cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Oke mbara ala
Mmekọrịta n'etiti ókèala
Ihe atụ ọzọ metụtara coral reefs na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri: N'afọ 2009, ndị nchọpụta gosiri na, kemgbe 1990, nhazi nke mmiri mmiri nke Great Barrier nke ha nyochara belatara na ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya n'ime afọ 400 gara aga (14% na ihe na-erughị 20). afọ). Ihe akaebe ha na-egosi na nrụgide okpomọkụ na-abawanye na ọnọdụ nke saturation nke aragonite na-ebelata na-eme ka ọ na-esiri coral reef ike itinye calcium carbonate. Ọtụtụ nrụgide, dị ka ụbara ibu na-edozi ahụ na nrụgide ịkụ azụ, na-akpali coral n'ime steeti gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma. Ocean acidification ga-n'ụzọ dị ịrịba na-agbanwe nkesa na ụba nke a dum nso nke mmiri ndụ, karịsịa ụdị "na-ewu skeletons, shells, na ule nke biogenic calcium carbonate. Ịba ụba okpomọkụ, elu UV radieshon etoju na oké osimiri acidity niile nchegbu mmiri biota, na na Nchikota nke nrụgide ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ọgba aghara na ụba na ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ mmiri nke na-agafe karịa mmetụta nke otu nrụgide na-eme naanị ya."
Mpaghara ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbasaa kemgbe afọ 2012
Na 2012, Steven Running tụrụ aro a nke iri ókè, kwa afọ net zuru ụwa ọnụ isi mmepụta nke niile terrestrial osisi, dị ka ihe mfe determinable ụfọdụ integrating ọtụtụ variables ga-enye "a doro anya mgbaàmà banyere ahụ ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi".
N'afọ 2015, e bipụtara akwụkwọ nke abụọ na Sayensị iji melite echiche Planetary Boundaries. Mmelite ahụ kwubiri na emebiela oke anọ ugbu a: ihu igwe, ụdị dị iche iche, iji ala na okirikiri biochemical. Akwụkwọ 2015 kwusiri ike na mmekọrịta nke oke itoolu ma chọpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na mfu nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị iche iche dị ka 'isi oke' nke dị mkpa maka usoro ahụ n'ihi na mmekọrịta nke ihu igwe na biosphere bụ ihe sayensị na-akọwa ọnọdụ usoro ụwa.
Mildred Oliphant
thumb|Mildred Oliphant Nelisiwe Mildred Oliphant bụ Minista Ọrụ nke South Africa site n'ọnwa Oktober 2010 ruo n'ọnwa Mee 2019.
Oke mbara ala
Mpaghara ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ gbasaa kemgbe afọ 2012
N'afọ 2017, ụfọdụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-arụrịta ụka na usoro mmiri adịghị akọwapụta ya na usoro. Ngwọta ha tụrụ aro bụ ịgụnye oke osimiri dị ka akụkụ nke oke mgbanwe elu ụwa. Ha dekwara na usoro ahụ kwesịrị ịkọwa maka "mgbanwe na ngwakọta kwụ ọtọ na usoro mgbasa nke oke osimiri".
Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-esote na ókèala mbara ala na'ihu na mpaghara.
Mildred Oliphant
Ebenside
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Oke mbara ala
Mgbanwe ihu igwe
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2018 na-ajụ ajụjụ maka ntozu oke mbọ a na-agba iji belata okpomoku na 2 °C karịa okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka e depụtara na nkwekọrịta Paris. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ewelite ohere na ọ bụrụgodị na a na-ebelata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ belata okpomoku ka ọ bụrụ 2 Celsius C, nke ahụ nwere ike gafere "ọnụ ụzọ" nke nzaghachi ihu igwe na-eme ka onwe ya na-agbakwunye ọkụ ọzọ ruo mgbe usoro ihu igwe kwụsiri ike na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. Nke a ga-eme ka akụkụ ụwa ghara ibi ndụ maka ndị mmadụ, bulie ogo oke osimiri ruo mita 60 (200 ft), wee bulie okpomọkụ site na 4–5 °C (7.2–9.0 °F) ruo ọkwa dị elu karịa oge etiti etiti ọ bụla. afọ 1.2 gara aga.
Mgbanwe na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke biosphere
Dị ka ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ Cristián Samper si kwuo, "ókè nke na-egosipụta ihe gbasara puru omume nke ezinụlọ nke ụdị na-apụ n'anya ka oge na-aga ga-aka mma na-egosipụta mmetụta anyị nwere na ọdịnihu nke ndụ n'ụwa." A katọkwara oke oke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche maka ịhazi ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ naanị n'ihe gbasara ọnụego mkpochapụ. Ọnụego mkpochapụ zuru ụwa ọnụ agbanweela nke ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa, ya mere iji ya dị ka naanị mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ịbara oke uru.
Nitrogen na phosphorus
Onye na-ahụ maka biogeochemist William Schlesinger chere na ichere ruo mgbe anyị na-eru nso n'ókè ụfọdụ tụrụ aro maka ntinye nitrogen na mmetọ ndị ọzọ ga-ahapụ anyị ka anyị gaa n'ihu ruo n'oge ọ gafeworo. Ọ na-ekwu na oke a tụrụ aro maka phosphorus anaghị adigide, na ọ ga-ewepụkwa ihe nchekwa phosphorus ama ama n'ihe na-erughị afọ 200.
Onye Chemist oké osimiri Peter Brewer na-ajụ ma ọ bụ "n'ezie bara uru ịmepụta ndepụta nke oke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enweghị atụmatụ siri ike maka otu a ga-esi nweta ha ... ha nwere ike ịghọ osisi ọzọ iji kụrie ụmụ amaala. Nbibi nke okirikiri nitrogen zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ otu. ihe atụ doro anya: ọ ga-abụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ n'ụwa agaghị adị ndụ taa ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị emepụta fatịlaịza. "
Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke phosphorus bụ echiche iji kọwaa oge n'oge a na-erute oke mmepụta phosphorus zuru ụwa ọnụ. Phosphorus bụ akụ nwere oke ụkọ n'ụwa na ụzọ mmepụta ihe na-abụghị nke Ngwuputa adịghị adị n'ihi okirikiri gburugburu ebe obibi ya na-abụghị gas. Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta si kwuo, a na-atụ anya na ihe nchekwa phosphorus nke ụwa ga-agwụcha kpam kpam n'ime afọ 50-100 yana phosphorus kacha elu ga-eru ihe dịka 2030.
Ocean acidification
Aciditydị oke osimiri dị n'elu nwere njikọ chiri anya na oke mgbanwe ihu igwe, ebe ọ bụ na mkpokọta carbon dioxide na ikuku bụkwa ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe maka oke acidification oke osimiri.
Onye chemist oké osimiri Peter Brewer na-eche "oké acidification nwere mmetụta ndị ọzọ karịa mfe mgbanwe na pH, na ndị a nwekwara ike mkpa ókè."
Mgbanwe nke usoro ala
N'ofe ụwa, a na-atụgharị oke ọhịa, ala mmiri na ụdị ahịhịa ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo na nke ala ndị ọzọ, na-emetụta mmiri dị ọcha, carbon na okirikiri ndị ọzọ, na ibelata ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. N'afọ 2015, akọwapụtara oke dị ka 75% nke oke ọhịa zuru oke, gụnyere 85% nke oke ọhịa boreal, 50% nke oke ọhịa na 85% nke oke ọhịa. A gafere ókè ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị 62% nke oke ọhịa zuru oke ka afọ 2015.
A katọrọ ókèala maka iji ala mee ihe dị ka ndị a: "Ngbanwe nke pasent 15 nke mgbanwe eji eme ihe bụ, n'omume, usoro iwu oge akabeghị aka nke na-eme ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ya. Kama nke ahụ, ndị edemede nwere ike ịchọ ịtụle njedebe. na mmebi ala ma ọ bụ mfu ala. Nke a ga-abụ ihe na-egosi na ọ dị mma ma baa uru maka ọnọdụ ahụike ụwa."
Mmiri dị ọcha
Usoro mmiri dị ọcha bụ oke ọzọ mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta nke ukwuu. Imebiga ihe ókè nke mmiri dị ọhụrụ na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na a na-egwupụta akụ mmiri ma ọ bụ wepụta ya n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ gafeworo n'ike n'ike. Mmetọ mmiri na ntinye mmiri nnu nwekwara ike ime ka ọtụtụ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ụwa ghọọ akụ na-enweghị njedebe na arụmụka ojiji "mmiri kachasị elu" yiri mmanụ.
Onye na-ahụ maka mmiri mmiri bụ David Molden kwuru na 2009 na ókèala mbara ala bụ ụzọ ọhụrụ nnabata na arụmụka "oke uto" mana o kwuru na "mmachi zuru ụwa ọnụ maka oriri mmiri dị mkpa, mana oke mbara ala a tụrụ aro nke 4,000 cubic kilomita kwa afọ na-emesapụ aka. "
Mmiri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri na nke na na'acha anụnụ anụ
Nnyocha e mere kwubiri na ókèala 'Freshwater use' kwesịrị ka a kpọgharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ 'Mgbanwe mmiri ọhụrụ', nke mejupụtara "green" na "blue" mmiri mmiri. 'mmiri ndụ ndụ' na-ezo aka n'ọgba aghara nke mmiri ozuzo nke ụwa, evaporation na mmiri ala. Ụkọ mmiri nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ị na-atụle ma na-atụpụta ụkọ mmiri na ọrụ ugbo maka ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma "mmiri ndụ ndụ" na "mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" dị mkpa.
N'April 2022, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị tụrụ aro na buru ụzọ nyochaa 'mmiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ' n'ime okirikiri mmiri dịka enwere ike mebie oke mbara ala, dịka atụpụtara site na mmiri mmiri nke mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ site na mgbanwe Holocene.
Mbelata nke ozone
The stratospheric ozone layer na-echebe ultraviolet radieshon (UV) site na anyanwụ, nke ga-emebi usoro ndu. Omume ndị e mere mgbe usoro iwu Montreal dị ka ọ na-edobe ụwa n'ime oke nchekwa.
Onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na kemịkalụ, Mario Molina, na-ekwu na "pasent ise bụ oke ezi uche dị na ya maka mbelata ozone a na-anakwere, mana ọ naghị anọchite anya isi ihe".
Aerosols ikuku
N'ụwa niile kwa afọ, ụmụ irighiri ikuku ikuku na-ebute ihe dị ka mmadụ 800,000 na-anwụ anwụ site na mmetọ ikuku. Nbudata Aerosol dị ezigbo mkpa ka etinyere ya n'ime oke mbara ala, mana amabeghị ma enwere ike ịchọpụta oke ebe nchekwa kwesịrị ekwesị.
Ihe ọhụrụ (mmetọ kemịkal)
Emepụtala ihe emulator Bayesian maka mmetọ organic na-adịgide adịgide nke enwere ike iji tụọ oke maka mmetọ kemịkalụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọkwa dị oke egwu nke polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) nke dị n'elu bụ nke enwere ike ịnwụ anwụ nke anụ mamma nke mmiri, ka atụpụtara ka ọ bụrụ oke ikuku ikuku kemịkalụ.
Enwere opekata mpe 350,000 kemịkalụ kemịkalụ n'ụwa. Ha na-abịa site na "plastic, pesticides, chemicals ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, kemịkalụ na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa, ọgwụ nje na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ". Ha na-enwekarị "mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike ụwa". Mmepụta ha mụbara ugboro 50 kemgbe 1950 ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-abawanye ugboro atọ karịa n'afọ 2050. Plastic naanị nwere ihe karịrị 10,000 kemịkalụ ma mepụta nnukwu nsogbu. Ndị nyocha ahụ na-akpọ maka oke na mmepụta kemịkal na mgbanwe gaa na akụ na ụba okirikiri, nke pụtara ngwaahịa ndị enwere ike ijikwa ma megharịa ya.
Na Jenụwarị 2022, otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwubiri na ókèala mbara ala a agafeelarị, nke na-etinye n'ihe ize ndụ nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa. Ha jikọtara ozi akwụkwọ gbasara otu mmepụta na mwepụta nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, gụnyere plastik na kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ, sirila abawanye ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ gara aga nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na usoro mbara ala.
N'August 2022, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwubiri na oke (n'ozuzu oke) bụ ebe nchekwa maka ọtụtụ oke dị iche iche maka NE nke nwere ike ịpụta, na-akọ na mmetọ PFAS bụ otu oke ọhụrụ. Ha na-egosi na ọkwa nke ihe ndị a a na-akpọ "kemịkalụ ebighi ebi" na mmiri mmiri ozuzo na-adị n'ebe nile, ma na-emekarị nke ukwuu, karịa ụkpụrụ nduzi na-adịghị mma n'ụwa nile. Enwere ụfọdụ mmegharị iji gbochie ma dochie ojiji ha.
Planetary integrity
A na-akpọkwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ụwa bụ sistemu nkwado ndụ ụwa ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe obibi.: 140  Ndị ọkà mmụta akọwapụtala na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mbara ala "kwesịrị ka edobe ya maka nkwado ogologo oge." : 140  Okwu ahụ iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na-ezo aka na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ a. Echiche nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mbara ala jikọtara n'ime echiche nke oke mbara ala.
Otu ọkachamara Panel on Ecological Integrity na 1998 akọwawo iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe dị ka ndị a: "Ecosystems nwere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe mgbe ha nwere ihe ndị dị n'ime ha (osisi, anụmanụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ) na usoro (dịka uto na mmeputakwa) adịghị."
Ebumnuche mmepe Sustainable nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka usoro nduzi iji gboo mfu nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mbara ala ugbu a.: 142  Enwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ka mbelata iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ụwa.
"Ọdịda Uto" (1972) na echiche Gaia
Echiche bụ na e nwere oke na ibu ọrụ mmadụ na-etinye n'elu ụwa anyị kemgbe ogologo oge. The Planetary Boundaries framework nakweere mmetụta nke ọmụmụ 1972, The Limits to Growth, nke gosipụtara ihe atụ nke mmụba dị ukwuu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa, mmepụta ihe, mmetọ, mmepụta nri, na mbelata ihe onwunwe karịrị ike nkà na ụzụ iji welie ihe onwunwe. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ na ụba na ndị ọchụnta ego kagburu akụkọ ahụ, ma a na-ekwukarị na akụkọ ihe mere eme egosila na amụma ahụ ezighi ezi. N'afọ 2008, Graham Turner sitere na Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) bipụtara "Ntụnyere The Limits to Growth na afọ iri atọ nke eziokwu". A tụlere oke oke maka uto, ma ndị na-akatọ usoro nlegharị anya na nkwubi okwu ya na ndị nyocha na-arụ ụka na nghọta na ọha mmadụ anaghị ebi n'ụwa na-akparaghị ókè yana data akụkọ ihe mere eme kemgbe 1970 na-akwado nchoputa akụkọ ahụ. Ụzọ oke na uto na-enyocha ka usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nkà na ụzụ nke akụ na ụba ụwa nwere ike isi gbochie ohere mmadụ ma webata ihe egwu nke ịdaba. N'ụzọ dị iche, usoro nke Planetary Boundaries na-elekwasị anya na usoro biophysical nke usoro ụwa.
Echiche ọzọ dị mkpa na-emetụta usoro mbara ala mbara ala bụ echiche Gaia ma ọ bụ nkwupụta echiche. Na 1970s, James Lovelock na microbiologist Lynn Margulis gosipụtara echiche na ihe niile dị ndụ na gburugburu ha inorganic dị n'ụwa jikọtara n'ime otu usoro na-achịkwa onwe ya. Sistemu nwere ikike imeghachi omume na nhụsianya ma ọ bụ nhụsianya, dị ka ihe dị ndụ na-edozi usoro nhazi ya iji nabata mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpomọkụ (homeostasis). Agbanyeghị, ikike a nwere oke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ihe dị ndụ nọ n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ala ma ọ bụ dị elu karịa ogo ndụ ya, ọ nwere ike ịla n'iyi n'ihi na usoro nhazi ya enweghị ike ime mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa. N'otu aka ahụ, ụwa nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike imeghachi omume na nnukwu ndịiche na paramita dị egwu. N'akwụkwọ Lovelock bụ Revenge of Gaia, ọ na-atụ aro na mbibi nke oke ọhịa na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, jikọtara ya na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sitere na mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na-eme, nwere ike ịgbanwe nzaghachi n'ime usoro ụwa pụọ ​​na nguzozi nke onwe ya gaa na nke ziri ezi. (na-agbasi ike) loop nzaghachi.
Anthropocene
<div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%;    background-color:
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" id="456" style=""> From the Stockholm Memorandum Science indicates that we are transgressing planetary boundaries that have kept civilization safe for the past 10,000 years. Evidence is growing that human pressures are starting to overwhelm the Earth’s buffering capacity. Humans are now the most significant driver of global change, propelling the planet into a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. We can no longer exclude the possibility that our collective actions will trigger tipping points, risking abrupt and irreversible consequences for human communities and ecological systems. <cite class="right-aligned" style="">– Stockholm Memorandum (2011) Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekwenyela na mbara ala abanyela n'oge ọhụrụ, Anthropocene. Na Anthropocene, ụmụ mmadụ aghọwo isi ihe na-eme ka ọ bụghị nanị na mgbanwe na System Earth kamakwa onye na-akwọ ụgbọ ala nke Earth System rupture, na-emeghasịkwa ikike nke Earth System nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ma gbakee site na mgbanwe ahụ, na-emecha na-eyi ndụ obibi ụwa egwu. Oge Geological gara aga, Holocene malitere ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga. Ọ bụ oge interglacial ugbu a, ma bụrụkwa ebe kwụsiri ike nke ụwa. Enweela mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi sitere n'okike n'oge Holocene, mana isi ihe dị na mbara igwe na usoro biochemical ka dị n'ime oke warara. Nkwụsi ike a emeela ka ọha mmadụ nwee ọganihu zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emepe ọrụ ugbo, nnukwu ebe obibi na netwọk azụmahịa dị mgbagwoju anya.
Dabere na Rockström et al., anyị "na-adabere ugbu a na ntinye ego ndị ahụ maka ụzọ ndụ anyị, yana otu anyị si hazie ọha mmadụ, teknụzụ na akụ na ụba gburugburu ha, na anyị ga-enwerịrị usoro nke usoro usoro ụwa si dị iche iche. Holocene dị ka ebe ntụaka sayensị maka steeti mbara ala na-achọsi ike. "
Usoro biophysical dị iche iche dị mkpa n'ịkwado nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa na-enwekwa mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ngwa ngwa n'ihi omume mmadụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kemgbe ọbịbịa nke Anthropocene, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị anụmanụ na-apụ n'anya amụbawo ihe karịrị 100 ugboro, na ụmụ mmadụ ugbu a bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ gbanwee osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ yana kuzu mmiri na-esi n'elu ala. Ịga n'ihu na-emebi usoro usoro ụwa site na ọrụ mmadụ na-ebuli ohere na nrụgide ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime ka ọ ghara ịda mbà, na-eduga na nzaghachi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke linear, mberede, nnukwu ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha site n'usoro ụwa n'ime continental- planetary-scale systems.
Nnakwere na arụmụka
E gosipụtara akụkọ 2009 na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Club nke Rome na Amsterdam. E bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ a edeziri edezi dị ka akụkọ egosipụtara na mbipụta 2009 pụrụ iche nke Nature n'akụkụ nkọwa nkọwa dị egwu sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka Nobel laureate Mario J. Molina na ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ Cristián Samper.
Ndị ọkà mmụta ọmụmụ mmepe akatọọla akụkụ nke usoro na ihe mgbochi nke nnabata ya nwere ike itinye na South South. Enwere ike ịhụ atụmatụ ichekwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oke ọhịa ndị fọdụrụ n'ụwa dị ka ihe na-akwụghachi mba ndị dị ka ndị nọ na Europe bụ ndị riteworo uru n'ụzọ akụ̀ na ụba site n'ịgwụ oké ọhịa ha na ịtụgharị ala maka ọrụ ugbo. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-agwa mba ndị na-emebebeghị ụlọ ọrụ ka ha chụọ àjà maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ha nwere ike ọ bụghị obere ọrụ na-eke.
Ọkachamara biogeochemist William Schlesinger na-ajụ ma ọnụ ụzọ ọ bụ ezi echiche maka mmetọ ma ọlị. Ọ na-eche na ichere ruo mgbe anyị ga-eru nso n'ókè ụfọdụ a tụrụ aro ga-eme ka anyị nwee ike ịga n'ihu ruo n'ókè oge agafeworo. "Njikwa dabere na ọnụ ụzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ mara mma n'ịdị mfe ya, na-enye ohere mmebi, ngwa ngwa na nke na-agbasasị ka ọ dịgidere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi."
The "safe and just space" doughnut
thumb|Doughnut (ihe nlereanya akụ na ụba)
Mpaghara ndị metụtara ọrụ ugbo na oriri
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlele anya nke ókèala mbara ala metụtara ọrụ ugbo na nri na-edozi ahụ Ihe omume ụmụ mmadụ metụtara ọrụ ugbo na nri na-edozi ahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-atụnye ụtụ na mmebi nke anọ n'ime ala itoolu nke mbara ala. Mmụba ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ (N, P) n'ime mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe kachasị mkpa, mgbanwe usoro ala gabigara ókè na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na-esote. Ebe n'ihe banyere ọnwụ dị iche iche nke ihe dị ndụ, P okirikiri na mgbanwe usoro ala, mmebi iwu dị na mpaghara nke ejighị n'aka-na-egosi ihe ize ndụ na-arịwanye elu (okirikiri odo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ), ókèala N metụtara ọrụ ugbo karịrị 200% gafere- na-egosi nnukwu ihe egwu (okirikiri akara uhie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ). N'ebe a, nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyere nhazi nri na ịzụ ahịa yana oriri nri (nkwadebe nri n'ime ezinụlọ na gastronomy). A naghị agụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara oriri n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka oke mbara ala nke ojiji mmiri dị ọcha, ikuku ikuku ikuku (mmetọ ikuku) na mmebi ozone stratospheric.
Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu
Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Ban Ki-moon kwadoro echiche nke oke mbara ala na 16 March 2012, mgbe o weputara isi ihe dị na akụkọ nke High Level Panel ya na Sustainability zuru ụwa ọnụ na nnọkọ nkịtị nke UN General Assembly. Ban kwuru, sị: "Ọhụụ nke Panel bụ ikpochapụ ịda ogbenye na ibelata ahaghị nhata, iji mee ka uto na-agụnye mmepụta na oriri na-aga n'ihu, na-alụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na ịkwanyere ọtụtụ ókèala mbara ala ndị ọzọ." E webatara echiche a n'ime ihe a na-akpọ "efu efu" nke ga-esi na Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Development Sustainable ga-ezukọ na Rio de Janeiro 20-22 June 2012. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wepụrụ iji echiche ahụ na ederede. nke ogbako ahụ, "akụkụ n'ihi nchegbu sitere na ụfọdụ mba ndị ka daa ogbenye na nkuchi ya nwere ike iduga n'akụkụ nke ịda ogbenye na mmepe akụ na ụba. Ọ bụkwa, ndị na-ekiri ihe na-ekwu, n'ihi na echiche ahụ dị nnọọ ọhụrụ ka a nakweere n'ihu ọha, ọ dịkwa mkpa. gbaa aka, chegharịa ma rie ya iji nwalee nkwụsi ike ya tupu enwee ohere ịnakwere mba ụwa na mkparịta ụka UN."
Na 2011, na nzuko nke abụọ ha, High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability of the United Nations ewepụtala echiche nke oke mbara ala n'ime usoro ha, na-ekwupụta na ebumnuche ha bụ: "Iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye na ibelata enweghị aha, mee ka uto na-agụnye, na mmepụta na oriri na-adịgide adịgide ka ọ na-alụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na ịkwanyere oke oke ala ụwa ndị ọzọ ùgwù."
N'ebe ọzọ n'ime usoro ha, ndị otu panel ekwupụtala ndoputa banyere ịdị irè ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iji echiche nke "oke mbara ala": "Ụdị mbara ala ka bụ echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe nke kwesịrị iji nlezianya mee ihe [...] Ajụjụ ókèala mbara ala nwere ike nkewa. dị ka a pụrụ ịghọta dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke "North" iji gwa "South" ka ọ ghara ịgbaso ụzọ mmepe akụ na ụba na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ndị bara ọgaranya weere onwe ha ... Asụsụ a adịghị anabata n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe ka ha na-agbaso. na-atụ egwu na itinye uche n'ókè ga-etinye breeki na-adịghị anabata na mba ndị dara ogbenye."
Agbanyeghị, a na-eji echiche a eme ihe na usoro nke United Nations, yana na UN Daily News. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Onye isi oche nke United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Achim Steiner na-ekwu na ihe ịma aka nke ọrụ ugbo bụ "ịzụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto n'ụwa nile n'ebulighị akara ukwu nke ụmụ mmadụ n'ofe ụwa." Akwụkwọ Afọ UNEP 2010 kwughachiri ozi Rockström, na-ejikọta ya na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ngosi ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi.
Na akụkọ 2012 ha nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ndị Resilient, Planet Resilient: Ọdịnihu kwesịrị ịhọrọ", The High-level Panel on Global Sustainability kpọrọ oku maka mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'atụghị egwu, "gụnyere ịmalite usoro sayensị zuru ụwa ọnụ, iji mee ka njikọ dị n'etiti sayensị na amụma sikwuo ike. Anyị ga-akọwarịrị, site na sayensị, ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ezo aka dị ka "oke mbara ala", "ọnụ ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi" na "ihe ntinye aka"".
European Commission
A na-ejikwa echiche ókèala mbara ala mee ihe na usoro nke European Commission, ma e zoro aka na ya na European Environment Agency synthesis Report The European Environment Agency 2010 - steeti na echiche 2010.
Augusta Savage
thumb|Augusta Savage, H-HNR - 20 - 87. jpg Augusta Savage (amụrụ Augusta Christine Fells; n'ọnwa Febụwarị 29, afọ 1892 - Maachị 27, 1962) bụ onye Amerịka na-akpụ ihe na Harlem Renaissance. Ọ bụkwa onye nkuzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ya dị mkpa maka ọrụ nke ọgbọ ndị na-ese ihe ga-abụ ndị ama ama na mba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ikike nhata maka ndị Afrịka Amerịka na nka.
Mmalite Ndụ
1907, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Augusta Fells lụrụ John T. Moore; ha abụọ nwere nwa nwanyị, Irene Connie Moore, onye amụrụ n'afọ sochirinụ. John nwụrụ obere oge mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Na 1915, mgbe ọ kwagara West Palm Beach, ọ zutere ma lụọ James Savage; ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha Savage n'oge ndụ ya niile ọbụna mgbe ha abụọ gbara alụkwaghịm na mbido 1920s. Na 1923 Savage lụrụ Robert Lincoln Poston, onye na-akwado Garvey. Poston nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa oyi n'ahụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri mgbe ọ na-alọta Liberia dịka akụkụ nke Universal Negro Improvement Association na ndị nnọchi anya African Communities League na 1924.
Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ
thumb|AugustaSavage.jpg Savage gara n'ihu na-eme ihe ngosi ụrọ, na 1919 e nyere ya ụlọ ntu na Palm Beach County Fair ebe e nyere ya ihe nrite $ 25 na akwa maka ihe ngosi mbụ. N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma a, ọ chọrọ ọrụ maka ọrụ na Jacksonville, Florida, tupu ọ gawa New York City na 1921. O ji akwụkwọ ozi ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka onye ọrụ Palm Beach County Fair George Graham Currie maka onye na-akpụ ihe Solon Borglum na $ 4.60. Mgbe Borglum chọpụtara na ọ pụghị ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ na School of American Sculpture, ọ gbara ya ume itinye akwụkwọ na Cooper Union, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ, na New York City ebe a nabatara ya na Ọktoba 1921. A họpụtara ya n'ihu ụmụ nwoke 142 ndị ọzọ nọ na ndepụta ichere. Ikike ya na ikike ya masịrị Cooper Union Advisory Council ma nye ya ego ndị ọzọ maka ụlọ na osisi mgbe ọ tụfuru nkwado ego nke ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ. Site na 1921 ruo 1923, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-akpụ ihe George Brewster. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ogo afọ anọ n'ime afọ atọ.
Mahadum nke Ilorin
Mahadum nke Ilorin, nke a makwaara dị ka Unilorin, bụ mahadum gọọmentị etiti nwere na Ilorin, Ȯra Kwara, Naijiria. Iwu nke Gọọmentị Ndị agha gọọmenti etiti guzobere ya n'August, 1975. Ntọala ahụ bụ iji mejupụta otu ndụmọdụ nkuzi nke atụmatụ mmepe mba nke atọ nke ezubere inye ndị Naịjirịa na-achọ inweta agụmakwụkwọ mahadum na imepụta ikike dị elu, dị oke mkpa maka akụ na ụba na-agbasa ngwa ngwa. Tụnyere ụlọ akwụkwọ mmụta ndị ọzọ dị elu na mba ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere otu nnukwu ala na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka hectare 15,000 nke ala. JAMB kpughere ya ka ọ bụrụ mahadum a na-achọkarị n'afọ 2021.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mahadum ahụ bidoro na 1975 dị ka Kọleji mahadum nwere mmekọ na Mahadum Ibadan. Dọkịta T.N. Tamuno bụ onye prọfesọ na onye isi ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Ibadan ka a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji na Septemba 1975. Ka ọ na-erule December 1975, a họpụtara Tamuno ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi ọchịchịnke Mahadum Ibadan. N'ihi ya, Prọfesọ O.O. A họpụtara Akinkugbe ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọhụụ nke Mahadum Ilorin (mgbe ahụ, Mahadum Mahadum) na 1975. Akinkugbe bụbu Dean nke ngalaba na -ahụ maka ọgwụ, Mahadum nke Ibadan.
Akinkugbe, mere nleta ugboro ugboro na Gọvanọ ndị agha nke abụọ Kwara State, onye nwụrụ anwụ Colonel Ibrahim Taiwo n'ihe metụtara ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ, nke mere na n'ọnwa Maachị 1976, o hibela ụlọ na Ilorin. Nkwado nke Gọvanọ Taiwo nyere ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ gara n'ihu n'ihu siri ike n'okpuru Gọvanọ ndị agha steeti nke atọ, Brigadier George Agbazika Innih, onye nyefere ngalaba ala nke Kwara State College of Technology na mahadum. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1977, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara ọkwa nnwere onwe zuru oke site na nhọpụta Prọfesọ O.O Akinkugbe dị ka osote onye isi oche mahadum ahụ.
A nabatara usoro izizi nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 200 na 23 Ọktoba 1976 mgbe nyocha nyocha na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ malitere na 25 Ọktoba 1976 na -eso adreesị Onye Isi. Mahadum mahadum bidoro na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ atọ: Nkà, Sayensị na Mmụta. Mahadum ahụ bidoro na ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ nwa oge nke Kwara State Polytechnic nke a maara dị ka obere ụlọ akwụkwọ. Obere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ saịtị mmemme agụmakwụkwọ maka ikike nke Nkà, Sayensị na Mmụta, Injinia & Teknụzụ, Azụmaahịa na sayensị mmadụ na ngalaba Ọgwụ sayensị ngalaba nke ngalaba Ahụike Ahụike. A na-eduzi arụmọrụ niile nke mahadum n'obere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ruo na Jenụwarị 1982 mgbe ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ 1000 na-amụ sayensị na-akwaga na saịtị na-adịgide adịgide nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka emechara ngọngọ ngalaba ọhụrụ na ebe obibi maka Sayensi na Injinịa na saịtị. Na 1983, e guzobere mmemme iwu dị ka ngalaba n'okpuru ngalaba azụmaahịa na sayensị. Mgbe afọ 6 gachara, enyere ngalaba Iwu ahụ ọkwa ngalaba zuru oke na 1993.
Ndị isi ọchịchị
Prọfesọ O. O. Akinkugbe (1975–1978) onye isi nke abụọ na onye osote onye isi nke mbu
LeRoy Foster (artist)
LeRoy Foster (1925-1993) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe si Detroit, Michigan. A maara ya nke ọma màkà nnukwu mgbidi ọ sere na mgbidi nke ụlọ ọrụ Detroit, dị ka Life & Times of Frederick Douglass, na Detroit Public Library, na Renaissance City, na Cass Technical High School. O dekwara foto nke ndị ama ama dị ka onye na-agụ egwu na ónyé na-ahụ màkà ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ bụ Paul Robeson.
Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Foster na Detroit na úbọchị asatọ n'ọnwa Mee, 1925, ma biri ebe ahụ ndụ ya niile, ma e wezụga oge dị mkpirikpi mgbe ọ gụrụ nka na Europe na 1940s.
Foster malitere ise ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ ise ma ọ bụ isii, ọ bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ nka pụrụ iche, nke ndị nkuzi na ndị ọgbọ ya matara mgbè ọ dị obérè. Ọ dị mma ruo mgbe m gbara afọ iri na abụọ, ọ chetara, mgbe ahụ hel niile gbapụrụ. Ndị mmụọ ọjọọ na-achịkwa m... otu ụzọ isi chụpụ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ ahụ bụ ise ihe. N'afọ 1939, mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ nwetara ihe nrite mbụ na ngosi nke Pen na Palette Club, ebe ọzụzụ na oghere studio maka ndị na-ese ihe ojii nke Detroit Urban League kwadoro. Ọ bụ onye kachasị nta n'ime ndị otu ahụ.
Na Pen na Palette Club, Foster mụụrụ onye na-ese ihe na Hungary bụ Francis de Erdely, onye a ma ama màkà nkà ya n'ise ihe. Foster gara Cass Technical High School ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Cranbrook Academy of Art na Bloomfield Hills. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị nkụzi ya na Cass, ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ na Society of Arts and Crafts (nke bụzi College for Creative Studies), ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe Sarkis Sarkisian. Mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, Foster nọrọ oge na-agụ akwụkwọ na Europe, na Académie de la Grande Chaumière na Paris, na Heatherley School of Fine Art na London. 79
Foster bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya, na dị ka ndị enyi ya si kwuo, ọ na-ekwu okwu banyéré nkwenye mmekọahụ ya, n'agbanyeghị ibu iro megide nwoke idina nwoke n'oge ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na-echeta ya dị ka ihe nlereanya dị mma, na oriri ndị ọ tụbara na ụlọ ọrụ ya na-aga n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ọzọkwa, otu n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya bụ Ruth Ellis, ónyé ama ama Detroit LGBT activist.
Ọrụ nka
A na-akpọ Foster dị ka nke onwé ya Michelangelo, ndị enyi ya na-ewere ya dị ka ónyé isi nke ndị na-ese ihe ojii na Detroit n'oge ahụ. A bịara mara ya gburugburu obodo ahụ dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe nke nwere nkà n'ahụ mmadụ, onye na-ise ihe osise mara mma, na, ma eleghị anya, onye a ma ama, onye na'ahụ maka ihe osise ọha na eze nke nwere nkwenye na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị ndị Africa America.
Ụmụ akwụkwọ
Ónyé Detroit na ónyé bụbu ónyé na-ese ihe osise nke Michigan Chronicle bụ Telitha Cumi Bowens bụ ónyé LeRoy Foster na-echebe.
Ọnwụ
Foster na-arịa ọrịa shuga na ahụike ya na-akawanye njọ mere ka ọ kpuru ìsì ma tụfuo ụkwụ ya. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa akụrụ na Machị 23, 1993, na Grace Hospital na Detroit.
N'omenala a ma ama
N'afọ 2018, onye na-ese ihe na Detroit, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-asọmpi Season 1 Skin Wars Felle Kelsaw mepụtara ihe osise ọha na eze akpọrọ "LeRoy the King" iji sọpụrụ Foster. Mgbidi ahụ dị 100 mita n'ogologo dị na Market on the Avenue, oghere obodo, na Livernois Avenue gafere Mahadum Detroit Mercy, na nso ebe Foster biribu.
Benjamin Ladraa
Benjamin Ladraa bụ onye Sweden na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ịkwalite mmata banyere mmebi ikike mmadụ na West Bank site na ịmalite njem 4,800-kilota (3,000 mi) site na Gothenburg, Sweden gaa Jerusalem, site na mba iri na atọ: Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, na Jordan [1] [2]
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Ladraa na Umeå [1] [2]
Njem
Ladraa malitere ije ije ahụ, na-etinye onwe ya ka ọ gaa njem na nkezi kilomita 8-10 n'ụbọchị, [1] site na ịpụ na Gothenburg, [2] na ụbọchị ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst the n'afọ 2017 [1] iji kwekọọ na otu narị afọ nke nkwupụta Balfour. Na-eme njem dị mfe, ọ tụrụ anya iru ebe ọ na-aga site na Junu ma ọ bụ Julia 2018. [1] [2] N'oge njem ahụ, nke kpọgara ya na mba iri na atọ, o jisiri ike nweta ihe karịrị ndị na-eso ụzọ 18,000 na Instagram na ihe karịrị 20,000 na Facebook. Njem ya, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha gụnyere ime njem n'ụzọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-eji n'oge nsogbu ndị Europe na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, [1] zutere ezi uche na ọchịchọ ịmata ihe site n'aka ndị Europe, naanị ihe abụọ na-emebi njem ahụ: a kụrụ ya aka mgbe ọ na-agwakọta na ngagharị iwe na Germany na mberede, ma jide ya na Czech Republic ma bụrụ onye ndị nche nche Israel na-achọgharị onwe ha n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya ha na Prague maka iburu ọkọlọtọ Palestine. [2] Ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ya na-akpọkarị ndị uwe ojii ha. Otu nwanyị nọ na Austria, na-ahụ ọkọlọtọ Palestine ọ na-ebu, kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii bụ ndị, na-atụ aka n'ọtụtụ égbè, zutere ya n'ụzọ obi ọjọọ. [1] Na ngwụcha njem ahụ, Ladraa kwuru na ọ zutere "ihe niile site na ndị uwe ojii na ọrụ nzuzo ruo ndị uwe ojii nkịtị, ndị uwe ojii obodo, ndị uweojii na-emegide ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, (na) ndị otu Swat" n'ihi ya. [2] Ndị nnọchi anya Palestine na Europe nyere nkwado site n'ịgwa Ladraa na ụzọ ya nke ga-enwe ọmịiko na ọrụ ya ka ọ ga-enwe obi ụtọ na West Bank, ọ na-enwe ọ na-eme ka ọ na-akwalite nkwurịta okwu, na West Bank.
Ọ banyere Lebanọn site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri El Mina ebe ndị uwe ojii nzuzo gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ ruo awa isii. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gara mba ahụ ma chịkọta akaebe sitere n'aka ndị Palestine banyere nsogbu ha mgbe ọ na-eleta ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Beddawi, Nahr al-Bared, na Mar Elias. [1] N'enweghị ike ịbanye Israel site na Lebanọn, ọ gara n'ebe ugwu Beirut wee gbaa ụgbọelu gaa Amman, ebe o si gaa n'ókè Jọdan. [2]
N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2018, mgbe ọ rutere n'ebe a na-agafe Allenby, na-ejikọ Jọdan na West Bank, na naanị narị mita ole na ole site n'ebe ọ na-aga, e jidere Ladraa ma gbaa ya ajụjụ ọnụ ruo awa isii ma gbochie ndị ọrụ Israel ịbanye. Ihe kpatara na a jụrụ arịrịọ ya ịbanye Palestine bụ na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye ụgha, nakwa na ebumnuche ya bụ "ịhazi ngagharị iwe na Nabi Saleh," ebubo ọ gọnahụrụ n'ụzọ siri ike. [1] N'ihi mbọ ya, Onye isi ala Palestine Mahmoud Abbas nyere Ladraa nwa amaala ma nye ya Medal of Merit. [2] [3]
Ihe edeturu
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1">
Ebe e si nweta ya
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Friday Ahunanya
Friday Ahunanya
Aha	Friday Chinedu Ahunanya
Aha otutu	The 13th
Arọ	Oke Arọ
Mba	Naịjịrịa
Ọmụmụ	19 Nọvamba 1971 (afọ 48)
Port Harcourt, Naịjirịa
Ọnọdụ	Ọtọdọsụ
Ọgụ niile	36
Mmeri	24
Mmeri Nkutu	13
Ọdịda	8
Ịha	3
Alụghị	1
Friday Chinedu Ahunanya (amụrụ ya na 19 Nọvemba 1971 na Port Harcourt, Naịjirịa ) bu onye na-akụ ọkpọ. Ọ bụ onye mgba amaara na-emeri ndị mgba ọzọ atụghị anya na o ga-emeri na kwa maka ọ bị bịa ọ bịara n'ọgụ ESPN.
ESPN.
Ọ na-alụ ọgụ na Las Vegas, Nevada.
Ọrụ ọkachamara
A maara ya dịka Fraịde "13th", Ahunanya malitere ọrụ ya na 1998 na nkwa dị mma, o meriri ọgụ iri na isii mbụ ya, gunyere mmeri o meriri Nate Jones onye anaghi emeri emeri (16-0-1). N'afọ 2001, Serguei Lyakhovich onye anaghi emeri, meriri ya mbụ. Na 2002, onye French Olimpia Josue Blocus meriri ya.
Na 2004 o nwere naanị mbibi mbụ ya mgbe Lance Whitaker kụrụ okpo na anya.Mmeri Whitaker bụ mmalite ọdịda Ahunanya. Ọ gara n'ihu daa na aka Taurus Sykes na "New Mexico", bụ onye a na-anaghị asọpụrụ n'agbanyeghị ndekọ 22-1-1 ya na 2005.
Mgbe ahụ, ọ dọtara ya na onye na- esote ya Dominick Guinn, wee nwee ike ịsọ mpi megide atụmanya Sultan Ibragimov (onye nrite ọla ọcha nke Olimpik) na Alexander Povetkin nke 6-0 nke onye nrite ọlaedo.
Na 2007, ọ laghachiri azụ were melie Shane Cameron onye New Zealand, mmeri mbụ ya site na ikutu ya ugboro abụọ na agba nke iri na abụọ na agba nke ikpeazụ, mgbe akutusịrị ya nke ikpeazụ, onye refirii gbatara kwusị mgba ahụ ma nyekwa ya mmeri TKO. Na 2008 o meriri onye anaghị emeri bụ Alonzo Butler.
David Tua meriri Friday na Machị 2010 na New Zealand site na mkpebi. N'aka nke ọzọ, Friday na onye nlekọta ya kwuru na ọ bụ Friday meriri, na ọ karị ị ka mma ma ọ bụrụ na alụ ọgụ ahụ na USA. Mgbe elegbara anya ime nke ọma o doro anya na David Tua meriri ya bụ mgba.
Njikọ dị na mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Zeb Tsikira
Ndabere
A mụrụ Zeb Tsikira na Bulawayo ebe o tolitere na mpaghara Nketa. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Manondwane Primary School na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Hamilton Boys High. Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Canada n'afọ 2001.
N'afọ 2010, Tsikira hapụrụ mahadum ebe ọ na-amụ akparamaagwa na Mahadum nke Ottawa. O guzobere Canvestus Group na Nyon Communications 2013 nke o ji bụrụ onye ọchụnta ego ama ama na mmepe ala na ụlọ. A họpụtara Tsikira ma mata ya na Zimbabwe Achievers Awards 2019 dị ka onye ọchụnta ego nwoke kachasị mma nke afọ.
Ndetu
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
RV Martin Sheen
A gụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ aha iji sọpụrụ onye America naeme ihe nkiri na onye naakwado Sea Shepherd, Martin Sheen.
Imed Trabelsi
Sidney Toledano (amụrụ 25 Julaị 1951 na Casablanca, Morocco) bụ onye ọchụnta ego French-Morocca, onye isi oche nke LMVH Fashion Group kemgbe February 2018, na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Fashion House Dior.
Naledi Pandor
thumb|Naledi Pandor Grace Naledi Mandisa Pandor (née Matthews; Amụrụ n'ụbọchị 7 Disemba 1953) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa, onye nkuzi na agụmakwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista nke Mmekọrịta na Imekọ ihe ọnụ kemgbe afọ 2019. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye omeiwu (MP) maka African National Congress (ANC) kemgbe afọ 1994.
A mụrụ ya na Durban, Pandor gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Botswana. Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye nkuzi ma kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum, ebe ọ nwetara nzere dị iche iche site na mahadum dị iche iche. Pandor malitere ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu n'afọ 1994. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi nke ANC caucus n'afọ 1995. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke National Council of Provinces n'afọ 1998 wee bụrụ onye isi oche n'afọ 1999.
O bu ụzọ bụrụ onye otu kansụl mba n'afọ 2004, na-esote mkpebi Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki ịhọpụta ya dị ka Minista nke Mmụta. Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa ya na kọmitii nke Kgalema Motlanthe. Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista sayensị na teknụzụ n'afọ 2009. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo n'afọ 2012. Ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ n'afọ 2014 wee nwee ya ruo afọ 2018, mgbe ọ ghọrọ Minista nke agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu na kọmitii mbụ nke Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa. Mgbe ntuli aka nke afọ 2019 gasịrị, a kpọtụrụ Pandor aha dị ka onye nwere ike ịzọ ọkwa osote onye isi ala nke South Africa. Kama nke ahụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa na imekọ ihe ọnụ.
A mụrụ Grace Naledi Mandisa Matthews n'ụbọchị 7 Disemba 1953 na Durban, Natal, na Regina Thelma (nwụrụ n'afọ 2002) na Joe Matthews (1929), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nwa nke agụmakwụkwọ Z. K. Matthews (1901 1910-1968). Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Botswana. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gaborone Secondary School. N'agbata afọ 1973 ruo afọ 1977, ọ nwetara asambodo maka agụmakwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Swaziland na Mahadim Botswana, n'otu n'otu. Ọ gara n'ihu na-aga mba ofesi ma nweta diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ na nzere MA na Mahadum London n'etiti afọ 1978 ruo afọ 1979.
Pandor nwetara diplọma na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, nchịkwa na idu ndú site na Bryn Mawr Summer Programme n'afọ 1992, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ debanyere aha na Harvard Kennedy School iji nweta diplọma na idu ndọkwa na mmepe n'afọ 1997. O nwetakwara nzere MA na asụsụ na Mahadum Stellenbosch n'otu afọ ahụ. Pandor nwetara Ph.D. ya na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Pretoria n'afọ 1019, na thesis akpọrọ "Ihe a na-asọ mpi nke mgbanwe na agụmakmakwụkwọ ka elu na South Africa mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị".
Ebenside
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Laetitia Ky
Laetitia Ky (a mụrụ n'afọ 1996 n'obodo Abidjan ) bụ onye na-ese ihe sitere na Ivory Coast, onye na-emepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ site na ntutu isi ya.
Akụkọ ndụ
Ụdị akara Ky bụ ịmepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ site na waya, eriri na ntutu isi ya (nke ejiri akwa mee ka ọ dị ogologo n'ime ntutu isi nkịtị ya). Ọ na-akpọ ụdị a Ky Concept. Ụdị ejiji ndị a na-egosipụta ihe okike ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Ihe ọkpụkpụ ọ bụla na-ewe ihe dị n'agbata nkeji iri abụọ na awa isii iji mepụta. Nchịkọta mbụ nke ihe osise ntutu isi ya gụnyere ịfụkọta eriri na ákwà mpempe akwụkwọ nke Africa; n'afọ 2017 ọ kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ "Ky Braids" mbụ ya iji kụziere ndị ọzọ ụdị nka.
Njikọ egwu sochiri ya na Di'Ja, onye o kpuchiri ntụtụ isi ya n'ákwà wax e biri ebi nke sitere na ntutu ụmụ nwanyị Himba. Ky malitere akara ejiji ya n'afọ 2018. A na-akpọ ya Kystroy, ọ na-ezube ịbụ onye na-agụnye, na-eji asụsụ dị mma iji kọwaa nha uwe dịka ọmụmaatụ.
#MeToo na Activism
Ka oge na-aga, ihe ọkpụkpụ Ky ghọrọ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na 2017 o jiri ikpo okwu ya na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta mee ka a mara. Akụkụ ahụ gosipụtara nwoke na-ebuli uwe elu nwanyị, nke a kpụrụ site na eriri ya. N'afọ 2017 kwa, o mepụtara otu ihe nke mepụtara uru ahụ buru ibu n'elu ogwe aka ya dị gịrịgịrị - nke a bụ iji mee ka a mara banyere mmegbu, ọkachasị mmebi ọ nwere ike ime n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nke Ky nwere.
N'afọ 2019, Ky mepụtara ihe ọhụrụ nke gosipụtara akpa nwa na Fallopian tube ọ bụla 'na-atụgharị nnụnụ' na onye na-ekiri ya. Nke a bụ iji mee ngaghari iwe megide iwu mgbochi ịwepụ afọ ime nke USA.
Ihe nrite
N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa iri abụọ kachasị elu maka On the Rise Côte d'Ivoire mmemme nke L XiaAssociation des Conseils en Lobbying et Affaires Publiques de Côte d' Côte d'Ivory (ACLAP-CI) na-eduzi. N'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa iri atọ na ise nwere mmetụta na Prix Jeunesse Francophone 3535 n'ụwa na-asụ French. N'afọ sochirinụ, magazin Paper họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime '100 People Taking Over 2019'. Na ngwụcha afọ ahụ, e nyere ya nkwekọrịta n'ihi asọmpi Elite Model nke mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na mmekorita ya na TikTok.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Toni Hassan
Toni Hassan (a mụrụ n'afọ 1972) bụ onye nta akụkọ Australia, onye edemede nwere mmasị na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye nka ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ọbụladi n'eserese.
Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Hassan na South Africa, ya na nne na nna ya biri na Australia na ngwụcha afọ ndị 1970. Ọ gara Sydney Mackellar Girls High ma gụchaa Bachelor of Arts, Communication na Mahadum Charles Sturt, tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Australian Broadcasting Corporation, The Canberra Times, Fairfax Media na Nine Newspapers.
N'afọ 2001, e nyere ya awọd Walkley Award maka ihe omume redio ya bụ"The Health of Asylum Seekers in Detention". Ma gbasaa ozi dị ka mpaghara nke ABC's Health Report, Hassan nyochara ọrụ ndị dị maka ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na mmetụta nke njide ogologo oge. E nyekwara Hassan onyinye Human Rights Media Award site n'aka Australian Human Rights Commission maka ịdị mma na ọrụ nta akụkọ.
Hassan bụ onye na-ese ihe na amalite amalite: afọ ọhụrụ ya ibi na South Africa n'oge Soweto Riots metụtara ọrụ ya, tinyekwara nsogbu nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ n'aha n'ihu. A pụrụ ịhụ omume nka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Hassan dị ka "njikọ nke ụwa na ihe dị nsọ".
N'afọ 2018, e nyere ya onyinye nke ACT Legislative Assembly's Speaker's Emerging Artists Support Scheme Award (EASS). Ihe osise ya "Shifting ground and King Billy" dị ugbu a na nchịkọta nke ndị omebe iwu nke ACT. Ihe osise acrylic na-egosi "nwoke Wiradjuri, Jimmy Clements, onye jere ije ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu izu iji gaa mmeghe nke nzuko omeiwu etiti nke Australia n'afọ 1923" a kọwara onyinyo ahụ dị ka "nke a pụrụ ịkọwa ozugbo dị ka ntụgharị uche nke ụcha agbụrụ na ike".
Afọ ọsịsa
Afọ ọsịsa bụ ọnọdụ nke ịnwe usoro eriri afọ na esighi ike ma ọ bụ gbara mmiri opekata mpe ugboro 3 kwa ụbọchị. Ọ na anọkarị ụbọchị ole ma ole, ọ nwere ike ịdapụta na ahụ ịta mmiri n’ihi mmiri na apụ. Ihe nrịbama nke ahụ ịta mmiri na ebidokarị na ọpụpụ nke ndọtị anụahụ yana mgbanwe na omume. Nke a nwere ike ịbanye na mamịrị gbadara, ọpụpụ nke agba anụahụ, obi na akụ ọsọ ọsọ, yana mgbada na nzaghachi ka ọ na akawanye njọ. Nsi na esighi ike mana na adịghị mmiri mmiri n’ụmụ ntakịrị ndị a na enye ara nne, agbanyeghị, ọ nwere ike ịdị mma.
Toni Hassan
Akụkọ ndụ
A rụtụrụ akwụkwọ ya, Families in the digital age, aka nke ukwuu na ngalaba Nonfiction nke afọ 2020 ACT Writing and Publishing Awards.
Afọ ọsịsa
Ihe na ebutekarị ọrịa nke mgbiri afọ bụ nje, ahụhụ na ebu ọrịa, alị, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ akpọrọ afọ okuku. A na enwetakarị ọrịa ndị a site na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri metọrọ emetọ na nsị, ma ọ bụ site ozugbo n’aka onye ọzọ nwere ọrịa ahụ. Enwere ike ịkewa ya n’ụzọ atọ: afọ ọsịsa nsị mmiri mmiri na anọ obere oge, afọ ọsịsa nsị ọbara na anọ obere oge, yana ọ bụrụ na ọ gafee izu abụọ, afọ ọsịsa jụrụ ọgwụgwọ. Afọ ọsịsa nsị mmiri ahụ na anọ obere oge nwere ike ịbụ n’ihi ọrịa nke otoro. Ọ bụrụ na ọbara dị na ya a na akpọkwa ya afọ ọbara. Imirikiti ihe na adịghị efe efe nwekwara ike ịdapụta na afọ ọsịsa gụnyere: hyperthyroidism, ojuju lactose, ọrịa eriri afọ koro eko, mkpokọta nke ọgwụgwọ, yana nzipụta eriri afọ na agbakasị ahụ yana ihe ndị ọzọ. N’ọtụtụ oge anaghị achọ ọchichọ nje na nsị iji mara ihe butere ya kpọmkwem.
Toni Hassan
Nke onwe ya
Hassan lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye nta akụkọ na onye nkọwa nke Peter Martin AM.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Afọ ọsịsa
Ihe dị ka nsogbu ijeri 1.7 ruo 5 nke afọ ọsịsa na eme kwa afọ. Ọ kachasị eme na obodo ndị na etolite etolite, ebe ụmụaka na eto eto na enweta afọ ọsịsa na ọkara ugboro atọ kwa afọ. N’ụwa gburugburu, ebe 2012, ọ bụ ihe nke abụọ kachasị ebute ọnwụ n’ebe ụmụaka nọ na erughi afọ ise (ọnụọgụ 0.76 ma ọ bụ 11%). Ọtụtụ mmemme nke afọ ọsịsa bụkwa ihe na ebutekarị kwashiokor yana ihe kachasị ebute ya n’ebe ndị na erubeghi afọ ise nọ. Nsogbu ndị ọzọ na atọke aka nwere ike ịdapụta gụnyere ntolite anụahụ na ụbụrụ isi na adịghị mma.
Nrụtụ aka
Òtù:Ọrià
Xylocarpus granatum
Xylocarpus granatum, nke a maara dị ka cannonball mangrove, cedar mangrove. Ma ọ bụ osisi puzzlenut, bụ ụdị mangrove n'ezinụlọ mahogany (Meliaceae). A na-ahụ ya na Afrika, Eshia, Australasia na Pacific Islands. Ọ bụ ụdị mangrove a na-ahụkarị, na otu mba ụwa maka nchekwa ihe okike enyochawo ọnọdụ nchekwa ya dị ka nke "na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya".
Nkesa na ebe obibi
Ụdị a sitere na mpaghara okpomọkụ na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Indo-Pasifik. Ogologo ya sitere na Kenya, Tanzania na Mozambique (nke ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị mangrove iri [1]) ruo India, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Northern Australia na Papua ọhụrụ Guinea; ọ na-etolite na mpaghara intertidal dị elu, a na-ahụkwa ya na estuaries na n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri.
Ojiji
Osisi ahụ siri ike ma na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee ike iji ya rụọ ụgbọ mmiri, iwu na ime oche, agbanyeghị, osisi ndị ahụ na-agbaji ma na-enwekarị oghere ka nnukwu osisi wee ghara ịdị; a na-ejikwa osisi ahụ maka aka ngwá ọrụ na obere ihe ndị ọzọ, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka nkụ ọkụ ma na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa. Akpụkpọ ahụ jupụtara na tannins ma jiri ya mee ka eriri sie ike na ákwà na-anwụ anwụ. A na-eji ụgbụgbọ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi eme ihe na ọgwụ ọdịnala.
Ọnọdụ
Mangroves n'ozuzu ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmepe osimiri na owuwe ihe ubi, ihe egwu ọzọ bụ okpomọkụ ụwa na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri. Xylocarpus granatum bụ ụdị mangrove a na-ahụkarị nke nwere ọtụtụ ebe, ma eleghị anya ọ naghị adaba na ọsọ ọsọ zuru ezu iji tinye ya na ụdị ọ bụla na-eyi egwu. N'ihi ihe ndị a, otu mba ụwa maka nchekwa ihe okike depụtara ya dị ka nke "na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya".
Ihe odide
<references group="" responsive="1"> Òtù:Mkpuru osisi na afrika
Gauz
Gauz bụ aha edemede nke Patrick Armand-Gbaka Brede. A mụrụ ya n'afọ 1971 na Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
Akụkọ ndụ
Gauz bụ onye na-ese foto, odee, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ akụ na ụba nke mba Ivory Coast, na onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Debout-Payé, nke "Le Nouvel Attila" bipụtara na 2014, Paris. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ onye mbụ natara onyinye ọhụrụ: "le prix des libraires" Gibert Joseph.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Shuga (Usoro TV)
Shuga, nke a makwaara dị ka MTV Shuga, bụ usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn nke e mere na mbụ na November 2009 na MTV Base dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ akpọrọ "MTV Staying Alive Ignite!" . MTV Networks Africa nyere ya ọrụ oge abụọ mbụ ya na MTV Staying Alive Foundation, PEPFAR, Partnership for an HIV-Free Generation (HFG) na Gọọmenti Kenya, dị ka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi iji gbasaa ozi gbasara ọrụ. omume mmekọahụ na ndidi.
Ihe nkiri a mechara bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma bụrụ nke a na-egosi na mba 40 dị iche iche dị n'Afrịka tupu e kee ya na mba ụwa n'ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn 70. A na-eche na ihe nkiri a bụ usoro na-akpata arụmụka nke ukwuu site n'aka ndị agadi ọgbọ nke ndị Kenya n'ihi na ọ nwere ihe nkiri ụfọdụ nwere ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Ọ natara ihe nrite ọla edo na Mee 2010 na World Media Festival na Hamburg, Germany na ngalaba ahụike mmekọrịta ọha maka itinye uche ya na ịhụnanya, mmetụta uche, na omume mmekọahụ n'etiti ndị ntorobịa Kenya.