cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Gwen Dickey
Ọrụ
N'afọ 2001, ọ bụ onye isi njem egwu a kpọrọ "What A Feeling" nke na-egwuri egwu na nnukwu ụlọ ihe nkiri n'England niile. Dickey meghere n'ihe banyere James Brown na One Grand Prix Ball na Monte Carlo ma soro Meatloaf na Antwerp, Belgium maka Night of the Proms na ihe ngosi rere ere maka abalị atọ n'otu afọ ahụ. N'afọ 2004, Dickey rụrụ na Glastonbury Music Festival na England. Dickey rụrụ ọzọ na James Brown na Monte Carlo maka Formula otu n'afọ 2005. O mere ihe ngosi ọzọ maka Formula ótù Drivers Annual Charity Ball na 2006. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na United Kingdom na Europe na 2007 na 2008.
N'afọ 2010, Dickey na ndị otu Rose Royce pụtara na ihe omume nke Unsung.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Asụsụ Bekee
thumb|Asụsụ Bekee Asụsụ Bekee (Bekee: English) bu asụsụ ana-asụ n'Ala Bekee (Bekee: England) na ụfọdụ obodo ọzọ dịka Njikọtaọhà Amerika na Ostraliya. Ana-asụkwa ya na Naijiria.
Òtù:Madu Òtù:Njikota Ochíchìézè Òtù:Njikota Obodo Amerika Òtù:Asụsụ "Indo-European" Òtù:Asụsụ Ndị Òtù:Asụsụ "West Germanic"
Mahmoud el-Meliguy
Ọrụ
El-Meliguy bụ nwa nke ezinụlọ ndị Egypt nke natara aha ya n'obodo Egypt nke Melieg na Monufia Governorate. Ọrụ ọganihu bịara mgbe Mohamed Abdel Wahab họọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lastu Mallak (Abụghị m mmụọ ozi). A kwụrụ ya 900 Egyptian pound ma nweta aha ọma ngwa ngwa. Ndị mmadụ toro ya maka ọrụ ọjọọ ọ rụrụ na ihe nkiri ahụ, ndị na-enyocha ihe nkiri kọwakwara ya dịka ajọ omume nke ihe nkiri.
Ndụ onwe
Mahmoud el-Meliguy zutere onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri Alwiya Gamil n'afọ 1938 wee lụọ ya n'afọ 1939. Ya na ya mere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere mmekọrịta obi ụtọ na nke siri ike. Ha amụghị ụmụ ọnụ mana ha zụlitere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Gamal El-Din na Morsi, na nwa nwanyị, Isis, site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ Alwiya. N'afọ 1963, mgbe afọ iri abụọ na anọ nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Alwiya Gamil gasịrị, ọ lụrụ nwanyị ọzọ, nwa agbọghọ na-eme ihe nkiri aha ya bụ Fawziyah al-Ansari, mana alụmdi na ụba ha adịteghị aka karịa ụbọchị atọ. Alwiya kwuru na ọ manyere ya ịgba ya alụkwaghịm. Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Alwiya Gamil kwụsịrị n'afọ 1983, mgbe ọ nwụrụ.
Onyinye Ough
Onyinye Ough bụ onye Naijiria na-ede akwụkwọ, ọkà okwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Step up for Social Development and Empowerment in Nigeria, otu òtù na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na-emegide nrụrụ aka na-eji akụkọ akụkọ na-akụziri ndị na-eto eto Naijiria banyere ụdị nrụrụ aka dị iche iche na mmetụta ya na ọha mmadụ.
N'akwụkwọ ya, Emeka's Money, onye Emeka, gosipụtara dị ka ezigbo nwoke na-anwa ime ihe bara uru maka ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ leghaara ikweta site na mbido na "omume obi ụtọ" ya nye ndị enyi ya nwere ike imerụ mmepe nke obodo ya. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ese njikọ n'etiti akụkụ dị iche iche nke nrụrụ aka na ezigbo mmebi ha na-akpata. A gbanwere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi.
N'ọnwa Julaị 2019, Onyinye Ough sonyeere òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ọha na eze iji rịọ Onye isi ala Naịjirịa, Muhammadu Buhari ka ọ bịanye aka na Federal Audit Service Bill nke Nzukọ nke asatọ nke Mba nke ọnwa asaa tupu mgbe ahụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu.
Onyinye Ough na-aga n'ihu na-eme mgbalị iji mepụta ụzọ okike iji gbochie nrụrụ aka na Naịjirịa, o mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ nke eziokwu iji gosipụta nsonaazụ nrụrụ aka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na Naịjarịa site n'anya nwa akwụkwọ.
Ikoyi
thumb|Ikoyi Ikoyi bụ agbata obi kachasị baa ọgaranya na Lagos, nke dị na mpaghara Gọmentị Obodo Eti-Osa. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Obalende ma jikọta Lagos Island n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na nsọtụ Lagos Lagoon. Ikoyi bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na Naijiria.
Onyinye Ough
Edensibịa
Òtù:Ndị Igbo Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ikoyi
Mpaghara nke mejupụtara Ikoyi bụ na mbụ ala na-aga n'ihu na Lagos Island, ruo mgbe ọwa mmiri MacGregor kewara ya, ụzọ mmiri dị wara nke gọmentị Britain gwuru. E wuru ọwa mmiri a ugbu a ma ọ bụ jupụta ya, nke mere na agwaetiti ahụ na Lagos Island jikọtara ọzọ. A na-akpọ ya n'okwu mkparị "Beverly Hills site na ogige" ma ọ bụ Belgravia nke Lagos.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị, e mepụtara agwaetiti ahụ dị ka ebe obibi maka ndị Briten na-anọghị mba ọzọ ma ka na-enwe ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu ebe obibi ndị ọchịchị na ya wuru n'etiti 1900 na 1950.
N'afọ 1920 na afo 1930, e weghachiri ihe dị ka ala dị hekta 250 n'ime Ndịda Odida anyanwu Ikoyi na Obalende ma mezigharịa ya. Atụmatụ ahụ dugakwara na mmezigharị nke ụzọ iji jikọta Onikan na Bourdillon Rd.
A nọgidere na-ewu ụlọ obibi ndị dị elu mgbe oge ọchịchị gasịrị, agwaetiti ahụ na Dodan Barracks ya ghọrọ ebe obibi nke ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ikoyi ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ gọmentị ndị ọzọ yana azụmahịa, ụlọ nkwari, ụlọ akwụkwọ, klọb mmekọrịta ọha na eze a ma ama Ikoyi Club, na Ikoyi Golf Club.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a
Otu n'ime isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Ikoyi bụ Awolowo Road, nke bụ okporo ámá dị elu nke nwere ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ ahịa dị elu. N'ihi ịdị nso ya na Victoria Island na Lagos Island, ọtụtụ n'ime njem njem azụmahịa Lagos na-elekwasị anya na Ikoyi, nke nwere ngwakọta nke ezigbo ụlọ nkwari akụ anọ.
N'ihi ọgba aghara na-adịbeghị anya na Niger Delta, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ akwagala ndị ọrụ ha na Ikoyi. Mpaghara ahụ bụzi ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ okomoko, ala, na ọfịs dị elu. Lagos Preparatory School (13+), nke a na-ewere dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ Britain kachasị elu n'Africa, dị na Ikoyi. link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alfred_Rewane_Green_Space_06.jpg/220px-Alfred_Rewane_Green_Space_06.jpg|thumb|Green Space n'okporo ụzọ Alfred Rewane Na Nọvemba 1, afọ 2021, ụlọ dị okpukpu iri abụọ na otu na Gerrard Road dara mgbe a na-ewu ya, na-egbu ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ.
Akụ na ụba na saịtị
Google Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Ikoyi.
Lagos Jet Ski Riders Club, otu klọb kachasị mma maka ndị Naijiria kacha baa ọgaranya dị na Ikoyi.
Ikoyi Golf Club
Ogige Falamo
Gọọmentị na akụrụngwa
Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) nwere ọfịs Lagos ya na Ikoyi.
Onye osote Gọvanọ nke Lagos Steeti bi na Ikoyi.
Ndị nile na-eme nke ọma na Naịjirịa nwere ihe onwunwe na Ikoyi.
"Ebe ụlọ kachasị ọnụ ahịa n'Africa"
Ikoyi nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ obibi kachasị mma na Naịjirịa, a na-eche na ọ nwere ụlọ kachasị ọnụ na kọntinent Afrịka dum, na nkezi ụlọ ọhụrụ na-ere maka US $ 1.5 nde, nke nwere ike iru ihe ruru $ 10 nde. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ala pere mpe dịnụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ ụlọ obibi kwụ ọtọ. Ụlọ ndị dị na Ikoyi dị ụkọ ma bụrụ nanị nke ndị bara ọgaranya. Mike Adenuga, Aliko Dangote, Folorunsho Alakija na ndị ọzọ nwere ụlọ na Ikoyi. Ikoyi Crescent nwere ụlọ Consular-General nke United States of America na Naịjirịa.
Bourdillon Road, Alexander Road na Gerrard Road, bụ ogologo okporo ụzọ, nke a na-ewere dị ka nke kachasị ewu ewu ọ bụghị naanị na Lagos, kamakwa na Naịjirịa. Ogologo oge a na-ekpuchi Embassy nke France, Embassy of Iran, Embascy of Iraq, Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge, Kọmishọna nke ndị uwe ojii Lagos, osote Gọvanọ nke Lagos State, National Army Headquarters Liaison Office, Federal Secretariat of Nigeria, ụlọ onye bụbu Gọvanor nke Lagos State. Bola Tinubu. na mgbakwunye kachasị ọhụrụ na ndepụta ahụ, ụlọ obibi kachasị elu n'Africa. Na okpukpu iri anọ na atọ, ụlọ obibi dị n'ụlọ a na-amalite na 6,500 square feet ma malite ire na $ 10 nde.
Ụlọ obibi ndị ọzọ dị oké ọnụ ahịa n'okporo ụzọ a bụ: Tango Towers (30 ụlọ, $ 3m n'elu), Mabadeje Plaza (maka ịgbazite naanị), Luxury Gardens (20 ụlọ elu $ 2m n'ebe elu), Titanium Towers (35 ụlọ elu).
Ikoyi gụnyere mpaghara ọhụrụ nke Banana Island, Parkview Estate, Mojisola Onikoyi Estate, Osborne Foreshore Estate Phase I & II, Dolphin Estate na ụlọ ndị ọzọ mara mma na-apụta.
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe
Ikoyi bụ otu n'ime mpaghara nwere mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na Lagos, mmiri ozuzo na-akarị 300 cm kwa afọ.
Ihe odide
<references group="" responsive="1"> Òtù:Agbataobi no na Lagos Òtù:Ebe ana eme ihe ego na Lagos Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Joy Kabatsi
Joy Kabatsi, nke a na-akpọkwa Joy Kabatsi Kafura (1 Febụwarị 1954), bụ onye ọka iwu Uganda, onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2020, ọ bụ Minista Na-ahụ Maka Njem na Cabinet nke Uganda, malite na Disemba 2019. Ọ bụ onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị National Resistance Movement.
Tupu nke ahụ, site na 6 June 2016 ruo 14 December 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista Steeti maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Kọmitii Ugandan. Ọ nọchiri Bright Rwamirama, onye a chụpụrụ na Cabinet. N'ihi ọnọdụ minista ya, ọ bụ onye otu ex-officio nke 10th Parliament (2016 ruo 2021).
Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ ya na Sembabule District, na Buganda, Uganda, na 1 Febụwarị 1954. Ọ gara Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School maka agụmakwụkwọ O-Level ya. Ọ gara na Namasagali College maka ọmụmụ A-Level ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1973. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Dar es Salaam, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Laws na 1981. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara diplọma na Legal Practice site na Law Development Centre.
Ọrụ
Ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1982, dị ka onye na-enye ọzụzụ na National Institute of Public Administration, na Lusaka, Zambia, na-eje ozi na ikike ahụ ruo n'afọ 1987. Site na 1987 ruo 1988, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na World University Service International, kwa na Lusaka, Zambia. Ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya bụ Uganda n'afọ 1988 wee rụọ ọrụ na Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (Uganda), site na World Bank.
N'afọ 1997, ọ gafere na Uganda Revenue Authority (URA), wee rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 2001, dị ka onye isi ha na-ahụ maka ego (iwu). Site n'afọ 2002 ruo n'afọ 2004, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi enyemaka nke Kọmishọna General na URA. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ kwagara n'Ọfịs Onye isi ala, na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi nke Ngalaba Iwu, site na afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri abụọ ruo 2012. Ozugbo tupu nhọpụta ya, Kabatsi bụ onye ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Entuutsi Rural Enterprise Limited, kemgbe afọ 2005.
Edensibịa
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Og Okonkwo
Ogugua Okonkwo onye nke a ma ama dị ka Og Okonkwo bụ onye na-emepụta uwe ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria,  ekike,   na onye nchoputa na onye isi ihe okike nke ụdị ejiji a na-akpọ Temple.
A zụlitere Okonkwo na Enugu, Nigeria, ma Ọ mụrụ sayensị laabu na mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka tupu ọ banye n'ime imepụta ejiji. Okonkwo weputara Temple Style n'afọ 2012, ka ọ nwesịrị ọzụzụ ogologo oge dịka onye inyeaka ejiji n'ụdị ejiji di iche iche na Abuja.
Ejiji
Temple Style, n'okpuru nduzi Okonkwo, na-egosipụta mkpokọta ha kwa afọ na mmemme izu Lagos Fashion and Design, nke mere  na Vogue, Fashion Bomb Daily, Elle, Glamour, na CNN  toro ya n'ihi ọhụhụ ya na uwe ụmụ nwanyị.
Edemsịbia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Constantin Xenakis
Constantin Xenakis (28 Disemba 1931 - 6 June 2020) bụ onye Gris na-ese ihe nke bi na France. Ọrụ ya na-agụnyekarị edemede ederede, ọkachasị mkpụrụedemede Hibru. akara na koodu nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị, akara okporo ụzọ, alchemy, zodiac, akara mgbakọ na mwepụ na nke kemịkal, ihe odide ndị Ijipt, mkpụrụedemede sitere na mkpụrụedemede Grik, Phoenician na mkpụrụ edemede Arabic.
Ndụ
E mere ya Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres n'afọ 1986. N'afọ 1996, Institut de France nyere ya Prix Delmas, na aro nke French Academy of Fine Arts. E meghere Ụlọ Constantin Xenakis na etiti obodo Fameck na 1991. N'afọ 1998, e nyere ya "Award of Appreciation" na 24th Olympiad site na National Museum of Contemporary Art, Korea.
A na-arụ ọrụ ya na National Gallery nke Gris na Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art.
Ọ nwụrụ na 6 June 2020, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na asatọ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">]
Cecilia Ibru
Di ya nwụrụ, Michael Ibru nwụrụ na Septemba n'afọ 2016.
Mmalite ndu na mmuta
Ọkpara Edward na Victoria Sido, Ibru gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar nke Saint Margaret na Ilesa site na n'afọ 1960  ruo n'afo 1965  wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Tutorial College dị na London site n'afọ 1967 ruo n'afọ 1968.
Alozie
Aha nna Alozie bụ aha Naijiria nke sitere na Igbo. Ndị ama ama nwere aha nna gụnyere:
Cecilia Ibru
Mmalite ndu na mmuta
Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum London n'afọ 1971 na BS na sociology. Ibru gbasoro akwukwo omumu ya na mahadum ma nweta Masters of Philosophy nke School of Oriental and African Studies n'afọ 1977.
Ọrụ
N'afọ 1978, Ibru sonyeere Ibru Organization dika onye isi oru onye nduzi. Mgbe afọ abụọ rụchara ọrụ a, Ibru gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi ego mba ụwa, ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1990.
Ibru bidoro ịrụ ọrụ na Oceanic Bank n'afọ 1990 dịka onye isi njikwa. Mgbe ya na Oceanic nọrọ afọ asaa, e buliri ya n’ọkwa onye isi ọrụ. Oceanic bidoro dị ka obere ụlọ akụ ezinụlọ nwere, mana o toro n'otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa kachasị na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'oge nlekọta Ibru.
N'ọnwa asatọ iri na atọ n'afọ 2009 Ibru so na otu onye isi ụlọ akụ ise CEOs ndị a chụrụ. Mmadụ ise ndị gbanwere aha ya bụ Central Bank of Nigeria. Osote gọvanọ, Sarah Alade, kwupụtara na John Aloh ga-anọchi Ibru na Oceanic. Ndị ọzọ gbanwere n'otu ụbọchị ahụ gụnyere onye isi oche nke Union Bank of Nigeria, Dr. Bath Ebong, onye nọchiri ya Olufunke Iyabo Osibodu.
Ebe m si nwete
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Category:Muru 1946
Anderson West
Ebimo West Anderson (amuru 31 Ọgọst 1989) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa na-agbara Zwegabin United.
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Lagos Talks
Lagos Talks bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio dị na Lagos, Naịjirịa, na-agbasa ozi na 91.3 MHz FM. N'ịbụ nke Megalectrics Limited, ọ na-agbasa usoro redio na-ekwu okwu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị n'etiti afọ iri na anọ ruo afọ iri anọ na ise.
A malitere ya na 22 Septemba n'afọ 2016.
Anozie (surname)
Aha nna Anozie bụ aha Naijiria. Ndị ama ama nwere aha nna gụnyere:
15 Julaị
15 Julaị bu ubochi nke 15th (nke iri na ise) na onwa ana kpo Julaị. Na Gregorian calender, 15 Julaị bu ubochi nke 196th (197th na afo nke ana-kpo leap year) na afo. Anyi nwere agugu ubochi 169 du mgbe afo na agwu.
Onye wuru
Òtù:Julaị
AGRIS
AGRIS (International System for Agricultural Science and Technology) bụ nchekwa data ọha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere ihe karịrị nde iri na abụọ ahaziri akwụkwọ ndekọ ahaziri na sayensị na teknụzụ ugbo. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 1975 na nchekwa data bụ Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development na-enye ọdịnaya ya site na ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 150 na-esonye na mba 65. Usoro nyocha AGRIS, na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị nchọpụta na ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịme nyocha ọkaibe site na iji mkpụrụokwu sitere na thesaurus AGROVOC, aha akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ aha obodo, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ode akwụkwọ.
Afọ ndị mbụ nke AGRIS
thumb|FAO Ncheta 1984 Afọ Iri nke AGRIS Bronze Obverse Ka njikwa ozi na-aga nke ọma na 1970s, e mepụtara AGRIS metadata corpus iji nye ndị ọrụ ya ohere ịnweta ihe ọmụma dị na sayensị na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo n'efu. E mepụtara AGRIS ka ọ bụrụ usoro mmekorita mba ụwa iji jeere mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe ozi.
Site na ọbịbịa nke ịntanetị, yana nkwa ndị e nyere site na mbipụta na-emeghe ohere, a na-amatawanye na njikwa nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ nke ugbo, ga-enwe akụkụ dị iche iche: ụkpụrụ na usoro maka imekọrịta ihe na ịkwado mgbanwe ihe ọmụma; ngwaọrụ iji mee ka ndị ọkachamara njikwa ozi nwee ike hazie data; ozi na mgbanwe ọmụma gafee mba. Otu a ka anakwere ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mmejuputa ya, wee mepụta metadata AGRIS AP iji kwe ka mgbanwe na iweghachite akụrụngwa ozi ugbo.
AGRIS 2.0
thumb|FAO Ncheta 1994 Afọ Iri Abụọ nke AGRIS Bronze Obverse AGRIS na-ekpuchi isiokwu dịgasị iche iche metụtara sayensị na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo, gụnyere oke ọhịa, ịzụ anụmanụ, sayensị mmiri na azụ azụ, nri mmadụ, na ndọtị. Ọdịnaya ya gụnyere akwụkwọ agba ntụ pụrụ iche dị ka akụkọ sayensị na nka na-ebipụtaghị, akụkọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ ọgbakọ, akwụkwọ gọọmentị, na ndị ọzọ. Ọnụọgụ na-eto eto (ihe dị ka 20%) nke ndekọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nwere akwụkwọ ederede kwekọrọ na webụ nke Google nwere ike weghachite ngwa ngwa.
Na 5 Disemba 2013 a tọhapụrụ AGRIS 2.0. AGRIS 2.0 bụ n'otu oge ahụ:
A na-enye ohere ịbanye na AGRIS Repository site na AGRIS Search Engine. N'ihi ya, ọ:
A gbanwere data AGRIS ka ọ bụrụ RDF na data jikọtara ya mepụtara ihe dị ka nde okpukpu atọ 200. A na-edebanye aha AGRIS na Data Hub na
Ndị mmekọ AGRIS na-enye aka na AGRIS Database na-eji ọtụtụ usoro maka mgbanwe data, gụnyere DC dị mfe, site na usoro OAI-PMH. A na-anabata usoro AGRIS AP ozugbo site na:
AGRIS n'okpuru nche anwụ CIARD
N'ịda n'okpuru nchebe nke CIARD, atụmatụ jikọrọ aka nke CGIAR, GFAR na FAO na-eduzi, AGRIS ọhụrụ ahụ na-ezube ịkwalite ịkekọrịta na njikwa nke ozi sayensị na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo site na iji ụkpụrụ na usoro nkịtị. Ndị a ga-etinye atụmatụ Web 2.0, iji mee ka ahụmịhe ọchụchọ dị ka ihe zuru oke, ihe omimi na ihe dị anya dị ka o kwere mee maka ndị ọrụ AGRIS ọhụrụ.
Ọzọkwa, AGRIS ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ejikwa data na akụrụngwa nke otu n'ime ọrụ CIARD: CIARD RING. Akara na-anọchite anya Routemap to Information Nodes and Gateways (RING), ọrụ CIARD RING bụ nke GFAR na-eduzi ma na-ezube:
Ndepụta nke ọrụ ozi ARD (Agricultural Research for Development) ga-enye ohere nlekota, ịkọwa na ịhazi ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a, ka ọ na-atụle ha na njirimara mmekọrịta, iji hụ na ọ ga-abụ na ọ gafere na nnweta zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Irma Joubert
Irma Joubert bụ onye odee South Afrika na nnata ATKV Prize for Romance Novels. Amara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Anderkant Pontenilo na South Afrika dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ iri abụọ kacha mma e bipụtara na mba ahụ kemgbe ọbịbịa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na afo 1994.
Akụkọ ndụ
Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pretoria, Joubert bụ onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka afọ 35 tupu ọ laa azụ na afo 2004 iji lekwasị anya na ederede ya. N'afọ sochirinụ, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ nweere onwe ya, ọ bụ onye nnata ihe nrite Media24 maka Specialist Journalist of the Year ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ na onyinye nta akụkọ Mondi.
Akwụkwọ edemede Joubert na-elekwasị anya ugbu a na akwụkwọ akụkọ mere eme. Ya Tussen stasies trilogy, esịnede Ver wink die Suiderkruis, Tussen stasies en Tolbos, ya na ya Pontenilo trilogy: Anderkant Pontenilo, Pérsomi, na Kronkelpad, nwere. sụgharịa ha niile n'asụsụ Dutch, ma gosipụtala ha niile n'etiti ndị kacha ere iri kacha mma na mbipụta.
Asụgharịla Tussen stasies n'asụsụ German na na 2015 bụ onye bipụtara US Harper Collins bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee n'okpuru aha The Girl from the Train. Ọ dechara akwụkwọ nke abụọ na trilogy ya nke atọ.
Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu
Na 2008, Joubert gosipụtara dị ka otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ ikpeazụ na ATKV akwụkwọ edemede maka Tussen Stasies, na 2010 ọ meriri ihe nrite ATKV maka Anderkant Pontenilo. Na 2014, ọ bụ onye nnata nke Netherlands 'BCB Publieksprijs maka Kronkelpad, ebe Anderkant Pontenilo ka amatala na South Africa dịka otu n'ime akwụkwọ 20 kacha mma South Africa kemgbe ọbịbịa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na 1994.
Enyere Joubert onyinye nturu ugo Mahadum Pretoria's Tuks Laureate na 2014, nnabata kachasị elu enyere ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum.
Ọrụ ebipụtara
Trilogy nke mbụ :
Trilogy nke abụọ :
Trilogy nke atọ (na-aga n'ihu):
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Michelle Dede
Ndụ mmalite na agụmagu akwụkwọ
Amụrụ ya na Germany, Dede tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere mmetụta, nna ya bụ Brownson Dede, onye nnọchi anya onye Naijiria na Etiopia. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ izizi ya na Brazil, ọ gụrụ sekọndrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Australia na Ethiopia. O mechara gawa mba United Kingdom ka ọ gụọ Fashion Design na Marketing na American College dị na Lọndọn, UK O nwetara nzere ndị gụchara mahadum na Communications na PR site na otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.
Ndụ onwe onye
Dede bụ nwanne nwanyị onye na- akpa ọchị Najite Dede na onye nnọchi anya ika maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara mma Emmaus Beauty.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nzukọ nke Òtù Ọrụ South Africa
thumb|COSATU haziri ngagharị iwe na Cape Town na-akpọ oku ka e kwụsị ijide steeti na ikpe ndị metụtara ọchịchị nke Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma. nzuko nke South Africa Trade Union (COSATU ma ọ bụ Cosatu) bụ otu ndị ọrụ na South Africa. E hiwere ya na 1985 ma bụrụkwa nke kachasị n'ime ndị isi atọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mba ahụ, nwere ndị ọrụ 21 jikọtara ya.
Ntọala na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n"afọ 1985, ndị otu ọrụ iri anọ na atọ zutere na Mahadum Natal maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ịmepụta otu ndị ọrụ. Nke a sochiri afọ anọ nke mkparịta ụka ịdị n'otu n"etiti òtù ndị na-asọ mpi na ndị otu na'emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma bụrụ ndị "na-etinye aka na South Africa na ọ bụghị agbamakwụkwọ, na onye na - enweghị mmekọahụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya". E guzobere COSATU n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1 Disemba 1985. N'etiti ndị guzobere òtù ndị ahụ bụ ndị mmekọ nke Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU), obere National Federation nke Ndị Ọrụ, na ụfọdụ òtù onwe ha, ọkachasị National Union of Mineworkers. Elijah Barayi bụ onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ na Jay Naidoo bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ.
E weputara ọtụtụ mkpebi na nzukọ mbụ a nke kọwapụtara ebumnobi gọọmentị etiti na ka otu ọgbakọ si arụ ọrụ, ya bụ. :
Na 5-6 May 1987, a kwụsịrị iku ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi ụgwọ ọrụ ndụ nke COSATU dabara na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1987. ihe karịrị nde ndị ọrụ 2.5 so na ọnụnọ pụọ. Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 7, 1987 N'isi ụtụtụ ụtụtụ bọmbụ abụọ gbawara n'akụkụ ogidi nkwado dị n'okpuru ụlọ nke isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti, ụlọ COSATU. Ihe mebiri emebi mere ka ekwuputa na ụlọ ahụ adịghị mma
ma.
Ịlụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
Na nnọkọ nke abụọ nke mba ahụ e nwere site na 14 ruo 18 Julaị 1987, gọọmentị etiti nabatara Charter Freedom mgbe National Union of Mineworkers tụpụtara mkpebi ahụ
Na nnọkọ nke atọ e mere site na 12 ruo 16 Julaị 1989, a nabatara mkpebi nke kpọrọ ndị otu COSATU ka ha sonye na mkpọsa nke "omume na-aga n'ihu" megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, n"izu na'ime ntuli aka nke South Africa na 1989.
N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n"afọ 1989, COSATU, otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.t na Mass Democratic Movement, kpaliri National Defiance Campaign, ebe a wakporo ndị e debere maka ndị ọcha, na nzukọ ndị steeti machibidoro iwu kwupụtara onwe ha 'enweghị mmachibido iwu'.
Ihe omume ndị a na-eme mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị
Nzukọ COSATU kpebiri na 2012 ka ha sonye na World Federation of Trade Unions, ka ọ na-anọgide na ndị otu ya n'ime International Trade Union Confederation.
N'oge nnọkọ nke afọ 2016 nke e mere na Durban, a họpụtara Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba, onye isi oche nke COSATU affiliate NEHAWU MichaelMzandileMakwayiva dịka onye nduzi nke World Federation of Trade Unions.
Cosatu nwere nnukwu mbelata n'ime ndị otu mgbe afọ 2012 gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu njikọ ọrụ.
Ndị mmekọ ugbu a
COSATU depụtara òtù ndị a dị ka ndị mmekọ ha:
Ịchụpụ National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa
na 8 Nọvemba 2014, Irvin Jim, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ndị mmekọ COSATU kasị ukwuu,. Òtù mba nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè nke South Africa (NUMSA), kwupụtara na a chụpụrụ otu ahụ na COSATU mgbe a kpọkọtara votu na kọmitii ndị Akpọkọtara nke mere na votu 33-24 kwadoro ịchụpụ ahụ. E boro NUMSA ebubo imebi iwu nke COSATU Òtù mba nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè nke South Africa (NUMSA), kwupụtara na a chụpụrụ otu ahụ na COSATU mgbe a kpọkọtara votu na kọmitii ndị isi pụrụ iche nke mere na E boro NUMSA ebubo imebi iwu COSATU
N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba n"afọ 2014, ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke South Gauteng yigharịrị akwụkwọ iwu ngwa ngwa nke NUMSA iji gbochie kọmitii ntụziaka pụrụ iche ka a kpọkọta ya, si otú a nye ohere ka nzukọ ahụ mee.
N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba n"afọ 2014, ndị otu asaa kwupụtara na ha ji aka ha kwụsị itinye aka na ndị na-eme mkpebi nke COSATU nʼihi nchụpụ nke NUMSA ma kpọọ oku ka a kpọta nzukọ mba pụrụ iche.
Irvin Jim kọwara nchụpụ ahụ dị ka "ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị maka ndị ọrụ".
Gọọmentị
COSATU bụ akụkụ nke njikọ aka ya na ANC na South African Communist Party, nke a na-akpọ Tripartite Alliance. Ọrụ COSATU na njikọ ahụ abụwo isiokwu arụmụka, ebe ọ bụ na nzukọ ahụ akatọwo ụfọdụ n'ime iwu gọọmentị ANC. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị mmekọ arụrịta ụka maka nnwere onwe ka ukwuu site na òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị, ndị ọzọ arụ ụka na ndokwa ahụ na'enye COSATU mmetụta ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị bara uru nye ndị otu ya.
Ọrụ na òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya
Saụt Afrịka nwere otu n'ime ndị kasị nwee nje HIV / AIDS n"ụwa, na atụmatụ 2005 nke nde mmadụ 5.5-na-arịa nje virus 12.4% nke ndị bi na ya. N'afọ 2020, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 20.6 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Afrịka na-arịa nje HIV. Òtù ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ etinyela aka n'ịlụso ọrịa a ọgụ. COSATU bụ onye mmekọ dị mkpa na Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụ ọrụ iji kụziere ma kwalite nghọta banyere HIV / AIDS, yana igbochi ọrịa ọhụrụ, nakwa ịmanye ka enwere ike ịnweta ọgwụ antiretroviral. N'afọ 1998, COSATU wepụtara mkpebi maka mkpọsa maka ọgwụgwọ. "Ọ doro anya na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ahụ na ha na'ihi na enweghị ike ịzụta ọgwụ", ka Theodora Steel, onye nhazi mkpọsa na COSATU kwuru. "Anyị hụrụ TAC dị ka onye enyemaka sitere n'okike Anyị mere mkpebi doro anya na nnọkọ anyị iji nyere aka ma wuo TAC.
N'agbanyeghi njikọ aka nke COSATU na pati ANC na-achị achị, ya na gọọmentị ekwekọrịtaghị, na'ịkpọ oku maka mmụba zuru oke nke ọha na eze maka ọgwụ antiretroviral.
Abahlali baseMjondolo nyere nkwupụta siri ike nke nkwado maka ọgbaghara nke ndị ọrụ ọha na eze na 2010.
Logo
Wheel dị na logo na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba. Agba ọla edo nke wiil ahụ na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwagharị wiil ahụ, nke nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ na nwanyị na'ebu nwa, na - na "ihe ịma aka ndị ọrụ na ya na, mmegbu agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwoke yana mmetọ akụ na ụba. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ ndị ojii ka ha na-anọchite anya ndị isi ojii na'alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu agbụrụ. Ndị mmadụ na-ejide ọkọlọtọ na'acha ọbara ọbara nke na na - nọchitere anya ndị ọrụ.
Okwu mmeghe dị na akara ngosi ahụ bụ "Mmerụ ahụ nye otu bụ mmerụ aka nye mmadụ niile" na-egosi ọhụụ ndị otu ahụ nwere maka ịdị n'otu nke na'etiti ndị ọrụ.
Zimbabwe
N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004 na Febụwarị afọ 2005, COSATU zigara ndị nnọchi anya na Zimbabwe iji kpebie ọnọdụ dị na mba ahụ tupu ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Zimbabwe n'afọ 2005. A chụpụrụ ha na mba ahụ n'oge abụọ ahụ.
COSATU haziri ngagharị iwe na mgbochi ókèala megide ọchịchị na Harare.
N'afọ 2016, COSATU kwupụtara nkwado maka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe #ThisFlag na Zimbabwe, na'ikwu na "mkpagbu siri ike nke ọchịchị Zanu-PF n'imeso ndị iro yiri nke Operation Restore Order / Murambatsvina na 2005.
Mgbalị Palestine
N'afọ 2020, COSATU kwupụtara nkwado ha na ndị Palestine na 15 Mee (Ụbọchị Nakba) ma jikọta ikike ndị Palestina nwere ala na ọgụ COSATA megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. N'afọ 2021, ndị Palestine mere ngagharị iwe megide mkpebi ikpe Israel nke kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ka a chụpụ ndị bi na Sheik Jarrah n'ụlọ ha na Jerusalem. Ndị agha Israel wakporo ụlọ alakụba Al-Aqsa n'oge Ramadan, ọnwa dị nsọ maka ọtụtụ ndị Palestine. COSATU gara n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya US na Sandton, Johannesburg dị ka ngosipụta nke nkwado maka ndị Palestine, na-ekwu na gọọmentị US kwesịrị ịnakwere ọbụbụeze nke Palestine yana nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ megide ndị Palestina.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Mattmax
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ ya nye nne na nna Ndị Kraịst ma kpọọ ya Matthew Abiodun Aina, Mattmax gụrụ na Sayensị Kọmputa na Yaba College of Technology, Lagos. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, ọ mụrụ mmetụta anya na ịntanetị. Dị ka o si kwuo, "Ihe niile m maara taa bụ nkuzi m kuziri onwe m, ịsụ ngọngọ na ịntanetị ebe a na ebe ahụ." Mattmax lụrụ Eniola Adeola Aina nke Dartistebyawele ma na-aga Cathedral Church Of Christ, Lagos.
Ọrụ
Mgbe otu afọ nke ọmụmụ onwe onye siri ike, onye na-eti egwu bụ Slim Joe bịakwutere Mattmax iji duzie vidiyo egwu maka egwu ya, "O ti yanyan". Vidio ahụ karịrị atụmanya Slim Joe wee bụrụ ihe a ma ama. Mgbe ọ hụrụ ọrụ ya na TV, Mattmax kpebiri na ọ gaghị akwụsị. Ka ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ sere Olamide "Voice of the street" na D Banj "Don't tell me nonsense", na-etinye ya n'ebe a ma ama. Vidio ya enwetala ọtụtụ nhọpụta na onyinye, nke gụnyere nhọpụta asaa na Nigerian Music and Video Awards. Mattmax na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nye ndị na-agu egwu n'ụdị dị iche iche, dị ka Burna Boy na Timaya. E depụtara Mattmax dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi vidio egwu iri kachasị elu na Naijiria site na blọọgụ Naijaloaded.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Cellulosic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol bụ ethanol (ethyl mmanya) nke sitere na cellulose (eriri eriri nke osisi) karịa site na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Enwere ike imepụta ya site na ahịhịa, osisi, algae, ma ọ bụ osisi ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwukarị maka iji ya dị ka mmanụ mmanụ. Carbon dioxide nke ihe ọkụkụ na-amịkọrọ ka ha na-etolite na-ewepụ ụfọdụ n’ime carbon dioxide na-apụta mgbe ethanol nke sitere na ha na-agba ọkụ, ya mere mmanụ cellulosic ethanol nwere ikike inwe akara ụkwụ carbon dị ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ.
Mmasị e nwere na ethanol cellulosic bụ ikike ọ nwere iji dochie ethanol nke sitere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikwa osisi ndị a na-emepụta ihe oriri, ịtụgharị ha maka mmepụta ethanol nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ahịa nri na-ebili; N'aka nke ọzọ, isi mmalite nke cellulose, n'ozuzu adịghị mpi nri, ebe ọ bụ na akụkụ fibrous nke osisi na-abụkarị ndị mmadụ anaghị eri ya. Uru ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche na ụba nke isi mmalite cellulose; A na-ahụ ahịhịa, osisi na algae n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla dị n'ụwa. Ọbụna ihe mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo dị ka akwụkwọ nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Isi ihe na-adịghị mma nke ethanol cellulosic ugbu a bụ ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ya dị elu, nke dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọ usoro ndị ọzọ karịa ethanol nke dabeere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete.
Ethanol cellulosic nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu na 2000s na mmalite 2010s. Gọọmenti United States kacha nyere ego nyocha n'ime azụmahịa ya wee debe ebumnuche maka oke ethanol cellulosic agbakwunyere na mmanụ ụgbọala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ọkachamara na cellulosic ethanol, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a, tinyere ego na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ethanol dabeere na ọka dị ọnụ ala karị, yana ọnụ ala mmanụ dị na 2010, pụtara na cellulosic ethanol adịghị asọmpi na mmanụ ọkụ ndị a kwadoro. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ refineries e mechiri n'etiti 2010s na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ tọrọ ntọala ghọrọ ihe efu. Ole na ole ka dị, mana a na-ejikarị eme ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ebumnuche nyocha; Dị ka nke 2021, ọ dịghị onye na-emepụta ethanol cellulosic n'ọtụtụ.
Nchịkọta
Cellulosic ethanol bụ ụdị biofuel emepụtara site na lignocellulose, ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nwere ọtụtụ n'ime oke osisi ma mejupụtara ya bụ cellulose, hemicellulose na lignin. Ebe ndị a ma ama nke lignocellulose gụnyere ma ngwaahịa mkpofu ọrụ ugbo (dịka stovu ọka ma ọ bụ ibe osisi) na ahịhịa dị ka switchgrass na ụdị miscanthus. Akụrụngwa ndị a maka mmepụta ethanol nwere uru nke ịba ụba ma dị iche iche na ha agaghị mpi mmepụta nri, n'adịghị ka ọka na okpete ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, ha na-achọkwa nhazi karịa iji mee ka monomers shuga dị na microorganisms a na-ejikarị emepụta ethanol site na gbaa ụka, nke na-ebuli ọnụ ahịa ethanol sitere na cellulos.
Cellulosic ethanol nwere ike ibelata ikuku griin haus site na 85% karịa mmanụ ụgbọala emezigharịrị. N'ụzọ dị iche, starch ethanol (dịka, site na ọka), nke na-ejikarị gas sitere n'okike na-enye ume maka usoro ahụ, nwere ike ọ gaghị ebelata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọlị dabere n'otú e si emepụta nri nri starch. Dabere na National Academy of Sciences na 2011, ọ nweghị ihe nrụpụta bio-refinery dị adị maka ịtụgharị lignocellulosic biomass ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ. Enweghị mmepụta nke cellulosic ethanol n'ogo nke iwu chọrọ bụ ihe ndabere nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia mara ọkwa January 25, 2013, na-emebi ihe a chọrọ n'aka ndị na-emepụta mmanụ ụgbọala na ụgbọala na United States site na. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ mgbakwunye nke cellulosic biofuels na ngwaahịa ha. Okwu ndị a, yana ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike, mere ka ndị nchọpụta amụma Mahadum George Washington kwupụta na "n'oge dị mkpirikpi, [cellulosic] ethanol enweghị ike izute nchekwa ike na ihe mgbaru ọsọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmanụ ụgbọala ọzọ."
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Onye French chemist, Henri Braconnot, bụ onye mbụ chọpụtara na cellulose nwere ike ime ka mmiri ghọọ shuga site na iji sulfuric acid na 1819. A pụkwara ịhazi sugar hydrolyzed ka ọ ghọọ ethanol site na gbaa ụka. Emepụta ethanol mbụ a na-ere ahịa malitere na Germany na 1898, bụ́ ebe a na-eji acid mee ka cellulose hydrolyze. Na United States, Standard Alcohol Company meghere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ethanol cellulosic mbụ na South Carolina na 1910. Mgbe e mesịrị, e meghere ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na Louisiana. Otú ọ dị, e mechiri osisi abụọ ahụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị n'ihi ihe kpatara akụ na ụba.
Mgbalị mbụ nke ịzụ ahịa usoro maka ethanol sitere na osisi ka emere na Germany na 1898. Ọ gụnyere iji acid dilute hydrolyze cellulose na glucose, ma nwee ike iwepụta 7.6 lita ethanol kwa 100 kg nke ahịhịa osisi (18 US gal (68 L) kwa ton). N'oge na-adịghị anya ndị Jamanị mepụtara usoro mmepụta ihe ahaziri maka mpụta ihe ruru galọn US 50 (190 L) kwa tọn biomass. N'oge na-adịghị anya, usoro a chọtara ụzọ ya na United States, na-ejedebe na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Osisi ndị a na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "Usoro America" - otu akụkụ nke sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị a amịpụtara bụ ọkara nke usoro German mbụ (galọn US 25 (95 L) nke ethanol kwa ton na 50), ntinye nke usoro America dị elu karịa. Mbelata mmepụta osisi na-amanye ihe ọkụkụ ndị ahụ imechi obere oge ka njedebe nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ntakịrị nyocha nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na dilute acid hydrolysis gara n'ihu na Laboratory USFS's Forest Products. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, US tụgharịrị ọzọ na cellulosic ethanol, oge a maka ntụgharị na butadiene iji mepụta roba sịntetik. Enyere ụlọ ọrụ Vulcan Copper na Supply nkwekọrịta ịrụ na ịrụ ọrụ osisi iji gbanwee sawdust ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Ihe ọkụkụ a dabere na ngbanwe na usoro izizi German Scholler dịka ụlọ nyocha nke Forest Products Laboratory mepụtara. Osisi a nwetara mkpụrụ ethanol nke 50 US gal (190 L) kwa ton kpọrọ nkụ, mana ọ kaghị uru ma mechie ya mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị.
Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ enzyme n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, usoro acid hydrolysis ejiriwo enzymatic hydrolysis dochie ya nke nta nke nta. Kemịkalụ pretreatment nke feedstock a chọrọ ka hydrolyze (iche iche) hemicellulose, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ghọọ sugars. A na-emepụta pretreatment nke acid dilute dabere na ọrụ mbụ na acid hydrolysis nke osisi na Laboratory Products Forest USFS. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Laboratory Products Forest yana Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison mepụtara pretreatment sulfite iji merie recalcitrance nke lignocellulose maka enzymatic hydrolysis siri ike nke cellulose osisi.
N'okwu 2007 State of the Union na Jenụwarị 23, 2007, Onye isi ala US George W. Bush kwupụtara ikike echere maka galọn US ijeri 35 (130×109 L) nke ethanol n'afọ 2017. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Ngalaba Ike US nyere onyinye. $385 nde na onyinye ezubere iji malite mmepụta ethanol na-awụlikwa elu site na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị omenala dị ka ibe osisi, switchgrass, na peels citrus.
Ụzọ e si emepụta ya
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bioreactor maka nyocha cellulosic ethanol. Usoro iji mepụta ethanol site na iji usoro ndu bụ:
Ọ bụ ezie na lignocellulose bụ akụ ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ukwuu, a na-ebelata ojiji ya site na nhazi ya siri ike. N'ihi ya, a na-achọ ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji tọhapụ cellulose site na lignin seal na usoro crystalline ya iji mee ka ọ nweta ya maka nzọụkwụ hydrolysis na-esote. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eme ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ site n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal. Iji nweta arụmọrụ dị elu, a chọrọ ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal. Pretreatment anụ ahụ na-agụnye ibelata urughuru biomass site n'ibu nhazi ụzọ dị ka egwe ọka ma ọ bụ extrusion. Ngwọta kemịkalụ na-ebelata akụkụ nke lignocellulose ka enzymes wee nweta cellulose maka mmeghachi omume microbial.
Usoro pretreatment kemịkalụ gụnyere acid hydrolysis, uzuoku mgbawa, amonia fiber mgbasa, organosolv, sulfite pretreatment, SO2-ethanol-water fractionation, alkaline wet oxidation na ozone pretreatment. E wezụga ntọhapụ cellulose dị irè, ọgwụgwọ dị mma kwesịrị ibelata mmepụta nke ngwaahịa mmebi n'ihi na ha nwere ike igbochi usoro hydrolysis na gbaa ụka. Ọnụnọ nke ndị na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mgbagwoju anya ma na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta ethanol n'ihi usoro nkwụsị nke achọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'agbanyeghị na acid hydrolysis bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ izizi kacha ochie na nke amụrụ, ọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi nwere ike gụnyere furfural na hydroxymethylfurfural. Amonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) bụ ihe atụ nke pretreatment na-ekwe nkwa nke na-emepụta dịghị inhibitors.
Ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mbụ adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe etinyere ya na nri nri nwere ọdịnaya lignin dị elu, dị ka biomass ọhịa. Ndị a chọrọ ụzọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ pụrụ iche. Organosolv, SPORL ('Sulfite pretreatment iji merie recalcitrance nke lignocellulose') na SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP®) usoro bụ atọ usoro nwere ike nweta n'elu 90% cellulose ntughari maka ọhịa biomass, karịsịa ndị softwood ụdị. SPORL bụ ihe kacha arụ ọrụ ike (mmepụta shuga kwa nkeji ike oriri na pretreatment) yana usoro siri ike maka pretreatment nke biomass ọhịa nwere obere mmepụta nke ihe mgbochi gbaa ụka. Organosolv pulping dị irè karịsịa maka osisi siri ike ma na-enye mgbake dị mfe nke ngwaahịa hydrophobic lignin site na dilution na ọdịda. e ji arụ ọrụ mgbake nke chemicals.
Usoro cellulolytic
Hydrolysis nke cellulose (cellulolysis) na-emepụta shuga dị mfe nke nwere ike ịgbanye n'ime mmanya. Enwere usoro cellulolysis isi abụọ: usoro kemịkalụ iji acid, ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume enzymatic site na iji cellulases.
Hydrolysis nke kemịkal
N'ime usoro ọdịnala ndị e mepụtara na narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, a na-eme hydrolysis site na iji acid wakpo cellulose. Enwere ike iji acid dilute n'okpuru oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide dị elu, ma ọ bụ acid nwere ike tinyekwuo nwere ike iji na okpomọkụ dị ala na nrụgide ikuku. Ngwakọta cellulosic nke acid na sugars decrystallized na-emeghachi omume n'ihu mmiri iji mechaa mkpụrụ ndụ shuga n'otu n'otu (hydrolysis). Ngwaahịa sitere na hydrolysis a na-ewepụsị ya, a na-eji gbaa ụka yist emepụta ethanol. Dị ka e kwuru, ihe mgbochi dị ịrịba ama na usoro itughari acid bụ na hydrolysis dị oke ike nke na a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emebi ihe na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike igbochi gbaa ụka. BlueFire Renewables na-eji acid concentrated n'ihi na ọ naghị emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ ndị na-egbochi gbaa ụka, mana a ga-ekewapụ ya na mmiri shuga maka recycle [nkewa akwa chromatographic nke na-emegharị emegharị, dịka ọmụmaatụ] ka ọ mara mma n'ahịa.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọrụ nyocha ọrụ ugbo chọpụtara na ha nwere ike ịnweta ma gbaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ shuga niile fọdụrụ na ahịhịa ọka. Ndị shuga dị na mgbidi cell nke osisi ahụ, bụ nke a ma ama na ọ siri ike ịkụda. Iji nweta shuga ndị a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji alkaline peroxide dozie ahịhịa ọka wit, wee jiri enzymes pụrụ iche kwatuo mgbidi cell. Usoro a weputara galọn US 93 (350 L) nke ethanol kwa tọn ahịhịa ọka.
Hydrolysis nke enzymes
Enwere ike ịgbaji agbụ cellulose n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ glucose site na enzymes cellulase. Mmeghachi omume a na-eme na okpomọkụ nke ahụ dị n'ime afọ nke anụ anụ dị ka ehi na atụrụ, bụ ebe ụmụ nje na-emepụta enzymes. Usoro a na-eji ọtụtụ enzymes na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ntụgharị a. N'iji usoro enzymatic yiri nke ahụ, ihe lignocellulosic nwere ike iji enzymaticly mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dịtụ nro (50 ° C na pH 5), si otú a na-eme ka cellulose dị irè na-agbaji na-enweghị nguzobe nke ngwaahịa ndị ga-egbochi ọrụ enzyme. Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ niile bụ isi, gụnyere acid dilute, chọrọ usoro enzymatic hydrolysis iji nweta mkpụrụ shuga dị elu maka ịgba ụka ethanol.
Ụlọ ọrụ Canada ọzọ, SunOpta, na-eji pretreatment mgbawa uzuoku, na-enye nkà na ụzụ ya na Verenium (nke bụbu Celunol Corporation) na Jennings, Louisiana, ụlọ ọrụ Abengoa na Salamanca, Spain, na China Resources Alcohol Corporation na Zhaodong. Ebe nrụpụta CRAC na-eji stovu ọka dị ka akụrụngwa.
Mgbasa nke nje
Dị ka o si dị, yist na-eme bred (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), adịla anya n'ụlọ ọrụ ebe a na-emepụta mmanya na-emepụta ethanol sitere na hexoses (sugar carbon isii). N'ihi ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke carbohydrates dị na lignocellulosic biomass, nnukwu xylose na arabinose (sugar carbon ise sitere na akụkụ hemicellulose nke lignocellulose) dịkwa na hydrolysate. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na hydrolyzate nke ọka ọka, ihe dịka 30% nke ngụkọta shuga na-agba agba bụ xylose. N'ihi ya, ikike nke microorganisms na-agba agba iji jiri ụdị shuga niile dị na hydrolyzate dị mkpa iji mee ka asọmpi akụ na ụba nke cellulosic ethanol na protein ndị nwere ike na-emepụta ihe.
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, injinia metabolic maka microorganisms ejiri na-emepụta ethanol mmanụ egosila ọganihu dị ukwuu. E wezụga Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microorganisms dị ka Zymomonas mobilis na Escherichia coli ka ezubere iche site na injinịa metabolic maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ n'akụkụ akụkụ ahụ mgbakasị ọzọ bụ ike ya ịgbasa shuga carbon ise na-eme ka mkpụrụ nke ngwaahịa nri dịkwuo mma. A na-ahụkarị ikike a n'ime ihe ndị sitere na nje bacteria. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]
Ngwakọta hydrolysis na fermentation
A hụla ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria nwere ike ịtụgharị mkpụrụ okwu cellulose ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Otu ihe atụ bụ Clostridium thermocellum, bụ́ nke na-eji cellulosome dị mgbagwoju anya gbarie cellulose na synthesize ethanol. Agbanyeghị, C. thermocelum na-emepụtakwa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ n'oge metabolism cellulose, gụnyere acetate na lactate, na mgbakwunye na ethanol, na-ebelata arụmọrụ nke usoro ahụ. A na-atụkwa ụfọdụ mbọ nyocha iji kwalite mmepụta ethanol site na nje bacteria injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-elekwasị anya n'okporo ụzọ na-emepụta ethanol.
Usoro gas (ụzọ okpomọkụ)
thumb|200x200px|Mmiri na-agbanye n'àkwà na Güssing Burgenland [[Austria]] Usoro gasification anaghị adabere na kemịkalụ kemịkalụ nke cellulose yinye (cellulolysis). Kama ịgbaji cellulose n'ime ụmụ irighiri shuga, a na-eme ka carbon dị n'ihe ndị dị n'ime ya ghọọ gas na-emepụta ihe, na-eji ihe ruru ọkụ ọkụ. Enwere ike inye carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ka ọ bụrụ ụdị fermenter pụrụ iche. Kama ịgbakọ sugar na yist, usoro a na-eji nje bacteria Clostridium ljungdahlii. Ihe microorganism a ga-etinye carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ma mepụta ethanol na mmiri. Ya mere enwere ike imebi usoro a ụzọ atọ:
Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya achọpụtala nje bacteria Clostridium ọzọ nke yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ugboro abụọ n'ịme ethanol sitere na carbon monoxide dị ka nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.
N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-enyefe gas na-emepụta gas site na gasification na reactor catalytic ebe a na-eji emepụta ethanol na mmanya ndị ọzọ dị elu site na usoro thermochemical. Usoro a nwekwara ike ịmepụta ụdị mmanụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ, echiche ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Montreal Enerkem gosipụtara nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ ha na Westbury, Quebec.
Hemicellulose na ethanol
A na-eme nnyocha siri ike iji zụlite ụzọ akụ na ụba iji gbanwee ma cellulose na hemicellulose na ethanol. Fermentation nke glucose, bụ isi ngwaahịa nke cellulose hydrolyzate, na ethanol bụ usoro emebelarị ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, ntughari nke xylose, shuga pentose nke hemicellulose hydrolyzate, bụ ihe na-egbochi ya, ọkachasị na ọnụnọ glucose. Ọzọkwa, a pụghị ileghara ya anya dị ka hemicellulose ga-eme ka arụmọrụ na ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta ethanol cellulosic dịkwuo elu.
Sakamoto (2012) et al. gosi ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa injinia iji gosipụta enzymes hemicellulase. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ mepụtara ụdị Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant nke nwere ike:
Ahụhụ ahụ nwere ike ịtụgharị ahịhịa ahịhịa osikapa ka ọ bụrụ ethanol, nke nwere akụkụ hemicellulosic. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ike ịmepụta 2.5x ọzọ ethanol karịa njikwa njikwa, na-egosi usoro dị irè nke elu cell-engineering na-emepụta ethanol.
Uru ndị ethanol na-arụ n'ozuzu ha
Ethanol na-ere ọkụ nke ọma na nke ọma karịa mmanụ ụgbọala. N'ihi na osisi na-eri carbon dioxide ka ha na-etolite, bioethanol nwere akara ukwu carbon dị ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ. Ịgbanwe ethanol maka mmanụ nwekwara ike ibelata ndabere obodo na mbubata mmanụ.
Uru nke cellulosic ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ethanol sitere na shuga
Mmepụta ethanol cellulosic nke a na-ere n'ahịa, nke n'adịghị ka ọka na okpete agaghị mpi mmepụta nri, ga-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu ebe ọ ga-ebelata nrụgide a na-enwe n'ubi nri ndị a.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa nhazi ya dị elu, ọnụahịa cellulose biomass dị ọnụ ala karịa nke ọka ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Ọzọkwa, ebe ọ bụ na cellulose bụ isi ihe na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ, a pụrụ iweta ihe ọkụkụ ahụ dum, ọ bụghị nanị mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Nke a na-ebute mkpụrụ kacha mma; dịka ọmụmaatụ, switchgrass na-amịpụta ethanol okpukpu abụọ karịa ọka. Ihe biomass maka mmepụta cellulose chọrọ ntinye ole na ole, dị ka fatịlaịza, ahịhịa ahịhịa, na mgbọrọgwụ ha buru ibu na-eme ka mma ala dị mma, belata mbuze, ma na-abawanye njide na-edozi ahụ. Mgbasa ụkwụ carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ethanol cellulosic dị ala nke ukwuu (lee eserese) na ike ụgbụ a na-enweta dị elu ọtụtụ ugboro karịa nke ethanol dabere na ọka.
Ngwa akụrụngwa nwere ike hiri nne. Ihe dị ka 44% nke mkpofu ụlọ a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile bụ nri na elu. A na-atụfu ihe dị ka nde tọn 323 nke akụrụngwa nwere cellulose nke enwere ike iji mepụta ethanol kwa afọ na US naanị. Nke a gụnyere nde tọn 36.8 nke mkpofu nkụ n'obodo mepere emepe, nde tọn 90.5 nke ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, nde tọn 45 nke ahịhịa ahịhịa, na 150.7 nde tọn nkụ ọka na ahịhịa ọka. Ọzọkwa, a pụrụ iji ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta cellulose kụọ ọbụna akụkụ ala maka ọrụ ugbo, nke na-ebute mmepụta zuru oke iji dochie anya mbubata mmanụ ugbu a na United States.