cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Naijeria
N’agbanyeghi otutu ihe megidere nnupu isi nke ndi agha ugwu (dika John Atom Kpera, onye chiburu ndi agha nke Benue State), ogbugbu ndi agha agha nke Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Unegbe site n’aka ndi nwuru n’agha, na Ironsi kwusi ndi igbo. ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, ịdị mfe nke Ironsi ji kwụsị nnupu isi ahụ butere enyo na ndị Igbo na-akpa nkata kpara nkata n’oge niile iji mepe ụzọ ka Ironsi weghachite ọchịchị Naịjirịa.
Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu ghọrọ gọvanọ ndị agha nke Eastern Region n’oge a. [92] [38] Na 24 Mee 1966, gọọmentị ndị agha wepụtara Iwu Mwepu Unification # 34, nke ga-anọchi gọọmentị na usoro etiti etiti. Ndi ugwu Northern ahutara na amaghi iwu a. [93]
Na nkpasu iwe sitere na mgbasa ozi nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke gosipụtara ugboro ugboro ihe nlelị na katuun nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbago ugwu ahụ, n'abalị nke 29 Julaị 1966, ndị agha mgbago ugwu na ogige Abeokuta gbaruru, si otú a na-adọta mgbochi-agha, nke dịbu na nhazi usoro. Ironsi gara nleta n’Ibadan mgbe ha na-ada ọchịchị mmụọ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ gbuo ya (ya na onye ọbịa ya, Adekunle Fajuyi). Ntughari a mere ka echichi nke Lieutenant-Colonel Yakubu Gowon dị ka onye isi ndị agha nke ndị agha Nigeria. A họọrọ Gowon dị ka onye ga-emebi okwukwe ya. Ọ bụ onye ugwu, onye Kristian, si n’ebo pere mpe, ma nwee aha ọma n’etiti ndị agha. [38]
Ọ dịka ọ dị ka Gowon chere ihu ọ bụghị naanị na nsogbu nwere ike ibuso ndị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ agha, mana nsogbu nkewa na nke ae Northern na Western mpaghara. [94] Ndị na-emegide ọchịchị atụmatụ tụlere iji ohere wepu onwe ha na gọọmentị n'onwe ha. Agbanyeghị, ndị nnọchi anya Britain na United States gbara Gowon ume ka ọ na-achịkwa mba ahụ dum. Gowon gbasoro atụmatụ a, na-akagbu Iwu Mwepu, na-ekwupụta ịlaghachi na usoro gọọmentị etiti. [95]
Mkpagbu nke ndi Igbo Site na June rue October 1966, ndi pogroms no na North gburu ihe dika ndi 8,000 rue 30,000 ndi Igbo, okara n’ime ha bu umu aka, ma mee ka ihe kariri nde rue nde abuo gbapu oso mpaghara Eastern. [96] Ewere 29 Septemba 1966, ụbọchị ụbọchị kachasị njọ; n'ihi mgbuchapụ, akpọrọ ya 'Black Thursday'. [97] [98]
Ọkammụta n'ihe banyere mmekọrịta mmadụ na chi, Charles Keil, onye bịara ileta Naịjirịa n'afọ 1966, kwuru, sị:
Ndi pogroms nke m huru na Makurdi, Nigeria (mbubreyo Septemba 1966) bu ihe ngosi nke otutu mkparita uka nke Ibo na ndi Eastern East na mkparita uka nke Tiv, Idoma, Hausa na ndi Northerners ndi ozo bi na Makurdi, ma, ha kwesiri ka emegharia ya n'obodo. obodo, ndị ọchịagha na-edu ndị agha Nigeria. Tupu mgbe a na-egbu ya, na mgbe a gbusịrị ya, enwere ike ịnụ Col. Gowon na redio na-enye ndị nchekwa ọwụwa anyanwụ, 'ụmụ amaala niile nke Nigeria' nchekwa nke nchekwa, mana ebumnuche nke ndị agha, naanị ike dị na Naịjirịa ugbu a ma ọ bụ mgbe ahụ, doro anya na ihe mgbu. Ka m gụchara ozu ndị ahụ etinyere n’akụkụ okporo ụzọ Makurdi, ndị agha kpọghachiri m n’obodo ahụ ma rịọ mgbaghara maka ajọ ísì ahụ ma jiri nkwanye ugwu kọwaa na ha na-emere m na ụwa nnukwu ihu ọma site na iwepu ndị Igbo. [99]
Gọọmentị ndị agha gọọmentị etiti tọkwara ntọala maka mgbochi akụ na ụba nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ fullwa nke malitere ịrụ ọrụ zuru oke na 1967. [100]
Kewapụta Ide mmiri gbara ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Nigeria mere ka ihe sie ike. Mkparịta ụka sara mbara mere n'etiti Ojukwu, nke na-anọchite Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Nigeria, na Gowon, na-anọchite anya gọọmentị ndị agha Federal Nigeria. Na nkwekọrịta Aburi, nke mechara bịanye aka na Aburi, Ghana, ndị otu ahụ kwekọrịtara na a ga-etinye gọọmentị Naịjirịa atọtọ. Gowon gbupụrụ oge nkwekọrịta nke nkwekọrịta ahụ ma mechaa gbanwee. File:Nigeria states-1967-1976.png Biafra iwe Ndị Bịafra zaghachiri n'iwe nke ha mgbe, na 9 Ọgọstụ, ndị agha Biafran kwagara na westside n'ime Mid-Western nke mpaghara Naịjirịa nke gafere osimiri Niger, gafere Benin City, rue mgbe a kwụsịrị ha n'Ore na Ondo Steeti gafere ókè ala ahụ na 21 August, 210 kilomita (130 mi) ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi obodo Nigeria nke Lagos. Onye lụrụ ọgụ Biafra bụ Lt. Col. Banjo, onye Yoruba, nwere ọkwa Biafra dị ka onye nkwuchite. Mwakpo ahụ ezuteghị ọgụ na Mid-West n'ụzọ dị mfe weghaara ya.
Flag nke Republic of Benin Nke a bụ n'ihi nhazi tupu ekewapụta na ndị agha niile kwesiri ịlaghachi na mpaghara ha iji kwụsị ogbugbu a na-egbu mmadụ, bụ nke ndị agha Igbo bụ ndị e merụrụ arụ na ya. Ndị agha Naịjirịa ndị kwesiri ịchekwa steeti Mid-West bụkarịrị Mid-West Igbo ma, ebe ụfọdụ na ndị ogbo ha nọ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na-akpakọrịta, ndị ọzọ jụrụ. General Gowon zara site na ịrịọ Colonel Murtala Mohammed (onye mechara bụrụ onye isi ala na 1975) i hiwe ngalaba ọzọ (2nd Infantry Division) iji chụpụ ndị Biafra site na Mid-West, yana ịgbachitere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ma wakpo Biafra site na Ọdịda Anyanwụ nakwa. [118] N'otu oge ahụ, Gowon kwupụtara "agha zuru oke" wee maa ọkwa na gọọmentị etiti ga-akpọkọta ndị niile bi na Naịjirịa maka ọgụ a. [118] Site na oge ọkọchị nke 1967 ruo oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1969, ndị agha Federal sitere na ike nke 7,000 ruo n'ike nke ndị 200,000 ahaziri na nkewa atọ. [119] Biafra bido na ndi agha abuo site na Enugu bido agha ahu, nke ruru batalion abuo site n’onwa August 1967, nke gbasaa n’oge na adighi anya na ndi brigade abuo, nke 51 na nke 52 nke buru isi ndi Biafra. [120] Ka ọ na-erule 1969, ndị Biafra ga-ewepụta puku iri itoolu (90,000) nke aghọrọ ụzọ 5 nkewa, yana ndị otu nọọrọ onwe ha.
Ka ndị agha Naịjirịa weghachitere Mid-West, onye isi agha Biafran kwupụtara Republic of Benin na ụbọchị 19 nke ọnwa Septemba, n'agbanyeghị na ọ kwụsịrị ịdị n'echi ya. (Obodo Benin nke dị ugbu a, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Nigeria, ka a na-akpọ Dahomey n'oge ahụ.) [121] [achọrọ]
Agbanyeghị na ndị Naijirịa weghachitere Benin City na 22 Septemba, ndị Biafra nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na ebumnuche ha bụ isi site na igbado ndị agha Federal dị ka ha nwere ike. Gen. Gowon malitekwara mwakpo Biafra n'ebe ndịda site na Niger Delta ruo mpaghara osimiri, na-eji ọtụtụ ndị iwu Lagos Garrison n'okpuru Colonel Benjamin Adekunle (akpọ Black Scorpion) iji mepụta 3rd Infantry Division (nke e mechara kpọọ dị ka 3 Marine Commando). Ka agha ahụ gara n’ihu, ndị agha Naịjirịa weghachitere n’etiti mpaghara ndị sara mbara, gụnyere Yoruba, Itshekiri, Urhobo, Edo, Ijaw, wdg.
Naijiria iwe E kere iwu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ brigades abụọ na ndị agha atọ ọ bụla. Ndi otu ndi agha no na uzo uzo Ogugu - Ogunga - Nsukka ma ndi Brigade abuo gara n’iru Gakem - Obudu - Ogoja. Ka ọ na-erule 10 July 1967, ọ meriri ókèala ya niile. Ka ọ na-erule abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Julaị, ndị agha abụọ jidere Gakem, Ogudu na Ogoja. Iji nyere Naịjirịa aka, Egypt zigara mmadụ isii bọmbụ Ilyushin Il-28 bụ ndị ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu nke Egypt butere. [122] Omume ndị Ijipt na-agba ito ogbunigwe n'ụlọ ọgwụ Red Cross yana ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ na n'ọma ahịa mere ka mba Biafra nwee ọmịiko. [123]
Lynn Garrison na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke F4U-7 Corsair 1966 Enugwu ghọrọ ebe mgbada na nnupu isi, gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na anwude Enugwu, ịchụpụ ga-akwụsị. Atụmatụ ibuso Enugwu malitere na 12 Septemba 1967, ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba 1967 ndị agha Naịjirịa weghaara Enugwu. [109] Ndị agha Naịjirịa n'okpuru Murtala Mohammed gburu ọtụtụ mmadụ narị asaa mgbe ha jidere Asaba na Osimiri Niger. Akpọrọ ndị Naịjirịa ugboro atọ ka ha na-achọ ịgafe Osimiri Niger n'oge Ọktọba, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ puku ndị agha, ọtụtụ tankị na akụrụngwa. Ngbali nke mbu nke ndi agha ndi agha nke abuo n’abali iri na abuo n’onwa iri n’otu n’onwa iri na abuo ka hafe Niger site n’obodo Asaba rue obodo Biafran nke Onitsha riri ndi agha ndi agha nke Naijiria ihe kariri ndi agha 5,000 ndi egburu, ndi meruru aru, ndi ejidere ma obu ndi na efu efu. Operation Tiger Claw (17–20 Ọktoba 1967) bụ ọgbaghara ndịagha mere n’etiti ndị agha Naịjirịa na ndị Biafra. Na abali iri na asaa nke onwa iri n’ato aho 1967 ndi Nigeria batara na Calabar nke ndi “Black Scorpion” bu Benjamin Adekunle du, ebe ndi Biafra bu Col. Ogbu Ogi bu onye n’achi ochichi na mpaghara Kalaba na Opobo na Lynn Garrison, ndi agha ndi mba ozo. Ndi Biafra batara ozugbo oku site na mmiri na ikuku. N’ụbọchị abụọ sochirinụ ka ndị agha ụgbọ elu Naịjirịa na-atụ ogbunigwe Biafra na ngwa agha. N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, Lynn Garrison ruru Calabar mana ndị agha gọọmentị gbara egbe ozugbo. Ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị 20 nke Ọktoba, ndị agha Garrison hapụrụ agha ahụ ebe Col. Ogi nyefere Gen. Adekunle eze. Na 19 Mee 1968 Portharcourt weghaara. Na njide nke EnugwuBiafra iwe Ndị Bịafra zaghachiri n'iwe nke ha mgbe, na 9 Ọgọstụ, ndị agha Biafran kwagara na westside n'ime Mid-Western nke mpaghara Naịjirịa nke gafere osimiri Niger, gafere Benin City, rue mgbe a kwụsịrị ha n'Ore na Ondo Steeti gafere ókè ala ahụ na 21 August, 210 kilomita (130 mi) ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi obodo Nigeria nke Lagos. Onye lụrụ ọgụ Biafra bụ Lt. Col. Banjo, onye Yoruba, nwere ọkwa Biafra dị ka onye nkwuchite. Mwakpo ahụ ezuteghị ọgụ na Mid-West n'ụzọ dị mfe weghaara ya.
Mgbasa ozi Biafran na-ata ụta mgbe nile maka mmeri nke ndị agha na "ndị ọgbaghara" n'ime ọkwa onye ọrụ Biafran, ma a gbara ndị isi abụọ na ndị ọzọ ume ịkatọ ndị a na-enyo enyo na "ndị saboteurs". [114] N'ime agha nile a, o yikarịrị ka ndị agha Biafran n'akụkụ ha ga-egbu ha karịa ndị agha Federal ka Ojukwu mere nsacha ma nwee ndị isi ndị ebubo na ha bụ "ndị omekome" ewepụtara ma gbagbue ha. [124] Ojukwu atụkwasịghị obi na imirikiti ndị ọrụ gọọmentị etiti Igbo bụbu ndị jikọtara Biafra wee hụ ha dị ka ndị ha na ha ga-azọ, na-ebute ọgbaghara igbu ọchụ nke mere ka egbuo ọtụtụ n'ime ha. [124] Ozokwa, Ojukwu choro oke ogwu maka mmeri Biafra na onwu bu ntaramahuhu diri ndi isi Biafra ndi agha ha meriri. [125] N'ihi ụjọ ịtụ mgba okpuru, Ojukwu mepụtara ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka S Brigade nke ya onwe ya nyere iwu na nke Brigade nke anọ nke ndị ọchịagha ndị German bụ Rolf Steiner nyere iwu nke na-abụghị usoro iwu mgbe niile. [125] Barua dere na onye ndu Ojukwu, ọkachasị ogbugbu ọ na-egbu ndị ọfịsa ya nwere “oke ọdachi” na mmụọ ndị agha Biafran. [125] Ogbugbu ndị isi ahụ mekwara ka o siere ndị ọrụ Biafran ike inweta ahụmịhe dị mkpa iji duzie ọrụ ndị agha nke ọma dịka Barua kwuru na ndị agha Biafran enweghị ma “ịga n’ihu na ịdị n’otu” ha ga-amụta site n’agha ahụ. [125]
Na-achịkwa mmepụta mmanụ
Njikwa mmanụ ala na Niger Delta bụ ebumnobi ndị agha kachasị mkpa n'oge agha ahụ. Lllọ ọrụ Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company malitere Shel-BP Petroleum Development Company na 1937. Achọpụtara mmanụ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ, gọọmentị etiti tinyere mmachi ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara ahụ. Mmachibido iwu a etinyeghị ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ. Ndị ndu Biafra degara Shell-BP akwụkwọ ka ha chọọ ụgwọ maka mmanụ a na-achọgharị na mpaghara ha. Emechaa nyochachara, Shell-BP kpebiri ịkwụ Biafra ego ruru 250,000 pound. Akụkọ banyere ịkwụ ụgwọ a ruru gọọmentị etiti, nke mere ka mbupụ ụgbọ mmiri ozugbo nye ndị na-ebu mmanụ. Gọọmentị Naịjirịa mekwara ka Shell-BP doo anya na ha tụrụ anya na ụlọ ọrụ a ga-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ mmanụ niile pụtara ìhè ozugbo. Site na nkwụsị na ugwo maka gọọmentị Biafra rịọ Shell-BP ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ na Biafra ma weghara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. [126]
Ka ọ na-erule na njedebe nke ọnwa Julaị 1967, ndị agha etiti na ndị ụgbọ mmiri Naịjirịa weghaara Bonny Island na Niger Delta, wee si otú a na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ Shell-BP dị mkpa. [127] Ọrụ malitere ọzọ na Mee 1968, mgbe Nigeria weghaara Port Harcourt. Facilitieslọ ọrụ ya emebiwo ma chọọ nrụzi. [128] Mepụta mmanụ na mbupụ na-aga n'ihu, mana na ọkwa dị ala. Emecha ngwụcha nke 1969 nke ọdụ ọhụrụ na Forçados wetara mmepụta site na 142,000 gbọmgbọm / ụbọchị na 1958 ruo gbọga 540,000 / ụbọchị na 1969. Na 1970, ọnụ ọgụgụ a rịrị elu na 1,080,000 agba / ụbọchị. Ihe ndị eze nyere mere ka Nigeria nwee ike ịzụta ngwa agha ndị ọzọ, were ego ndị ọrụ agha, wdg. Biafra enweghị ike ịsọ mpi na ọkwa akụ na ụba a.
Arụ ụka maka agbụrụ pere mpe na Biafra Ndi pere mpe na Biafra tara oke arụ n’aka ndị na-alụrụ ọgụ maka agha abụọ ahụ. Ndị pogroms dị na North na 1966 bụ ndị a na-eduzi ndị mmadụ site na Eastern Nigeria.
Agbanyeghi nkwekorita okike n'etiti ndi mmadu a na pogroms na ugwu, esemokwu bilitere dika ndi pere mpe, ndi nwere mmasi mgbe nile inwe obodo nke ha n'etiti ndi isi ochichi nke Naijiria, na-enyo enyo na ha na ndi agha Federal agha imebi Biafra. [131]
Ndị agha Federal makwara ụta maka mpụ a. N’ógbè Rivers, ndị agha obere gburu agbụrụ pere mpe nwere ọmịiko maka Biafra. Na Calabar, ndị agha Federal gbukwara ụfọdụ Efịk 2000. [132] Na mpụga Biafra, e dekọrọ arụrụala megide ndị bi na Asaba na Delta State ugbu a site n'akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ahụ. [133] [134]
Ntinye aka mba ụwa Britain Britain emeela atụmatụ ịkwado na ịgbasawanye mmanụ ya dị oke ọnụ ala sitere na Nigeria. Ya mere, ọ butere ihe dị mkpa na mmezi nke mmịpụta mmanụ na ịrụzigharị ọrụ. Agha ahụ dara naanị otu izu tupu Agha Sixbọchị isii na Middle East dugara na Suez Canal na-egbochi, na-amanye ndị na-ebu mmanụ site na Middle East iji jiri ụzọ dị ogologo gburugburu Cape of Good Hope, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ụgwọ nke Middle East mmanụ. [135] N'aka nke ya, nke a mere ka mkpa mmanụ Naịjirịa dị na Britain, nke dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ si na Osimiri Peshia. [135] Na mbu, mgbe amachaghị akụkụ ga-emeri, Britain were "chere ma hụ" ụzọ tupu ya ekpebie maka Naịjirịa kpamkpam. [136] Naịjirịa nwere ụgbọ mmiri nwere naanị ụgbọ mmiri iri isii, nke kachasị n’ime ha bụ frig; otu ụgbọ elu nke ụgbọ elu 76, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha anaghị alụ ọgụs ma ọ bụ bọmbụ; na ndị agha 7,000 ndị na-enweghị tankị na ụkọ ndị ọrụ nwere ahụmịhe iwu. Agbanyeghi na Biafra adighi ike n'otu aka ahu, akuku abuo putara otu ihe dika ha malitere na mbu agha ahu, na mmeri nke Naijiria adighi uzo kwesiri.
Britain kwadoro Federal Government mana, mgbe agha ahụ dara, dọrọ ha aka na ntị ka ha ghara imebi nrụnye mmanụ ndị Britain na East. Ọrụ mmanụ ndị a, n'okpuru ọchịchị Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company (nke Shell na British Petroleum jikọtara ọnụ), na-achịkwa 84% nke gbọmgbọm 580,000 nke Nigeria kwa ụbọchị. Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmanụ a sitere na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ ọzọ site na mpaghara Mid-West mepụtara ọhụrụ. Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke mmanụ Naijiria niile biri na Britain. [105] Na 1967, 30% nke mmanụ a na-ebubata na Britain si na Nigeria. [138]
Ya mere Shell-BP ji nlezianya leba anya na gọọmentị etiti na-arịọ ka ọ jụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ala Biafra chọrọ. Ndị ọkaiwu ya nyere ndụmọdụ na ịkwụ ụgwọ Biafra ga-abụ ihe kwesiri ma ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị a mere n'ezie ka iwu na usoro dịrị na mpaghara a na-ekwu okwu. Gọọmentị Britain nyere ndụmọdụ na ịkwụ Biafra nwere ike imebi ihu ọma gọọmentị etiti. Shell-BP kwụrụ ụgwọ ahụ, gọọmentị wee guzobe mgbochi na mbupụ mmanụ. [105] N'ịbụ ndị a manyere ịhọrọ otu akụkụ, Shell-BP na gọọmentị Britain tinyere aka na Federal Government na Lagos, o doro anya na ịgbakọ na akụkụ a ga-emeri agha ahụ. [139] Dika onye isi ochichi British na Lagos degara onye ode akwukwo nke ndi Commonwealth Affairs na 27 July 1967:
Ojukwu, ọbụlagodi mmeri, agaghị anọ n’ọnọdụ siri ike. Ọ ga-achọ enyemaka na nkwado mba ụwa niile ọ nwere ike ịnweta. Gọọmentị etiti ga-adị mma karịa ma mba ụwa ma n'ime. Ha ga-enwe okwu nkedo maka ọgwụgwọ kachasị njọ nke ụlọ ọrụ nke nyere onye nnupụisi aka, enwere m obi ike na ha ga-agbachitere ikpe ha ruo ogologo oge ịkagbu ikike ụlọ ọrụ na ịme ka nrụnye ha dị. Ekwubiri m, ya mere, ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ agbanwee obi ya wee rịọ gọọmentị Britain maka ndụmọdụ, ihe kachasị mma a ga-enye bụ ka ọ jiri ọsọ ọsọ laghachi n'akụkụ Lagos nke ngere ahụ na akwụkwọ ndenye na njikere. "[139 ]
Shell-BP nara ndụmọdụ a. [139] Ọ gara n'ihu na-akwado nwayọ na-akwado Nigeria site na agha ndị ọzọ, n'otu oge na-akwado eze nke of 5.5 nde iji kwụọ ụgwọ ịzụta ngwa agha ndị Britain ọzọ. [140]
Ọ bụ mgbe ndị agha Federal jidere ọdụ mmanụ mmanụ dị na Bonny na 25 Julaị 1967 ka Mịnịsta Ala Britain Harold Wilson kpebiri iji aka ndị agha kwado Nigeria. [141] Mgbe mmeri Federal meriri na Bonny, Wilson kpọrọ David Hunt, onye kọmishọna ukwu Britain na Nigeria, maka nzukọ na 10 Downing Street na mbido August 1967 maka nyocha ya banyere ọnọdụ ahụ. [141] Echiche Hunt na ndị agha Federal bụ ndị ahaziri nke ọma na ha ga-emeri n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịdakwasị ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu dugara Wilson n'akụkụ Nigeria.
N'oge a na-alụ agha ahụ, Britain zoro ezo na-ewepụta ngwa agha na ọgụgụ isi nke ndị agha na Naịjirịa, o nwekwara ike ịbụ na ha nyekwaara ya aka ịkpọ ndị ọrụ agha. Ka emechara mkpebi a iji kwado Naịjirịa, BBC gbadoro ụkwụ n'akuko ha iji kwado otu a. [143] Ihe enyere ndi Federal Military Government gụnyere ụgbọ abụọ na ụgbọ ala 60. [144]
Na Britain, ọrụ enyemaka gbasara enyemaka Biafra malitere na 12 June 1968, na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na ITV na The Sun. N'oge na-adịghị anya e nyefere ndị ọrụ ebere ndị ọrụ ebere Oxfam na Save the Children Fund, ka ha nwere nnukwu ego. [145]
France France nyere ngwa agha, ndị agha na-ebu agha, na enyemaka ndị ọzọ nye Biafra ma kwalite ihe kpatara ya na mba ụwa, na-akọwa ọnọdụ ahụ dị ka mgbukpọ agbụrụ. Onye isi ala Charles de Gaulle rụtụrụ aka na "Biafra bụ ihe ziri ezi na ezigbo ọrụ". [146] Ka osi di, France anabataghi Biafra site na diplomaati. [147] Site n'aka Pierre Laureys, o doro anya na France enyela B-26s abụọ, helikopta Alouette, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu. [148] France wepụtara Biafra ngwa agha German na nke Italiantali weghaara site na Agha IIwa nke Abụọ, na-enweghị nọmba ọnụọgụ, ewepụtara dị ka akụkụ nke mbupu mgbe niile na Côte d'Ivoire. [149] France resịkwara gọọmentị etiti Naịjirịa ụgbọ agha na-ebu agha. [150]
Enwere ike ileba anya na ndị France na agha ahụ na usoro atụmatụ ya (Françafrique) na asọmpi ya na ndị Britain na West Africa. Naịjirịa nọchitere anya otu okpukperechi Britain na mpaghara a na-ejikọkarị ndị France. France na Portugal jiri mba ndị dị nso na mpaghara nke ikike ha, ọkachasị Côte d'Ivoire n'okpuru Onye isi ala Félix Houphouët-Boigny, dị ka ụzọ esi ebuga Biafra. [146] [151] Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, France kwughachiri iwu ya na mbụ site na Nsogbu Congo, mgbe ọ na-akwado mwepu nke mpaghara ndịda na-egwupụta ihe na Katanga. [152]
Na onodu aku na uba, France nwetara mkpali site na nkwekorita mmanu maka Société Anonyme Française de Recherches et d'Exploitation de Pétrolières (SAFRAP), o doro anya na ya na Eastern Nigeria haziri tupu ya ekewapụ ya na Federation nke Nigeria. [153] [154] SAFRAP kwuru na ọ bụ pasenti asaa nke mmanụ ụgbọ ala Naịjirịa. [105] Na ntule nke onye nyocha CIA na 1970, France “nyere nkwado n’ezie maka ndị Biafran bourgeoisie na nkwụghachi maka mmanụ.” [155] Biafra, n’akụkụ ya, gosipụtara n’ụzọ doro anya mmekọrịta ya na France. Ojukwu tụrụ aro ka abalị iri nke ọnwa asatọ nke ọnwa asatọ n’afọ 1967, ka Biafra webata klas ndị French amachibidoro n’ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, teknụzụ na ndị nkuzi iji “rite uru n’ọdịbendị bara ụba nke mba na-asụ French”.
France buru ụzọ ụzọ nkwado mba Biafra maka mba ụwa. [154] Portugal zigakwara ngwá agha. A haziri azụmahịa ndị a site na "Biafran Historical Research Center" na Paris. [24] Ndi agha France na ndi Gabon na Côte d'Ivoire nabatara Biafra na Mee 1968. [157] Na 8 May 1968, De Gaulle n'onwe ya nyere 30,000 franc maka ịzụrụ ọgwụ maka ọrụ French Red Cross. Nsogbu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke ebe niile dọpụrụ uche gọọmentị nwa oge. Gọọmentị kwupụtara mmachibido iwu nke agha mana ọ nọgidere na-ebuga Biafra n'okpuru nchekwa enyemaka. [158] N’ọnwa Julaị gọọmentị megharịrị mgbalị ya iji mee ka ọha na eze tinye aka n’ihe gbasara ọdịmma ndị mmadụ. Ihe osise nke ụmụaka agụụ na-ebo na ebubo nke mgbukpọ agbụrụ jupụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ France na mmemme televishọn. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa akụkọ a, na 31 Julaị 1968, De Gaulle kwupụtara nkwupụta gọọmentị iji kwado Biafra. [159] Maurice Robert, onye isi nke Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE, ndị ọrụ nzuzo ndị si mba ofesi na France) Ọrụ Africa, dere na 2004 na ụlọ ọrụ ya nyere ndị nta akụkọ nkọwa gbasara agha wee gwa ha ka ha jiri okwu a bụ "mgbukpọ" na akụkọ ha. [160]
France kwupụtara "Izu Biafra" na 11-17 Maachị 1969, nke dị na ọgba aghara 2-franc nke ndị French Red Cross mere. N’oge na-adịghị anya, de Gaulle kwụsịrị mbubata ngwá agha, wee gbaa arụkwaghịm na 27 Eprel 1969. Onye isi ala nke oge ahụ Alain Poher chụrụ Ọchịagha Jacques Foccart, onye isi nhazi nke amụma Africa na France. Georges Pompidou weghaara Foccart ego ọzọ ma malitekwa nkwado maka Biafra, tinyere imekọ ihe ọnụ na ndị ọrụ nzuzo nzuzo South Africa ibubata ọtụtụ ngwa agha. [161]
United States United States kwuputara nnọpụiche, onye odeakwụkwọ nke United States Dean Rusk na-ekwu na "America anọghị n'ọnọdụ ịme ihe dịka Naịjirịa bụ mpaghara n'okpuru ọchịchị Britain". [112] Dị ka iwu si kwuo, United States nọpụrụ iche n'agha obodo. Ebumnuche, ọdịmma ya kwekọrọ na Gọọmentị ndị agha Federal, n'agbanyeghị na enwere nnukwu echiche ama ama na nkwado Biafra. United States hụkwara uru na njikọ ya na Lagos, ma chọọ ịchekwa $ 800 nde (na nyocha nke Ngalaba Ọchịchị) uru nke itinye ego nke onwe. [162]
Na 9 Septemba 1968, nwa akwukwo onye isi ala United States Richard Nixon kwuru, sị:
Ruo ugbu a, mbọ iji nyere ndị Biafra aka bụ na akụ afọ n'ala site n'ọchịchọ nke gọọmentị etiti ala Nigeria ịchụso mmeri zuru oke na enweghị atụ yana egwu ndị Ibo na inyefe pụtara oke arụrụala na mgbukpọ agbụrụ. Ma mgbukpọ bụ ihe na-eme ugbu a - agụụ bụkwa ihe na-eweta ihe ubi. [146]
Mgbe Nixon ghọrọ onye isi ala na 1969, ọ chọpụtara na o nwechaghị ihe ọ ga-eme iji gbanwee mkpebi siri ike ewezuga ịkpọ oku maka mkparịta ụka udo ọzọ. Na agbanyeghị nke a, ọ gara n’ihu na-akwado Biafra n’onwe ya. [163]
Gulf Oil Nigeria, nke atọ bụ nnukwu onye na-egwu mmanụ na Naịjirịa, na-ewepụta 9% nke mmanụ na-apụta na Nigeria tupu agha ebido. [105] Ọrụ ya niile dị n'ụsọ osimiri nke etiti etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na-achịkwa; ya mere ọ gara n’ihu na-akwụ gọọmentị etiti ụgwọ ọrụ maka ọrụ ya na nke a anaghị egbochi ya. [139]
Soviet Union Soviet Union kwadoro gọọmentị Nigeria nke ukwuu, na-ekwusi ike myirịta na ọnọdụ Congo. Ọchịchọ Naịjirịa chọrọ inwe ụgbọ elu, nke Britain na United States jụrụ ire, mere Gowon ịnabata onyinye ndị Soviet nyere n'oge ọkọchị nke 1967 iji ree ndị agha 17 nke ndị agha MIG-17. [164] Ndị agha Naijiria a zụrụ azụ na Britain echeghị ntụkwasị obi na Soviet Union, mana onye nnọchi anya Soviet na Lagos, Alexander Romanov, nwoke nwere mmekọrịta enyi na enyi yana onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị mara mma, sooro Gowon nwee mmekọrịta dị mma ma kwenye na ịnakwere ngwa agha Soviet agaghị apụta ido onwe anyị n'okpuru Soviet Union. [165] Ndị MIG-17 nke izizi rutere Naịjirịa n'ọnwa Ọgọst 1967, ya na ihe dịka ndị ọkachamara Soviet Soviet 200 iji zụọ ndị Naịjirịa maka ojiji ha. [166] Agbanyeghị na ndị MIG-17s bịara bụrụ ndị ọkaibe nke ukwuu ka ndị Naịjirịa jiri nke ọma, na-achọ ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu nke Egypt Air Force gba ha ọsọ, nkwekọrịta ogwe aka Soviet-Naịjirịa ghọrọ otu n'ime isi ntụgharị agha ahụ. [166] Na mgbakwunye na ịtọpụta ogwe aka site na Soviet Union na Nigeria, ohere nke Soviet Union ga-enwe nnukwu ikike na Nigeria mere ka Britain gbakwunye ngwa agha ya iji jigide mmetụta ya na Lagos mgbe ọ na-ewepụ ohere nke United States ma ọ bụ Britain nwere ike ịnata Biafra. [166]
Akụkọ kwuru na agha ahụ mere ka mmekọrịta mba na mba na Soviet na azụmahịa dịkwuo mma, ụgbọ ala Moskvitch bidoro pụta na Lagos. USSR ghọrọ onye mbata asọmpi nke kọfị Naijiria. [167]
China Ebe ọ bụ na Soviet Union bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado Naịjirịa, na-ebunye ngwa ahịa n'ọtụtụ ihe, China kwupụtara nkwado ya maka Biafra. [169] Na nkwupụta izizi mbụ ya banyere agha ahụ na Septemba 1968, New China Press Agency kwuru na ndị mmadụ Republic of China kwadoro nkwado ziri ezi maka mgbapụta maka nnwere onwe nke ndị Biafra megide gọọmentị Naịjirịa nke "Anglo-American imperialism na Soviet revisionism" kwadoro. [169] China kwadoro ngwa agha Biafra site na Tanzania, na-ebunye ngwa agha ruru nde $ 2 na 1968-1969. [169]
Israel Site na mbido, Israel ghọtara na Naịjirịa ga-abụ onye egwuregwu dị mkpa na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, wee hụ ezigbo mmekọrịta na Legọs dịka ebumnuche dị mkpa nke mba ofesi. Nigeria na Israel guzobere njikọ na 1957. Na 1960 Britain kwere ka e mepụta ndị ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Israel na Lagos, Israel wekwaara gọọmentị Nigeria ego $ 10. Izrel mekwara mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị Igbo dabere na ọdịnala nwere ike ịkekọrịta. Ihe ndị a gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyere usoro ndị Alakụba nke gọọmentị ugwu na-achịkwa. Fọdụ ndị ndu mgbago ugwu ekwetaghị ịkpọtụrụ Israel na machibidoro ndị Israel si Maiduguri na Sokoto iwu.
Israel amaliteghị irere Naịjirịa ngwa agha rue mgbe Aguyi-Ironsi batara n’ọchịchị na 17 Jenụwarị 1966. A na-ahụta nke a dịka oge dabara adaba iji mepụta mmekọrịta a na gọọmentị etiti. Ram Nirgad ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya mba Izrel na Naịjirịa n'ọnwa Jenụwarị. E nyefere iri tọn iri atọ na Eprel. [171]
Mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ malitere ịchọ enyemaka site na Israel na Septemba 1966. O doro anya na Israel jụrụ arịrịọ ha ugboro ugboro, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ime ka ndị nnọchi anya Biafran ahụ kpọtụrụ onye na-ere ahịa ngwa agha ọzọ. [172] Na 1968, Israel malitere inye Federal Government Military ngwá agha — ihe dị ka $ 500,000, dị ka Ngalaba Ọchịchị nke United States si kwuo. Ka ọ dị ugbua, dịka n’ebe ndị ọzọ, akpọsara ọnọdụ na Biafra dịka mgbukpọ agbụrụ. Ndị Knesset rụrụ ụka n'ihu ọha okwu a na 17 na 22 July 1968, na-emeri otuto site na ndị nta akụkọ maka mmetụta uche ya. Ndi otu ndoro-ndoro ochichi na aka-ekpe, na ndi na-achu umu akwukwo kwuru maka Biafra. [174] N’August 1968, ndị agha nke Israel Air Force zigara tọn iri na abụọ nke enyemaka nri na saịtị dị nso na mpụga ikuku ikuku Nigeria (Biafran). Na nzuzo, Mossad nyere Biafra $ 100,000 (site na Zurich) wee nwaa ibufe ngwa agha. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Israel mere ndokwa iji ụgbọ elu njem Côte d'Ivoire bufee ngwá agha nzuzo na Biafra. Mba ndị dị na Sahara Africa gbara mbọ ịkwado ndị Arab na esemokwu Israel na Palestian site na ịtụ vootu maka mkpebi ndị mba Arab na-akwado na United Nations. [176] Otu ebumnuche bụ isi nke diplọmaị nke Israel bụ iwepụ mba ndị dị n'Africa pụọ ​​na steeti Arab, ma nyekwa ụzọ ka ọtụtụ mba Afrịka si kwado Naịjirịa, Israel kpọrọ asị imegide ha site na ịkwado Biafra kwa oke. [176]
Ijipt Onye isi ala Gamal Abdel Nasser zipụrụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu nke ndị agha ụgbọ elu nke Egypt ka ha buso Naịjirịa agha na Ọgọstụ 1967, na-efe ndị MIG-17s rutere nso nso a. [177] Udiri ndi na-anya ugbo elu Egypt n’enweghi ike itu ogbunigwe n’ime ndi nkiti Biafran abughi ihe bara uru n’agha nduhie n’ihi na ndi Biafra mere ike ha niile ikwusa okwu banyere ndi nkiti ndi Egypt gburu. [177] N’oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1969, ndị Nigeria jiri ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri East German dochie anya ndị isi ụgbọ elu Egypt bụ ndị gosipụtara na ha nwere ezigbo ikike. [178]
Canada N’arịrị gọọmentị Naịjirịa rịọrọ, Canada zigara mmadụ atọ ka ha mee nchọpụta ebubo nke mgbukpọ na mpụ agha megide ndị agha Naijiria. Major General W.A. Milroy sonyeere ndị ọrụ Canada abụọ ndị ọzọ na 1968, ndị agha Canada wee ruo na February 1970. [179]
Mba ndị ọzọ Biafra rịọrọ arịrịọ na-enweghị isi maka nkwado site na Organizationtù Na-ahụ Maka Africandịkọ nke Africa, agbanyeghị na mba ndị otu a n’ozuzu ha achọghị ịkwado mmegharị nkewa nkewa, [180] n’agbanyeghi na ha nwetara nkwado nke mba Africa dịka Tanzania, Zambia, Gabon na Côte d’Ivoire. Ọtụtụ mba Africa ndị megidere nkewa dị ka Etiopia na Egypt kwadoro gọọmentị Naịjirịa iji gbochie nnupụisi na-akpali akpali na mba nke ha. Flag of the Republic of Benin This was due to the pre-secession arrangement that all soldiers should return to their regions to stop the spate of killings, in which Igbo.
Batoul Arafa
Batoul Arafa (amụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1981) bụ onye Egypt na-eduzi ihe nkiri
Akụkọ ndụ
Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mir de Dieu School na Alexandria, wee sonye na Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts wee gụsịa akwụkwọ site na Ngalaba Drama na 2005. Batoul duziri ọtụtụ ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri nke nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. O duziri ọtụtụ ememme ma n'ime ma n'èzí Ijipt.
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Lydia Ankrah
Lydia Ankrah (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1973) bụ onye Ghana na-agba bọọlụ mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-agba dịka onye na-agbachitere. Ọ bụ onye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Ghana. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu na 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup na afọ 2007 FIFA Women'S World Cup. Na klọb ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Post Ladies na Ghana.
Ihe odide
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Charmaine Pereira
Charmaine Pereira bụ odee na ọkà mmụta nwanyị na Abuja, Naijiria. Ọrụ ya gbadoro ụkwụ na echiche nwanyị, mmekọahụ, agụmakwụkwọ nwoke na nwanyị, na ọha obodo na steeti. Pereira bụkwa onye nhazi maka Initiative for Women's Studies na Nigeria. Ọ bụ onye otu Tapestry Consulting, otu nzukọ na-achọ ịmepụta nha anya nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ na Africa.
Akụkọ ndụ ya
N'afọ 1991, Pereira nwetara Ph.D. na Psychology of Education si The Open University.
N'afọ 2004, Charmaine Pereira na Jane Bennett deziri ụmụ nwanyị Jacket: Qualitative Research Methodologies on Sexualities and Gender in Africa.
Pereira na-akụzi ugbu a na ngalaba Sociology na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha ihe ịma aka nke onye nyocha na-ezute mgbe ọ na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ n'etiti omenala, okike, mmekọahụ, iwu, na okpukperechi.
Ebe ndị ọzọ
Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ama Ukwu Vatikan
thumb|Vatican City Hall Ama Ukwu Vatikan (asụsụ italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano), nke ana-kpo kwa, Vatican City State bụ otu obodo no na Obodo Békè.
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa
National Urban Forestry Unit (NUFU) bụ ọrụ ebere Britain hibere na 1995 iji kwalite oke ọhịa. Oke ohia obodo bụ nlekọta na nlekọta nke otu osisi na ndị bi n'ime obodo maka ebumnuche imelite gburugburu obodo. Oke ohia obodo gụnyere ma atụmatụ na njikwa, gụnyere mmemme nlekọta na ọrụ nlekọta nke ọhịa mepere emepe.
Adelayo Adedayo
Adelayo Adedayo bu onye na eme ihe nkiri bekee. Oge mbụ ya igosipụ̀ta na telivishọn bụ na The Bill, o mekwara ihe nkiri ya nke izizi na Sket. O mechara gosipụta dịka onye isi akụkọ,bụ Viva Bennett, na Some girls nke egosipụtara na BBC Three. Kemgbe 2017, ọ pụtakwara na ITV2 sitcom Timewasters dị ka Lauren.
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa
National Urban Forestry Unit bụ otu ọrụ ebere nke na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka mmata maka enyemaka dị mma nke osisi na-enye maka ịdịmma ndụ n'ime obodo. Ọ kwadoro oke ohia obodo na obodo nye ndị na-ahụ maka nsogbu ndị dị ka ahụike ọha, ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndụ, mweghachi ala, mmepe ewuru, ihe nketa na agụmakwụkwọ. E meriri ya na 2005.
Adelayo Adedayo
Nrụtụaka
<references group="" responsive="1"> 2.interview with...Adelayo   Adelayo pride Retrieved 11 December 2012.
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa
Ebumnuche National Urban Forestry Unit bụ: Iji kwalite mmata, nghọta na nkwado ewu ewu maka osisi ndị dị n'obodo; iji kwalite ụzọ dị mkpa maka mmepe oke ọhịa nke obodo mepere emepe; iji kwalite ọmarịcha teknụzụ, nyocha, ihe ọhụrụ na uru kacha mma n'akụkụ niile nke oke ọhịa mepere emepe; iji nye nlebara anya mba maka ngbanwe nke ozi na omume ọma na oke ohia obodo; na ịkwalite ọrụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọrụ ime obodo na ime ọhịa nke UK.
Adelayo Adedayo
Nrụtụaka
3."Adelayo Adelayo"I love Tv[where she notably started in season 3 of ITV's Some Girls]the stage[she is fresh from the two hander slippies at the southwark playhouse]and film[Gone Too far;she has also shot a small part in unlocked with Noomi Replace and orlando Bloom,],but there's something so magical about film and that's where I'm definitely headed, Screen daily. Retrieved 5 October ￼2015
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa
NUFU sitere na obere Black Country Urban Forestry Unit gaa na ọrụ ebere mba. O guzobere Black Country Urban Forest, mmemme nke ime obodo na-akwado site na Millennium Commission, nke nwetara hekta 362 nke osisi ọhụrụ na-akụ n'ofe Black Country.
NUFU mepụtara usoro ọmụmụ ihe kachasị mma n'ọhịa obodo, nke Wildlife Trust maka Birmingham na Black Country chekwaara ugbu a na ebe nchekwa ihe n'ịntanetị.
Adelayo Adedayo
Njikọ dị na mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
7 Febrụwarị
7 Febrụwarị bu ubochi nke 7th (nke asaa) na onwa ana kpo Febrụwarị. Na Gregorian calender, 7 Febrụwarị bu ubochi nke 38th na afo. Anyi nwere agugu ubochi 327 (328 na afo nke ana-kpo leap-year) du mgbe afo na agwu.
Onye wuru
Òtù:Febrụwarị
Tabu Ley Rochereau
Pascal-Emmanuel Sinamoyi Tabu (13 Nọvemba 1940), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Tabu Ley Rochereau, bụ onye isi na-agụ egwú rumba na onye na-ede egwú si Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ọ bụ onye ndú nke Orchestre Afrisa International, ya n' otu n'ime ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-ede egwu kachasị n' Afrịka. Ya na onye na-akpọ ụbọ Dr Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ soukous (African rumba) ma mee ka egwu ya bụrụ nke mba ụwa site na ijikọta ihe ndị dị na egwu egwu Congolese na Cuban, Caribbean na Latin American rumba. A kọwara ya dị ka "onye Congo nke, ya na Mobutu, gosipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 20 nke Africa". Akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles Times kpọrọ ya "Elvis nke Afrịka". Mgbe ọdịda nke ọchịchị Mobutu gasịrị, Tabu Ley gbakwara mbọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọrụ egwu ya na onye ọzọ na-eduzi ndị otu r
umba nke Congo na onye na-asọmpi Franco Luambo Makiadi bụ onye na-agba ọsọ otu TPOK Jazz n'ime afọ 1960, 1970 na '80s.
N'oge ọrụ ya, Tabu Ley dere ihe ruru egwu 3,000 ma mepụta abọm 250.
Ọrụ mmalite
A mụrụ Pascal-Emmanuel Sinamoyi Tabu na Bagata, na Belgian Congo n'oge ahụ. Ọrụ egwu ya malitere na 1956 mgbe ya na Joseph "Le Grand Kallé" Kabasele, na otu egwu ya L'African Jazz bụrụ abụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ sonyeere òtù ahụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú oge niile. Tabu Ley bụrụ abụ na pan-African hit Indépendance Cha Cha nke Grand Kallé dere maka nnwere onwe Congolese site na Belgium na 1960, na-akpali Tabu Ley ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama ozugbo. Ọ nọgidere na African Jazz ruo 1963 mgbe ya na Dr Nico Kasanda guzobere otu nke ha, African Fiesta. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, Tabu Ley na Dr. Nico kewara ma Tabu Ley guzobere African Fiesta National, nke a makwaara dị ka African Fiesta Flash. Ìgwè ahụ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka, na-edekọ ndị Africa oge ochie dị ka Afrika Mokili Mobimba, ma na-agafe ahịa ndekọ nke otu nde site na 1970. Papa Wemba na Sam Mangwana so n'ọtụtụ ndị egwu nwere mmetụta bụ akụkụ nke otu ahụ. Ọ nakwuru aha egwu "Rochereau" site na General French Pierre Denfert-Rochereaux, onye aha ya masịrị ya na onye ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. thumb|Rochereau na-eme ihe nkiri na Paris Olympia na 1970 N'afọ 1970, Tabu Ley guzobere Orchestre Afrika
N'etiti afọ 1980 Tabu Ley chọpụtara onye na-eto eto nwere nkà na-agụ egwú na onye na-agba egwú, M'bilia Bel, onye nyere aka mee ka òtù ya bụrụ ihe a ma ama. M'bilia Bel ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-agụ egwú soukous iji nweta otuto n'Africa niile. Tabu Ley na M'bilia Bel mechara lụọ ma nwee nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Melody Tabu. N'afọ 1988, Tabu Ley wepụtara nwanyị ọzọ na-agụ egwú nke a maara dị ka Faya Tess, M'bilia Bel hapụrụ ma gaa n'ihu na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'onwe ya. Mgbe M'bilia Bel hapụrụ, mmetụta Afrisa na nke ndị na-asọmpi ha TPOK Jazz nọgidere na-ebelata ka ndị na-akwado ya na-adọrọ mmasị na ụdị ngwa ngwa nke soukous.
Mgbe e guzobesịrị ọchịchị Mobutu Sese Seko na Congo, ọ nabatara aha "Tabu Ley" dị ka akụkụ nke "Zairization" nke Mobutu nke mba ahụ, mana o mechara gaa mba ọzọ na France na 1988. N'afọ 1985, Gọọmentị nke DRC machibidoro egwu mba ọzọ niile site na ọrụ Redio Mba. Mgbe Tabu Ley dere abụ "Twende Nairobi" ("Ka anyị gaa Nairobi"), nke M'bilia Bel bụrụ, iji too onye isi ala Kenya Daniel arap Moi, e wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ ozugbo. Na mbido afọ 1990 ọ biri obere oge na Southern California. Ọ malitere ịhazi egwu ya maka ndị na-ege ntị mba ụwa site na itinye ọtụtụ okwu Bekee na site n'ịbawanye ụdị ịgba egwu mba ụwa dịka Samba. Ọ chọtara ihe ịga nke ọma site na ntọhapụ nke abọm dịka Muzina, Exil Ley, Africa n'ụwa niile na Babeti soukous. Ọchịchị Mobutu machibidoro abọm ya nke 1990 "Trop, C'est Trop" dị ka onye na-emebi iwu. N'afọ 1996, Tabu Ley sonyere na abọm Gombo Salsa site na ọrụ egwu salsa Africando. Egwú "Paquita" sitere na abọm ahụ bụ ihe ngosi nke egwu o dekọrọ na ngwụocha afọ 1960 na African Fiesta.
Mgbe a chụpụrụ Mobutu n'ọchịchị n'afọ 1997, Tabu Ley laghachiri Kinshasa wee were ọnọdụ dị ka minista na gọọmentị nke onye isi ala ọhụrụ Laurent Kabila. Mgbe ọnwụ Kabila gasịrị, Tabu Ley sonyeere ndị omeiwu a họpụtara site na Joseph Kabila, ruo mgbe a gbasara ya mgbe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mgbanwe. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2005, a họpụtara Tabu Ley ka ọ bụrụ osote Gọvanọ nke Kinshasa, ọkwá e nyere pati ya, Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD) site na nkwekọrịta udo nke afọ 2002. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka minista ọdịbendị nke mpaghara. N'afọ 2008, a sịrị na ọ mụrụ ụmụ 102, gụnyere onye France na-eti egwu Youssoupha na onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu Pegguy Tabu na ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche.
Tabu Ley Rochereau nwụrụ na 30 Nọvemba 2013, mgbe ọ dị afọ 73, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Saint-Luc dị na Brussels, Belgium ebe ọ nọ na-agwọ ọrịa strok ọ nwuru na 2008. E liri ya na 9 Disemba 2013 na Cimetiri Acropolic de la N'sele na Kinshasa, mgbe ọ natasịrị emume iru uju na Palais du Peuple.
Wilna Adriaanse
Wilna Adriaanse (amụrụ 1958) bụ onye edemede akụkọ ifo nke South Africa. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Die wingerd sal weer bot n'afọ 2000 n'okpuru aha Wilmine Burger. Akwụkwọ ya,  'n Heildronk op liefde, nwetara ihe nrite Lapa Publishers' nke 2003 maka Romance na n'afọ 2009 e nyere ya ihe nrite ATKV-Woordveertjie maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, Die boek van Ester.
A mụrụ Adriaanse na 19 Maachị 1958 na Kalahari, ma tolite na Worcester. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'afọ 1976 na Worcester High School. O nwetara nzere BA na BA na nchịkwa mmepe site na Mahadum Stellenbosch. N'afọ 2011, ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na ihe dị iche na Creative Writing na Mahadum Cape Town. E bipụtara akụkọ ya n'okpuru aha, ' n Klein Lewe nke Tafelberg dere. Na 1981, ọ lụrụ Deon Adriaanse ma biri na Giyani. N'afọ 1985, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Western Cape wee biri na Durbanville ruo afọ 2011, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ soro di ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche na Africa ma na-ebi n'ugbo dị n'akụkụ osimiri Madikwe na Ramonaka na Repọblik of Botswana. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ.
Ọrụ ya
Dị ka Wilna Adriaanse:
Dị ka Wilmine Burger:
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Abla al-Kahlawi
Abla al-Kahlawi (15 Disemba 1948 - 25 Jenụwarị 2021) bụ onye Ijipt ọkà mmụta na onye nkuzi nke ikpe okpukpe Alakụba, yana onye ndú okpukpe, onye nkwusa, na onye na-egosi televishọn. Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Al Azhar dị na Cairo, Egypt, ebe ọ bụ Dean nke ngalaba nke Islam na Arabic Studies na Koleeji umunwaanyi. E depụtara ya na mbipụta mmeghe nke The 500 Most Influential Muslims maka ọrụ ya na okpukpe na ụmụ nwanyị, n'afọ 2009, ma bipụta ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe okpukpe Alakụba. O kwusara ozi ọma n'Ijipt, n'onwe ya na telivishọn, yana na Saudi Arabia, ma kwusaa ozi ọma kwa ụbọchị ruo afọ abụọ na Masjid al-*aram, ụlọ alakụba kachasị mkpa nke Islam na Saudi Arabia, n'etiti 1987 na 1989.
A mụrụ Abla al-Kahlawi na 15 Disemba 1948 na Egypt. Nna ya, Mohammed al-Kahlawi bụ onye ama ama nausheed artist. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 72, nke COVID-19.
Trudi Makhaya
Gertrude "Trudi" Makhaya bụ onye South Africa na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba nke onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa, onye isi ala South Africa ugbu a. Makhaya rụrụ ọrụ na Deloitte, Genesis Analytics na AngloGold Ashanti na South Africa. Ọ rụziri ọrụ na Kọmitii Asọmpi nke South Africa site na 2010 ruo 2014. N'afọ 2015, Makhaya guzobere Makhaya Advisory. Makhaya nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ o bipụtara, na-elekwasị anya na asọmpi akụ na ụba na amụma.
Abla al-Kahlawi
Site na 1987 ruo 1989, al-Kahlawi kwusara ozi ọma kwa ụbọchị na Masjid al-Haram, ụlọ alakụba kachasị mkpa nke Islam, nke dị na Saudi Arabia. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị njem ala nsọ si gburugburu ụwa gara ọmụmụ ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusa ozi ọma maka ụmụ nwanyị n'Ijipt mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, n'ọtụtụ ụlọ alakụba a ma ama gụnyere Al-Azhar Mosque, al- Hamd, na Al-Hossari, yana ụlọ alakụba nke nna ya guzobere, n'ekpere ndị ọtụtụ ndị gara. O gosikwara ọtụtụ mmemme okpukpe mpaghara nke a na-ele anya n'ọtụtụ ebe, ndị na-ege ya ntị makwaara ya nke ọma dị ka 'Mama Abla'. Okwu nkuzi Al-Kahlawi gụnyere okwu banyere iwu na ụkpụrụ Alakụba, nkọwa nke ederede okpukpe, na ịza ajụjụ banyere jurisprudence. Dị ka Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women si kwuo, agụmakwụkwọ ya na nkwusa ya ....na-akatọ nkọwa misogynistic nke ederede Alakụba ma na-anwa ibelata ọchịchọ nke oke egwu, ebe ọ na-akwadokwa ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ịgba alụkwaghịm, ma na-agba ume ụkpụrụ nke “... ntachi obi, ịdị nwayọ, ọmịiko, na udo. "
Grisollea thomassetii
Grisollea thomassetii bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nkeStemonuraceae. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo Seychelles.
Trudi Makhaya
Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Makhaya ma zụlite ya na Hammanskraal, Gauteng, South Africa. N'afọ 1996, Makhaya debara aha na St Barnabas College, na Bosmont, South Africa. O mechara nweta ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu nke Rhodes wee gaa St Antony's College of Oxford University dị ka onye so na klas nke 2002, wee nweta nzere MBA na MSc na mmepe akụ na ụba. Makhaya gakwara Mahadum Witwatersrand wee nweta nzere BCom na Economics na Iwu, nzere nsọpụrụ na akụ na ụba na nzere Masters na Economics.
Abla al-Kahlawi
N'afọ 2009, edepụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị Alakụba 500 kachasị nwee mmetụta, nke bụ mbipụta mbụ nke ndepụta kwa afọ nke Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre na Jọdan mepụtara, ma nye ya kwa afọ na mmekorita ya na Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding na Mahadum Georgetown na United States. Ndepụta ahụ hotara ya dị ka “... onye isi na-ahụ maka nsogbu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, na onye isi nke otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba n'ụwa. Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women kọwara ya dị ka “... n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ulamā (ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba) a ma ama na Arab World.
Trudi Makhaya
Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
N'oge ọrụ ya na Deloitte, Genesis Analytics na AngloGold Ashanti, Makhaya rụrụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ njikwa ma nwekwa ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. N'afọ 2010, Makhaya sonyeere Kọmitii Asọmpi nke South Africa, na mbụ dị ka onye isi akụ na ụba. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka osote kọmishọna ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu kọmitii isi nke asọmpi ahụ. Ọrụ ya na Kọmitii Asọmpi lekwasịrị anya na akụ na ụba asọmpi na ọrụ nke gụnyere ịtụle mmetụta asọmpi gbasara mkpebi azụmahịa yana nyochaa ikpe mmanye asọmpi. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịnọchite anya Kọmitii Asọmpi na Ụlọikpe Asọmpi na ije ozi dị ka onye akaebe ọkachamara. Makhaya bụkwa onye isi na-etinye nha nke ihe karịrị otu ijeri rands n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ na-etinye aka na aghụghọ iji bulie arịrịọ maka ámá egwuregwu maka 2010 FIFA World Cup n'oge ọ bụ osote kọmishọna. N'afọ 2014, Makhaya hapụrụ Kọmitii Asọmpi.
Makhaya guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ na 2015 nke a na-akpọ Makhaya Advisory ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi ya. Isi ihe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ azụmaahịa na amụma asọmpi. Ọ na-akwado ndị ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ site na ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nke ha. Makhaya akwadola azụmahịa ọhụrụ site n'inye ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ndụmọdụ na inye ego site na ije ozi dị ka onye mmụọ ozi na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ mmalite. Ọzọkwa, Makhaya rụrụ ọrụ na MTN South Africa na Vumelana Advisory Fund n'ọkwa ndị na-abụghị ndị isi.
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, a họpụtara Makhaya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba kachasị ọhụrụ nke onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa. Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba kacha nta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa. A na-enye Makhaya ọrụ ịhazi na ikenye ọrụ nke ndị ozi pụrụ iche nke InvestSA bụ ndị ga-eweta ma ọ pekata mpe ijeri dọla otu narị nke itinye ego mba ụwa site na 2023.
"Competition, barriers to entry and inclusive growth – Capitec case study" (2015)
Makhaya so Nicholas Nhundu dee akwụkwọ ọrụ a. Akwụkwọ ahụ jiri Capitec Bank, ụlọ akụ na-ere ahịa na South Africa, dị ka ihe nyocha iji nyochaa ihe mgbochi ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ akụ na-ere ahịa na South Africa. E nyochara ihe ịga nke ọma Capitec na ndị ọzọ na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 2008 iji chọpụta ihe ndị nyere aka na ihe ịga nke ọma Capitec na ihe mgbochi Capitec meriri iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma.
Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ihe ịga nke ọma Capitec mere ka ụlọ akụ na-asọmpi zaghachi na mmejuputa iji soro Capitec sọọ mpi, ebe ndị ahịa na-ahọrọ ịgbanwe gaa na Capitec n'ihi ụgwọ ụlọ akụ dị ala. Ọzọkwa, a na-enye ndị ahịa nke ụlọ akụ na-asọmpi ụgwọ dị ọnụ ala iji gbanwee gaa Capitec. Ime ka ndị ahịa kwenye ịgbanwe mere ka Capitec merie nnukwu ihe mgbochi nke dị oke mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma ha. Akwụkwọ ahụ tụrụ aro na iji ngwaahịa dị mfe nke e nwere ike ịghọta na ime ka ndị ahịa na-agbazinye ego gbanwee ghọọ ndị ahịa ụlọ akụ, bụ ihe kpatara ihe ịga nke ọma ha. A tụrụ aro n'akwụkwọ ahụ na aro ndị sitere na nyocha ahịa n'ime ụlọ akụ mekwara ka ọnọdụ asọmpi dị mma nyekwara aka na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Capitec. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke usoro ndị a, ha kwubiri na a ka nwere ike imeziwanye usoro mgbanwe ahụ na n'etiti ọganihu ndị ọzọ dịka usoro siri ike iji mee ka a nabata ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-abata n'ọdịnihu.
"Expectations and outcomes: considering competition and corporate power in South Africa under democracy" (2013)
N'ime akwụkwọ a, Makhaya na onye so dee ya bụ Simon Roberts nyochara usoro ụlọ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro iwu asọmpi na South Africa. E nyochara nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ atọ dị mkpa. Ha nyochakwara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ihe gbasara nchedo ike ahịa na mmetụta nke ndị isi asọmpi na akụ na ụba South Africa.
Dị ka akụ na ụba South Africa mepụtara ogologo oge ikpa oke agburu, ndị edemede ahụ rụrụ ụka na enwere nghọta dị nta banyere ahịa asọmpi na ụlọ ọrụ dị na South Africa. Ọzọkwa, ndị edemede ahụ tụrụ aro na iwu na ụlọ ọrụ South Africa nọgidere n'ikwado ụlọ ọrụ dị ike, a ghọtahiere atụmanya nke iwu asọmpi ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa ọrụ ọ bụla maka steeti, ya mere ọrụ nke iwu asọmpi ahụ mebiri ma ghara ịdị irè. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na mmetụta nke iwu ndị e guzobere n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gara n'ihu na-egbochi ụlọ ọrụ na South Africa n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọhụrụ na mgbanwe akụ na ụba n'ihi na usoro ahụ nyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị nọ n'ọkwa ohere ichebe ọdịmma nke ha ebe a na-egbochi ndị nwere olileanya ịbanye n'ahịa, n'enweghị uru nke ndị ọchịchị asọmpi. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a chọrọ ndị na-etinye ego ga-echebe ọnọdụ ha n'ahịa ebe ndị na-ekenye ndị ọhụrụ nwara ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ iji chebe ụgwọ ụlọ.
"How should young institutions approach competition enforcement? Reflections on South Africa's experience"" (2012)
Makhaya so dee akwụkwọ a na mmekorita ya na Simon Roberts na Wendy Mkwananzi. Ọ nyochara mmezu nke South Africa nke iwu asọmpi mgbe e guzobere ọchịchị asọmpi. Akwụkwọ ahụ jiri South Africa dị ka ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma gbasara iwu asọmpi maka mmejuputa iwu asọmpi n'Africa niile ma gosipụta mpaghara abụọ dị mkpa, otu bụ mkpa nyocha nsonaazụ ahịa na nke ọzọ gbasara usoro nhazi. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na mmejuputa iwu mmanye siri ike nyere ụlọọrụ ahụ aka ikpughe omume aghụghọ dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba. Nchọpụta ndị dị mkpa na akwụkwọ ahụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ihe ịga nke ọma nke kọmitii ahụ, otu bụ iwu ebere nke ụlọ ọrụ ebe nke ọzọ bụ nyocha na-aga n'ihu nke dị irè n'ịchọpụta ọrụ cartel.