cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Human trafficking in Iran
Ihe Ngosi nke Ngalaba Mba U.S. State
N'ọnwa Juun 27, 2017, Ngalaba Steeti nke United States wepụtara akụkọ ya kwa afọ banyere ahia mmadụ. Dị ka akụkọ a si kwuo, ndị ọchịchị Iran na ndị nche mgbanwe na-amanye ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan ịlụ ọgụ na Syria na Iraq. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwukwa na Iran aghọwo isi iyi na ebe ụmụ nwoke, ụmụnwanyị, na ụmụaka na-aga ịzụ ahịa ụmụnwanyị na ọrụ mmanye n'ime afọ ise gara aga.
Ntọala Akvo
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Eprel 2007 - Ndị mmekọ maka Mmiri na NWP na-enye ego mbụ.
Human trafficking in Iran
Akụkọ gọọmentị Iran
Dị ka akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka nchekwa mba nke Tehran Grand Command, yana akụkọ sitere na Center of Women's Affairs na Kọmitii nke Organization for the Defense of Victims of Violence n'afọ 2003, mbubata ụmụnwanyị na ụmụagbọghọ na-aga n'ókè na mba ndị Arab nke Persian Gulf, Pakistan, Afghanistan, na Europe amụbaala. Ndị na-ebubata ndị ha si Bangladesh, Afghanistan, na Pakistan zigara ndị ha metụtara na Iran wee ziga ha na Europe. N'afọ 2003, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị omekome achọpụtara ma kwụsị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Azerbaijan ruru narị abụọ.
Ntọala Akvo
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọgọstụ 2007 - A na-egosi Akvopedia na nke mbụ ya na World Water Week.
Human trafficking in Iran
Akụkọ gọọmentị Iran
N'ihe banyere nke a, Ali Sadeghi, onye isi ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka mbata na paspọtụ ndị uwe ojii nke gọọmentị Iran, kwetara n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2013 na a na-azụ ụmụ agbọghọ Iran na mba ndị Arab nke ndịda nke Gulf Persian. N'otu oge ahụ, Ismail Ahmadi Moghaddam, ọchịagha nke ndị uwe ojii nke mba ahụ, kwuru na isi ebe a na-aga bụ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ site na Iran, mba Europe, Australia na Canada. N'aka nke ọzọ, kwa afọ na Iran, ọnọdụ ụmụaka ka njọ na afọ ịgba akwụna dị ala.
Ntọala Akvo
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ Akvo dịka onye mmeri nke Water and Sanitation Award. Ihe nrite ahụ bụ iji kwado ihe ọhụrụ Akvo mere n'ime ngalaba mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Latin America. Ọzọkwa, na Nọvemba 2015, e nyere Akvo onyinye Dutch Water Innovation Prize. Akvo meriri ihe nrite maka mmepe nke ihe mmetụta na-enye mmiri nke na-atụle nnu nke mmiri dị n'elu.
Ngwaahịa na ọrụ
Akvo RSR (Really Simple Reporting) malitere na Septemba 2008 ma bụrụ ngwaahịa mbụ Akvo mepụtara; ọ bụ usoro njikwa ọdịnaya na akụkọ maka ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa. Giulio Quaggiotto nke World Bank kọwara ya dị ka "Oge dị adị, akwụkwọ-enweghị, kpọmkwem site na trenches na-akọ akụkọ. Ọ bụrụ na RSR apụ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ngwa na-egbu egbu nke Development 2.0". E nwere ugbu a ihe karịrị ọrụ 4000 na ikpo okwu ahụ, nke nwere ọnụ ahịa jikọtara ihe karịrị ijeri euro 150.
E kere Akvopedia na 2007 ma bụrụ ọrụ mbụ Akvo rụrụ ọrụ na ya. Ọ bụ ihe ọmụma dabeere na Web, n'efu, mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Akvopedia na-ede site n'aka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na ndị ọkachamara, ọkachasị site na ngalaba mmiri na nke ịdị ọcha mana onye ọ bụla nwere ike idezi ma nye aka. A na-ahazi ya n'ime ọnụ ụzọ ise - Mmiri, Ịdị ọcha, Ego, Nkwado na Mkpebi & Ngwá ọrụ nyocha. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ebufeela ụfọdụ n'ime ọdịnaya a na Wikiversity na Rainwater Harvesting portal.
Akvo Sites bụ usoro dabeere na WordPress maka ịmepụta na idebe weebụsaịtị dị mfe.
Dollar ndị Sierra Leonean
N'afọ 1791, e wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nke otu, iri, iri abụo, 50 cents, 1 penny na 1 dollar. A na-eji ọla nchara emepụta 1 cent na 1 penny, ndị ọzọ na ọlaọcha. Mkpụrụ ego niile gosipụtara ọdụm n'ihu ya na aka abụọ na-ama jijiji, otu ọcha, otu ojii, n'azụ ya.
Ntọala Akvo
Ngwaahịa na ọrụ
Akvo Caddisfly bụ usoro nyocha mmiri na nke ala dabere na smartphones. Akvo Caddisfly bụ nke Ternup Research Labs mepụtara iji chọpụta ihe ndị fluoride na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ternup sonyeere Akvo na mbido afọ 2014. A gbatịkwuru usoro Caddisfly iji rụọ ọrụ na nnwale eriri na ihe mmetụta jikọtara ekwentị yana nnwale colorimetric mbụ.
Akvo Lumen bụ ikpo okwu ngosi data ma bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ nke Akvo. A na-emepụta ya na asụsụ mmemme Clojure.
Nkwurịta okwu ọhụrụ
Akvo enwetala aha ọjọọ maka nkwurịta okwu mpụga ya pụrụ iche. Bruce Sterling kwuru "Ọ bụ ọrụ mkpofu na-emeghe, ma ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ abụghị ihe ijuanya, ha nwere akụkụ nkwalite Bollywood".
National Geographic Society kọrọ site na World Water Week na Stockholm banyere WaterCube, echiche nke Mark Charmer na Akvo: "Nwoke akụkọ n'okporo ámá na-ezute izu mmiri na-adịghị mma. Ndị ọrụ mmiri na-eme ka ndị na-abịa na nnọkọ ahụ banye n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ha maka ajụjụ ọnụ igwefoto Flip ngwa ngwa. Ihe ndị a na-eme n'ebe ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma, mana ọ na-adọrọ mmasị ịnụ mmiri nke na-esi n'ọnụ ndị na-akwadoghị na ndị a na'edeghị. Site na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ruo na ndị na-emejuputa ọrụ n'ala gburugburu ụwa, ihe karịrị ajụjụ ọnụ 200 a chịkọtara n'ịntanetị yiri ka ọ na-egosi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe zuru ezu banyere nsogbu ndị kpuchiri ụbọchị isii nke ọmụmụ ihe, nnọkọ zuru ezu, na akụkụ. "
Ọrụ na mmekọrịta ndị a ma ama na nso nso a
Akvopedia na-agbasawanye na Wikiversity: N'afọ 2015, Akvopedy malitere itinye ọdịnaya na Wikiversidad. Akvopedia arụwo ọrụ dị ka isi iyi maka ọnụ ụzọ Wikiversity na ọnụ ụzọ owuwe ihe ubi Rainwater.
Nlekota ebe mmiri na-ezo n'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na Etiopia: N'afọ 2016, Akvo so UNICEF rụọ ọrụ iji chịkọta data n'oge oke ọkọchị kachasị njọ n'ime ihe karịrị afọ 50 na Etiopia. Akvo dekọrọ ihe karịrị nzaghachi nyocha 80,000 nke e ji nyere aka iduzi ihe enyemaka mberede na mpaghara ndị kachasị mkpa.
Nkwado atụmatụ na usoro nzaghachi nke gọọmentị: Kemgbe afọ 2014, Akvo arụwo ọrụ na Fiji, Vanuatu na Solomon Islands iji webata data na-agba ọsọ na mpaghara na-ahụ maka njikwa akụ iji melite ogo na nnweta nke data maka mkpebi metụtara ọdachi. Maka ọrụ a, Akvo meriri ihe nrite innovationXchange. N'afọ 2016, e ji Akvo Flow mee ihe na Fiji iji chịkọta data gbasara oke mmebi nke Cyclone Winston kpatara.
Ihe odide
<references group="" responsive="0"> Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nikolaus Ehlen
Nikolaus Ehlen bụ onye (amụrụ na 9 Disemba n'afọ 1886 na Graach an der Mosel, nwụrụ na 18 Ọktoba 1965 na Velbert) Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-ahụ maka udo na Germany. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Katọlik nke Selbsthilfe-Siedlungsbau, nke bụ òtù iji nyere ndị ọrụ aka inweta ụlọ nke ha.
Ndụ
A mụrụ Nikolaus Ehlen dị ka nwa nwoke nke onye na-akụ mmanya na Graach an der Mosel nso Bernkastel. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, O nwere mkpali ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu, mgbe Abitur ya gasịrị, ọ debanyere aha na Priestergymnasium (ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu maka ndị chọrọ ịghọ onye nchụàjà) na Trier. Mgbe ọnwa abụọ nke ịmụ nkà mmụta okpukpe gasịrị, ọ gbanwere atụmatụ ya wee banye na Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster na physics, chemistry, mgbakọ na mwepụ na nkà ihe ọmụma. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ Joseph Geyser. Mgbe Staatsexamen na Promotion gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Hohenzollern-Gymnasium na Sigmaringen dị ka Studienassessor (ụfọdụ ọkwa nke onye nkuzi). Site na Nọvemba 1916 gaa n'ihu, o sonyere n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na Champagne na Verdun. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye nyocha na Sigmaringen ruo mgbe ọ nabatara ọkwa dị ka Oberlehrer na Studienrat (ọkwa dị elu nke onye nkuzi) maka mgbakọ na mwepụ na kemịkalụ n'obodo Velbert. N'ịbụ onye ihe odide Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster metụtara, ọ dị mkpa nye ya ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ihe ọmụma onwe onye na "agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye". "Reformpädagogik" ya (mgbasa mgbanwe na nkuzi nke n'oge a na Germany na-abụkarị nke aka ike na nke agha) gosipụtara site na akụkọ na-esonụ dị ka ya onwe ya kwuru: ''Otu ụbọchị, e nwere ihe osise mara mma nke onye nkuzi na bọọdụ ojii na Obertertia m (9th grade). Onye nduzi (onye na-eyi uwe ojii na olu ọcha na-egbuke egbuke) na-abịakwute m iwe: "Lee ihere maka klas a na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ! Anyị ga-ahụ onye dere ya. Ma ọ bụghị ya [sic!] a ga-ata ya ahụhụ nke ukwuu. " Agwara m onye nduzi maka nnwere onwe zuru oke na nyocha ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, m gwara klas m okwu. Ekele m ihe osise ahụ e sere nke ọma. - "Ma ihe a niile ga-abụ ihe na-egbu mgbu maka Prọfesọ ochie (a na-akpọ ndị nkuzi ndị prọfesọ n'oge a) bụ ndị e gosipụtara na bọọdụ ojii! Ị bụ ụzọ ị ga-esi kwado mkparị dị otú ahụ nye ya. N'ehihie a, ana m atụ anya nwa akwụkwọ ahụ sere nke a n'ụlọ m". O wee bịa. Anyị abụọ kpebiri ntaramahụhụ ya. Site n'ụbọchị a gaa n'ihu, enwere m ntụkwasị obi na-enweghị mgbochi nke onye nduzi ochie na klas m.''
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Ezinụlọ
O nwere ụmụ asatọ (Maria, Ludwig, Ruth, Norbert, Elisabeth, Johannes, Genoveva (Veva) na Nikolaus) site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na Maria Stummel.
Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Enyi ya okenye na onye nkuzi Ernst, Thrasolt mere ka Ehlen mara echiche nke ndị ntorobịa Katọlik, nke e guzobere obere oge tupu WW I, n'otu akụkụ na ndị otu Wandervogel dị ugbu a. Ehlen gosipụtara onwe ya na mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na usoro a na-eto eto. Ụkpụrụ ya dabeere na Lebensreform (mgbasa mgbanwe nke Germany nke katọrọ mmepụta ihe ma chọọ "ịlaghachi na okike") na okwuchukwu dị n'ugwu yana ịdị nso na okike na njikọ na obodo ya.
N'okpuru mmetụta nke Tharsolt, ọ chọtara ụzọ ya gaa na Friedensbund Deutscher Katholiken (German Catholic Peace League), ọ bụkwa onye otu Internationaler Versöhnungsbund (International Fellowship of Reconciliation, IFOR). Na mbụ, ọ bụkwa onye otu Zentrumspartei (German Centre Party, òtù Katọlik na alaeze ukwu, na Weimar republic), mana a chụpụrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị. Ọ bụ onye isi na-azọ ọkwa maka Christlich-Soziale Reichspartei na ntuli aka Reichstag nke 1928. Otú ọ dị, vootu puku iri na otu, ọ nwetara ezughị maka oche na ndị omeiwu.
Ọ ghọrọ onye dị mkpa dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Selbsthilfe-Siedlungsbau. Ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrụ, ndị a haziri na Ring Deutscher Siedler (RDS), ji ya ụgwọ ụlọ ha na-ahụ maka ezinụlọ n'ala nke ha. Steeti na chọọchị kwetara na ọ bara uru. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na Velbert na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1965, mgbe ahụ Wohnungsbauminster (onye ozi maka ụlọ) Paul Lücke chetaara mmetụta ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụlọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ Germany n'oge agha.
Nkwupụta
A ghaghị ịmanye ọ dịghị onye ịbanye n'ọrụ agha megide ịdị ukwuu nke akọ na uche ya.
Youssef El Joundi
Youssef Joundy (nke a na-akpọkwa Youssef El Joundy, Arabic) bụ onye mba Morocco na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ lụrụ onye nta akụkọ Houria Boutayeb.
Acayo Christine Cwinya
Acayo Christine Cwinya nke a makwaara dị ka Christine Cwunya-Ai Acayo (A mụrụ na 31 Julaị na afo 1968) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu na nke itoolu nke Uganda na-anọchite anya Nebbi District. Ọ bụ onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị National Resistance Movement na-achị.
Agụmakwụkwọ
Ọ si Jonam. Na afọ 1993, Acayo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere na nzere masta na Education, Planning and Management.
Njem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Ọ bụ onye na-eburu ọkọlọtọ National Resistance Movement maka Nebbi District. N'oge okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ gbara ume ka ọ dị ndị mmadụ niile rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ iji lụso amaghị ihe, ịda ogbenye na ọrịa ọgụ na Nebbi ma e wezụga ịlụso ibe ha ọgụ.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Paw Paw
Paw Paw, Paw paw, ma ọ bụ pawpaw nwere ike ịpụta:
Kemi Nelson
Olukemi Nelson (amuru ya n'ụbọchị  9 nke ọnwa Febrụwarị n'afọ 1956 - 17 Ọnwa asaa 2022)  bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Nigerian Insurance Social Trust Fund (NSTIF).
A mụrụ Nelson na Legọs na 9 nke ọnwa Febrụwarị n'afọ 1956 wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ Anglican Girls Grammar School, Ijebu-Ode maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ndị nọọsụ na Mahadum College Hospital Ibadan ebe ọ ruru eru idebanye aha dịka
ka onye nọọsụ na midwgịaha. O nwetara MBA na Financial Management na Diploma na Law na ￼￼Mahadum Ojo dị na Legọs Steeti.
N'ime 1980s, Nelson sonyeere National Republican Convention (NRC) nke na-emebi emebi ugbu a n'oge ọchịchị General Ibrahim Babangida. Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa sinetọ maka ￼ Legọs West Senatorial district na 1992 ma Bola Ahmed Tinubu meriri ya na ntuliaka.
N'afọ 1998, n'oge ọchịchị General Abacha, ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ọchịchị n'Ikeja Federal Constituency n'ụlọ omebe iwu. Oge a, dịka onye otu UNCP. O meriri ntuliaka ahụ mana onwu General Abacha mebiri ya.
N'afọ 1999, ọ sonyeere Alliance for Democracy (AD) site na 1999 ruo 2003, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Kọmishọna ￼￼ Legọs steeti na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na ibelata ịda ogbenye n'oge ọchịchị Bola Ahmed Tinubu wee jee ozi dịka onye isi ụmụ nwanyị Legọs  Steeti Chapter nke  All Progressives Congress (APC) ma emesịa bụrụ onye isi ụmụ nwanyị South West nke APC.
Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị na-eje ozi na Legọs Steeti Governor's Advisory Council (GAC).
Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed
Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọọst afọ 1971)  A mara dị ka Binani bụ onye sịnetọ Naịjirịa   nke otu All Progressives Congress "APC" na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ome iwu etiti  Adamawa n'Ọgbakọ nke itoolu. Ọ bụ onye otu ụlọ omebe iwu na -anọchite anya mpaghara ugwu Yola/ Ndịda Yola South/ gọọmenti etiti Girei gara dịka onye otu People's Democratic Party na ọgbakọ nke asaa ( site n'afọ 2011 ruo afọ 2015).
Kemi Nelson
Ọ lụrụ Adeyemi Nelson, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs lara ezumike nka. Ha lụrụ n'afọ 1987 ma mụọ ụmụ atọ. A maara ya maka ụdị ntutu isi ya dị ala na ngwa isi ya pụrụ iche.
Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed
Ndụ
A mụrụ ya n'afọ 1971, ọ gara UK maka agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya ebe ọ nwetara akara Diploma dị elu nke mba na Injinia Eletrik  na Mahadum Southampton. Ọ bụ onye isi oche ugbu a na Kọmitii Sineti na Ebumnuche Mmepe ga adịgide (SDGs).
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Category:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1971 Òtù:Category:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Southampton Òtù:Category:Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Adamawa Steeti
Kemi Nelson
Ntụaka
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwọta Ihu igwe na Ike
The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) bụ òtù na-enweghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị na Arlington, Virginia. Emere ya na 2011, C2ES bụ onye nọchiri Pew Center on Global Climate Change. C2ES na ndị na-eme iwu na ndị na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji kwalite iwu dị irè, nke dị irè na steeti, mba, na mba ụwa.
Ịdu
Nathaniel Keohane ghọrọ onye isi oche nke C2ES na Julaị 2021, na-agbaso ọrụ dị ka Onye isi osote onye isi oche maka ihu igwe na Environmental Defense Fund na dị ka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nye onye isi ala maka ike na gburugburu ebe obibi n'okpuru onye isi ala Barack Obama.
Bob Perciasepe, onye bụbu osote onye nchịkwa nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), bụ onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ site na 2014 ruo 2021 ma ugbu a na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu na C2ES. Perciasepe nọchiri Eileen Claussen, onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Onye isi oche Theodore Roosevelt IV na-eduzi ndị nduzi C2ES.
Ebe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ
C2ES na-ezube ịkwalite ụkpụrụ na omume iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, kwalite ma mee ka mgbanwe ike dị ọcha dị ngwa, mee ka mgbanwe na ike na mmetụta ihu igwe sie ike, ma mee ka itinye ego dị mkpa iji nweta nke a. Nzukọ ahụ na-enye ozi na nyocha gbasara sayensị, akụ na ụba, teknụzụ, na usoro iwu nke nsogbu ihu igwe na ike. Ihe ngwọta ha sitere na usoro ndị metụtara ya, na-ejikọta ndị isi azụmaahịa, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị na'iwu, na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị iji kwalite iwu ihu igwe. C2ES na-akwado atụmatụ ndị dabeere n'ahịa maka mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ.
Manuel Barange
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|291x291px|Manuel Barange Manuel Barange bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba na-ahụ maka Azụ na Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division na Food and Agriculture Organisation nke United Nations. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na-asọpụrụ na Mahadum Exeter.[1] Barange bụ osote onye isi ndị isi na onye isi sayensị na ụlọ nyocha mmiri mmiri Plymouth na onye isi oche kọmitii sayensị nke Council International for Exploration of the Sea. Site na 2000-2010 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke International Project Office of GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics, [3] otu n'ime mmemme buru ibu mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na usoro mmiri.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwọta Ihu igwe na Ike
Ebe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ
C2ES na-emepụta akụkọ na nchịkọta dị ukwuu nke akwụkwọ ọcha na mkpirikpi site n'aka ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ihu igwe a ma ama na-ekpuchi isiokwu dị iche iche dị oke egwu gụnyere akụ na ụba, mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, iwu, sayensị, azụmaahịa, na teknụzụ. Ndị ọkachamara sitere na nzukọ ahụ agbaala akaebe mgbe niile n'ihu United States Congress ma zute ndị omeiwu iji kesaa echiche maka idozi mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Manuel Barange
Dr Barange nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Biology (isi na Zoology na Ecology) na 1986 na Mahadum Barcelona, ​​​​Spain. O mere PhD ya na Marine Ecology na Sea Fisheries Research Institute (SFRI) na Cape Town, South Africa, nke Mahadum Barcelona nyere ya ka ọ chọrọ ka Prof Ramon Margalef nwụrụ anwụ bụrụ onye isi oche nke kọmitii onyinye. Ọ mere nyocha post-doctoral na Antarctic krill na Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Cape Town, South Africa, ebe ọ nọgidere bụrụ Ọkachamara Ọkachamara Sayensị na Onye isi nke nyocha na ngalaba omume azụ ruo 2000..
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwọta Ihu igwe na Ike
Ebe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ
Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ha na-adaba n'okpuru usoro ihe omume ndị a:
Manuel Barange
Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu
Na 2010, e nyere Barange ihe nrite Roger Revelle site na Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.[1] maka onyinye ya na sayensị mmiri. Onye ọrụ ibe ya E. Macpherson kpọrọ New Caledonian decapod Munida Barangei na nsọpụrụ ya.[2] Ndị otu Macpherson na-arụ ọrụ ịkụ azụ Namibia n'afọ 1990 ka a kwanyere ugwu. Ọ bụ onye so na Board Editorial of the African Journal of Marine Science. Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwọta Ihu igwe na Ike
Ebe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ
C2ES haziri nkwupụta ịbanye na azụmaahịa ndị na-eduga iji kpọsaa nkwado ha maka omume ihu igwe. N'afọ 2017, mgbasa ozi zuru ezu e bipụtara na The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, na New York Post gosipụtara <i id="mwRw">akwụkwọ</i> ozi sitere na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ 25 na-agba Onye isi ala Trump ume ka ọ nọrọ na nkwekọrịta Paris. N'ọnwa Disemba 2020, ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ iri anọ kpọrọ ndị Congress ka ha na onye isi ala na-abata Biden rụkọọ ọrụ iji dozie egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe, gụnyere site na ịlaghachi na nkwekọrịta Paris. N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, C2ES wepụtara nkwupụta nke ụlọ ọrụ iri anọ na otu bịanyere aka na ya na-agba ndị Congress ume ka ha buru ụzọ mee ka ike dị ọcha na mmefu ihu igwe dị ọcha ka ha na-atụle ngwugwu akụrụngwa.
Na Septemba 2021, a họọrọ C2ES ka ọ guzobe Executive Secretariat nke Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets, otu ọchịchị ọhụrụ nwere onwe ya iji lekọta carbon offsets ma mee ka mgbanwe gaa na net-zero dị ngwa.
C2ES, na n'oge gara aga Pew Center on Global Climate Change, anọgidewo na-anọ n'etiti ndị na-eche echiche gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị elu n'ụwa na Global Go To Think Tank Rankings, nyocha nke ọtụtụ narị ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkachamara nke Mahadum Pennsylvania duziri. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 43 maka ndị na-eche echiche na United States na nke 5 maka ndị na'eche echiche na-eche banyere iwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa na 2021.
Stereolab
thumb|Stereolab. Stereolab bu, mgbe mbu, ọtú egwu nke íche byákọtárá na afọr 1990 na London ime England. Ọtú á di ogẹ mbu madu né dé egwu Tim Gane (ngwa égwu ahiri/égwu mpiáká) na Lætitia Sadier (ólú/mpiáká/égwu ahiri), ha ma abụọ nọgịdẹrẹ na ime ọtú ahu mgbe madu na á dafụ ya. Ndi ozor nogịdere ime ọtú ahu bu Andy Ramsay (na kwu ịgba) na Mary Hansen (ólú nke onye azú/mpiáká/égwu ahiri). Ramsay banyẹrẹ ọtú nke na afọr 1993, Mgbe Hansen banyẹrẹ, ó rùrù afọr iri ya nwuo nke mgberegde.
Òtù:Égwú Òtù:Ndi Britain
Victoria Okojie
Nwada Victoria Okojie bụ librerian, onye mmụta, na onye nchịkwa nke Naijiria. O bụ onye na-edebe aha/ onye isi oche nke Librarians Registration Council nke Naijiria nọ na okpụrụ ọchịchị gọọmentị nke ṅaijiria. Okojie is also a past president of the Nigerian Library Association as well as a member of the governing board of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). She is a lecturer at the Department of Library and Information Science, University of Abuja, Abuja.
Ọrụ
Ọrụ Okojie na ọbá akwụkwọ malitere na na afọ nari iri itoolu iri asatọ na anọ na Mahadum Ibadan. Ọ sonyeere Kansụl Britain na afọ nari iri itoolu iri itoolu na anọ wee ruo ọkwa onye nduzi na kansụl ahụ, onye Naijiria mbụ mere ya. N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gakwuuru World Bank, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, yana UK Department for International Development.
N'afọ puku abụọ na itoolu, Okojie sonyeere ọrụ nke Gọọmentị Federal nke Naịjirịa n'okpuru nchebe nke Kansụl Ndebanye aha nke Naịjarịa, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-edeba aha / onye isi oche nke kansụl ahụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Nigerian Library Association site na afọ puku abụọ ruo afọ puku abụọ na iri. Okojie jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Africa Section. n'etiti afọ puku abụọ iri na otu na afọ puku abụọ iri na ise. N'afọ puku abụọ iri na abụọ, ọ so n'etiti ndị isi ọbá akwụkwọ iri na abụọ zuru ụwa ọnụ ahọpụtara ka ha na IFLA rụọ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ọbá Akwụkwọ na Ozi. Okojie jere ozi dị ka onye otu IFLA na-achịkwa; Kọmitii ndụmọdụ mba ụwa, UNESCO Memory of the World Programme; Kọmiti ndụmọdụ, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Libraries Program; na West African Library Association.
Onyinye na nsọpụrụ
Okojie meriri ihe nrite ọrụ a ma ama nke Nigerian Library Association n'afọ puku abụọ. O nwetakwala ihe nrite "Daughter of Destiny" nke isi nke Oyo State nke Nigerian Library Association, na mgbakwunye na Nigeria Youth Initiative for Transparency, Good Governance, Peace and Social Orientation (NYITGPSO) Merit Award dị ka "Icon of Education" nke afọ puku iri na abụọ. N'afọ puku abụọ iri na abụọ, Mahadum Commonwealth, Belize, nyere Okojie nzere doctorate, maka onyinye ya n'ọhịa nke Ọbá Akwụkwọ na Sayensị Ozi.
Okojie bụkwa onye otu Nigerian Library Association (puku abụọ na ise); International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) nke US Department of State, United States Government, USA (puku abụọ na asatọ), na UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, Hamburg, Germany (puku abụọ na asaa).
Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Johnny Drille
John Ighodaro (amụrụ (1990-07-05)July 5, 1990), onye a maara dịka Johnny Drille, bụ onye Naijiria na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Ọrụ ya pụtara ìhè mgbe ọ wepụtara mkpuchi nke "Awww" nke Di'Ja. Ọ bịanyere aka na Mavin Records ugbu a.
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Johnny Drille ma zụlite ya na Edo State, Nigeria. Nna ya bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye ụkọchukwu. O nwere ụmụnne anọ. Drille malitere ịbụ abụ na chọọchị nna ya mgbe ọ dị obere.
Agụmakwụkwọ
Ọ gara Mahadum nke Benin, Benin City, ebe ọ gụrụ Bekee na Akwụkwọ.
Ọrụ
Drille malitere ọrụ egwu ya na chọọchị. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-asọmpi na oge nke isii nke Project Fame West Africa na 2013. N'afọ 2015, o wepụtara mkpuchi nke Di'Ja's "Awww", nke dọtara uche onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Mavin bụ Don Jazzy. E wepụtara egwu izizi ya "Wait for Me" n'afọ 2015. A họpụtara ya maka Best Alternative Song na The Headies 2016. Ya na Niniola, onye otu ya na-asọmpi oge nke isii, jikọrọ aka dekọọ "Start All Over". Na Febụwarị 2017, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Mavin Records. Na Septemba 3, 2021, o wepụtara abọm izizi ya, nke nwere ọrụ egwu iri na anọ, tupu anyị ehi ụra nke gosipụtara ndị Naịjirịa na ndị na-ese ihe, Ayra Starr, Ladipoe, ndị ukwe obodo Lagos, Don Jazzy,Chylde,Kwitte, Cilsoul na ndị otu afro R&B, Syl plus n'okpuru akara Mavin Records.
Ndetu
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ayman al-Rubo
Ayman al-Rubo (amaghị ụbọchị a mụrụ ya) - nke a na-akpọkwa Al Rubaa - bụ onye egwu Sudan si Omdurman, obodo kacha nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na Sudan n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl, n'ihu isi obodo Khartoum. Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 2000, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye guzobere Zenig (nke a na-akpọkwa Zanig) dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ nke egwu obodo Sudan nke oge a.
Al-Rubo nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịhazi ndị ntorobịa na iguzogide ọchịchị Islamist nke Omar Al Bashir dị ka "ihe oyiyi nke ndị Khartoumńs underclass".
Ndụ onwe ya
A na-akọ na ezinụlọ Al-Rubo sitere na Ugwu Nuba nke agha mebiri na mpaghara ndịda nke mba ahụ. Ọ bụ nna ụmụ ejima.
Ọrụ na mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
N'afọ 2012, al-Rubo bipụtara ihe nkiri nke Azibni nke Mohammed Wardi (1932-2012), otu n'ime ndị na-agụ egwú Sudan kachasị ama, onye nwere nnukwu iwu ewu na Horn of Africa na karịa. Ụdị ọhụrụ a gosipụtara nwa Wardi bụ Abdal Wahab ma mepụta ya na Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT). Òtù a na-enweghị uru nke dị na Berlin mekwara ihe ngosi nke al-Rubo na Abdal Wahab Wardi, nke a gbasara na Sudan na South Sudan na mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ The Niles.
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye Sudanese na-enyocha egwu Magdi el Gizouli toro al-Rubo dị ka "onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-atọ ụtọ" ma mesie ike:"'Al-Rubo nwere aha nke Sudan's Keyboard King na Rasta General. Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara nwere nkà, o mepụtara ụdị hip hop nke Sudan nke a na-adabere n'okwu ndị a mụrụ n'okpuru omenala Khartoumńs ma na-akpọkarị ghuna al-banat (abụ ụmụ agbọghọ)."N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2013, Ahmed Gallab aka Sinkane depụtara al-Rubo dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na Sudan kachasị emetụta. N'afọ 2020, el Gizouli mesiri ike ọrụ dị mkpa nke ụdị egwu egwu nke Zenig, nke al-Rubo malitere, rụrụ na 2019 Sudanese Revolution. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka "ngwakọta nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka na ụdị mahrajanat nke Ijipt, na-agbanye ngwa ngwa na nkwụsị na ụdị teknụzụ. Ndị eze nwanyị Zanig na-abụ abụ banyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Somali shilling
thumb|1000ShS.pgn￼ Somali shilling (ihe ịrịba ama: Sh.So.; Somali: shilin; Arabic: شلن; Italian: ; ISO 4217: SOS) bụ ego gọọmentị nke Somalia. A na-ekewa ya na 100 senti (Somali), cents (English) ma ọ bụ centesimi (Italian).
Shilling abụwo ego nke akụkụ Somalia kemgbe afọ 1921, mgbe ewepụtara shilling nke East Africa na British Somaliland protectorate. Mgbe nnwere onwe nke afọ 1960 na njikọta nke ókèala ndị bụbu British Somaliland na Italian Somaliland, ego ha, East African shilling na somalo (nke hà nhata na uru) ka Somali shilling dochiri na afọ 1962. Aha ndị e ji mee ihe maka okpukpe ya bụ cent (otu: centesimo; otutu: centesimi) na Stans (ọtụtụ: Stans), tinyere shilling (otu: scellino; otutu: scellini) na شلن.
N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba nke afọ 1962, Banca Nazionale Somala (National Bank of Somalia) wepụtara akwụkwọ ego a kpọrọ ise, iri, iri abụo na 100 scellini / shillings. N'afọ 1975, Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Bank) wepụtara akwụkwọ ego maka ise, iri, iri abụo na 100 shilin / shillings. Ihe ndị a sochiri na 1978 site na akwụkwọ ozi nke otu okpukpu ahụ nke Bankiga Dhexe Somalia (Central Bank of Somalia) wepụtara. E webatara akwụkwọ ego shilin / shillings 50 na afọ 1983, 500 shilin /shillings sochiri na afọ 1989 na 1000 shilin / sillings na afọ 1990. E mere mgbalị na afọ 1990 iji gbanwee ego ahụ na 100 ruo 1, na akwụkwọ ego ọhụrụ nke shilin ọhụrụ 20 na 50 kwadebere maka mgbanwe ahụ.
Chi Ewere Ehihe Jie
<div class="notice metadata" id="cleanup" style="text-align: center; background: #efefff; margin: 1em 10%; border: #9F9FFF 1px solid; padding: 3px;"> This needs .
Please translate if you know Igbo!
Chi Ewere Ehihe Jie (asụsụ Inglish: Night has fallen in the afternoon) bu novel written by the Ị̀gbò author Joseph Uchechuku Tagbo Nzeako.
References
Òtù:Ndị Igbo Òtù:Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò
Wikipidia
thumb
Wikipedia (IPA: /ˌwikiˈpiːdi.ə/ or /ˌwɪkiˈpiːdi.ə/ (Audio (U.S.) (help·info))) bụ edemede eji asụsụ dị iche iche wee dee tinye na web, ka onye ọ masịrị gụọ.[ free content encyclopedia ]  Ndị volunteers;( ọrụ akwụ ụgwọ) gbakọtara aka ọnụ wee dee edemede ndị a na Wikipeadia. Onye ọbụla nwere nghọta gbasara webụ saịtị nwere ike idezi maọbụ idegharị ihe edere ede ndi a maọbụkwanụ denye nke ya. Aha ya bụ portmanteau  nke mkpụrụokwu wiki (nke a bụ ụdị njikọtaọnụ nke webụ saịtị)  na akwụkwọ mmụta ihe niile akpọrọ encyclopedia. Ebe  servers  ya dị bụ na Tampa, Florida, ebe sava ndị ọzọ dị  na Amsterdam na Seoul.
Ebidoro Wikipedia na mbụ dịka English Wikipedia  na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, iji wee kwado Nupedia, ezigbo akwụkwọ ederede bụ nke emechigoro.( defunct encyclopedia). Ugbu a ọ bụ ndị Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization  nke Maazị Jimmy Wales bụ otu n’ime ndị bi
Ndị ndezi na-edekọ mgbanwe na akụkọ site na ịlele ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngbanwe abụọ nke ibe - nke a maara dị ka "diffs"; egosiri mgbanwe n'etiti nsụgharị abụọ na uhie.
=== Ndị odee nwere ike dezie na-amaghị aha; N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-edekọ adreesị IP ha dị ka aha onye edemede. A na-edobe ndezigharị gara aga na akụkọ Wikipedia, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụ ya site na ibe "edit akụkọ ihe mere eme" nke edobere n'usoro oge, na-eme ka enwere ike ịhụ ụdị mbụ nke ibe ọ bụla n'oge ọ bụla. ===
=== A na-eme mgbanwe na Wikipedia ozugbo na Weebụ, na-enweghị nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ. Nkà ihe ọmụma Wikipedia bụ na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị nwere ezi nzube, ndị na-edezi ihe ọmụma ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emezi akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'obosara, omimi na izi ezi, na, na-enye oge zuru ezu, eziokwu ga-emeri na ọbụnadị aghụghọ ga-ejide ma mezie ya. Ya mere, Wikipedia na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla ka ọ dezie, ma e wezụga maka ndị ọrụ amachibidoro maka mmebi iwu na-adịgide adịgide ka usoro ikpe ikpe ogologo gasịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu ọ bụla nwere ike dezie; A na-enwekwa nkwarụ mgbe ụfọdụ nwa oge maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke akụkọ n'ihi mbibi na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ esemokwu edozibeghị n'etiti ndị nkwado. Wikipedia ekwuputabeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkọ ya "zuru oke" ma ọ bụ "mechara". ===
=== Dị ka akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma izugbe, Wikipedia na-achọ ịkọwa ọtụtụ isiokwu dị ka o kwere mee. Ọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, yana ọtụtụ isiokwu ọdịnala na nka na-adịghị adị n'ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọchie ya na ntụnyere isiokwu pụrụ iche. Na mgbakwunye na uto na-enweghị atụ n'ọnụọgụ isiokwu, nkezi ogologo nke isiokwu ọ bụla amụbaala nke ọma, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "akụkọ pụtara" ghọtara maka ịdị elu ha dị elu. Otú ọ dị, nnukwu oghere dị na mkpuchi ọrụ a ka dị, na ọtụtụ akụkọ anaghị akọwapụta ya nke ọma n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na amụma nchịkọta akụkọ Wikipedia. ===
=== Otu ike ama ama nke Wikipedia bụ oge ya. Dị ka ọ na-adị, a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ kwa afọ ole na ole, n'ihi na ihe ọmụma ha bịara doo anya na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghịzizi emezi. Echiche nke idegharị na-aga n'ihu, bụ nke a na-edegharị akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma dum ma na-ebipụta kwa afọ ole na ole, dochie nke a ma ugbu a ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ. Wikipedia na-ewegharịgharị na-aga n'ihu ruo oke ya - ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ niile nwere ike ịmegharị ya n'oge ọ bụla, na-ekwe ka ọrụ ahụ tinye ihe omume dị ugbu a. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị nta akụkọ na-edekarị akụkọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ahụ mere n’Oké Osimiri India n’afọ 2004 ná mbipụta Bekee n’ụbọchị ndị sochiri ihe omume ahụ. ===.
Atumatu na ntuziaka
=== A na-eme mkpebi na ọdịnaya na usoro nhazi nke Wikipedia site na ime mkpebi nkwenye na, mgbe ụfọdụ, site na ịtụ vootu; Jimmy Wales na Wikimedia Foundation jigidere ikpe ikpeazụ. Wikipedia nwere ọtụtụ atumatu na ntụzịaka, mepụtakwara site na nkwenye, na-eduzi ọrụ na ọrụ a, na-ekpuchi omume, ọdịnaya metụtara na okwu gbasara iwu. Otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa na-ekwu na a ga-ederịrị isiokwu site na "echiche na-anọpụ iche", na-egosipụta echiche niile dị ịrịba ama na ihe iseokwu tinyere ihe akaebe na-akwado ha - ya mere, kama ịchọ ịchọpụta ihe bụ eziokwu nke isiokwu ha, isiokwu na-anwa anwa. ịkọwa ha n'eleghị mmadụ anya n'ihu site n'echiche niile dị mkpa. Ederede onye ọ bụla nwere nkwupụta nkwutọ, mmebi iwu nwebiisinka, na ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụgwọ iwu ma ọ bụ na-emebi Wikipedia na-ezobe kpamkpam site na iji usoro akpọrọ "Nlebaanya". ===
Ọdịnaya efu na ikike
=== Ihe nkwado na Wikipedia bụ GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), otu n'ime ọtụtụ ikikere nwebiisinka nke na-enye ohere ikesagharị, imepụta ọrụ ewepụtara na iji ọdịnaya azụmaahịa. Ikikere a na-enye ndị ndezi Wikipedia aka idowe ikike nwebiisinka nke ọrụ ha, mana na-enye ohere ka ndị ọzọ wulite n'ọrụ ahụ wee bipụta ya, ọ bụrụhaala na akwadoro onye edemede mbụ yana GFDL kpuchirikwa ọrụ ewepụtara ya. Ikikere a na-ahụ na enwere ike dezie Wikipedia n'efu; A na-edekọ onyinye onye odee ọ bụla maka ụmụ ọmụmụ na nchekwa data. Larry Sanger ekwuola na inwe GFDL dị ka "nkwenye nke nnwere onwe bụ ihe mkpali siri ike ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma efu". ===
=== Wikipedia nwekwara ihe onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ nke ndị ndezi ya ekepụtaghị, mana ọ dị na mpaghara ọha. A na-ewepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ dị na Wikipedia n'okpuru usoro nwebisiinka dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ikikere dakọtara na GFDL, dị ka ikikere Creative Commons. E gosipụtara ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka akara ụlọ ọrụ, ihe nlele egwu, ma ọ bụ foto akụkọ nwebiisinka nwere nkwuputa eji eme ihe ziri ezi n'okpuru iwu nwebiisinka United States. Wikimedia Commons, ebe nchekwa mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nwanne nwanyị nke a na-echekwa ọtụtụ onyonyo Wikipedia, na-enyekwa ikike nwebiisinka ndị ọzọ, mana anaghị anabata onyonyo eji eme ihe ziri ezi. Ndị ntinye aka nwere ike ịhọrọ inye onyinye ha ọtụtụ ikike n'okpuru ma GFDL na ngalaba ọha, ma ọ bụ GFDL na ikikere ndị ọzọ, na-enye ndị ọzọ ohere iji ọdịnaya n'okpuru nke ọ bụla n'ime ikike ndị a. ===
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|250px|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia.]]
Wikipedia malitere dị ka ọrụ nkwado maka Nupedia, ọrụ ntanetịime ihe ọmụma n'efu nke ndị ọkachamara dere akụkọ ya wee nyochaa ya site na usoro nkịtị. E hiwere Nupedia na 9 akpụkpọ ụkwụ 2008, n'okpuru ikike nke Bomis, Inc, ụlọ ọrụ portal webụ. Ndị isi ya bụ Jimmy Wales, Bomis CEO, na Larry Sanger, onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Nupedia na mechara Wikipedia. Enyere Nupedia ikike na mbụ n'okpuru ikikere Nupedia Open Content License, na-atụgharị gaa na GFDL tupu ntọala Wikipedia na agbamume Richard Stallman.
Na 29 Jenụwarị 2005, Larry Sanger tụrụ aro na listi nzipu ozi Nupedia ka imepụta wiki dị ka ọrụ “feder” maka Nupedia. Ewepụtara Wikipedia na 15 Jenụwarị 2001, dị ka otu mbipụta asụsụ bekee na http://www.wikipedia.com/, ma Sanger mara ọkwa na ndepụta nzipu ozi Nupedia. Amụma Wikipedia nke "nlegharị anya na-anọpụ iche" bụ ahaziri n'ime ọnwa mbụ ya, ma yie amụma Nupedia nke mbụ "na-enweghị isi". Ma ọ bụghị ya, enwere iwu ole na ole na mbụ na Wikipedia na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Nupedia. Wikipedia nwetara nkwado mbụ site na Nupedia, Slashdot biputere, na nchọta ihe nchọta. Ọ tolitere ruo ihe dị ka isiokwu 20,000, yana mbipụta asụsụ 18, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2001. O toro na mbipụta asụsụ 26 na njedebe nke 2002, 46 na njedebe nke 2003, yana 161 na njedebe nke 2004. Nupedia na Wikipedia birikọ ọnụ ruo mgbe Sava nke mbụ gbadara, na-adịgide adịgide, na 2003, na ederede ya etinyere na Wikipedia. Larry Sanger na Jimmy Wales bụ ndị haziri Wikipedia.
Usòrò:WikipediaHomePage30Ma nchịkwa2001.png
Wikipedia's English Edition na 30 Maachị 2001, ọnwa abụọ na ọkara ka e hiwechara ya.
Wales na Sanger na-ekwu na echiche nke iji wiki bụ Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb ma ọ bụ Portland Pattern Repository.Àtụ:Citation need Ọ bụ ezie na Wales kwadoro ebumnuche nke ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na-edezi, Sanger na-abụkarị atụmatụ nke iji wiki. ka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ.
N'izo aka na egwu nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na enweghị njikwa na Wikipedia nke na-eche na Bekee, ndị ọrụ Wikipedia Spanish gbapụrụ na Wikipedia iji mepụta Enciclopedia Libre na Febrụwarị 2002. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Wales kwupụtara na Wikipedia agaghị egosipụta mgbasa ozi, yana webụsaịtị ya. ebugara na wikipedia.org. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche agbapụla na Wikipedia maka ebumnuche ndetu. Wikinfo anaghị achọ echiche na-anọpụ iche ma na-enye ohere nyocha mbụ. Ọrụ ọhụrụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Wikipedia - dị ka Citizendium, Scholarpedia na Amapedia - ka amalitela ileba anya na njedebe echere na Wikipedia, dị ka amụma ya na nyocha ndị ọgbọ, nyocha mbụ na mgbasa ozi azụmahịa.
Emepụtara Wikimedia Foundation site na Wikipedia na Nupedia na 20 Juun 2003.
Wikimedia Foundation tinyere akwụkwọ ikike nke United States Patent and Trademark Office iji nweta akara Wikipedia® na 17 Septemba 2004. Enyere akara ahụ ọkwa ndebanye aha na 10 Jenụwarị 2006. Japan nyere nchebe akara ahia na 16 Disemba 2004 na na European Union na 20 January. 2005. Teknụzụ akara ọrụ, oke akara ahụ bụ maka: "Nnyefe ozi na ngalaba nke ihe ọmụma encyclopedic izugbe site na ịntanetị”. Enwere atụmatụ ịnye ikike iji ụghalaahịa Wikipedia maka ngwaahịa ụfọdụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ DVD.
thumb|right|250px|The number of English Wikipedia articles grew exponentially from 2002 to 2006, with a doubling time of roughly 1 year.
N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, Wikipedia Bekee nwere ihe karịrị nde akụkọ 1.6, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu enwetụla, kpuchiri ọbụna Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), bụ nke nwere ndekọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 600.
Ode akwụkwọ na njikwa
N'oge Disemba 2005, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 27,000 mere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndezi ise na Wikipedia; N'ime ndị a, 17,000 rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta Bekee. A na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta site na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo; Ndị a gụnyere ndị mmepe, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa MediaWiki, yana ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ tụkwasịrị obi nwere ọkwa ikike dị iche iche gụnyere "onye nlekọta", "bureaucrat" na "onye nchịkwa". Ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wetuo ndị ọrụ n'ọkwa ikike dị iche iche. Ndị nchịkwa bụ nnukwu ndị ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, ma nwee ike ihichapụ ibe, gbochie idezi akụkọ, ma ọ bụ gbochie ndị ọrụ idezi. Agbanyeghị, achọrọ ndị nchịkwa ka ha soro amụma obodo mgbe ha na-egosipụta ike ndị a. A na-enyekarị ikike ndị a site na nkwenye obodo; A na-ahọpụta ndị na-elekọta ụlọ n'oge oge. Imebi ma ọ bụ obere mmebi iwu nwere ike ịkpata ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ ngọngọ nwa oge, ebe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi na-adịgide adịgide maka mmebi ogologo oge na nke dị njọ na-enye (ma ọ bụ n'aha) Jimmy Wales ma ọ bụ, na Bekee- mbipụta asụsụ, "Kọmitii Arbitration" họpụtara.
A na-enweta ego Wikipedia site na Wikimedia Foundation. Ọnụ ego nke 4th Quarter 2005 bụ $321,000 USD, yana ngwaike na-eme ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60% nke mmefu ego. Wikimedia Foundation na-adabere ugbu a na onyinye nke onwe, ma na-ejide ndị na-akpakọba ego mgbe niile; ihe nchikota nke Jenụwarị 2007 welitere ihe karịrị nde $1.
Akụrụngwa na ngwaike
250px|thumb|left|Wikipedia na-enweta n'etiti arịrịọ peeji 10,000 na 30,000 kwa nkeji, dabere na oge ụbọchị. Edobela ihe karịrị sava 100 ka ha na-ahụ maka okporo ụzọ.
Arụmọrụ Wikipedia dabere na MediaWiki, ihe emebere nke ọma, sọftụwia sọftụwia wiki mepere emepe edere na PHP ma wukwaa n'elu nchekwa data MySQL. Akụrụngwa na-agụnye atụmatụ mmemme ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka asụsụ nnukwu, mgbanwe dị iche iche, usoro ntụgharị maka ndebiri, na ntụgharị URL. MediaWiki nwere ikike n'okpuru GNU General Public License ma na-eji ọrụ Wikimedia niile, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ wiki ndị ọzọ. Na mbụ, Wikipedia na-agba ọsọ na UseModWiki nke Clifford Adams dere na Perl (Phase I), nke na mbụ chọrọ CamelCase maka hyperlinks akụkọ; agbakwunyere brackets okpukpu abụọ ugbu a ma emechaa. Malite na Jenụwarị 2002 (Oge II), Wikipedia malitere ịgba ọsọ na injin wiki PHP nwere nchekwa data MySQL; Ngwanrọ a bụ nke Magnus Manske mere maka Wikipedia. Emezigharịrị ngwa ngwa nke Abụọ ugboro ugboro ka ọ nabata ihe na-abawanye ụbara. Na Julaị 2002 (Oge III), Wikipedia gbanwere gaa na ngwanrọ ọgbọ nke atọ, MediaWiki, nke Lee Daniel Crocker dere na mbụ.
Nchịkọta nke usoro ihe owuwu, Mee 2006. Isi mmalite: Eserese okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu na Meta-Wiki.
A na-ebu ụzọ bufee arịrịọ ibe na oyi akwa ihu nke sava Squid caching. Arịrịọ na-enweghị ike ịnye site na cache Squid na-ezigara na sava na-edozi ibu na-arụ ọrụ ngwanrọ Perlbal, nke na-enyefe arịrịọ ahụ n'aka otu n'ime sava weebụ Apache maka iwepụta ibe site na nchekwa data. Sava webụ ahụ na-ebuga ibe dị ka achọrọ ya, na-arụpụta ibe maka mbipụta asụsụ niile nke Wikipedia. Ka iwelie ọsọ n'ihu, a na-echekwa ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị ọrụ na-amaghị aha n'ime sistemụ faịlụ ruo mgbe ọ mebiri emebi, na-enye ohere ka ịfefe ibe ya kpamkpam maka ịnweta ibe ndị a na-ahụkarị. Iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, Wikimedia na-ewulite netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sava caching, na-amalite site na sava caching atọ na France. Ụyọkọ abụọ buru ibu na Netherlands na Korea na-ejikwa ọtụtụ ibu okporo ụzọ Wikipedia.
Mbipụta asụsụ
right|thumb|300px|Wikipedia in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew. ]]
A kọwawo Wikipedia dị ka "mgbalị imepụta na ikesa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma n'efu nke kachasị mma enwere ike nye onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụwa n'asụsụ nke ha". Enwere mbipụta asụsụ 250 nke Wikipedia ugbu a; N'ime ndị a, 14 n'elu nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 akụkọ na n'elu 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 isiokwu. Dabere na ọrụ nha ndị na-ege ntị Internet Alexa, subdomain Bekee (en.wikipedia.org) na-enweta ihe dịka 55% nke okporo ụzọ Wikipedia, yana 45% nke fọdụrụ kewara n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ. A na-edobe mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche na atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka "echiche na-anọpụ iche," n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'echiche na omume aghụghọ.
Ejikọtaghị mbipụta nke asụsụ, na akụkọ nke otu mbipụta agaghị adaba na ndị ogbo ha na mbipụta ọzọ. A na-agba ndị ndezi asụsụ ọtụtụ asụsụ ume ka ha jiri aka ha sụgharịa akụkọ; anabataghị ntụgharị asụsụ akpaghị aka nke ọma. Edemede atụgharịrị na-anọchi anya naanị ntakịrị akụkụ akụkọ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta. Akụkọ dị n'ihe karịrị otu asụsụ na-enye njikọ "InterWiki" n'akụkụ aka ekpe ha, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ibe ya na mbipụta ndị ọzọ. A na-ekekọrịta onyonyo na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ọnụ n'etiti mbipụta asụsụ dị iche iche site na ebe nchekwa Wikimedia Commons.
Ntụkwasị obi na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu
Wikipedia na-amasị ikike nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara karịa ikike nke ndị ọkachamara. Wikipedia anaghị achọ ka ndị ntinye aka ya nye aha iwu ha ma ọ bụ nye ozi ndị ọzọ iji gosi njirimara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ntinye aka bụ ndị ọchịchị n'ubi ha, Wikipedia chọrọ ka e jiri isi mmalite ndị ebipụtara kwado ọbụna onyinye ha. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro nrụtụ aka a bụ na ndị na-agụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikpebi ntụkwasị obi nke isi mmalite edepụtara.
Wikipedia na-anwa ileba anya na nsogbu nke nhụsianya nke usoro ihe omume, na imegide ndị editọ na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-achọ imetụta ngosi nke isiokwu n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, site n'ịkwụsi ike n'echiche na-anọpụ iche. Wikipedia na-asụ Bekee ewebatala ọnụ ọgụgụ nke a na-ekpebi ogo akụkọ; mbipụta ndị ọzọ nakweere nke a. Ihe dị ka 1200 agafeela usoro njirisi siri ike iji ruo ọkwa kachasị elu, ọkwa "akụkọ pụtara"; isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ka e bu n'obi nye nkọwa nke ọma, nke edere nke ọma nke isiokwu ha, ma kwado ya site n'ọtụtụ ntụaka maka akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara..
Nyocha agụmakwụkwọ
Nnyocha na-egosi na Wikipedia na-enye ezigbo mmalite maka nyocha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-enwe nsogbu na ihe na-ezighị ezi. Mana nyocha nke Nature jiri tụnyere Wikipedia na Encyclopædia Britannica tụrụ aro ka ọ dị nso n'ogo nke ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara isiokwu sayensị okike ya; Otú ọ dị, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., kọwara ọmụmụ ihe a dị ka "ndị nwere ntụpọ na-egbu egbu", nke Nature mesịrị zaghachi ya, na-ekwupụta na ọmụmụ ya bụ nnọpụiche zuru oke. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ kwubiri na mkpuchi akụkọ ihe mere eme Wikipedia na-agbasawanye ma dị omimi karịa nke Encarta, ebe ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu, yana na mmebi iwu pụtara ìhè na-alaghachikarị ngwa ngwa. N'ime nyocha nke Wikipedia dị ka obodo, nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke akụ na ụba Andrea Ciffolilli rụrụ ụka na ọnụ ahịa azụmahịa dị ala nke isonye na wiki software na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta, yana na usoro "ihe mmepụta ihe" na-akwado nsonye. A na-ele Wikipedia anya dị ka nnwale mmadụ; Onye nchoputa Jimmy Wales ekwuola na ebum n'obi abụghị otu, n'agbanyeghị na nke ahụ bụ nsonaazụ.
Criticism and controversy
Wikipedia has been accused of exhibiting systemic bias and inconsistency; critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature, and favouring consensus over credentials in its editorial process, makes it unauthoritative, and that a lack of proper sources for much of the information makes it unreliable, although the converse of the same argument can also be argued. Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia is usually reliable, but that it is not always clear how much. The project's preference for consensus over credentials has been labelled "anti-elitism". Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. Many university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources; some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations. Founder Jimmy Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. Technology writer Bill Thompson commented that the debate was possibly "symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today."
Concerns have also been raised regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, and that it is vulnerable to vandalism and Internet trolls. For example, false information was introduced into the biography of John Seigenthaler, Sr. and remained undetected for four months.
Wikipedia's community has been described as "cult-like", although not always with entirely negative connotations, and criticised for failing to accommodate inexperienced users. The addition of political spin to articles by organizations including the U.S. House of Representatives and special interest groups has been noted, and organizations such as Microsoft have offered financial incentives to work on certain articles. Wikipedia has been parodied by its critics, notably by Stephen Colbert in The Colbert Report.
In 2007 the Wikipedia article on then-Montana senator Conrad Burns was edited by his own staff, causing political scandal among his own constituents.
Wikipedia's content policies and sub-projects set up by contributors seek to address these concerns. Several scholarly studies have concluded that vandalism is generally short-lived, and that Wikipedia is roughly as accurate as other online encyclopedias.