cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
2015 Idei mmiri nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa
Iju mmiri malitere na Jenụwarị 14, 2015, na-ebelata na njedebe nke ọnwa. N'ihi idei mmiri ahụ, ala ndị dị n'ebe ụfọdụ juru eju ma bute ala, butere ọnwụ karịa. Edere mmiri ozuzo ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa dị ka 150% dị elu karịa ka ọ na-adị, na idei mmiri ruru hectare 63,000 na mkpokọta. Site na nyocha ọtụtụ afọ, a na-ekwu na Africa gosipụtara usoro mmiri ozuzo dị mgbagwoju anya, na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri n'otu oge. Ọtụtụ n'ime mmebi sitere na oge mmiri ozuzo 2014-2015 nwere ike ịsị na ọ bụ mmetụta El Niño.
Mmetụta site na mba
thumb|Oké Ifufe Tropical Chedza na Jenụwarị 16, 2015 thumb|Osimiri jupụtara ma na-acha nchara nchara na sediment n'ihi Tropical Storm Chedza
Malawi
Izu abụọ nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo gburu mmadụ 176 ma kpatara US $ 450 nde na mmebi, ma ọ bụ ihe dịka 10% nke GDP mba ahụ.
Ihe odide
Òtù:Mgbanwe ihu igwe
Idris Alkali
Alkali nwetara postgraduate diplọma na ọmụmụ diplọmatic site na Mahadum Westminster. O nwetara masta degree abụọ site na National Defense University, Master nke Science na atụmatụ nchekwa nke mba site na National War College na Master nke Arts n'ọmụmụ atụmatụ nchekwa nke sitere na College nke International Security Affairs.
Adebola Williams
Adebola Williams (amụrụ n'afọ 1986) bụ onye ọchụnta ego mgbasa ozi Naijiria, onye nta akụkọ, onye ndụmọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ekwu okwu mkpali. Ọ bụ onye isi otu RED * For Africa. O guzobere ma na-agba ọsọ Red Africa, nnukwu pọtụfoliyo nke ụdị mgbasa ozi ndị ntorobịa nke gụnyere Red Media Africa, Statecraft Inc., The Future Awards Africa na YNaija. [isi iyi nke atọ dị mkpa]
Ọrụ ya na mgbasa ozi na telivishọn malitere na Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) na nkwado maka ndị ntorobịa, ma mesịa nwee ezi ọchịchị. Onye isi ala Ghana bụ Nana Akufo-Addo kọwara ya dị ka "nwoke nwere mmetụ ọlaedo", Forbes kọwara ya dị ka nwoke nyere aka họpụta ndị ala atọ na Afrịka. [isi iyi nke onwe ya? <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">]
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Williams na 7 Machị 1986 "n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya, mana mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ezinụlọ ya tụfuru ihe niile ha nwere nke mere na ọ ghaghị ịgba mgba. " Na mbido afọ iri na ụma ya, Williams chọrọ ịghọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ma kwụọ ya naanị 50 cents maka ọrụ mbụ ya.
"Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka na onye ndụmọdụ na onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ dị ka onye nweere onwe ya n'enweghị nzere ọ bụla dị mkpa nke oge ọ nwetala afọ 3 kwesịrị ekwesị na Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). "
Ọrụ
Williams na Chude Jideonwo malitere The Future Awards Africa wee gaa n'ihu na-ahụ maka Red Media Africa.
O so hiwe EnoughisEnough (EiE), otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na olu maka ndị na-eto eto na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ iji duzie mgbanwe nke onye isi ala Naịjirịa ugbu a, Muhammadu Buhari, na-eme ka mgbasa ozi dị mma iji gbanwee echiche dị ogologo ma gbanwee ntuli aka. Ihe ịga nke ọma na Ghana nyeere onye mmegide aka imeri onye isi ala na mgbalị nke atọ ya, Williams na-ajụkwa ajụjụ ugbu a na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na kọntinent ahụ.
Njem ya na-ekwu okwu na 2017 gụnyere ọtụtụ nzukọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ivy league Harvard, Columbia, na Oxford. O kwuru okwu na nzukọ Obama nke afọ 2017 na Chicago.
Ọrụ ya na ahịa ụlọ ọrụ na nkwukọrịta na nkọwa dị iche iche site na mmanụ na gas gaa na ụlọ akụ, nkà na ụzụ na ngwongwo ndị ahịa na-aga ngwa ngwa emeela ka ya na Red Media Africa nweta ọtụtụ onyinye na kọntinent site na SABRE Lapriga, Marketing Edge, Young Cannes na C4F Marketing awards na Davos. Ọ na-ede kọlụm kwa ọnwa banyere ụdị na nkwukọrịta na The Guardian (Nigeria). Williams sonyere na mbido nnukwu mmekorita nka Remember To Rise.
O kwuru okwu na European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) Africa Summit na Wednesday, 9 Jenụwarị, 2019 na nzuko omeiwu Europe banyere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ezi ọchịchị.
Ndụ onwe onye
Ọ lụrụ Kehinde Daniels, nwa nwanyị nke onye bụbu Gọvanọ Ogun Steeti, Otunba Gbenga Daniels na 7 August 2021.
Ndetu
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
David Majak
Ọrụ mba ụwa
O ruru eru ịnọchite anya Kenya na mba ụwa, ebe ọ biri ebe ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 12.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Sarah Etonge
Sarah Liengu Etonge (amụrụ na Buea, Southwest Province, Cameroon) bụ ónyé na-agba ọsọ. O meriri n'asọmpi Mount Cameroon Race of Hope ugboro asaa n'ọbọdọ ya bụ Buea, na Southwest Province. Mmeri kachasị ọhụrụ ya bịara na 2005, na ógè nke 5:38:06. Na Machị 12, 2005, Prọfesọ Emeritus Lydia Luma nke Cameroon Education Corporation nyere Etonge nzèrè doctorate na ugwu. N'afọ 2006, obodo Buea kpughere oyiyi iji sọpụrụ ya. Ọ bụ naanị oyiyi nke abụọ e wuru na Buea, na nke mbụ kemgbe ahụ màkà Otto von Bismarck. [citation needed]
Richard Gordon Kendall
Ndụ
Jay Wehnert, ónyé nlekọta na onye na-anakọta ihe osise ndị ọzọ, chọpụtara Kendall n'ihe dị ka afọ 1995, ónyé ghọrọ ónyé na-akwado ọrụ Kendall. Dị ka Wehnert na ndị ọzọ na-akatọ nka si kwuo, ọrụ Kendall na-egosipụta ojiji pụrụ iche nke ndị na-ajụ ase, ebe ọ bụ na, site n'ihe dị ka 1995 ruo ihe dị ka 1998, ọ bi n'ụlọ mgbaba na-enweghị isi n'okporo ámá Houston. Otu n'ime ebumnuche Wehnert bụ inye Kendall nkwanye ùgwù dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe nke Kendall gbapụrụ. Wehnert hapụrụ Kendall na 1998 ma Kendall nwụrụ na 2008. Ka ọ na-adịbeghị anya dị ka 2019, Dutton Gallery nke New York gosipụtara ọrụ Kendall.
Mgbè Wehnert "chọtara" Kendall, ha abụọ malitere ikwekọ ruo n'ihe dị ka afọ 1998. Kendall bi n'okporo ámá Houston. Kendall gwara Wehnert na o sere ihe osise nke ụlọ ọbọdọ ahụ iji mee ka onwé ya "dị nkọ".
Ịzụlite
A mụrụ Richard Gordon Kendall na úbọchị irí nà asaá n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 1933, na Paris, Texas, n'ezinụlọ Lenious Kendall (aka Linnius "Bud" Kindell; 18868) na Myrl Reynolds (1895-1973). Akwụkwọ ikike ọmụmụ mbụ ya nyèrè aha ya dị ka Charles Gordon Kendall. Mana nne ya tinyere akwụkwọ asambodo ọmụmụ a gbaziri agbazi, ṅụọ iyi ma debanye aha n'ubochí irí na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọst, 1944, na-ekwughachi aha ọmụmụ ya dị ka Richard Gordon Kendall.
Kendall gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1954 na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Gibbons bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị nke ndị Africa America na Paris, Texas, nke mechiri na 1966. Kendall nọ na bọọlụ bọọlụ nkè 1953-1954 nke meriri Prairie View Conference AA State Championship. N'afọ ndị 1990, Kendall biri na 769 Ash Street na Paris.
Cauliflower
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg/150px-Cauliflower_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|234x234px|Osisi Cauliflower na-eto n'ebe a na-azụ ụmụ Cauliflower bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri n'ụdị Brassica oleracea na ụdị Brassica, nke dị na ezinụlọ Brassicaceae (ma ọ bụ mustard). Ọ bụ osisi na-eto kwa afọ nke na-amụba site na mkpụrụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị isi ka a na-eri anụ na-acha ọcha a na-akpọ "curd" mgbe ụfọdụ (nke yiri cheese curd). Isi cauliflower nwere okooko osisi na-acha ọcha. Isi Cauliflower yiri nke broccoli, nke dị iche n'inwe okooko osisi dị ka akụkụ a na-eri eri. Brassica oleracea gụnyekwara broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collard greens, na kale, nke a na-akpọ "cole" ihe ọkụkụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha sitere n'ụdị dị iche iche.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Pliny the Elder gụnyere cyma n'etiti osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ ọ kọwara na Natural History: "Ex omnibus brassicae generibus suavissima est cyma," ("N'ime ụdị cabbage niile, nke kachasị amasị ya bụ cyma"). Nkọwa Pliny nwere ike na-ezo aka n'isi okooko osisi nke ụdị Brassica oleracea a zụlitere na mbụ.
N'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya, a na-ejikọta ụdị cauliflower na agwaetiti Saịprọs, na ndị botanist Arab nke senchiri nke irí na abụọ na nke ịrị na atọ a kpọrọ Ibn al-'Awwam na Ibn al-Baitar, na-azọrọ na mmalite ya bụ Saịpris. Njikọ a gara n'ihu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, ebe a na-akpọ cauliflowers mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Cyprus colewort, ma enwere azụmahịa dị ukwuu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Europe na mkpụrụ cauliflower sitere na Saịprọs, n'okpuru ndị ọchịchị French Lusignan nke agwaetiti ahụ, ruo na narị afọ nke iri na isii.
François Pierre La Varenne jiri chouxfleurs mee ihe na Le cuisinier françois. A kpọbatara ha na France site na Genoa na narị afọ nke iri na isii, a na-egosikwa ha na Olivier de Serres' Théâtre de l'agriculture (1600), dị ka cauli-fiori "dị ka ndị Itali na-akpọ ya, nke ka dị obere na France; ha nwere ọnọdụ dị ùgwù n'ogige ahụ n'ihi ịdị ụtọ ha", mana ha anaghị apụta na nnukwu tebụl ruo n'oge Louis nke iri na anọ. Ndị Britain webatara ya na India n'afọ 1822.
Okwu mmalite
Okwu ahụ bụ "cauliflower" sitere na Italian cavolfiore, nke pụtara "flowers cabbage". Mmalite kachasị nke aha ahụ sitere na okwu Latin caulis (cabbage) na flōs (flowers).
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe
N'ihi na ihu igwe bụ ihe na-egbochi mmepụta cauliflower, osisi ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ dị n'ehihie 21 - 29°C (70 - 85°F), na ọtụtụ anyanwụ, na ọnọdụ ala mmiri dị elu na ihe ndị dị ndụ na ala ájá. Oge kachasị eto maka cauliflower bụ izu asaa ruo ịzụ ịrị na abụọ site n'ụbọchị nzọgharị. N'ebe ugwu, oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na July nwere ike ime ka owuwe ihe ubi tupu oge oyi.
Ogologo oge nke anwụ na-achasi ike n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ime ka isi cauliflower na-acha uhie uhie.
Ịgha mkpụrụ na ịgha mkpụrụ
Enwere ike ịmepụta cauliflowers a na-etinye n'ime akpa dị ka flats, hotbeds, ma ọ bụ n'ọhịa. N'ime ala nke -adọbaghị, nke na-agbanye mmiri nke ọma ma na-eme nri, a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi n'ọhịa otu sentimita (⁄½ in) ma na-agbatị site na ohere zuru oke nke ihe dị ka osisi ịrị na abụọ kwa sentimita ịrị atọ (½ in). Okpomọkụ na-eto eto bụ ihe dị ka 18 °C (65°F) mgbe mkpụrụ dị ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na ise ruo ụbọchị ịrị atọ na ise. Mmetụta nke fatịlaịza na-eto eto na-amalite mgbe akwụkwọ na-apụta, na-ejikarị ihe ngwọta mmalite kwa izu.
Ịgha mkpụrụ n'ọhịa na-amalite n'oge opupu ihe ubi ma nwee ike ịga n'ihu ruo n'etiti oge okpomọkụ. Ogologo ahịrị bụ ihe dị ka 38 - 46 cm (15 - 18 in). Uto ngwa ngwa nke ahịhịa mgbe a gbasịrị ya nwere ike irite uru site na usoro ndị dị ka izere oyi oge opupu ihe ubi, iji ihe ngwọta mmalite dị elu na phosphorus, ịgba mmiri kwa izu, na itinye fatịlaịza.
Nsogbu, ụmụ ahụhụ, na ọrịa
Nsogbu kachasị mkpa na-emetụta àgwà cauliflower bụ ogwe oghere, uto isi ma ọ bụ bọtịnụ, ricing, browning na ọkụ ọkụ. N'etiti nnukwu ahụhụ na-emetụta cauliflower bụ aphids, mgbọrọgwụ, cutworms, ụkpara, na flea beetles. Osisi ahụ nwere ike ire ure ojii, ụkwụ ojii, mgbọrọgwụ klọb, ntụpọ akwụkwọ ojii, na downy mildew.
Owuwe ihe ubi
Mgbe cauliflower tozuru, isi -apụta dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha, dị mkpirikpi, na 15-20 cm (6-8 in) n'obosara, a ga-emekwa ka ọ jụọ oyi n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị. Mmiri na-eme ka ikuku dị jụụ iji wepụ okpomọkụ n'ọhịa n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka nchekwa kachasị mma. Nchekwa nwa oge nwere ike site na iji ọnọdụ nchekwa dị jụụ, nke dị elu.
Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka a mịpụta ya
Ọtụtụ ụdị ụgbala, gụnyere Calliphora vomitoria, bụ ndị a maara dị ka ndị na-eme ntụ ọka nke cauliflower.
Ụdị dị iche iche
E nwere ọtụtụ narị ụdị azụmahịa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ugbu a na-eji gburugburu ụwa. A na-edebe ndepụta zuru oke nke ihe dị ka ụdị ịrị asatọ nke North America na Mahadum North Carolina State.
Mmepụta
Na 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke cauliflowers (gwakọta maka akụkọ mmepụta na broccoli) bụ nde tọn ịrị abụọ na ise na ọkara, nke China na India sotere. Ha nwere pasent ịrị asaa na abụọ nke ngụkọta ụwa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe nke abụọ, na-enwe 0.4 - 1.3 nde tọn kwa afọ, bụ United States, Spain, Mexico na Italy.
Nri
Cauliflower ndụ bụ nwere mmiri dị pasent ịrị itoolu na abụọ, carbohydrates dị pasent ise, protein dị pasent abụọ ma nwee abụba na-enweghị isi (tebụl). Otu gram (3½-ounce) nke cauliflower na-enweghị isi na-enye 104 kilojoules (25 kilocalories) nke ike nri, ma nwee ọdịnaya dị elu (20% ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị, DV) nke vitamin C (58% DV) na ọkwa dị mma nke ọtụtụ vitamin B na vitamin K (13 - 15% DV; tebụl). Ihe dị n'ime mineral ndị dị n'ihe oriri dị ala (7% DV ma ọ bụ obere).
Phytochemicals
Cauliflower nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ezinụlọ cabbage nke nọ n'okpuru nyocha mbụ maka ihe onwunwe ha nwere ike, gụnyere isothiocyanates na glucosinolates. Ịsị ya n'ọkụ na-ebelata ọkwa nke glucosinolates cauliflower, ebe usoro isi nri ndị ọzọ, dị ka steaming, microwaving, na stir friing, enweghị mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na ọkwa glucosinolate.
Nri
Enwere ike isi cauliflower, sie ya, sie ya ọkụ, sie ya n'ọkụ, sie ya mmiri, sie ya na steam, sie ya mmanụ, ma ọ bụ rie ya na-enweghị isi. Mgbe a na-esi nri, a na-ewepụkarị akwụkwọ ndị dị n'èzí na ogwe osisi ndị dị arọ, na-ahapụ naanị okooko osisi (nke a na-eri eri "curd" ma ọ bụ "isi"). A na-eri akwụkwọ ya ma a na-atụfu ya mgbe niile.
Cauliflower bụ obere calorie, na-enweghị gluten ọzọ na osikapa na ntụ ọka. N'agbata afọ 2012 na 2016, mmepụta cauliflower na United States mụbara 63%, ahịa ngwaahịa ndị dabeere na caulifloor mụbara rụọ 71% n'agbata 2017 na 2018. A na-eme osikapa cauliflower site na ịpị okooko osisi caulifloor wee sie ya na mmanụ. A na-eji okooko osisi cauliflower emepụta mkpo pizza caulifloor ma bụrụ nke a ma ama na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ pizza. Mashed cauliflower bụ ihe ọzọ na-enweghị carbohydrate karịa nduku esuru esu.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Kehinde Bankole
Kehinde Bankole (amuru 27 Maachị 1985) bu onye N'ime ihe nkiri nwanyị Naijiria, ihe nlere na onye nnabata ihe onyonyo. O mere egwuregwu mpụta mbụ ya na asọmpi ịma mma Miss Commonwealth Nigeria nke afọ 2003, wee gaa n'ihu na 2004 Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria ihe ngosi (MBGN). O nwetara nturu ugo mkpughe nke afọ na 2009 Best of Nollywood Awards, afọ abụọ ka ihe ngosi ihuenyo mbụ ya gasịrị n'ime Wale Adenuga 's Super.
Ndụ onwe onye
A mụrụ Kehinde Bankole na steeti Ogun bu ru nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ isii nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Babatunde Bankole na Titilayo Bankole, bụ odeakwụkwọ nhazi. O nwere nwanne ejima, Taiwo, onye na-emekwa ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. Kehinde Bankole gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọTunwase Nursery na Primary, na Ikeja. Kehinde Bankole gụrụ Mass Communication na Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo mana ọ were ezumike iji tinyekwuo uche n'ọrụ ịde ngosi ya na 2004.
Ọrụ ịṅomi
Ahụmahụ ntụrụndụ mbụ Kehinde Bankole bụ mgbe ọ gbara akwụkwọ dị ka onye asọmpi na Miss Commonwealth Nigeria pageant na 2003, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetaghị mmeri, o kwuru na "ikpughe" bụ naanị ihe ọ chọrọ n'ezie ka o pụtara onye nke iri. Ọ gbakwara egbe na Most Beautiful Girl na Nigeria mana o nweghi ike itinye ndepụta ise kacha. Mgbe nkwekọrịta nke Genevieve Nnaji gwụchara dịka onye nnọchi anya Lux, Kehinde Bankole a họpụtara ya na Sylvia Udeogu na Olaide Olaogun ka ha bụrụ ihu ọhụrụ nke Lux na 2007.
Ime ihe
Kehinde Bankole mere ihe ngosi mpụta mbụ ya n'oge ọchịchị ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya Lux na ihe nkiri ezinụlọ Super story : Everything it Takes, Playing the Character Caro. O meela ihe n'ihe nkiri Wale Adenuga ndị ọzọ dị ka Papa Ajasco na This Life. Na Onyonyo ọrụ ya kachasị ama dị ka nwunye Kiki Obi na Desperate Housewives Africa, Usoro Amerika nke Naijiria mehariri.
Onye na-nabata mkparị ta ụka
Kehinde Bankole na-anabata mkparịta ụka ụbọchị ehihie gụnyere "Soul '' Sisters" na "African kitchen".
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Shannon Kook
Shannon Kook (a mụrụ Shannon Xiao Lóng Kook-Chun; 9 Febụwarị 1987) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na usoro telivishọn Degrassi: The Next Generation (2010[[2011), Carmilla (2015[[2016), Shadowhunters (2017), na The 100 (2018), yana ọrụ ya dị ka Drew Thomas na ihe nkiri The Conjuring (2013[[2021).
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Kook-Chun na Johannesburg, South Africa nye nna Mauritian nke sitere na China na nne South Africa nke sitere na Cape Coloured. Mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara Montreal iji gaa National Theatre School of Canada.
Ọrụ
Ọrụ mbụ Kook na ihe nkiri bụ na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke Canada Being Erica n'afọ 2009. A maara ya nke ọma na mba ụwa maka ọrụ ya dịka Zane Park na Degrassi: The Next Generation (2010X2011) na dịka Duncan na Shadowhunters (2017).
N'afọ 2014, a họọrọ Kook, Alexandre Landry, Sophie Desmarais, na Julia Sarah Stone, maka Rising Stars nke Toronto International Film Festival, ọdịiche kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri anọ na-abịanụ na ndị na-emepụta nkà na ndị na'eme ihe nkiri na mmemme ahụ.
N'agbata afọ 2015 na 2016, Kook gosipụtara na usoro weebụ a ma ama <i id="mwPA">Carmilla</i>. N'afọ 2017, e gosipụtara ya na usoro weebụ Running With Violet.
Mohamed Ering
Mohamed Ahmed Saeed Ahmed El Fadul (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1997), onye a maara nke ọma dị ka Mohamed Ering bụ onye Sudan na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere Al-Hilal Omdurman na ndị otu bọọlụ mba Sudan.
Shannon Kook
Ọrụ
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2018, a mara ọkwa na a họpụtara Kook dịka onye ọbịa ọhụrụ dị omimi, Lucas, na oge nke ise nke CW's The 100. Nke a kpughere na ọ bụ red herring site n'aka onye na-egosi ihe nkiri Jason Rothenberg. E mechara kpughee ọrụ Kook dịka Jordan Jasper Green, nwa Monty Green na Harper McIntyre. Kook na mbụ nyochara maka ọrụ Finn Collins na Monty Green. Kook laghachiri dịka usoro na-aga n'ihu na oge nke isii na nke asaa.
Mohamed Ering
Ihe odide
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Shannon Kook
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mmetọ plastik mmiri
thumb|400x400px|Ụzọ plastik si abanye n'oké osimiri ụwa Mmetọ rọba mmiri nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri) bụ ụdị mmetọ mmiri site na plastik, sitere na nha site na nnukwu ihe mbụ dị ka karama na akpa, gbadaa na microplastics nke emere site na nkewa nke ihe rọba. A na-atụfu ihe mkpofu mmiri nke ukwuu nke na-ese n'elu, ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ n'oké osimiri. Pasent 80 nke irighiri mmiri mmiri bụ plastik. Microplastics na nanoplastics na-esite na ndakpọ ma ọ bụ foto mmebi nke ihe mkpofu rọba n'elu mmiri, osimiri ma ọ bụ oke osimiri. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala nanoplastics na nnukwu snow, karịsịa ihe dị ka tọn 3,000 na-ekpuchi Switzerland kwa afọ.
A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 86 nke ihe mkpofu mmiri rọba dị n'oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ dịka njedebe nke afọ 2013, na-eche na 1.4% nke plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ emepụtara site na 1950 ruo 2013 abanyela n'oké osimiri wee gbakọta n'ebe ahụ. A na-eche na “oriri” plastik zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abụ nde tọn 300 kwa afọ dịka nke 2022, ebe ihe dị ka nde tọn 8 na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri dị ka macroplastics. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 1.5 nke microplastics bụ isi na-ejedebe n'oké osimiri. Ihe dị ka 98% nke olu a bụ ihe omume dabere na ala, ebe 2% fọdụrụ bụ nke sitere na ihe omume sitere n'oké osimiri. A na-eme atụmatụ na 19-23 nde tọn rọba na-adaba n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ. Nzukọ Ọgbakọ Oké Osimiri Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke 2017 mere atụmatụ na oke osimiri nwere ike ibu ibu na rọba karịa azụ n'afọ 2050. A na-emetọ oke osimiri site na irighiri ihe rọba dị nha site na nnukwu ihe mbụ dị ka karama na akpa, ruo na microplastics nke emere site na nkewa nke ihe rọba. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eweda ihe a ma ọ bụ wepụ ya n'oké osimiri, nke mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe plastik na-agbasa ebe niile n'elu oke osimiri ma mara na ha na-enwe mmetụta dị egwu na ndụ mmiri. Akpa rọba a tụfuru atụfu, mgbanaka mkpọ isii, mkpọ sịga na ụdị mkpofu rọba ndị ọzọ na-emecha n'oké osimiri na-eweta ihe egwu nye anụ ọhịa na ịkụ azụ. Enwere ike iyi ndụ mmiri egwu site na njikọta, ntachi, na iri nri. Ndị na-akụ azụ nwere ike ịhapụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ụgbụ azụ, nke a na-ejikarị plastik eme. A maara dị ka ụgbụ mmụọ, azụ ndị a na-ekekọta, dolphins, nduru mmiri, shark, dugongs, agụ iyi, nnụnụ mmiri, crabs na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke, na-egbochi mmegharị, na-akpata agụụ, laceration, ọrịa, na, n'ime ndị kwesịrị ịlaghachi n'elu. iku ume, iku ume. Enwere ụdị plastik dị iche iche nke oké osimiri na-akpata nsogbu na ndụ mmiri. A hụla okpu karama n'ime afọ nduru na nnụnụ mmiri, bụ́ ndị nwụrụ n'ihi mgbochi nke akụkụ iku ume na nri nri. Ụgbụ mmụọ bụkwa ụdị nsogbu rọba dị n'oké osimiri dịka ha nwere ike na-aga n'ihu na-ejide ndụ mmiri n'usoro a maara dị ka "ịkụ azụ mmụọ".
10 kasị ukwuu na-ebupụta mmetọ rọba oké osimiri n'ụwa nile bụ, site na nke kasị nta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, na Bangladesh, nke ukwuu site na osimiri Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, na Mekong, na-aza "pasent 90 nke plastik niile na-erute oke osimiri ụwa." Eshia bụ isi ebe mkpofu rọba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ebe China naanị nwere ihe ruru nde metric ton 2.4.
Plastics na-agbakọba n'ihi na ha adịghị emebi emebi dị ka ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ si eme. Ha ga-ese fotodegrade na ikpughe anyanwụ, ma ha na-eme nke ọma naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọrọ, na mmiri na-egbochi usoro a. Na gburugburu mmiri, plastic fotodegraded na-agbasasị n'ime obere iberibe mgbe ọ bụla polymers, ọbụna ruo n'ọkwa molekụla. Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbada ruo nha zooplankton, jeliifish na-anwa iri ha, n'ụzọ dị otú a, plastik na-abanye n'agbụ nri oké osimiri.
A ga-ejikọta ihe ngwọta maka mmetọ rọba mmiri mmiri, yana mmetọ plastik n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na mmepụta ihe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbelata ojiji, karịsịa, ngwaahịa plastik otu ma ọ bụ obere oge. Ọtụtụ echiche dị maka ihicha rọba n'ime oke osimiri gụnyere ịdo irighiri rọba n'ọnụ osimiri tupu ịbanye n'oké osimiri, na ihicha gyres nke oke osimiri.
Ogologo nsogbu ahụ
alt=|thumb|Ihe ngosi na Mote Marine Laboratory nke na-egosipụta akpa plastik n'oké osimiri nke yiri jellyfish. A na-amata mmetọ mmiri nke ihe ndị nwere rọba na-akpata dị ka okwu nke oke kachasị elu, site n'echiche mmetọ. A naghị emegharị ọtụtụ plastik a na-eji na ndụ ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị, ihe ruru 90% na ihe karịrị nde metric ton nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-atụba n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Ọ bụrụ na nke a na-aga n'ihu, mgbe ahụ n'afọ 2050, a ga-enwe plastik karịa azụ n'ụwa site na ibu. N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ gara aga, e mepụtala plastik karịa plastik niile dị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ruo n'afọ 2000 na ọtụtụ n'ime plastik ahụ adịghị arụgharị ya. Enwere ihe ruru puku ijeri iri na ise ruo puku iri ise na otu n'ime oke osimiri niile nke ụwa na-agbatị site n'elu oke osimiri ruo n'ala oke osimiri. Oke osimiri bụ mmiri mmiri kachasị omimi na mbara ụwa nwere nkezi omimi nke ala abyssal dị ihe dịka 4km n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri. Nnukwu ike ndọda ga-ebufe ma bufee ihe site na ala gaa n'oké osimiri, ebe oke osimiri na-aghọ ebe nchekwa njedebe. Otu atụmatụ nke mmepụta rọba akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 8,300 nde metric tonne (Mt) maka mmepụta rọba zuru ụwa ọnụ ruo 2015, nke 79% nke a na-akwakọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 8 nke ihe mkpofu rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri kwa afọ. Dị ka ICUN si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ a amụbaala ruo nde tọn 14 nke plastik. Mmetọ nke plastik Oceanic dị ịrịba ama maka oke ọnụnọ ya, site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, n'ime oke mmiri dị omimi, n'elu oke osimiri na mkpọda oke osimiri ruo n'akụkụ oke osimiri na oke osimiri. Ọbụna atolls n'àgwàetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ike ịnwe rọba nke sitere n'ebe dị anya kwajuru osimiri. N'elu oké osimiri, a na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'ime akụkụ okirikiri buru ibu, nke a na-akpọ oké osimiri. Oke osimiri na-etolite n'ime oke osimiri niile, n'ihi usoro ikuku zonal na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ebuga njem ime ime na mpaghara mpaghara, yana njem ime ime n'ime oke osimiri. Oke osimiri na-etinye ihe mkpofu rọba n'ime gyres.
A na-emepụta plastik n'ihi na ha na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-akpụzi na àgwà na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-enye plastik ọtụtụ ngwa bara uru. Plastics na-eguzogide n'ụzọ dị egwu na usoro ihu igwe nke na-akụda ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'elu ụwa. Usoro oké osimiri, gụnyere oké ifufe, omume ebili mmiri, mmiri mmiri nke oké osimiri, hydration, na ikpughe elu na usoro ihu igwe nke ikuku (dịka oxidation) na radieshon ultraviolet, na-agbaji irighiri plastik n'ime nha na-ebelata mgbe niile (na-esi na microplastics), kama ịgbari anụ ahụ. ma ọ bụ kemikal na-agbanwe ihe plastik. Atụmatụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na ịdị arọ nke rọba n'ofe mpaghara ịta ahụhụ n'oké osimiri ise bụ nke ihe irighiri ihe ruru puku ijeri 5.25 dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 300,000. Mbelata nke ihe irighiri plastik na milimita na micro-scales na-enye ohere ka plastik banye n'ime mmiri mmiri dị omimi, ma eleghị anya okpukpu anọ karịa plastik na-ejedebe n'ime sediments ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri mmiri dị n'elu. Plastics bụzi akụkụ nke usoro okirikiri biogeochemical dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka cetaceans, nnụnụ mmiri, mammals, na nje bacteria, na-etinye plastik.
Enwere ike itinye ihe mkpofu plastik buru ibu (macroplastics) site na ụdị mmiri, na-ejuputa afọ ha ma mee ka ha kwenye na ha juru afọ mgbe n'ezie na ha ewereghị ihe ọ bụla bara uru. Nke a nwere ike bute nnụnụ mmiri, whales, azụ̀ na nduru ịnwụ n'agụụ site n'afọ jupụtara na rọba. Ụdị mmiri nwekwara ike kụnwụ ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ime ihe mkpofu rọba.
Ihe mkpofu macroplastic nwere ike imebi n'ime obere iberibe plastik, nke a maara dị ka microplastics mgbe ha dị obere karịa 5mm n'ogo. Mkpughe ìhè anyanwụ, okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ebili mmiri, na ifufe na-amalite ịkụda rọba ahụ n'ime iberibe ihe na-erughị milimita ise n'ogologo. Enwere ike ịkụda plastik site na obere ihe ndị ga-eri ihe mkpofu rọba, na-akụda ya n'ime obere iberibe, ma wepụ microplastics ndị a ma ọ bụ gbasaa ha. N'ime nyocha ụlọ nyocha, a chọpụtara na amphipods nke ụdị Orchestia gammarellus nwere ike iri iberibe akpa rọba ngwa ngwa, na-akụri otu akpa n'ime iberibe ihe dị nde 1.75. Ọ bụ ezie na e mebiri plastik ahụ, ọ ka bụ ihe mmadụ mere nke na-adịghị emebi emebi. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dịka 90% nke plastik na gburugburu mmiri mmiri pelagic bụ microplastics. E nwekwara isi mmalite nke microplastics, dị ka microbeads na nurdles. Ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-erikarị microplastics ndị a n'okpuru eriri nri, dị ka plankton na larvae azụ, nke na-eduga na ntinye nke plastik etinyere n'usoro nri. A na-eji kemịkal na-egbu egbu eme plastik, ya mere ihe ndị a na-egbu egbu na-abanye n'agbụ nri mmiri, gụnyere azụ ndị ụfọdụ mmadụ na-eri.
Ụdị isi mmalite na ọnụ ọgụgụ
thumb|Nkezi oge a na-eme atụmatụ ire ure nke ihe mkpofu mmiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ihe mkpofu rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri na-abawanye kwa afọ na ọtụtụ plastik na-abanye n'oké osimiri dị n'ihe na-erughị milimita ise. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, e mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe ruru nde tọn 150 nke mmetọ rọba n'oké osimiri ụwa, e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-eru nde tọn 250 na 2025. Nnyocha ọzọ mere atụmatụ na n'afọ 2012, ọ dị ihe dị ka nde tọn 165. N'afọ 2020, nchọpụta chọpụtara na oke osimiri Atlantic nwere ihe dị ka plastik okpukpu iri karịa ka e chere na mbụ. Otu ụdị mmetọ rọba kachasị ukwuu (~ 10 %) na ọtụtụ nnukwu rọba dị n'oké osimiri na-atụfu wee tụfuo ụgbụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ.
The Ocean Conservancy kọrọ na China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, na Vietnam na-atụfu rọba n'oké osimiri karịa mba ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ.
Otu nnyocha e mere mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe karịrị 5 trillion plastic iberibe (akọwapụtara na klas anọ nke obere microplastics, nnukwu microplastics, meso- na macroplastics) na-ese n'elu mmiri. N'afọ 2020, ahụrụ nha ọhụrụ karịa plastik okpukpu iri n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic karịa ka e chere na mbụ na ọ dị.
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019, mgbe nyocha gosipụtara oke mmetọ rọba nke oke osimiri sitere na ụgbọ mmiri China, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Ocean Cleanup kwuru, sị: "Onye ọ bụla na-ekwu maka ịchekwa oke osimiri site n'ịkwụsị iji akpa rọba, ahịhịa ahịhịa na nkwakọ ihe eji eme otu. Nke ahụ dị mkpa, mana mgbe anyị na-aga n'oké osimiri, nke ahụ abụghị ihe anyị na-achọta."
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% nke irighiri ihe rọba nke na-emetọ mmiri oke osimiri, nke pụtara nde tọn 5.6, sitere na isi mmalite nke oke osimiri. MARPOL, bụ nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, "machibidoro mkpofu plastik n'oké osimiri kpamkpam." Ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-ere ahịa na-ebupụ ibu, nsị mmiri, ngwá ọrụ ahụike eji eme ihe, na ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ nwere rọba n'ime oké osimiri. Na United States, Iwu Nnyocha na njikwa mmetọ mmiri nke mmiri mmiri nke 1987 machibido ịkwanye plastik n'oké osimiri, gụnyere site na ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri na nyocha na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu na ngwa agha ndị e chere na ọ dịghị mkpa. Ọrụ obi ụtọ na-ahapụ ngwa ịkụ azụ na ụdị ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na mberede ma ọ bụ site na njikwa na-eleghara anya. A na-atụfu ihe mmetọ rọba kachasị n'oké osimiri sitere na ngwa ịkụ azụ (gụnyere ọnyà na ụgbụ), atụmatụ na ọ ruru 90% nke irighiri rọba na mpaghara ụfọdụ.
Awụba mmiri rọba kọntinent na-abanye n'oké osimiri nke ukwuu site na oke mmiri ozuzo, na-asọba na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ na-ebuba ya ozugbo na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Plastics dị n'oké osimiri ka egosiri na ọ na-eso oke osimiri nke na-emecha ghọọ ihe a maara dị ka nnukwu ihe mkpofu. thumb|Mmepụta ihe mkpofu plastik karịrị oke mmetọ plastik a na-achụpụ n'oké osimiri. Mmetụta microplastic na macroplastic na-abanye n'oké osimiri adịghị etinye aka ozugbo site na ịkwanye plastik n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, kama site na osimiri ndị emetọọ nke na-eduga ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ụzọ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri gafere n'ofe ụwa. Osimiri nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi ma ọ bụ imi dabere n'ihe gbara ya gburugburu. A na-eche na osimiri bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmetọ rọba maka oke osimiri, n'agbanyeghị na o nwere ike ọ bụghị dị ka ntinye aka kpọmkwem site n'aka ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
Ọnụọgụ rọba nke e dekọrọ ka ọ dị n'oké osimiri dị obere karịa nke rọba na-abanye n'oké osimiri n'oge ọ bụla. Dị ka nnyocha e mere na UK, e nwere "iri top" macroplastic typologies bụ naanị ndị ahịa metụtara (dị na tebụl n'okpuru). N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-agụ ihe 192,213-awụba n'oké osimiri na nkezi nke 71% bụ plastik na 59% bụ ihe macroplastic metụtara ndị ahịa. Ọ bụ ezie na mmetọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka na mmetọ rọba mmiri, enwere obere ọmụmụ ihe emere yana nchịkọta data maka oke mmetọ na-esi na mmiri dị ọcha banye n'oké osimiri. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-ekwubi na enwere ntakịrị nchịkọta data nke irighiri plastik na gburugburu mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu mbara ala, n'agbanyeghị na ndị a bụ ndị kacha enye aka. Mkpa mgbanwe amụma na mmepụta, ojiji, mkpofu, na njikwa mkpofu dị mkpa iji belata ego na ikike nke rọba iji banye na gburugburu mmiri dị ọcha.
Nnyocha e mere na 1994 nke ala oké osimiri na-eji ụgbụ trawl n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Mediterenian gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri Spain, France, na Ịtali kọrọ na ọ bụ ihe dị ka irighiri ihe dị 1,935 kwa square kilomita. Mpekere plastik ruru 77%, nke 93% bụ akpa rọba.
Mmasị
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe plastik ewebatara na gburugburu mmiri na-ama jijiji, mana imerụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ime ka irighiri ihe ndị dị na plastik imikpu n'ala oké osimiri, ebe ọ nwere ike igbochi ụdị ebe obibi sedimenti na usoro mgbanwe gas sedimental. Ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka microplastic na-eme mkpọtụ, gụnyere njupụta nke rọba ọ mejupụtara yana nha na ọdịdị nke iberibe microplastic n'onwe ha. Microplastics nwekwara ike mebe oyi akwa biofilm na-agbapụta n'elu oke osimiri. A na-ahụta mgbanwe nrịbama n'ihe gbasara ingestion nke microplastics na autotrophs n'ihi na absorption nwere ike igbochi photosynthesis na ọkwa gas na-esote. Otú ọ dị, okwu a dị mkpa karịa ihe mkpofu plastik buru ibu.
Gabaro
Ọbá Gabaro (aha Bini mbụ bụ Guobaro) onye chịrị site n'afọ 1669 na afọ 1704 bụ Oba nke atọ nke Lagos, nwa na onye nketa nke Oba Ado, na nwa nwa nke Ashipa. Ụmụnne ya bụ Akinsemoyin, na Erelu Kuti.
Mmetọ plastik mmiri
Ebe ala na-emetọ mmetọ plastik nke oké osimiri
thumb|346x346px|Ahịhịa plastik a na-emebi foto nke na-eme ka ahịhịa na-agbaji n'ime microplastics Atụmatụ maka ntinye aka nke rọba dị n'ala dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na otu nnyocha mere atụmatụ na ntakịrị ihe karịrị 80% nke ihe mkpofu rọba na mmiri oké osimiri na-abịa site na isi mmalite nke ala, na-akpata 800,000 tọn (ton 880,000 mkpụmkpụ) kwa afọ. Na 2015, a gbakọrọ na 275 million tonne (303 nde mkpụmkpụ tọn) nke mkpofu rọba ka ewepụtara na mba 192 dị n'ụsọ osimiri na 2010, yana 4.8 ruo 12.7 million tonne (5.3 ruo 14 million short ton) na-abanye n'oké osimiri - pasentị nke naanị. ruo 5%.
Ọtụtụ mmetọ rọba nke ala na-abanye n'oké osimiri site na South, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, yana nnukwu emitters gụnyere China, Indonesia, Philippines na India.
Gabaro
Oba nke Lagos
Site na mmekorita ya na ụmụ Olofin, Gabaro kwagara oche gọọmentị site na Iddo Island gaa Lagos Island ma guzobe Iga Idunganran dị ka ebe obibi Oba. Dị ka nna ya, Ado, ọ na-anakọta ụtụ kwa afọ site n'aka ndị ọ na-achị nke e zigara Oba nke Benin. Oba Gabaro guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi ma nye ụmụ Olofin utu aha ndị isi, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị isi na-acha ọcha ka ha na-eji okpu silk eme ka ndị isi Benin dị iche.
Mmetọ plastik mmiri
Ebe ala na-emetọ mmetọ plastik nke oké osimiri
Isi iyi nke kpalitere nchegbu bụ mkpofu ahịhịa. Ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu n'ụdị rọba n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ihe a na-eji otu eme ihe dịka nkwakọ. Ịtụfu plastik n'ụzọ dị otú a na-eduga n'ịgbakọta. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpofu ihe mkpofu rọba na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere obere ihe ize ndụ ikuku gas karịa ikpofu ya site na ọkụ, nke mbụ nwere oke ohere. Ihe ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ya bụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa dị n'etiti ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịgbaji, si otú ahụ na-agbapụta nsị ma na-emerụ ala na mmiri dị nso. Ngwunye ala dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri na-enyekarị aka na irighiri ihe n'oké osimiri n'ihi na a na-ebufe ọdịnaya ngwa ngwa wee bufee ya n'oké osimiri site na ifufe ma ọ bụ obere ụzọ mmiri dị ka osimiri na iyi. Ihe mkpofu mmiri nwekwara ike ịpụta site na mmiri nsị nke a na-edozibeghị nke ọma, bụ́ nke a na-ebuga ya n'oké osimiri site n'osimiri. A pụkwara ibufe ihe rọba ndị a tụfuru n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị gaa n'oké osimiri site na mmiri ozuzo.
Microplastics
thumb|Microplastics n'elu oké osimiri 1950 na projections karịa, na nde metric ton. thumb|Polystyrene foam beads n'ụsọ osimiri Ireland thumb|Nnukwu ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na Pacific Ocean emeela ka "àgwàetiti" atọ nke ihe mkpofu. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlereanya nke microplastic anakọtara site na Mahadum Oregon State Nchegbu na-eto eto banyere mmetọ rọba na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri bụ iji microplastics. Microplastics bụ bead nke rọba na-erughị milimita 5 n'obosara, a na-ahụkarị ha na ncha aka, ihe nchacha ihu, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-apụ apụ. Mgbe a na-eji ngwaahịa ndị a eme ihe, microplastics na-agafe na usoro nzacha mmiri na n'ime oké osimiri, ma n'ihi ntakịrị nha ha, ọ ga-abụ na ha ga-agbanarị nwude site na ihuenyo ọgwụgwọ mbụ na osisi mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri. Achịcha ndị a na-emerụ ahụ anụ ahụ dị n'oké osimiri, ọkachasị ndị na-eri nri, n'ihi na ha nwere ike itinye plastik n'ụzọ dị mfe wee rịa ọrịa. Microplastics bụ nchegbu dị otú ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ikpochapụ ha n'ihi nha ha, n'ihi ya, ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịgbalị izere iji plastik ndị a na-emerụ ahụ site n'ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị na-eji ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.
N'ihi na a na-eji plastik eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa niile, microplastics abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịchọta microplastics n'ụsọ osimiri ájá na mmiri dị n'elu nakwa na kọlụm mmiri na mmiri miri emi. A na-ahụkwa microplastics n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri dị ka ihe ndị nwụrụ anwụ (anụ ahụ na mkpokoro) na ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị n'ala (nke ifufe na-ebugharị ma buru ya n'oké osimiri). A na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ịdị nso n'etiti obodo dị iche iche dị ka isi ihe na-emetụta ụbara nke microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Microplastics na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere mmebi nke agba okporo ụzọ, uwe taya na uzuzu obodo na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri, pellets plastik wụfuru na arịa mbupu, ụgbụ mmụọ na akwa ndị ọzọ sịntetik na-atụba n'oké osimiri, ihe ịchọ mma na-apụ na ngwaahịa na-asa ákwà na-abanye na mmiri nsị na mkpuchi mmiri. na ụgbọ mmiri na-eweda ala.
Mgbe ha rutere gburugburu mmiri, n'ihi obere nha na njupụta dị ala, a na-ebuga microplastics n'ebe dị anya site na ifufe na mmiri mmiri dị n'elu. A na-emetụta njem njem ahụ site na njiri mara ha (ederede na ọdịdị) kamakwa ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ọsọ ọsọ, ụdị matriks na mgbanwe oge. Ụdị ọnụọgụgụ na-enwe ike ịchọpụta obere ihe mkpofu rọba (micro- na meso-plastics) na-akpagharị n'oké osimiri, si otú a na-ebu amụma ọdịnihu ha.
Ụfọdụ microplastics na-ahapụ oké osimiri wee banye n'ikuku, dị ka ndị nchọpụta si na Mahadum Strathclyde chọpụtara na 2020. Ụfọdụ na-anọgide n'elu oké osimiri; microplastics na-aza 92% nke irighiri plastik n'elu oke osimiri, dịka ọmụmụ 2018 si kwuo. Ụfọdụ na-emikpukwa n'ala oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ sayensị mba Australia CSIRO mere atụmatụ na nde metric tọn microplastics dị nde 14 adịlarị n'ala oké osimiri na 2020. Nke a na-anọchi anya mmụba sitere na atụmatụ 2015 na oke osimiri ụwa nwere 93-236 puku metrik tọn microplastics na atụmatụ 2018 nke 270 puku. tọn.
Nnyocha nke ikesa ihe mkpofu rọba dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Pacific Ocean (ọ bụghị kpọmkwem microplastic, ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ọtụtụ nwere ike ịbụ microplastic) na-enyere aka igosi mmụba nke plastik na-arị elu na oké osimiri. Site na iji data na ntinye uche plastik n'elu (iberibe plastik kwa km2) site na 1972 ruo 1985 (n=60) na 2002-2012 (n=457) n'ime otu mpaghara mkpokọta rọba, ihe ọmụmụ ahụ chọpụtara na ọ pụtara mmụba plastik n'etiti abụọ ahụ. usoro data, gụnyere mmụba okpukpu iri nke 18,160 ruo 189,800 nke plastik kwa km2.
Microplastics Arctic Ocean sitere na isi iyi Atlantic, ọkachasị Europe na North America. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ekpughere na ntinye microplastics na glaciers ma ọ bụ snow dị nnọọ elu karịa ọbụna mmiri ndị mepere emepe, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji microplastics eme ihe ozugbo ma ọ bụ mepụta ya n'akụkụ glaciers. Dị ka nke 2021, Europe na Central Asia na-akpata ihe dịka 16% nke microplastics zuru ụwa ọnụ na-abanye n'oké osimiri.
Mmụba dị elu nke microplastics na glaciers na-egosi na ibufe site na ifufe bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji kesaa microplastics na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nnyocha chọpụtara na achọtala microplastics sitere n'oké osimiri na ikuku oké osimiri.
Microplastics nwere ike itinye uche na gills na eriri afọ nke ndụ mmiri ma nwee ike igbochi omume nri ha, na-ebute ọnwụ. Egosiputara microplastics iji kpalite omume igwu mmiri na nri na-adịghị mma na azụ, mọsel na nematodes, n'okpuru ọnọdụ oke ibu. Ogo Microplastic bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepụta nke mmetụta na-egbu egbu na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, nhazi anụ ahụ na nhazi nke akụkụ ahụ ọ bụla na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịdị njọ nke mmebi nke ihe ndị a nwere ike ịmepụta. thumb|Mmetụta nke microplastics na webụ nri mmiri Nchikota nke microplastics nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na webụ nri, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị ndụ ma na-atụnye ụtụ na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Ozugbo etinyere ya, microplastics ga-egested ma ọ bụ na-ejigide ya site na organism. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-eri anụ na-eri anụ ahụ nke jigidere microplastic, onye na-eri anụ ahụ ga-eri plastik a n'ezoghị ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke nri ya, na usoro a na-akpọ "nfefe trophic". Enwere ike imetụta njide plastik site na nnweta na udi nri mana a ga-achịkwa ya site na nha rọba ahụ. A ga-ebufe microplastics ingested n'akụkụ eriri afọ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-etinye ya n'ofe eriri afọ, gbanye ya n'ime eriri afọ (ya bụ, nkwụsị nke eriri afọ na-eme ka njigide plastik), ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ime nsị anụ ahụ ma mee ya.
E guzobela nsị nke plastik site n'ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri ugbu a na omimi nke oke osimiri. A chọtara microplastic n'ime afọ amphipods ndị e nwetara site na Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides na ọdọ mmiri Peru-Chile. Achọpụtara amphipods sitere na Trench Mariana na 10,890 m na ha niile nwere microfibres.
Dị ka otu atụmatụ nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, onye na-eri ihe oriri n'oké osimiri ga-aṅụ 11 000 microplastics kwa afọ. Ọbụlagodi obere oge ka achọpụtala microplastics n'ọbara mmadụ.
Nnyocha nyocha
Oke mmetọ microplastic n'ime oke osimiri ka ekpebibeghị nke ọma, n'ihi nke a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha ihe ndị dị ndụ ugbu a ma na-amụ sedimenti iji ghọta nke ọma okwu a. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2013 tụlere ebe anọ dị iche iche iji nọchite anya ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri na omimi dị iche iche site na 1100-5000m. Atọ n'ime ebe anọ ahụ nwere ọnụọgụ microplastics enwere ike ịmata dị na elu sedimenti 1 cm. E wepụrụ ihe nlele isi site na ebe ọ bụla wee mee ka microplastics ha si na sedimenti nkịtị. Achọpụtara ihe ndị ahụ plastik site na iji micro-Raman spectroscopy; Nsonaazụ gosiri pigmenti mmadụ mere nke a na-ejikarị na ụlọ ọrụ rọba. N'afọ 2016, ndị nchọpụta jiri ROV na-anakọta ihe ndị dị n'ime oké osimiri itoolu na isi sediments. A gbajiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri itoolu ndị ahụ na-enyocha akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nchọpụta nọ n'ikpere mmiri iji chọpụta microplastics na microscope. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na isii n'ime ihe dị ndụ itoolu a nyochara nwere microplastics nke bụ microfibers niile, nke dị na traktị GI. Nnyocha nke MBARI mere na 2013 n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke North America na gburugburu Hawaii chọpụtara na n'ime irighiri ihe niile a hụrụ site na afọ 22 nke ihe nkiri vidiyo VARS, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe ndị ahụ bụ akpa rọba. Iri ihe a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru omimi 2000 m. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke chịkọtara ihe ndị dị ndụ na sedimenti na mpaghara Abyssopelagic nke Western Pacific Ocean wepụtara ihe ndị sitere na samples wee chọpụta na poly (propylene-ethylene) copolymer (40.0%) na polyethylene terephthalate (27.5%) bụ ndị polymer a na-ahụkarị.
E mere ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ site na ịnakọta sedimenti miri emi na coral n'etiti 2011 na 2012 na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian, Southwest Indian Ocean, na Northeast Atlantic Ocean. N'ime ihe nlele 12 coral na sedimenti e weere, a chọtara ha niile nwere nnukwu microplastics. Rayon abụghị plastik mana etinyere ya na ọmụmụ ihe n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe. Achọtara ya na nlele niile yana 56.9% nke ihe achọtara, sochiri polyester (53.4%), plastik (34.1%) na acrylic (12.4%). Ọmụmụ ihe a chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ microplastics, n'ụdị microfibres, dị ka nke a chọtara na sedimenti intertidal ma ọ bụ subtidal. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2017 nwere nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ - site n'inyocha Rockall Trough na Northeast Atlantic Ocean na omimi nke ihe karịrị mita 2200, a na-achọpụta eriri microplastic na ntinye nke 70.8 particles kwa cubic mita. Nke a dị ka ọnụọgụ ego a kọrọ na mmiri dị n'elu. Ọmụmụ ihe a lekwara anya na micropollution nke benthic invertebrates Ophiomusium lymani, Hymenaster pellucidus na Colus jeffreysianus na-enweta wee chọpụta na n'ime ihe dị ndụ 66 a mụrụ, 48% etinyela microplastics n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche na ụdị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke nchọpụta 112 chọpụtara ntinye plastik kachasị elu n'ime ihe ndị a na-anakọta na Mediterranean na Northeast Indian Ocean nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị plastik nke ìgwè anụmanụ dị iche iche na-etinye, gụnyere ọdịiche dị na agba na ụdị polymers juru ebe niile. N'ozuzu, microplastics fiber doro anya bụ ụdị kachasị nke megafauna mmiri na-etinye gburugburu ụwa.
N'afọ 2020, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe nwere ike ịbụ atụmatụ sayensị mbụ banyere ole microplastic bi ugbu a n'elu oke osimiri nke ụwa, mgbe nyochachara mpaghara isii nke ~ 3 km omimi ~ 300 km n'akụkụ oke osimiri Australia. Ha chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ microplastic na-agbanwe nke ukwuu dabara na rọba n'elu na akụkụ nke mkpọda ala oké osimiri. Site na nkezi nke microplastic mass kwa cm3, ha mere atụmatụ na ala mmiri nke ụwa nwere ~ 14 nde tọn microplastic - ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ nke ego ha mere atụmatụ dabere na data sitere na ọmụmụ mbụ - n'agbanyeghị na-akpọ atụmatụ abụọ ahụ "mgbanwe" dị ka ebe a maara n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. microplastic. Atụmatụ ndị a dị ihe dị ka otu ugboro ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ nke echiche rọba na-abanye ugbu a n'oké osimiri kwa afọ.
Ijeri mmadụ abụọ n'ụwa niile enweghị ebe mkpofu zuru oke iji weghara plastik na-emerụ ahụ. Mmezi ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu na njikwa mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dara ogbenye ga-egbochi akụkụ nke 1.5 nde tọn microplastics ịbanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kwa afọ.
Mmiri ọgwụ na-egbu egbu
irighiri ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike ịmịnye ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na-esi na mmiri oké osimiri, gụnyere PCB, DDT, na PAH. Mpekere rọba nwere ike ịmịnye kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu site na mmetọ oke osimiri, nwere ike imebi ihe ọ bụla e kere eke na-eri ya. Ewezuga mmetụta na-egbu egbu mgbe etinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ anụmanụ dịka estradiol, na-akpata ọgba aghara nke homonụ na anụ ọhịa o metụtara. Nnyocha achọpụtara, mgbe plastik mechaa debie, ha na-emepụta bisphenol A (BPA) na PS oligomer nwere ike ime n'ime mmiri. Ekwenyere na nsị ndị a na-ebute nsogbu na ndụ mmiri na-ebi na mpaghara ahụ. Bisphenol A (BPA) bụ ihe atụ ama ama nke plasticizer emepụtara na nnukwu mpịakọta maka ịkwakọ nri site na ebe ọ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime nri, na-eduga n'ikpughe mmadụ. Dị ka estrogen na glucocorticoid agonist agonist, BPA na-etinye aka na usoro endocrine ma jikọta ya na ụbara abụba na òké.
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta chịkọtara ihe nlele mmiri n'ụwa niile, wee chọpụta na ihe nlele niile nwere polystyrene derivatives. Polystyrene bụ plastik a na-ahụ na styrofoam na ọtụtụ ihe ụlọ na ndị ahịa. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ meziri ka polystyrene na-agbaze n'oké osimiri. Nsonaazụ nke ihe ngosi a gosipụtara na polystyrene, nke na-amalite ịda na okpomọkụ nke 86 ° na karịa, na-agbada n'ime kemịkal na-emerụ ahụ, dị ka Bisphenol A (BPA, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ), styrene monomer (ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa), na styrene trimer (ihe sitere na polystirene).
Ejikọtala ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na microplastics na uto na-adịghị mma na nsogbu ịmụ nwa n'ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ n'ihi nkwụsị nke endocrine. E biputekwala microplastics ka ọ kpata iwe GI, mgbanwe nke microbiome, ọgba aghara nke ike na metabolism lipid, na nrụgide oxidative.
Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ, dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ihe ndị na-etinye microplastics, yana ọla ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka lead na cadmium.
Ebe ndị a na-achịkọta
thumb|Ihe mkpofu Pacific n'ụsọ osimiri ájá ojii na Maui, Hawaii thumb|Ebe Nkwekọrịta Obodo Ukwu Pacific Mpekere rọba na-achọkarị ịgbakọta n'etiti etiti oke osimiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, North Pacific Gyre achịkọtala ihe a na-akpọ "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", nke a na-eche ugbu a na ọ ga-ewe otu ugboro na iri abụọ karịa Texas (ihe dịka 700,000 ruo 15,000,000 square kilomita). Enwere ike ịnwe rọba dị ka azụ n'oké osimiri. Ọ nwere ọkwa dị elu nke plastic particulate kwụsịtụrụ na kọlụm mmiri dị elu. N'ihe atụ ndị e tere na North Pacific Gyre na 1999, ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ plastik karịrị nke zooplankton (ndụ anụmanụ kasịnụ n'ógbè ahụ) site n'ihe dị ka isii.