cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mr. Lif
Oge ọ malitere
Haynes tolitere na mpaghara Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Mgbè ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye Dedham Noble and Greenough School, ọ gàrà Mahadum Colgate ruo afọ abụọ, o mechara hapụ ya. Ọ ghọrọ Onye na-eme ihe nkírí na 1994. Ezinụlọ nna Maazị Lif bụ Bajan.
Haynes nakweere aha egwu "Mr. Lif" mgbè ọ ṅụsịrị mushrooms psilocybin n'èzí Phish concert n'oge afọ mbụ ya na Mahadum Colgate na 1994. O chepụtara ónyé akụkọ ifo a na-akpọ The Liftedly Man mgbè ọ nọ n'okpuru mmetụta, nke méré ka "Mr. Lif" pụta. O mechara kwuo n'ajụjụ ọnụ maka Times Colonist: "Amaghị m egwu Phish ọ bụla. Agara m na ihe ngosi ahụ, amabeghịkwa ihe ọ bụla gbasara ha ugbu a.
Ọrụ
N'ịbụ ndị MC ndị a ma ama dị ka Chuck D, KRS-One, na Rakim metụtara, Maazị Lif malitere ịtọhapụ egwu egwu na ngwụcha '90s, mgbè egwu rap na gangsta rap bụ ụdị kachasị màkà egwu hip hop, mana atụmatụ okwu nke Maazị lif bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Maazị Lif wepụtara egwu mbụ ya, Elektro, na 1998, na-adọta uche nke akara Grand Royal na Definitive Jux. Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ónyé na-emepụta ihe na onye isi akara Definitive Jux bụ El-P, Lif wepụtara usoro egwu na EP ndị a ma ama, malite na Enters the Colossus na 2000. N'afọ 2000 na 2001, ọ meriri Boston Music Award màkà Outstanding Rap/Hip Hop Act. Njem mere ka ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka afọ na-esote, mana ọ ka chọtara oge iji wepụta egwu Cro-Magnon na CD dị ndụ. Egwú ya "Pull Out Your Cut" gosipụtara na soundtrack nke ESPN Video Game ESPN NFL 2K5.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Millennium Tower (Abuja)
A na-ekewa saịtị ahụ site na étiti okporo ụzọ bụ isi ka e wee jikọta ihe owuwu abụọ ahụ site na arcade dị n'okpuru ala. Ụlọ elu ahụ nwere ihe owuwu cylindrical atọ yiri ogidi na-adịgasị iche iche n'ịdị elu ma jikọta ọnụ n'akụkụ ụlọ elu mbụ site na iji akụkụ dị ka diski nke e bu n'obi ka ọ nọrọ na okpukpu abụọ ya, ebe a na-ekiri ihe na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-ekiri. Gburugburu ogidi nke ụlọ elu ahụ, nku atọ na-egbuke egbuke na-eguzogide ala ụlọ elu ahụ ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emeghe n'èzí n'ụdị fan ka ha na-agbatị elu nke ụlọ elu. Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Islamiyat Yusuf
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2018-10-11_Clean_%26_Jerk_%28Weightlifting_Girls%27_58kg%29_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93208.jpg/220px-2018-10-11_Clean_%26_Jerk_%28Weightlifting_Girls%27_58kg%29_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93208.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf na 2018 Summer Youth Olympics Islamiyat Adebukola Yusuf (amụrụ na abalị atọ n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2003) bụ nwa afọ Naijiria na-ebu ibu, onye na-asọmpi na ụdị 63/64 kilogram ma na-anọchite anya Naijiria n'asọmpi mba ụwa. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, o ritere ọla nchara na 2022 Commonwealth Games.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mpaghara ihu
Mpaghara parafacial (PZ) bụ usoro ụbụrụ dị n'ime ụbụrụ n'ime medulla oblongata nke dị n'ala ahụ n'ebe nile na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site  e kwenyere na ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka nhazi ụra na-adịghị ngwa ngwa (nke na-abụghị REM), ọkachasị maka ịkpata ụra na-egbu oge.
Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ GABAergic ndi mádu ziri ezi ntụziaka oriri nri ụmụaka sleep-promoting nuclei na ụbụrụ, nke gụnyekwara ventrolateral preoptic area nke hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens core (karịsịa, medial spiny neurons nke D2-type nke na-egosipụta adenosine A2A receptors), na GABAergical nucleus na hypothalamus n'akụkụ nke na-ewepụta melanin-concentrating hormone.
Ọrụ na ebe
Mpaghara parafacial na-akwalite ụra na-adịghị ngwa ngwa site na igbochi glutamatergic parabrachial ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie ma ọ bụrụ nucleus (otu akụkụ nke usoro na-arịgo reticular activating nke na-eme ka ịmụrụ anya na mkpali) site na ntọhapụ nke neurotransmitter inhibitory GABA na neurons ndị ahụ.
Optogenetic activation nke GABAergic PZ neurons na-akpali ọrụ cortical slow-wave na ụra slow-wave n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ. N'ihe gbasara mmebi nke GABAergic transmizzion site na PZ na ụmụ oke, a hụrụ ụmụ oke ka ha na-agafe oge dị ogologo, na-adịgide adịgide. A na-ekwere na PZ neurons na-ehi ụra, ebe ha na-egosipụta c-Fos mgbe ha na-ebili ma ọ bụghị mgbe ha tetara.
Parafacial dị n'ime medulla oblongata, n'akụkụ na n'azụ na akwara ihu. Ọ na-ejikọta na akụkụ alpha nke parvocellular reticular formation (PCRt), nke a na-eche na ọ na-achịkwa ọnọdụ nke ịma ihe yana ịchịkwa ihe mgbaàmà na usoro ụra. Agbanyeghị, a kwenyere na ọrụ PZ na PCRt dị iche iche.
Ihe ndị e tinyere
Mpaghara parafacial na-enweta ntinye site na mpaghara atọ: hypothalamus, midbrain, na pons na medulla.
Site na hypothalamus, PZ na-enweta ntinye site na mpaghara hypothalamic, zona incerta, na parasubthalamic nucleus; ebe ọrụ zona incerta na parasubtalamic nucleu ka bụ ihe a na-amaghị ama, a tụpụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ ha iji dozie nhọrọ ọrụ na njikọta limbic-motor.
Ntụaka
<references group="" responsive="1"> Òtù:Ura Òtù:Medulla oblongata
Hanshin Tigers
thumb|Hanshin Tigers Hanshin Tigers(阪神タイガース) bụ otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Japan.
Nchịkọta
Hanshin Tigers bụ otu egwuregwu baseball kacha ewu ewu na Japan ma nwee nnukwu ndị na-eso ya.
Duru ya
Onye aha ya bụ Akifu Okada bụ onye njikwa na ama ama karịa ndị egwuregwu.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
Sarah Knowles Bolton (September 15, 1841 - February 21, 1916) bụ onye edemede America. A mụrụ ya na Farmington, Connecticut. N'afọ 1866, ọ lụrụ Charles E. Bolton, onye ahịa na onye ọrụ ebere. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ maka ndị nta akụkọ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Women's National Temperance Union, ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Boston Congregationalist (1878-81). Bolton gara njem afọ abụọ na Europe, na-amụ gbasara ịkekọrịta uru, agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị, na ajụjụ ndị ọzọ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ihe odide ya gbara ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ume imeziwanye ụwa banyere ha site na okwukwe na ịrụsi ọrụ ike.
Mmetụta radiative
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụwa na-enweta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka 340 watts kwa square mita nke radieshon anyanwụ na-abata. Radiative forcing (ma ọ bụ ihu igwe forcing) bụ mgbanwe na ike na ikuku nke sitere na ihe okike ma ọ bụ ihe sitere n'aka mmadụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka a tụrụ ya site na watts / meter2. Ọ bụ echiche sayensị eji eme ihe iji chọpụta ma jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị na akpali mgbanwe na nguzozi ike nke ụwa.: 1[[4 System feedbacks na mgbanwe dị n'ime bụ echiche ndị metụtara ya, na agụnye ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụtakwa ntụziaka na oke nke enweghị nkwekọ.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Sarah Knowles na Farmington, Connecticut, na Septemba 15, 1841, nne na nna ya bụ John Segar Knowles na Mary Elizabeth Miller Knowles. John sitere na Henry Knowles, onye si London, England kwaga Portsmouth, Rhode Island, na 1665. Nne nne ya, Mary Carpenter, sitere na Elizabeth Jenckes, nwanne nwanyị Joseph Jenckes، Gọvanọ nke Rhode Island. Ndị nna nna ya gụnyere Nathaniel Stanley, nke Hartford, Connecticut, Lieutenant Colonel nke First Regiment na 1739; Assistant Treasurer, 1725-49; Treasurer، 1749-55, na site na Colonel William Pynchon, otu n'ime ndị 26 na-etinye Massachusetts Bay Colony, na onye guzobere Springfield, Massachusetts. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ ghọrọ onye otu ezinụlọ nwanne nna ya, Colonel H. L. Miller, onye ọka iwu nke Hartford, onye ọbá akwụkwọ ya buru ibu bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ, ụlọ ya bụkwa ebe ndị hụrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mmezi n'anya. Nwanne nne ya bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, na-atọ ụtọ ma na-ewu ewu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'ebe ahụ, nwa agbọghọ ahụ zutere Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lydia H. Sigourney, na ndị ọzọ dị ka ha, ndị ndụ ha bụ ihe na-akpali ya mgbe niile. áká_èkpè|thumb|Sarah Knowles Bolton N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, o bipụtara obere mpịakọta, Orlean Lamar and Other Poems (New York City, 1863), akwụkwọ akụkọ New England nabatara usoro. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ lụrụ Charles E. Bolton, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Amherst College, ha wee kwaga Cleveland, Ohio. Ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Women's Christian Association nke obodo ahụ, na-eji ọtụtụ oge ya na-eleta ndị ogbenye. Mgbe, na 1874, agha nnwere onwe malitere na Hillsborough, Ohio, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ malitere ọrụ ahụ ma nyere ya aka na okwu na edemede. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote odeakwụkwọ nke National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, n'ihi ya, Frances Willard kwuru, sị, "Ọ debere isiokwu, paragraf na ihe ndị na-eme ka ọha na eze mara, nke mere ihe iji setịpụ usoro ọhụrụ anyị n'ihu ndị mmadụ karịa ka otu ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla ruru n'oge ahụ". Na arịrịọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ nke mba ahụ. Bolton kwadebere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha ntụli aka maka Centennial temperance volume, na nke ọrụ Cleveland maka Annie Turner Wittenmyer's History of the Women's Temperance Crusade. N'oge ahụ, o bipụtara akụkọ ya nke akpọrọ "The Present Problem" (New York, 1874). A kpọrọ ya na Boston ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Congregationalist, ọ gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ nwere ike.
Mmetụta radiative
Mmanye radiative dị mma pụtara na ụwa na enweta ike na abata site na ìhè anyanwụ karịa ka ọ na agbasa na mbara igwe. Mmụba a nke ike ga akpata okpomọkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma pụtara na ụwa na efunahụ ike karịa ka ọ na enweta site na Anyanwụ, nke na emepụta oyi. A planet na radiative equilibrium na nne ya kpakpando na ndị ọzọ nke mbara igwe nwere ike ịkọwa saịtị nanet efu radiative mmanye na saịtị na okpomọkụ nke planetary equilibrium.
A na enyocha nrụgide radiative n'ụwa n'ụzọ doro anya na tropopause na n'elu stratosphere. A na atụle ya na nkeji nke watts kwa square mita, ma na ejikarị ya chịkọta dị ka nkezi n'elu mpaghara ụwa. Radiative forcing dịgasị iche na insolation nke anyanwụ, albedo elu, na ikuku nke radiatively active gases nke a maara dị ka greenhouse gases na aerosols.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Sarah Knowles Bolton N'agbata afọ 1863 na 1902, Bolton dere ọtụtụ uri, akwụkwọ ụmụaka na akụkọ ndụ, gụnyere:
Mmetụta radiative
Ntụziaka radiation
thumb|Gas ikuku na-amịkọrọ naanị ụfọdụ wavelengths nke ike mana ha na-apụta ìhè nye ndị ọzọ. Usoro ịmịkọrọ mmiri (ọnụ ọgụgụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ) na carbon dioxide (ọnụ ọgụgụ pinki) na-agbakọta na ụfọdụ wavelengths. Carbon dioxide abụghị gas na-ekpo ọkụ dị ike dị ka mmiri na-ekpuchi ikuku, mana ọ na-amịkọrọ ike na wavelengths (12-15 micrometers) nke mmiri na-adịghị eme, na-emechi "windo" nke okpomọkụ sitere n'elu ga-esi na ya gbalaga na mbara igwe. (Ihe osise NASA, Robert Rohde) A na enweta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ike niile na emetụta ihu igwe nke ụwa dị ka ike na enwu gbaa site na Anyanwụ. Mbara ala na ikuku ya na-amịkọrọ ma na egosipụta ụfọdụ ike, ebe a na ebughachi ike ogologo oge na mbara igwe. Nkwekọ dị n'etiti ike a na amị na nke radiated na ekpebi nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa. N'ihi na ikuku na amịkọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ike ogologo oge, mbara ala ahụ na ekpo ọkụ karịa ka ọ ga adị na enweghị ikuku: lee mmetụta okpomọkụ.
A na agbanwe nguzozi radiation site na ihe ndị dị ka ike nke ike anyanwụ, reflectivity nke igwe ojii ma ọ bụ gas, absorption site na gas dị iche iche ma ọ bụ elu na okpomọkụ sitere na ihe dị iche iche. Mgbanwe ọ bụla dị otú ahụ bụ radiative forcing, nke ya na nzaghachi ya, na agbanwe nguzozi. Nke a na eme mgbe niile ka ìhè anyanwụ na akụ n'elu, igwe ojii na aerosols na emepụta, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gas ikuku na agbanwe agbanwe na oge na agbanwere ala.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
Korean Lamar and others poems (new York 1863)
Sophy Gray
England
Sophy na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ bárá ọgaranya, nwéré ala na North Riding na Durham. Ha bụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọma na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya nke ọma site na nwata, àgwà ndị nyeere aka ịkwalite ọbụbụenyi ha na Robert Gray na-eto eto. Sophy lụrụ Robert Gray na 1836 mgbè ọnwa isii gachara, mgbè ọ bụ ónyé isi nke Whitworth, Durham. Oge ezumike ha nyere Sophy na-eto eto ụtọ ihe ndị ga-abịa mgbè ya na Robert malitere njem ogologo n'elu ịnyịnya, na-eleta ụlọ ezinụlọ na mpaghara abụọ. Ruo afọ itoolu, ndụ ha na Old Park na Whitworth, na parish ọbọdọ Stockton nọgidere na-enweghị nsogbu, mana ihe a niile gbanwere n'ụzọ dị egwu mgbè etinye Robert na ndepụta maka otu n'ime ndị bishọp ọhụrụ atọ. A họpụtara ya maka Cape of Good Hope.
Mmetụta radiative
Nkọwa
alt=Warming contributions of various GHGs, agents, factors [name the year that the contributions pertain to] [*correct reference given under the 'Talk' tab*]. Plus, the figure is inaccurate; at least wrt. to methane.|thumb|300x300px|Radiative forcings, IPCC 2021. A na-akọwa radiative forcing dị ka: "Mmanye radiative bụ ihe atụ nke mmetụta otu ihe nwere n'ịgbanwe nguzozi nke ike na-abata na nke na-apụ apụ na usoro ikuku nke ụwa ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nke mkpa ihe ahụ dị ka usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ime akụkọ a, ọnụọgụ radiative forcing bụ maka mgbanwe ndị metụtara ọnọdụ preindustrial akọwapụtara na 1750 ma gosipụta ya na Watts [sic] kwa square mita (W / m2). N'okwu dị mfe, radiative forcing bụ "...ọnụego mgbanwe ike kwa mpaghara ụwa dịka a tụrụ ya n'elu ikuku. " N'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na ejedebe okwu ahụ bụ "ịmanye" na mgbanwe na nguzozi radiation nke usoro elu troposphere nke ihe ndị dị n'èzí na etinye, na enweghị mgbanwe na ike stratospheric, enweghị ihe ndabere na tropospheric na arụ ọrụ (ya bụ, enweghị mmetụta nke abụọ kpatara n'ihi mgbanwe na mmegharị tropospherical ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ thermodynamic), na enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na akpali na ọnụọgụ na nkesa nke mmiri ikuku (m, mmiri, mmiri, na ụdị siri ike).
Atụmatụ ndị bụ isi
Enwere ike ịtụle nrụgide radiative maka ịdabere na ihe dị iche iche na-abụghị usoro ihu igwe. Ewezuga ebe ọ dị mkpa ma kwuo, atụmatụ ndị bụ isi na-esote anaghị agụnye nzaghachi na-apụtaghị ìhè (nke ọma ma ọ bụ nke ọjọọ) nke na-emekwa site na nzaghachi usoro ụwa. A na-egosipụta ike (ΔF) dị ka mgbanwe n'elu mbara ala ahụ na oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Atụmatụ nwere ike ịdị ịrịba ama n'ihe gbasara ịmanye ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka oge na-agafe ọtụtụ iri afọ ma ọ bụ karịa.
Sophy Gray
Saụt Afrịka
N'afọ 1847, Sophy na Robert gara Cape Town ebe ọ ga-eguzobe diocese ọhụrụ, mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ụkọchukwu ma guzobe ụka na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ. E nwèrè naanị ụka Anglican iri na South Africa n'oge ahụ. Site n'ọnwụ ya afọ 25 ka e mesịrị, ọnụ ọgụgụ a arịgoola ruo 63. Ebe ọ bụ na ha maara ndụ dị elu nke ndị bishọp, gụnyere obí bishọp ahụ, ndị Grays kwagara Cape na ndị na-ejere ha ozi, oche na ọbụna ụgbọ ala bishọp.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
How success is won (Boston 1884)
Mmetụta radiative
Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe nke irradiance anyanwụ
N'ịtụle ụwa dị ka okirikiri, mpaghara mpaghara dị n'etiti nke a na-ekpughe na Anyanwụ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mpaghara mbara ala .\pi r^24\pi r^2 N'ụwa niile na kwa afọ, ọnụọgụ nke radiance anyanwụ kwa square mita nke elu ikuku nke ụwa  ya mere hà ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke TSI, ma nwee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ uru na-adịgide adịgide nke .I_0
Okirikiri kwa afọ
Ụwa na-agbaso usoro elliptical gburugburu Anyanwụ nke mere na TSI natara n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla na-agbanwe n'etiti ihe dị ka 1321 W m-2 (na aphelion na mbido Julaị) na 1412 W m-2 (2 na perihelion na mmalite Jenụwarị), ma ọ bụ ya mere site na ihe dị ka ±3.4% n'oge afọ ọ bụla. Mgbanwe a na irradiance nwere obere mmetụta na usoro ihu igwe oge ụwa na mpaghara ihu igwe ya, nke sitere na ịgbagharị kwa afọ na ntụziaka ntụgharị ụwa. Ụdị okirikiri na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na-enye aka na nrụgide efu (site na nkọwa) n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọtụtụ iri afọ.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
Lives of poor boys who became famous (New York 1885)
Mmetụta radiative
Ọrụ nke Sunspot
alt=Line graph showing historical sunspot number count, Maunder and Dalton minima, and the Modern Maximum|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|400 afọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sunspot, gụnyere Maunder Minimum Nkezi kwa afọ TSI dịgasị iche n'etiti ihe dị ka 1360 W m−2 na 1362 W m− 2 (±0.05%) n'ime usoro ọrụ nke afọ 11 nke anyanwụ. E dekọrọ ihe ndị a hụrụ n'ebe anyanwụ kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 1600 ma gosipụta ihe akaebe nke oscillations dị ogologo (Gleissberg cycle, Devries / Seuss cycle, wdg) nke na-agbanwe usoro afọ 11 (Schwabe cycle). N'agbanyeghị omume dị mgbagwoju anya dị otú ahụ, oke nke usoro afọ 11 abụwo ọdịiche kachasị pụta ìhè n'ime ihe ndekọ nyocha ogologo oge a.
Mgbanwe TSI metụtara sunspots na-enye obere ma ọ bụghị efu na-amanye n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe iri. Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike inwe mmetụta na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'oge Little Ice Age, yana mgbanwe ndị na-agbanwe n'otu oge na ọrụ mgbawa ugwu na mgbukpọ ọhịa. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, nkezi TSI emeela ka ọ dị ala karịa yana ọdịda na ọrụ sunspot.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
Lives of girls who became famous (1886)
Mmetụta radiative
Mgbanwe nke Milankovitch
Mmetụta ihu igwe nke mgbanwe nke ìhè anyanwụ kpatara emeela n'oge Milankovitch cycles, nke na-agafe oge nke ihe dị ka afọ 40,000 ruo 100,000. Okirikiri Milankovitch nwere okirikiri ogologo oge na eccentricity orbital nke ụwa (ma ọ bụ ellipticity), okirikiri na obliquity orbital ya (ma ọ bụrụ axial tilt), na precession nke ntụziaka ntụgharị ya. N'etiti ndị a, okirikiri 100,000 afọ na eccentricity na eme ka TSI gbanwee site na ±0.2%. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, eccentricity nke ụwa na eru nso na ya kacha nta elliptic (nke kachasị gburugburu) na eme ka nkezi TSI kwa afọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata. Nchịkọta na egosikwa na usoro okirikiri ụwa ga anọgide na akwụsi ike gụnyere ọdịiche ndị a ma ọ dịkarịa ala nde afọ 10 sochirinụ.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
Social studies in England (Boston 1886)
Mmetụta radiative
Anyanwụ na-aka nká
Anyanwụ ejirila ihe dị ka ọkara hydrogen fuel ya kemgbe ọ malitere ihe dị ka ijeri afọ 4.5 gara aga. TSI ga anọgide na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na abawanye n'oge usoro ịka nká na ọnụego nke ihe dị ka 1% kwa 100 nde afọ. Mgbanwe dị otú ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya n'ime nha ma ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na oge mmadụ.
Nchịkọta nke TSI
A chịkọtara ọdịiche kachasị elu (Δτ) na ìhè anyanwụ nke ụwa n'ime afọ iri gara aga na tebụl na esote. Mgbanwe ọ bụla a tụlere na mbụ na enye aka n'ịmanye:
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
Famous European artists (New York 1890)
Mmetụta radiative
Nchịkọta nke TSI
ebe R=0.30 bụ reflectivity nke ụwa. A na atụ anya na radiative na ihu igwe na esite na mgbanwe na insolation nke Anyanwụ ga anọgide na adị obere, n'agbanyeghị ụfọdụ physics nke anyanwụ a na achọpụtabeghị.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
Famous voyages and explorers (New York 1893)
Famous leaders among men (New York 1894)
Mmetụta radiative
Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe na albedo
Akụkụ ikuku na enye ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke albedo ụwa, naanị igwe ojii na akpata ọkara. Ọrụ doro anya nke igwe ojii na mmiri na esi ísì ụtọ na ejikọta ya na ọnụnọ nke mmiri mmiri na ekpuchi mkpo ụwa. Usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmepụta igwe ojii na mgbasa bụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu na njikọ na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri, yana iyi jet na-enyere ha aka na njem ngwa ngwa. Ọzọkwa, a hụla albedos nke mpaghara ugwu na ndịda nke ụwa ka ha hà nhata (n'ime 0.2%). Nke a bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala na 85% nke ndị mmadụ na ekesa n'ebe ugwu.
Sarah Knowles Bolton
FỌrụ ndị a họọrọ
The inevitable and other poems (New York 1895)
Mmetụta radiative
Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe na albedo
Ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ndị dabeere na satellite gụnyere MODIS, VIIRs, na CERES anọgidewo na enyocha albedo ụwa kemgbe 1998. A na ejikwa ihe oyiyi Landsat dị kemgbe 1972 mee ihe na ọmụmụ ụfọdụ. Nlezianya nke nyocha emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma nsonaazụ ya agbakọtawo n'afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, na eme ka nyocha obi ike nke mmetụta iri na adịgide adịgide nke albedo mbara ala. Ka o sina dị, ndekọ data dị ugbu a ka dị mkpụmkpụ iji kwado amụma ogologo oge ma ọ bụ iji dozie ajụjụ ndị ọzọ metụtara ya.
Okirikiri kwa afọ
Enwere ike ịghọta ọdịiche oge na albedo mbara ala dị ka usoro usoro usoro nke na eme n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nzaghachi maka ntụgharị kwa afọ nke ntụziaka ntụgharị ụwa. Tinyere nzaghachi ikuku, ihe kachasị pụta ìhè na ndị bi n'elu bụ mgbanwe na ahịhịa, snow, na oke osimiri. A hụla mgbanwe n'ime afọ nke ihe dị ka ±0.02 (± 7%) gburugburu albedo nke ụwa n'ime otu afọ, na maxima na eme ugboro abụọ n'afọ n'akụkụ oge ọ bụla nke anyanwụ. Usoro a na emegharị ugboro ugboro na enye aka na eme ka a ghara ịmanye ya n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọtụtụ iri afọ.
Mgbanwe n'etiti afọ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Nlele zuru ụwa ọnụ albedo anomaly site na CERES (2000-2011). Albedos mpaghara na agbanwe site n'afọ ruo n'afọ n'ihi mgbanwe sitere na usoro okike, omume mmadụ, na usoro nzaghachi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, omume ụmụ mmadụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na emekarị ka ụwa na egbukepụ egbukepụ mgbe ha na ewebata nchekwa mmiri na ịgba mmiri n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nwere ike belata ya. N'otu aka ahụ na atụle nzaghachi, ọnwụ ice na mpaghara arctic na ebelata albedo ka ịgbasa ọzara na latitudes dị ala ruo n'etiti na abawanye ya.
N'ime afọ 2000-2012, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na eme n'ụwa albedo a na ahụ anya n'ime 0.1% standard deviation nke ụkpụrụ ndị CERES tụrụ. Tinyere nhata nke hemispherical, ụfọdụ ndị na eme nchọpụta na akọwa obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti afọ dị ka ihe akaebe na albedo mbara ala nwere ike ugbu a site na omume nke usoro dị mgbagwoju anya. Ka o sina dị, ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na atụkwa aro na ihe ndị na adịghị eme ugboro ugboro dị ka nnukwu mgbawa ugwu nwere ike imebi albedo mbara ala ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ọ bụ karịa.
Nchịkọta nke Albedo
A na achịkọta ọdịiche dị iche iche (Δα) na albedo ụwa n'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu na tebụl na esote. Dị ka TSI, radiative forcing n'ihi mgbanwe nke albedo mbara ala (Δα) bụ:
Nnyocha Satellite na egosi na nzaghachi dị iche iche nke usoro ụwa emeela ka albedo mbara ala kwụsie ike n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ndị sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ kpatara na nso nso a. N'oge dị ogologo, ọ bụ ihe a na ejighị n'aka ma nrụgide net nke sitere na mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ ga anọgide na adị obere.
Mmanye n'ihi mgbanwe na gas ikuku
áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Radiative forcing maka okpukpu abụọ nke CO2, dị ka a gbakọrọ site na koodu nnyefe radiative Modtran. Ahịrị uhie bụ usoro Planck. Maka gas na ekpo ọkụ nke ọma, enwere ike iji koodu nnyefe radiative nke na enyocha akara ọ bụla maka ọnọdụ ikuku iji gbakọọ ΔF na amanye dị ka ọrụ nke mgbanwe na ntinye ya. Enwere ike ime ka ngụkọta ndị a dị mfe n'ime usoro algebra nke kpọmkwem na gas ahụ.
Carbon dioxide
Nkọwa nke mbụ dị mfe maka carbon dioxide (CO2) bụ:
ebe C0 bụ ntinye aka na akụkụ kwa nde (ppm) site na olu na ΔC bụ mgbanwe ntinye aka na ppm. Maka ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ụfọdụ (dịka mmetụta ihu igwe), a na ewere C0 dị ka itinye uche tupu mgbanwe anthropogenic dị ukwuu ma nwee uru nke 278 ppm dị ka atụmatụ maka afọ 1750. Ibu nke ikuku nke gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ amụbaala ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ gara aga (malite n'ihe dị ka afọ 1950). Maka CO2, mmụba 50% (C / C0 = 1.5) nke e mere ka ọ dị n'afọ 2020 kemgbe 1750 kwekọrọ na nchịkọta. N'iburu n'uche na ọ nweghị mgbanwe na ụzọ uto ikuku, okpukpu abụọ (C / C0 = 2) n'ime iri afọ ole na ole sochirinụ ga adaba na nchịkọta.
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti CO2 na radiative forcing bụ logarithmic na nkenke ruo ihe dị ka okpukpu asatọ nke uru dị ugbu a. N'ihi ya, mmụba na aga n'ihu na enwe mmetụta na eme ka okpomọkụ dị obere. Otú ọ dị, usoro mbụ nke approximation bụ ihe na ezighị ezi na nkenke dị elu ma ọ nweghị saturation na absorption nke radiation infrared site na CO2.
Gas ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe
Usoro dị iche iche na-emetụta gas ndị ọzọ dị ka methane na N2O (square-root dependency) ma ọ bụ CFCs (linear), yana coefficients nke enwere ike ịchọta dịka ọmụmaatụ na akụkọ IPCC. Nnyocha afọ 2016 na atụ aro mmezigharị dị ịrịba ama na usoro methane IPCC. A na etinye ike site na gas ndị kachasị emetụta na ikuku nke ụwa na ngalaba na-akọwa usoro uto na adịbeghị anya, na ndepụta IPCC nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ.
Mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ
Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ bụ gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ nke ụwa ugbu a na akpata ihe dịka ọkara nke gas ikuku niile. Nchịkọta ikuku ya na adabere kpamkpam na nkezi okpomọkụ nke mbara ala, ma nwee ike ịbawanye site na 7% na ogo ọ bụla (°C) nke ịrị elu okpomọkụ (lee kwa: mmekọrịta Clausiusī Clapeyron). N'ihi ya, n'ime ogologo oge, mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na akpa àgwà dị ka nzaghachi usoro nke na eme ka radiative na emewanye site na uto nke carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ.
Ọganihu na nso nso a
Enwere ike ịhụ na ngụkọta nrụgide maka afọ 2016, 3.027 W m−2, tinyere uru a na anabata nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe λ, 0.8 K /(W m−2), na ebute mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa nke 2.4 K, nke dị ukwuu karịa mmụba a hụrụ, ihe dị ka 1.2 K. Akụkụ nke ọdịiche a bụ n'ihi lag na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na enweta ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na nrụgide. Ihe fọdụrụ na ọdịiche ahụ bụ n'ihi nrụgide aerosol na adịghị mma (iji tụnyere mmetụta ihu igwe nke particulates), mmetụta ihu igwe dị ala karịa uru a nabatara, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ njikọta ya.
Tebụl ahụ gụnyekwara "Annual Greenhouse Gas Index" (AGGI), nke akọwapụtara dị ka oke nke ngụkọta radiative forcing kpọmkwem n'ihi gas na ekpo ọkụ ogologo oge maka afọ ọ bụla nke zuru oke zuru ụwa ọnụ dị na nke dị na 1990. A họọrọ 1990 n'ihi na ọ bụ afọ isi maka Kyoto Protocol. Ndepụta a bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe ndị na eme kwa afọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na emetụta mmepụta carbon dioxide na nnweta, isi iyi methane na nitrous oxide na sinks, mbelata nke ikuku nke kemịkal na emebi ozone metụtara Montreal Protocol. na mmụba na ndị na anọchi ha (hydrogenated CFCs (HCFCs) na hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Ọtụtụ n'ime mmụba a metụtara CO2. Maka afọ 2013, AGGI bụ 1.34 (na anọchite anya mmụba na ngụkọta radiative forcing nke 34% kemgbe 1990). Mmụba nke CO2 na amanye naanị kemgbe 1990 bụ ihe dị ka 46%. Mbelata nke CFCs mere ka mmụba nke net radiative forcing belata nke ukwuu.
Tebụl ọzọ a kwadebere maka iji ya mee ihe na ụdị ihu igwe intercomparisons nke emere n'okpuru nkwado nke IPCC ma gụnyere ihe niile, ọ bụghị naanị nke gas na ekpo ọkụ.
Nleba anya n'onwe ya
Njikọ radieshon zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụwa na agbanwe ka mbara ala na agbagharị ma na agba anyanwụ gburugburu, yana ka nsogbu okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ebilite ma na apụ n'ime usoro ụwa, oké osimiri na ikuku (dịka. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'ihi ya, 'instantaneous radiative forcing' (IRF) nke mbara ala ahụ dịkwa ike ma na agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti ọnọdụ nke okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi. Njikọ nke usoro oge na nke dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-ebute ọdịiche okike ndị a ga-alaghachi n'oge na-adịru afọ ole na ole iji mepụta nkezi IRF.  Mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ na ekpuchi ihe ndị na eme n'oge dị ogologo (afọ iri) n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, ma si otú a mee ka ileba anya n'ihe ndị dị otú a bụrụ ihe ịma aka. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ngalaba Sayensị Ụwa nke NASA Na-arụ Ọrụ  NASA's Clouds na Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) na enyocha nguzozi radiation nke ụwa kemgbe afọ 1998. Nnyocha ọ bụla nke ụwa na enye atụmatụ nke ngụkọta (eluigwe niile) nke radiation ozugbo. Ihe ndekọ data a na ejide ma mgbanwe okike na mmetụta mmadụ na IRF; gụnyere mgbanwe na gas na ekpo ọkụ, aerosols, ala, wdg. Ihe ndekọ ahụ gụnyekwara nzaghachi radiative na adịghị mma na radiative imbalances; na eme karịsịa site na usoro nri nke ụwa na okpomọkụ, albedo elu, ikuku mmiri ikuku na igwe ojii.
Ndị na eme nchọpụta ejirila ihe ndị sitere na CERES, AIRS, CloudSat na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ dabeere na satellite n'ime NASA's Sistemụ Na ahụ Maka Ụwa. iji chọpụta onyinye site na mgbanwe okike na usoro usoro. Iwepụ onyinye ndị a n'ime ndekọ data ọtụtụ afọ na enye ohere ịhụ ihe na eme n'elu ikuku (TOA) IRF. A na emekwa nyocha data ahụ n'ụzọ na arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma na adabere na ọtụtụ usoro na nsonaazụ modeling. N'ihi ya, a hụrụ na radiative forcing arịgoola site na +0.53 W m−2 (±0.11 W m−2) site n'afọ 2003 ruo 2018. Ihe dị ka pasent 20 nke mmụba ahụ jikọtara ya na mbelata nke ibu arọ ikuku, na ọtụtụ n'ime pasent 80 fọdụrụnụ bụ maka ibu arọ na arịwanye elu nke gas na ekpo ọkụ.
A hụla ihe na-arịwanye elu na radiative imbalance n'ihi mmụba CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ngwaọrụ ndị dị n'ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chịkọtara nha dị otú ahụ iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe doro anya na ebe abụọ Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) na Oklahoma na Alaska. Nnyocha ọ bụla a chọpụtara na okpomọkụ radiative (infrared) nke ndị bi n'elu nwere jiri +0.2 W m−2 (±0.07 W m−2) rịa elu n'ime afọ iri na-agwụ na 2010. Na mgbakwunye na ilekwasị anya na radiation longwave na gas na-amanye (CO2) naanị, nsonaazụ a dị obere karịa TOA na-amanye n'ihi mgbochi ya site na ikuku ikuku. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|CO2, okpomọkụ, na ọrụ sunspot kemgbe 1850. Enwere ike iji radiative forcing mee ihe iji tụọ mgbanwe na esote na steady-state (nke a na egosikarị "equilibrium") okpomọkụ elu (ΔTs) nke sitere na ịmanye ahụ site na usoro ahụ:
ebe a na egosikarị λ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe, na ejikarị nkeji K /(W / m2), na ΔF bụ radiative forcing na W / m2. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke λ, 0.8 K/(W/m2), na enye mmụba na okpomọkụ ụwa nke ihe dị ka 1.6 K n'elu okpomọkụ 1750 n'ihi mmụba nke CO2 n'oge ahụ (278 ruo 405 ppm, maka ịmanye 2.0 W / m2), ma na ebu amụma na okpompe ọzọ nke 1.4 K karịa okpomọkụ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụrụ na ngwakọta CO2 na ikuku ga aghọ okpukpu abụọ nke uru ya tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe; ngụkọta abụọ a anaghị echere na ọ bụla ọzọ.
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, radiative forcing na egosipụta ikike amụma kachasị mma maka ụdị nrụgide ụfọdụ dị ka gas na ekpo ọkụ. Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka mmetụta ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka mmadụ dị ka soot. Usoro ọhụrụ a na akpọ "ike radiative forcing" ma ọ bụ ERF na ewepụ mmetụta nke mgbanwe ngwa ngwa n'ime ikuku nke na enweghị njikọ na mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ dị ogologo oge. ERF pụtara na enwere ike itinye ihe dị iche iche na akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọhịa egwuregwu iji mee ka e jiri ya tụnyere mmetụta ha na echiche na agbanwe agbanwe banyere otu okpomọkụ ụwa si emeghachi omume na ụdị nrụgide mmadụ dị iche iche.
Metrics ndị metụtara ya
Enwere ike ịmepụta metrik ndị ọzọ maka otu ebumnuche ahụ dị ka radiative forcing. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Shine et al. na ekwu "... nnwale ndị na adịbeghị anya na egosi na maka mgbanwe na ịmịkọrọ aerosols na ozone, ikike ịkọ ọdịnihu nke radiative forcing dị njọ ... anyị na atụ aro ihe ọzọ, 'adjusted troposphere and stratosphere forcing'. Anyị na egosi ngụkọta GCM na egosi na ọ bụ ihe amụma a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ GCM a karịa radiative forcing. Ọ bụ onye na achọ ịgbakwunye radiative forcing dị ka metric maka iji tụnyere usoro dị iche iche...". N'okwu a, GCM na anọchite anya "ihe nlereanya mgbasa ụwa", na okwu "predictive" anaghị ezo aka na ikike GCMs ịkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na ezo aka na ikike nke ngwá ọrụ ọzọ nke ndị edemede chepụtara iji nyere aka kọwaa nzaghachi usoro.
Ya mere, echiche nke radiative forcing anọwo na-agbanwe site na aro mbụ, nke a na akpọ ugbu a instantaneous radiative forzing (IRF), gaa na aro ndị ọzọ na achọ ịmekọrịta nke ọma radiative imbalance na okpomọkụ ụwa (okpomọkụ ụwa). N'echiche a, nrụgide radiative a gbanwere agbanwe, na usoro mgbakọ ya dị iche iche, na eme atụmatụ enweghị nkwekọ ozugbo a gbanwere okpomọkụ stratosphere iji nweta nguzozi radiative na stratosphere (n'echiche nke ọnụego okpomọkụ radiative efu). Usoro ọhụrụ a anaghị atụle mgbanwe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ nzaghachi ọ bụla nke enwere ike ịmepụta na troposphere (na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe okpomọkụ stratospheric), maka ebumnuche ahụ, e webatara nkọwa ọzọ, nke a na akpọ radiative forcing dị irè. N'ozuzu, ERF bụ aro nke nyocha nke CMIP6 radiative forcing ọ bụ ezie na a ka na etinye usoro a gbanwere na stratospherically n'ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ebe a na ewere mgbanwe na nzaghachi na troposphere dị ka ihe na adịghị mkpa, dị ka na gas na ozone. Usoro a na akpọ radiative kernel approach na enye ohere ịtụle nzaghachi ihu igwe n'ime ngụkọta offline dabere na approximation linear
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Elizabeth Fish
Elizabeth Mary Jane Fish (22 Disemba 1860 - 21 Machị 1944) bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dịka onye isi oche nke Educational Institute of Scotland, òtù ndị nkuzi kacha ochie n'ụwa.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Elizabeth na 83 North Woodside Road na Glasgow, Scotland, na 1860 na Jane McNaughton na William Fish, onye ozi ala ọzọ nke obodo.
William bụ ụkọchukwu na Sharp's Institution na Perth ọ bụkwa ebe a ka Elizabeth gụrụ akwụkwọ.
Elizabeth laghachiri Glasgow ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi ụmụ akwụkwọ, malite na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke Henderson Street ebe ọ bịara nke mbụ na Scotland na ule Queen's Scholarship. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Glasgow Church of Scotland Training College.
Ọrụ
N'etiti 1881 na 1895, ọ kụziri maka Glasgow School Board; na-akụzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Runford Street na ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị Shields Road.
Elizabeth gara n'ihu na-akụzi na Pupil-Teachers Institute, Glasgow, site na 1895 ruo 1907 tupu ọ gaa na-akwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Whitehill Higher Grade na ụlọ akwụkwọ John Street Higher Grate site na 1907 ruo 1920.
Elizabeth na-eduzi klas mgbede iji nyere ndị na-asụ nsụ aka ma na-ekwu okwu gbasara ahụike na ịdị ọcha. Ọ guzogidere oku sitere n'aka ndị eugenicists ka ha webata 'ịmeziwanye agbụrụ' n'ime nkuzi ma kwenyere na 'ịdị ọcha mmekọahụ' bụ ọrụ nne na nna karịa ihe a ga-ewebata na klas.
Afọ ndị sochirinụ
Elizabeth bụ onye isi oche nke Scottish Modern Languages Association (SMLA) ruo afọ abụọ wee bụrụ onye isi nkuzi nke Modern Languages na Bellahouston Academy na 1920 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1925.
Ọ bụ onye isi ọha na eze na Glasgow ma nwee ọfịs na alaka Glasgow nke Class Teachers' Association na Educational Institute of Scotland (EIS) dị ka onye nhazi nke EIS Central Ladies Committee site na 1902 gaa n'ihu.
Na June 1913, a họpụtara Elizabeth dị ka nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke EIS.
O nwetara vootu 4,822 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwoke atọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa, ndị ngụkọta vootu ha ruru 3,068.
Ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhata
Na Jenụwarị 1914, Elizabeth kwetara na ajụjụ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata bụ nke esemokwu maka ndị otu Scottish na English Teachers' Associations ma kpọọ maka imeziwanye ụgwọ ọrụ ndị nkuzi n'oge okwu onye isi ala ya na nnọkọ kwa afọ. Mgbe ọ na-akatọ ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị nkuzi, ọ rụrụ ụka na:"'Ọ bụrụ na anyị ndị nkuzi arịọ ka e bulie ụgwọ ọrụ nke ndị nkuzi niile ugbu a ruo n'ókè nke ihe ndị nkuzi chere na ha kwesịrị ịbụ, anyị ga-ewepụ ọmịiko nke ọha na eze na-ekwenyeghị na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihe anyị chọrọ. '"
Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Elizabeth Fish nwụrụ na Paisley Infirmary na 21 Machị 1944 mgbe ọ dara n'ụlọ. Ọ dị afọ 83.
N'echi ya, akụkọ ọnwụ ya na Glasgow Herald kọwara ya dị ka 'onye mmeri nke ndị nkuzi nwanyị na Scotland'.
Ihe odide
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Ule Na-egbu Oge Nri
Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) bụ ngwá ọrụ nchọpụta nsogbu ụra. A na-eji ya atụ oge gafere site na mmalite afọ okuku n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị nke mmiri ọgwụ nke oge ụra ehihie ruo na ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke ụra, nke a na-akpọ ụra latency. Ule ahụ dabere n'echiche na ndị na-ehi ụra, ka ha na-ebili ngwa ngwa.
A na-eji MSLT eme ihe iji nwalee nsogbu ndị dị n'etiti nke hypersomnolence dị ka narcolepsy ma ọ bụ idiopathic hypersomnia, ma ọ bụ iji mee ka ọdịiche ndị mmadụ n'ihe banyere ụkpụrụ ndị ziri mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie dị n'agbata ike ọgwụgwụ anụ ahụ na ezigbo ụra ehihie na abalị na ímé ihe ọ bụla n'ime anyị si nọrọ na nche megide dị ka ndị ọzọ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịchọpụta otú mmadụ ga-esi daa n'ụra n'ọnọdụ dị mma, otú nke a si bụrụ otu ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ma enwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ọsọ nke mmalite ụra REM. Enwere ike iji nke a chọpụta ma mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nsogbu ụra dị iche iche.
Ule ahụ nwere ohere anọ ma ọ bụ ise nke nkeji iri abụọ na-ehi ụra nke a na-etinye awa abụọ, mgbe mgbe na-esochi ọmụmụ ụra abalị. N'oge ule ahụ, a na-enyocha data dịka ụbụrụ ụbụrụ onye ọrịa, EEG, ọrụ uru ahụ, na mmegharị anya ma dekọọ ya. Ule ahụ dum na-ewe ihe dị ka awa 7 n'ime otu ụbọchị.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị ọsụ ụzọ ụra William C. Dement na Mary Carskadon mepụtara ule Multiple Sleep Latency na 1977. Ọ malitere site na ikwughachi ọrụ Dr. Dement mere na 1970 nke a na-akpọ ụbọchị nkeji iri itoolu. Ha kpọrọ nkeji 0-5 n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi mpaghara mgbede n'ihi ihe na-egosi nkwarụ siri ike n'ahụ na n'uche.
Usoro a na-ahụkarị
Nkwadebe: N'ụbọchị ule a na-agwa onye ọrịa ka ọ ghara iri ihe ọ bụla na-akpali akpali, dị ka tii, kọfị, colas, na chocolate.
Nkọwa
Onye na-ahụ maka akwara, onye na-ahụ Maka akwara, dọkịta na-ahụkarị maka ọrịa uche ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụra ga-enyocha nsonaazụ ma gwa onye ọrịa ma ọ bụ dọkịta nlekọta isi nke onye ọrịa banyere nkọwa nke nsonaazụ nyocha ahụ n'ihe gbasara nsogbu ahụike.
A na-ekpebi oge ụra (oge dị n'etiti mmalite nke ohere ụra na mmalite ụra nke EEG kpebiri) maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ohere ụra anọ ma ọ bụ ise. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ụra mere n'oge ụra, a na-edekọ oge ụra dị ka nkeji iri abụọ maka ohere ụra ahụ. A na-ewere nkezi nke ụra latency site na ụra anọ ma ọ bụ ise dị ka oge ụra zuru oke maka ule ahụ dum. N'ozuzu, a na-ewere ụra nke na-erughị nkeji asatọ dị ka ihe akaebe doro anya nke ụra gabigara ókè. Tụkwasị na nke a, ohere ọ bụla nke ụra REM malitere n'ime nkeji iri na ise ka a na-akpọ "oge REM na-amalite ụra (SOREMP). N'ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị, ihe karịrị 1 SOREMP n'etiti PSG gara aga na MSLT nwere ike ịkwado nchọpụta nke narcolepsy. A ghaghị ịkọwa nsonaazụ ya n'ụzọ nlezianya dị ka nsogbu ụra, ọgwụ, ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ntụrụndụ eme ihe nwere ike imetụta mmalite ụra REM.
Ntụaka
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Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Ura
Lagos Photo
Enweghị Ikpe: Africa n'okpuru Prism (2010)
Mbipụta mbụ ahụ metụtara afọ 50 nke nnwere onwe Naịjirịa. A chọrọ ka ndị sonyere nwere mmasị rụọ ọrụ na Lagos, Naịjirịa ma ọ bụ n'Africa na-agba égbè nke kọwara isiokwu ahụ.
Ndị na-ese foto Ndị nduzi nka na ndị nhazi: Azu Nwagbogu, Caline Chagoury, Marc Prust
Gịnị ka Africa ọzọ ga-eme? Akụkọ Ndị E zoro ezo (2011)
Ebumnuche mbipụta a bụ ịnọchite anya akụkọ zoro ezo na kọntinent ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe oyiyi ndị na-ezighi ezi, ndị na-anọchite anya, ndị na'ụzọ dị egwu na ndị dị egwu nke a na-ejikarị ike nke foto kpuchie.
Ndị na-ese foto Ndị nduzi nka na ndị nhazi: Azu Nwagbogu, Caline Chagoury, Marc Prust, Medina Dugger
Ụbọchị asaa na Ndụ Lagos (2012)
Ebumnuche mbipụta a bụ ijide ike na ume nke na-eme ka Lagos bụrụ ebe ọdịbendị pụrụ iche. Obodo nke nnukwu esemokwu, Lagos na-agbanwe na ọsọ ọsọ nke ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu na mgbawa nke mmepe na teknụzụ nke na-agbanyụ ihe mgbochi ma na-eduga n'ụdị mmekọrịta ọhụrụ.
Ndị na-ese foto Ndị nduzi nka na ndị nhazi: Azu Nwagbogu, Caline Chagoury, Stanley Greene, Medina Dugger na Joseph Gergel.
Mega City na Non-City (2013)
Isiokwu nke afọ a, The Megacity and the Non-City, na-enyocha otú mmepe nke obodo ukwu dị n'Africa na ọganihu teknụzụ nke foto si gbanwee mmetụta anyị banyere ọnọdụ n'ụwa jikọtara ụwa. Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu bụ nke e ji ịrị elu nke nnukwu obodo mara, na obodo ndị dị ka Lagos na-agbanwe ma na-eme mgbanwe dị ukwuu na-ewere ọnọdụ na ọsọ a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ. Mmepe obodo ukwu, mgbawa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ndị nọ n'etiti na-arị elu n'etiti obodo ukwu dị n'Africa na-akọwapụta ọdịdị obodo ahụ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu. N'otu oge ahụ, mgbanwe dijitalụ na-agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke onye ọ bụla, ejikọta ya na njikọ dị n'etiti ebe site na teknụzụ gbasaa. A na-akọwa echiche a nke obodo site na mgbagwoju anya, nrọ, na mmetụta na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke njirimara, ebe ndị mmadụ na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdịbendị. Ndị na-ese ihe gosipụtara na The Megacity na Non-City na-eji usoro foto na atụmatụ ndị dabeere na onyinyo iji kwurịta banyere obodo ukwu na-agbasawanye n'Afrika taa, yana mgbagha ya, ebe ndị na-acha ntụ ntụ, na ebe esemokwu. Site n'itinye foto na isi nke omume ha, ndị omenkà a na-enyocha mgbasa nke ihe oyiyi na ọha mmadụ anyị, oriri ha buru ibu na ikike idepụta echiche ụwa nke onwe na nke otu.
Ndị na-ese foto
Ihe Omume Ihe Omume, Ihe Omume Akụkọ (2014)
Isiokwu nke afọ a, Staging Reality, Documenting Fiction, na-enyocha ndị na-ese foto nke oge a na-arụ ọrụ n'Africa bụ ndị na-atụle ókèala na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti foto, nkwenkwe, na eziokwu. N'itinye usoro echiche na nke na-eme ihe nkiri nke na-agbasawanye ọrụ foto ọdịnala, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na-arụ ọrụ na kọntinent ahụ na-agafe ókè nke anya foto. Ndị omenkà a na-emepụta ọrụ nke na-atụle nchegbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-akọwa Afrịka ọhụrụ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ha na-enyocha otú ihe oyiyi niile si arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'otú e si ewu ma kọwaa eziokwu. N'iji ụdị dị ka akụkọ ndị a na-eme, arụmọrụ, appropriation, self-portraiture, na ndụ, ndị omenkà a na-ebugharị ókèala oge na nke oghere nke ihe nkiri. N'ime nke a, Staging Reality, Documenting Fiction na-atụle otú ndị omenkà a si echepụta ọdịnihu dị iche iche na ụwa akụkọ ifo, na-eji foto dị ka ihe na-akpali iji nyochaa eziokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Afrika taa.
Ndị na-ese foto Onye nlekọta ndị ọbịa bụ Cristina de Middel.
Ụlọ nyocha nke obodo ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka: Ụlọ nyocha obodo n'ọdịnihu, ọrụ nyocha nke Ph.D na megacities ntụnyere daber na Singapore, ga-egosi nyocha ha na Lagos n'oge ememme site na nkuzi eserese mmekọrịta nke Lindsay Sawyer duziri.
LagosPhoto Ihe ngosi n'èzí
Ihe ngosi ndị a n'èzí, nke gosipụtara na ogige ntụrụndụ na gburugburu ebe niile na Lagos, gụnyere nnukwu, mbipụta n'èzí na-adịgide adịgide, na-egosi ọrụ ndị LagosPhoto ugbu a na oge gara aga. Ihe ngosi ndị yiri maze na-enye ohere maka ikiri ọha na eze mgbe ha na-anabata ohere ọha na eze, na-eweta foto n'etiti ọdịbendị okporo ámá Lagos.
Asaana
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Asaana.jpg/220px-Asaana.jpg|thumb|Foto na egosiputa Asaana no n'ime karama Asaana bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọka na-abụghị mmanya na-aba n'anya, nke a na-eme site na ọka na-agba ụka na shuga na-agba agba. A na-akpọ ya elewonyo n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke obodo Ghana ma mara ya n'ọtụtụ mba dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ biya ọka.
Lagos Photo
LagosPhoto Projects: Makoko
Dị ka akụkụ nke LagosPhoto afọ 2012, LagosPhoto Projects malitere site na njem gaa Makoko iji dekọọ mbibi nke ogige Lagos kachasị njọ. Otu ìgwè ndị na-ese foto iri na abụọ n'ógbè na mba ụwa, ndị na-eme vidio, na ndị nta akụkọ jikọtara aka gaa n'etiti mbibi obodo ahụ na-aga n'ihu. Dị ka akụkụ nke isiokwu LagosPhoto afọ 2012 "Ụbọchị asaa na Ndụ Lagos", e mepụtara LagosPhoto Projects iji meghachi omume na ihe omume mmekọrịta dị ngwa nke na-agbanwe ọdịbendị ọdịbendị na Naịjirịa. LagosPhoto Projects nwere njem na ndị na-ese foto na ndị nta akụkọ na-apụta ma guzosie ike iji dekọọ dị ka otu ihe dị mkpa nke na-eme ka obodo ahụ bụrụ ebe pụrụ iche.
LagosPhoto Summer School
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ pụrụ iche LagosPhoto, usoro ihe omume zuru oke nke ụlọ ọrụ studio na mkparịta ụka panel ga-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge emume ahụ. LagosPhoto Workshop Program na-enye ohere maka ndị na-ese foto na-apụta iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ha n'ọtụtụ akụkụ dị iche iche nke foto nke ndị na-ede foto mba ụwa na-akụzi. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga gụnyere ọmụmụ mmalite na ọrụ igwefoto, ọmụmụ ọkụ dị elu na ọmụmụ mmepụta dijitalụ, ọmụmụ ọrụ ebe ndị na-ese foto na-arụkọ ọrụ ma na-emepụta ọrụ n'ọhịa, ọmụmụ foto onwe onye, na nkuzi studio.
Foto Ndị Mgbasa Ozi Ụwa
World Press Photo, asọmpi foto mba ụwa a ma ama nke na-egosipụta ihe kachasị mma nke foto akụkọ n'ụwa niile, ga-eweta ihe ngosi ya kwa afọ na Lagos ka egosiputa ya n'akụkụ emume ahụ. LagosPhoto abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na World Press Photo Exhibition.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ịkụ azụ magnet
Ihe ntụrụndụ bụ ngwakọta nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ịchụ nta akụ. Magnet ndị e ji mee ihe siri ike iji wepụ nnukwu ihe mkpofu dị ka ịnyịnya ígwè a tụfuru atụfu, égbè, nchekwa, bọmbụ, grenade, mkpụrụ ego na taya ụgbọ ala site na mmiri, ma ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye aka na ntụrụndụ na-atụ anya ịchọta ihe ndị dị ụkọ na ndị bara uru.
A na-eche na ọ bụ ndị na-agba ụgbọ mmiri na-eji magnet iji weghachite mkpịsị ugodi dara na mmiri malitere igbu azụ magnet.
InNgwá Ọrụ
thumb|Ngwá ọrụ ịkụ azụ magnet, gụnyere gloves nchebe, bọket maka ịchekwa ihe, gel aka antibacterial, na magnet neodymium ejikọtara na eriri. A na-ejikarị gloves eme magnet, magnet neodymium siri ike nke a na-ejikọta na eriri na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti mita 15 na 30 (50 Sri 100 ), na mgbe ụfọdụ nko na-ejide dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na magnet.
Ihe ndị nwere ike imebi
Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eche na iwepụ ihe nwere ike ịkpalite sedimenti nwere ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, ma ọ bụ na-akpaghasị ebe ndị mgbe ochie. Ụfọdụ ndị na-egbu azụ magnet enwetawo ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, gụnyere égbè ndị a na-ebu, ngwá agha ndị a na'agbawaghị agbawa, na iberibe ígwè dị nkọ.
Magnet Neodymium dị ike ma nwee ike igbochi pacemakers, na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike; ha nwekwara ike imebi ngwaọrụ eletrọniki ndị ọzọ. Mkpịsị aka nwere ike ịpịa n'etiti magnet na iberibe ígwè, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ siri ike. Tetanus nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ maka ndị na-enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi tetanus. [ihe odide ahụike dị mkpa]
A maara ụmụ nwoke abụọ ka mmiri riri mmiri mgbe ha na-akụ azụ magnet, mana ihe kpatara ya ejighị n'aka, na nyocha toxicology mgbe ọnwụ nwụrụ gosiri na ha abụọ ejirila cannabis n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.
Ịkụ azụ magnet na iwu
thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama okporo ámá e wepụrụ na Jizera na Svijany, [[Chekia|Czech Republic, na magnet eji weghachite ya ka na-agbakwunye na akara ngosi ahụ.]] Dabere na ikike, ihe ọ bụla bara uru nwere ike ịbụ nke gọọmentị ime obodo, ọ bụghị onye chọtara ya.
England na Wales
Ịkụ azụ Magnet bụ n'okpuru iwu obodo gbasara mmiri dị n'èzí. Canal & River Trust, nke nwere ọtụtụ ↵canal dị na England na Wales, nwere iwu iwu na-amachibido ndị mmadụ iwepụ ihe sitere na ọwa mmiri na osimiri ndị o nwere, yabụ enwere ike ịnwe ndị ọkụ azụ ụgwọ £ 25 maka igbu azụ magnet ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe ọ bụla site na ọwara ma ọ bụ ime ala n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Canal & River trust na England ma ọ bụ Wales, ma e wezụga Lee na Stort Navigation, Gloucester na Sharpness Canal, na River Severn Navigation. Trust "na-amachibido omume ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ezere ime ihe megide ndị omempụ mbụ. N'afọ 2018, otu nwatakịrị magnet-gburu égbè a pịrị apị na Titford Canal na Oldbury, West Midlands.
Scotland
A na-anabata ịkụ azụ Magnet na Scotland, ọ bụrụhaala na onye na-akụ azụ nwetara nkwenye echere echekwabara site na gburugburu ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme Scotland, yana ikike n'aka ọwa mmiri Scottish. Otu ọrụ gọọmentị dị nke na-enye ndị otu ya ikike ndọta azụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Union Canal na Edinburgh, yana ọtụtụ ebe akwadoro n'ọdịnihu. A ga-akọrịrị ihe ihe ochie ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Treasure Trove Scotland.
Germany
Na Hamburg, a na-ata ụta maka igbu azụ magnet na-enweghị ikike site na ịkwụ ụgwọ.
Belgium
Amateur magnet-fiers na Belgium nyeere ndị uwe ojii aka site n'iweghachite ihe akaebe ọhụrụ, kpọmkwem ngwa agha na mgboagha, metụtara mpụ nke ndị na-egbu Brabant.
N'ozuzu, ndị uwe ojii na-agba ndị na-achọta ngwá agha ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya ume ka ha kpọtụrụ ha.