cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Spike Trotman
Ọrụ
Akwụkwọ mbụ ya ama ama n'ịntanetị bụ Sparkneedle na Lucas na Odessa, nke ọ malitere ịde na Girlamatic na 2003. Trotman wepụtara Templar, Arizona na 2005. N'afọ 2007, ọ tọrọ ntọala Iron Circus Comics, onye na-ebipụta ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ dị na Chicago nke bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ maka iweta akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị atụ, sci-fi, na erotica n'ahịa ma na-ebipụta ndị na-ese ihe na-enweghị nnọchi anya. Ọ gwara Chicago Tribune na ịba ụba dị iche iche na nnọchi anya na ihe nkiri bụ akụkụ nke mkpali ya ịmalite Iron Circus Comics: "Mgbe m na-abanye n'ime ihe ọchị, ọ dịghị ohere ọ bụla maka ndị dị ka m - ndị na-acha ọcha chọrọ ịkọ akụkọ nke ha, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ịkọ akụkọ nke ha. Comics nwere echiche siri ike banyere ihe ga-ere ma ọ bụ ihe ruru eru dị ka niche. Ihe ọ bụla nwoke na-acha ọcha, nwoke na-edina nwoke ga-eme ga-akọwa na ọ bụrụ nke nwere mmasị zuru ụwa ọnụ, mana ihe ọ bụla m ga-eme ga-ahazi na-akpaghị aka dị ka ihe siri ike ijikọ ma ọ bụ niche.
Iron Circus ebipụtala ihe karịrị utu aha iri atọ, nke gụnyere The Less Than Epic Adventures of TJ na Amal nke E. K. Weaver na Shadoweyes nke Sophie Campbell dere. Trotman kere The Sleep of Reason (ihe egwu egwu), New World, The Smut Peddler series, na Poorcraft: The Funnybook Fundamentals of Living Well on Less, akwụkwọ nkuzi nke Diana Nock gosipụtara. N'afọ 2012, ọ kpọlitere aha Smut Peddler, nke Johanna D. Carlson na Trisha L. Sebastian bipụtara na 2003, nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara, ọkachasị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-agụ akwụkwọ. N'afọ mbụ nke Kickstarter, ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Poorcraft: The Funnybook Fundamentals of Living Well on Less,N'afọ 2022, Iron Circus Comics bipụtara The Poorcraft Cookbook, nke Nero Villagallos O'Reilly gosipụtara dabere na ndị Trotman mepụtara.
A maara Trotman maka ijikọta crowdfunding n'ime ụdị azụmahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta ya. Trotman "wuru ụlọọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị site na ala," ya na Iron Circus Comics na-ebuli ihe karịrị nde dọla abụọ na ọkara n'elu mkpọsa Kickstarter ịrị atọ mbụ ya. Trotman si n'iji Kickstarter pụọ gaa n'elu ikpo okwu nchịkọta onwe ya mgbe Kickstarter kwupụtara na ọ ga-akwaga iji teknụzụ blockchain.
Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ
Templar, Arizona (2005) - Ihe ọchị ahụ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ webcomic nke e mere na obodo Arizona. Ọ na-elekwasị anya n'okpukpe oge ochie na òtù nzuzo, na ụdị dị iche iche, mmekọrịta, ọdịbendị, na akụkọ ịhụnanya.
Nkwanye ugwu na onyinye
Publisher's Weekly kpọrọ Trotman "Star to Watch" na 2015, na-akwanyere ya ugwu dị ka "onye na-aga n'ihu maka omume kachasị mma na crowdfunding".
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, Kickstarter kpọrọ Trotman dịka otu n'ime ndị isi echiche Kickstarter asaa a kpọrọ ka ha duzie okwu na ịme ihe omume obodo.
O meriri Rising Star Award maka Templar Arizona na 2007 Glyph Comics Awards. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe na Small Press Expo's Ignatz Awards na 2016.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Cliff Simon
Cliff Simon (7 Septemba 1962 9 Machị 2021) bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye na-ememe ihe nkiri na South Africa, nke a maara nke ọma maka ngosipụta ya nke Ba'al na Stargate SG-1.
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Simon na Johannesburg, South Africa, nwa nke anọ nke Emmanuelle na Phylis Simon. Nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị Juu si Poland na Lithuania. Site n'oge ọ dị obere, Simon rọrọ nrọ ịghọ onye mbụ na-egwu mmiri na South Africa iji nweta ihe nrite ọla edo nke Olympic. Ọzụzụ ya malitere n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'okpuru nduzi nke nne ya, onye nkuzi igwu mmiri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, o gosipụtara ụfọdụ nkà dịka onye na-eme egwuregwu mmega ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Simon eruola ọkwa mba na South Africa na igwu mmiri na egwuregwu mmega ahụ, mana ọ kwụsịrị egwuregwu mmega ihe iji lekwasị anya na igwu egwu.
N'afọ 1975, nne na nna Simon kpebiri ịkwaga United Kingdom, n'ihi ọgba aghara dị n'Africa n'oge ahụ. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka Simon gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma họrọ ya igwu mmiri na ndị otu mba Britain. O sonyere na ule Olympic ma ruo eru maka 1984 Summer Olympics na Los Angeles. Mahadum Houston na Mahadum Southern Methodist dị na Texas nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ, ebe ọ zụrụ na ndị otu igwu mmiri nke United States, Mustangs. Nke a gaara eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-asọmpi na Olympic Games nke afọ 1984 .Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ batara n'egwuregwu.
Laghachi na South Africa, Simon banyere n'ụgbọelu ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu mmiri ma nweta ihe nrite kachasị elu e nyere n'ụmụ agha ụgbọelu, Victor Ludorum.
Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri
N'afọ 1982, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ abụọ ya n'ụgbọelu, ọ nwetara ọrụ nkuzi windsurfing na water skiing na họtel ezumike. A na-emepụta ihe ngosi na ebe ezumike ahụ, otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri gwara Simon na onye na-eme egwuregwu ahụ na-achọ onye na-egwu egwuregwu. N'iwere ọrụ ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile n'ihe nkiri dị iche iche dịka onye na-agba egwú / onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na-agwụcha dị ka onye ọrụ na Moulin Rouge, Paris, n'afọ 1989; o mechara dee Paris Nights: My Year at the Moulin Rouge.
Ka ọ na-amụ ihe nkiri, Simon nwetara onwe ya onye na-eme ihe ngosi ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na ramp, mbipụta na mgbasa ozi telivishọn. Simon nwetara nkwado dị ka ihe nlereanya na South Africa ma gwa ya ka ọ banye na asọmpi onye nwere nkà na onye na-eme ihe na Maazị South Africa. Mgbe ọ meriri asọmpi a n'afọ 1992, e nyere Simon nyocha na usoro telivishọn, Egoli: Place of Gold. Mgbe ọnwa atọ dị ka onye ọbịa na ihe ngosi ahụ, ọ nabatara ọrụ ndu nke ọ gara n'ihu ruo afọ isii.
Ọ kwagara US n'afọ 2000, wee rute Los Angeles. Simon nwetara onye nnọchi anya, wee nweta ọrụ onye ọbịa na Don Johnson n'usoro TV, Nash Bridges. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwetara ọrụ onye ọbịa nke Ba'al na Stargate SG-1. Ba'al ghọrọ onye na-apụta ugboro ugboro maka oge isii ma gosipụta ya na ihe nkiri Stargate nke afọ 2008 Stargate: Continuum. N'afọ 2015, Simon pụtara na vidiyo dị ka Ba'al maka otu nchekwa, Sea Shepherd.
N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015, a tụbara Simon na ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri sci-fi / thriller Project Eden.
N'afọ 2019, Simon gosipụtara ihe ngosi njem n'ime Unknown (Uncharted Mysteries UK title) nke gosipụtara na The History Channel na UK na 24 Febụwarị afọ 2020. Ntọala nke ihe ngosi ahụ bụ njem zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-achọ ihe mgbaàmà zoro ezo maka "akụkọ ifo kachasị egwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme".
Ndụ onwe
N'afọ 1997, Simon na nwunye ya Collette lụrụ n'ụlọ egwuregwu na South Africa.
N'afọ 2005, Simon ghọrọ nwa amaala United States.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Iba
Ịba bụ ọrịa anwụnta na amụ na efe efe nke ndị mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, a na ebute site na alị protozoans (otu ụdị nke otu selụ otu ahụhụ) nke ụdị Plasmodium. Ịba na ebute ihe mgbanwe na agụnyekarị ahụ ọkụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ịgbụ agbọọ yana isi ọwụwa. Na nke dị egwu ọ nwere ike ibute anụahụ edo-edo, akwụkwụ, ndụ yiri ọnwụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Ihe mgbanwe ndị a na ebidokarị ụbọchị iri ruo iri na ise ka atachara gị. N’ebe ndị agwọghị nke ọma, ọrịa a nwere ike ịmegharị ka ụfọdụ ọnwa gachara. N’ebe ndị gbanarịrị ọrịa a nọ, ibutegharị ọrịa a na ebutekarị ihe mgbanwe dị ntakịrị. nguzodo ntakịrị a na efu ka ọnwa na afọ na aga ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ kpughepuru onwe ya ebe anwụnta nọ.
Ọtụtụ oge, a na enyefe ọrịa ahụ site na ọtịta nke nwunye anwụnta bu ọrịa ahụ ''Anopheles. Ọtịta ahụ na ebubata arụrụ sitere na asọ mmiri nke anwụnta ahụ n’ime ọbara. Arụrụ ahụ na eje na umeju ebe ha na etolite ma mụbanye. Ụdị ise nke Plasmodium nwere ike ịfe ịfe, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịkesa ha. Imirikiti ọnwụ na esite na P. falciparum yana P. vivax, P. ovale, na P. malariae na ebutekarị ụdị nke ịba dị ntakịrị. Ụdị P. knowlesi anaghị ebutekarị ọrịa na ndị mmadụ. A na achọpụtakarị ịba site na nnyocha miri emi nke ọbara site na iji enyo ọbara, ma ọ bụ site na iji antigen – dabere ndapụta usoro polymerase. Emepụtala usoro ndị nwere ike iji ndapụta usoro polymerase iji chọpụta arụrụ nke DNA, mana anaghị eji ya ukwuu na mpaghara ebe ịba dị a na enwekarị n’ihi ọnụego na mgbagwoju anya ha. ''
Enwere ike ịbelata ihe egwu nke ọrịa ahụ site na igbochi ọtịta anwụnta site na iji ntofo anwụnta yana ihe nchụpụ anwụnta, ma ọ bụ site na iji ụkpụrụ njikwa-anwụnta dịka ịgba ihe ihe mgbochi arụrụ yana ịgbapụ mmiri dọ adọ. Ọtụtụ ọgwụ dị na gbochie ịba na ndị njem gaa n’ebe ọrịa ahụ dị ọtụtụ. Oge ụfọdụ akwadoro ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụ sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine na ụmụ ntakịrị yana ka ọnwa atọ izizi n’ime ọnwa itoolu nke afọ ime gachara n’ebe ndị enwere nnukwu ịba. Agbanyeghị mkpa, enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi na arụ ọrụ, tụmadị mbọ a na agba iji mepụta otu na aga n’ihu. Ọgwụgwọ akwadoro maka ịba bụ mkpokọta nke ọgwụ mgbochi ịba gụnyere otu artemisinin. Ọgwụ nke abụọ nwere ike ịbụ mefloquine, lumefantrine, ma ọ bụ sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Enwere ike iji Quinine yana doxycycline ma ọ bụrụ na artemisinin adịghị. Akwadoro ya na mpaghara ebe ọrịa ahụ juru eju, a na amata ịba tupu ebido ọgwụgwọ n’ihi echiche nke mgbochi ọgwụ na ebulite. Mgbochi etolitela bụrụ ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba; dịka ọmụmaatụ, chloroquine – mgbochi P. falciparum ekesaala n’ọtụtụ ebe nwere ịba, yana mgbochi nke artemisinin abụrụla nsogbu n’ụfọdụ akụkụ nke Akụkụ ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Asia.
Ọrịa ahụ kesara nnukwu na mpaghara okpomọkụ yana akụkụ nọketere mpaghara okpomọkụ dị n’oke dị obosara na ahịrị ụwa. Nke a gụnyere imirikiti nke Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, yana Latin America. World Health Organization na ekpebi na 2012, enwere okwu nde 207 nke ịba. Na afọ ahụ, ekpebiri na ọrịa ahụ gburu n’etiti ndị mmadụ 473,000 na 789,000, imirikiti ha bụ ụmụaka na Africa. A na amakọrịkarị ịba yana ụbịam, ọ nwere nnukwu mmetụta jọrọ njọ na ntolite nchịkwa ego obodo. Na Africa ekpebiri na ọ na adapụta na ntufu nke ego ijeri $12 USD n'otu afọ n'ihi ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike dị ọnụ, ikike ịrụ ọrụ na adịghị yana mmetụta na njegharị.
Nrụtụ aka
Òtù:Ọrià
Golibe Festival
Ememme Golibe nke pụtara nanị 'Ịṅụrịa ọṅụ' bụ emume n'obodo Onitsha, nke chọrọ igosi ụwa akụkọ ọdịbendị bara ụba nke obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ mmemme nka, egwu, omenala, ezinaụlọ na obodo site na abalị ekeresimesi ruo afọ ọhụrụ, Golibe na-achịkọta ndị bi na Anambra na mba ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ileta ụmụ amaala si mba ọzọ.
Ememme a bụ otu n'ime ihe si n'aka Nnaemeki Achebe, CFR, mni, Agbogidi na Onitsha "Onitsha in the 21st Century" n'afọ 2016 iji dọta ndị Onitsha, ndị Onitsha, Eastern Nigeria na ndị Naijiria ndị ọzọ, ma n'ụlọ ma n'ime obodo. ndị si mba ọzọ, ka ha were ohere omenaala Onitscha bara ụba na ọnọdụ ya dị ka ebe azụmaahịa na ndị si mba ọzọ.
Ememme a bu n'obi wepụta ohere iji zụlite akụ na ụba obodo na South East, ebe ọ bụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu, obere ụlọ ọrụ ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka ịzụlite azụmahịa na ụdị ha ma nyekwa ndị obodo ohere ịnweta. kere òkè n'ụzọ ga-abara ha uru n'ụzọ akụ̀ na ụba.
Ememme a nwere ihe nkiri vidio, akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala na ọdịnala, egwu ọdịnala, ngosi nka na nka, nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ did iche iche
Ihe omume
Ememe a juputara na ihe omume na-esochi;
Mandy Loots
Ọrụ igwu mmiri
Loots gwuru na South Africa na 1996, 2000 na 2008 Olympics. N'agbanyeghị ịbụ onye mba South Africa, ọ meriri asọmpi ASA National British n'ihe karịrị 100 mita nru ububa na medley 400 mita na 1999. N'egwuregwu All-Africa nke 1999, ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu South Africa kacha mma n'egwuregwu ahụ, wee nweta ihe nrite ọla edo isii. Na Nọvemba 2009, o debere African Record na South African Record na obere oge (25m) 200 ofufe.
Ọ gwuo mmiri na South Africa na:
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
C. M. Battey
Cornelius Marion Battey (Amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọọst 26, afọ 1873 - rụọ ọnwa Maachị 14, afọ 1927) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto nke na-ese onyinyo foto nke ndị isi ojii Amerịka n'ụdị pictorialist. Foto ya nke ndị isi ojii pụtara n'ihu magazin NAACP The Crisis malite n'afọ 1910s. O mechara guzobe ma duzie ngalaba foto na Tuskegee Institute. thumb|W.E.B. Du Bois, nke C.M. Battey sere foto na 1918. thumb|Foto mkpuchi maka mbipụta 1920 nke The Crisis, nke C.M. Battey gbara.
Afọ ndị mbụ
A mụrụ Cornelius Marion Battey n'ọnwa Ọgọọst 26, n'afọ 1873 na Augusta, Georgia, mana a zụlitere ya na North. Ọrụ mbụ ya na foto bụ na ụlọ ọrụ na Cleveland, Ohio. Ọ kwagara Manhattan, New York City ma rụọ ọrụ afọ isii na Bradley Photographic Studio na Fifth Avenue, ebe o nwere ọkwa onye nlekọta. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Underwood & Underwood, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ foto na-aga nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ebe ọ na-eduzi ngalaba retouching
Ọnwụ
Battey nwụrụ na Tuskegee, Alabama n'ọnwa Machị 14, n'afọ 1927 na Cedar Grove Cemetery na Augusta, Georgia.
Nwunye ya, onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ atọ, nwụrụ na mbụ, n'afọ 1912.
Ihe Nketa
Mgbe Battey nwụsịrị, a na-etinye ihe osise ya ma tinye ya n'ebe nchekwa n'ọnọdụ nke mechara bibie ha. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ Tuskegee nwere naanị mbipụta ole na ole dị ndụ site na afọ Battey nke ọrụ akwụkwọ.
N'afọ 1989, a gụnyere ọrụ Battey na ihe ngosi "Black Photographers Bear Witness: 100 Years of Social Protest" na Williams College Museum of Art.
Bartholomew Nnaji
Bartholomew Nnaji bụ onye  injinia Naịjirịa, innovator na otu onye nke echepụta nke E-Design echiche.
Ndụ Ya
Amụrụ ya na Enugu State, Naịjirịa ma onwetara nzere bekee nke sayensi na physics na Mahadum St John's, New York USA. O mechara gaa Virginia Polytechnic Institute na Mahadum Steeti maka Nna-ukwu ya na PhD na Injinịa. Ọ nwetakwara akwụkwọ asambodo nke ka Doctorate na ọgụgụ isi na Robotics site na Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (MIT). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">see okwu dị mkpa  ] Nnaji sonyeere ngalaba injinia na Mahadum Massachusetts, Amherst n’afọ 1983. Mgbe afọ ole na ole gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ Onye guzobere na onye nchịkwa nke Laboratory akpaaka na Robotics na Mahadum. Ọ ghọrọ Ọkammụta zuru oke nke Mechanical and Industrial injinia n'afọ 1992. Dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta, ọ lekwasịrị anya na isi okwu atọ: Kọmputa Enyemaka Onwe, Robotics na Injinịa Kọmputa. N'iji ihe ọmumu o nwetara site na nchọpụta nke nyocha ya, o kere okwu nke echiche geometric, echiche nke ọtụtụ ihe anyị na-arụ ọrụ nwere nhazi geometric.. A na-enye ya otuto dịka otu n'ime ndị ọhụụ nke atụmatụ E-design, ebe ndị na-ahụ maka imepụta ngwaahịa nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ site na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ iji mepụta, gbakọta ma nwalee otu ngwaahịa ahụ, na-eji kọmputa na ịntanetị / World Wide Web.
Nnaji kwagara Mahadum Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania n’afọ 1996 dị ka ALCOA Foundation dị iche na Ọkammụta Injinia. E mechara họpụta ya ka ọbụrụ William Kepler Whiteford Ọkammụta Injinia na Mahadum Pittsburgh, USA, ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Onye Ntọala Onyeisi nke US National Science Foundation (NSF) Ebe ngbakọ maka e-Design - ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum-NSF ise-campus-NSF Ebe ngbakọ nke kacha mma na e-imewe. Ọ hapụrụ Mahadum wee laghachi na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2007.
N’afọ 1993, Nnaji lara ezumike nwepu onwe na Mahadum wee laghachi Naịjirịa ije ozi dị ka Mịnịsta sayensị na nka na ụzụ nke etiti. Ọ tọrọ ntọala Geometric Power, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ọkụ nke ụmụ amaala Naịjirịa n’afọ 2000. N’afọ 2010 o jere ozi dịka Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche nke Onye isi ala na ikikere ọkụ, yana Onye isi oche nke Onye isi ala Task Force na ikikere ọkụ. Ọ ghọrọ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ikikere oku na 2011, ma gbaa arụkwaghịm nke onwe na onwa asato nke afọ 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">see okwu dị mkpa  ] Nnaji bụ onye nka na ụzụ kara aka.Otu osila dị, ọtụtụ oge, ana ewere ya dika Dr. Iheanyichukwu Godswill Nnaji si Steeti Imo , Naịjirịa onye zọrọ ọkwa onyeisiala n'afọ 2007, n'okpuru Better Nigeria Progressive Party (BNPP). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">see okwu dị mkpa  ]
Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ọkụ na Naịjirịa
Na ubochị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa August n'afọ 2012, Barth Nnaji gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ọku na Naịjirịa. Tupu ọ nabata ijere obodo ya ozi dị ka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ọku, Ọkammụta Nnaji si Amerịka lọta n’okpuru Ọchịchị Onyeisi Ala Obasanjo ma mepụta Aba INTEGRATED Power Project (Aba IPP) gbadoro ụkwụ na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ya na gọọmentị etiti Naịjirịa (FGN). Ọchịchị Obasanjo amalitelarị mgbanwe ngalaba ikike na enye ọkụ n'afọ 2004, nke butere gọọmentị inyefe ngalabahu na aka ọhaneze n'afọ 2011,  nkea mere n'okpuru ọchịchị  Onye Isi Ala Goodluck Jonathan. Agbanyeghị, maka ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gọọmentị gbanwere usoro nke nkwekọrịta site na ịghara inye ndị mmepe mmepe mgbanaka mgbanaka ahụ na ngalaba ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-achịkwa iji kwụsị ụkọ ike ọkụ na-adịghị ala ala nke Naịjirịa. Mgbe Ọkammụta. Bart Nnaji gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya n'afọ 2012, akwụkwọ edemede a na-akpọ Economist n'isiokwu ya nke ọkpọrọ "[//www.economist.com/node/21562246 Agbanyụọa ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke]" kwuru na ndị na-akwado Maazi Nnaji na-ekwu na ndị na-emegide inyefe  ike ọkụ na aka ohaneze n'eme ka ọpụpụ ya bụrụ nke na-ezighi ezi  "Nnaji bụ  Ọkasị mma mmadụ maka ọrụa," dịka onye ndụmọdụ na president ọrụ ike na mgbanwe nke ike sịrị kwuo. Ma o nwere ihe ọ na-eme n'ụzọ na-amasịghi ndị ọzọ. ” Ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Mazi Nnaji kwuru na ya "chere ebubo ụgha kpam kpam" ma họrọ ịhapụ ọkwa ya n'ụzọ nsọpụrụ.
Njikọ dị na mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ndepụta nke nkịta amụrụ site na mmekọrịta n'ụdị nkịta ọzọ
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke nkịta amụrụ site mmekorita n'ụdị nkịta ọzọ. Ndị a bụ nkịta amụrụ site na mmekọrịta n'ụdị nkịta ọzọ nke e ji ụma mepụta site na ịgwakọta nkịta abụọ dị ọcha. A maara ụfọdụ dị ka nkịta ndị na-emepụta ihe ma zụlite ha dị ka nkụ ibe, a na-enyekarị aha portmanteau sitere na nke nne na nna; a na-azụ ndị ọzọ iji jikọta àgwà ọrụ ụfọdụ dị na nne na nna.
Edna Molewa
thumb|Edna Molewa Bomo Edith Edna Molewa (23 Machị 1957 22 Septemba 2018) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa na onye otu African National Congress. Molewa ghọrọ Minista nke Mmiri na Mmekọrịta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke South Africa n'ụbọchị 31 Ọktoba 2010, dị ka akụkụ nke mgbanwe nke onye isi ala Jacob Zuma. N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2014, e kewara ozi ya ma họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ nọchiri Buyelwa Sonjica. Tupu ọnwụ ya, Molewa na-amụ maka Bachelor's of Arts Honours na Developmental Studies site na Mahadum nke South Africa.
Waata language
Ndị Waata (Waat, Watha), mà ọ bụ Sanye, bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Oromo nkè Kenya ná ndị bụbu ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe. Há ná Dahalo dị nso na-ekerịta áhà Sanye.
Edna Molewa
Molewa sonyere n'òtù nnwere onwe South Africa site n'afọ 1976 ruo afọ 1990. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu dị iche iche na-eme ihe ike na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara. Malite n'afọ 1984 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union ma mesịa bụrụ osote onye isi oche ya. N'afọ 1994, Molewa ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio na Azụmaahịa na Ụlọ Ọrụ, n'afọ 1996 ọ gara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu Executive Council on Tourism, Environment and Conservation.
Waata language
Asụsụ Waata dị ugbu a nwere ike ịbụ olumba Orma mà ọ bụ Southern Oromo. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ìhè akaebe nà há nwere ike ịpụ n'asụsụ Southern Cushitic, ọtú nkè gụnyere Dahalo.
Edna Molewa
Ọ bụkwa onye otu Executive Council on Economic Development and Tourism site n'afọ 1998 ruo afọ 2000. N'agbata afọ 2000 na afọ 2004, Molewa bụ onye otu Executive Council on Agriculture, Conservation and Environment Affairs. N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2004, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi ala nke North West Provincial Government, ọfịs ọ nọ na ya ruo n'afọ 2009, a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ya mere ka mpaghara ahụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. N'oge dị mkpirikpi, a họpụtara Molewa ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mmepe ọha na eze, mana n'afọ 2010 ọ ghọrọ Mịnịsta Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Mmekọrịta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi mgbe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ, na-anọchi Buyelwa Sonjica. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, ngalaba ahụ kewara ma Molewa ghọrọ minista nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi ọhụrụ, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Septemba afọ 2018.
International Seabed Authority
thumb|ISA Headquaters International Seabed Authority (ISA) (French: Autorité internationale des fonds marins) bụ Kingston, Jamaica bụ otu gọọmentị etiti nke mba 167 na European Union guzobere n'okpuru 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) na ya. Nkwekọrịta 1994 na mmejuputa iwu. The ISA si dual ozi bụ ikike na ịchịkwa mmepe nke ịnweta metụtara ọrụ na mba seabed weere na "nkịtị nketa nke ihe nile a kpọrọ mmadụ" na-echebekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke seabed, oké osimiri n'ala na subsoil na "The Area" karịrị mba ikike. ISA ga-echekwa oke osimiri miri emi nke mba ụwa, mmiri dị n'okpuru mita 200 ma ọ bụ 656, bụ ebe ìhè na-ezughị ezu na-egbochi photosynthesis. Na-achị ihe dị ka ọkara nke mkpokọta mpaghara oke osimiri ụwa, ISA bụ iji nlezianya na-ahụ maka ihe omume ndị nwere ike imebi ụdị dị iche iche nke ndu na imebi gburugburu mmiri. Ndị ikike ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nzukọ mba ụwa kwụụrụ onwe ya na Mgbakọ, Kansụl na Ọfịs nke ya.
Kemgbe mmalite ISA na 1994, ndị ikike ahụ akwadola nkwekọrịta nyocha ihe ngwuputa ihe karịrị iri na abụọ na oke osimiri na Atlantic, Pacific na Indian Ocean, yana ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta maka nyocha na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton n'etiti Hawaii na Mexico, ebe polymetallic nodules nwere. ọla kọpa, cobalt na mineral ndị ọzọ eji eme batrị eletrik. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ikike ahụ enyeghị ikike nkwekọrịta ngwuputa azụmahịa ọ bụla ka ọ na-atụgharị uche maka ụkpụrụ n'etiti oku zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nkwụsịtụ n'ime ogbunigwe miri emi. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-adọ aka ná ntị na ngwungwu ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike imebi oke osimiri dị ka ebe ikuku carbon nke nwere ụdị dị ụkọ na ụdị dị iche iche. Ndị otu UNCLOS na ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ịgbapụta akụ na-akwado ISA ma bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu Michael Lodge, onye ọka iwu Britain na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nchịkwa mmadụ 47 ma nwee nkatọ maka njikọ chiri anya na ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa na nkwado maka nyocha ụgbọ mmiri miri emi. ịzụlite ume ọhụrụ.
Mmalite
Ndị ikike ahụ mere ọgbakọ izizi ya na obodo ha nwere, Jamaica, na 16 Nọvemba 1994, ụbọchị Mgbakọ ahụ malitere. Emeela isiokwu ndị na-achịkwa ikike ahụ "na-achọpụta mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba, gụnyere ụzọ ndị ahịa na-adabere na ahịa, na-emetụta mmejuputa" nke mgbakọ ahụ. Ndị ikike ahụ nwetara ọkwa onye na-ekiri ya na United Nations na Ọktoba 1996. Ndị ikike ahụ nwere ndị otu 167 yana European Union, nke mejupụtara ndị otu niile na Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri. Ndị ikike ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site na nkwekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo na nke ọha na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-enye ha ikike inyocha, ma nwee ike irigbu, mpaghara akọwapụtara na oke oke osimiri maka akụrụngwa ịnweta, dị ka cobalt, nickel na manganese.
"Ihe Nketa nke Ụmụ Mmadụ Nile"
N'okpuru UNCLOS, Nkebi nke XI, Nkeji 2. "Ebe na ihe onwunwe ya bụ ihe nketa nke mmadụ." N'ihi ya, ISA ga-ahụrịrị na a na-eme ihe omume na mpaghara ahụ naanị maka ebumnuche udo na maka ọdịmma mmadụ niile, na-ekekọrịta uru akụ na ụba n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nlebara anya pụrụ iche maka mkpa nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe.
Ọchịchị na ọrụ
Tinyere onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu, akụkụ abụọ bụ isi na-eguzobe atumatu ma na-achịkwa ọrụ nke ikike: Mgbakọ, nke ndị òtù UNCLOS niile na-anọchi anya ya, na otu Council nke mmadụ 36 họpụtara.
Odeakwụkwọ ukwu
Nzukọ a na-ahọpụta onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ anọ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke ISA, na-elekọta ndị ọrụ ikike ma na-enye mkpesa kwa afọ nye Mgbakọ. Amachibidoro odeakwụkwọ ukwu ka ọ jide mmasị ego n'ọrụ ngwuputa ọ bụla nke ndị nwe obodo nyere ikike.
N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2016, Mgbakọ nke ndị ọchịchị họpụtara Michael Lodge nke United Kingdom, maka afọ anọ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu malite na 1 Jenụwarị 2017. Ọ nọchiri Nii Allotey Odunton nke Ghana, onye jerela ozi afọ abụọ n'usoro afọ anọ kemgbe. 2008.
Kansụl
Kansụl nke ndị otu 36, nke Nzukọ a họpụtara, na-enye ikike na nkwekọrịta na gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo iji nyochaa na igwu ala mmiri nke mba ụwa ma debe iwu na usoro, n'okpuru nkwado nke Mgbakọ, maka ọchịchị ISA. Kansụl ahụ na-ahọpụtakwa onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu, onye nzuko zuru ezu ga-ahọpụta ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ anọ. A na-eme nnọkọ izugbe nke ISA kwa afọ, nke na-adịkarị izu abụọ na Kingston.
Ụlọ ọrụ
Mgbakọ ahụ guzobekwara otu a na-akpọ Enterprise nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ngwuputa ihe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke nwere ike iwepụta "narị narị nde dollar n'ụgwọ eze" ka ha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe kerịta." Òtù gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Greenpeace ekwupụtala nchegbu maka ebubo ISA. esemokwu nke mmasị dị ka ma onye na-achịkwa na onye na-azụ ahịa, ọ bụ ezie na ISA na-agọnahụ esemokwu nke ụgwọ mmasị.
Ọnọdụ
Ndị ikike ahụ nwere Ọfịs nke akwụkwọ ikike ikike 37 yana mmefu ego biennial 2022 nke ihe ruru $10,000,000.
Ikike
UNCLOS na-akọwa mpaghara oke osimiri nke mba ụwa — akụkụ dị n'okpuru ikike ISA - dịka "ala oke osimiri na ala oke osimiri na ala ya, gafere oke ikike mba" UNCLOS na-akọwapụta mpaghara ikike mba dị ka "Oké Osimiri 12 nautical-mile; ihe Mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụiche ruru ihe dị ka 200 nautical miles na shelf kọntinent", ọ gwụla ma mba nwere ike igosipụta na shelf kọntinent ya na-adị ogologo oge karịa oke ahụ, ebe ọ nwere ike iru 350 nautical miles (650 km). ISA enweghị ọrụ n'ịchọpụta oke a. Kama, a na-ahapụrụ ọrụ a n'aka òtù ọzọ nke UNCLOS hibere, Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf, nke na-enyocha data sayensị nke steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nyefere na-ekwu na ha nwere ike iru. thumb|250x250px|Mba ndị so na ya nọchitere anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; mba ndị na-ekiri ya na-acha odo odo (ihe edeturu: European Union nwekwara ndị otu) thumb|Clarion Clipperton Zone, 1.7 nde square mile n'etiti Hawaii na Mexico, nke a maara maka nodules nke cobalt, nickel, manganese na ọla kọpa, yana ụdị ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe
Ahịa
Ọ bụ ezie na ISA anabatabeghị nkwekọrịta ngwungwu azụmahịa, ndị ikike ahụ na-atụ anya na Ngwuputa azụmahịa nwere ike ịmalite n'oge dị ka 2023-2024 na mmecha nke iwu ISA na-arụrịta ụka nke ukwuu. Na 2021, mba Pacific Island nke Nauru kpalitere oge imecha nke chọrọ ISA ka ọ kwado ụkpụrụ ngwuputa azụmahịa ikpeazụ ka ọ na-erule Julaị 2023 ma ọ bụ kwe ka ndị ọrụ ngo na-egwupụta ihe n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nhazi dị ugbu a.
Mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton
thumb|Perlophiura profundissima dị na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton. Foto: Glover, Dahlgren & Wiklund, 2015. Ebe e si nweta ya: Glover A, Wiklund H, Rabone M, Amon D, Smith C, O'Hara T, Mah C, Dahlgren T (2016) Ọtụtụ ebe a na-eme nchọpụta dị na Clarion-Clipperton Mpaghara (CCZ), na Equatorial North Pacific Ocean, ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hawaii, n'etiti Hawaii na Mexico. CCZ dị jụụ, nke obosara dị ka kọntinent US, bụ ebe obibi nke nodules polymetallic ma ọ bụ puku ijeri ihe dị ka lumps nke nduku etolitela ọtụtụ nde afọ nwere nickel, manganese, ọla kọpa, zinc na cobalt, yana coral miri emi, sponges. na ụdị pụrụ iche ("ghost octopus", crustaceans, ikpuru na oké osimiri kukumba) na na nso ìhè-obere gburugburu ebe obibi itinye nkume-dị ka nodules maka ndo. Ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta chọrọ igwu nodules polymetallic maka nchekwa batrị maka ụgbọ ala eletrik, Smartphones na ike anyanwụ na ikuku.
Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-eme nchọpụta
E enyelakwa nkwekọrịta nyocha maka nodules polymetallic maka ndị ọrụ ngo na-arụ ọrụ na Central Indian Ocean Basin na Western Pacific Ocean. Ndị ISA enyela nkwekọrịta nyocha maka polymetallic sulphides na South West Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge na Mid-Atlantic Ridge, yana nkwekọrịta maka nyocha maka crusts bara ụba cobalt na Western Pacific Ocean.
Ihe ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta chọrọ
A chọrọ onye ọ bụla n'ime nkwekọrịta ka ọ mepụta atụmatụ nhụsianya ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-aga nke ọma n'oge nyocha, na-akọ akụkọ kwa afọ banyere ọrụ ya na mpaghara e kenyere ya ma tụọ usoro ọzụzụ maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.
Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta
A chọrọ onye ọ bụla n'ime nkwekọrịta ka ọ mepụta atụmatụ nhụsianya ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-aga nke ọma n'oge nyocha, na-akọ akụkọ kwa afọ banyere ọrụ ya na mpaghara e kenyere ya ma tụọ usoro ọzụzụ maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.
Na 2001-2002 ISA bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na Yuzhmorgeology (Russian Federation); Interoceanmetal Joint Organisation (IOM) (Bulgaria, Cuba, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland na Russian Federation); Gọọmenti nke Republic of Korea; Ndị otu nchọpụta na mmepe nke China Ocean Minerals (COMRA) (China); Deep Ocean Resources Development Company (DORD) (Japan); Institut français de recherche pour l’exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) (France); gọọmentị India. Na 2006, ndị ikike bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ 15 na Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany.
Na 2008, ikike ahụ nwetara ngwa ọhụrụ abụọ maka ikike inyocha maka nodules polymetallic, na-abịa na nke mbụ site na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo na mba ndị na-emepe emepe nke agwaetiti Pacific. N'ịbụ ndị gọọmentị ha na-akwado, ndị Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. na Tonga Offshore Mining Limited nyefere ha. Ndị ikike nyere Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. nkwekọrịta nyocha afọ 15 na 22 Julaị 2011 yana nye Tonga Offshore Mining Limited na 12 Jenụarị 2012.
A nyekwara G-TECH Sea Mineral Resources NV (Belgium) nkwekọrịta nyocha nke afọ iri na ise maka nodules polymetallic na 14 Jenụwarị 2013; Marawa Research and Exploration Ltd (Kiribati) na 19 Jenụarị 2015; Ocean Mineral Singapore Pte Ltd na 22 Jenụwarị 2015; UK Seabed Resources Ltd (nkwekọrịta abụọ na 8 February 2013 na 29 Maachị 2016 n'otu n'otu); Cook Islands Investment Corporation na 15 Julaị 2016 na nso nso a China Minmetal Corporation na 12 Mee 2017.
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ abanyela nkwekọrịta asaa maka nchọpụta maka polymetallic sulphides na South West Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge na Mid-Atlantic Ridge na China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (18 November 2011); Gọọmenti Russia (29 October 2012); Ọchịchị nke Republic of Korea (24 June 2014); Institut français de recherche pour l’ exploitation de la mer (Ifremer, France, 18 Nọvemba 2014); Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Institute for Geosciences na Natural Resources nke Germany (6 May 2015); na Gọọmenti India (26 Septemba 2016) na Gọọmenti nke Republic of Poland (12 February 2018).
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nkwekọrịta ise maka nyocha nke cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts na Western Pacific Ocean na China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (29 April 2014); Ụlọ ọrụ mba Japan mmanụ gas na ọla (JOGMEC, 27 Jenụarị 2014); Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (10 March 2015), Companhia De Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (9 November 2015) na Gọọmenti nke Republic of Korea (27 March 2018).
Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu ihu igwe
Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si mba 44, Google, BMW na Volvo, World Wildlife Fund na ọtụtụ mba Pacific, gụnyere Fiji na Papua New Guinea, akpọọla oku ka a kwụsị ọrụ ngwupụta ogbunigwe miri emi ruo mgbe a ga-eme nyocha sayensị karịa mmetụta ọ na-enwe na mmiri. gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ndị na-akwado maka igwu egwu mmiri miri emi na-arụ ụka na mwepu ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe dị oke mkpa maka batrị ụgbọ ala eletrik dị mkpa iji wulite akụ na ụba na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.
Ndị mmegide na-arụ ụka n'igwupụta ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri nwere ike imebi oke osimiri nke ụwa, bụ́ nke na-eme ihe dị ka ikuku carbon na-amịkọrọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ikuku carbon n'ụwa kwa afọ. thumb|Esperanza nke Greenpeace. Foto: Jean-Pierre Bazard Òtù na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Greenpeace welitere mkpesa banyere ogbunigwe miri emi n'oké osimiri na-akpaghasị ebe obibi nke ụdị a na-akọ ọhụrụ, site na crabs ruo whale ruo ejula na-adị ndụ na-erighị nri ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ikuku ọkụ bioluminescent. Greenpeace agbaala ndị ISA ume ka ha mepewanye ụkpụrụ UNCLOS ntọala Nkeji edemede 136 "nke ihe nketa nke mmadụ niile" iji degharịa ụkpụrụ na ịtọ ebumnuche nchekwa. Na 2018 Greenpeace Research Laboratories na-akọ na nzukọ ahụ kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ichebe ụdị mmiri dị iche iche sitere na nsị ewepụtara n'oge a na-egwupụta ala mmiri maka gas sitere n'okike na ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe maka sel fotovoltaic. Greenpeace na-ekwusi ike na "pro-erigbu" ISA abụghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị iji dozie ogbunigwe miri emi (DSM). N'afọ 2019, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace mere mkpesa na mpụga nzukọ kwa afọ nke International Seabed Authority na Jamaica, na-akpọ maka nkwekọrịta oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ iji machibido igwu mmiri miri emi n'ebe nsọ oke osimiri. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike ejirila ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, Esperanza, si na "Lost City dị n'etiti Atlantic" gaa Jamaica, mpaghara Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ na-eyi egwu site na nyocha nke ISA nyere ikike.
Onye ode akwụkwọ ISA Michael Lodge kwuru na nkwado Greenpeace maka nkwekọrịta oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ bụghị ISA, iji chịkwaa ogbunigwe miri emi enweghị isi.
Nchegbu maka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ pụta ìhè
Na 2022, The Guardian kọrọ na ISA agaghị emeghari nkwekọrịta maka Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB), nkewa nke International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), nke kpuchiri usoro gara aga iji nọgide na-edekọ aha ISA nọọrọ onwe ya. Mkpebi a bịara n'agbanyeghị ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na igwu mmiri n'oké osimiri azụmahịa "ga-abụ "ihe ize ndụ", "enweghị uche" na "enweghị mgbagha" na mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. The Guardian kọkwara na Germany na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi ewelitere ajụjụ gbasara enweghị nghọta site n'aka ISA's Legal and Technical Commission (LTC), nke na-eme nzukọ mechiri emechi iji tọọ ụkpụrụ na ịnye ụkpụrụ maka igwu ala mmiri.
Na nzaghachi na nkatọ, ISA Secretary General Michael Lodge gbachiteere ISA dị ka a " transperent ọha forum nke nkwenye-ewu."
Ebubo nke esemokwu ọdịmma
Na 2022, akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles Times kọrọ na International Seabed Authority chere nkatọ ihu maka esemokwu nke mmasị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ LA Times kwuru na ISA na-akwado ịkwado ogbunigwe n'akụkụ oké osimiri, n'agbanyeghị nchegbu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eche banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye isi ISA Michael Lodge katọrọ otu ndị a, na-ekwu na e nwere "mgbanaka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto eto na nkwenkwe okpukpe na-adabere na fanaticism" ma na-arụ ụka na ogbunigwe n'oké osimiri bụ "nke a na-ebu amụma ma nwee ike ịchịkwa". Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị otu ndị ọrụ Lodge jụrụ mpụta Lodge na vidiyo ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na-achọ itinye ego na nyocha roboti maka mineral iji rụpụta ụgbọ ala eletrik. Na vidiyo ahụ, Lodge kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ya kwadoro nkwekọrịta nyocha nke afọ 15 n'ihi na "ihe ndị metụtara ala na-esiwanye ike ịnweta."
United States na-anaghị anabata UNCLOS
Ndị na-emegide Iwu Nkwekọrịta Oké Osimiri bụ ndị na-enwekarị obi abụọ maka itinye aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States jụrụ ajụjụ kpọmkwem ụdị ọrụ ISA na ikike. N'afọ 2007, ọ bụ ezie na Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke United States kwadoro nkwado nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, ndị Senate zuru ezu akwadoghị nkwekọrịta ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị Republican na-arụrịta ụka na UNCLOS nwere ike iyi egwu nchekwa obodo site na itinye aka na ọrụ agha oké osimiri ma gbochie ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta akụ mmiri site n'itinye ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. .
Otu n'ime arụmụka mgbochi nkwenye bụ ebubo na ISA nwere ntụpọ ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị mkpa. N'ụdị mbụ ya, Mgbakọ ahụ gụnyere ụfọdụ ndokwa ndị ụfọdụ chọpụtara na ọ dịghị mma, dịka:
N'ihi nchegbu ndị a, United States kwadoro maka mgbanwe nke Mgbakọ ahụ, nweta Agreement 1994 na mmejuputa iwu nke na-ebelatatụ ha ma si otú a gbanwee ikike ISA. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe a United States akwadobeghị Mgbakọ ahụ, yabụ na ọ bụghị onye otu ISA, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-eziga ndị nnọchi anya buru ibu isonye na nzukọ dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe.
Dị ka onye na-ekiri, ọ bụghị UNCLOS bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado, U.S. agaghị ekwe ka votu na nkwado nke ikpeazụ iwu Ngwuputa Ngwuputa azụmahịa na ha agaghị enwe ike ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ itinye akwụkwọ maka nkwekọrịta na mmiri mba ụwa. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ISA chọrọ ka steeti bụ ndị bịanyere aka na ya UNCLOS na-akwado ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. Onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta agha nke United States Lockheed Martin, agbanyeghị, na-ekere òkè na ọrụ ogbunigwe miri emi nke Britain abụọ.
Iwu
Isi mmezu omebe iwu nke ikike ahụ bụ nnabata, n'afọ 2000, nke ụkpụrụ na-achịkwa nyocha maka nodules polymetallic. Ihe onwunwe ndị a, nke a na-akpọkwa manganese nodules, nwere manganese, cobalt, ọla kọpa na nickel dị iche iche. Ha na-eme dịka mkpọmkpọ nduku gbasasịrị n'elu ala oke osimiri, ọkachasị na etiti oke osimiri Pasifik na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton mana enwere ihe nkwụnye ego na oke osimiri India.
N'ọnwa Julaị, 2019, Commissionlọ Ọrụ Iwu na Azụmaahịa ISA kwadebere "Iwu ụkpụrụ maka irigbu akụrụngwa ịnweta na Mpaghara."
N'afọ 2010, ISA nakweere Iwu na Nleba anya na Nchọgharị maka Polymetallic Sulphides.
N'afọ 2012, ndị ikike ahụ nakweere Iwu na Nleba anya na Nchọgharị maka Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts.
The Council nke Authority malitere ọrụ na August 2002 ọzọ set nke ụkpụrụ, na-ekpuchi polymetallic sulfides na cobalt-ọgaranya ferromanganese crusts, nke bụ ọgaranya isi iyi nke mineral dị otú ahụ dị ka ọla kọpa, ígwè, zinc, ọlaọcha na ọlaedo, yana cobalt. A na-ahụ sulphides n'akụkụ isi iyi ọkụ mgbawa ugwu, ọkachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oke Osimiri Pasifik, ebe ọnyà ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu oke osimiri na ebe ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ụwa. Kansụl ahụ kpebiri na 2006 iji dozie usoro iwu dị iche iche maka sulphides na crusts, na-ebute ụzọ sulphides. O tinyere ọtụtụ n'ime oge ya na 2007 na 2008 n'ọrụ a, mana ọtụtụ okwu ka edozibeghị. Ndị isi n'ime ihe ndị a bụ nkọwa na nhazi nke mpaghara a ga-ekenye ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta maka nyocha, ụgwọ a ga-akwụ ndị nwe ụlọ na ajụjụ gbasara otu esi eme ihe nkwudo ọ bụla nwere ike ibilite. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Kọmịshọna Iwu na nka na ụzụ kọrọ ọganihu na eriri ferromanganese.
Ọmụmụ ihe na nyocha
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ omebe iwu ya, ndị nwe obodo na-ahazi ọmụmụ ihe kwa afọ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke nyocha nke oke osimiri, na-emesi ike na usoro iji chebe gburugburu mmiri site na nsogbu ọ bụla. Ọ na-esi n'akwụkwọ na-ekesa nsonaazụ nke nzukọ ndị a. Nnyocha e mere n'ime ọtụtụ afọ na-ekpuchi isi ihe ịnweta mpaghara Central Pacific rụpụtara nyocha teknụzụ gbasara ụdị dị iche iche, ụdị dịgasị iche iche na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mpaghara abyssal Pacific nodule, na-ekwusi ike na ịkọ na ijikwa mmetụta nke igwu ala mmiri miri emi A ogbako na Manoa, Hawaii, n'October 2007 mepụtara echiche na ndụmọdụ maka nguzobe "ebe nchekwa nchekwa" na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton, ebe a ga-amachibido ịkụnye nodule iji hapụ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ISA kwadoro ogbako maka ịkwalite ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi ọmụmụ sayensị miri emi, nlekọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe miri emi, usoro maka Africa na akụrụngwa na teknụzụ maka DSM na nnọkọ maka ịkekọrịta uru akụ na ụba nke DSM.
Omume mba n'igwupụta ihe n'ala oké osimiri
Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmasị na ngwungwu miri emi nke oké osimiri, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ferromanganese crusts na polymetallic sulphides, ebutewo n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na mmiri n'ime mpaghara mba Papua New Guinea, Fiji na Tonga. Papua New Guinea bụ mba mbụ n'ụwa nyere ikike ịnya ụgbọ ala maka nkwụnye ego sulphide nke oke osimiri mgbe o nyere ikike mbụ na Nautilus Minerals na 1997. Amụma oké osimiri ọhụrụ nke Japan na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ịzụlite methane hydrate na hydrothermal nkwụnye ego n'ime akụ na ụba Japan pụrụ iche. mpaghara ma na-akpọ maka ịzụ ahịa nke akụrụngwa ndị a n'ime afọ 10 na-esote. N'ịkọ akụkọ banyere ihe ndị a n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kwa afọ nye ndị nwe obodo n'April 2008, odeakwụkwọ ukwu Nandan rụkwara aka n'ụzọ dị elu nke ọchịchọ na ọnụ ahịa maka cobalt, ọla kọpa, nickel na manganese, ọla ndị bụ isi nke a ga-esi na ngwuputa mmiri dị n'oké osimiri, na. o kwuru na teknụzụ ndị a na-emepụta maka ịwepụta n'ụsọ mmiri nwere ike ịmegharị maka igwu mmiri miri emi.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, enweela mmasị dị ukwuu na ohere nke iji ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri dị n'oké osimiri Arctic, nke dị n'akụkụ Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Russia na United States (lee ihe na-ekwu na Territorial na Arctic). Na 2020, otu mba dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi gbara gọọmentị Norway ume ka ọ ghara ịhapụ naanị atụmatụ maka igwu mmiri miri emi n'okpuru ikike mba, kamakwa ikwu okwu megide DSM Arctic Ngwuputa n'ihu International Seaboard Authority.
Ego inye onyinye
N'afọ 2006, ikike ahụ hibere ego onyinye iji kwado nyocha sayensị sayensị nke mmiri na mpaghara International Seabed. Ego a ga-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara nwere ahụmahụ sitere na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe aka isonye na nyocha miri emi nke ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na nke mba haziri. A malitere mkpọsa na February 2008 iji chọpụta ndị sonyere, guzobe netwọk nke òtù na-akwado ma na-achọ ego n'èzí iji kwalite onyinye mbụ $3 nde sitere na ikike.
Nkwado afọ ofufo
Na 2017, ndị ikike debanyere nkwa afọ ofufo asaa na UN Oceans Conference for Sustainable Development Goal 14. Ndị a bụ:
Ihe odide
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Frans Indongo
Fransisco Aupa Indongo (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 15 1936), bụ onye ọchụnta ego Namibia a ma ama na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ. O nwere Continental Enterprises, Indongo Toyota, Frans Indongo Gardens, Farm Gelukwater, Select Service na Gas Station na òkè dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe na ịkụ azụ na Namibia. Ọ bụ nna di nke onye ọka iwu a ma ama bụ Sisa Namandje na onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ a ma ama bụ Wosman Hamukonda. Ọ bụ onye nke atọ na ndepụta nke mmadụ iri kachasị baa ọgaranya na Namibia, n'azụ ezinụlọ Pupkewitz na Olthaver & List.
Ọrụ azụmahịa
Indongo mepere azụmahịa mbụ ya, nke mere brik, na ngwụsị afọ 1950. Site na uru sitere na azụmahịa ahụ, ọ zụtara ngwá ọrụ akwa maka ịkpụ ákwà, nke ọ rere na Oranjemund. N'afọ 1961, o mepere obere ụlọ ahịa na Omusimboti, Oshana nke mechara nye ya ohere imeghe ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa na mba ahụ. Indongo nwere ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe na Namibia, gụnyere ebe ndị a ma ama na Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Walvis Bay, Otjiwarongo na Windhoek yana ụlọ ọrụ shuga na azụmaahịa. Ọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego a ma ama nke ọma
Nsọpụrụ
N'afọ 2001, Indongo nwetara nzere doctorate na nchịkwa azụmahịa na Mahadum Namibia. N'afọ 2003, a kpọrọ otu okporo ámá aha ya n'ime obodo Windhoek. Indongo nwere Etango Complex na Oshakati, otu n'ime ụlọ kachasị elu na ugwu Namibia.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ọwara Oké Osimiri Azzurro
Ọrụ
Dị ka TX 33 Maarten Cornelis, na 2009 e ji ya nwalee "SumWing" nke kpatara obere nsogbu nala oké osimiri karịa omenala beam trawl nihi na nku ya naefe nelu ala mgbe ọ naegbu azụ. Ọ naejikwa obere mmanụ karịa ịkụ azụ ọdịnala.
Nafọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ Golfo Azzurro Foundation gbazitere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ ndị ya na Sea Shepherd Conservation Society jikọrọ aka ma, site na iji ego sitere na Brigitte Bardot Foundation, jiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ nlekota nzuzo na Danish Protectorate of the Faroe Islands.
Nabalị iri na asaa nọnwa Ọgọstụ, ndị uwe ojii Danish banyere nụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma nyochaa ya wee hapụ ya ka ọ gaa nokpuru ndị Royal Danish Navy. E kenyere ụgbọ mmiri Thetis nke Denmark <i id="mwKA">Triton</i> iji nyochaa omume ha.
Na June 2016 Golfo Azzurro kpọrọ 'Boat Refuge Foundation', ntọala Dutch, ka ha gaa ịchọ ma napụta iji zọpụta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọ bụ Adrian J. Sonneveld, Captain na shipmanager naelekọta ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Ọ bụ ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri nke Ịtali naahụ maka ọrụ ọchụchọ na nnapụta. Golfo Azzuro naarụ ọrụ nokpuru ọkọlọtọ Panama. The Boat Refuge Foundation kwụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ maka ọnụahịa ihe atụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Golfo Azzurro Foundation dị na Rotterdam.
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2016 ụlọ ọrụ NGO nke Spain bụ Proactiva Open Arms kwụrụ ụgwọ Golfo Azzurro, (NGO Boat Refuge Foundation kwụsịrị ọrụ ọchụchọ na nnapụta na Nọvemba afọ 2016) wee malite ịchọ na nnapụisi nakụkụ mmiri Libya. Noge ahụ, Pro Activa Open Arms naeme nchọta na nnapụta nke ọma na ụgbọ mmiri ASTRAL.
Noge ọchụchọ na nnapụta na Mediterenian, netiti Ọgọst 2016 na Ọgọust 2017, Golfo Azzurro napụtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụaka 8,500, ma kwado ndị NGO ndị ọzọ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 1500 nọ na nsogbu. Dị ka ụgbọ mmiri nnapụta ndị ọzọ, ọ chere egwu sitere naka ndị nche osimiri Libya ihu.
Nime ọnwa mbụ nke ọrụ nchọta na nnapụta René Hazenkamp si Netherlands (otu nime ndị ọrụ; onye naesi nri) mere ihe nkiri banyere Golfo Azzurro na ndị ọrụ ya. Ihe nkiri a, GANGWAY TO A FUTURE, gosipụtara na Jenụwarị 2018 na International Film Festival Rotterdam.
Temitayo Ogunbiyi
Temitayo Ogunbiyi (amụrụ n'afọ 1984) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye nlekọta nke oge a na Naijiria. A maara ya maka ihe ngosi ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, nke kachasị ewu ewu bụ ebe egwuregwu ewubere na Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina nke Italy na 2020, nke a maara dị ka You Can Play in the Everyday, Running.
Malite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Ogunbiyi na 1984 na Rochester, New York. O tolitere na Gwynedd ma gaa Wissahickon High School na Montgomery County. O nwetara BA na Mahadum Princeton, New Jersey, n'afọ 2006. Emesịa, o nwetara nzere masta ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Columbia, New York, n'afọ 2011. Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Lagos, Nigeria, ma biri ebe ahụ afọ itoolu gara aga.
Ọrụ
N'afọ 2012, e gosipụtara nka ya na Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts, St Louis na Centre for Contemporary Art, Lagos. O gosipụtakwara nka ya na Museum of Contemporary Diasporan Art na Lagos n'afọ 2013, sochiri ihe ngosi na Tiwani Contemporary, London n'afọ 2016 na Lagos Biennial of Contemporary Art nke abụọ n'afọ 2019. Ihe osise ya pụtakwara na Museum of Contemporary African Diasporan Arts na Brooklyn, New York, Perm Art Museum na Russia, Dom Umenia Bratislava na Slovakia, na Berlin Art Projects nakwa Fries Museum na Berlin.
Ogunbiyi arụwo ebe egwuregwu atọ nke na-arụ ọrụ ruo ugbu a. O wuru nke mbụ ya, na-eji ihe owuwu na ihe eji eme ụlọ, n'afọ 2018. N'afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ọrụ egwuregwu ya na mbipụta nlekọta nke e nyere maka ọgbakọ Berlin Biennale nke ịrị. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, ọ rụrụ ebe egwuregwu akpọrọ You Will Find Playgrounds Among the Palm Trees maka afọ abụọ nke Lagos. E wuru ebe egwuregwu ahụ iji gosipụta njem nke ndị Africa na-agba ohu na Colombia. O mere ka Kathryn Weir, onye nduzi nka ugbu a nke Museo Madre, Naples, nye ọrụ ngosi ya n'afọ 2020 na Italy.