cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi
Ịwụba ihe mkpofu n'oké osimiri
Ịdọrọ mmiri abụọ ahụ na-adabere na ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ na'eyi ya egwu. A na-emekarị ka nsị na mmetọ ndị ọzọ banye n'oké osimiri maka ọdịdị mgbasa nke oké osimiri na ọdịbendị mgbanwe na ikike maka ndụ mmiri iji dozie ihe mkpofu mmiri na ihe mmegide. Otú ọ dị, nsị na-eyi usoro okike mmiri egwu site na itinye nsí na ndụ mmiri na eutrophication.
Helen Chenevix
Ọrụ
Mgbe Bennett lara ezumike nká na 1955, Chenevix nwetara ọkwa ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Irish Women's Worker's Union.
Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị
Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Irish Women Workers Union na 1957, Chenevix lekwasịrị anya n'ịrụ ọrụ maka udo na nkwụsị nuklia. link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Death_certificate_of_Helen_Chenevix.png/220px-Death_certificate_of_Helen_Chenevix.png|thumb|asambodo ọnwụ nke Helen Chenevix Ihe omume a na-agaghị echefu echefu na ndụ Chenevix bụ ntinye ya na nzukọ nke Irish Trade Union Congress na Irish Congress of Trade Unions. Arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ bilitere n'etiti ndị nnọchiteanya na-atụ aro na echiche nke udo ụwa bụ echiche "communist". Ka Chenevix, "onye na-adịghị ike, onye dị nro, onye nwere ntutu isi awọ", na-eru nso n'ebe a na-anọ ekwu okwu, nzukọ ahụ nọ n'ọgba aghara. Ka ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ụzọ dị jụụ na nke doro anya maka mkpa udo, ọgba aghara ahụ malitere ịnwụ. Ozugbo ọ gwụchara, ọnụ ụlọ ahụ malitere n'oké ifufe nke ịkụ aka. Mkpebi ya, nke a na-elebu anya dị ka "ndị Kọmunist", mechara bụrụ nke a nabatara ma jiri otu olu gafee.
Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi
Mmetụta mmiri na-egbu egbu
Dị ka International Maritime Organisation si kwuo, mpụga mmanụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na ndụ mmiri. Nkwekọrịta OILPOL ghọtara na ọtụtụ mmetọ mmanụ sitere na ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri dịka ihicha tankị ibu. N'afọ ndị 1950, omume a na-emekarị bụ iji mmiri saa tankị wee tụba ngwakọta mmanụ na mmiri n'ime oké osimiri. OILPOL 54 machibidoro ịtụfu ihe mkpofu mmanụ n'ime ebe ụfọdụ site na ala na 'ebe pụrụ iche' ebe ihe ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị oke njọ. N'afọ 1962, a gbatịkwuru ókè ahụ site na mmezigharị a nabatara na nzukọ nke IMO haziri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, IMO na 1965 guzobere obere kọmitii na mmetọ mmanụ, n'okpuru nkwado nke kọomitii nchekwa ụgbọ mmiri ya, iji dozie nsogbu mmegide mmanụ.
Helen Chenevix
Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị
Chenvix rụrụ ọrụ n'akwụsịghị akwụsị n'oge ndụ ya niile iji lụọ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwanyị, iji melite ọnọdụ ọrụ maka ụmụnwanyị Irish na ikike ibi n'ụwa udo na-enweghị agha ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara. Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Industrial Accidents Commission naanị ụbọchị atọ tupu ọnwụ ya.
Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi
Mmetụta mmiri na-egbu egbu
Egwu nke mmanụ na-awụfu na ndụ mmiri bụ nke ndị nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mmetọ ahụ, dị ka International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation ghọtara:
Helen Chenevix
Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị
Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa ụbụrụ n'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1963 n'ụlọ ọgwụ Walkinstown, e lie ya n'ebe ili ozu Deansgrange n'ụbọchị iri na asaa n'ọnwarị n'otu afọ ahụ. E mere emume olili ozu ya na Monkstown Parish Church ma bụrụ nke Reverend RWM Wynne duziri. N'etiti ndị gara olili ozu ahụ bụ ndị otu Dáil na Senate, ndị nnọchiteanya nke òtù Trade Union na ọtụtụ ndị enyi Chenevix.
Karem Mahmoud
A mụrụ Karem na Machị 16, 1922 n'obodo Damanhur, el-Buhayrah Governorate, n'ebe ugwu Egypt kilota 60 (37 mi) site na Alexandria.
Dịka nwatakịrị, Karem sonyeere nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Mohammed n'ịbụ abụ okpukpe, si otú a zụlite nkà ya maka ịbụ abụ Arabic na nkwupụta ziri ezi na ọzụzụ phonetic.
Helen Chenevix
Ihe Nketa
link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Louie_Bennett_and_Helen_Chenevix_seat%2C_St_Stephen%27s_Green_Park%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Louie_Bennett_and_Helen_Chenevix_seat%2C_St_Stephen%27s_Green_Park%2C_Dublin.jpg|thumb|oche Louie Bennett na Helen Chenevix, St Stephen's Green Park, Dublin E debere bench na ogige St Stephens Green iji sọpụrụ Chenevix na Bennett maka ọrụ siri ike ha na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwanyị. bench ahụ na-agụ, 'Ọ bụkwa nke enyi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Helen Chenevix, 1888 - 1963 onye nwere otu echiche dị elu,'. A kọwara ụmụnwanyị abụọ ahụ dị ka "Abụọ n'ime ụmụnwanyị Irish kachasị mma nke narị afọ a" mgbe ọnwụ Chenevix gasịrị. Ihe ncheta dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Irish Times kwuru na Chenevix "ga-efu ọ bụghị naanị maka ọrụ ọ rụrụ, kamakwa maka àgwà ọma o nwere. Ndị enyi ya ga-enwe mmetụta miri emi na nke a na-apụghị idozi edozi nke mfu".
Karem Mahmoud
Ọbụna n'ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, ndị nkuzi Karem kwuru na olu ya siri ike ma mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa ọ maara abụ siri ike nke Sayed Darwish na Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
Buran (ikuku)
Buran (Persian: بوران, Russian: буран) bụ ifufe nké na-efefe Iran, ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, ọkachasị Xinjiang, Siberia, na Kazakhstan. N'elu tundra, a makwaara ya dị ka пурга, purga. Ọ bụ ifufe ikuku oyi, mgbé ụfọdụ siri ike, nkè a na-ahụkarị na steppes nké Sarmatic Plain, n'ébé ọdịda anyanwụ nkè Ural.
Karem Mahmoud
N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ nwata, a nabatara Karem mgbe ọ ka bụ nwatakịrị na Institute of Arabic Music na Cairo. Karem bụ onye nkuzi nke ụfọdụ ndị egwu Egypt, gụnyere Fouad Mahfouz, Darwish el-Hariri, Sheikh Badawi, onye na-ede egwu Safar Ali, na onye na-egwu egwu Hassan Gharib.
Buran (ikuku)
Buran na-ewere ụdị abụọ: n'oge okpomọkụ, ọ bụ ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri na-efe efe; n'oge oyi, ọ na-ajụ ezigbo oyi ma na-esokarị snow. Ifufe buran n'oge oyi siri ike ma jupụta na ice na snow. A na-ejikarị snow jupụta n'eluigwe, nke na-agbagharị ma na-ebelata anya ruo ihe fọrọ nkè nta ka ọ bụrụ efu mgbé ụfọdụ. N'Alaska, a maara oké ifufe a na-esi n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka burga ma na-eweta snow na ice pellets.
Karem Mahmoud
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ nwetara akara kachasị elu, na ọdịiche a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ.
Buran (ikuku)
Ihe omume mbara igwe Soviet kpọrọ otu klas nké ụgbọ mbara igwe site na buran (lee mmemme Buran).
Karem Mahmoud
Karem Mahmoud gara n'ihu bụrụ kpakpando ma dịka onye na-agụ egwu ma dịka Onye na-eme ihe nkiri.
Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi
Mmetụta mmiri na-egbu egbu
Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu na mgbanwe okike na nhazi ụdị, ịba ụba na nkesa bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke ọrụ ya. Ya mere oke mmebi nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta megide mgbanwe nzụlite a. Ka o sina dị, isi ihe na-enyere aka ịghọta mmebi na mkpa ya bụ ma mmetụta mwụfu na-ebute mbelata na ọganihu ọmụmụ, mmepụta ihe, iche iche na n'ozuzu ọrụ nke usoro. Nwụfu abụghị nanị nrụgide na ebe obibi mmiri; Mmebi ime obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ nrigbu nke akụrụngwa ha na-enye bụkwa ihe egwu dị egwu
Karem Mahmoud
Karem nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 15, 1995, na ngalaba nlekọta siri ike nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Saint Mary na London. Okwu ikpeazụ ya bụ maka dọkịta na-awa ya ahụ, tupu ịwa ahụ: "Biko chekwaba eriri olu m n'oge ịwa ahụ".
Nwunye ya na ụmụ abụọ bụ ndi na-eri ya ekpe.
Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi
Eutrophication na okooko osisi algae
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution na-akpọ mmetọ nri na-edozi ahụ bụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị ala ala na oke osimiri. Mwepu nke nitrogen, phosphorus, na nri ndị ọzọ na-abịa site na ọrụ ugbo, mkpofu mkpofu, mmepe n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na iji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe. Ozugbo mmetọ ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ rutere mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọ na-akpali ịrị elu nke algae na-emerụ ahụ, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-egbu egbu kpọmkwem na n'ikpeazụ mee ka ọnọdụ ikuku oxygen dị ala. Ụfọdụ ụdị algae na-egbu egbu. Mmụba nke algae ndị a na-ebute okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ, bụ nke a na-akpọkarị " tides red" ma ọ bụ "agba aja aja". Zooplankton na-eri algae na-egbu egbu wee malite ịfefe nsị n'elu nri nri, na-emetụta ihe oriri dị ka clams, na-emecha na-agbago n'oké osimiri, anụ mammals na ụmụ mmadụ. Ihe si na ya pụta nwere ike ịbụ ọrịa na mgbe ụfọdụ ọnwụ
Ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide
A na-ekwukarị na a chọrọ nghọta na nkwenye dị ukwuu maka ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mmepe na'ihu. A na-enweta nkwubi okwu yiri nke ahụ site na Perman et al. bụ ndị na'iji resilience kọwaa otu n'ime echiche 6 nke nkwado; "Ọchịchị na ya na - nke na na Sayensị na-eguzogide onwe ya anọwo na'ime afọ iri gara aga, na -agbasawanye karịa gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosipụta usoro echiche na ngalaba dịka akụ na ụba na sayensụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ma, ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-abanye n'obodo ndị nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ, na'iji nnukwu mmiri, ike, yana ihe ndị ọzọ, mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ọzụzụ ndị a iji tụlee ike nke usoro okike na obodo dị mkpa.
Echiche agụmakwụkwọ
Ịdabere na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya enwetala nkwado ọhụrụ kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1990 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta gụnyere Berkes na Folke ma melite ya na 2002 site na folke et al. Dị ka echiche nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide agbanweela karịa ogidi 3 nke ọganihu na'adịgidere iji tinye nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ukwuu na mmepụta akụ na ụba. Nke a bụ mmegharị nke na-akpata nchegbu dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke Clive Hamilton kọwara dị ka "ọganihu uto".
Ebumnuche nke ike ọgwụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-atụ aro bụ n'ikpeazụ iji gbochie mkpochapụ anyị dịka Walker kwuru Holling na akwụkwọ ya: "[..] "ịkwado na na'ihe gbasara [ịtụle] ohere nke mkpofu (1973, p. 20) ". Ịghọ ihe doro anya na edemede agụmakwụkwọ bụ mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi na ume na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Folke et al. na-ekwu na ohere nke ịnọgide na mmepe sitere na "Managing for resilience" ebe Perman et a. tụrụ aro na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi iji "nye ọrụ" kwesịrị ịbụ "ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba ka ọ dịgide".
Njehie nke ahịa nweere onwe ya
Ihe ịma aka nke itinye echiche nke ike ọgwụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara mmepe na-adịgide adịgide bụ na ọ na'ụzọ na na ya na echiche akụ na ụba na ime iwu. Resilience na-ajụ ụdị ahịa n'efu nke ahịa ụwa na'ime ya. Ihe dị n'ime ọrụ na-aga nke ọma nke ahịa nweere onwe ya bụ nka nke achọrọ iji nweta arụmọrụ na ịbawanye mmepụta ihe. Omume pụrụ iche a na-eme ka ike ghara ịnagide site n'ikwe ka usoro mara ma dabere na ọnọdụ ha. N'ihe omume nke ihe mgbagwoju anya a na-atụghị anya ya; ịdabere na nke a belatara ikike nke usoro ahụ iji mee mgbanwe ndị a. N'ụzọ kwekọrọ; Perman et al. na-ekwu na; "Ọrụ akụ na ụba ụfọdụ yiri ka ha na'ebelata ike, nke mere na ọkwa nke nsogbu nke usoro okike nwere ike imerụ n'enweghị mgbanwe parametric na ọ na - belata".
Helen Chenevix
Ihe Nketa
Ingenious Ireland haziri njem ije ije na International Women's Day 2015 iji mee emume ndụ Chenevix, Bennett, Helena Molony na Kathleen Clarke na iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ha maka ebe ịsa ákwà. A kpọrọ njem ahụ "Obstreporous Lassies" ma lekwasị anya n'ọrụ Irish Women Workers' Union.
Ebensidee
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Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi
Ịgafe mmepe na-adịgide adịgide
Berkes na Folke na-edepụta ụkpụrụ iji nyere aka na "iwulite ume na nkwado" nke na'ịkwado usoro nchịkwa mgbanwe, omume nchịwa dabere na ihe ọmụma na ọnọdụ maka mmụta ụlọ ọrụ na nhazi onwe onye.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Andrea Ross atụwo aro na echiche nke mmepe na'adịgide adịgide ezughi ezu n'inyere mmepụta iwu aka maka ihe ịma aka na ebumnuche ụwa nke taa. Nke a bụ n'ihi na echiche nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide "dabere na adịghị ike na nkwado" nke na'echebaraghị eziokwu nke "ókè nke ike ụwa". Ross na-adabere na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na atụmatụ ụwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa na "mgbanwe na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi" dị iche na nke mmepe na'adịgide adịgide.
N'ihi na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ isi ihe na-eto eto nke ọdịda dị iche iche, yana ọrụ na ọrụ dịgasị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi, na'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na mmezigharị mgbanwe mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha, mbelata na mbeba nke ihe ize ndụ ọdachi, ndị na - na na ya na ndị nkwado nke mgbanwe gburugburu ụlọ na mpaghara na ihe ndị ha na ha dabere na ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe na ọnọdụ na ihu ihu.
Na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi
Nnyocha sayensị metụtara ike na-amalite ịrụ ọrụ n'inwe mmetụta n"ime iwu na mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nke a na-eme n'ọtụtụ ụzọ:
Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu
Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnụ ụzọ nke akọwapụtara mgbochi nwere njikọ chiri anya n'ụzọ ha si emetụta iwu gburugburu obodo, iwu na njikwa gburugburu ụlọ. Ikike nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji gbakee site na ọkwa ụfọdụ nke mmetụta gburugburu Ebe obibi anaghị ahụ anya na iwu, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ike nke usoro gburugburuebe obibi, ụfọdụ ọkwa nke mmetụ gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara mmepe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kwere omume site n"ime iwu gburugburu obodo na Iwu na ya.
Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ịtụle ikike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime iwu gụnyere:
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị dị mkpa maka ịnagide ihu igwe adịla n"ezie kemgbe afọ 1960. Na mbụ, echiche akọwapụtara maka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike, C.S. Holling gosipụtara na mbụ ikike maka sistemụ gburugburu ụlọ obibi na mmekọrịta dị n'ime usoro ndị ahụ iji nọgide ma mụta mgbanwe na "ọnọdụ mgbanwe, mgbanwe ọkwọ ụgbọala, na parameters". Nkọwa a nyere aka mepụta ntọala maka echiche nke nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi: echiche ahụ bụ na omume nke usoro okike na-achịkwa site na homeostatic drive gaa na ebe ụfọdụ kwụsiri ike. N'okpuru ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche a (nke nọgidere na-enwe ọnọdụ dị ukwuu n'oge a), a ghọtara usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ na'emeghachi omume na nsogbu n"ụzọ dị mkpa site na usoro nzaghachi na - ma ọ bụrụ na enwere mgbanwe, usoro okike ga-eme iji belata mgbanwe ahụ dịka o kwere mee ma gbalịa ịlaghachi n-ọnọdụ mbụ ya.
Ka a na-eme ọtụtụ nnyocha sayensị na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa ihe onwunwe okike, ọ bịara doo anya na mgbe mgbe, usoro okpomọkụ na'okpuru omume dị ike, nke na - agafe agagharị nke gbanwere otú ha si meghachi omume na nnukwu mgbanwe na steeti mgbanwe: kama ịrụ ọrụ azụ maka nguzozi a kara aka, a kwadoro mgbanwe ahụ iji guzobe ntọala ọhụrụ iji rụọ ọrụ n'ime. Kama ibelata mgbanwe ndị a manyere, usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọta ma jikwaa mgbanwe ahụ, ma jiri ha mee ihe iji kwalite mgbanwe nke njirimara ọhụrụ. Echiche ọhụrụ a nke ike dị ka echiche nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ ekwekọ na ihe ndị na'amaghị ama na entropy malitere ime ka mgbanwe dị nro na ngalaba nke njikwa mgbanwe na akụ gburugburu ebe obibi, site na ọrụ nke Holling na ndị ọrụ ibe ya wuru ọzọ.
Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1970, ike ịnagide malitere inweta ume dị ka echiche na anthropology, echiche ọdịbendị, na sayensị mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ. E nwere ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara ndị a na-abụghị omenala nke nyeere aka mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe mgbanwe nke echiche nke ike n'ozuzu ya. Akụkụ nke ihe kpatara na resilience malitere ịpụ n'echiche nke nguzozi ma gaa na nkọwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na'agbanyeghi nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ n"ihi ọrụ dịka nke Andrew Vayda na Bonnie McCay na ngalaba nke anthropology mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ebe a na - etinyere nsụgharị nke ristience nke oge a iji maa echiche ọdịnala aka.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
The Dark Side of Democracy
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing bụ akwụkwọ edere na afo Puku abuo na ise (2005) nke onye odee akwukwo bù Michael Mann dere nke na-ekwu na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na'emekarị ka a kpochapụ agbụrụ iji mee ka mba ahụ bụrụ otu agbọrọ. A kọwara arụmụka Mann dịka ihe ịma aka na-akpali akpali maka echiche dị mma banyere ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Otú ọ dị, otu onye nyocha kwuru na n'akwụkwọ ya, Mann na-ekwukarị njikọ nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mkpocha agbụrụ, ruo n’ ókè nke na enwere ike ịkọwa isi arụmụka dị n-ede akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "n'oge niile nʼakụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyere iwu maọbụ kwenyere na ogbugbu nke ndị bi na ha", mana n "oge na nso a na'otu agbụọ ndị otu agbән karịa ebe obibi ma ha.
Edensibia
Òtù:Akwụkwọ
Sotelma
Sotelma bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nkeonwe na Mali. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dabeere na Bamako. Sotelma na-enye ekwentị mpaghara, telephony mba ụwa, ọrụ ịntanetị na ọrụ ekwentị mkpanaaka, wdg. enyemaka ọrụ mkpanaka ya bụ Malitel. Ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha nke ngalaba koodu obodo .ml.
Aha zuru ezu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'asụsụ French bụ "Société des télécommunications au Mali".
N'afọ 2008, a mara ọkwa na gọọmentị Mali ga-ewepụ Sotelma n'aka ndị otu nzuzo a na-akpọghị aha. A ga-ekewa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 51% na-aga otu onye na-etinye ego nkeonwe, 20% gọọmentị na-ejide ya, 10% na-aga ndị ọrụ, na 19% na-ere site na ọha.. E mechara mee ka ọ bụrụ nke onwe n'afọ 2010.
N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2009, Maroc Telecom nwetara pasentị iri ise na otu nke Sotelma.
Mishqah Parthiephal
thumb|Mishqah Parthiephal
Sotelma
N'ihe dị ka afọ 2002, Sotelma nwere ngụkọta uru nke ijeri CFA 43,817, ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 1300, na-arụ ọrụ 1100 km nke eriri nnyefe fiber optic, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri DOMSAT 9, ọdụ VSAT 19, ahịrị ndị debanyere aha ekwentị 110000 na ekwentị ọha 5241.
Mishqah Parthiephal
Mishqah Parthiephal (a mụrụ na 21 Septemba 1989) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa, ihe nlereanya na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya n'afọ 2010, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na telivishọn na mgbasa ozi ruo n'afọ 2015. N'èzí South Africa, a maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dịka onye ọka iwu Priya Seghal na usoro CTV / Netflix The Indian Detective.
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Verulam, n'ebe ugwu Durban, Parthiepal bụ onye Alakụba sitere na India n'akụkụ nna ya na Malay n'akụkụ nne ya. Ọ gara Durban Girls' High School. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal tupu ọ kwaga Johannesburg.
Ihe nkiri
thumb|Parthiephal na 2016
Eva Habil
Eva Habil (إيفا هابيل na Arabic) bụ onye ọka iwu Ijipt. N'afọ 2008, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi obodo Ijipt mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi obodo Kom Buha, obodo dị na Upper-Egypt nke nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 10,000. A họpụtara ya karịa ụmụ nwoke ise, gụnyere nwanne ya nwoke.
Maria Lvova-Belova
thumb|280x280px|2022 Maria Alexeyevna Lvova-Belova ( Russian, amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na ise na Ọktoba 1984) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke bụ onye bụ Kọmishọna Onye isi ala maka ikike ụmụaka na Rọshịa.
Cecilia Nku
Cecilia Ngibo Nku (a mụrụ n'abalị́ iri abụo na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbara Rivers Angels nke Nigerian Women's Championship bọọlụ.
Maria Lvova-Belova
Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Penza, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na A. A. Arkhangelsky College of Culture and Arts n'afọ 2002 dị ka onye nduzi. Site na 2000 ruo 2005, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi guitar na ụlọ akwụkwọ egwu ụmụaka na Penza. Lvova-Belova bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi nke nzukọ ọha na eze mpaghara Penza maka ịkwalite mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya "Blagovest". N'afọ 2011–14 na n'ime afọ 2017–19 ọ bụ onye otu Civic Chamber nke Penza Oblast, n'otu oge ahụ na 2017–19 onye otu Civic Chamber nke Russian Federation. N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara All-Russia People's Front.
Eva Habil
A mụrụ Habil na Kom Buha. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, ọ bụ Onye Kraịst Coptic. Nna ya bụ onye isi obodo ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 2002. Ọ gụrụ ma rụọ ọrụ iwu na mpaghara Cairo, ọ bụkwa onye otu National Democratic Party.
Cecilia Nku
Ọrụ mba ụwa
Nku gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na mba ụwa n'afọ 2010 mgbe ọ na-agbara Naịjirịa bọọlụ na 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. O so na ndị isi otu Naịjirịa nke meriri na 2014 African Women's Championship na Namibia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, a kpọrọ Nku ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka otu Naịjirịa na 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Maria Lvova-Belova
Akụkọ ndụ
Nà 2019, Lvova-Belova sonyeere n'otu United Russia party (onye isi ala Dmitry Medvedev nyere ya kaadị ID n'ọnwa Nọvemba 23). N'ọnwa Nọvemba abalị irí abụọ na inọ, a họpụtara ya na Presidium nke General Council of the United Russia, ọ ghọkwara onye isi oche nke otu na-arụ ọrụ iji kwado ọha mmadụ. N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2020, a họpụtara gọvanọ nke Penza Oblast Ivan Belozertsev họpụtara Lvova-Belova dị ka onye otu Federation Council of Russia site na ngalaba ndị isi nke Penza Oblast. Mgbe ntuli aka nke 2021 gasịrị, Oleg Melnichenko họpụtara ya ọzọ.
Cecilia Nku
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Eva Habil
Ebenside
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Maria Lvova-Belova
Akụkọ ndụ
Na abalị irí ná asaá n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2021, onye isi ala Russia bụ Vladimir Putin họpụtara Senator Maria Lvova-Belova dị ka Kọmishọna gọọmentị etiti maka ikike ụmụaka, otu ọnwa mgbe kọmishọna gara aga bụ Anna Kuznetsova ghọrọ onye omeiwu.
Ndụ onwe onye
Maria Lvova-Belova lụrụ di site n'afọ 2003 ma nwekwaa ụmụ ise bú nkè yá na ụmụ iri na asaa ọ́ nakweere. Di ya bụ Pavel Kogelman bụ onye ụkọchukwu nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia ma bụrụbu onye mmemme.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Reparations (transitional justice)
A ghọtara nkwụghachi n'ụzọ sara mbara dị ka nkwụghachi ụgwọ e nyere maka mmejọ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ. Nkọwa okwu ọnụ nke nkwụghachi agbanweela nke ukwuu n'ime narị afọ gara aga. Na mmalite 1900s, nkwụghachi bụ mgbanwe n'etiti steeti (lee nkwụghachi agha) bụ usoro ntaramahụhụ nke nkwekọrịta kpebiri ma kwụọ ụgwọ site n'akụkụ esemokwu nke na-enyefe ya, dị ka nkwụghachi ụgwọ Agha Ụwa Mbụ nke Germany na ndị ha na ya jikọrọ aka. Aghọtara nkwụghachi ugbu a dị ka ọ bụghị naanị mmebi agha kamakwa ụgwọ ọrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ enyere ndị aka na-ahụ maka mmebi iwu oke ruru mmadụ site n'aka ndị otu ahụ kpatara. iji nye ha ka echekwara ya otu United Nations.
N'ikpe ziri ezi nke mgbanwe, nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ ihe steeti na-eme iji dozie mmebi iwu ruuru mmadụ ma ọ bụ iwu enyemaka mmadụ site na nchịkwa nke ụdị nkwụghachi ụgwọ ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ndị ahụ metụtara. N'ime usoro niile nke ikpe ziri ezi mgbanwe, nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha na-edozi ọnọdụ nke ndị ahụ metụtara. Nkwụghachi ụgwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na e mere ya nke ọma, na-ekweta nhụjuanya nke ndị ahụ metụtara, na-enye usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ, yana ụdị nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka mmebi iwu ahụ tara ahụhụ. Nkwụghachi ụgwọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ yana ihe onwunwe. Ha nwere ike ịbụ n'ụdị nkwenye ọha ma ọ bụ ịrịọ mgbaghara maka mmebi iwu gara aga, na-egosi nkwa steeti na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji zaghachi mmegbu mbụ.
Ndị na-akwado nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-ekwusi ike [1] na iji dị irè, a ghaghị iji nkwụghachi ụgwọ rụọ ọrụ n'akụkụ usoro ikpe ziri ezi ndị ọzọ dị ka ikpe, ịchọ eziokwu, na mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ na-ahụ na usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ abụghị nkwa efu, usoro nkwụsịtụ nwa oge, ma ọ bụ mgbalị ịzụta ịgbachi nkịtị nke ndị metụtara. [1]
Ụdị
Echiche iwu nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ nwere akụkụ abụọ: ikike nke onye merụrụ ahụ ịnata nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ọrụ nke onye na-ahụ maka mmerụ ahụ iji nye nkwụghachi ụgwọ. [1] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ịchọ nkwụghachi ụgwọ site na usoro ikpe, ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịbụ iwu ndị steeti webatara iji dozie nchegbu ma ọ bụ mkpa nke ọtụtụ mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ nke mbụ bụ ihe enyemaka n'ịmepụta usoro iwu, nke abụọ bụ ụzọ dị irè karị iji mata nchegbu nke ọtụtụ mmadụ.
Ụkpụrụ na Nduzi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Ikike nke Ngwọta na nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka Ndị Na-emebi Iwu ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Nile na Mmebi Iwu Ndị Mmadụ nke Iwu Ndị Mmadụ nke Mba Nile na-akọwa ụdị nkwụghachi ụgwọ ise: nkwụghachi ụgwọ, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, mmeghari, afọ ojuju, na nkwa nke enweghị mmegharị.
Onye na-enweta nkwụghachi ụgwọ
Ndị na-emebi ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa ma ọ bụ iwu enyemaka mmadụ nwere ikike ịkwụ ụgwọ ngwa ngwa, zuru oke, na nke dị irè. Ndị a tara ahụhụ nwere ike ịbụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ otu ndị mmadụ tara ahụhụ yiri nke ahụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ metụtara, dị ka akọwapụtara site na UN Basic Principles on the matter, bụ:
"Ndị mmadụ merụrụ ahụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ n'otu n'otu, gụnyere mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke uche, nhụjuanya mmetụta uche, ọnwụ akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mmerụ nke ikike ha dị mkpa, site na omume ma ọ bụ omissions nke na-eme ka mmebi iwu ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa, ma ọ bụ mmebi iwu enyemaka nke mba ụwa ... ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-adabere na onye ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị merụrụ ahụ na-etinye aka iji nyere ndị nọ n'ahụhụ aka ma ọ bụ iji gbochie mmegbu. "[3]
Onye na-enye nkwụghachi ụgwọ
Steeti, dị ka ikike na-ahụ maka ịhụ na e chebere ikike mmadụ na nchịkwa nke ikpe ziri ezi n'ime ókèala ha, na-ahụkwa maka inye nkwụghachi maka mmegbu na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ụmụ amaala ha tara. Ụkpụrụ Isi nke UN na-ekwukwa na ọ bụrụ na a pụrụ ịchọta mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị steeti maka mmebi iwu na mmegbu a diri, ndị dị otú ahụ na-ahụ maka inye nkwụghachi ụgwọ ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem nye onye ahụ ma ọ bụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ steeti ụgwọ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ. [1]
Enwere ike ịchọta nkwado iwu mba ụwa maka ikike iji dozie ihe dị irè na ọrụ inye nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'ọtụtụ ikike mmadụ na nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta enyemaka, gụnyere:
Ihe atụ nke usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ
- Canada Ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, Canada nọgidere na-eme omume nke iwepu ụmụ amaala Canada n'ezinụlọ ha ma tinye ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ndị mba India (IRS). Usoro a bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị iji mee ka ọha mmadụ Canada dị n'otu, ma gụnye mmachibido asụsụ obodo na omenala. N'afọ 1991, gọọmentị mba Canada guzobere Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), nke e boro ebubo inyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị aborigine, gọọmentị, na ọha mmadụ.
N'ihi ndụmọdụ ndị kọmitii ahụ, gọọmentị nyere mgbaghara n'ụzọ ihe atụ na "Statement of Reconciliation", na-ekweta na e mere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ n'ụdị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Pope Benedict nke iri na isii rịọkwara mgbaghara n'aha ndị otu ụka tinyere aka na omume ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, gọọmentị nyere ego nde $ 350 iji nyere ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ metụtara aka. N'afọ 2006, gọọmentị etiti bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nke India, na-ekweta inye ndị lanarịrị mmemme a nkwụghachi ụgwọ. Mkpebi ahụ ruru ihe dị ka ijeri $ 2, ma na-agụnye ụgwọ ego, kọmitii eziokwu, na ọrụ nkwado.
N'afọ 2017 Prime Minista Justin Trudeau rịọrọ ndị na-edina nwanyị, ndị na-edina nwoke na nwanyị, ndị na-edina nwoke na nwanyị, na ndị transgender nke mba Canada mgbaghara na House of Commons ma kwupụta nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke a ga-enye ụmụ amaala merụrụ ahụ site na omume ụfọdụ nke Steeti.
- Chile N'afọ 1990, onye isi ala mba Chile a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Patricio Aylwin kere National Truth and Reconciliation Commission iji nyochaa mmegbu ikike mmadụ nke ọchịchị aka ike nke General Augusto Pinochet n'afọ 1973-1990. Kọmitii ahụ nyochara ndị na-efu efu, ogbugbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mmekpa ahụ, na-ebipụta Rettig Report na nchọpụta ya na 1991. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, National Corporation for Reparations and Reconciliation gara n'ihu na ọrụ ya. Mmemme ndị a na-atụ aro nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ndị ahụ metụtara, gụnyere: ụgwọ ezumike nká kwa ọnwa, uru agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ ndị ahụ furu efu, ịhapụ ọrụ agha, na ịnweta ọrụ ahụike dị mkpa.
Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ atụmatụ ndị a n'ihi ihe dị iche iche, dị ka ịjụ ha ịmata ndị na-eme ihe ike na ọdịda ha ịmata ọtụtụ ndị a ga-akwụ ụgwọ.
- Morocco Na Morocco, a na-akpọkarị oge dị n'agbata afọ 1960 nakwa afọ 1990 dị ka "afọ ndị ndu," na-ezo aka na nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ nke mere na mkpọsa gọọmentị nke mmegbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere igbu mmadụ, mmekpa ahụ, na ikpochapụ nnwere onwe obodo ndị ọzọ. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze n'afọ 1999, Eze Mohammed nke Isii mepụtara Independent Arbitration Commission (IAC) iji kwụọ ndị a manyere ịla n'iyi na njide na-enweghị isi. IAC kpebiri ihe karịrị ikpe 5,000 ma nye ngụkọta nke US $ 100 nde, mana ndị ahụ metụtara na ezinụlọ ha mere mkpesa maka enweghị nkwuwa okwu na usoro ụlọ ikpe ahụ ma chọọ ihe ndị na-achọ eziokwu na mgbakwunye na nkwụghachi ụgwọ ego.
Nrụgide ndị a nyere aka n'ime ka e mepụta 2004 nke atụmatụ mbụ nke mba Arab na-achọ eziokwu, Equity and Reconciliation Commission. IER nyere iwu nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke kwadoro echiche nke nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị ma rụpụta ihe dị ka nde US $ 85 na nkwụghachi ụgwọ ego a kwụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 10,000, yana aro banyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka inye nlekọta ahụike na iweghachi ikike obodo. Aro ndị IER dugakwara na mmemme nkwụghachi ụgwọ ọnụ nke jikọtara nkwenye ihe atụ nke mmebi ikike mmadụ na akụkụ mmepe na mpaghara iri na otu nke tara ahụhụ site na ntaramahụhụ nchịkọta. Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2010, mmejuputa usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ nchịkọta na-aga n'ihu.
Inweghachị ùgwù na iweghachi ùgwù
Inwe ùgwù bụ mbibi ma ọ bụ ịnara ikike ihe onwunwe n'aka ndị nwe ya ma ọ bụ ndị bi na ya, ebe ebumnuche ma ọ bụ n'amaghị ama bụ dehumanization ma ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ. E nwere ihe abụọ a chọrọ: (1) mbibi ihe onwunwe na-enweghị isi ma ọ bụ njide na (2) dehumanization ma ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ. Dehumanization bụ “ọdịda ịmata mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu mmadụ” na nwa ọhụrụ bụ “mmachibido nke nnwere onwe nke onye ma ọ bụ otu dabere na enweghị ike ịmata ma kwanyere ikike ha niile iche echiche.” Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe akaebe nke ùgwù site na ụzọ elu, na-enyocha ebumnobi na ebumnuche n'azụ ndị malitere iwere, ma ọ bụ ụzọ dị ala, na-enyocha echiche nke ndị a chụpụrụ.
Mgbe mmerụ ahụ a buru ibu nke a na-akpọ ùgwù na-eme, naanị nkwụghachi ụgwọ (ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ihe anụ ahụ e weere) ezughị. A chọrọ mweghachi ùgwù. Iweghachi ùgwù bụ ihe ngwọta nke na-achọ inye ndị mmadụ na obodo ndị a chụpụrụ ụgwọ ihe onwunwe site na usoro ndị na-akwado mmadụ ha ma na-ewusi ụlọ ọrụ ha ike. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị irè, usoro mmezi ahụ na-etinye ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo ndị a chụpụrụ n'oche ọkwọ ụgbọala ma nye ha oke nnwere onwe n'ikpebi otú e si eme ka ha zuru oke.
Prọfesọ Bernadette Atuahene bu ụzọ mepụta usoro mweghachi ùgwù / ùgwù na-esote nyocha ya banyere ịchụpụ ala na nkwụghachi na mba South Africa n'akwụkwọ ya, We Want What's Ours: Learning from South Africa's Restitution Program (Oxford University Press 2014). Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta n'ofe ọzụzụ etinyela echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu ndị a n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe n'oge dị iche iche na ebe dị iche, na-enye ụzọ mba dị iche iche, akụkọ ihe mere eme iji ghọta ọnwụ ihe onwunwe na-enweghị isi na ihe onwunwe ya na ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe onwunwe.
Usoro mweghachi ùgwù / ùgwù na-enye akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu iji kọwaa ma nyochaa ihe onwunwe sitere n'aka ndị ogbenye na ndị na-adịghị ike n'ụwa niile n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche; na-elekwasị anya na mgbazi site na ijikọ ihe omume nke ịchụpụ ihe onwunwe iji gosipụta ohere maka mmụta, iguzogide, na ịdị n'otu; na-enye ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkà mmụta ihe onwunwe ohere isonye na mkparịta ụka banyere ọnwụ ihe onwunwe na-enweghị isi na ngwọta zuru oke; na-ejide ma ihe onwunwe na ihe na ihe na-enweghị ihe onwunwe; ma tinye ùgwù n'ime okwu ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ihe onwunwe, na-emegide otu ihe na-elekwasị anya na arụmọrụ, nke na-achịkwa nyocha iwu kemgbe ịrị elu nke iwu na akụ na ụba.
Nsogbu ndị nwere ike
Enwere nsogbu nhazi nke dị na nkwụghachi ụgwọ, dị ka ịkọwa ebumnuche, ihe mgbaru ọsọ, na usoro nke a ga-ekesa nkwụghachi ụgwọ, ikpebi otu esi edozi ọtụtụ arụrụala na mmemme ndị a haziri ahazi, ma ọ bụ ịhazi mmepe akụ na ụba na mgbalị nkwụghachi ụgwọ ego. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na-atụ aro na nsogbu ndị ahụ dị na nkọwa nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'onwe ha. [1]
Ikike ịchọ ma nweta nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ nke steeti nke ụmụ amaala ya tara ahụhụ, mana a na-egbochi ndị mmadụ ịchụso ebubo maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ kpọmkwem megide steeti mejọrọ ha. N'ihi ya, inye nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ ajụjụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a pụkwara ịhapụ ndị mmadụ merụrụ ahụ n'enweghị ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ghara ịkwụ ụgwọ.
Enwere ike ịgbagha ụkpụrụ nduzi nke otú UN banyere nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha na-eme ka mmebi ikike mmadụ tụnyere mmebi nke ikike obodo na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eleghara mmegbu nke ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na omenala anya. Ntuziaka ndị ahụ na-ekwu n'ụzọ doro anya na ebumnuche ha bụ iweghachi ndị ahụ metụtara n'ọnọdụ ha n'oge udo, mana nkesa ikike na akụ na ụba anaghị adịkarị nhata n'oge udo. N'ihi ya, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ebumnuche ha bụ iweghachi ọha mmadụ n'ọnọdụ ya, na-agba ọsọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ileghara mmegbu usoro anya na imepụta usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akatọ mmemme nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ileghara mkpa ụmụnwanyị anya na usoro ikpe ziri ezi. N'afọ 2007, ndị otu ụmụnwanyị gbakọtara iji nyochaa otú iwu nkwụghachi ụgwọ nwere ike isi na-anabata ndị e mesoro ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbalị ha dugara na "Nairobi Declaration on Women's and Girl's Right to a Remedy and Reparation", nke na-ekwu na "nkwụghachi ụgwọ ga-agabiga ihe kpatara ya na nsonaazụ nke mpụ na mmebi iwu; ha ga-ezube idozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na enweghị nhata nke na-akpụzi ndụ ụmụnwanyị na ụmụagbọghọ. "
Enwere ike idozi ụfọdụ n'ime nchegbu ndị a site n'inye ụmụnwanyị ikike inwe olu na usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na-agbagha omume ịkpa ókè, na ịkụziri obodo banyere ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.
Na mgbakwunye na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, a na-ewepụkarị ụmụaka na usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ. Ihe kpatara nke a dịgasị iche iche; nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-adakarị n'aka ndị nne na nna ma na-enye ụmụaka naanị n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, na mmemme nkwụghachi ụgwọ anaghị echebara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụaka na ndị okenye na-emetụta ihe ike n'ụzọ dị iche. N'ihi ya, nkwụghachi ụgwọ kwesịrị inwe akụkụ ụmụaka kpọmkwem iji lekwasị anya na mmegbu nke ụmụaka na-ata ahụhụ.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Kwadjo Agyei Addo
Kwadjo Agyei Addo (amụrụ n'October 15, 1951) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu Nzukọ nke Anọ nke Republic nke anọ na-anọchite anya Fanteakwa North Constituency na Eastern Region nke Ghana.
ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
A họpụtara Addo na mbụ ka ọ bụrụ nzuko omeiwu na tiketi nke New Patriotic Party n'oge ntuli aka izugbe Ghana nke December 2004 dịka onye otu Fanteakwa North Constituency.. O nwetara vootu 20,867 n'ime vootu puku iri atọ na isii, narị asatọ na iri ise na otu ziri ezi nke na-anọchite anya 56.6%. Kwabena Amankwah Asiamah meriri ya na ntuli aka nke 2008 Party's Primaries bụ onye sonyere na ntuliaka General ma merie.
Ntuli aka nke afọ 2004
A họpụtara Addo dị ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Fanteakwah North na ndị omeiwu nke anọ nke mba Ghana nke anọ site na Jenụwarị 7, 2005, ruo Jenụwarụ 6, 2009. Na ntuli aka izugbe nke Ghana nke afọ 2004, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Samuael Ofosu-Ampofo nke National Democratic Congress na Gyimah Aikins Nyantakyi nke Convention People's Party. Ndị a nwetara vootu 15,678 na vootu 306 n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu vootu ziri ezi. Ndị a bụ 42.5% na 0.8% n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu nke ngụkọta vootu ziri ezi.. Mpaghara Addo bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara 22 nke New Patriotic Party meriri na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na ntuli aka ahụ. N'ozuzu, New Patriotic Party meriri ngụkọta oche ndị omeiwu 128 na ndị omeiwu nke anọ nke mba Ghana nke anọ.
Ọrụ
Addo bụ onye nkuzi na onye ọchụnta ego.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Lekki Lagoon
Ọganihu nke mmepe ụlọ
E nwere usoro abụọ na nso Lekki, nke bụ Lekki nke mbụ na Lekki nke abụọ. A na-ewere mpaghara Lekki nke mbụ dị ka otu n'ime ebe kachasị ọnụ iji biri na steeti Lagos. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmepe ụlọ ọhụrụ nke a na-emepụta na mpaghara Lekki nke mbụ. Ọtụtụ ndị buru amụma na mpaghara Lekki Peninsula ga-aghọ ebe kachasị mma ibi na ịrụ ọrụ na Lagos n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ụlọ ndị dị na Lekki buru ibu ma dị oke ọnụ n'ihi nnukwu ọchịchọ ya.
N'ihi nnukwu ihe owuwu na-aga n'ihu na Lekki, nnukwu mbibi nke ala mmiri ndị fọdụrụ na obere ebe obibi anụ ọhịa fọdụrụnụ na steeti Lagos emeela.Nanị ebe a na-ahụ nchedo ọ bụla nke okike bụ na Lekki Conservation center, nke Nigerian Conservation Foundation na-elekọta. Lekki nwere gọọmentị ime obodo abụọ, Eti-osa na Epe. 6.5°N, 4.11667°W
John Obi Mikel
John Obi Mikel (amụrụ na 22 Eprel 1987) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọpụrụiche nke Naịjirịa nke na- agba boolu dịka onye mgbachi na etiti ama egwuregwu ndi otu Stoke City na EFL Championship. thumb|Added image Mikel malitere ọrụ ya na bọọlụ na Plateau United, tupu ọ banye na klọb Lyn Lyn na obodo Norway mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa n’afọ 2004. N’afọ 2006, ka osi soro ndị Chelsea ebe ndị Manchester United kwuru sị na odeba go aha na akwụkwọ ha we'te kwa'ra ihe nnukwu ngbagwoju anya. ọ nọrọ afọ iri na otu na Chelsea, tupu ọ kwaga China ịga gbara ndi Tianjin TEDA bọọlụ n'afọ 2017. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ abụọ na China, ọ laghachiri England na nkwekọrịta nke obere oge ya na ndị Middlesbrough, tupu osonye kwa ndi Trabzonspor na nbugharị nke bu n'efu na July 2019. Mikel laghachiri England na August 2020 isonyere kwa Stoke City. N'ime afọ iri na anọ nke ịgba bọl mba ụwa niile n'agbata 2005 na 2019, ọ gbara bọọlụ oge narị asatọ asatọ maka Nigeria, nye kwa ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke bu ọkpụ gọọlụ isii.
Ọrụ klọb
A mụrụ Mikel na Jos, Plateau State, nwa nke Michael Obi, onye ahia ulo oru ya bu maka ugbo ala nke na'agaba na Jos na mpaghara obodo ahụ. Nna ya bu onye Igbo.
Mikel bidoro ọrụ ịgba bọl ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ mgbe ahọpụtara ya dịka onye egwu bọọlụ site na ụmụaka ruru puku atọ ka osoro na Pepsi Football Academy, otu ama ama na-eme njem gafere Nigeria niile na-enyocha ndị na-eto eto na-egwu egwuregwu bọl maka ịhọrọ ndị na-egosi na ha nwere ike ịji egwuregwu ahụ mee orụ aka ha na ọdi n'ihụ. A chọtara Obi dika onye mara ihe ekwe na akụ, ma emechaa họrọ ka o soru ọgbakọ klọb Plateau United, klọb nke mepụtara kpakpando dị iche iche na mbụ na bọl dịka Celestine Babayaro, Victor Obinna na Chris Obodo, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ndị nke gara n'ihu na-aga nke ọma na klọb ndị na agba European league.
Emechara mara ya dị ka John Obi Mikel. O mere ihe ejiri mee isi okwu maka obodo ya na FIFA Under-17 World Championships na obodo Finland. Mgbe asọmpi ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu isoro nyocha maka ndị klọb Ajax Cape Town, na South Africa, ka ọmesia, o sonyere otu di na obodo Oslo nke ana akpọ Lyn Fotball n'ime mba Norway.
N'oge ọkọchị nke 2005, Mikel gbara bọl n'aha Nigeria na asọmpi FIFA World Youth Championship nke e mere na Netherlands. Asọmpi ahụ dabara mba Naịjirịa tupu oge ikpeazụ, mgbe ndi mba Argentina meriri haa 2-1. Obi nwetere nturu ugo bọọlụ ọlaọcha maka a họpụtara ya dika onye ọkpụkpọ nke abụọ kachasị mma na sọmpi ahụ.
Nyefee gaa na England
Na 29 Eprel 2005, ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe Mikel gbara afọ 18, otu klọb na Premier League - Manchester United kwupụtara na ya na Lyn bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iji kpọrọ Obi. Webụsaịtị United weputara na ha na Obi kpara nkata maka abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta isonyere ha. Obi etinyeghị ndị nnochita anya nya na ịgba ịzu ahụ nke mere ha ji du ba ya na nkwekọrịta nke ga eke chiya maka afo anọ. Eboro ebubo na ndi Lyn zigara ndi nnochi anya na mba ofesi akwụkwọ, na-ekwu na Mikel anọghọ zikwa ha na aka ma'ọbu achọ ọrụ ha. Akụkọ kwuru na nkwekọrịta ahụ ruru nde pounds anọ na mbido, tinyere ime ka Obi bido ọrụ na Old Trafford na Jenụwarị 2006.
Otu egwu bọọlụ na Premier League ha na Manchester United na ekwo ekworo bụ Chelsea, mechara nye nzaghachi na-ekwu na ha na Mikel na ndị ọrụ ya enwela nkwekọrịta, mana Lyn gọnarịrị nkwupụta a. Agbanyeghị nkaa, akụkọ mechara gosi na Chelsea kwuru na ọ banyere na ịhazi kaa Obi si were gaa Europe na oge mbụ maka ịmecha soro klọb ahụ. A tinyekwara ihe ọzọ na nkwupụta a mgbe ekpughere na egwuregwu Obi masịrị onye isi Chelsea José Mourinho mgbe ọ na-azụ ndị otu egwuregwu n'oge ọkọchị nke 2004.
Mikel gosiputara obi uto ya iso United na nzuko ndi nta akukọ mere ngwa ngwa hazia, ebe ese ya dika o jigide uwe Manchester United nke bu akara ndi otu ahụ 21. Mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta iji sonye United, a na-ekwu na Norway na ọ natara ọtụtụ oku ekwentị nmaja site na ndị amaghị. E kenyere Mikel onye na-eche ya nche ma kwaga na họtel dị iche maka nchekwe. Agbanyeghị nkaa na 11 Mee 2005, Obi bu onye furu efu n'oge egwuregwu bọọlụ Norwegian Cup ana agba megide Klemetsrud. Ahọpụtaghị Obi maka egwuregwu ahụ kama ọ nọ na-ele bọl ahụ na ama egwuregwu.
Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ chere na onye nnochita anya ya John Shittu, onye nke batara obodo ahụ ihu Obi bukwa onye zuru ya wee pụọ n’ámá egwuregwu ahụ. Mana ofufu ahụ mere ka enwe nnukwu mkpọtụ na Norway ma kpalite, kpasuo oke nyocha ndị uwe ojii mgbe onyeisi Lyn, Morgan Andersen kwupụtara ndị mgbasa ozi Norway na "a tọọrọ la Mikel". Onye na-esote onye nchịkwa Manchester United Carlos Queiroz mechara kwughachi nkwupụta ndị a, na ebo Chelsea ebubo na ọtinyere akana "ebubo ntọ Mikel ".
Ọmecha achọpụta na Mikel gara London yana onye nnochi anya ya John Shittu, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ maka otuJerome Anderson 's SEM. Onye isi nchịkwa Manchester United Alex Ferguson tụlere ịgaru Oslo ịga leta Mikel, mana kpebiri megide nke a mgbe a kọchara na Mikel hapụrụ obodo ahụ.
Mikel nọrọ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ ụbọchị itoolu tupu ọ pụta na ajụjụ ọnụ na Sky Sports News. Ọ sịrị na akwagidere ya maka ịbanye na nkwekọrịta ya na United mgbe onye nnochi anya ya anọghị ya. Ọ ji kwa iwe kwuo na akụkọ ndị Manchester United na Lyn na akọ bu akụkọ ịgha ụgha.
Mikel gwara ndị mgbasa ozi Britain na Chelsea bụ klọb ọ chọrọ ịbịanye aka n'ezie maka igba bọl. Na nzaghachi na ihe omume ndị a, United mere mkpesa na FIFA banyere omume nke ndị Chelsea ma ndị nnọchi anya ahụ, Shittu na Rune Hauge, ndị ama ama maka ajọ ọrụ ha na akụkọ egwuregwu ihe gbasara George Graham. FIFA nyocha ma wepụ ebubo nkwupụta ndị a na August 2005, na-ekwupụta na enweghị akaebe zuru ezu iji weta ikpe megide Chelsea.
Mgbe asọmpi ahụ gasịrị, Mikel ekweghị alaghachi Lyn, nke mere klọb ahụ jiri gaa kpesa ya na FIFA. Na 12 August 2005, FIFA kpebiri na Mikel ga-alaghachi Lyn iji mezuo ihe ndị ọzọ ọ nwere na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ, ebe ha ga-ekpebi ụbọchị ọzọ ka ọ ga akwadoro ma ọ bụ kagbuo nkwekọrịta ya na United. Mgbe ogasịrị nke ihe karịrị otu ọnwa, Mikel gbasoro mkpebi FIFA wee laghachi Lyn na mbido Septemba 2005 mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọnwa atọ ọhapụrụ ha.
Ndozi nsogbu nyefe nke ahụ
Kama ịhapụ FIFA iji chọpụta eziokwu ihe gbasara nkwekọrịta nke Manchester United bịanyere aka, Chelsea gbabatara site na ị wepụta onwe ya iji dozie ọnọdụ mbufe ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ha na Lyn na Manchester United.
Na 2 June 2006, Chelsea, Manchester United na Lyn rutere mkpebi iji dozie ọdịnihu Mikel. Ekwetara ka ndebanye aha Mikelsi na Lyn gaa Chelsea; Manchester United kwenyere ịkwụsị nkwekọrịta nhọrọ ha na Mikel. N'okpuru usoro nkwekọrịta a, Chelsea kwetara ịkwụ United nde pounds iri na abụọ, ọkara nke aga akwụ mgbe mmecha nkwekọrịta ahụ na ọkara nke ọzọ na June 2007. Ha kwenyere kwa'ra ikwụ Lyn nde pounds anọ, ọkara ịkwụ ozugbo na ọkara na June 2007. N'ihi ndozi a, wepụrụ nkwupụta niile dị n'okwu a. Na 19 Julaị 2006, enyere Chelsea ikike ịrụ ọrụ maka Mikel ka ha kwụchara nde poundsiri na isii maka n'bịanyere aka na June 2006.
Oge bọl 2006–07
Na 12 Septemba 2006, Mikel mmalite igba bọl izizi ya na Chelsea na UEFA Champions League megide ọgbakọ Bulgaria Levski Sofia wee gbaa otu bọl mgbaka sịrị ike nke onye mgbaru ọsọ ahụ na-azọpụtaghị ya nke mere Didier Drogba were dozie ma sụnye bọl ahụ. Mikel natara ọtụtụ nkọwa dị mma maka arụmọrụ ya na egwuregwu ahụ. Agbanyeghị nkaa, ebe ọ bụ na ezipụrụ ya na egwuregwu megideebe ndi Reading F.C na 14 Ọktoba 2006, Chelsea tara ya ahụhụ ugboro atọ site na Chelsea maka ịlaghachi azụ na mgbe oge ọzụzụ.
N'oge ahụ, a kwenyere na onye njikwa Chelsea bụ José Mourinho nwere mgbaru obi banyere ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi na mpụga na ama egwuregwu Stamford Bridge, a kọkwara na klọb ahụ na-atụle ịhapụ onye ahụ maka nkea. Agbahapụrụ Mikel ihe karịrị otu ọnwa. N'oge ahụ nna ya Michael kwupụtara na uche n'echegbu ya banyere akparamàgwà nwa ya nwoke. Ka emechara, akpo hachiri Mikel azụ na egwuregwu Chelsea gbara na Champions League nke ha na otu egwuregwu  Werder Bremen gbaa na ebe abughi Stamford bridge na ụbọchị 23 na ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2006.
Ọ mere ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ mgbe ọsunyere otu ọkpu ya ka Chelsea na agba FA Cup ha na Macclesfield Town na 6 Jenụwarị 2007 nke mere Chelsa ji nwe mmeri 6-1 na egwuregwu ahụ. Ọ sunyere ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọkpu ọzọ ka Chelsa gbara ndị Nottingham Forest na asọmpi nke na-esote. N'oge Chelsea mmeri na egwuregwu ikpeazu League Cup na 2007, e zipụrụ Mikel na oge mmerụ ahụ (ọ bịara dị ka onye nọchiri anya na egwuregwu ahụ) mgbe nya na Kolo Touré kwakoritaa na'ama bọọlụ. Ka nkea mere, enwere nnukwu nsogbu, nke mere eji wepụ Touré na Emmanuel Adebayor nke Arsenal, ebe edere aha Cesc Fàbregas na Frank Lampard ka ndị dara iwu, ebe Mourinho na Arsène Wenger na-ese okwu na akụkụ ama egwuregwu ahụ.
N’egwuregwu ndị na-esote, Mourinho tinyere Mikel dị ka onye mbido na egwuregwu na jigide ebe ọ gosiri nmasị nke ukwuu, ọkachasị na egwuregwu Chelsea – Tottenham Hotspur FA Cup n'agba nke isii, na asọmpi Champions League nke ikpeazụ megide Valencia, na nke Champions League ọkara egwuregwu ikpeazụ megide Liverpool na kwa mmeri 2007 FA Cup Final megide Manchester United. Ogologo Mikel toro na ike dị ya na ukwuu, tinyere uzo di'egwu osi ejikwa bọl ọfụma na-agafe ndị ọzọ nke na enye aka aghasa na meghasị ndị otu ha na ya na agba bọl, ma na-enye ndị otu ya ohere igba bọl site na ịgbasa egwuregwu bu ihe ịtu na'anya nke ọma. Mikel weghara ọkwá onye France bụ Claude Makélélé mgbe ọ mgbe ọ pụrụ gaba Paris Saint-Germain.
Oge bọl 2007–08
Ezipụ Mikel maka oge nke atọ na ọrụ ya na Septemba 2007, mgbe onye ọka ikpe na egwuregwu bọl Mike Dean wepụrụ ya maka ịlụ ọgụ megide onye nchịkwa Manchester United Patrice Evra. Chelsea tinyere akwụkwọ megide mgbochi maka ịgba bọọlụ ahụ, mana a na-akwado mmachi ahu enyere Mikel maka igba bọọlụ ugboro atọ.
E zipụrụ Mikel na ọkara nke League Cup megide Everton maka ịma aka nke na adabaghị ọ mara Phil Neville. N'agbanyeghi nke a, ọ laghachitere n'ike na oge bọl abụọ dị mma maka ya na Chelsea.