerouac nke akpọrọ The Voice is All: The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerou ac na 2008. O were ya afọ anọ iji bipụta akwụkwọ ncheta ahụ, nke ọ kọwara na ọ na-egbu oge n'ihi nsogbu ndị na-enweta ebe nchekwa Kerouac nke Berg Collection nwetara. Ọzọkwa, iwu Kerouac Estate gbochiri ịnweta akwụkwọ ya naanị ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ.
Ụzọ e si ede ihe
N'ozuzu, ihe ncheta nke Joyce Johnson gụnyere nghọta banyere ahụmịhe onwe ya, ncheta, na njirimara. O dere akụkọ ihe mere eme anọ nke bụ Minor Characters, Door Wide Open: A Beat Love Affair in Letters, Missing Men: A Memoir na The Voice is All: The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerouac nke e bipụtara na 1983, 2000, 2004 na 2012 n'otu n'otu. Enwere ike ịhụ na ahụmịhe ndụ ya dị ka onye edemede nwanyị na mmekọrịta ya na Jack Kerouac edeela na akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị a.
E wezụga nke ahụ, Joyce Johnson jiri ụdị nkọwa na akụkọ dee banyere akụkọ ndụ ya nke gụnyere ndị edemede, ntọala na esemokwu. Enwere ike iwere ụdị edemede ndị a dị ka ụzọ kachasị dị irè maka ya ịkọwa ihe omume na nkọwa dabere na ahụmịhe onwe ya. Ọ ga-ahọrọ ihe omume ụfọdụ ka etinye ya n'ọrụ edemede ya. Enwere ike ịhụ nke a na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Nancy Grace:"Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere m ike itinye ihe niile mere m n'ime afọ ndị m na-ede banyere ha, mana enwere ọtụtụ ihe m hapụrụ n'ihi na achọrọ m ilekwasị anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe m bụ nwata, m nọ n'ụlọ ihe nkiri. Ọfọn, nke ahụ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị, mana ọ gaara ewepụ m n'ihe m na-ede banyere ya n'ezie, yabụ etinyeghị m ihe ahụ na"Dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ a, enwere ike ikwu na ide akwụkwọ ncheta abụghị ọrụ dị mfe n'ihi na onye edemede ga-echeta ihe omume ụfọdụ iji zere ihe ọ bụla e chepụtara echepụta. Ọ na-egosi na Joyce Johnson chọrọ ka ndị na-agụ ya hụ ndụ ya ma ghọta ozi ahụ site na ederede ya. Ya mere, ụdị ngosipụta a na-enyere aka ịhazi nghọta ha banyere ndụ ya dị ka onye edemede nwanyị na Beat Movement na narị afọ nke iri abụọ.
Ewezuga akụkọ ndụ na akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, Joyce Johnson dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo. Ihe odide mbụ ya na 1962, Come and Join the Dance bụ akụkọ ifo e dere otu afọ tupu ya ezute Kerouac. Akụkọ ahụ na-ejikọta na ọgba aghara na ọgbaghara nke Beat movement na 1955, ebe ọ na-eme ka akụkọ nke nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na-enupụ isi nke nwere àgwà ndị ọtụtụ ndị Beat nwere - ịbụ ndị na-eme njem, ndị na-enweghị nchegbu na ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-agbagha echiche ụmụ nwanyị orthodox nke oge ahụ, Johnson na-ekwusi ike na o dere dabere na ọnọdụ ndị inyom ọ maara na-ebi ndụ, n'ụzọ dị anya na-agbaso atụmanya nwoke na nwanyị ha. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Nancy Grace na Mee 1999, Johnson kwetara na Andre Gide's The Counterfeiters abụwo nnukwu mmetụta maka ya ide ụdị akụkọ ahụ. O chere na ọ na-echegbu onwe ya mgbe niile banyere ide ya na mbido. "Oh, edere m akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi nke ukwuu, o siri m kwere na m na-ede otu n'ezie. Egwu tụrụ m nke ukwuu. Ọzọkwa, ụjọ na-atụ m. Amaara m nke ọma na m na-ede banyere ihe ndị ezigbo nwa agbọghọ na-ekwesịghị ide banyere ha. Ọ bụrụ na ị dee banyere ihe ndị ahụ, ndị mmadụ ga-eche na ị nwere ha n'onwe gị - na ndị mụrụ m ga-agụ ya ma wụọ ya akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ndị mmadụ dị iche iche gụrụ ya ma wụọ ha akpata oyi n'ahụ. Ọ tụrụ ndị na-enyocha ya n'anya!"Afọ iri na isii ka e mesịrị, Johnson mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo nke abụọ ya na 1978, Bad Connections ma gaa n'ihu dee aha akụkọ ifo ọzọ, In the Night Cafe (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ahụ na-ejide ọdịbendị Bohemian na 1960s na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ọgụ ihu dị ka ụmụ nwanyị Beat. Dị ka Johnson si kwuo n'otu ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o weere In the Night Cafe dị ka akwụkwọ ya kachasị mma ma kwuo otú ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Henry James si emetụta ya ide akụkọ ifo.
Jack Kerouac
Jack Kerouac na Joyce Johnsons bụ ndị na-eme mkpapụ. Ha na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ịhụnanya. Ndị a bụ naanị eziokwu banyere mmekọrịta ha.
Ịga n'ihu
Na-ebi n'etiti 1950s 'Beat Movement, ọrụ ya dị ezigbo mkpa n'igosi ndụ ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ebe ọtụtụ oge, olu ụmụ nwanyị na-adabere na akụkọ ndị edemede nwoke Beat dere dị ka Ginsberg, Burroughs, na Kerouac. Ya mere, Johnson kpebiri inye ndị na-agụ ya nghọta banyere njirimara ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime òtù ahụ n'agbanyeghị na a na-ewepụkarị ya. Johnson na-ahụ onwe ya dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe ọ na-eme dị ka ụzọ isi nye onwe ya ike ebe ọ nwere ike ịkọwa ya ma n'otu oge ahụ ọ naghị ejikọta ya na ya. O kwuru n'otu n'ime akụkọ ndụ ya: "Ọrụ onye na-ekiri ihe nwere uru ya. Ị nwere ike ikere òkè dị ukwuu n'ìgwè ahụ dịka ị chọrọ, mana mgbe ị na-adọta gị nke ọma, ị nwere ike ịsị mgbe niile 'Ọ dị mma, abụ m naanị onye na-ekiri,' wee laghachi n'udo ọzọ"Joyce nwere nchegbu banyere mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ ma nwee obi ụtọ na ọrụ ya nwetara nkwado dị ka nwanyị na-ede Beat Generation.
Ịbụ onye inyom
Ọ bụ ezie na a maara Johnson maka ịmepụta njikọ akwụkwọ siri ike, a ga-ekweta ọrụ ya maka inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu. Ọrụ edemede ya niile na-arụ ọrụ n'iwepụ ịgbachi nkịtị nke a na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ nwanyị n'akwụkwọ ndị na-esote agha. N'ịbụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole jisiri ike chọta ụzọ ya ruo n'elu Beat Movement, Johnson na-eji ohere a dị ka onye na-akọrọ ahụmahụ ya na-ebi ndụ dị ka nwanyị nke na-apụ n'ịga n'ụzọ omenala n'ọrụ edemede ya. "Aga m eme ka ọ bụrụ azụmahịa m ide banyere ụmụ agbọghọ dị nnọọ iche na ndị e gosipụtara na peeji nke New Yorker. Aga m ede banyere ọnụ ụlọ ndị nwere ụlọ na mmekọahụ."Atọ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Come and Join the Dance, Bad Connections, na In the Night Café gosipụtara isiokwu yiri nke ahụ bụ okwu ọdịbendị na okike. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a gosipụtara n'ụzọ gara nke ọma njem nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nọ n'etiti karịsịa na 1950s na 1960s. Okwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-emetụta nke ukwuu n'akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ ya niile ọkachasị na Bad Connections, nke e bipụtara na 1978. Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị iburu n'uche na ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ anọghị na mbipụta ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ghara inwe nyocha zuru oke site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta, ihe gbara akụkọ ahụ gburugburu na akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-enye nkọwa bara uru na zeitgeist nke 1950s na 1960s yana echiche nke otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị gbara gburugburu Beat Movement.
Dị ka edepụtara ihe odide Johnson n'ihe gbasara omenala America, ebe omenala nwere ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ omume dị iche na nke ọha mmadụ, ha na-agbaso usoro ebe nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eche ọtụtụ ihe isi ike ihu iji nweta nnwere onwe nke ịtọhapụ onwe ya na ndụ nke a na-eme maka ụmụ nwanyị. "Nke ahụ bụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara iwu, omenala, na nkwenye nke ọgbọ Beat maka ụmụ nwanyị, mana ọ katọrọ ha site n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ nke nwoke na nwanyị, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ na-echekwa usoro abụọ, nke usoro okike."Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nwekwara ihe yiri nke ahụ ebe ha gosipụtara nwanyị bohemian dị ka onye isi na-achọ ihe a na-ezube ịbụ n'efu ọbụna mgbe ha nwetasịrị otu. Ha mekwara ka ọnọdụ esemokwu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu n'oge ahụ na-ebi n'ime mmetụta siri ike nke Beat Generation pụta ìhè.
E wezụga nke ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ mbụ ya nwere njikọ siri ike na afọ nke ahụmahụ Johnson mgbe mbụ ya na Beats zutere. "Akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ a mejupụtara trilogy na-agụnye ndụ Johnson na hipster na hippie New York ma na-akatọ Beat yana countercultures na okwu iri isii."Site n'ịtụle nke ahụ, ngosipụta ya nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe odide ya na-emeghe ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ile anya n'otú nwanyị, nke jupụtara n'echiche nke òtù a, si anọchite anya onye isi nwanyị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ America na-emepe ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụkwa ihe na-adọrọ mmasị iburu n'uche na echiche Johnson banyere ndụ nwere obi abụọ na Kerouac na Beats metụtara àgwà ha n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ. Site na nke a, ọ na-egosi otu Johnson si kpebie ịhapụ nwanyị ma mechaa kewapụ onwe ya na ejiji na ngosipụta na-adịghị omimi nke ụmụ nwanyị site n'aka ndị edemede Beat.
Despite having most of non fiction works that narrate the experiences as one of the scarce women within the beat generation and her relationship with kerouac her fictions seems to be more of protofeminist reaction to the patriarchal belief and sexist construction of wòmen Her protagonists  not only acted as reconfiguration of the dominant beat discourse they also arbitrated in the reactionary beat culture of female inferiority and marginality. In other words her writings could be viewed as counter responses of women towards the dominance of male writers within the beat movement. She successfully showcased the misperception and conflicts surrounding the white middle class female protagonist in a rigid patriarchal society
Mmekọrịta Joyce Johnson na Jack Kerouac
Ihe niile malitere site na ụbọchị ìsì nke onye na-ede uri nke Howl, Allen Ginsberg, onye bụkwa onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Beat, guzobere. "Ekele. Abụ m Jack. Allen gwara m na ị dị ezigbo mma. Ị ga-achọ ịbịa na Howard Johnson na Eighth Street? Aga m anọ ọdụ na tebụl."Joyce Johnson onye dị afọ iri abụọ na otu zutere Jack Kerouac, onye ji afọ iri na atọ tọọ ya. N'ihi ya, mmekọrịta were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ abụọ malitere. Mmekọrịta ha malitere n'ihi mmasị ha nwere maka ide ihe ma ọ dịteghị aka ka Johnson kwuru na Kerouac bụ nsogbu mgbe ọ bịara na mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ nwanyị. N'oge ahụ, Johnson ka na-alụ ọgụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke bụ Come and Join the Dance.
Ọzọkwa, Kerouac bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ebe ọ na-agbanwe onye mmekọ ya mgbe niile ma nwee àgwà ọjọọ nke ịṅụ mmanya. Otu n'ime isi ihe mere mmekọrịta ha ji kwụsị bụ nne ya, Gabrielle L'Evesque Kerouac. Ọ na-enyo ndị enyi ya niile enyo ma kewapụ ya kpamkpam na mmekọrịta ọ bụla n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ka ọ nọgide na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi nye ya n'enweghị asọmpi ọ bụla site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ. Kerouac na nne ya na-emetụta ibe ha nke ukwuu n'ihi na enweghị ihe nzuzo n'etiti ha gbasara ndụ onwe ha.
N'ụzọ dị mwute, mkpebi ya itinye ndụ mmekọrịta ya na Kerouac n'oge gara aga na Minor Characters na-eweta nsogbu ụfọdụ mgbe ndị mmadụ malitere ịsị na ọ na-eme ka Kerouac bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọdịmma nke ya. Ọrụ Johnson dị ka onye bụbu enyi nwanyị nke onye edemede a ma ama kpuchiri ọrụ nke ya ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye edemede nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'onwe ya.
In a way it has been a cruise because people cannot see me as writer apart from my relationship to that material it has been immensely frustrating  what has been frustrating to me is that the people who know my work seem to be remember it only in the context of my wrtting jack ""Minor Characters bụ ngwakọta nke ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka Beats Generation na ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-atụ anya ịgbanahụ ajọ mbunobi ọha na eze. Ọ bụ ezie na Kerouac bụ onye isi na akụkọ ahụ dịka na onyinye ya nye ọgbọ America na-eto eto, akwụkwọ ncheta ahụ bụ n'ezie maka mwute nke onye a na-akpọ obere onye chọrọ ịghọ onye isi.
N'ezie, ọ bụ ihe ncheta nke onwe ya nke malitere na akụkọ ya na-etolite na Upper West Side. Johnson kwuru na na mberede chere na ọ chọrọ ide banyere ndị na-adịbeghị ndụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọrụ ya ka ghọrọ akụkụ nke mmegharị ahụ yana ndị edemede nwanyị ndị ọzọ. A na-elekarị ọrụ Joyce Johnson na akụkọ ihe mere eme Beat anya dị ka nke enyi nwanyị Jack Kerouac.
Iji mee ka ọ ka njọ, n'akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, The Voice is All: The Lonely Victory of Jack Kerouac, a tụrụ anya na ọ ga-ede ihe ọzọ na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta afọ abụọ ya na Kerouac. Ka o sina dị, ọ họọrọ n'ezie ịmepụta akụkọ ndụ afọ iri ise nke ya site n'akụkụ dị iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ na-ede akụkọ ndụ. Site na oge dị mkpirikpi nke mmekọrịta chiri anya ha, Johnson jiri ihe ọmụma ya niile banyere Kerouac kpụzie echiche ya mgbe ọ na-ede The Voice Is All. Ọ maara banyere isiokwu ya nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị edemede ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ na-anọkarị na Kerouac n'oge ọ na-eto eto na ndụ ya.
Aha Johnson dị ka onye edemede na-abụkarị ihe omimi gbara Kerouac gburugburu kpuchiri. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Kerouac bụ Ellis Amburn na-ekwu na Johnson na Helen Weaver, onye edemede ọzọ na onye bụbu enyi nwanyị Kerouac, lụrụ ọgụ n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Subterranean Kerouac. Johnson na Weaver na-ekwu na nke a emeghị, ma gaa n'ihu na ọbụbụenyi ha dị ka ndị okenye.
Akwụkwọ
<references group="" responsive="1"> Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Montana Onose Felix
Montana Onose Felix (amụrụ Montana Onosetale Felix Iriogbe; 2001) bụ ihe nlere anya, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na eze nwanyị ịma mma nke e chiri Miss Universe Nigeria 2022.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Clara Tybjerg
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clara_Tybjerg-crop.png/220px-Clara_Tybjerg-crop.png|thumb|Clara Tybjerg Clara Sophie Tybjerg née Sarauw (1864-1941) bụ onye Danish na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụnwanyị, onye na-ahụ udo na onye nkuzi. N'afọ 1915, ọ gara Nzukọ Ụmụnwanyị nke Mba Nile na The Hague, ya na Thora Daugaard. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o nyere aka guzobe ma, site n'afọ 1916 ruo 1920, duzie Danske Kvinders Fredskæde ma ọ bụ Danish Women's Peace Chain nke ghọrọ alaka Danish nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. A na-echetakwa ya maka inye aka n'iweta ụmụaka agụụ na-agụ site na Vienna gaa Denmark mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ ya na 3 Machị 1864 na Kalvehave Parish dị nso na Vordingborg, Clara Sophie Sarauw bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye na-elekọta ọhịa Conrad August Nicolaus Sarauw (1816-1886) og Betzy Wilhelmine Hansen (1834-1909). Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara Copenhagen ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Den Kellerske Åndssvageanstalt nke na-ahụ maka ịkụziri ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ. Ọ gara United States ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ma gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Pennsylvania Training School for Feebleminded Children ruo n'afọ 1892.
Na 18 Mee 1893, ọ lụrụ onye ọka ikpe ụlọ ikpe dị elu Erland Tybjerg (1863ī1925). N'afọ sochirinụ, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee na H. Adlers Fællesskole, ụlọ akwụkwọ ngwakọta mbụ na Denmark, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1915. Ọbụna mgbe ọ hapụrụ, ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ.