cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ndepụta ego na Afrika
Ka mba Afrịka nwetara nnwere onwe ha na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ụfọdụ nọgidere na-enwe okpukpe ọhụrụ ndị e webatara, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọzọ gbanwere aha ego ha maka ihe dị iche iche. Taa, ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa na-emekarị ka a chọọ ego mba ọzọ achọ (ma a machibidoro ya iwu), ebe n'ime ime obodo, usoro mgbanwe mbụ ka na-ejikarị ya eme ihe. Ka ọ na-erule 1 Machị nke afọ 2019, dinar Libya (LYD) nwere ego kachasị ike n'Africa.
Oge tupu ọchịchị ndị eze
N'oge tupu ọchịchị ndị eze, a na-eji ọtụtụ ihe eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ego n'Afrika. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mkpokoro, ingots, ọlaedo (uzuzu ọlaedo na mkpụrụ ego ọlaedo (Axante)), isi akụ́, ígwè, nnu, ehi, ewu, blanket, anyụike, beads, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, enwere ike ịzụta ohu na West Africa na ego manilla; ọtụtụ mgbaaka di ka -X nke ọla nchara ma ọ bụ ígwè ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkwụnye na mkpara.
Oge ọchịchị ndị ọzọ
N'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị (ihe dị ka site n'afọ 1680 ruo afọ 1990) ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ webatara ego nke ha na mpaghara ha ma ọ bụ mepụta ụdị ego ha. Ndị a gụnyere shilling Somalia; lira Italian East Afrika; na franc Afrika (na mba ndị na-asụ French). Ọtụtụ gọọmentị ndị na-achị mba ndị ọzọ ejirila aha na usoro ọnụ ahịa nke ego ha na-achị n'oge ọchịchị ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e ji pound Naịjirịa dochie pound nke British West Africa, nke e kewara na shilling, tupu naira dochie ya.
Oge a
A hụrụ ihe dị iche mgbe mmekọrịta ike mba ọzọ na achị gbanwere, na-akpata mgbanwe na ego: East African rupee (site na azụmaahịa ogologo oge na Arabia na India) ka shilling East Africa dochie anya mgbe ndị Britain ghọrọ ike kachasị na mpaghara ahụ. Mba ndị ọzọ tụfuru ego kachasị nke onye agbata obi: Botswana pula nọchiri rand South Afrika na Botswana n'afọ 1976. Ụfọdụ mba agbanwebeghị ego ha n'agbanyeghị na ha na-achị mgbe ọchịchị, dịka ọmụmaatụ Uganda na-ejigide shilling Uganda.
Ego mpaghara
right|thumb| {{legend|#60BCD8|[[West African CFA franc}} {{legend|#BF7CD8|Central African CFA franc}}{{legend|#DD8383|South African rand}}{{legend|#D8AE71|WAMZ's eco (proposed)}} {{legend|#6FCE7F|East African shilling (proposed)}}]]
Hụkwa
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Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Ego Afrika
Saddiq Dzukogi
Saddiq Dzukogi (amụrụ na Minna) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri na osote prọfesọ na Ngalaba Bekee nke Mahadum Steeti Mississippi. Ọ bụ onye dere Your Crib, My Qibla, nchịkọta uri a ma ama nke mere ka o nweta onyinye Derek Walcott nke 2022 maka uri, na onyinye Julie Suk nke 2021 dị ka onye mmeri. E depụtakwara nchịkọta ahụ maka ihe nrite $100,000 Nigeria Prize for Literature.
Agụmakwụkwọ
Saddiq Dzukogi nwere akara ugo mmụta na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria na 2015. N'afọ 2022, ọ natara nzere PhD na Bekee na ọkachamara na Ethnic Studies & Creative Writing na Mahadum Nebraska-Lincoln ebe ọ bụ onye natara Othmer Fellowship. Na Mahadum Nebraska-Lincoln, e nyere Dzukogi "Student Luminary Award" n'afọ 2022 iji kwado idu ndú ya pụrụ iche na mkpebi ya imeziwanye ogige mahadum, nakwa Vreeland Award for Poetry n'afọ 2020 na 2022.
Ọrụ na Ihe nrite
Dzukogi bụ onye dere Inside the Flower Room, nke Kwame Dawes na Chris Abani họpụtara maka APBF New-Generation African Poets Chapbook Series (2018). Abụ ya apụtala na Oxford Review of Books, Kenyon Review, Oxford Poetry, Salamander, Southeast Review, Crab Orchard Review, Prairie Schooner, New Orleans Review, South Dakota Review, na Obsidian, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.
Dzukogi so na ndị mmeri maka 2017 Brunel International African Poetry Prize. Abụ ya "Paradise" ritere ya ihe nrite 2021 Wilbur Gaffney Poetry Prize. Ọ bụ onye mbụ na-agba ọsọ maka 2022 Maureen Egan Writers Exchange Award. Ọ bụkwa onye ikpeazụ ugboro atọ maka Association of Nigeria Authors' Poetry Prize na 2012, 2014 na 2016.
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2022, a mara ọkwa akwụkwọ akụkọ Dzukogi nke a kpọrọ, Your Crib, My Qibla dị ka onye mmeri nke Derek Walcott Prize for Poetry. N'otu ọnwa ahụ, a mara ọkwa nchịkọta ahụ dị ka onye mmeri nke Julie Suk Award maka Best Poetry Book nke Literary Press bipụtara na 2021. Nchịkọta ahụ bụ otu n'ime atọ e depụtara maka $100,000 Nigeria Prize for Literature.
A họọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ uri ịrị abụọ na itoolu kachasị mma nke Oprah Daily na America maka afọ 2021. A kpọkwara ya aha dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ 50 ama ama nke Africa nke 2021 site na Africa Centre na Brittle Paper, dị ka otu na akwụkwọ edemede ịrị abụọ a ga-agụ nke 2021 na Africa Report.
Dzukogi bụ n'oge dị iche iche onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye site na Nebraska Arts Council, Pen America, Obsidian Foundation, na Mahadum nke Nebraska Tian Lincoln, na Ebedi International Writers Residency.
Edensibia
<references group="" responsive="1"> Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mitu Khurana
Mitu Khurana bụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka ụmụaka ndị si ná mba Delhi, India. Ọ bụ onye na-emegide igbu ụmụ nwanyị na India. Ikpe ya bu ihe ama ama mgbe o mere ihe n'ụlọ megide di ya na ezinụlọ ya na ebubo nke ime ultrasound iji kpughee mmekọahụ nke ụmụ ha na-enweghị nkwenye ya, na-amanye ya iwepu afọ ime ụmụ ha nwanyị abụọ ozugbo amatara maka mmekọahụ, na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ mgbe ọ jụrụ ịtụle ite ime na-ahọrọ mmekọahụ.
Akomndu ya
Khurana malitere ịbanye na mgbasa ozi mgbe ọ malitere ikpe ikpe megide di mbụ ya na ezinụlọ ya na afo 2008
Khurana kwuru na mmekọahụ nke ụmụ ya na di ya n'oge ahụ bụ Kamal Khurana kpebisiri ike na-enweghị nkwenye ya. Na Jenụwarị 2005, di ya na ezinụlọ ya kpọgara Khurana n'ụlọ ọgwụ Jaipur Golden dị na Delhi maka afọ mgbu. N'ebe ahụ, di ya na ezinụlọ ya na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ iji hazie ultrasound na-enweghị nkwenye ya. E mechara jiri ihe ọmụma ahụ mee ihe megide ya iji manye ya ka ọ wepụ afọ ime na-ahọrọ mmekọahụ megide ọchịchọ ya.
Mgbe nleta ụlọ ọgwụ gasịrị, di ya na ezinụlọ ya malitere ịmanye ya ka ọ chọọ ite ime. "Ha ekwughi ihe ọ bụla nye m, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o doro anya na di m na ndị ọgọ m maara na m na-amụ ụmụ nwanyị", ka Khurana kwuru. "Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha malitere ịmanye m ka e gbuo ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ha. Ha gwara m na anyị enweghị ike ịzụlite ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, anyị agaghị enwe ike ịlụ ha. " Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ, di ya na ndị mụrụ ya megburu ya n'ụlọ. N'otu oge n'oge ọ dị ime, di ya chụpụrụ ya site na steepụ iji mee ka ọ tụfuo ime. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kpọchiri ya n'ime ụlọ na-enweghị ọgwụ ma ọ bụ nri, ebe ọ dara mbà n'obi.
N'ikpeazụ, Khurana gbalahuru dị ya na ezinụlọ ya, wee laghachi na nke nke nne na nna ya. O mechara mụọ ụmụ ejima ya ọnwa abụọ tupu oge eruo.
Ọ pụtara na ihe ngosi It's a Girl okwu nke kachasị njọ no na uwa
.
Khurana nwụrụ na Machị 2020 mgbe nsogbu nke ịwa ahụ obi gasịrị.
Olatubosun Oladapo
Ọlátúbọ̀sún Oládàpọ̀, nke a makwaara dị ka Túbọ́sún Ọládàpọ̀، ma ọ bụ Odíd__wol____wol____wol__ Ayékò (amụrụ n'ubochi irí na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba, 1943), bụ onye na-ede uri, onye na-eme egwuregwu, ónyé na'egwú, ónyé redio / ónyé mgbasa ozi, ónyé édémédé, na ónyé nchọpụta si Naijiria ónyé ndị na-ege ntị ya na-asụ Yorbá ma biri na South-West Nigeria.
Ndụ, akwụkwọ na ọrụ mgbasa ozi
Ọ gàrà ọzụzụ na St. Luke's Teachers Training College, Ibadan, ébé ọ malitere ime uri na ngosi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na mmemme nka nke afọ 1965, ébé ọ na-abụ abụ Ìjálá Yorùbá. Ọ gụsịrị nke ahụ na 1967 ma ziga ya na St. David's School, Kudeti, Ibadan. O kwùrù, sị: "Ọ bụ na St. Lukez ka a chọpụtara nkà m na ihe nkiri, ọ bụkwa n'ihi nke a ka e zigara m na Mahadum Lagos iji mụọ màkà diplọma na Yorùbá Studies n'efu. M pụtara na ọdịiche na mmemme ahụ. "
N'afọ 1969, ọ sonyeere "The Sketch newspaper", GbounGboun, akwụkwọ akụkọ Yorùbá, ébé ọ rụrụ ọrụ otu afọ tupu ọ kwaga na 1970 na Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) na Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service (WNBS). N'ébé ahụ, ọ zutere ndị dị ka Adebayo Faleti, ónyé nwéré mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ nọ, na Prince Adebayo Sanda, ónyé na-egosi Kaaro Ooojiire na Tiwa Nītiwa. Oladapo gbara arụkwaghịm n'afọ 1977 iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ, Olatubosun Records, iji chọọ, kwalite, ma mepụta ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ede uri n'asụsụ ụmụ amaala gafee mba Yorùbá.
Ide ihe
Ọ bụ ónyé dere akwụkwọ édémédé abụọ, Àròyé Akéwì (1 na 2) na Àròfọ̀__ilo____ilo____ilo__. Egwuregwu ya Ògún Lákáayé na Ẹ̀gbádé Fáladé bụ ndị mmeri jikọrọ áká nke asọmpi ihe nkiri nke Oxford University Press n'afọ 1970.
Ihe ndekọ Olatubosun
Ọlátúbọ̀sún Records Company (nke a na-akpọkwa Ọlátúgb̀sún mgbé ụfọdụ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-edekọ asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke Olatubosun Oladapo guzobere n'afọ 1977. O mepụtara ihe karịrị narị abụọ nkè ndị na-ede uri na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri asụsụ Yorùbá, gụnyere Odolaye Aremu, Batile Alake, Ogundare Foyanmu, Duro Ladipo, Alabi Ogundepo, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ - gụnyere Tubosun Oladapo n'onwe ya.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Onye isi Moomen
Abdul Moomen Muslim(amụrụ n'ubochi 16 ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 1990) a maara ama n'ọrụ dị ka Chief Moomen bụ nwa afo obodo Ghana na-ede uri, na-emeputa ihe egwuregwu na onye N'Azu ahịa onwe ya. A kachasị mara ya maka imeputa ihe mgbe ochie Ghana bu - Wogbe Jeke: Njem Anyị, ihe nkiri na egosiputa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghana site na mgbe ochie rụọ ugbu a, nke Joyce Amina Misa Amoah duziri. N'ọnwa Maachị nke afọ 2017, a họọrọ ihe nkiri egwuregwu ahu ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri isi nke e ji wee mee ememme maka afọ iri isii nke Ghana.
Ghana na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onyo na-emepụta ihe. A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghana - WogbeJeke: Njem Anyị, ihe nkiri nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ochie nke Ghana site n'oge ochie ruo n'oge a, nke Joyce Anima Misa Amoah duziri. N'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2017, a họọrọ egwuregwu ahụ dị ka ihe ngosi ihe nkiri iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri isii nke Ghana.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Moomen si na Upper West Region mana a mụrụ ya na Accra nyere nne na nna ya bụ Wala. Chief gụrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Association International School na Adenta ma ga-kwa T.I Ahmadiya Sekondịrị sukulu na
School na Kumasi maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ na-agbaso Masters of Arts na Communications na Mahadum Ghana, ebe ọ nwetara Bachelors of Arts na Bekee na Theatre Arts.
Ọrụ
Chief Moomen malitere ime uri okwu dị ka onye nọ n'okpuru, nke nwere mmetụta site na mmasị ndụ ya niile maka Maya Angelou mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị. Ọ na-ede, na-agụ, ma na-eme uri maka ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọrụ na-enweghị uru na ọrụ steeti. N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere nnukwu ọrụ a na-akpọ Heritage Theatre Series iji mee ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghana site na usoro ihe nkiri. Egwuregwu a kpọrọ WogbeJeke: Njem Anyị, mmepụta awa abụọ na ọkara nke na-akọ akụkọ Ghana site n'oge ochie ruo n'oge a site na ngwakọta mara mma nke ihe nkiri, egwu, ịgba egwu na uri.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Hydroelectric Volobe
Ebe
A na-eme atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik gafee ebe akporo Osimiri Ivondro, na Toamasina Rural District, na Toamesina Province. Obodo nta nke Volobe nke ga-anabata ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị ihe dị ka kilota iri anọ (25 mi), site n'okporo ụzọ, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Toamasina, obodo nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Madagascar.
Onye isi Moomen
Ọrụ
Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Bambu Centre, ebe okike dị na Adenta, Accra, nke e guzobere iji zụlite nkà na azụmaahịa okike. N'afọ 2018, CNN gosipụtara Moomen maka mbipụta nke Ólú Afrịka ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe omume na ebe ndị dị ka National Theatre of Ghana, afọ 2013 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards na emume mmeghe na mmechi nke 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations na ndị na-akụ ọkpọ, ndị na-agba egwu na ndị na'agụ egwú. N'afọ 2012, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe olili onye isi ala Ghana John Evans Attah Mills. Moomen rụrụ ọrụ na mmeghe nke FIFA World Cup Trophy na Ụlọ Steeti n'afọ 2014.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Hydroelectric Volobe
Nchịkọta
Ndị otu na-emepe ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ ga-ewukwa eriri ọkụ eletrik dị elu nke ga-ebufe ike site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ a ruo ebe ike ga-abanye na grid eletrik nke mba. Na mgbakwunye, a ga-ewu ụzọ na akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ maka obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.
Onye isi Moomen
Ọrụ
N'ụbọchị Mee, afọ 2020, Moomen rụrụ ọrụ n'egwuregwu egwu iji sọpụrụ ndị ọrụ ahụike na Ghana n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-ede uri na ndị na-agụ egwú dịka, Apiorkor, Nana Asase, Okyeame Kwame, Akwaboah, Cina Soul, Knii Lante, Fameye, Amandzeba, Tagoe Sisters, Kwabena Kwabena na Joe Mettle. N'ubochi 10 ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2021, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Expo 2020 na Dubai dị ka akụkụ nke Dignified Storytelling Forum.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Hydroelectric Volobe
Ọnụ ego na ego e ji ewu ụlọ
A na-eme atụmatụ na owuwu ga-efu ihe dị ka ọnụ ego € 350 nde (ihe dị ka. US $ 372 nde), nke ego mgbazinye ego na ego.
Onye isi Moomen
Arụmụka
N'afọ 2017, n'oge emume ụbọchị nnwere onwe nke iri isii nke obodo Ghana, Chief Moomen kwuru na azụmahịa ya nọ n'ọnụ ọdịda n'ihi enweghị ike nke Gọọmentị Ghana ịkwụ ya ụgwọ maka ịhazi ihe nkiri ya Wogbɛ Wask dị ka akụkụ nke Heritage Theatre Series, nke e mere iji gosipụta ọdịbendị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ghana. Dị ka o si kwuo, o ji ụgwọ site na ihe ngosi ọ na-eme n'akwụghị ụgwọ zuru ezu ma ọ pụghịzi ịga n'ihu n'ihi mmetụta na-ebibi ihe ọ nwere na azụmahịa ihe nkiri ya. Mgbe ahụ, ọ kagburu ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na ebe ọ bụ na ọ pụghị ịhazi ihe ngosi ọ bụla ọzọ na ụgwọ dị otú ahụ.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Hydroelectric Volobe
Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-atụle
Ike a na-emepụta na ọdụ a ga-enye ihe dị ka ezinụlọ 360,000 nke Madagascar, nke nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ bi na ya. N'oge a na-ewu ya, a na-atụ anya na a ga-emepụta ọrụ ọnụ Ọgụgụ nde. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik a ga-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Madagascar nke ejikọtara ya na ọkụ eletrik ma mee ka mba ahụ gaa n'ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnụ Ọgụgụ pasentị iri asaa nke ọkụ eletrik mba site na afo 2030.
Ndemsibia
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Onye isi Moomen
Edensibia
<references group="" responsive="1"> Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi
Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ òtù ọha mmadụ iji lebara ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi anya, nke bụ ikpughe nke obodo ndị ogbenye na ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa na-emerụ ahụ site na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, iwepụta ihe onwunwe, na ala ndị ọzọ nke ha na-enwetaghị uru. Ntugharị ahụ ewepụtala ọtụtụ narị ọmụmụ na-egosi na ekpughere mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekesa n'ụzọ ziri ezi.
Usoro ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebilite site na esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na-echekarị ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche ihu na mmepụta ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Nsonaazụ mpaghara nke esemokwu ndị a na-enwewanye mmetụta site na netwọk ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba.
Ngagharị ahụ malitere na United States n'afọ ndị 1980 ma ndị otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike obodo America nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu. Echiche izizi banyere ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na 1980s lekwasịrị anya na mmerụ ahụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ime mba ndị bara ọgaranya dị ka United States ma bụrụ nke e debere dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu. Emechara gbasaa mmegharị ahụ iji tụlee okike, ịkpa oke gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahaghị nhata n'ime otu ndị nwere nsogbu. Ka mmegharị ahụ nwetara ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma na mba ndị bara ọgaranya karị, ibu gburugburu ebe obibi abanyela na Global South (dịka ọmụmaatụ site na mpụpụ ma ọ bụ ahia ahia zuru ụwa ọnụ). Ntugharị maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi abụrụla nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, ebe United Nations na-ekwupụta ụfọdụ ebumnuche ya ugbu a.
Ndị ọkà mmụta na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ewepụtala nnukwu akwụkwọ mmụta sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke gụnyere ihe ọmụmụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ntinye aka na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, na echiche gbasara ikpe ziri ezi na nkwado.
Nkọwa
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị ọrụ na-enweta ego dị ala na [[Ghana na-emegharị ihe mkpofu sitere na mba ndị nwere ego dị elu, na ọnọdụ mmegharị ahụ na-emetọ mpaghara Agbogbloshie nke ukwuu]] A na-akọwakarị ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ikpe ziri ezi nkesa, nke bụ ikesa oke egwu na uru gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Nkọwa ụfọdụ na-ekwu maka ikpe ziri ezi nke usoro, nke bụ ntinye ziri ezi na nke bara uru n'ime mkpebi. Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-emesi ike ịkwado ikpe ziri ezi, nke bụ nkwenye nke mmegbu na ọdịiche dị na mpaghara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ikike ndị mmadụ nwere ịtụgharị ngwa ahịa ọha ka ọ bụrụ obodo na-eme nke ọma bụ ihe ọzọ na-egosi na ọha mmadụ nwere ezi omume.
Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu nke United States na-akọwa ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu dịka: ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi na itinye aka bara uru nke mmadụ niile n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, agba, mba, ma ọ bụ ego, gbasara mmepe, mmejuputa iwu na mmanye nke iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ụkpụrụ, na atumatu. A na-atụlekwa ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ahaghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama n'okporo ụzọ awara awara na Afton na-echeta ngagharị iwe nke 1982 North Carolina PCB dumpfill Enwere ike ịmalite mmalite nke ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi ụmụ amaala, bụ nke sitere na ihe karịrị afọ 500 nke colonialism na mgba na-aga n'ihu maka ọbụbụeze na ikike ala. Iji okwu 'ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu' na ' ịkpa ókè agbụrụ' malitere na United States na ngagharị iwe PCB 1982 na Warren County, North Carolina. Mwụpụ ala PCB emetọọ n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii nke Afton kpalitere nnukwu ngagharị iwe, e jidere ihe karịrị mmadụ 500.
Na nzaghachi na ngagharị iwe ndị a, Commission for Racial Justice, nyochara ntinye nke ụlọ mkpofu dị ize ndụ na US wee chọpụta na agbụrụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-ebu amụma ntinye ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. Ihe ọmụmụ ndị a sochiri mkpesa na ikpe gbasara mkpofu ihe egwu dị na ndị ogbenye, n'ozuzu ndị ojii, obodo. A malitere ịkatọ otu ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ na-achị ndị ọcha na-achị ya, na-emesi ike na nchekwa, na enweghị ike ileba anya n'ihe gbasara ịha nhatanha ọha.
Mmalite nke mmegharị ụwa
Site na 1970s na 1980s, mmegharị ala ahịhịa na òtù gburugburu ebe obibi kwalitere ụkpụrụ nke mụbara ọnụ ahịa mkpofu ihe dị ize ndụ na US na mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe. Mbupu nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na South South abawanyela site na 1980s na 1990s. N'ụwa niile, mkpofu nsị nsị, oke ala, na ịwepụta ihe onwunwe na-eduga na mmebi ikike mmadụ na esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe ndabere nke usoro ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ.
International formalization nke ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi malitere na First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit na 1991. E nwere nzukọ a na Washington, DC, ihe karịrị 650 ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na steeti US ọ bụla, Mexico, Chile, na mba ndị ọzọ bịara. Ndị nnọchiteanya nakweere ụkpụrụ 17 nke ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nke ekesara na Nzukọ Ụwa 1992 na Rio. Ụkpụrụ 10 nke Rio Declaration on Environment and Development na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ga-enweta ozi gbasara ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, itinye aka na mkpebi, na ịnweta ikpe ziri ezi.
Ebe ọ na-aga
Tupu Mgbakọ Ọchịchị Ndị Isi na 1991, oke nke ngagharị ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara mgbochi nsị na mmerụ ahụ nye ụfọdụ agbụrụ agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ime mba ndị bara ọgaranya; n'oge nzuko ahụ, a gbasaara ya gụnyere ahụike ọha, nchekwa ndị ọrụ, iji ala, ụgbọ njem na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Emechara gbasaa mmegharị ahụ ka ọ tụlekwuo oke gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke mba ụwa, na ahaghị nhata n'ime otu ndị nwere nsogbu. Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi abụrụla mmegharị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ukwuu, ma o nyela ọtụtụ echiche na gburugburu ebe obibi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke anabatara ma ọ bụ hazie ya na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. Echiche ndị a na-agụnye ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe, ọchịchị nri, ajụjụ ụlọ ọrụ, ecocide, mpaghara ịchụ àjà, gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị ogbenye, na ndị ọzọ.
Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ ịgbasa obosara nke iwu ikike mmadụ bụ nke na-adabaghị n'ịgwọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ. Ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ enweghị usoro gburugburu ebe obibi doro anya. Mgbalị ijikọ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu ikike mmadụ gụnyere nhazi nke ikike mmadụ maka gburugburu ebe dị mma. Ịgbakwunye nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime iwu ikike mmadụ ka na-enwe nsogbu, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe.
Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Kyle Powys Whyte na Dina Gilio-Whitaker agbatịwo okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi gbasara ụmụ amaala na ndị ọbịa-ịchịisi. Gilio-Whitaker na-arụtụ aka na ikpe ziri ezi nkesa na-eche na ọ bụ nbibi nke ala nke na-ekwekọghị n'echiche ụwa ụmụ amaala. Whyte na-ekwu maka ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ mgbanwe dị egwu nke ịchịisi wetara na gburugburu ebe ndị amaala na-adabere na ya kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ iji nọgide na-ebi ndụ na njirimara ha.
Ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi na esemokwu
Òtù ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ ịza ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara ya na mkpofu ihe ize ndụ, iwepụta ihe onwunwe, oke ala, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ. ịkpa ókè gburugburu ebe obibi a na-ebute mfu nke ọdịnala na akụ na ụba nke ala, ime ihe ike (karịsịa megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ amaala) mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, na esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Usoro ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ebilite site na esemokwu mpaghara ebe ndị a na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na-echekarị ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche ihu. Nsonaazụ mpaghara nke esemokwu ndị a na-enwewanye mmetụta site na netwọk ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba.
Enwere ọtụtụ nkewa na nkesa na-ezighị ezi nke ibu gburugburu nwere ike ịda. N'ime US, agbụrụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-ekpebi ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Na mba ndị ọzọ, ịda ogbenye ma ọ bụ nkedo (India) bụ ihe ngosi dị mkpa. Mmekọrịta agbụrụ dịkwa mkpa na mba ụfọdụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi Laura Pulido na David Pellow na-arụ ụka na ịnakwere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe na-esi na ihe nketa gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị oké mkpa na mmegharị ahụ, na elu ọcha na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka mmekọrịta mmadụ na okike na ọrụ.
Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi
alt=President Barack Obama sips filtered water from Flint following a round table on the Flint water crisis at Northwestern High School|thumb|Onye isi ala [[Barack Obama na-aṅụ mmiri a na-ahazi site na Flint na-esote tebụl gburugburu na nsogbu mmiri Flint na Northwestern High School.]] A na-ekpughere ndị na-acha ọcha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi maka mmerụ ahụ sitere na ụlọ mkpofu dị ize ndụ na ala ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ n'ụwa niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a naghị emepụta ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ n'Africa kama ọ bụ mba ndị mepere emepe dị ka U.S. na-ebupụ ya.
Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ
Dika otu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-etowanye nke ọma na mba ndị mepere emepe dị ka United States, ebufela ibu ọrụ mmepụta ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ na South South ebe iwu na-adịchaghị mkpa na-eme ka mkpofu mkpofu dị ọnụ ala. Mbupụ ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu sitere na US rịrị elu n'ime afọ 1980 na 1990. Ọtụtụ mba ndị ọ metụtara enweghị usoro mkpofu zuru oke maka mkpofu a, yana obodo ndị ọ metụtara anaghị agwa ha ihe egwu a na-ekpughere ha.
Ihe omume mkpofu mkpofu n'oké osimiri Khian bụ ihe atụ pụtara ìhè nke okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-esite na mmegharị nke mkpofu nsị nke mba ụwa. Ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-awụfu ntụ n'ime ihe nsure ọkụ na-ekpofu ihe na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị wụsara ihe mkpofu ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri dị na Haiti mgbe ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ jụrụ ịnara ya. Mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke arụmụka gasịrị, e mesịrị weghachi ihe mkpofu ahụ na Pennsylvania. Ihe ahụ merenụ nyere aka n'ịmepụta Mgbakọ Basel nke na-achịkwa mmegharị nke mkpofu nsị n'ụwa.
Nchịkọta ala
Mba ndị dị na South South na-ebu oke ibu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta ụwa yana ọnụ ahịa nke oke oriri na obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. A na-eme ka ibu a dịkwuo njọ site na mgbanwe n'iji ala eme ihe na-ewepụ nnukwu traktị ala pụọ ​​na ezinụlọ na ọrụ ugbo maka itinye ego n'ọtụtụ mba na ịkọ nkọ ala, ọrụ ugbo, ngwuputa ala, ma ọ bụ nchekwa. Ọ bụ echiche neoliberal na ndịiche dị na usoro iwu, ọnụ ahịa ala, na usoro iwu na-eme ka mba ndị dị na South South mara mma maka itinye ego na mba ofesi. Ala ndị a na-etinye ndụ ụmụ amaala n'ihe egwu na ịga n'ihu nke omume ọha, omenala, na ime mmụọ. A na-emekwa ka iguzogide nbibi ala site na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-eme ka o sie ike site na enweghị ahaghị nhata nke ọha na eze dị adị na mbụ; Obodo ndị ọ metụtara na-agbasikarị mgba ike iji gboo mkpa ha bụ isi.
Mgbapụta ihe onwunwe
Ọtụtụ narị nchọpụta egosila na obodo ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa na-ebute oke n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi site na nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma nke nchịkọta ihe onwunwe. A na-eji ọbụbụ akụ akụ na-ekokwasị obodo ndị dị nso na akụ ndị bara uru nke ukwuu ebe ha na-ebu ọnụ ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi na mbelata akụ na ụba dị nkenke nke na-eduga n'ọgba aghara akụ na ụba na n'ikpeazụ ịda ogbenye. Ọdịiche ike dị n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na obodo ndị metụtara emetụtara na-eduga na oke ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke usoro nke ndị obodo na-enweghị ike itinye aka nke ọma na mkpebi ndị ga-akpụzi ndụ ha.
Nnyocha egosiwokwa na mwepu nke mineral, osisi, na mmanụ ala nwere ike jikọta ya na ime ihe ike n'ime obodo ndị na-arụ ọrụ ngwuputa. Gọọmentị Canada chọpụtara na mwepu akụrụngwa na-eduga na-efu efu ma gbuo ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala n'ime obodo ndị ogbunigwe na ọrụ akụrụngwa dịka pipeline metụtara.
Mmetụta ahụike nke ikpughe dịgasị iche iche na obodo EJ
Ogbe ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị ekpughere na mmetọ kemịkalụ, belata ịdị mma ikuku, na ebe mmiri emetọọrọ nwere ike ịbelata ahụ ike n'ozuzu ya. Ịda ogbenye n'ime obodo ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eme ka ha kpughee ihe egwu ọrụ dịka kemịkalụ eji na ugbo ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ. Mgbe ndị ọrụ hapụrụ ebe ọrụ ha nwere ike bute kemịkal n'uwe ha, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, na ntutu ha, na-ebute mmetụta ndị ọzọ na ezinụlọ ha, gụnyere ụmụaka. Ụmụaka nọ n'obodo EJ na-ekpughere ya n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, n'ihi na ha na-emepụta ma na-amịkọrọ mmetọ dị iche iche karịa ndị okenye. Ụmụaka ndị a na-ekpughere ọkwa dị elu nke mmetọ n'oge ndụ ha niile, na-amalite na utero (site na placenta), ma nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu maka mmetụta ahụike dị njọ dị ka ọnọdụ iku ume, ọnọdụ eriri afọ, na ọnọdụ uche.
Ejiji ngwa ngwa na-ekpughere obodo ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe egwu ọrụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-adịghị mma nke nwere ike ibute nsogbu iku ume site na iku ume nke ihe sịntetik na uzuzu owu. Ịji akwa akwa nwekwara ike ikpughe obodo EJ na nsị na ọla dị arọ mgbe mmiri mkpofu na-adịghị edozi na-abanye na usoro mmiri nke ndị bi na anụ ụlọ na-eji. 95% nke mmepụta uwe na-ewere ọnọdụ na mba ndị dị ala ma ọ bụ nke etiti ebe ndị ọrụ na-enweghị ego.
Ihe mgbochi ọnụahịa
Otu n'ime ihe mgbochi a ma ama maka obere obere itinye aka na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụgwọ mbụ nke ịgbalị ịgbanwe usoro ahụ ma gbochie ụlọ ọrụ ịwụfu nsị nsị ha na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ na mpaghara nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị bi na ha. Enwere nnukwu ụgwọ iwu metụtara ịlụ ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ịgbalị ịkwapụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na United Kingdom, e nwere iwu nke onye na-azọrọ nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ nke ndị mmegide ha, nke na-eme ka nsogbu ọ bụla na-efu ka njọ, karịsịa na obere obere ego; Ọzọkwa, naanị otu ụzọ ndị otu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ga-esi jide ụlọ ọrụ na-aza ajụjụ maka mmetọ ha na imebi okwu ikike ọ bụla maka mkpofu mkpofu bụ ịgbara gọọmentị akwụkwọ maka emeghị iwu. Nke a ga-eduga na machibido ụgwọ iwu nke ọtụtụ enweghị ike imeli. Enwere ike ịhụ nke a site n'eziokwu na n'ime ikpe nyocha ikpe 210 dị n'etiti 2005 na 2009, 56% agaghị aga n'ihu n'ihi ụgwọ.
Ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe
thumb|N'ịgbasa mmetụta nke akụ na ụba na ọkwa mba: mba ndị bara ọgaranya (mepere emepe) na-ewepụta CO2 karịa onye ọ bụla karịa mba ndị dara ogbenye (na-emepe emepe), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikuku na-emetụta GDP nke onye ọ bụla. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe abụwokwa akụkụ mgbe a na-ekwu maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na mmetụta dị ukwuu ọ na-enwe na obodo ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmetọ ikuku na mmetọ mmiri bụ ihe abụọ na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ dị ka oke okpomọkụ, mmụba nke mmiri ozuzo, na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri. N'ihi nke a, obodo na-adị mfe karịa ihe omume gụnyere idei mmiri na oke mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịkpata ụkọ nri na mmụba nke ọrịa na-efe efe, nri na mmiri. Ugbu a, na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ zuru oke, a na-ahapụ ihe karịrị 80% nke mmiri mkpofu niile a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego na-emeso, na nkezi, 70% nke mmiri mkpofu ha na-emepụta, ka UN Water si kwuo.
E buru amụma na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-enwe mmetụta kachasị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-adịghị ike.
Ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi emetụtala ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe, ọkachasị ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe.
Mgbasa Ozi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
N'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu, a na-ahụ ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ na-elekwasị anya na ndụ ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị na ịbụ ndị na-eto eto. Ndị na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ekwuola na mmegharị ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụkarị ndị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị na-achị achị.
Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ịmụ nwa
Ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na Movement Justice Reproductive Justice na-ahụ ọgụ ha na mgba ha jikọtara ya na ndị maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọzọ. Loretta Ross na-akọwa usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ịmụ nwa dịka ọ na-ekwu "ikike nwanyị ọ bụla nwere ikpebi ọdịnihu ọmụmụ nke ya" ma na-arụ ụka na nke a "ejikọtara ya kpọmkwem na ọnọdụ ndị dị na obodo ya - na ọnọdụ ndị a abụghị naanị nhọrọ nke onye ọ bụla na ịnweta ya. " Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ndị bụ isi na ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi - gụnyere ebe ebe mkpofu nsị na mmetọ nke nri, ikuku, na ụzọ mmiri.
Mohawk midwife Katsi Cook tọrọ ntọala Nne Milk Project na 1980s iji gboo mmetọ nsi nke ahụ nne site na ikpughe azụ na mmiri nke saịtị General Motors Superfund meruru. N'ịkọwapụta etu mmetọ siri metụta ụmụ nwanyị Akwesasne na ụmụ ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi site na ime ime na inye nwa ara, ọrụ a na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Cook na-akọwa na, "na ara nke ụmụ nwanyị na-asọpụta mmekọrịta nke ọgbọ ndị ahụ na ọha mmadụ na ụwa."
Climate change in Morocco
thumb|Mmiri kpọrọ nkụ na Agadir. Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-amụba oke ọkọchị na Morocco. A na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe na Morocco ga-emetụta mba Morocco n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, dịka mba ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara MENA.
Mmiri na-arị elu
Dabere na akụkọ teknụzụ nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri nke NOAA 2022 si kwuo, ịrị elu nke oké osimiri ga-eme ka nnukwu mgbanwe na idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime afọ 30 na-esote site n'ime ka oke mmiri na oké ifufe na-abawanye ma na-eru n'ime ime obodo. Mmụba nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri ga-emetụta ebe ndị dị ka ala dị ala gbara Moulouya delta gburugburu, ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Morocco, nke na-emetụta ịrị elu nke oké osimiri na nrụgide, idei mmiri, erosion, na mbibi nke mpaghara ahụ. The New York Times chịkọtara nyocha mgbanwe ihu igwe nke IPCC nke afọ 2022, na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri ndị a nwere ike "karịa ihe ọtụtụ mba nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ," ma n'echiche nke ala mebiri emebi na mmetụta akụ na ụba.
Ihe onwunwe mmiri
A na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-etinye ọtụtụ nrụgide na mmiri na Morocco. Nkọwa na-egosi mbelata 10%-20% na mmiri ozuzo gafee mba ahụ, na nke kachasị njọ na mpaghara Sahara site n'afọ 2100. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-ebelata snowpack na Ugwu Atlas. Nke a na-etinye nrụgide na akụrụngwa mmiri, nke isi mmalite ndị ọzọ dị ka mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, uto obodo, ụlọ ọrụ, na njem nleta kwusiri ike. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ aquifers dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ga-enwekwu nrụgide n'ihi salinization nke osimiri.
Ọrụ ugbo
Usoro ọrụ ugbo na Morocco na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe karịsịa. Mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (87%) site na ọrụ ugbo mmiri ozuzo. Oké ọkọchị nke afọ 2016 mere ka mbelata 70% nke ihe ọkụkụ, ma belata akụ na ụba.
Iwu na iwu gọọmentị
thumb|Mohammed VI nke Morocco na-ekwu okwu na 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Marrakesh. Morocco nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ụzọ ọ na-esi edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe na 2018 na 2019 Climate Change Performance Index. Dị ka CCPI 2022 si kwuo, Morocco nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 8 n'etiti mba 68 gburugburu ụwa na akara zuru oke nke 71.64%.
Gọọmentị mba Morocco nwere atụmatụ Plan Vert iji merie mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ime atụmatụ a, gọọmentị na-agba mbọ imepụta ihe karịrị ọkara nke ike ya site na renewables site n'afọ 2030, na-ewepụ enyemaka nke mmanụ ala, na-etinye aka na ọrụ ahịhịa ndụ, na-elekwasị anya na njikwa akụ nke oké osimiri na ichekwa aquifers.
Jürgen Schadeberg
Jürgen Schadeberg (18 Machị 1931 - 29 Ọgọst 2020) bụ onye na-ese foto na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa. O sere foto oge ndị dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa, nke gụnyere foto ndị dị ka Nelson Mandela na ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island. Ọ bikwa, rụọ ọrụ ma kụzie na London na Spain, ma na-ese foto n'ọtụtụ mba Afrịka.
A na-edebe ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke UK Arts Council, National Portrait Gallery, Tate na Victoria na Albert Museum na London.
Ndụ
A mụrụ Jürgen Schadeberg na Berlin, Germany, na 1931 ebe ọ tolitere n'oge ọchịchị nazi na agha ụwa nke abụọ. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, nne ya malitere mmekọrịta ya na onye ọrụ Britain na ndị agha nke ndị agha na-achị achị wee soro ya kwaga South Africa na 1947. Schadeberg mụtara ịbụ onye na-ese foto na Deutsche Presseagentur (Ụlọọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany). Ọ kwagara South Africa iji sonyere ezinụlọ ya na 1950 ma, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na magazin Drum dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-eme ihe osise.
Schadeberg ghọrọ onye isi nke otu ahụ na onye nkuzi na onye nduzi nye ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-ese foto South Africa kachasị mma n'oge ya, nke gụnyere Bob Gosani, Ernest Cole, na mgbe e mesịrị Peter Magubane. Dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọcha ole na ole na-ese foto na-ese ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'etiti ndị isi ojii, ọ ghọrọ onye maara banyere ndụ na ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. N'ihi ya, o sere mmalite nke nnwere onwe na fim, mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ndụ obodo. Schadeberg sere foto ọtụtụ ihe mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị dị mkpa na 1950s n'etiti ha Defiance Campaign nke 1952, 1956 Treason Trial, Sophiatown removals nke 1955, Sophiatowns jazz na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ememe olili ozu Sharpeville nke 1960, na foto nke ndị mkpọrọ Robben Island. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ama ama o sere foto gụnyere Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, Trevor Huddleston, na Govan Mbeki. O dekwara akụkọ ọdịbendị jazz nke 1950 dịka Thandi Klaasen, Hugh Masekela, Kippie Moeketsi na Miriam Makeba. O mere akwụkwọ banyere ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Mgbe Drum chọrọ ka onye na-agụ egwu Dolly Rathebe bụrụ nwa agbọghọ na-ekpuchi otu n'ime nsogbu ha, Schadeberg kpọgara ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe na Johannesburg wee see ya foto na bikini. E jidere ha abụọ maka imebi Iwu Omume rụrụ arụ nke machibidoro mmekọrịta agbụrụ.
N'afọ 1959, Schadeberg hapụrụ Drum ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke njem nke Prọfesọ Phillip V. Tobias si Mahadum nke Witwatersrand duziri iji mụọ ndị Bushmen, na-ebipụta foto na The Kalahari Bushmen Dance n'afọ 1982.
Schadeberg chere na ọ manyere ya ịhapụ South Africa site na ọgba aghara obodo, n'afọ 1964 ọ gara London, ebe ọ bụ onye nchịkọta foto nke magazin Camera Owner (onye bu ụzọ na Creative Camera), nke o tinyere mmetụta siri ike nke imewe ma mụbaa ọdịnaya ya, site na Eprel ruo Julaị 1965 ọ bụ onye editọ ya. Ọ kụzikwaara ma na-elekọta ihe ngosi foto na England, ọkachasị maka Whitechapel Art Gallery. Mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara Spain ebe o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1972, ọ laghachiri Africa ebe ọ nabatara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka Christian Aid na Botswana na Tanzania. N'afọ 1973, ọ gara Senegal, Mali, Kenya na Zaire, na-ese foto.
N'afọ 1985, Schadeberg laghachiri South Africa, ebe ya na nwunye ya Claudia biri. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto, ma meekwa ihe ngosi banyere ndị isi ojii ruo afọ 2007, mgbe ọ laghachiri Europe.
Ọnwụ
Schadeberg nwụrụ site na ọrịa strok n'ụlọ ya na La Drova, Valencia, Spain, na 29 August 2020, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na itoolu.
Nchịkọta
A na-edebe ọrụ Schadeberg na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide ndị a:
Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu
Patrick Chukwuma "Kaduna" Nzeogwu (26 Febụwarị 1937 29 Julaị 1967) bụ onye agha Naijiria na onye na-eme mgbanwe nke keere òkè dị mkpa na nnupụisi ndị agha mbụ nke 15 Jenụwarị 1966, nke kwaturu mba Naijiria mbụ.
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
A mụrụ Patrick Chukwuma Nzeogwu na Kaduna isi obodo nke Northern Region na nne na nna nke ndị Anioma na obodo Okpanam  nke Mid-Western Region (n'akụkụ Asaba na Delta State nke oge a). Nzeogwu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Katọlik nke Saint Joseph na Kaduna maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị ya na maka agụmakọta sekọndrị ya gara Saint John's College na Kaduna, ebe ya na Christian Anufuro ghọrọ ezigbo enyi.
Na Machị 1957, Nzeogwu debanyere aha dị ka onye isi na Naịjirịa Regiment nke West African Frontier Force wee gaa n'ihu na ọzụzụ ọnwa isii na Ghana, mgbe ahụ Gold Coast. Ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya na Ghana n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1957 wee gaa Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst ebe e nyere ya ọrụ dị ka onye isi ndị agha n'afọ 1959. O mechara gaa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ onye isi ndị agha na Hythe na ụlọ akwụkwọ onye isi squad na Warminster. Max Siollun, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha kọwara Nzeogwu dị ka "onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, onye na'aṅụ mmanya, onye na na-adịghị aṅụ sịga, na agbanyeghi na ọ bụ onye na-alụbeghị di, o tinyeghị oge dị ukwuu na-achụ ụmụ nwanyị".
Ọrụ agha
Mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa na onwa Mee 1960, e zigara Nzeogwu na 1st Battalion na Enugu ebe Major Aguiyi-Ironsi bụ onye nke abụọ na-achị n'okpuru onye ọrụ Britain. E mechara ziga ya na 5th Battalion na Kaduna ebe ya na Olusegun Obasanjo ghọrọ enyi. Ndị ọrụ ibe ya bụ Hausa na ndị agha Naijiria nyere ya aha "Kaduna" n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na obodo ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Congo na 1961, e kenyere Nzeogwu ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ọzụzụ na Army Training Depot na Zaria ruo ihe dị ka ọnwa 6 tupu e zigara ya na Lagos ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ngalaba nzuzo ndị agha na isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha ebe ọ bụ onye ọrụ Naijiria mbụ.
Onye bu ụzọ nke Naijiria Army Intelligence Corps (NAIC) bụ ngalaba nchekwa (FSS) nke Royal Nigerian Army, nke e guzobere na 1 Nọvemba 1962 na Captain PG Harrington (BR) dị ka General Staff Officer Grade Two (GSO2 Int). FSS bụ n'ezie òtù nchekwa nke ọrụ ya gụnyere nyocha nke ndị ọrụ ndị agha Naịjirịa (NA), nchekwa akwụkwọ na ihe nzuzo. Major Nzeogwu bụ onye ọrụ Naijiria mbụ nwere nhọpụta ahụ site na Nọvemba 1962 ruo 1964. Dị ka onye ọrụ nzuzo nke ndị agha, o sonyere na nyocha ikpe nke Obafemi Awolowo na ndị ọzọ so n'òtù Action Group. Dị ka Olusegun Obasanjo si kwuo, "Chukwuma nwere okwu ọjọọ ọ ga-ekwu banyere nchekwa mba [Naijịrịa], na banyere ndị a na-enyocha. Ọ bụrụ na o nwere ụzọ ya, ka o kwuru, otú o si mesoo ikpe ahụ dum ga-adị iche. " A kọrọ na Nzeogwu na-emegide ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ndị agha na ikike ya dị ka onye ọrụ nzuzo ndị agha ma ọbụna na-ese okwu na Minista nke State maka ndị agha, Ibrahim Tako. N'ihi ya, e zigara ya na kọleji ọzụzụ ndị agha Naịjirịa na Kaduna ebe ọ ghọrọ onye isi nkuzi.
Atụmatụ
Atụmatụ nke nnupụisi ahụ malitere site n'aka ndị isi na-eto eto gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum bụ ndị bu n'obi mgbanwe agha mba site n'inweta ike na isi obodo Kaduna (mpaghara ụgwụ) na Ibadan (mpaghra odida aṅyaṅwu), ma mesịa weghara Lagos (oke ala gọọment etịtị). E nyere Nzeogwu ọrụ iduzi mgbanwe na mpaghara ugwu malite na Operation Damisa na 15 Jenụwarị 1966 na, n'oge ndị ọzọ, Operation Kura, Operation Zaki na Operation Giwa nke ga-eme ka ogbugbu nke ụlọ ọrụ ugwu.
Nzeogwu malitere nkwadebe ya site n'ịhazi mmega ahụ abalị ụbọchị abụọ "Damisa" (Operation Tiger) iji zụọ ndị agha na usoro ọgụ ọhụrụ. Ndị isi nke 1st Brigade Headquarters kwadoro mmega ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ha amaghị ezi ebumnuche nke Nzeogwu na Brigade Major, Alphonso Keshi zigara akwụkwọ ozi na ndị niile na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Brigade iji nye ndị agha aka maka ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmega ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule oge Major Keshi ghọtara na "Operation Damisa" bụ n'ezie nkata agha ọ gafeela oge iji gbochie ọrụ ahụ.
Ogbugbu
N'isi ụtụtụ nke Jenụwarị 15, 1966, Nzeogwu duuru otu ndị agha gaa n'ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ọzụzụ agha, na-akpọrọ ha ịwakpo ebe obibi nke onye isi ala nke ugwu, Sir Ahmadu Bello n'ọchịchị ọbara nke hụrụ ogbugbu nke ndị isi ala nke ugwu na odịda Nịajịria. E gbukwara Praịm Minista (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa), onye minista gọọmentị etiti (Festus Okotie-Eboh), na ndị isi ndị agha si n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ. Site na gọọmentị dị ugbu a, onye isi ala nke mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Michael Okpara), Onye isi ala nke Njikọ Naijiria (Nnamdi Azikiwe) na Onye isi ndị agha Igbo (Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi) bụ ndị a ma ama lanarịrị.
Modus operandi nke Nzeogwu na North nyere aka n'ụzọ dị nta na ihe ịga nke ọma nke nnupụisi ahụ na mpaghara ugwu Naịjirịa.
Dị ka akụkọ pụrụ iche nke ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa si kwuo, Nzeogwu gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa ndị uwe ojii anọ gụnyere otu n'ime ndị ikom nọ n'òtù ya (Sergeant Daramola Oyegoke). Nzeogwu sonyekwara na ogbugbu nke Col. Raph Shodeinde, onye isi ya na Nigerian Military Training College ma a kọrọ na ọ gbagburu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-agba ọsọ n'enweghị onye na-ele ha anya n'ihu.
Mgbe ọ na-echere ọkwa redio n'isi ụtụtụ site n'aka Major Adewale Ademoyega na Lagos nke emeghị n'ihi ọdịda nke nnupụisi ahụ na Lagos, Major Nzeogwu mere ọkwa n'etiti ehihie, na-ekwupụta iwu agha na mpaghara ugwu Naịjiria
Njide
N'ịgbaso ọkwa sitere na Kaduna, na ozi na Nzeogwu na-achịkọta ndị agha iji wakpo Lagos nke bụ nnukwu ohere n'oge ahụ, ọnye isi ndi Army, Maj. Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi zigara ndị ozi nke otu nwoke Maj. Nzeogwu a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu, Lt. Col. Conrad Nwawo, gaa Kaduna iji soro Maj kwurịta okwu udo. Nzeogwu na inyefe onwe ya. Maj. Nzeogwu setịpụrụ ọnọdụ nke Gen. Ironsi kwetara. Aguyi Ironsi weghaara ọchịchị, e mesịkwara jide Nzeogwu na Lagos na 18 Jenụwarị 1966 n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Nzeogwu Na Ironsi. E jidere ya na Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison na Lagos tupu ebufee ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Aba na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ebe Gọvanọ nke mpaghara Ọwụda Anyanwụ na onye ga-abụ onye isi ala Biafra Chukwuemeka Ojukwu tọhapụrụ ya na Machị 1967.
Agha obodo na ọnwụ
Na 30 Mee 1967, Biafra kwupụtara nnwere onwe ya site na Naịjirịa; nke a sitere na ogbugbu na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị nke ndị Igbos na ugwu Naịjirịa na ịjụ nke onye isi agha nke oge ahụ General Yakubu Gowon ịhazi ndị ọrụ nchekwa iji kwụsị ogbugbu ahụ.
N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1967, Nzeogwu - onye e buliri n'ọkwa Biafran Lt. Colonel - tọrọ n'ọgba aghara dị nso na Nsukka mgbe ọ na-eduzi ọrụ nyocha abalị megide ndị agha gọọmentị etiti nke 21st battalion n'okpuru Captain Mohammed Inuwa Wushishi.
E gburu ya n'agha ma mechaa mata ozu ya; Otú ọ dị nwanne ya nwanyị siri ọnwụ na ọ gburu onwe ya iji zere imenye ya ihere site n'aka ndị agha gọọmentị etiti. Mgbe e merisịrị Biafra, onye isi ndị agha Naijiria bụ General Yakubu Gowon nyere iwu, ka e lie ya n'ebe ili ozu ndị agha dị na Kaduna na nsọpụrụ agha zuru oke.
Ihe Nketa
Echiche ụfọdụ emeela ka Nzeogwu bụrụ onye na-eme mgbanwe mana omume ya na nke ndị na-agba izu ọchịchị mgba okpuru na Jenụwarị 15, 1966 mejupụtara nnupụisi megide gọọmentị Naijiria a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Mgbagha ọchịchị ahụ dugara na ogbugbu nke ndị isi gọọmentị ma nye ohere maka ọchịchị ndị agha afọ 13 (1966 ruo 1979), nke gọọmentị Naijiria na-achị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya site na 1979 ruo 1983, nke ndị agha ọzọ kwụsịrị nke were afọ 16 ọzọ ruo 1999.
Ebensidee
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Trade Ipadeola
Oge ọ malitere ndụ ya
A mụrụ Tade Layo Ipadeola na Septemba 1970 na Fiditi, Oyo State. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na iwu na iri abuo na otu na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile Ife. Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi: nna ya kuziri akwụkwọ na Fiditi Grammar School ma lara ezumike nká dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ; nne ya kuziri Yoruba na bekee. Ipadeola malitere ide ihe n'oge ndụ ya wee nweta ihe nrite mpaghara mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.
Ọrụ edemede
After reading the works of J. P. Clarke and Christopher Okigbo, Ipadeola started writing poetry himself in 1990, and he says it took him 10–12 years of consistent practice to master the craft. His first collection was published in 1996. His second collection was A Time of Signs (2000). He self-published his third collection of poems, A Rain Fardel, in 2005. Ipadeola has also translated two classical Yoruba novels, by Daniel Fagunwa, into English: The Divine Cryptograph (Aditu); and The Pleasant Potentate of Ibudo (Ireke Onibudo), both in 2010, but they remain unpublished. In 2012 he translated W. H. Auden's first dramatic work Paid on Both Sides into Yoruba as Lamilami. Ipadeola na-eche na enweghị ike ịmepụta abụ ọma na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị, nkwụsi ike na ndidi ma na-akwa ụta maka enweghị ndidi na ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-ede uri Naijiria. Ọ na-ekwu, sị: "Cheta na uri dị ka nwa ọhụrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-amanye ya ịbịa n'ụwa a tupu oge eruo, ị na-enwe [a] akaghi aka [amụ] na ị na-enwe nsogbu; ị ga-enweta incubator, ị ga-enweta Ọkachamara, ị ga-enweta nri pụrụ iche, yabụ ihe kacha mma bụ ikwe ka nwa ahụ bịa mụọ nwa tupu amuo ya."
Agba Sahara
Mpịakọta nke atọ nke uri ya bụ The Sahara Testaments, nke meriri ihe nrite Naịjirịa bụ ihe nrite kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke na-abịa na ihe nrite ego $ 100,000 bụ usoro nke otu puku quatrains na nuances nke Sahara. Ndị ọka ikpe nke Prọfesọ. Romanus Egudu kpọrọ Agba Sahara "ihe dị ịrịba ama na-ekpuchi ala na ndị Afrịka site na mmalite nke okike, ruo ugbu a, ruo n'ọdịnihu". Ọ na-eji Sahara dị ka metonymy maka nsogbu nke Africa na n'ezie, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ dum. O nwekwara okwu siri ike na satire banyere okwu na ndị mmadụ, site na diamond ọbara Africa na inflation na Naịjirịa... "Achọpụtakwara na "Ipadeola ji asụsụ uri na-egosipụta n'alụmdi na nwunye dị ịrịba ama nke echiche na nka okwu a na-egosipụta na ngwakọta nke ụda na uche." Ọrụ Ipadeola meriri mmadụ abụọ ọzọ siri ike n'asọmpi bụ ndị mere atọ ikpeazụ, Ogochukwu Promise na Chidi Amu Nnadi. Onye na-ede uri bụ Chiedu Ezeannah achọpụtala na "ọ dị ka inwe Okigbo na Soyinka n'otu ngwugwu na-agbaji".