cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Kwesi Arthur
Mmalite ndụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ya
A mụrụ Kwesi Arthur na 18th December, 1994 na Tema. A zụlitere ya na Tema Community 9, ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ anọ ya na nwanne ya nwoke aha ya bụ Dayonthetrack, onye bụkwa onye egwu. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Temasco n'afọ 2013, atụmatụ Kwesi nke ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ ya iji mụọ Psychology na Iwu na Mahadum Ghana kwụsịrị n'ihi enweghị ego. Nke a mere ka onye na-eti egwu tụlee ọrụ dị ka onye nche na Tema. Ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ya maka ọrụ nchekwa, Kwesi kpebiri ịchụso ọrụ egwu ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ obodo kama. N'ebe a, ya na onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ahụ mere nkwekọrịta iji mụta mmepụta egwu na ndekọ n'efu; na mgbanwe, Arthur aghaghị ịrụ ọrụ ndị dị ala gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ikpochapu na mmezi n'ozuzu. N'afọ 2016, ọ zutere ndị njikwa site na Ground Up Chale, otu mgbasa ozi ọha na eze maka ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na West Africa, ebe o dekọrọ ihe ndekọ egwu ya Grind day na ụlọ ọrụ ha otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị.
Ọrụ egwu ya
Kwesi Arthur malitere ide raps mgbe ọ gụsịrị abọm mbụ nke Drake, Thank Me Later.
N'afọ 2017, o wepụtara egwu "Grind Day" site na EP mbụ ya, Live from Nkrumah Krom (2017). E wepụtara ndekọ ahụ n'okpuru uwe onwe ya ma kwado ya site na otu na-elekọta mmadụ nke a na-akpọ GroundUp Chale. O mechara wepụta remix maka "Grind Day", nke gosipụtara Sarkodie na Medikal.
Kwesi Arthur esorola ọtụtụ ndị egwu Ghana, gụnyere Sarkodie, Medikal, KiDi, Jason E LA, R2Bees, B4bonah, M3dal, M.anifest, EL, Stonebwoy, Shatta Wale na onye egwu South Africa Nasty C. A họpụtara ya maka Best International Act n'afọ 2018 BET Awards.
Kwesi Arthur bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-aga nke ọma na Ghana, ebe a na-amata egwu ya na mba ụwa ma nye ya onyinye. N'afọ 2020 egwu ya bụ Live From The 233 bụ otu n'ime egwu Afrịka kachasị egwu na ọrụ mgbasa ozi egwu Apple.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nyong language
Nyong (Daganyonga), nkè á makwaara dị kà Mubako ná Bali-Kumbat, bụ asụsụ Leko nkè á na-asụ n'ebe abụọ dị ichè íchè ná Cameroon ná Naịjirịa. Ndị na-asụ Cameroon na-ewere onwé há dị kà ndị agbụrụ Chamba.
Nyong dị ichè ná asụsụ dị nso. Kama nkè ahụ, ọ dị kà asụsụ Chamba nkè á na-asụ n'ebe ugwu. Nyong ná Chamba nwere 85% yiri okwu.
Nkesa
Ethnologue (22nd ed.) depụtara obodo nta ná ébé ndị á na-esonụ nkè Nyong.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Mkpụrụedemede nke Nyong bụ /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /ə/ /ɛ/, /ɔ/, na /a/. Ogologo ọdịiche dị na ụdaume niile ma e wezụga /ə/ na /o/, nke dị mkpụmkpụ mgbe niile. E nwere ụda ise: elu, etiti, ala, ịrị elu, na ịda.
Childism
Childism nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụ nkwado  maka inye ụmụaka ike dị ka otu a na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ ajọ mbunobi na / ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụaka ma ọ bụ àgwà ụmụaka. Ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka okwu dị mma maka mmegharị, dị ka okwu feminism, yana okwu dị oke mkpa iji chọpụta ihe, dị ka okwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. A na-akpọkarị echiche nke ikpeazụ dị ka ageism, adultism ma ọ bụ patriarchy. E bu ụzọ kọwaa ma nyochaa echiche ahụ n'otu isiokwu nke Chester M. Pierce na Gail B. Allen dere n'ime afọ 1975. E jiri ya mee ihe n'oge afọ ndị 1990 n'echiche edemede site n'aka Peter Hunt iji zoo aka na "ịgụ dị ka ụmụaka". N'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ nwata, na nke kachasị na Europe, ụmụaka bụ ihe dị mma dabere na ọrụ John Wall kemgbe afọ 2006 na akwụkwọ, Ethics in Light of Childhood. A na-ahụ ọgwụgwọ dị ukwuu nke ụmụaka dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma na ọrụ ikpeazụ nke Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, nke e bipụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e guzobere Childism Institute na Rutgers University Camden, US, na-enwe nzukọ mmeghe ya na ubochi iri na otù n'ọnwa June afọ 2020. Ụlọ ọrụ Childism bụ netwọk nke ndị na-eme nnyocha na ndị na-akwado mba ụwa na-etinye aka na "inye ụmụaka ike site na ịkatọ ụkpụrụ na usoro [ndị okenye]". N'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, Childism Institute na-edebe nchekwa data nke nyocha nke na-eji echiche nke childism ma ọ bụ na-ejikọ ya nke ọma.
Oluwatomi Somefun
Oluwatomi Somefun (amụrụ Ọktoba 2) bụ nwanyị na azu ahia na Naijiria nakwa onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ. Ọ na -aru oru ugbu a dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na onye isi oche nke Unity Bank plc.
Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
Ọ nwetara B.Ed. na Asụsụ Bekee na 1981 site na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife dị na steeti Osun na otu ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard Business school na University of Columbia Business School, New York.
Somefun malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Peat Marwick na Co. ma mechara gaa biri na Arthur Andersen (ugbu a KPMG) tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa na Unity Bank plc.
Ndemsibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Amuwo-Odofin
Amuwo-Odofin bụ mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo (LGA) na Badagry no na SteetiLagos, Naijiria. thumb|Amuwo-Odofin map Amuwo Odofin LGA kewara na Oriade na Amuwo Local Council Development Area (LCDA) na ngalaba 7 nke ọ bụla; Abule-osun, Agboju, Ibeshe, Ijegun, Irede, Kirikir na Kuje bụ Oriade LCDA na Ado-soba, Ekoakete, Ifelodun, Ilado Tamaro, Irepodun, Odofin na Orire bụ ngalaba Amuwo LCDA.
Mgbasa n'etiti ngalaba iri na anọ bụ obodo iri isii na asaa, iri na abụọ n'ime ha bụ obodo, asatọ bụ obodo na 47 bụ ime obodo. Amuwo Odofin LGA nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 300,000 kwa square kilomita.
LGA, nke nwere ihe karịrị 1,500,000 dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2006 si dị, ya na Ajeromi na Ifelodun LCDA na-ekerịta ókèala ya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Oriade LCDA n'Ede, Badagry Creek na South na Isolo / Igando LCDA.
Ndị bi na Amuwo Odofin bụ ndị Aworis. Ụfọdụ n'ime ememme ndị mmadụ nabatara bụ ememme Elegba, Oro, Sangbeto na Igunuko. Ndị na-elekọta ọdịbendị na ọdịnala n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala. A na-agọzi Gọọmentị Obodo site na Obas na Chiefs na Baales a ma ama. Nke a gụnyere Oba Mobadenle Obalade Oyekan- Onilado nke Ilado / Inagbe Islands na Oba Lateef Olayinka Ado, Fabuwa 1, Alado nke Ado Land.
Leonie Joubert
Leonie Joubert bụ onye odee sayensị South Afrika na onye ode akwụkwọ ọkachamara na ihu igwe na ndakpọ gburugburu ebe obibi, amụma ike na ihe kpatara obodo ji ahapụ anyị agụụ, dị arọ, na ọrịa (agụụ-oké ibu ịda ogbenye-paradox). N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọrụ ya na-abanye na mpaghara ahụike uche ọha. O jirila akụkụ kachasị mma nke afọ iri abuo na-enyocha isiokwu ndị a site na akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, nkwado nkwurịta okwu na ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị otu obodo, ide ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, na pọdkastị.
Akụkọ ndụ
Leonie Joubert nwere Master's na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị sitere na Mahadum Stellenbosch yana nzere bachelọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na ọmụmụ mgbasa ozi sitere na Mahadum Rhodes. Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ karịrị akwụkwọ iri, gụnyere: Scorched, South Africa mgbanwe ihu igwe (Wits University Press, 2006); Ebe na-esi esi mmiri, ndị mmadụ nọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe (Wits University Press, 2008); Wakporo, mbuso agha ndu South Africa (Wits University Press, 2009) na Oge Agụụ, na-enye obodo South Afrika nri (Picador Africa, 2012).
Jenna Bass
Jenna Cato Bass (amụrụ n'afọ 1986) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri South Africa, onye na-ese foto na onye edemede. O deela akụkọ stort n'okpuru aha Constance Myburgh, otu n'ime ha edepụtara n'ihi 2012 Caine Prize.
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Bass na London, England ọ ma tolite na South Africa. Ọ na-eme anwansi na College of Magic. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cape Town campus nke AFDA, The School for the Creative Economy.
Ọrụ
N'afọ 2011 Bass hiwere Jungle Jim, magazin akụkọ ifo. Nkebi nke isii gosipụtara akụkọ nchọpụta ya 'Hunter Emmanuel', nke gosipụtara nyocha banyere nwanyị akwụna a gbupụrụ akpụ. E depụtara akụkọ a n'ihe banyere Caine Prize for African Writing na 2012.
Vincent Kolo
Vincent Kolo is a Nigerian artist
Adamawa
Òtù:Steeti Naịjirịa
Saada Salum
Saada Mkuya Salum (amụrụ n'afọ 1975) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị CCM nke Tanzania na onye a họpụtara dịka onye omeiwu. Ọ bụbu Minista na-ahụ maka ego.
Hydrogen na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
Edemsibia
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Falilat Ogunkoya
Falilat Ogunkoya (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 5 n'ọnwa Disemba nke fọ 1968 na Ode Lemo,dị na Ogun Steeti nke Naijiria ) bụ nwaafọ Naijiria na-emebu egwuregwu ị gba ọsọ.
Ogunkoya a turula ugo n'ọtụtụ asọmpi na Naijiria, gụnyere ọla edo n'afọ 1996 n'ọsọ 400 mita, ọla edo n'ọsọ 200 mita n'ọsọ 400 mita n'afọ 1998, na ọla edo ọzọ n'afọ 1999 ma n'afọ 2001 n'ọsọ 400 mita. Na Egwuregwu Afrịka niile nke afọ 1987 na Nairobi, o ritere nrite ọla ọcha n'ọsọ 200 mita. N’afọ 1995 n’Egwuregwu Afrịka niile na Harare, o ritere ọla ọcha n'ọsọ 400 mita, n’egwuregwu nke afọ 1999 na Johannesburg, o ritere nrite ọla edo n'ọsọ 400 mita.
Na 1996 Summer Olympics, o ritere ọla nchara n'ọsọ 400 mita, n'azụ Marie-José Pérec nke Frans na Cathy Freeman nke Ọstrelia, n'akara kachasị mma na nke Afrịka nke 49.10, nke bụ nke iri na abụọ kachasị ọsịsọ n'oge niile.
Njikọ dị na mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu ị gba ọsọ
Amina Mama
Mama si na Naijiria gawa UK wee gụkwuo akwụkwọ na Mahadum St. Andrews, Scotland (1980, nzere sayensị na ugwu n'ihe ọmụmụ saịkọlọjị), na London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London (1981, Masta na Sayensị n'ihe ọmụmụ Soshal saịkọlọjị) na Birkbeck College, University of London, ebe na 1987 o nwetara dọktọratiya na nhazi saịkọlọjị ya na ihe nchọpụta ya nke isiokwu ya bụ "Race and Subjectivity: A Study of Black Women". Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya gụnyere ịtụnyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Britain na Naijiria. Ọ kwagara Netherlands wee laghachi azụ Nigeria, naanị na o zutere n'afọ 2000. Mgbe ahụ ka ọ kwagara na South Africa, bụ ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT). Na UCT, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke African Gender Institute (AGI) ma nyere aka chọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Feminist Afrịka. Mama ka bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ Feminist Afrịka.
N'afọ 2008, Mama nwetara ọkwa na Mills College na Oakland, California naUnited States. Mgbe ọ kwagara, o kwuru, sị: "Amụtala m na America abụghị naanị na oburu ibu kama ọ bụ isi ahụrụ kwaba okpu n'ihe ime ka mmadụ kwenyere ihe ọchọghị ikwenyere na ya." Ọkà mmụtaMama ghọrọ Barbara Lee n'oche ugwu gbasara ọchịchị ụmụ nwaanyị na Mills— Mama bụ onye mbụ nwere ọkwa a. Ọ kụziri otu klas akpọrọ "Ezigbo iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ezie" na ọgbakọ ụmụ nwaanyị Lee na isiokwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na Afrịka-Amerịka, gụnyere ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ịda ogbenye, HIV / AIDS, na ihe gbasara agha. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke ngalaba mmụta gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na Mahadum California, Davis.
Mama bụ Onye isi oche nke ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ maka Global Fund for Women, ma na-adụ ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ ọdụ. Ọ soro bugo ndi isi ochenited Nations Research Institute for Social Development n'ọgbakọ ha.
Marwan Hamed
Marwan Hamed (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Egypt na-eto eto. Ọ bụ nwa onye edemede Wahid Hamed na onye nta akụkọ Zeinab Sweidan. Ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ Li Li. Nke sochiri ya bu ihe nkiri dị mkpa akpọrọ The Yacoubian Building nke dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Alaa Al Aswany na Adel Emam.
Amina Mama
Mama na-eje ozi na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ maka agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-alụ ọgụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na akwụkwọ Meridians na signs.
Otu n'ime ọrụ ya a kacha mara amara bụ Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity. Ọ na-etinyekwa aka n'ọrụ ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2010, o mebere ihe nkiri The Witches of Gambaga na Yaba Badoe.
Marwan Hamed
O sonyere na ntụziaka nke usoro Lahzat Harija ma mepụta vidiyo egwu maka Amr Diab.
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
We Need New Names bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi nke afọ 2013 nke onye edemede Zimbabwe NoViolet Bulawayo. Akụkọ banyere afọ, We Need New Names na-akọ banyere ndụ nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Darling, nke mbụ dị ka onye dị afọ iri na Zimbabwe, na-agagharị n'ụwa nke ọgba aghara na mmebi na ndị enyi ya, ma mesịa dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na Midwest United States, ebe ọdịnihu ka mma yiri ka ọ ga-apụta mgbe ọ na-aga isonyere nwanne nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.
Marwan Hamed
Ibrahim Labyad nke Ahmed El-Sakka na Hend Sabry sochiri Yacoubian Building nke e wepụtara na 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ wepụtara The Blue Elephant nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Karim Abdel Aziz na Khaled Al Sawy, ma dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ahmed Mourad nke otu aha ahụ. Ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ọ wepụtara bụ The Originals na-amalite Khaled el Sawy, Maged el Kedwany na Menna Shalby
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
Isi nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, "Hitting Budapest", nke e gosipụtara na mbụ dị ka akụkọ na Boston Review, meriri 2011 Caine Prize for African Writing. mgbe Onye isi oche nke ndị ọka ikpe, Hisham Matar, kwuru, sị: "Asụsụ nke 'Hitting Budapest' na-agbawa agbawa. Nke a bụ akụkọ nwere ike na ịdị arọ nke omume, ọ nwere nka iji zere nkọwa omume. NoViolet Bulawayo bụ onye edemede na-enwe obi ụtọ n'asụsụ.
Marwan Hamed
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
E depụtara We Need New Names maka Man Booker Prize (2013), Guardian First Book Award (2013), na Barnes & Noble Discover Award finalist (2013). Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke Etisalat Prize for Literature (2013), ma merie prestigious Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award maka ọrụ mbụ nke akụkọ ifo. Ọ meriri Los Angeles Times Book Prize Art Seidenbaum Award maka akụkọ ifo mbụ (2013).
Amina Mama
Mama na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye na-alụ ọgụ nwanyị na ọ bụghị onye na-agba ụmụ nwanyị ibe ya azu,ọ mitere ndọrọ ndọrọ nkwenye re na ọgụ gbasara ụmụ nwaanyị malitere na Afrịka na ọgụ gbasara nwanyị ndị ọcha "enwebeghị ike ịbụ 'onye iro' - n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ, a pụrụ ile isi obodo ụwa anya dị ka onye iro ". Ọ katọrọ okwu ụmụ nwaanyị na mmepe maka iwepụ ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bara uru. Ọ rụkwara ụka na mahadum Africa na -aga n'ihu na-egosipụta ikike nna ochie gbanyere mgbọrọgwụ, n'ihe gbasara ma mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ nwoke na nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ.
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
Atụmatụ
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ malitere site n'ịgbaso otu ìgwè ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma - onye bụ isi Darling na ndị enyi ya Shbo, Stina, Chipo, Bastard na Godknows - bi n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Zimbabwe mgbe ndị uwe ojii Mugabe mebisịrị ụlọ ha. Onye edemede ahụ na-enye "echiche anya nwatakịrị nke ụwa ebe a na-ekwu maka ntuli aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya mana ebe ọgba aghara na mmebi iwu na-aghọ ihe na-eme kwa ụbọchị, ebe ọnwụ na ọrịa na egwu nke ime ihe ike zoro ezo" n'obodo a na-akpọ Paradaịs, ebe ndị mmadụ na-anwa ijide ùgwù mgbe ezinụlọ na-agbaji. Ụmụaka na-etinye ụbọchị ha na-eme ihe ọjọọ, na-ezu ohi guavas n'ógbè ndị bara ọgaranya a maara dị ka "Budapest", na-echepụta ndụ nke njem na ime ka mmadụ kwere, na-arọ nrọ nke ịnụ ụtọ okomoko na mba ofesi n'ebe ndị dị ka Dubai na America.
Nada Meawad
Nsonaazụ Pool-D
Ha abụọ gbara na Pool-D na 2016 Summer Olympics.
Amina Mama
Akụkụ bụ ahughi ebule ma asi elia dike nke mmasị Mama metụtara bụ njirimara nwoke na nwanyị dịka ọ na-emetụta ihe gbasara agha. Ọ bụ onye nkatọ n'ezoghị ọnụ nke AFRICOM, nke ọ kọwara dị ka akụkụ nke mmịpụta akụ neocolonial na-eme ihe ike.
National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere otu ahụ na 1982 dị ka otu ndị ọrụ ojii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na'ala, na mbido nke Council of Unions of South Africa. Onye ndú mbụ ya bụ Cyril Ramaphosa, onye ọ toro ngwa ngwa n'okpuru ya, na-enweta nkwenye nkwekọrịta site na Chamber of Mines na 1983.:  51
Amuwo-Odofin
Ihe odide
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National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
NUM mere mkpọsa nke ọma na 1980s maka njedebe nke usoro ndoputa ọrụ, usoro nke mere ka a mata na ọrụ kacha akwụ ụgwọ bụ nke ekenyela ndị ọcha bụ otu n'ime ntọala ntọala Congress nke ndị otu azụmahịa South Africa na 1985. N'afọ 2001, ọ nabatara ndị Construction and Allied Workers' Union, ebe n'ọnwa 2019 a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-amịkọrọ ndị Liberated Metalworkers 'Union of South Africa n"oge na-adịghị anya.
Cloud drop effective radius
Radius dị irè nke igwe ojii (ma ọ bụ radius dị irè ma ọ bụ radios dị irè mgbè ọ dị n'ihe gbárá ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ) bụ ihe dị arọ nke nkesa nke igwe ojii. James E. Hansen na Larry Travis kọwara okwu ahụ n'afọ 1974 dị ka oke nkè oge nké atọ na nke abụọ nke nkesa nha droplet iji nyere aka na ntụgharị nke data a na-ahụ anya. N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ọ bụ mpaghara radius nke igwe ojii. Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwèrè ike ịkọwa nke a dị ka
National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
NUM jikọtara ya na mba ụwa niile na njikọ kemịkalụ, ike, nke m na ndị otu ndị ọrụ izugbe.
Nada Meawad
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Cloud drop effective radius
Radius nke ụwa nwèrè uru dị iche iche màkà mmiri na ice: nke mbụ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 14 μm, ébé màkà ice ọ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 25 μm. Nnyocha na-egosikwa na radius nke ígwé ojii dị irè buru ibu n'elu oké osimiri karịa n'elu ala site na Pasent iri na ise ruo pasentị iri abụọ N'ụzọ dị iche, ọdịiche dị na oke ice n'elu ala na oké osimiri dị obere (naanị 5%).
Leonie Joubert
Ihe nrite
Enyere Joubert onyinye nkwanye ugwu abụọ Sunday Times Alan Paton Non-Fiction Awards, otu maka Scorched na afo 2007 na nke ọzọ maka wakporo na afo 2010. Alan Paton Award.
Leonie bụ afo 2007 Ruth First Fellow ( Mahadum Witwatersrand ), 2009 SAB Environmental Journalist of the Year na ngalaba mgbasa ozi mbipụta, edepụtara na Mail & Guardian 200 Young South Africa You Must Take to Lunch (2008), wee bụrụ ahọpụtara maka 2016 City Press Tafelberg Nonfiction Award.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Amina Mama
Edensibịa
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria
National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)
Ọgbaghara 2007
Na 4 Disemba 2007, otu ahụ gara abụbọ ọrụ iji mee mkpesa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ na ogbunigwe South Africa. Ọ bụ ịrị elu nke ọnwụ ndị ọrụ site na 2006 ruo 2007 n'agbanyeghị gọọmentị
2012 Wildcat strikes
áká_èkpè|thumb|Akwụkwọ mpịakọta NUM na-akpọ maka nzukọ zuru oke na nso Matlosana. N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n"afọ 2012, ọtụtụ puku ndị otu NUM malitere usoro ọgbaghara na Lonmin's Marikana mines jikọtara ya na arịrịọ maka ịbawanye ụgwọ. N'ụbọchị na-esote, ndị isi NUM gbara ndị otu N UM na'ịgba arụkwaghịm égbè, bụ ndị na - na   A na-ekwu na mgbasa ozi na ogbugbu nke ndị na'egwupụta ihe n'ime ala abụọ bụ isi ihe kpatara nkwụsịtụ ntụkwasị obi n"ime ndị ọrụ. N'inyefe ya na Farlam Commission, NUM kwuru na ike igbu egbu n'ụbọchị a ziri ezi.
A na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 12 na 14 Ọgọstụ ihe dị ka mmadụ itoolu (ọ dịkarịa ala ndị na'egwupụta ihe n"ọhịa, ndị uwe ojii abụọ na ndị nche nche abụọ) nwụrụ nʼógbè Marikana - ọ bụ ezie na e nwere akụkọ na - na ọ dị iche iche banyere onye gburu n'"oge ụbọchị ndị a.
N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ndị uwe ojii gbara otu ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ ndị dị n"ime ala égbè, ha gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri atọ na anọ na Marikana, mmadụ narị asaa na iri asaa merụrụ ahụ ma jide mmadụ abụọ na ise na itoolu. Ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ ndị dị n'ime ala na ndị na'ebe ahụ bu mma ma jụ arịrịọ maka iwepụ ngwá agha. Dị ka Congress of South African Trade Unions si kwuo, ndị uwe ojii bu ụzọ jiri gas na-agba mmiri, egbe mmiri wee jiri "mgbọ dị ndụ". A na-akpọ ogbugbu ahụ ogbu mmadụ n'ime mgbasa ozi niile na ndị uwe ojii, Lonmin na NUM n"onwe ya ka a na'ebo ya ebubo.
Mkpughe banyere ahụ mere malite na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ [citation needed] wee soro akụkọ Greg Marinovich gosipụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime igbu ọchụ ndị ahụ weere ọnọdụ na igwefoto ọtụtụ nkeji mgbe edere ụfọdụ igbu egbu na telivishọn.
Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times si kwuo, "Frans Baleni, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Union of Mineworkers, gbachitere ndị uwe ojii n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Kaya FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio" na-ekwu na "Ndị uweojii nwere ndidi, mana ndị a ji ngwá agha dị ize ndụ".
Mgbatị ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị njọ nke ndị ọchịchị South Africa kemgbe njedebe nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Afrika. Baleni na ndị ọrụ NUM ndị ọzọ ebuboola 'ike nke atọ' na ha na-akwado ọgụ Marikana.
Enweghị nkwado
A na-ekwu na e nweela ọpụpụ site na NUM. Dị ka Justice Malala si kwuo, na-ede na The Guardian, "NUM enwekwaghị ntụkwasị obi niile ma na ndị otu na'ime ya na ya. E nyere odeakwụkwọ ya a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma, Baleni, mmụba ụgwọ ọrụ nke ihe karịrị 40% n'afọ gara aga na ngụkọta ụgwọ ọnwa ya karịrị R105 000 kwa ọnwa. Ndị isi NUM ajụla ịpụ n'ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii iji gwa ndị ọrụ okwu. Ndị ọzọ arụrịtakwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu NUM na-arị elu ma, ugbu a, n'ihi ọgbaghara na North West, ndị òtù ya nwere ike ịnọ ihe dị ka 150,000.
Ndị ọzọ toro nzukọ ahụ. Otu nchịkọta akụkọ na Business Day kwuru "NUM bụ ihe na-eche echiche, nke a na na'etiti ndị otu ebe a... Ọ na-enwe ekele ma na'anya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị siri ike. "
Òtù na-asọ mpi Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) amụbawo n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu kemgbe ịgba égbè Marikana ma ugbu a na'anọchite anya ihe karịrị 40% nke ndị ọrụ na Amplats na 70% na Lonmin.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Jenna Bass
Ọrụ
High Fantasy (afọ 2017) bụ ihe na-akpali akpali màkà otu ndị njem na-eto eto bụ ndị na-agbanwe ahụ ha n'ụzọ dị omimi na njem mara ụlọikwuu. A gbagburu ya ọzọ na iPhones site na iji improvisation, ihe nkiri ahụ nyochara "mgbagwoju anya nke agbụrụ, klas na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na South Africa nke oge a".
Flatland (afọ 2019), nwanyị niile "South African kitsch-western genre mashup", a gbara ya na mmefu ego buru ibu. A họọrọ ya dị ka ihe nkiri mmeghe na 2019 Berlinale Panorama.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Vincent Kolo
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Sierra Club
Sierra Club bụ ọgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi America nwere isiakwụkwọ na steeti 50 US niile, Washington D.C. na Puerto Rico. E hiwere klọb ahụ na Mee 28, 1892, na San Francisco, California, site n'aka onye nchekwa nchekwa Scottish-American John Muir, onye ghọrọ onye isi ala mbụ yana onye isi oche kachasị ogologo oge, n'ihe dịka afọ 20 n'ọkwa ndu a. Sierra Club na-arụ ọrụ naanị na United States ma na-ejide ọkwa iwu nke 501(c)(4) ọgbakọ ọdịmma ọha na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ. Sierra Club Canada bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche.
Omenala jikọtara ya na ngagharị na-aga n'ihu, klọb ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi izizi buru ibu n'ụwa, ma na-etinye aka ugbu a n'ịkwado ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji kwalite amụma gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe agbadoro anya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya klọb ahụ gụnyere ịkwalite ike na-adigide yana ibelata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana mmegide maka iji coal, ike mmiri na ike nuklia. Nzukọ ahụ na-ewere ọnọdụ siri ike na okwu ndị na-ebute esemokwu, nkatọ, ma ọ bụ mmegide ma ọ bụ n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí ma ọ bụ abụọ. A maara klọb ahụ maka nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'ozuzu na-akwado ndị na-emesapụ aka na ndị na-aga n'ihu na ntuli aka.
Na mgbakwunye na nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Sierra Club na-ahazi ihe omume ntụrụndụ n'èzí, ma bụrụkwa ọgbakọ ama ama maka ịgba ugwu na ugwu ugwu na United States. Ndị otu Sierra Club sụrụ ụzọ na Yosemite Decimal Sistemu nke ịrị elu, ma bụrụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka nnukwu ego nke mmalite mmalite nke ịrị elu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ a mere n'aha otu ahụ, Sierra Nevada.
Nchịkọta
Ebumnuche nke Sierra Club kwuru bụ "Iji nyocha, ịnụ ụtọ, na ichekwa ebe dị n'ọhịa nke ụwa; Ime na ịkwalite ojiji nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa; Ịkụzi na itinye ndị mmadụ aka ichebe na iweghachi àgwà nke ihe okike na gburugburu ụmụ mmadụ, na iji ụzọ niile iwu kwadoro iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị a."
Otu bọọdụ ndị isi mmadụ iri na ise na-achị ọgbakọ Siera. Kwa afọ, a na-ahọpụta ndị nduzi ise ka ha bụrụ afọ atọ, na ndị otu klọb niile tozuru oke ịtụ vootu. Ndị Board na-ahọpụta onye isi ala kwa afọ site na ndị otu ya. Onye isi nchịkwa na-arụ ọrụ nke otu ahụ kwa ụbọchị. Michael Brune, onye bụbu Rainforest Action Network, jerela ozi dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ otu kemgbe 2010. Brune nọchiri Carl Pope. Pope rituru n'ọkwa n'enweghi afọ ojuju na otu a esila n'ụkpụrụ ya pụta.
A haziri Sierra Club na ọkwa mba na steeti nwere isiakwụkwọ aha maka steeti iri ise na ókèala US abụọ (Puerto Rico na Washington D.C.) California bụ naanị steeti nwere ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ aha maka mpaghara California. Isi klọb na-enye ohere maka otu mpaghara na kọmitii, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ọtụtụ puku ndị otu. Isiakwụkwọ ndị a na-enye ohere maka ngalaba mmasị pụrụ iche (dịka Igwefoto, Ọpụpụ), kọmitii (nchekwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị), na ndị ọrụ ọrụ n'otu mbipụta nwere ụdị ọdịdị ala. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahazi ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ọkwa mpaghara, ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ bụ ọgbakọ jikọtara ọnụ; mkpebi ndị e mere na ọkwa mba na-ebute ụzọ, gụnyere iwepụ na ịmepụta Isi, yana iweta na iwepụ ndị òtù.
A maara klọb ahụ maka itinye aka na isi ihe omume abụọ: ịkwalite na iduzi ihe omume ntụrụndụ n'èzí, nke a na-eme na United States niile mana nke kachasị na California (karịsịa Southern California), na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji kwalite ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi. Akọwala Sierra Club dị ka otu n'ime "otu ndị isi na gburugburu ebe obibi" United States. Ndị otu Sierra Club na-akwado nkwado nke ndị otu n'otu n'otu maka ọkwa a họpụtara ahọpụta.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Arịrịọ na map sitere n'aka John Muir na ndị ọzọ guzobere Sierra Club
Ntọala
Onye nta akụkọ bụ Robert Underwood Johnson na John Muir rụkọrọ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi na-aga nke ọma iji mepụta nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ nke Yosemite nke gbara ogige ntụrụndụ dị ntakịrị nke e kere na 1864. Mgbasa ozi a gara nke ọma na 1890. N'ihe dị ka 1889, Johnson gbara Muir ume ka ọ guzobe. otu "otu" iji nyere aka chebe Sierra Nevada, na nzukọ mbụ e mere iji hazie otu ahụ. Ndị ọzọ tinyere aka na nhazi mbụ gụnyere omenkà William Keith, Willis Linn Jepson, Warren Olney, Willard Drake Johnson, Joseph LeConte na David Starr Jordan.
Na Mee 1892, onye prọfesọ na-eto eto, Willis Linn Jepson sitere na Mahadum California, Berkeley nyeere Muir na onye ọka iwu Warren Olney aka hiwere nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Appalachian Mountain Club. Ndị otu Charter nke Sierra Club họpụtara Muir onyeisi oche, ụlọ ọrụ ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1914.
Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ nke klọb ahụ gụnyere iguzobe ogige ntụrụndụ mba Glacier na Mount Rainier, ime ka ndị omebe iwu California kwenye inye Ndagwurugwu Yosemite n'aka gọọmentị etiti US, na ichekwa oke ọhịa redwood nke California.
N'afọ 2020, n'ihi ngagharị iwe George Floyd na mkpezi ọha na-esote nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha, Sierra Club kọwara akụkọ mmalite nke ha dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Karịsịa, Sierra Club mbụ kwadoro mkpa nke ndị ọcha na-ewepụ ndị na-acha agba, na Muir na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị enyi ya, dị ka Joseph LeConte, David Starr Jordan, na Henry Fairfield Osborn nwere njikọ chiri anya na mmegharị eugenics nke mbụ. na United States. Osborn kwadoro American Eugenics Society, nke kpọrọ ndị Juu na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha dị ka agbụrụ dị ala karịa ndị ọcha.
Omume gburugburu ebe obibi na Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
thumb|Theodore Roosevelt na John Muir na Yosemite National Park, c. 1906 N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke 1900s, ndị Sierra Club batara na agha Hetch Hetchy Reservoir nke kewara ndị nchekwa na ndị nchekwa "njikwa akụrụngwa". N'ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke 19, obodo San Francisco nọ na-eto ngwa ngwa na oke mmiri ya, nke dabere na isi iyi na iyi mpaghara. N'afọ 1890, onye isi obodo San Francisco, James D. Phelan tụrụ aro ka e wuo mmiri mmiri na ọwa mmiri n'Osimiri Tuolumne, bụ́ otu n'ime osimiri Sierra ndịda kasị ukwuu, dị ka ụzọ isi mụbaa na ime ka mmiri dị n'obodo ahụ kwụsie ike.
Gifford Pinchot, onye na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ọrụ ọha na eze na onye isi nke US Forest Service, nke nwere ikike na ogige ntụrụndụ mba, kwadoro ịmepụta mmiri mmiri Hetch Hetchy. Muir rịọrọ enyi ya onye isi ala US Roosevelt, onye na-agaghị etinye onwe ya megide dam ahụ, n'ihi na ọ na-ewu ewu na ndị San Francisco (referendum na 1908 kwadoro ọtụtụ mmadụ asaa na otu kwadoro mmiri mmiri na mmiri obodo). Muir na onye ọka iwu William Edward Colby malitere mkpọsa mba megide dam ahụ, na-adọta nkwado nke ọtụtụ ndị nchekwa ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na ntuli aka 1912 nke Onye isi ala US Woodrow Wilson, onye bu San Francisco, ndị na-akwado dam nwere enyi na White House.
Saada Salum
Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya
Onye isi ala Kikwete họpụtara ya dị ka onye omeiwu na ọnwa Mee nke afọ 2012 ma mesịa họpụta ya dị ka osote minista na-ahụ maka ego. Na ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 2014, Salum nọchiri William Mgimwa dị ka Minista nke iri na anọ nke ego.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Sierra Club
Omume gburugburu ebe obibi na Hetch Hetchy Reservoir
Ụgwọ ahụ iji gbochie Hetch Hetchy gafere Congress na 1913, ya mere Sierra Club meriri nnukwu agha mbụ ya. Na mmegwara, klọb ahụ kwadoro imepụta National Park Service na 1916, iji wepụ ogige ntụrụndụ na nlekọta ọrụ ọhịa. Stephen Mather, onye otu klọb si Chicago na onye mmegide nke dam Hetch Hetchy, ghọrọ onye ntụzi ọrụ National Park Service nke mbụ.
Afọ 1920-1940
alt=Members socially gathered|thumb|Ndị otu Sierra Club na-eme ihe ọchị maka ntụrụndụ ọha na eze, c. 1948 N'ime 1920s na 1930s, Sierra Club rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọha mmadụ na ntụrụndụ, na-eme njem ọpụpụ, na-ejigide ụzọ na-ewu ụlọ na ebe obibi na Sierra. Mgbasa ozi nchekwa gụnyere mgbalị ọtụtụ afọ iji gbasaa Sequoia National Park (mere na 1926) na ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ nke ọrụ iji chebe ma chekwaa Parks Canyon National Park (nke e guzobere na 1940). Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Stephen Fox na-ekwu, "N'afọ ndị 1930, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime puku mmadụ atọ bụ ndị Republican."
New Deal wetara ọtụtụ ndị nchekwa na Democratic Party, na ọtụtụ ndị Democrats banyere n'ọkwa nke nchekwa. Ndị na-edu ọgbọ nke ndị Turks na-eto eto bụ ndị megharịrị Sierra Club mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị bụ ndị ọka iwu Richard Leonard na Bestor Robinson, onye na-ese foto okike Ansel Adams, na David Brower.
Adams kwadoro Brower maka isonye na klọb ahụ, a họpụtakwara ya na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke Sierra Club Bulletin. Mgbe Agha IIwa nke Abụọ gasịrị Brower laghachiri n'ọrụ ya na Mahadum California Press, wee malite idezi akwụkwọ akụkọ Sierra Club na 1946.
Mmetụta mba
thumb|Njem ndagwurugwu Green River na Dinosaur National Monument's Bull Park na 1953. Na 1950, Sierra Club nwere ihe dị ka ndị òtù 7,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na West Coast. N'afọ ahụ, isi Atlantic ghọrọ nke mbụ e guzobere na mpụga California. Otu òtù ndị nduzi afọ ofufo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-elekọta nzukọ ahụ, bụ́ ndị otu obere ndị ụkọchukwu na-enyere aka. A họpụtara Brower ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa mbụ na 1952, klọb ahụ wee malite ịchụkwute ndị otu nchekwa nchekwa dị ka National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, Wilderness Society, na Izaak Walton League, nke nwere ndị ọrụ ọkachamara ogologo oge.
Sierra Club nwetara aha obodo ya n'agha megide Echo Park Dam na Dinosaur National Monument na Utah, nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mkpesa mara ọkwa na 1950. Brower duuru ọgụ ahụ, na-akwado nkwado sitere n'aka otu nchekwa nchekwa ndị ọzọ. Nzụlite Brower n'ime mbipụta bịara bụrụ nke siri ike; site n'enyemaka nke onye nkwusa Alfred Knopf, Nke a bụ Dinosaur e mere ngwa ngwa n'ime ndị nta akụkọ. N'ịkpọku ndị na-ekiri Hetch Hetchy, ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa na-agbachitere Congress nke ọma, bụ nke kpochapụrụ Echo Park dam na ọrụ Colorado River dị ka a kwadoro na 1955. Nkwenye maka ọrụ Sierra Club na mmeri Echo Park na mmeri 10,000 na 1956 kwalitere ndị otu site na 10,000 na 1956 ruo 15,000 na 1960.
Sierra Club bụzi ọgbakọ nchekwa obodo n'ezie, ndị nchekwa wee were atụmatụ ọzara were iwe were iwe. Nzukọ Ọhịa Biennial nke klọb ahụ, nke ewepụtara na 1949 na mmekorita ya na The Wilderness Society, ghọrọ ike dị mkpa na mkpọsa ahụ nwetara ikike nke Iwu Wilderness na 1964, na-akara oge izizi na ala ọha ( nde acres 9.1) na-echebe kpamkpam site na mmepe. . Grand Teton National Park na Ogige Ogige Olimpik ka agbasakwara na agbamume ndị Sierra Club.
Usoro akwụkwọ
Na 1960, Brower ji This Is the American Earth wepụta usoro akwụkwọ ngosi ihe ngosi, na na 1962 In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, nwere foto agba nke Eliot Porter. Akwụkwọ tebụl kọfị ndị a, nke ngalaba akwụkwọ ha Siera Club bipụtara, webatara ndị na-ege ntị na Sierra Club. E rere puku puku iri ise n'ime afọ anọ mbụ, ma ka ọ na-erule 1960 ahịa karịrị nde $10. N’oge na-adịghị anya Brower nọ na-ebipụta aha ọhụrụ abụọ n’afọ n’usoro ihe ngosi Format, mana ọ bụghị ihe niile mere nke ọma dị ka n’ime ọhịa. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwebata ọha na eze na nchekwa ọzara na Sierra Club, ego ha na-efu maka nzukọ ahụ, ihe dị ka $60,000 otu afọ mgbe 1964 gasịrị. Nlekọta ego ghọrọ ihe esemokwu n'etiti Brower na ndị isi ya.
Mgbasa ozi Grand Canyon
Mkpesa agha nke Sierra Club kacha kwusara na 1960 bụ mbọ iji kwụsị Bureau of Reclamation iwu dams abụọ nke ga-eju akụkụ nke Grand Canyon. E bipụtara akwụkwọ bụ Time and the River Flow: Grand Canyon nke Francois Leydet dere n'usoro akwụkwọ Ngosipụta. Na-emegide ọrụ mgbochi mmiri nke Bridge Canyon na Marble Canyon, mgbasa ozi zuru ezu nke ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ etinyere na The New York Times na The Washington Post na 1966 tiri mkpu, "Oge a ọ bụ nnukwu Canyon ka ha chọrọ iju mmiri," wee jụọ, "anyị kwesịkwara. Ijuju na Sistine Chapel ka ndị njem nlegharị anya wee bịaruo elu ụlọ nso nso? Mgbasa ozi ndị ahụ welitere oke ngagharị iwe na Congress, na-akpali ndị ọrụ ntinye ego nke ime obodo ikwuwapụta na ọ na-akwụsịtụ ọkwa 501(c)(3) nke Sierra Club na-eche nyocha. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kpachara anya maka ịtọlite ​​Sierra Club Foundation dị ka nzukọ (c) (3) na 1960 maka onyinye na ntinye aka maka agụmakwụkwọ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-adịghị anabata. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, onyinye a na-enye klọb ahụ kwụsịrị, na-akawanye ụkọ ọrụ ya kwa afọ. Otú ọ dị, ndị otu rịgoro nke ọma na nzaghachi na nyocha banyere izi ezi nke ụtụ isi obodo site na IRS site na 30,000 na 1965 ruo 57,000 na 1967 na 75,000 na 1969.
Mmeri a na-enwe na ọrụ mgbochi mmiri na ihe ịma aka sitere na IRS abịaghị n'efu. Iji mejuo ike nke ihe mgbochi mmiri ga-emepụta, ndị Sierra Club kwadoro n'ezie maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ. Nsonaazụ nke mkpọsa ahụ na azụmaahịa ya bụ, n'okwu onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Andrew Needham, na "Grand Canyon wee chekwaa, oghere dị nsọ," ebe "Ndoputa Navajo" - nke nwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ike na-ebuli elu. slack — "ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe."
Ọgwụgwụ nke oge Brower
N'agbanyeghị ihe ịga nke ọma klọb ahụ na igbochi atụmatụ maka dams Grand Canyon na igbanwe mgbanwe site na 501 (c) (3) ruo 501 (c) (4), esemokwu tolitere maka ego n'etiti Brower na ndị isi oche. Mwepu nke ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ kwa afọ bilitere site na $100,000 na 1967 na 1968 ruo ihe dị ka $200,000 na 1969. Esemokwu ọzọ mere n'ihi amụma klọb ahụ banyere ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia nke Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) ga-arụ na Diablo Canyon dị nso na San Luis Obispo, California. Ọ bụ ezie na klọb ahụ rụrụ ọrụ na-eduga igbochi ụlọ ọrụ nuklia PG&E chọrọ maka Bodega Bay, California, na mmalite 1960s, e wuru ikpe ahụ gburugburu mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe egwu ala ọma jijiji sitere na mmejọ San Andreas dị nso, ọ bụghị site na mmegide nke nuklia. ike n'onwe ya. N'ịgbanwe maka ịkwaga saịtị ọhụrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro site na Nipomo Dunes nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi gaa na Diablo Canyon, ndị isi oche kpebiri ịkwado atụmatụ PG&E maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ. Ntụgharị aka ndị otu na 1967 kwadoro mkpebi kọmiti ahụ.
Mana Brower kwubiri na ike nuklia n'ebe ọ bụla bụ mmejọ, ma kwupụta mmegide ya megide ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, megidere iwu gọọmentị nke klọb ahụ. Dị ka otu ndị na-akwado na ndị na-emegide Browser na-agbakọta, ntuli aka nke ndị nduzi ọhụrụ kwa afọ gosipụtara esemokwu ahụ. Ndị na-akwado Brower meriri ọtụtụ n'ime 1968, mana na nhoputa ndi ochichi nke April 1969, ndi ndoro-ndoro ochichi na-emegide Brower meriri n'ọkwa ise mepere emepe. Ansel Adams na onye isi oche Richard Leonard, abụọ n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi ya na bọọdụ ahụ, dugara ndị mmegide Brower, na-ebo ya ebubo enweghị ego na enweghị isi na ịkpọ oku ka achụpụ ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa. Ndị bọọdụ ahụ tụrụ vootu iri ruo ise ịnakwere arụkwaghịm Brower. N'ikpeazụ, ya na klọb ahụ dịghachi ná mma, a họpụtara Brower ka ọ bụrụ ndị isi oche maka oge site na 1983 ruo 1988, na ọzọ site na 1995 ruo 2000. Brower gbara arụkwaghịm na bọọdụ na 2000.
Afọ McCloskey
thumb|Njem okike na Point Lobos State Reserve na 1972. Michael McCloskey, nke Brower goro na 1961 dị ka onye nnọchi anya mpaghara ugwu mbụ nke klọb ahụ, ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na 1969. Onye nchịkwa lebara nkọwa zuru ezu, McCloskey hiwere ngalaba nchekwa klọb na 1965 wee duzie mkpọsa iji chekwaa Grand Canyon. ma guzobe Redwoods National Park na North Cascades National Park. N'ime 1970s, McCloskey duuru ọrụ omebe iwu nke klọb ahụ-ichekwa ala Alaskan na mpaghara ọzara ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana ịkwado ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ: Iwu njikwa ihe na-egbu egbu nke 1976, mmezi iwu ikuku dị ọcha, yana njikwa Ngwuputa Ngwuputa na Mweghachi nke 1977. , gafere n'oge ọchịchị nke President Jimmy Carter. Mbọ nke Sierra Club na ndị ọzọ—gụnyere ndị nhazi obodo ojii bụ ndị lụrụ ọgụ megide ọrụ “mmeghari mmeghari obodo” na-emebi emebi—dugara na ngafe nke iwu iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mba na iwu njikwa mmetọ mmiri.
Sierra Club hibere kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee mee nkwado onye isi ala mbụ ya na 1984 iji kwado mkpọsa Walter Mondale na-enweghi nke ọma iji wetuo Ronald Reagan. McCloskey gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi nchịkwa na 1985 mgbe  16+1⁄2 afọ (otu oge ahụ Brower duziri nzukọ a), wee weghara aha onye isi oche, wee bụrụ onye isi atụmatụ ụlọ ọgbakọ, na-etinye oge ya na amụma nchekwa karịa ịhazi atụmatụ mmefu ego. na nchịkwa. Mgbe ya na Douglas Wheeler nwechara mkparịta ụka afọ abụọ, onye nzere Republican ya na-agbakasị ndị otu na-emesapụ aka, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ goro Michael Fischer, onye bụbu onye isi California Coastal Commission, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa site na 1987 ruo 1992. Carl Pope, bụbu onye otu klọb ahụ. Onye isi omebe iwu, a họpụtara onye isi nchịkwa na 1992.
Nkwado n'ime klọb ahụ
Na 1990s, ndị otu klọb Jim Bensman, Roger Clarke, David Dilworth, Chad Hanson na David Orr tinyere ihe dị ka ndị otu 2,000 hibere John Muir Sierrans (JMS), otu n'ime ụlọ ọgbakọ, iji kwalite mgbanwe n'ọkwa klọb. Ha kwadoro amụma ọhịa efu na ala ọha na, afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, iwepụ Glen Canyon Dam. JMS nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe ọkwa klọb n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ.
Narị afọ nke 21
thumb|Senator Stabenow zutere ndị nnọchi anya Sierra Club na 2017. Na 2008, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Sierra Club kwụsịrị na mkpesa mgbe Sierra Club kwetara ịkwalite ngwaahịa Clorox, bụ nke akpọrọ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ "dị ize ndụ" nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mmasị Ọha na eze na 2004. Dị ka Carl Pope si kwuo, Sierra Onye isi oche otu, nkwekọrịta ahụ wetara klọb US $1.3 million n'ime afọ anọ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Na Nọvemba 2011, onye isi oche Sierra Club Carl Pope rituru n'ihi enweghị afọ ojuju maka nkwekọrịta Clorox na okwu ndị ọzọ. N'agbata 2007 na 2010, Sierra Club nakweere ihe karịrị US $25 nde na onyinye sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gas, nke ka ukwuu sitere n'aka Aubrey McClendon, onye isi oche nke Chesapeake Energy, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta gas na-etinye aka na fracking.
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
Ntụle
"Nkọwa nke Bulawayo nke Zimbabwe bụ ihe a ma ama ọ bụghị maka nkọwa ya nke Paradaịs na Budapest kama maka nke Darling. ... Bulawayo bụ onye edemede nwere onyinye n'ụzọ doro anya. Ọ na-egosipụta ikike dị ịrịba ama iji jide obi erughị ala nke na-eso mbata ọhụrụ na America, iji mee ka ìhè doo anya otú reinvention nke onwe n'ebe ọhụrụ si emegide ncheta nchebe nke ụzọ ihe si laghachi n'ụlọ. - Uzodinma Iweala, The New York Times
Sierra Club
Narị afọ nke 21
Na Jenụwarị 2023, onye bụbu onye isi NAACP Ben Jealous ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke otu ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa mbụ nke America rụzuru ọrụ ahụ.
Ịnya Ugwu
N'afọ 1901, William Colby haziri njem nleta mbụ nke Sierra Club na ndagwurugwu Yosemite. Ndị na-agba ugwu dịka Francis P. Farquhar, Joseph Nisbet LeConte, Norman Clyde, Walter A. Starr, Jr., Jules Eichorn, Glen Dawson, Ansel Adams, na David R. Brower na-eduzi njem ndị dị elu kwa afọ. Emere ọtụtụ mgbago mbụ na Sierra Nevada na ọpụpụ Sierra Club. Ndị otu Sierra Club bụkwa ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi nke ịrị elu nkume. N'afọ 1911, e hiwere isiakwụkwọ nke mbụ, Angeles, ma malite ime njem nlegharị anya n'ugwu ndị gbara Los Angeles na gburugburu West. Steve Roper's Fifty Classic Climbs of North America, nke ndị Sierra Club na-akwado ma bipụta ya, ka a na-ewere dịka otu n'ime akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-arị elu nkume na United States. Agụmakwụkwọ Njem Ọzara bụ klaasị mgbago ugwu nke ndị Sierra Club na-elekọta.
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
Ntụle
"Olee otu onye edemede ga-esi kọọ akụkọ banyere mba nwere nkụda mmụọ n'enweghị nkụda obi? NoViolet Bulawayo na-achịkwa ya site n'ịmepụta ihe odide dị ụtọ ma na-aṅụrị ọṅụ nke na onye na-agụ ya na-adọrọ mmasị ha n'otu oge ahụ ọ na-achọpụta nsogbu mba ahụ. ... Bulawayo emeela ihe izizi nke na-emetụ n'ahụ ma na-akpali akpali mana nke na-enwekwa mmadu na ọchị. - Leyla Sanai, The Independent na Sunday
"Ihe na-egbochi akwụkwọ ahụ ịda n'okpuru ibu nke ya bụ otu asụsụ, na echiche na nke a bụ onye edemede nwere ezigbo nkà na oké ọchịchọ nke nwere ike iju onye na-agụ ya anya n'oge ọ bụla site na mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ nkà na ụzụ, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị akụkọ ahụ nke ga-eme ka ọ ghara inwe nchegbu na-adịghị mma gaa na ọkwa ọzọ, nke bara uru. N'ezie, gịnị bụ ebumnuche nke ịta ahụhụ n'akwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na-eto eto, mana ije ozi dị ka onye na-amụ nwa maka uto ime mmụọ na nke uche?" - Helon Habila, The Guardian
Sierra Club
Ịnya Ugwu
Ndị otu Sierra anaghị ewepụta ụkpụrụ maka ma ọ bụ na-ahazi alpinism, mana ọ na-ahazi nkuzi ọzara, njem nlegharị anya na njem mgbagharị ugwu maka ndị otu. Na California, a na-ewere klọb ahụ, site na otu egwuregwu ya dị n'èzí, dịka analog nke steeti na klọb ugwu steeti ndị ọzọ dị ka Mazamas, The Mountaineers, ma ọ bụ Colorado Mountain Club. N'ihi mmụba na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nchegbu gbasara ụgwọ ego, ọrụ ịnya ugwu na Sierra Club ebelatala kemgbe 1980s. Isiakwụkwọ ụfọdụ, ọkachasị na California, na-aga n'ihu na-ejigide nnukwu mmemme ịgba ugwu. Ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na-enye ndị na-agba ugwu pụtara ìhè onyinye Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award.
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
Ntụle
"E dere ya na ike kinetic nke na-emetụta ndụ, onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị n'olu na-apụta n'akwụkwọ ụwa kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ NoViolet Bulawayo. Mgbe ụfọdụ, onye na-aṅụrị ọṅụ, onye na'atọ ọchị, onye na na-eru uju, onye na - obi ọjọọ, na onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, onye na: Darling, bụ onye na-ele ọnọdụ mmadụ anya nke ọma. - Jim Hannan, World Literature Today
Sierra Club
Ịga ije na njem
N'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọtụtụ ndị isi Sierra Club sonyeere 10th Mountain Division. Otu n'ime ha bụ David R. Brower, onye jikwaa mmemme High Trip site na 1947 ruo 1954, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi na Reserve Army.
Anyị chọrọ aha ọhụrụ
Ntụle
[M] kacha metụta ihe niile bụ ngosipụta mbụ nke Darling na ndị otu ya na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma, na anya ha na-ekwu okwu na njakịrị ngwa ngwa - ihe dị ịtụnanya nke ndị mmadụ bụ ndị Bulawayo na-enye ohere ijikọta ihe aka ike na ịma aka. Ike ha na-enweghị mgbochi, mmụọ na olileanya, mgbe mgbe n'ihu ihe mgbu n'ezie, bụ ihe a na-echeta. " - Margaret Busby, The Independent
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Sierra Club
Ihe nrite Sierra Club
thumb|Ladybug, Ready for Takeoff - Onye mmeri Grand Prize na Sierra Club's April 2010 Trails Photo Contest Ndị otu Sierra Club na-enye ọtụtụ ihe nrite kwa afọ, dị ka ihe nrite Sierra Club John Muir, Award Ansel Adams for Conservation Photography, Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award, Edgar Wayburn Award maka ndị ọrụ ọha, onyinye Rachel Carson maka ndị nta akụkọ na Ndị ode akwụkwọ, ihe nrite William O. Douglas maka ọrụ iwu, yana onyinye EarthCare maka nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu ụwa.
Nchịkwa ala
A na-ewere njikwa ala, ịnweta, nchekwa dị ka mpaghara nkwado nke Sierra Club. N'ụzọ pụrụ iche maka nzukọ na-aga n'ihu, Sierra Club nwere nzukọ ntọala siri ike n'ime ime obodo, na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ na ojiji nke ala ọha na eze ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a na-emesi ike karịsịa na klọb ahụ na-adọta ọtụtụ ndị na-esonyere klọb ahụ maka ntụrụndụ na iji ala ọha na eze mee njem.
Na 2023, Sierra Club gbara gọọmentị Puerto Rico akwụkwọ maka ọrụ ume ọhụrụ iri na asatọ na ala karịa hectare 2,000. Ndị otu Sierra Club rụrụ ụka na ala ahụ nwere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi yana uru ọrụ ugbo dị elu. Ndị otu Sierra Club kwuru na iwulite ọrụ ike mmeghari ohuru na ala ugbo bụ "mwakpo siri ike na nchekwa nri nke Puerto Rico."
Mmegide megide coal
thumb|Sierra Club na People's Climate March na Washington DC na 2017. Ebumnuche nke ụlọ ọgbakọ Sierra bụ iji ike ndị ọzọ dochie coal. Site na mgbasa ozi ya "Beyond Coal", Sierra Club ewepụtala ihe mgbaru ọsọ imechi ọkara nke osisi coal na US n'afọ 2017. Onye ọchụnta ego America na onye bụbu onye isi obodo New York City Michael Bloomberg nyere $50 nde maka ọrụ mgbochi coal nke Sierra Club. na 2011, ma kwupụta onyinye ọzọ $30 million na mgbasa ozi Sierra Beyond Coal na 2015. Mgbasa ozi Beyond Coal na-ekwu na emechiela osisi coal 187 kemgbe 2010. Ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbasa ozi mgbochi coal nke Sierra Club gụnyere William na Flora Hewlett Foundation na John D. na Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Onye isi oche nke Chesapeake Energy, ụlọ ọrụ gas sitere n'okike, nyere $26 nde na mkpọsa Beyond Coal n'etiti 2007 na 2010.
Mmegide megide ike nuklia
Ndị otu Sierra Club "na-emegide n'ụzọ doro anya" maka ike nuklia.
Mmegide maka mmiri na ihe mgbochi mmiri
Sierra Club agbaala mbọ megide ọrụ ike mmiri na nnukwu mmiri mmiri. N'ịgbaso ọgụ megide ọrụ ike mmiri, Sierra Club ekwupụtala mmegide na eriri ọkụ ma kwuo na ọrụ ike mmiri na-akpaghasị ebe obibi anụmanụ.
Ndị otu Sierra Club na-akwado mwepu nke Glen Canyon Dam na igbapu nke Ọdọ Powell. Klọb ahụ na-akwadokwa iwepụ, imebi ma ọ bụ ịchụpụ ọtụtụ dams ndị ọzọ, gụnyere dams anọ na obere Osimiri Snake dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Washington. Ndị otu Sierra Club na-emegide mbubata ike sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri Quebec na New York, na-arụ ụka na ibubata ike ike site na osisi Quebec ga-akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi wee bute obere ọrụ ume ọhụrụ na steeti New York.
Echiche dị iche iche banyere ọrụ anyanwụ
Isiakwụkwọ ụfọdụ nke Sierra Club agbachitere aka megide ọrụ ike anyanwụ, ebe isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ agbachitere ọrụ ike anyanwụ. Ndị otu Saerra megidere Agha Born Solar Project, bụ ọrụ anyanwụ kacha ukwuu na U.S., na-ekwu maka mmetụta ọ nwere na ebe mbe ọzara. Ndị otu Sierra Club gbara gọọmentị etiti akwụkwọ ka ha kwụsị ọdụ anyanwụ Calico dị 663.5 megawatt dị na Desert Mojave na California, na-ekwu na ọ ga-emebi anụ ọhịa echedoro.
Mmegide megide ikike dị mfe
Na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro iji kwalite usoro inye ohere maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'agbanyeghị nchegbu na nyocha na-enye ohere gburugburu ebe obibi na-egbu oge ma na-egbochi ọrụ ndị nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bara uru, Sierra Club kwupụtara mmegide megide mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ, na-arụrịta ụka "Ihe ọ bụla a tụrụ anya ọrụ bụ - ma ọ bụ pipeline ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ugbo nke anyanwụ - ọ kwesịrị ịdị n'okpuru otu usoro nyocha nke nkịtị. Ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ ka ọrụ ndị a na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa, anyị ekwesịghị ịda mbà n'iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-etinyekwu ego n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ. "
Njikọ ya na ndị ọrụ a haziri ahazi
thumb|Ndị otu na New York City Fight maka ihe omume $ 15 na 2015. Sierra Club bụ onye otu BlueGreen Alliance, njikọta nke otu gburugburu ebe obibi na otu ndị ọrụ. E hiwere BlueGreen Alliance na 2006 wee tolite site na mmekorita na-adịchaghị mma n'etiti Sierra Club na United Steelworkers. Na 2012, Laborers' International Union of North America hapụrụ njikọ aka n'ihi Sierra Club na ndị ọzọ gburugburu ebe obibi megidere Keystone Pipeline.