cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
The-Dream
2011–2014: 1977 na IV Play
Na egwu Love King "Sex Intelligent (Remix)," The-Dream bụrụ abụ na ọ ga-ewepụta abọm na-esote nke akpọrọ Love Affair na June 7, 2011. Na ụbọchị ntọhapụ ahụ, The-Dream wepụtara egwu ọhụrụ abụọ akpọrọ "Body Work / Fuck My Brains Out" dị ka nbudata n'efu sochiri abọm akpọrọ 1977 na August 31, 2011, dịkwa ka nbudata n'efu. Def Jam Recordings wepụtara 1977 n'ahịa na Disemba 18, 2012, na ndepụta egwu gbanwere. Love Affair na-egbu ógè ugboro ugboro ma gbanwee aha ahụ na The Love, IV, Love IV: Diary of a Madman, Love IV MMXII, na n'ikpeazụ IV Play. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ n'etiti Love King na IV Play, The-Dream wepụtara egwu "Roc" na "Dope Bitch", nkè etinyeghị na ndepụta egwu ikpeazụ màkà IV Play.
2018–ugbua: Sextape series
The-Dream wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Ménage à Trois: Sextape Vol. 1, 2, 3 na Disemba 2018, na abọm ọzọ akpọrọ Sextape 4 na Eprel 2020.
Mmepụta na ide egwu
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na Nivea na Rihanna, Nash edeela ma mepụta egwu màkà ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ama ama R&B, hip hop, na ndị egwu pop, gụnyere J. Holiday, Usher, Yung Joc, Jesse McCartney, Mariah Carey, Karina Pasian, Ciara, Brandy, Diddy, Mary J. Blige, B2K, Beyoncé na Tulisa Contostavlos. N'afọ 2009, The-Dream na Tricky Stewart dere ma mepụta abọm How to Be a Lady: Volume 1 nkè otu ụmụ agbọghọ R&B Electrik Red.
The-Dream abụrụla ónyé na-ese ihe na egwú ndị na-ese ihe dịka Plies, LL Cool J, Dear Jayne, Gym Class Heroes, Sterling Simms, Rick Ross, Fabolous, Jamie Foxx, na Snoop Dogg.
Mmetụta
John Calvert nke The Quietus na-ede na "stadium-R&B" nke The-Dream gbanwere ụdị ahụ dị ka akụkọ ifo," na-ezo aka na ya dị ka mmetụta na egwu Frank Ocean nke afọ 2012 "Pyramids". Ónyé nchịkọta akụkọ Allmusic Andy Kellman na-ede na, ya na Carlos McKinney na Tricky Stewart, The-Dream "jidere belt màkà ngalaba electronic pop-R&B, nke ndị na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ Leon Sylvers III, Kashif na Morrie Brown, Prince, Jam & Lewis, Teddy Riley, Timbaland na Missy Elliott, na Neptunes nwere. "
Ndụ onwe onye
The-Dream nwere ụmụ itoolu. Mgbe ha na-akpa ọnwa isii, Nash lụrụ enyi ya nwanyị, Nivea n'afọ 2004. Ha nwèrè ụmụ atọ. Nivea gbàrà akwụkwọ maka nkewa iwu na Disemba 10, 2007. Nash kwuru na ọ bụ ezie na ya na Nivea hụrụ n'anya, enweghị ahụmịhe ya n'ezinụlọ na-etolite pụtara na "a naghị akụziri ya ihe karịrị ịhụnanya [ọ na-ewe] iji nwee mmekọrịta. Dị ka, 'n'ihi na ịhụnanya abụghị naanị ebe ọ ga-agwụ. Ọ pụghị ịmalite ma kwụsị na ịhụnanya. A ghaghị inwe ụfọdụ ihe ọmụma na ndidi nke a na-enweta iji mee ka ọ na-aga n'ihu ma mee ka ọ kwụ ọtọ, achọpụtara m ụzọ siri ike. " E mechiri ịgba alụkwaghịm ha na June 15, 2008.
Ihe gbasara iwu
E jidere Nash na June 2013 na Newport Beach, California màkà ebubo ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, mana enyi ya nwanyị Lydia Nam jụrụ ebubo.
E jidere Nash na Mee 7, 2014, na ebubo nke mwakpo na ịnyagbu, itinye ụmụaka n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihe ize ndụ megide enyi ya nwanyị dị ime Lydia Nam maka omume ya na Eprel 4, 2013, mgbè ha nọ na Plaza Hotel na New York. A kpochapụrụ Nash ebubo, gụnyere mwakpo mpụ na ịnyagbu, na mpụta dị mkpirikpi na Manhattan Criminal Court.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Mahjong mat
Mat Mahjong nke a makwaara ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ka mat nke oge okpomọkụ bụ mat nke oge ọkọchị nke a na-eji eme ihe n'Eshia. A na-eme ya site na obere iberibe achara e kewara n'etiti onwe lekwasịrị ụmụ ndị ogbi ekewa nke na-enyere aka belata okpomọkụ ahụ ma melite ntụsara ahụ n'oge ụra.
Okwu mmalite
A maara mat mahjong ya n'asụsụ Chinese dị ka liangxi (凉席) nke a na-akpa n'ụzọ nkịtị, nke a na'asụgharịkarị dị ka mat ihi ụra n'oge ochie nakwa ike ọkọchị. Mahjong mat bụ aha e nyere ya site na njikọ ndị mmadụ n'ihe dika ya na tebụl Mahjong eji eme egwuregwu ọdịnala na ímé ihe nọr na ndị China nwere ike otu aha ahụ.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
A na-eji ọtụtụ narị obere tebụl achara eme ihe dị ka tebụl Ụbọchị ndị Nne Nna pụrụ isi dị otú ahụ ka ndị ọzọ Mahjong site na egwuregwu tebụl nke e mepụtara na narị afọ okuku n'oge nke 19 na China. Thomas Taylor Meadows kwuru banyere ihe ndina ndị a n'oge ọkọchị n'akwụkwọ njem ya n'afọ 1856.
Na Korea, àkwà oge okpomọkụ bụ àkwà kachasị mma na nke kachasị mkpa nke ndị mmadụ ji mee ihe na narị afọ nke 19. A na-eji osisi pine na achara eme ya.
Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti na ngwụcha afọ 1990, Mahjong mats nọ n'ọkwa ha. China nwere ihe dị ka usoro mmepụta 1000 na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke n'ọtụtụ ebe na-emepụta achara na China. Bamboo summer mats bụ otu n'ime ụdị asaa nke ngwaahịa achara nke gọọmentị Kọmunist nke China depụtara iji kwalite ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1997. Otú ọ dị, na ngwụcha afọ 1990 na mmalite afọ 2000, ka ihe ndina ụfụfụ nke oge a na-emepe emepe, na ikuku oyi na-aghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị dị ka usoro ịjụ oyi, ewu ewu nke mahjong bamboo mats dara nke ukwuu.
Mmepụta
A na-eji achara dịgasị iche iche eme ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Mahjong dabere na nnweta na mpaghara mmepụta. Na Vietnam, a na-eji Dendrocalamus barbatus eme ihe ndina.
Ojiji
N'adịghị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ihe na-atọ ụtọ na-ewu ewu ma n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma n'ozuzu okpomọkụ na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia n'ihi na ha anaghị amị mmiri ma nwee ike ịjụ oyi. N'ịbụ ndị a na-afụkọta n'ụzọ dị mfe maka nchekwa, nhicha ha dịkwa mfe n'ihi na enwere ike iji ákwà mmiri kpochaa ya.
Na China, a na-azakarị mat mahjong na ọnụahịa dị ọnụ ala na mbido oge okpomọkụ ma tụfuo ya dị ka ihe mkpofu na ngwụcha oge okpompe ka ha na-ehi ụra ozugbo.
N'ezie, a na-ewere mat mahjong dị ka ụdị mat ihi ụra nke nwere ikike okpomọkụ kachasị elu. Nnukwu ikike okpomọkụ pụtara na otu ihe nwere ike inyere aka ịmịkọrọ okpomọkụ, yabụ ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ mbụ nke mat dị ala karịa okpomọkụ nke elu ahụ mmadụ, ihi ụra na mat bamboo ga-adị jụụ.
Otú ọ dị, ihe ndina mahjong nwekwara ikuku na-adịghị mma, ike dị elu, ha na-agbaji n'ụzọ dị mfe mgbe ihe ndina na-adịghị nhata. Mkpụrụ osisi bamboo nwere usoro spray nwekwara ike ịkpata ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ.
Charles Ernest Peers
thumb|Ọdịdị Ala Charles E Peers Charles Ernest Peers (1875, Belfast, Northern Ireland na 1944, Higgovale, Cape Town, South Africa) bụ onye South Africa na-ese ihe.
Peers nọrọ na Liverpool, England, ebe o dekọrọ ọrụ mbupu na Mersey. Ọ chọrọ ịghọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri, mana ọ pụghị ịmụ ọrụ. Ọ nọrọ obere oge na Liverpool School of Art tupu ọ gaa South Africa na 1904.
Peers na-ebi ndụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ dị iche iche, nke gụnyere Galvin & Sales na Cape Town. O gosipụtara The Seven Wonders of South Africa nke Hedley Chilvers na The Coast of Hermanus nke Will Costello. O mepụtara usoro kaadị sịga na-ese onyinyo maka United Tobacco Company album Our Land / Ons Land (1939), na ọtụtụ kalenda eserese n'oge afọ 1930 maka Vacuum Oil Company.
Ndị ọgbọ na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na watercolor, mana ha na-emepụta mmanụ na pastel yana ihe osise pensụl, etchings, linocuts, na lithographs. O lekwasịrị anya na ọdịdị ala, ihe owuwu, na ihe gbasara ụgbọ mmiri.
Ihe ngosi
Ihe ngosi onwe onye, Lezard's Gallery, Johannesburg, 1923
Ihe ngosi jikọrọ aka na Allerley Glossop, Taylor Art Gallery, Pietermaritzburg, 1924 Ihe ngosi onwe, Dempers na Wiley's Art Gallery, Cape Town, 1924
Ihe osise dị iche iche site na 1926, nke gụnyere ihe ngosi nke South African Institute of Art, Durban, 1927
Ihe ngosi jikọtara ya na J. Pope Ellis, Cape Town City, 1939
A nọchitere anya na ihe ngosi ọhụrụ ọhụrụ niile a na-eme kwa afọ site na 1938 ruo 1945
Peter Visser Antiques guzobere ihe ngosi ire ahịa mbụ nke ọrụ ya kemgbe afọ 1930 na 1991.
Nchịkọta ọha na eze
Albany Museum, Grahamstown Cape Town Municipal Collection Durban Art Gallery Iziko Museum, Cape Town (South African National Gallery & Slave Lodge) Museum Afrika, Johannesburg Old House Museum, Durban Pretoria Art Museum Tatham Art Gallery, Pietermaritzburg University of Cape Town William Humphreys Art Gallery, Kimberley
Niyi Osundare
Niyi Osundare bụ ónyé na-ede uri, ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri, ónyé na'asụsụ, na ónyé na-enyocha akwụkwọ n'Afrịka. A mụrụ ya na Machị 12, 1947, na Ikere-Ekiti, Naịjirịa, abụ uri ya nwèrè mmetụta nke abụ uri nke ọdịbendị Yoruba ya, nke ọ na-ejikọta ya na ọdịnala abụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa, gụnyere African American, Latin American, Asian, na European.
Ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ
Osundare nwetara nzèrè na Bekee na Mahadum Ibadan (BA), Mahadum Leeds (MA), na Mahadim York, Canada (PhD, 1979). Ọ bụbu prọfesọ (site na 1989) na Ónyé isi Bekee (1993[[97) na Mahadum Ibadan, ọ ghọrọ prọfesụ Bekee na Mahadim New Orleans na 1997. Osundare nwèrè nwunye, Kemi, na ụmụ atọ, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na nwa nwoke ka bi na Naijiria. Nwa ya nwanyị ntị chiri bụ ihe mere Niyi ji biri na United States. Ọ pụghị ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ na Naịjirịa n'ihi ya ha chọtara ụlọ akwụkwọ na US màkà ya, wee kwaga ka ọ dịrị ya nso. E jirila ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka ihe atụ nke ónyé na-ede uri.
Ọrụ
Ọ bụ ónyé na-akwado ikike ikwu okwu n'onwe ya ma bụrụkwa ónyé kwéré n'ike nke okwu, na-ekwu, "ikwu okwu bụ ịgbanwe". Osundare bụ ónyé a ma ama màkà mkpebi ya màkà nka na ọrụ nka metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe nyé ónyé bụbu ónyé isi ala Naịjirịa (Olusegun Obasanjo), ónyé Osundare na-akatọkarị n'ihu ọha.
N'afọ 1997, ọ natara ọrụ nkuzi na nyocha na Mahadum nke New Orleans. N'afọ 2005, e jidere Osundare na Hurricane Katrina, ya na nwunye ya nọkwa n'ụlọ elu ha ruo awa iri abụọ na isii. Ónyé agbata obi ha, ónyé na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ogè ahụ, nụrụ mkpu ha màkà enyemaka. A napụtara ha ma kpọpụ ha n'ébé ndị nnapụta ruo mgbè ha mechara gaa Rindge, New Hampshire, ébé Osundare nwèrè ike inweta ọrụ nkuzi dị ka prọfesọ na Franklin Pierce College ma ihe dozie.
Nsọpụrụ na mmata
Osundare nwèrè ọtụtụ onyinye màkà uri ya, yá nà ònyìnyé Fonlon / Eichols màkà "ịdị mmá n'ihe okike jikọtara ya na ònyìnyé dị mkpa màkà ikike mmadụ n'Africa".
Emèrè emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ iri isii na Ikere-Ekiti, Ibadan na Lagos steeti nke Naịjirịa n'ọnwa Machị 2007.
Abụ ya "Ọ bụghị azụmahịa m" bụ ọmụmụ iwu na AQA A syllabus màkà General Certificate of Secondary Education English Language.
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2014, e nyèrè Osundare ònyìnyé National Merit Award nke Naịjirịa màkà agụmakwụkwọ dị mma.
Ihe nkiri
N'afọ 2016, Osundare, ya na enyi ya ogologo ógè, ónyé na-ede uri Sierra Leone Syl Cheney-Coker, bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi akpọrọ The Poets, nkè ónyé nduzi Chivas DeVinck. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-eso Osundare na Cheney-Coker na njem n'okporo ụzọ site na Sierra Leone na Naijiria ka ha na-ekwurịta ọbụbụenyi ha na otu ahụmahụ ndụ ha si kpụzie nka ha.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Baggara Arabs
Ndị Baggāra (Arabic) ma ọ bụ ndị Arab Chadian bụ otu agbụrụ ndị Obodo Arab Arab na-ebi n'akụkụ Sahel nke Africa karịsịa n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Chad na ndịda Kordofan, nke karịrị nde isii. A maara ha dị ka Baggara na Sudan, Abbala, na Baggage. A makwara ya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Chad dị ka iyal DJINED [1] na dị ka Shuwa Arabs na obodo Cameroon, Nigeria na Western Chad. A na-ekwu na okwu Shuwa sitere na Kanuri.
Ndị Baggāra na-asụkarị asụsụ ha dị iche, nke a maara dị ka Chadian Arabic. Otú ọ dị, Baggāra nke Southern Kordofan, n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na ndị bi na ndị Sudanese Arab onye na azụ inyinya nke Kordofan. [1] Ha nwekwara otu ọdịnala ọdịnala nke ndụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge a, ọtụtụ na-ebi ndụ. Ka o sina dị, n'ozuzu ha, ọ bụghị ha niile na-ewere onwe ha dị ka otu mmadụ, ya bụ, otu agbụrụ. Okwu ahụ bụ "omenala baggara" bụ nke Braukämper webatara na afọ 1994. [1]
Ojiji ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke okwu baggāra na Sudan bụ iji gosipụta nnukwu ìgwè nke agbụrụ ndị nwere ehi na-asụ Arabic na-asụrụ asụsụ Arabic nke na-ebi n'akụkụ ndịda nke Darfur na Kordofan bụ ndị na-agwakọta nke ukwuu na ndị obodo ha bi na mpaghara ahụ, ọkachasị ndị Fur, ndị Nuba na ndị Fula. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ naanị ụmụ agbụrụ ndị dịbu adị bụ ndị a na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị Arab. [1] Ọtụtụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "Baggara Arab" bi na Chad na Sudan, na obere ndị na-erughị eru na Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Central African Republic na South Sudan. Ndị ka bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na-akwaga n'oge n'etiti ala ịta nri n'oge mmiri na mpaghara osimiri n'oge ọkọchị.
A maara asụsụ ha na-asụkarị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta site na aha dị iche iche, dị ka Chadian Arabic, nke sitere na mpaghara ebe a na-asụrụ asụsụ ahụ. N'ihe ka ukwuu na narị afọ nke 20, ndị ọkà mmụta maara asụsụ a dị ka "Shuwa Arabic", mana "Shuwa" bụ okwu mpaghara na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke dara n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ahụ maka asụsụ ahụ, ndị na-ezo aka na ya dị ka "Chadian Arabic" dabere na mmalite nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala a na-ajụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.
Mmalite na nkewa
Dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-asụ Arabic na Sudan na Sahel, agbụrụ Baggara na-azọrọ na ha sitere na agbụrụ Juhaynah Arab. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe mbụ e dere ede nke ebe obibi ndị Arab na mpaghara a bụ na 1391 mgbe Mai, aha Kanuri maka Eze, nke Bornu, Abu 'Amr Uthman b. Idris zigara Sultan Mamluk, Barquq, akwụkwọ ozi, na-eme mkpesa banyere Judham na ndị Arab ndị ọzọ na-awakpo ókèala ya ma na-eme ka ndị ọ na-achị bụrụ ohu [1] Aha otu n'ime nnukwu agbụrụ Baggara na agbụrụ dị mkpa nke ndị Arab Judham, Beni Halba. [2] Braukamper na-ekwu na e guzobere ọdịbendị Baggara na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na Wadai, n'etiti Bornu na Darfur, ebe ndị Arab, ndị na-azụ kamel, zutere ndị Fula na-azụ ehi Fula na ndị na-ak na-azụlite n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-ebugharị n'ebe ndị Bra Braghur (Bordouk ugbu a). Ndị Arab Naịjirịa bụ ndị nnọchiteanya kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. [1]
Agbụrụ Baggara na Sudan gụnyere: Rizeigat, Taʹisha, Beni Halba, Habbaniya, Salamat, Messiria, Tarjam, na Beni Hussein na Darfur, na Messiria Zurug, Messiria Humr, Hawazma, Habbania na Awlad Himayd na Kordofan, na Beni Selam na White Nile.
Ndị Messiria, otu n'ime agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị mkpa nke ndị Arab Baggara dị na Chad, Darfur na Kordofan. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Messiria bi na Kordofan na Chad na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta na Darfur. Na Darfur, a na-ahụkarị ha na Niteiga, mpaghara dị n'ebe ugwu Nyala. E wezụga obodo Messiria na Niteiga, e nwere ọtụtụ obere ìgwè ndị Arab na Darfur na-azọrọ njikọ ya na Messiria, ndị a bụ Ta'alba, Sa'ada, Hotiyya, na Nei'mat. Tinyere obere ìgwè ndị a, a ga-agụnye obodo Jebel "Messiria" na Jebel Mun, na West Darfur, nke na-asụ asụsụ Nilo-Saharan, Mileri, nke metụtara Tama. A naghị ele ndị Mileri nke Jebel Mun anya dị ka ndị Arab mana ndị isi ha anọwo na-ekwusi ike na ha bụ ndị Arab Messiria.
Agbụrụ Baggara nwere ndị ikwu nwere kamel, nke a maara dị ka Abbala. Agbụrụ Abbala na Sudan na-ebikarị na North na West Darfur. Ndị kasị ukwuu na agbụrụ kachasị jikọta okwu Abbala bụ Northern Rizeigat, nke nwere ngalaba ise; Mahamid, Mahariyya, Nuwaiba, Irayqat na Atayfat. [1] Ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na ha na Darfur bụ agbụrụ Awlad Rashid, ndị na-ebikarị na Chad.
Marshall coil
thumb|Ihe owuwu nke mattress coil n'akpa uwe Marshall coils, nke a makwaara dị ka encased coils ma ọ bụ encased Mmiri(nke a maara nke ọma na North America dị ka Springs akpa), bụ akụkụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere nke matarasị nke a na-ekpuchi coil ọ bụla n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe akwa.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọ bụ James Marshall, onye Canada a mụrụ, mepụtara coils Marshall na 1899, onye na-arụ ọrụ na injinia a mụrụ na nso Haldimand, Ontario, Canada. Ọ natara ikike ikike nke Canada na 1900, na ikike ikike nke United States na United Kingdom na 1902. Marshall guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Marshall Mattress mbụ na Toronto, Canada, nke gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ihe karịrị afọ 119. O nyekwara ikike ikike maka United Kingdom nye ndị ọrụ mbụ ya; ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha Ụlọ ọrụ Marshall Sanitary Mattress ruo na mbido afọ 1930, mgbe ha gbanwere aha ha ka ọ bụrụ VI-Mmiri. Na Jenụwarị 2019, Flex Group nwetara (Canada) Marshall Mattress ụlọ ọrụ site n'aka Onye Okike Anyị nyere Anyị aka n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi ozi ọma ahụ n'ebe nile ndị nwe ya n'oge ahụ, ezinụlọ Warner, iji gaa n'ihu na-emepụta dị n'ala matarasị aka.
Baggara Arabs
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cavalier_arabe_du_D%C3%A9kakir%C3%A9_sur_un_cheval_capara%C3%A7onn%C3%A9.jpg/300px-Cavalier_arabe_du_D%C3%A9kakir%C3%A9_sur_un_cheval_capara%C3%A7onn%C3%A9.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Onye Arab na-agba ịnyịnya nke ndị French Colonials sere foto, na Dékakiré, Chad. c.1910s. Site na Equatorial Africa French: mba, ndị bi na ya, ọchịchị, ọchịchị. Préf. nke M. Merlin. (e bipụtara na 1918). Baggara nke Darfur na Kordofan bụ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke nnupụisi Mahdist megide ọchịchị Turko-Egyptian na Sudan na 1880s. Onye nke abụọ na-achị Mahdi, Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, bụ Baggara nke agbụrụ Ta'aisha. N'oge Mahdist (1883-1998), ọtụtụ iri puku ndị Baggara kwagara Omdurman na etiti Sudan ebe ha nyere ọtụtụ ndị agha maka ndị agha Mahdist.
Mgbe e merisịrị ha n'Agha nke Karari na afo 1898, ndị fọdụrụ laghachiri n'ụlọ Darfur na Kordofan. N'okpuru usoro ọchịchị Britain nke na-apụtaghị ìhè, onye ọ bụla n'ime nnukwu agbụrụ Bagara bụ onye isi ya (nazir). Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nke Umma Party, nke Sadiq el Mahdi duziri kemgbe afọ 1960.
Marshall coil
Echiche
Marshall tụụrụ ime matarasị ebe isi iyi ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha n'ime ga-enye nkwado na nkasi obi n'ime matarasị ahụ n'onwe ya. Marshall mepụtara isi iyi cylindrical coil, nke ọ bụla a dụkọtara n'ime akpa ákwà ogho, nke nyere nkwado na-ebuli elu n'onwe ya. Mgbe a na-etinye ya ọnụ, coils ahụ ghọrọ usoro nkwụsị nke onwe ya nke na-agbanye n'ụdị na ịdị arọ nke onye ọ bụla, na-enye nkwado na nkasi obi na-enweghị atụ. Mgbe a na-etinye ya, matarasị Marshall a rụchara arụcha na-achọ ibelata nrụgide anụ ahụ n'okpuru onye na-ehi ụra, ma na-azọrọ na ọ ga-ebelata ya. Usoro matarasị jupụtara n'akpa uwe nke Marshall ghọrọ ụkpụrụ mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka iwu matarasị juputara n'isi.
Baggara Arabs
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị isi agbụrụ Baggara nke Darfur nwetara "hawakir" (onyinye ala) site n'aka ndị Fur Sultans na afo 1750 ha. N'ihi ya, agbụrụ Baggara anọ kachasị ukwuu nke Darfuráthe Rizeigat, Habbaniya, Beni Halba na Taïisha na-etinye aka na esemokwu Darfur. Agbanyeghị, ndị Baggara etinyela aka nke ukwuu na esemokwu ndị ọzọ na Sudan na Chad. Malite na 1985, Gọọmentị Sudan kwadoro ọtụtụ n'ime agbụrụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ n'etiti ha Rizeigat nke ndịda Darfur na Messiria na Hawazma nke agbata obi Kordofan dị ka ndị agha iji lụso ndị agha nnwere onwe Sudan ọgụ n'ókèala ha. Ha guzobere ndị agha na Murahleen, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na-awakpo obodo ndịda iji zuo ihe bara uru na ndị ohu. [1]
Marshall coil
Ntụaka
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Òtù:Ndị Canada mepụtara Òtù:Matraasi
Baggara Arabs
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị Baggara (na obere ìgwè) bụ ndị gọmentị Sudan ji ngwá agha iji sonye na mgbochi nnupụisi megide ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị Sudan. A na-eme mwakpo mbụ ndị Baggara wakporo obodo nta na Ugwu Nuba. Gọmentị Sudan kwalitere mwakpo site n'ikwe ndị Baggara nkwa na ha agaghị etinye aka ka ha wee nwee ike weghara anụmanụ na ala. Ha guzobere ndị bu ụzọ na Janjaweed - onye agha a ma ama.
Age discrimination in the United States
Na United States, steeti niile emeela iwu ndị na-egbochi ịkpa ókè afọ, a na-egbochikwa ịkpa ókè n'okpuru iwu gọọmentị etiti dịka Agha Ịkpa ókè n"Ọrụ Iwu nke 1967 (ADEA). Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ịkpa ókè afọ abụwo nsogbu maka ndị na-achọ ọrụ, ndị ha hụrụ n'anya na akụ na ụba America.
Baggara Arabs
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'oge Agha Obodo Sudan nke Abụọ, a tọọrọ ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka Dinka ma mesịa bụrụ ndị ohu nke agbụrụ Missiriya na Rezeigat. A tọọrọ ụmụaka a na-amaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere n'ebo Nuba ma mee ha ohu. Na Darfur, gọọmentị haziri ndị agha Beni Halba iji merie ndị agha SPLA nke Daud Bolad du na 1990 na 1990. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, ndị otu Baggara dị iche iche na ndị agha SPLA kwurịtara nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. Ndị isi agbụrụ Baggara kwuru na ha enweghị mmasị isonye n'ọgụ ahụ.
Age discrimination in the United States
Mmekọrịta ụgwọ
The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) bụ iwu United States (nke edepụtara na 15 USC § et seq.), nke e tiri n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1974, nke na-eme ka onye ọ bụla na-akwụ ụgwọ ghara ịkpa ókè megide onye ọ bụla, n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ọ bụla  azụmahịa akwụmụgwọ, dabere na (n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ), ọ bụrụhaala na onye na-arịọ arịrịọ nwere ikike ịkpa nkwekọrịta.
Baggara Arabs
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Age discrimination in the United States
Ọrụ
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) (29 U.S.C. § to 29 U.S-C. § ) bụ iwu gọọmentị etiti  na-enye ụfọdụ nchebe ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ karịrị afọ iri anọ, ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ nwere ndị ọrụ iri abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Maka ndị ọrụ echedoro, ADEA machibidoro ịkpa ókè na ọkwa ọrụ niile, site na iwe n'ọrụ na iwe n"ọrụ, site na mmekọrịta ọrụ, na site na mkpebi maka ịchụpụ ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị mmekọrịta ọrụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa oke afọ maka ndị ọrụ a na-echebe n'ọnọdụ ebe egosila na ọ bụ "ezi iru eru ọrụ [BFOQ] dị mkpa maka ọrụ otu azụmahịa ahụ" (lee 29 USC. § 623(f)). N'omume, BFOQs maka afọ na-ejedebe na ihe doro anya (ịkwụ ụgwọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eto eto ka ọ bụrụ onye na-etolite ihe nkiri), mgbe ọrụ na-achọsi ike (ndị uwe ojii, ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ, ọrụ agha), ma ọ bụ mgbe nchekwa ọha na eze bụ nchegbu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe gbasara afọ maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala, na ndị ọkwọ bọs).
Steeti ụfọdụ dị ka New York na New Jersey gụnyere District of Columbia nwere iwu na-echebe ndị ọrụ na-eto eto site na ịkpa ókè afọ, omume a na-amachibidoghị n'okpuru ADEA. N'ógbè ndị a, iwu machibidoro ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ ịkpa ókè megide ndị ọrụ 18 ma ọ bụ karịa maka afọ ha ọ gwụla ma ezigbo iru eru ọrụ dị (ya bụ, ndị were mmadụ mmadụ n'ọhịa nwere ike ịchọ ka ndị na-ere mmanya bụrụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 21 iji mezuo afọ ịṅụ mmanya iwu).
N'afọ 1968, EEOC kwupụtara na mmachi afọ na ọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu bụ ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'okpuru Isi nke asaa nke Iwu Ikike Obodo nke 1964.
Ịla riri ezumike nká
Ịla ezumike nká iwu n'ihi afọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na United States, ma e wezụga na ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ụfọdụ nke iwu na-achịkwa, ma na-abụkarị akụkụ nke gọọmentị (dị ka ọrụ agha na ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii gọọmentị etiti, dị ka Federal Bureau of Investigation). Minnesota emeela ka ndị ọkàikpe niile na-ala ezumike nká mgbe ha dị afọ 70 (nke doro anya, na ngwụcha ọnwa onye ọka ikpe ruru afọ ahụ). Ndị omeiwu Minnesota nwere ikike iwu iji setịpụ afọ ezumike nká ikpe kemgbe 1956, mana emeghị ya ruo 1973, na-etinye afọ 70. Iwu Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act, nke ghọrọ iwu na 1986, kwụsịrị ịla ezumike nká metụtara afọ 70 maka ọtụtụ ọrụ, na-agụnyeghị ndị ọka ikpe Minnesota; ihe ọzọ dị iche bụ ụlọ ọrụ postsecondary niile (kolleji, wdg. ) Nke a kwụsịrị na Disemba 31, 1993. The Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (Public Law 110-135) malitere na Disemba 13, 2007, na-ebuli afọ ezumike nká iwu maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu ruo 65 site na 60.
Ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta
N'afọ 1986, e dezigharịrị Iwu Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ Ezi Omume iji nye odeakwụkwọ ọrụ United States ohere inye asambodo pụrụ iche iji nye onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ na-erughị ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta maka ndị na-enweta ego ma ọ bụ ikike mmepụta ihe na-emebi site na afọ, nkwarụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ uche, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ. A ka ga-akwụ ndị ọrụ a ụgwọ ọrụ ndị metụtara mmepụta ihe nke onye ahụ ma kwekọọ na ndị a kwụrụ ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkwarụ.
Iwu ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta nke gọọmentị etiti na-enye ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ ohere ịkwụ ndị ọrụ na-eto eto ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala. Ọtụtụ iwu ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta nke steeti na mpaghara na-egosipụta ụgwọ ọrụ kacha elu nke dabeere na afọ.
Iwe na ọrụ maka ụmụaka
Na United States, mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri na anọ iji chọọ ọrụ, ndị ọrụ na-enwekwa ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ na ọrụ ha ruo mgbe ha ruru afọ iri na isii. Mmachibido afọ ndị ọzọ maka ndị ọrụ dịgasị iche site na steeti. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ steeti chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ na-erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ nwee ikike ọrụ ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe ize ndụ.
Iwu ikpe a ma ama
Na Western Air Lines, Inc v Criswell 472 US 400 (1985) Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kwenyere na ọ bụ iwu chọrọ ka ndị na-anya ụgbọelu laa ezumike nká na 60, n'ihi na Federal Aviation Authority machibidoro iji ndị na-agba ụgbọelu karịrị 60 na ụgbọelu. Mana Ụlọikpe ahụ kwenyere na ịjụ iwe ndị injinia ụgbọ elu n'ọrụ karịa afọ ahụ bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi n'ihi na enweghị ihe FAA chọrọ. (Rịba ama na Iwu Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (Public Law 110-135) malitere na Disemba 13, 2007, na-ebuli afọ ezumike nká maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu ruo 65 site na 60.)
DeMarco v. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Holy Cross 4 F.3d 166 (2nd Cir. 1993) bụ ikpe ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ nke e webatara n'okpuru ADEA (Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967). A tọhapụrụ onye na-arịọ arịrịọ, Guy DeMarco, n'ọrụ tupu ya eruo maka ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na itoolu. Holy Cross High School kwuru na ọ bụghị n'okpuru iwu ADEA, ma ọ bụrụ na ikpe a megide ya bụ imebi Free Exercise Clause na Establishment Clause nke Ndezigharị Mbụ. Onye a na-ebo ebubo kwukwara na onye gbara akwụkwọ ejighị ihe ngwọta nchịkwa dịnụ mee ihe. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwuru na iwu ndị ọzọ na-emegide ịkpa ókè na-emetụta òtù okpukpe, ma e wezụga iwu ndị machibidoro ịkpa ókè dabere na nkwenkwe okpukpe. Ebe ọ bụ na iwu ndị machibidoro ịkpa ókè site na agbụrụ, okike na mmalite mba achọtala na ọ metụtara òtù okpukpe, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya (na nkọwa ezi uche dị n'ihe banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu) ịgbatị mmachibido iwu megide ịkpa ókè afọ na òtù okpukpe. A gbanwere mkpebi nke ụlọ ikpe distrikti ma weghachite ikpe ahụ maka usoro ọzọ.
Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins 507 U.S. 604 (1993) bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwenyere na nkwupụta mmeso dị iche iche enweghị ike ịga nke ọma ọ gwụla ma àgwà nchebe nke onye ọrụ ahụ nwere mmetụta siri ike na mkpebi onye were ya n'ọrụ. Ikpe a metụtara otú Hazen Paper si chụpụ Biggins, 62, izu ole na ole tupu ọrụ ya eruo afọ ole a chọrọ maka ezumike nká ya. Biggins gbara Hazen Paper akwụkwọ na-ebo ebubo imebi Iwu Ịkpa Ókè Afọ n'Ime Ọrụ nke 1967.
Na Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000), Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kwenyere na ndị ọrụ steeti enweghị ike ịgba steeti akwụkwọ maka mmebi ego n'okpuru Iwu Ịkpa Ókè na Ọrụ nke 1967 n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti. EEOC ka nwere ike ịmanye ADEA megide steeti, ndị ọrụ steeti ka nwere ike ịgba ndị ọrụ steet akwụkwọ maka enyemaka nkwupụta na inye iwu.
Na Gomez-Perez v. Potter (2008), Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nyere ndị ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-enweta mmegwara n'ihi ịkọ akụkọ ịkpa ókè afọ n'okpuru iwu ka ha gbaa akwụkwọ maka mmebi.
Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, na Meacham v</i>. Knolls Atomic Power Lab</i>, 554 U.S. 84 (2008), kwenyere na onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ, ọ bụghị onye ọrụ, na-ebu ibu arọ nke igosi na ịchụpụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ na-emerụ ndị ọrụ meworo agadi karịa ndị ọzọ adabere ọ bụghị n'afọ kama n'ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ezi uche.
N'afọ 2009, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nyere echiche ya na Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc.. N'echiche nke afọ 50, Ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri na ndị na-eme mkpesa na ngalaba onwe ha ga-egosi na afọ bụ "ma maka" ihe kpatara ọrụ ọjọọ ha na-agba akwụkwọ. Nke ahụ bụ, onye gbara akwụkwọ ga-egosi na ịkpa ókè afọ bụ ihe kpatara omume ọrụ na-adịghị mma (dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gaghị eme ihe 'ma maka' afọ onye gbara akwụkwọ). Agbanyeghị, echiche Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ekwughị ndị ọrụ ọha na eze n'ụzọ doro anya. Echiche e mechara, Mahadum Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar (2013) jiri otu ụkpụrụ 'ma maka' mee ihe maka nkwupụta mmegwara.
N'ọnwa Septemba 2016, California weputara iwu steeti AB-1687, iwu na-emegide ịka nká nke malitere na 1 Jenụwarị 2017, na-achọ ọrụ "ọrụ ntụrụndụ azụmahịa n'ịntanetị" nke na-enye ndị debanyere aha ohere ịnye ozi na ịmaliteghachi (dị ka IMDB Pro), iji kwanyere arịrịọ iji wepụ afọ na ụbọchị ọmụmụ ha. Ndị isi ala SAG-AFTRA bụbu na nke ugbu a bụ Ken Howard na Gabrielle Carteris kwadoro iwu ahụ, bụ ndị chere na iwu ahụ ga-enyere aka belata afọ ndụ na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, onye ọka ikpe US District Vince Girdhari Chhabria wepụtara nkwụsịtụ na iwu ahụ ka ọ na-echere ikpe ọzọ, na-azọrọ na ọ "na-esiri ike iche n'echiche otú AB 1687 si ghara imebi Ndezigharị Mbụ" n'ihi na ọ na-egbochi ọha na eze iji ozi eziokwu. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018, Girdhari kpebiri na iwu ahụ megidere iwu, na-ekwu na steeti California "[egosighi] na iwepụ otu isi iyi nke ozi metụtara afọ ga-ebelata oke ịkpa ókè afọ na-eme na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. " SAG-AFTRA katọrọ mkpebi ahụ, na-azọrọ na ụlọ ikpe ahụ "kwubiri n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ọ nweghị ihe a na-ese okwu eziokwu, ka ọ na-egbochi ndị otu ahụ inweta ihe akaebe ọzọ ma ọ bụ ikwe ka ikpe ahụ gaa ikpe". E mechara mee mkpesa banyere mkpebi ahụ, mana Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke itoolu kwadoro ya na 2020.
Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke metụtara iwu ịkpa ókè ọrụ gọọmentị etiti. Ikpe ahụ sitere na mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu mere na Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012) nke mepụtara ihe pụrụ iche nke ndị minista dabere na Ntọala na Nkwupụta Nkwado nke Iwu Iwu United States, na-ekwusi ike na enweghị ike itinye iwu ịkpa ókè nke gọọmentị etiti na ndị isi nke òtù okpukpe. Ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, tinyere St. James School v. Biel (Docket 19-348), ha abụọ sitere na mkpebi ikpe na United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit nke chọpụtara na iwu ịkpa ókè nke gọọmentị etiti na-emetụta ndị ọzọ n'ime nzukọ okpukpe nke na-arụ ọrụ okpukpe dị mkpa mana enweghị aha ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ ka a were ya dị ka onye ndú okpukpe n'okpuru Hosanna-Tabor. Otu n'ime mkpebi ikpe ndị ahụ na United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit bụ mkpebi ikpe na Morrissey-Berru v. Our Lady of Guadalupe School, na 2019, nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke United States maka Mpaghara nke itoolu nyere ohere ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Katọlik nwee ikpe ịkpa ókè afọ iji gaa n'ihu. Nzukọ okpukpe ahụ mara mkpebi ahụ aka na ndabere nke Hosanna-Tabor. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kpebiri na mkpebi nke 72 a kpọrọ Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru na Julaị 8, 2020 nke gbanwere mkpebi nke Ninth Circuit, na-ekwusi ike na ụkpụrụ Hosanna-Tabor, na mmadụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ okpukpe dị mkpa ọbụlagodi na o nweghị aha ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ nke onye ndú okpukpe, mezuru ndị minista na ịkpa ókè ọrụ.
Ihe omume gọọmentị etiti na-akwado
The Older Americans Amendments of 1975 is an Act of the 94th U.S. Congress amending the Older Americans Act of 1965. It prohibits discrimination based on age in programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance, for instance, financial assistance to schools and colleges, provided by the U.S. Department of Education.
Mpụ ịkpọasị
Mpaghara Columbia na steeti iri na abụọ (California, Florida, Iowa, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, na Vermont) na-akọwa afọ dị ka ihe na-akpali mpụ ịkpọasị.
Ịtụ vootu
Ndezigharị nke iri abụọ na isii nke Iwu Iwu United States na-agụ: N'afọ 1943 na 1955 n'otu n'otu, ndị omeiwu Georgia na Kentucky kwadoro usoro iji belata afọ ịtụ vootu ruo 18.
Na June 22, 1970, Onye isi ala Richard Nixon bịanyere aka na ndọtị nke Iwu Ikike Voting nke 1965 nke chọrọ ka afọ ịtụ vootu bụrụ 18 na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti, steeti, na mpaghara niile. Na nkwupụta ya banyere ịbịanye aka na ndọtị ahụ, Nixon kwuru, sị: N'ikpeazụ, Oregon na Texas mara iwu ahụ aka n'ụlọ ikpe, ikpe ahụ wee bịa n'ihu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na 1970 dị ka Oregon v. Mitchell Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, steeti anọ nwere afọ ole na ole na-atụ vootu n'okpuru 21: Georgia, Kentucky, Alaska na Hawaii. Na Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu tụlere ma ndokwa afọ ịtụ vootu nke Congress gbakwunyere na Iwu Ikike ịtụ vootu na 1970 bụ iwu. Ụlọikpe ahụ wepụrụ ndokwa ndị guzobere 18 dị ka afọ ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka steeti na nke ime obodo. Otú ọ dị, Ụlọikpe ahụ kwadoro ndokwa nke na-eguzobe afọ ịtụ vootu dị ka 18 na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti. Ụlọikpe ahụ kewara nke ukwuu n'okwu a, ọtụtụ ndị ọka ikpe ekwekọrịtaghị na ihe kpatara ya. Mkpebi ahụ mere ka steeti nwee ike ịnọgide na-enwe afọ 21 dị ka afọ ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka steeti na nke ime obodo, mana achọrọ ka ha guzobe ndepụta ndị na-atụ vootu dị iche iche ka ndị na-eme ntụli aka n'agbata afọ 18 na 21 wee nwee ike ịtụ vootu n'ime ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti.
Ịgba mbọ
Ihe dịka Newsboys Strike nke 1899 lụsoro omume ọrụ ndị agadi ọgụ megide ndị ntorobịa site na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Northeast. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gosipụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, na-akwụsị mgbasa nke akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ahụ, yana nkesa akụkọ maka ọtụtụ obodo New England. Ọgbaghara ahụ were izu abụọ, na-eme ka Pulitzer's New York World belata mgbasa ozi ya site na akwụkwọ 360,000 a na-ere kwa ụbọchị ruo 125,000. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa akwụkwọ ahụ emeghị ka ọ daa, ọgbaghara ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmanye World and Journal ka ha nye ndị na-ere ha ịzụta ihe zuru oke, si otú a na-abawanye ego ndị ọhụrụ nwetara maka ọrụ ha.
E guzobere American Youth Congress, ma ọ bụ AYC, na 1935 iji kwado ikike ndị ntorobịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị US. Ọ kwụsịrị na 1940.
Maggie Kuhn guzobere Gray Panthers na 1970, na ebumnuche nke iwepụ ezumike nká iwu; ha na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a n'ọtụtụ okwu ikpe ziri ezi gụnyere iwepụ afọ.
Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor malitere na 1970 iji kwalite ndị ntorobịa na ịlụso afọ ọgụ.
Three O'Clock Lobby guzobere na 1976 iji kwalite ntinye aka ndị ntorobịa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ndị agadi na Michigan.
Senior Action in a Gay Environment (SAGE) bụ nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-ahụ maka nwoke na nwanyị na ndị na ndị na'ọrụ na-eme agadi guzobere na 1978. A na-akpọ ya ugbu a Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị okenye LGBT na ndị na-enye ọrụ ndị agadi iji dozie ma merie ihe ịma aka nke ịkpa ókè na ntọala ọrụ ndị okenye.
OWL - The Voice of Women 40+ bụ nke ehiwere dịka otú Older Women's League bụ nke sitere na aka Tish Sommers and Laurie Shields, n'ihi ndị omeiwu White House mini konferensin' ebe Older Women in Des Moines, Iowa na ọktober na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asatọ. Ọ kwuru maka ụmụnwaanyị bi na United States of Amerika ndị nke gafere la afọ iri anọ. Na onwa Maachị na afọ puku abụọ na iri na asaa, ekwupụtara na Ndị otua nke etiti ekwerela I kewapụ, mana mpaghara ndị nke dị ala nwere ike ga n' iru na ezuko n' okpuru aha OWL ma ọ bụ aha ọzọ
40 and over. In March 2017, it was reported that the national organization had decided to disband, but local chapters may continue to function under the OWL name or possibly another name.
E hiwere Old Lesbians Organizing for Change na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asatọ na asaa ; ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ bụ "iwepụ mmegbu nke ageism na iguzo n'ịdị n'otu megide mmegbu niile" site na obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Old Lesbian si n'ọtụtụ ebe na-arụ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na ọdịmma nke ndị inyom ochie niile. Nzukọ mbụ ha sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ Look Me in the Eye: Old Women, Aging and Ageism nke Barbara Macdonald na Cynthia Rich na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asatọ na atọ.
Ndị America maka Society Free from Age Restrictions guzobere na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na isii iji kwalite ikike obodo na nke mmadụ nke ndị na-eto eto site na iwepụ iwu ndị na-eme agadi megide ndị na-esote, yana inyere ndị ntorobịa aka igbochi ịka afọ ndụ na America.
Ndị otu National Youth Rights Association malitere na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asatọ iji kwalite mmata banyere ikike iwu na ikike mmadụ nke ndị na-eto eto na United States.
E guzobere Freechild Project na 2001 iji chọpụta, jikọta ma kwalite ohere dị iche iche maka ndị ntorobịa itinye aka na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na ịlụ ọgụ megide afọ. N'afọ 2002, Freechild Project mepụtara ozi na ọzụzụ iji nye ndị otu ndị ntorobịa na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị lekwasịrị anya na ikike ndị ntorobịa.
Ebemsidee
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Montreal Protocol
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Oghere ozone kacha ukwuu nke Antarctic nke e dekọrọ na Septemba 2006 thumb|300x300px|Vidio nletaghachi na Montreal Protocol na mmekorita n'etiti ndị na-eme iwu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ iji chịkwaa CFCs. Usoro Montreal Protocol bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa e mere iji chebe oyi akwa ozone site n'iwepụ mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata mmebi ozone. Ekwenyere ya na 16 Septemba 1987, wee banye n'ọrụ na 1 Jenụwarị 1989. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-eme mgbanwe itoolu, na 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna). ), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) na 2016 (Kigali) N'ihi nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, oghere ozone dị na Antarctica ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbake. Ntụle ihu igwe na-egosi na oyi akwa ozone ga-alaghachi na ọkwa 1980 n'etiti 2040 (n'ofe ụwa niile) na 2066 (n'elu Antarctica). N'ihi nkuchi na mmejuputa ya zuru ebe niile, a na-eto ya dị ka ihe atụ nke mmekorita mba ụwa na-aga nke ọma. Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN Kofi Annan kwuru na "ikekwe nkwekọrịta mba ụwa kacha aga nke ọma ruo taa bụ Montreal Protocol". N'iji ya tụnyere, nnwekọrịta ibu dị irè na atụmatụ ngwọta nke na-ebelata esemokwu nke mmasị mpaghara so na ihe ịga nke ọma maka ịma aka nkwụsị nke ozone, ebe ụkpụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dabere na Protocol Kyoto emeghị otú ahụ. N'okwu a nke ịma aka mbelata ozone, enwere usoro iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke etinyelarị tupu e guzobe nkwenye sayensị. Ọzọkwa, echiche ọha na eze n'ozuzu kwenyesiri ike na enwere ike ime ihe egwu dị nso.
Otu 198 (steeti 197 na European Union kwadoro nkwekọrịta ozone abụọ a), na-eme ka ha bụrụ nkwekọrịta mbụ kwadoro n'ụwa nile na akụkọ ntolite nke United Nations.
Nkwekọrịta ndị a n'ezie zuru ụwa ọnụ abụwokwa ihe dị ịrịba ama na mkpa nke usoro ịmebe iwu n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ, ebe nanị afọ 14 gafere n'etiti nchọpụta nchọpụta sayensị bụ isi (1973) na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa bịanyere aka na ya (1985 na 1987).
Okwu na ebumnuche
A haziri nkwekọrịta a n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke hydrocarbons halogenated nke na-emebi ozone stratospheric. Ihe niile na-emebi ozone nke Protocol Montreal na-achịkwa nwere ma chlorine ma ọ bụ bromine (ihe ndị nwere naanị fluorine adịghị emerụ oyi akwa ozone). Ụfọdụ ihe na-emebi ozone (ODS) ka usoro Montreal na-achịkwabeghị, gụnyere nitrous oxide (N2O) Maka tebụl nke ihe na-emebi ozone nke Montreal Protocol na-achịkwa, hụ:
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)
N'okpuru Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, karịsịa Executive Committee (ExCom) 53/37 na ExCom 54/39, Parties a Protocol kwetara ịtọ 2013 dị ka oge ifriizi oriri na mmepụta nke HCFC maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. . Maka mba ndị mepere emepe, mbelata nke oriri na mmepụta HCFC malitere na 2004 na 2010, n'otu n'otu, na 100% mbelata e setịpụrụ maka 2020. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwetara ịmalite ibelata oriri ya na mmepụta nke HCFC site na 2015, na 100% mbelata setịpụrụ maka 2030.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, nke a na-akpọkarị HCFC, bụ otu ogige mmadụ mere nwere hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine na carbon. A naghị ahụ ha ebe ọ bụla na okike. Mmepụta HCFC malitere ibido ka mba kwekọrịtara ịkwụsị iji CFC n'afọ ndị 1980, bụ nke achọpụtara na ọ na-emebi oyi akwa ozone. Dị ka CFC, a na-eji HCFC maka refrigeration, ikuku ikuku, imepụta ụfụfụ na ntụ oyi. N'adịghị ka ndị CFC, Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ HCFC na-agbajikwa n'akụkụ kasị ala nke ikuku ma na-etinye obere ihe ize ndụ na oyi akwa ozone. Ka o sina dị, HCFC bụ ikuku griin haus nwere ike, n'agbanyeghị oke ikuku ha dị ala, nke a tụrụ na akụkụ kwa puku ijeri (nde).
Ndị HCFC bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe CFC, ejiri dị ka refrigerant, ihe mgbaze, ihe na-afụ ụfụ maka imepụta ụfụfụ rọba, na ọkụ ọkụ. N'ihe gbasara ike ọgwụgwụ ozone (ODP), ma e jiri ya tụnyere CFC ndị nwere ODP 0.6 - 1.0, HCFC ndị a nwere ODP dị ala (0.01-0.5). N'ihe gbasara ike okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (GWP), ma e jiri ya tụnyere CFC nwere GWP 4,680 - 10,720, HCFC nwere GWP dị ala (76-2,270).
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Na 1 Jenụarị 2019 mmezi Kigali na Protocol Montreal malitere. N'okpuru Ndezigharị Kigali mba kwere nkwa ibelata ojiji nke hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) karịa 80% n'ime afọ 30 na-abịa. Ka ọ na-erule 27 Disemba 2018, mba 65 akwadola ndezigharị ahụ.
Emepụtara nke ọma na mba ndị mepere emepe, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) nọchiri CFC na HCFC. HFC adịghị emerụ oyi akwa ozone n'ihi na, n'adịghị ka CFC na HCFC, ha enweghị chlorine. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ gas griin haus, nwere nnukwu okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (GWP), tụnyere nke CFC na HCFC. N'afọ 2009, otu nnyocha gbakọrọ na nbibi ngwa ngwa nke GWP HFC dị elu nwere ike igbochi ihe ruru 8.8 Gt CO2-eq kwa afọ na ikuku ikuku site n'afọ 2050. N'ihi ya, a na-atụpụta atụmatụ nkwụsị nke HFC iji zere ihe ruru 0.5C nke na-ekpo ọkụ site na 2100 n'okpuru ọnọdụ uto HFC dị elu, yana ruo 0.35C n'okpuru ọnọdụ uto HFC dị ala. N'ịghọta ohere ewepụtara maka iwetulata HFC ngwa ngwa na nke ọma site na Montreal Protocol, malite na 2009 Federated States of Micronesia tụpụtara mgbanwe iji wedata HFCs GWP dị elu, na US, Canada na Mexico na-agbaso atụmatụ yiri ya na 2010.
Mgbe afọ asaa nke mkparita uka gachara, na October 2016 na 28th Nzukọ nke Parties na Montreal Protocol na Kigali, Parties na Montreal Protocol nakweere Kigali Ndezigharị nke Parties kwetara wetu HFCs n'okpuru Montreal Protocol. Ndozigharị na Protocol Montreal nke na-akwado iwu ga-ahụ na mba ndị mepere emepe wedata mmepụta na oriri HFC ha dịkarịa ala pasenti 85 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụ ahịa ha kwa afọ na oge 2011-2013. Otu mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe gụnyere China, Brazil na South Africa nyere iwu ka ha belata ojiji HFC ha site na 85 pasent nke uru ha bara na 2020-22 site n'afọ 2045. India na ụfọdụ mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe - Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, na ụfọdụ akụ na ụba mmanụ dị ka Saudi Arabia na Kuwait - ga-ebelata HFC ha site na 85 pasent nke ụkpụrụ ha na 2024-26 site n'afọ 2047.
Na 17 Nọvemba 2017, n'ihu Nzukọ 29th nke Parties of the Montreal Protocol, Sweden ghọrọ onye nke iri abụọ iji kwado mmezi Kigali, na-akwalite Ndozigharị n'elu ọnụ ụzọ nnabata ya na-ahụ na ndezigharị ahụ ga-abanye n'ike 1 Jenụwarị 2019.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị chemists Frank Sherwood Rowland na Mario Molina, ndị nọ na Mahadum California, Irvine mgbe ahụ, malitere ịmụ mmetụta nke CFC na ikuku ụwa. Ha chọpụtara na ụmụ irighiri ihe CFC kwụsiri ike ka ha nọrọ na ikuku ruo mgbe ha biliri n'etiti stratosphere ebe ha ga-emecha (mgbe nkezi nke afọ 50-100 maka CFC abụọ nkịtị) ga-emebi site na ultraviolet radieshon na-ewepụta chlorine. atọm. Rowland na Molina kwuziri na enwere ike ịtụ anya na atom chlorine ndị a ga-ebute mbibi nke nnukwu ozone (O3) na stratosphere. Arụmụka ha gbadoro ụkwụ na ntụnyere Paul J. Crutzen na Harold Johnston na-arụ n'oge a, bụ́ ndị gosiri na nitric oxide (NO) pụrụ ịkpata mbibi nke ozone. (Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Ralph Cicerone, Richard Stolarski, Michael McElroy, na Steven Wofsy tụrụ aro n'onwe ha na chlorine pụrụ ịkpata ọnwụ ozone, ma ọ dịghị onye ghọtara na CFC bụ isi iyi chlorine buru ibu.) E nyere Crutzen, Molina na Rowland. Nrite Nobel maka Chemistry nke 1995 maka ọrụ ha na nsogbu a.
Ihe si na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta na nchọpụta a bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ozone stratospheric na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radieshon na-eru n'elu ụwa, mbelata ozone oyi akwa site na CFC ga-eduga na mmụba nke UV-B radieshon. elu, na-ebute mmụba nke ọrịa kansa anụ ahụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ dị ka mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ na phytoplankton mmiri.
Mana ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ ọrụ aerosol na halocarbon na-arụrịta ụka nke ukwuu na echiche Rowland-Molina. E hotara onye isi oche nke bọọdụ DuPont ka ọ na-ekwu na echiche nke mmebi nke ozone bụ "akụkọ sayensị... ibu nke ihe mkpofu... ihe nzuzu". Robert Abplanalp, onye isi oche nke Precision Valve Corporation (na onye mepụtara valve mbụ aerosol spray), degaara Chancellor nke UC Irvine akwụkwọ mkpesa banyere nkwupụta ọha na eze Rowland (Roan, p. 56.)
Mgbe Rowland na Molina bipụtachara akwụkwọ ha bụ́ isi na June 1974, ha gbara akaebe n’otu nnọkọ n’ihu Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya nke United States na December 1974. N’ihi ya, e wepụtara nnukwu ego iji mụọ akụkụ dị iche iche nke nsogbu ahụ na iji kwado ihe ndị mbụ a chọpụtara. N'afọ 1976, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Na-ahụ Maka Sayensị Mba U.S. (NAS) wepụtara akụkọ nke kwadoro nkwenye sayensị nke echiche mbibi ozone. NAS gara n'ihu na-ebipụta nyocha sayensị metụtara ya n'ime afọ iri na-abịa.
Mgbe ahụ, na 1985, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Britain Antarctic Survey bụ Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner na Jon Shanklin bipụtara nsonaazụ nke mkpokọta ozone dị ala nke ukwuu n'elu Halley Bay dị nso na South Pole. Ha chere na nke a jikọtara ya na ụbara ọkwa nke CFC na ikuku. Ọ were ọtụtụ mbọ ndị ọzọ iji wepụta mfu Antarctic dị ka ihe dị adị ma dị oke egwu, ọkachasị mgbe NASA weghachitere data dabara na ndekọ satịlaịtị ya. Ihe omume a na-atụghị anya ya na Antarctic, yana foto sayensị NASA nke oghere ozone rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mkparịta ụka Montreal Protocol. Mmetụta nke ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, ihe atụ 'ozone hole', na ihe ngosi anya mara mma n'ime ihe ngosi oge na-adịghị anya bụ ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ maka ndị mkparita ụka na Montreal, Canada iji were okwu ahụ kpọrọ ihe. thumb|Map satellite TOMS na-egosi ngụkọta ozone n'elu mpaghara Antarctic. E wepụtara ya na 1 Ọktoba 1983 (NASA) thumb|Ndị debanyere aha na Montreal Protocol site na mpaghara, 1987-2013 Ọzọkwa na 1985, mba 20, gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emepụta CFC, bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Vienna, bụ nke guzobere usoro maka ịkparịta ụka n'iwu mba ụwa banyere ihe na-emebi ozone. Mgbe achọpụtara oghere ozone site na SAGE 2 ọ were naanị ọnwa 18 iji nweta nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na Montreal, Canada.