cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Osun-Osogbo
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ememme
Ememme Ọsun-Osogbo n’onwe ya bụ mmemme were izuụka abụọ. Omenala a na-asachapụ n’Osogbo bụ ‘Iwopopo’, nke ụbọchị atọ gachara, a na-agbanye oriọna dị narị afọ ise dị iri na isii a na-akpọ ‘Ina Olojumerindinlogun’. Mgbe ahụ, 'Iboriade', bụ ọgbakọ okpueze nke ndị ọchịchị gara aga, ndị Ataoja nke Osogbo, ga-abịa maka ngọzi.
Ememe ahụ na-ejedebe na njem n'ebe arụsị dị nsọ dị n'osisi dị nsọ ebe nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ na-ewuli elu. Ịgba ịgba, ịgba egwú, ịgba egwú, iyi uwe mara mma, ikwu okwu banyere asụsụ Yoruba, ịgụ abụ abụ otuto, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ihe omume ahụ pụta ìhè. Nke a bụ onye isi oche Ataoja nke Osogbo tinyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri akpọrọ Arugba na kọmitii ndị ụkọchukwu, bụ ndị megharịrị nzukọ mbụ n'etiti Oluwatimilehin na Yeye Osun. Arugba bụ nwa agbọghọ si n'agbụrụ eze na-akpọ ya, na-achụkwa chi.
N'afọ abuo puku na iri abuo, njem a bụ naanị ndị na-eme emume ma kwụsịtụrụ nsonye ọha n'ihi COVID-19. thumb| Ina Olojumerindinlogun, oriọna dị nsọ na-enwu na mbido mmemme Ọsun-Osogbo kwa afọ. Ememme a baara ngalaba njem nlegharị anya na Naịjirịa nnukwu uru. Ọ na-enyere ndị obodo aka ire omenala ha nye ndị njem nlegharị anya na-abịa ma n'ime obodo maobu ochichi obodo ma si n'akụkụ ụwa dum.
Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe
Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ enweghị ike ịnụ ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịdị mgbe a mụrụ ya ma ọ bụ nweta ya n'oge ọ bụla mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ime n'otu ntị ma ọ bụ abụọ. N'ime ụmụaka, nsogbu ịnụ ihe nwere ike imetụta ikike inweta asụsụ a na-ekwu, na ndị okenye ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe isi ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ. Enweghị ịnụ ihe nwere ike ịbụ nke nwa oge ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide. Enweghị ịnụ ihe metụtara afọ na-emetụtakarị ntị abụọ ma bụrụkwa n'ihi enweghi mkpuru ndu ntutu cochlear. Ufọdụ ndị mmadụ nti chiri, ọkachasị ndị agadi, nwere ike ịkpata owu ọmụma. Ndi nti chiri na-enwekarị obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ntị.
Enwere ike ịkpata nhụsianya site n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere: mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịka nká, ikpughe ụda, ọrịa ụfọdụ, nsogbu ọmụmụ, nhụjuanya na ntị, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ nsị. Ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị nke na-ebute ọnwụ ntị bụ ọrịa ntị na-adịghị ala ala. Ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe n'oge ime ime, dị ka cytomegalovirus, syphilis na rubella, nwekwara ike ime ka ị nụ ihe na nwata.. A na-achọpụta na ntị anaghị anụ mgbe nyocha ntị na-achọta na mmadụ enweghị ike ịnụ 25 decibel na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntị. A na-atụ aro ịnwale maka ichi ntị adịghị mma maka ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ niile. E nwere ike ịkọwa ọdịda ntị dị ka nke dị nro (25 ruo 40 dB), nke dị n'etiti (41 ruo 55 dB), nke siri ike (56 ruo 70 dB), nke kachasị njọ (71 ruo 90 dB), ma ọ bụ nke miri emi (karịa 90 dB). Enwere ụdị nhụsianya atọ bụ isi: nkwụsị ntị na-emegharị emegharị, ọnwụ anụ ahụ nke anụ ahụ, na nkwụsị ntị agwakọtara
A na-egbochi ihe dị ka ọkara ntị n'ụwa niile site na usoro ahụike ọha na eze. omume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị n'akụkụ ime ime, izere oke mkpọtụ, na izere ọgwụ ụfọdụ. Òtù Ahụ́ Ike Ụwa na-atụ aro ka ndị na-eto eto kwụsị ikpughe ụda na-ada ụda na iji ihe ndị na-ege ntị na-ege ntị n’onwe ha ihe dị ka otu awa kwa ụbọchị ná mgbalị ibelata ikpughe mkpọtụ. Ịmata na nkwado n'oge dị mkpa karịsịa n'ime ụmụaka. Nye ọtụtụ ndị, ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, asụsụ ogbi, ntinye cochlear na ndepụta okwu bara uru. ỊgụỊgụ. Otú ọ dị, ịnweta ihe enyemaka ịnụ ihe, dị oke n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa.
Iji okwu ndị a bụ "ndị na-adịghị anụ ihe", ndi nti chiri-ogbi ma bụ ndị nti chiri na ogbi Ịkọwa ndị ntị chiri na ndị na-anụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ógbè ndị ogbi yana òtù na -akwado nkwado.
ụkpụrụ ntị
Ịnụ mmadụ na-agbatị ugboro ugboro site na 20 ruo 20,000 Hz, yana ike sitere na 0 dB ruo 120 dB HL ma ọ bụ karịa. 0 dB anaghị anọchi anya enweghị ụda, kama ụda kacha dị nro nke ntị mmadụ na-enweghị mmerụ nwere ike ịnụ; ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ruo -5 ma ọ bụ ọbụna -10 dB. Ụda na-adakarị ụda na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ karịa 90 dB na 115 dB na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụzọ mgbu. Ntị anaghị anụ ugboro niile nke ọma: nhụsianya kacha elu gburugburu 3,000 Hz. Enwere ọtụtụ àgwà ịnụ ihe mmadụ ma e wezụga oke ugboro na ike nke a na-apụghị ịtụ ngwa ngwa n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche bara uru, a na-akọwapụta ọtịta nkịtị site na ugboro na eserese ike, ma ọ bụ audiogram, na-esetịta ọnụ ụzọ ịnụ ihe n'oge akọwapụtara. N'ihi mmetụta nchikota nke afọ na ikpughe ụda na mkparị ụda olu ndị ọzọ, ịnụrụ 'ụdị' nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe nkịtị..
Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà
Enweghị ike ịnụ ihe bụ ihe mmetụta, mana ọ nwere ike ịnwe mgbaàmà ndị na-eso ya:
Enwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ na-eso ya:
Verna Vels
Akụkọ ndụ
Amụrụ Verna Vels na Reitz, Orange Free State, South Africa. Ọ gara Mahadum Pretoria, na 1954 ọ gụchara nzere BA, n'ụbara Afrikaans na Dutch, English, na Art History.
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1954, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme nkwuputa na redio na SABC na Durban, bụ ebe ọ malitere inwe mmasị na mmemme ụmụaka. Na 1963, ọ kwagara Johannesburg. Na 1968 ọ rụrụ ọrụ otu afọ na Radio Netherlands na Hilversum Wereldomroep. Na 1973 ọ kwagara Durban dị ka onye nhazi nke Mmemme Afrikaans na Natal wee bụrụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye nhazi na mpaghara. N'afọ 1974, Vels laghachiri na Johannesburg, ebe ahọpụtara ya na mmemme Televishon dị ka onye nhazi akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikaans nke gụnyere mmemme ụmụaka. Emebere mmemme dịka Kraaines na Wielie Walie n'okpuru nduzi ya. N'ime afọ niile nke ịdị adị ya, o kwupụtara Wielie Walie ' Bennie bookworm. N'ime afọ abụọ tupu telivishọn agbasa ozi ọma (na 5 Jenụwarị 1976), Vels tinyere aka na mmepụta na nhazi nke mmemme na n'ikpeazụ na ịzụrụ mmemme na mba ọzọ. Ọ malitere ide ihe maka redio ná mmalite ọrụ ya, e bipụtakwara ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ a n'ikpeazụ.
Akụkọ mbụ Liewe Heksie (Dear little witch) ka ekesara na redio na 1961. Ọtụtụ usoro Liewe Heksie ekesara.
Ihe nrite
Ọ natara ọtụtụ onyinye n'aka Kultuurinstansies, gụnyere:
Ọnwụ
ÈVerna Vels nwụrụ site na ọrịa kansa na Thursday, abalị iri abụọ na otu nke afọ 2014, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na otu.
Hụkwa
Verna Barbara Robertson Vels (1
Slavery on salt farms in Sinan County
thumb|300x300px|Ugbo nnu dị ka ndị a na Sinan County na-agba ndị ohu na-azụ ahịa maka ọrụ Ịgba ohu n'ugbo nnu nke Sinan County metụtara nchọpụta nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Sinan County, Jeollanam-do ( « ), South Korea na 2014. Achọpụtara na a tọọrọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi ma ziga ha n'ugbo nnu ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla.akwuru hà.
Ndabere
Ụmụ nwoke abụọ nwere nkwarụ na-enweghị ebe obibi (Kim na Chae) bi na Mokpo na Seoul. Otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-edebeghị aha gwara ha na ha nwere ike inweta ego site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ugbo nnu nke Sinan County. Kama nke ahụ, e rere ha nye onye ọrụ ugbo nke nwere ọdọ mmiri nnu maka otu nde won. A zụrụ Kim n'afọ 2012, ewere zụrụ kwá n'afọ 2008.
A manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ n'akwụghị ụgwọ na ọdọ mmiri nnu na Sineuido, Sinan County. A manyere Kim na Chae ịrụ ọrụ ruo awa iri na anọ n'ụbọchị; ọ bụrụ na ha arụghị ọrụ nke ọma, a na-eji ígwè ma ọ bụ osisi tie ha ihe.
Kim nwara ịgbapụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ ugboro atọ, mana mbọ ya niile kụrụ afọ n'ala. Mgbe ọ nwara nke atọ, a na-eyi Kim egwu ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịa ọzọ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Kim zigara nne ya akwụkwọ ozi. Nne ya kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii na Seoul. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị uwe ojii Seoul napụtara Kim na Chae na 6 Febụwarị 2014. Ndị uwe ojii Seoul jidere onye nwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ndebanye aha. Ka Kim na nne ya zukọtara, Chae enweghị ike iso ezinụlọ ya biri, ya mere ọ banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.
Ime ụlọ
Nnyocha nke ndị ọchịchị Korea na ndị nta akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ha na 2013 na 2014 chọpụtara ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nnu 163, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere nkwarụ uche ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ, ndị a na-ejide ma na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị ka ohu. Ihe dị ka ndị nwe ugbo agwaetiti 50 na ndị na-ere ahịa ọrụ mpaghara ka ebora ebubo ma ọ bụ mara ha ikpe maka mpụ ndị metụtara ya
. Ọ dịghị ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ ndị uwe ojii maara maka mpụ ndị ahụ e boro ebubo.
Ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Seoul Guro
Seoul Guro Police Station (akụkụ nke Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency) tụrụ aro ezigbo nyocha nke ọma banyere ịzụ ahịa na agwaetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke South Korea.
Onye isi ala South Korea
Onye isi ala Park Geun-hye ( « ) kwuru banyere mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ na mpaghara Sinan. O kwuru, "O kwesịghị ime na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, anyị kwesịrị iwepụ ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ a, ya mere ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii nke mba na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu kachasị elu ga-enyocha agwaetiti ndị ọzọ dịpụrụ adịpụ iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. "
Osote onye isi okwu nke Sinan County Council
. Park Yong-chan (박용찬), a party member of the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (새정치민주연합) and a deputy Speaker of Sinan county council (신안군 의회 부의장), was arrested by the Jeonnam police (전남지방경찰청) on 15 April 2014 for failure to pay three labourers who had worked on his salt evaporation pond, whom he should have paid a total of one hundred million won. He was also accused of beating his labourers.
Jeollanam-do
Na úbọchị 22 Febụwarị 2014, Jeollanam-do kpebiri idozi mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ site n'ịkwalite ikike ndị ọrụ nke ọrụ nnu na mbọ há na agba.
Ụmụ amaala na Sinan County
Mgbe e jidere onye ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Korean Broadcasting System ( Nwunye otu onye nwe ọdọ mmiri kwuru, "Anyị ekwesịghị inye ndị nwere nkwarụ ụgwọ ọnwa n'ihi na ha ga-eji ụgwọ ọrụ niile zụta ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya." Otu nwa amaala kwuru, "Na mpaghara Sinan, onye na-akwụwa aka ọtọ na-aghọ onye nzuzu..
. Nwoke nke ise kachasị baa ọgaranya nwere ndị ọrụ ọdọ mmiri nke ise. " Otu onye uwe ojii eagorobara aha ya k sịwuru, "N'oge m na-eje ozi na mpaghara Sinan, ọbụnadị onye nyocha ndị uwe ojii obodo ahụ leghaara ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ anya."
Ịntanetị
Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ịntanetị South Korea dị ka Naver katọrọ ma Sinan County ma ndị uwe ojii obodo. Site na ọnọdụ mpaghara Sinan County, Ilbe Storehouse, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ South Korea katọrọ mpaghara Honam.
Thomas E. Askew
Thomas E. Askew (ihe dị ka afọ1847 na Julaị 12, afọ 1914) bụ onye na-ese foto na Atlanta, Georgia. Onye Afrịka-Amerịka, ọrụ ya gụnyere foto nke onwe ya, ezinụlọ ya, na ndị ama ama n'obodo Afrịka-Amerịka.
E tinyere foto ya na echiche ya na abọm akpọrọ Types of American Negroes nke W. E. B. Du Bois chịkọtara maka The Exhibit of American Negrees na Exposition Universelle nke 1900 na Paris.
Ọ nwụrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 12, nke afọ 1914. Nnukwu ọkụ Atlanta nke 1917 bibiri ụlọ ọrụ ya na ngwá ọrụ ya. E liri ya na ili ozu Oakland nke Atlanta. thumb|Foto nke nwa nwanyị Askew thumb|Summit Avenue Ensemble: Ụmụ Askew na onye agbata obi
Queen Latifah
Mkpurụ okwu sélénsé thumb|Queen Latifah
BDana Elaine Owens (amuru March 18, 1970), onye amara dika Queen Latifah, bu onye obodo America, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye ọbụ abụ. Amụrụ ya na Newark, New Jersey, ọ bịanyere aka na Tommy Boy Records na 1989 wee wepụta album mbụ ya All Hail the Queen na abalị iri abụo na asatọ na onwa November, na afọr 1989, na-egosipụta otu egwu ana akpo "Ladies First". Nature of a Sista' (1991) bụ album ya nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ ya na Tommy Boy Records.
Queen Latifah gbara egwu dị ka Khadijah James na Fox sitcom Living Single site na afor 1993 ruo 1998. Ndekọ ya nke atọ, Black Reign (1993), ghọrọ album mbụ nke onye na-agụ nwanyị solo nwetara nzere RIAA, wee wepụta otu " UNITY ", bụ nke nwere mmetụta n'ịzụlite mmata banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ebumnuche nke Mmekọahụ nwanyị ojii. Ihe ndekọ ahụ meriri Grammy Award na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na Nke 23 na <i id="mwKA">Billboard</i> Hot 100. O mechara bụrụ onye ndu nke Set It Off (1996) wee wepụta album ya nke anọ, Order in the Court, na June 16, 1998 na Motown Records. Latifah nwetara otuto na ọrụ ya nke Matron "Mama" Morton na ihe nkiri egwu Chicago (2002), na-anata nhọpụta maka Academy Award for Best Support Actress.
Latifah weputara album nke ise ya The Dana Owens Album na 2004. Na 2007 na 2009, o wepụtara album ọzọ na studio – Trav'lin' Light na Persona. O kere ihe ngosi okwu ụbọchị ehihie The Queen Latifah Show, nke sitere na 1999 ruo 2001, na ọzọ site na 2013 ruo 2015, na syndication. Ọ pụtala n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, dị ka Bringing Down the House (2003), Taxi (2004), Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2005), Beauty Shop (2005), Ikpeazụ Holiday (2006), Hairspray (2007), Joyful Noise (2012), 22 Jump Street (2014) na Girls Trip (2017) ma nye ọrụ olu na usoro ihe nkiri Ice Age. Latifah nwetara nkwanye ùgwù dị egwu maka ihe ngosi ya nke onye na-agụ egwú blues Bessie Smith na ihe nkiri HBO Bessie (2015), nke o mebere, na-emeri Primtime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie. Site na 2016 ruo 2019, ọ gbara egwu dị ka Carlotta Brown na usoro ihe nkiri egwu Star. Na 2020, o gosipụtara Hattie McDaniel na miniseries Hollywood.
Akpọrọ Queen Latifah dị ka " Queen of Rap " site n'ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi, yana "rap's first feminist". Latifah ghọrọ onye omenkà hip hop mbụ nwetara kpakpando na Hollywood Walk of Fame (2006). Ọrụ Latifah na egwu, ihe nkiri na telivishọn enwetawo ya Grammy Award, Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, atọ Screen Actors Guild Awards, abụọ NAACP Image Awards, na Academy Award nomination.
Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Dana Elaine Owens na Newark, New Jersey, na Maachị 18, 1970, wee biri na East Orange, New Jersey. Ọ bụ ada Rita Lamae (née Bray; d. 2018), onye nkuzi na Irvington High School (Latifah's alma mater ), na Lancelot Amos Owens, onye uwe ojii. Ndị mụrụ ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe Latifah dị afọ iri.
A zụlitere Latifah na okwukwe Baptist. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na Newark, New Jersey na Essex Catholic Girls High School na Irvington, mana ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Irvington High School. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gasịrị, Queen Latifah gara klas na Borough of Manhattan Community College.
Ọ chọtara aha ogbo ya, Latifah ( لطيفة laţīfa ), nke pụtara "dị nro" na "ụdị dị ukwuu" n'asụsụ Arabic, n'akwụkwọ nke aha Arabic mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. Ogologo oge niile, 5-foot-10-inch (1.78 m) Latifah bụ ike na-aga n'ihu na otu egwuregwu basketball nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ rụrụ nọmba " Ụlọ " site na egwu The Wiz na egwuregwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ.
1988–1989: Mmalite ọrụ
Ọ malitere ịkụ ọkpọ maka òtù hip-hop Ladies Fresh na bụ onye mbụ so na Flavor Unit, nke, n'oge ahụ, bụ ndị ọrụ MC na-agbakọta gburugburu onye mmepụta DJ King Gemini, bụ onye mere ihe ngosi ngosi nke Queen Latifah's rap Princess nke Posse. O nyere Fab 5 Freddy, onye ọbịa ''Yo! MTV Raps''. Egwu ahụ nwetara nlebara anya nke onye ọrụ Tommy Boy Music Dante Ross, bụ onye bịanyere aka na Latifah na 1989 nyere otu mbụ ya, "Wrath of My Madness". Ndị na-ese ihe na-adịbeghị anya, dị ka Ice Cube na Lil 'Kim, ga-aga n'ihu na-atụ egwu egwu Latifah na egwu ha, "Wrath of Kim's Madness" na "Ị pụghị igwu egwu na My Yo-Yo" n'afọ ndị ọzọ. Latifah nwere oke olu-octave abụọ. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye contralto, nwere ikike nke ma rap na ịbụ abụ.
1989–2002: Rap na hip-hop
Latifah mere akara ya na hip-hop site n'ịkọ banyere okwu gbasara ịbụ nwanyị ojii. Egwu ya kpuchiri isiokwu gụnyere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, mmaja n'okporo ámá, na nsogbu mmekọrịta. Freddy nyeere Latifah aka ịbanye na Tommy Boy Records, bụ nke wepụtara Latifah album mbụ All Hail the Queen na 1989, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. N'afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara dị ka Referee na UK label Music of Life album 1989 – Mgbakọ ndị Hustler (dị ndụ). Ọ natara onyinye nturu ugo Candace site na National Coalition of 100 Black Women na 1992. Otu "Ladies First" nke gosipụtara Monie Love ghọrọ egwu mbụ na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na-agụ egwú na-abụghị otu. Na 1993, o wepụtara album Black Reign, bụ nke enwetara ikike Gold na United States wee mepụta abụ mmeri nke Grammy Award " UNITY " Na 1998, Ro Smith mebere ya, ugbu a CEO nke Def Ro Inc., o weputara album hip-hop nke anọ ya Order in the Court, nke Motown Records weputara. Latifah bụkwa onye otu hip-hop mkpokọta asụsụ obodo.
Latifah rụrụ na Super Bowl XXXII ihe nkiri ọkara, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ rapper ime ya.
2003–2009: Gbanwee na abụ ọdịnala
thumb| Queen Latifah na-akwado LEAGUE National Awards na nnabata Luncheon 2008 Mgbe Order na Courtlọikpe gasịrị, Latifah gbanwere n'ụzọ bụ isi na-abụ egwu mkpụrụ obi na ụkpụrụ jazz, nke o jirila obere oge na ndekọ ndekọ hip-hop ya gara aga. Na 2004, o wepụtara ụkpụrụ mkpụrụ obi / jazz The Dana Owens Album. Na Julaị 11, 2007, Latifah bụrụ abụ na Hollywood Bowl a ma ama na Los Angeles dị ka isi okwu na egwu egwu jazz dị ndụ. N'ihu igwe mmadụ karịrị 12,400, ndị otu egwu egwu dị ndụ 10 na ndị na-akụ azụ azụ atọ kwadoro ya, bụ nke akwụ ụgwọ dị ka Queen Latifah Orchestra. Latifah mere nhazi ọhụrụ nke ụkpụrụ gụnyere " California Dreaming ", nke mbụ emere na 1960 akara ngosi Mamas &amp; Papas na -ewu ewu. Mgbe e mesịrị na 2007, Latifah wepụtara album akpọrọ Trav'lin' Light. Jill Scott, Erykah Badu, Joe Sample, George Duke, Christian McBride, na Stevie Wonder mere ndị ọbịa anya. Ahọpụtara ya maka Grammy na ngalaba "Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album".
Na 2009, Latifah, tinyere NJPAC Jubilation Choir, dekọrọ egwu egwu na album Oh, Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration, na-ekpuchi egwu nke Edwin Hawkins Singers mere na-ewu ewu na 1969.
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Ndụ onwe onye
Azụlitere na East Orange, New Jersey, Latifah abụrụla onye bi na Colts Neck, New Jersey ; Rumson, New Jersey ; na Beverly Hills, California.
Egburu nwanne Latifah nke tọrọ, Lancelot Jr. na 1992 na ihe mberede metụtara ọgba tum tum Latifah zụtara ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2006 kpughere na Latifah ka na-eyi igodo ọgba tum tum n'olu ya, na-ahụ anya n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ na sitcom Living Single. O nyekwaara ya ọchịchị ojii. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya nke 1999, Ladies First: Mkpughe nke nwanyị siri ike, Latifah kwurịtara otú ọnwụ nwanne ya si mee ka ịda mbà n'obi na ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, bụ nke o mesịrị gbakee.
Na 1995, a tara Latifah n'ụgbọ ala, nke mekwara ka e gbaa enyi ya nwoke, Sean Moon.
Ogologo oge Latifah jụrụ ịkọ nkọ banyere mmekọahụ na ndụ onwe ya, na-agwa New York Times na 2008 na "Ọ dịghị m ka m kwesịrị ịkọrọ ndụ m, ọ dịghịkwa m ịma ma ndị mmadụ chere na m bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke ma ọ bụ ọ bụghị". Na BET Awards 2021, n'oge okwu nnabata ya maka onyinye onyinye ndụ ndụ, o kwuputara n'ihu ọha onye ibe ya Eboni Nichols na nwa Rebel maka oge mbụ, mechie okwu ahụ na " Nganga obi ụtọ!" .
Ihe nketa
Akpọrọ Queen Latifah dị ka " Queen of Rap " na "Queen of Hip Hop"  site n'ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi. Dinitia Smith dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka magazin <i id="mwAmY">New York</i> (1990) kpọrọ ya "Queen of Rap" na akụkọ profaịlụ ya. N'akwụkwọ bụ Notable Black American Women, Jessie Carney Smith weere ya "onye mbụ nwanyị rap" na "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-eme akara na mpaghara egwu rap na-achịkwa nwoke". Ụdị dị iche iche kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime ndị isi ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na hip-hop ọgbara ọhụrụ," na The Guardian weere ya "onye ọsụ ụzọ nke rap nwanyị." Onye edemede AllMusic Steve Huey kwuru na Latifah abụghị "n'ezie ọ bụghị nwanyị mbụ rapper, mana ọ bụ onye mbụ ghọrọ ezigbo kpakpando." Latifah ghọrọ onye mbụ solo rapper nke enwetara asambodo RIAA maka album ( Black Reign ), ọganihu azụmahịa nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ AllMusic tụlere na nke mepụtara ụzọ maka "ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nkà nke ụmụ nwanyị rapper iji mee onwe ha ụzọ na chaatị dị ka 90s gara n'ihu". Ọganihu ya nyekwara aka idobe New Jersey na maapụ hip hop.
Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ African American Review si kwuo, vidio egwu ụmụ nwanyị na-ekpo ọkụ nke afrocentric maka "Ladies First" gosipụtara "oge telivishọn" ma mebie ọganihu nke mmekọahụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke na-achịkwa vidiyo egwu n'oge ahụ. Edepụtara egwu a na egwu 500 nke Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nke Shaped Rock and Roll, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ederede izizi iji lebara ụkpụrụ ndakpọ nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na ndụ obodo. Onye edemede Tricia Rose kwupụtara na ọ "nyere hip-hop maka mmepe nke pro-nwanyị pro-black diasporas nsụhọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." N'ihi ya, Okla Jones kwuru na egwu " UNITY "-nke egwu na-eche mkparị megide ụmụ nwanyị na omenala hip-hop ma na-eleba anya n'ụdị enweghị nkwanye ùgwù ndị ọzọ-mepụtara ụzọ maka ndị na-egwu egwu nwanyị n'ọdịnihu ka ha bụrụ "ezigbo onwe ha". Magazin <i id="mwApU">Vibe akọwapụtala</i> ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ rapper gafere na TV & ihe nkiri, dị ka onye na-ese ihe “mebiri ihe mgbochi ma setịpụ ụkpụrụ” maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na egwu ịgbaso, wee kpọọ ya dị ka “Nwanyị mbụ nke hip. -Hop". Na 2020, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Vogue Janelle Okwodu lere ya anya dị ka akara ngosi ejiji nke "nyere aka ịmalite mkparịta ụka gbasara onyonyo ahụ na-aga n'ihu ruo taa", na-eto ya n'etiti ndị mbụ na-ese ihe bụ ndị sụrụ ụzọ "ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mkpokọta nha na ihe ngosi nke ụdị niile".
Queen Latifah ghọrọ mmetụta na R&B, mkpụrụ obi, na ndị na-ese hip-hop, dị ka Eve, Da Brat, Lil'Kim, Fugees, Jill Scott, Lauryn Hill, Missy Elliott, Remy Ma, Ivy Queen, Foxy Brown, Nwada Dynamite, Naughty site Nature, Rapsody, Megan Thee Stallion, yana ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Michael K. Williams, Keke Palmer, Vin Diesel, na onye edemede Jason Reynolds. Onye na-egwu egwu Lin-Manuel Miranda ekwuola na Latifah kpaliri ihe ngosi nke Angelica Schuyler na egwu Hamilton.
Ekele
Queen Latifah ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-edekọ ihe nkiri hip-hop ka ahọpụtara ya maka Oscar. N'afọ 2003, Harvard Foundation nyere Queen Latifah Artist of the Year. Na 2006, Latifah ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese hip-hop nwetara kpakpando na Hollywood Walk of Fame, ma kpọbakwara ya n'Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Jersey na 2011. N'ọrụ egwu ya, Queen Latifah erela ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde abụọ na US. Mgbọrọgwụ ahụ họọrọ ya na nọmba 35 na ndepụta mgbọrọgwụ 100. Na 2017, American Black Film Festival kwanyere Latifah ihe nrite ihe ngosi ihe ngosi. Na 2018, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta Dọkịta nke Fine Arts site na Mahadum Rutgers. Na 2019, Mahadum Harvard nyere Queen Latifah nrite WEB Du Bois maka onyinye omenala.
Ọ bụ onye nnata nke Grammy Award site na nhọpụta isii, onyinye Golden Globe, abụọ Screen Actors Guild Awards sitere na nhọpụta ise, abụọ NAACP Image Awards sitere na nhọpụta iri na atọ, otu Primetime Emmy Award site na nhọpụta atọ, na Academy Award nomination. N'afọ 2021, ọ natara ihe nrite BET Lifetime Achievement Award.
Ihe ngosi
Albums Studio
Njegharị
Latifah, Jill Scott na Erykah Badu sonyeere imepụta na nwe ikike nke Sugar Water Festival Tour, LLC. Ndị na-abụ abụ atọ niile gbakọrọ ọnụ mgbe ha na-akpọ egwu duo Floetry na 2005 na onye na-agụ egwú Kelis na 2006 dị ka mmeghe. Onye ọchị ọchị/onye na-eme ihe nkiri Mo'Nique jere ozi dị ka onye ọbịa maka njem mmiri mmiri nke 2006.
Ntụaka
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
FERN
Fern (nke a na-akpọkwa Stichting Fern) bụ ntọala Dutch nke e akara na 1995. Ọ bụ otu mba ụwa na- otu nke otu (NGO) nke e-akiri iji mmetụta aka nke European Union (EU) n'oké ike ma hazie ọrụ NGO na ọkwa Europe. Fern na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe na ikike nke ndị na-adabere na ha.
Ọ bụ ebe na a mara Fern maka ọrụ ya n'oké ngwá ahịa, afa afụ 2000 ọhọlụ ya iji tinye ihu igwe, ụdị, na usoro na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime nri ndị e mere n'achụ ego. ndị nwere ike kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-icheghị ìhè na ike na ikike ndịiche. N'ebe ndị a niile, Fern na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile.
Fern bụ ụgbọala na-azụ nke ndị isi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ nwere ike abụọ (Brussels, Belgium; na Moreton-in-Marsh, UK) na ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 18.
"Ịbawanye nwanyị, na-eche, ime iwu Europe; na ime mgbanwe iwu na omume na Europe nke na-amụ anya na ikike ndị ndu na ndị ma na-enye ikpe ziri ezi akụ na mụrụ, gburugburu ebe. obibi na mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile".
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mmalite Fern dị na akwụkwọ World Rainforest Movement na Penang na 1989. Na ngwá a, ndị Southern ihe na ha mmetụta imekọ ihe ọnụ na nke ndị otu Europe nwere otu echiche iji kwalite mmepụta ha. iche iche nke ndị NGO na Europe za ndabere ma nabata aha European Rainforest Movement. Mgbanwe a mgbanwe aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Forest Movement Europe na 1994 mgbe ọ na-agbanwe ya na Taiga Rescue Network (1992) ma na-eche uche ya n'oké ọkụ niile, Russia.
Dị ka ọtụtụ NGO nke Forest Movement Europe na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa mba, na nri azụmahịa na-eme na-ebelata elu nke ike na ọkwa EU, ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ime òtù ahụ chere na a ga-elebara anya na-emetụta. ụlọ ọrụ EU. Ya mere, na Machị 1995 Saskia Ozinga (onye na-arụbu ọrụ maka ndị nke enyi ụwa na Netherlands) na Sian Pettman (onye na'oge gara aga na-arụ ọrụ maka European Commission) bụ Fern na ikike iji ọrụ EU karin, ma mee ka ndị Forest Movement Europe mara ma ediere ọrụ ndị a ma mee ka ọrụ nkwado aka maka ụlọ ọrụ EU dị iche iche.
Malite na 1995 na Ozinga na Pettman na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge, onye mbụ si n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Oxford, onye nke ikpeazụ si na tebụl na Brussels, Fern etolitela ka ọ bụrụ nzukọ nke ndị ọrụ 15 na 20, ebe ebe ọrụ ya agbasawo ịgụnye mgbanwe ihu igwe, ahia carbon, ego, ọchịchị na enyemaka mmepe. Isiokwu ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na mkpọsa Fern gụnyere ịlụso nrụrụ aka ọgụ, enweghị nghọta na enweghị ike nke ọ na-ekwu na ha so n'ihe kpatara mbibi ọhịa iwu na iwu na-akwadoghị, yana itinye obodo ọhịa n'etiti mkpebi gbasara iwu na-emetụta ha.
Ụzọ Fern si arụ ọrụ ka na-egosipụta mmalite ya, dịka n'ọrụ ya, nzukọ ahụ na-ezube ịmepụta njikọ aka ad hoc ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide North-South, North-North ma ọ bụ South-South NGO iji jikọta aka mepụta mkpọsa ma ọ bụ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime - ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile - lekwasịrị anya na ụlọ ọrụ EU. Ime ka mmegharị ahụ dịkwuo mfe na ịkwado ndị mmekọ Fern na South ka bụ ọrụ isi nke Fern.
N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2018, onye guzobere Fern na onye nhazi mkpọsa Saskia Ozinga kwụsịrị ọrụ mgbe ya na Fern gachara afọ iri abụọ na atọ. Hannah Mowat weghaara dịka onye nhazi mkpọsa nke nzukọ ahụ.
Ubi ọrụ
Nzukọ a na-eme mkpọsa n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nwere mmetụta ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtachaghị ìhè na oke ohia na ikike ndị mmadụ. Ọ na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na atumatu na omume nke European Union, ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na mba ndị so, EU bụ otu onye na-enye onyinye kacha ukwuu n'ụwa, ma na-ekerekwa òkè dị mkpa na azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ya mere nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akara aka. nke oke ohia nke uwa na ndi bi na ha.
Iji ụdị nsogbu ya, Fern na-ahụ mbụ mbụ na achọpụta; ọ na-ewu njikọ aka NGO na ndị mmekọ ya na ndị mgbasa ya na South na Europe zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ha; ọ na'ịkwalite mmata n'etiti ndị na-eme na-atụ ma na-atụ aro iwu ụfọdụ iji dozie egwu ndị na-eche ntọala ụwa ihu.
Daphne Hasenjäger
Daphne Lilian Evelyn Hasenjäger (amụrụ na 2 Julaị na afọ 1929) bụ onye South Africa bụbu onye na-eme egwuregwu, onye amụrụ dị ka Daphne Robb. O sonyere South Africa na 1952 Summer Olympics nke e mere na Helsinki, Finland na mita 100, ebe ọ meriri nrite ọlaọcha nke kewara ndị Australia Marjorie Jackson na Shirley Strickland.
FERN
Ubi ọrụ
A na-akpa dị ukwuu nke ego Fern na ndị mmekọ ya na mba ndị dị n'okike, Fern na-ekwu na ọ na-ebute ụzọ ha (gụnyere n'ụdị iwulite ikike na iwusi nkà nkwado ha ike) ka ha na- nsogbu nsogbu ndị na-eche ihu na mba ha.
Daphne Hasenjäger
Ihe odide
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
FERN
Ubi ọrụ
Fern na-arụkwa ọrụ nhazi n'iwulite netwọk na njikọ aka n'etiti ndị NGO, ihe atụ kachasị mma bụ nzukọ Forest Movement Europe (FME) kwa afọ nke ọ na-ahazi.
Kemgbe afọ 1996, Fern ebipụtala Forest Watch, akwụkwọ akụkọ ọkachamara kwa ọnwa na-ekpuchi mmepe ọhụrụ na mgbalị iji chebe ọhịa ụwa.
Mgbasa ozi
Mgbasa ozi ihu igwe nke Fern na-akpọ maka iwu ihu igwe nke EU nke na-ebute ụzọ iweghachi azụ Europe na anụ ahụ maka ọkụ osisi maka bioenergy. Mgbasa ozi ihu igwe nke Fern gụ ọrụ na mweghachi ndị, ikuku na-adịghị mma, ịzụ ahịa n'efu, iji ala eme ihe, ihe nke iji ala eme na ndị ọrụ (LULUCF), na carbon offsetting.
Mgbasa ozi na-adịgide adịgide nke Fern na-elekwasị anya na nnukwu ihe kpatara mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ụwa niile: ọrụ ugbo. EU bụ nke abụọ kachasị n'ụwa na-ebubata ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa. Fern na-eme mkpọsa iji kwụsị mbubata EU nke ngwaahịa - dị ka soy, mmanụ nkwụ na koko - nke a na-akụ n'ala a na-egbu egbu n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. N'afọ 2023, EU nabatara Iwu maka ngwaahịa ndị na-enweghị mgbukpọ ọhịa, iwu Fern chọsiri ike n'ime afọ iri gara aga. Fern na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a iji hụ na a na-etinye Iwu ahụ n'ọrụ nke ọma na ndụmọdụ na mmekọrịta ya na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe.
Dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa azụmahịa ya na usoro nnyefe na-adịgide adịgide, Fern etinyela aka n'ịkwalite ihe ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ikike mmadụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke European Union - Mercosur free trade agreement. Usoro nnyefe na mkpọsa azụmahịa nke Fern na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ịhụ na azụmahịa na mineral mgbanwe anaghị eduga na mmerụ ahụ maka ọhịa na ndị mmadụ site na mkpọsa na Critical Raw Materials Act (CRM Act).
Mgbasa ozi oriri nke Fern na-ezube ijide n'aka na iwu EU nwere ike belata ngwa ngwa oriri Europe nke Forest Risk Commodities. Fern na-eme mkpọsa iji belata ojiji nke pulp na akwụkwọ site na ọrụ na Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) na nzaghachi maka mmụba dị egwu nke ojiji akwụkwọ. Fern na-arụkwa ọrụ iji belata oriri anụ ndị Europe site na iji usoro nri EU Sustainable Food System Framework. Ụlọ ọrụ anụ na-ahụ maka òkè dị ukwuu nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile (GHG) ma na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mgbukpọ ọhịa, ụkọ mmiri na ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche.
Mgbasa ozi nke Gọọmentị Ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ iji hụ na obodo ndị dị n'oké ọhịa nwere ikike siri ike n'oké osimiri ha ma rite uru site na omume na usoro nchịkwa ọhịa doro anya na nke na-agụnye.
Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru
Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị nke Fern rụzuru gụnyere:
Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma Fern belatara ihe egwu na ndụ ndị bi n'oké ọhịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ Fern na-eme ka ntụpọ dị na carbon sinks na akwụkwọ ozi kpọmkwem na bọọdụ Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), emeela ka bọọdụ CDM jụ ọrụ ubi niile a na-etinye na ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na ndị mmadụ.
A gaghị edepụta atụmatụ EU FLEGT Action Plan iji lụso igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ọgụ na-enweghị Fern. Atụmatụ Omume a - ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi - ga-emepụta ihe iji nweta ikike omenala nabatara dị ka 'iwu' na mba gụnyere Indonesia (nke na-ebupụ osisi FLEGT), Ghana, Cameroon, Vietnam na Guyana: enweghị nkwenye nke ikike ndị a so n'ihe mgbochi kachasị mkpa maka ibelata ịda ogbenye, ikpe ziri ezi na ọbụna ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.
Nkwado
Fern na-enweta ego ya site na ntọala onwe na gọọmentị. Iji hụ na nnwere onwe ya na eleghị anya n'ihu, Fern ekwenyewo na ọ gaghị etinye aka na nhọpụta, onyinye ma ọ bụ nchịkwa nke nkwekọrịta mgbe enwere ike itinye ezigbo esemokwu ọdịmma. Ego ndị a na-enyocha Fern dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha.
Ndị nyere Fern n'afọ 2022 gụnyere: Ford Foundation, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) UK, European Commission, European Climate Foundation na Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD).
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nmanyị nkwụ
Nmanyị nkwọ, nke eii aha di iche iche mara na ọtutu ebe, ọ bụ nmanyị na-aba na anya esi na-ahụ osisi nkwụ di iche iche sgbapụta, dika Palmyra, nke a n'akpọ date palm, na osisi aki oyibo. Eji aha dị iche iche mara ya na mpaghara dị iche iche ma ọ bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara Eshia, Africa, Caribbean, South America na Micronesia.
Mmepụta mmanya nkwụ site n'aka ndị na agba mbọ na ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịkwalite nchekwa, otu a nkwụ na-aghọ isi iyi ego ezinụlọ na-akpata mgbe niile nwere ike ịba uru karịa ọnụ ahịa a na-ere osisi ndi ọzọ. áká_èkpè|thumb|256x256px|Ndị na-anakọta Toddy na-arụ ọrụ na nkwụ Cocos nucifera thumb|Ntucha mmiri nkwụ na East Timor
Oriri site na mpaghara
Na Africa, akuku osisi nke ndi bekee n'akpọ sap ka mmanyị nkwụ n'esi agbapụta nke otutu mgbe n'esi na osisi ọhiadatepalms dị ka osisi nkwụ nke bekee n'akpọ silịva dat pam (Phoenix sylvestris), na Palmyra, na jaggery palm ( Caryota urens ), ma ọ bụ site na osisi mmanụ nkwụ dị ka nke a n'akpọ African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineense) ma ọ bụ site na osisi raffia, osisi nkwu kithul, ma ọ bụ nke nnipa. Na mpaghara obodo nke etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ Democratic Republic of Congo, a na-akpọ mmanyị nkwụ malafu. Ekwuru ihe gbasara mmanya nkwụ n'ime akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Things Fall Apart nke onye ode akwụkwọ Naijiria bụ Chinua Achebe dere ma bụrụkwa isi okwu nke atụmatụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Palm Palm Drinkard nke onye Naijiria onye edemede bụ Amos Tutuola dere. Nkwụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ emume na mpaghara Naịjirịa, dịka n'ala ndị Igbo, na ebe ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Etiti na Odida anyanwu Africa. A na-enye ndị ọbịa bịara oriri agbamakwụkwọ, mmemme ọmụmụ na olili olili ozu nkwụ nga oburu ibu. A na-etinyekarị mmanya nkwụ na ọgwụ iji dozie ọtụtụ mkpesa anụ ahụ. Dika ihe ngosi nkwanye ugwu nye ndi nna nna nwuru anwu, otutu oge a na-ebido iṅụ mmanyị nkwụ site na iwụpụ ntakịrị ya n'ala ( Kulosa malafu na Kikongo ya Leta ). Nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmanya nkwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'aṅu ya mana ụmụ nwanyị anaghi aṅụ kari ya na ọha.
N’akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala Naijeria, ya bụ ala ndi Igbo, a na-akpọ mmanya nkwụ “mmany ocha”, yana “ngwo” na “nkwu”. Ọ na-arụ oke ọrụ dị mkpa na ntọala ọdịnala ndị Igbo. Na Urualla, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo ndị ọzọ “ideator”, ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n’anya maka agbamakwụkwọ. Otu nwa okorobịa na-eme ikụaka-na-ụzọ na ebe ndi ọgọ ga eburiri mmanya nkwụ. Nwere ihe eji agbankwụ (galọn) di iche iche a chọrọ, nke a dabere na omenala ndi ala Igbo di iche iche. Enwere ike ihụ omenala a n'uzo yiri ya na mpaghara mgbago mgbago ugwu nke Cameroon. (North West Mpaghara). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" data-ve-ignore="true" style="white-space:nowrap;">[  <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">see okwu dị mkpa  ] Enwere ụdị mmanya nkwụ anọ na etiti na ndịda Democratic Republic of the Congo. Site na mmanụ nkwụ bụ nke a n'akpo ngasi, dibondo si na raffia nkwụ, cocoti si na aki oyibo, na mahusu site na obere mkpụmkpụ osisi nke na-eto na mpaghara savannah nke ọdịda anyanwụ Bandundu na mpaghara Kasai. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Toddy-tapper na-arị ogologo nkwụ na Madras, ca. 1785
Rosemary Museminali
Rosemary Museminali (amụrụ n'afọ 1962) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba Rwanda, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS), dịka onye nnọchianya ya na African Union na United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. A maara Museminali nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ na Rwanda site na afo 2005 ruo n'afọ 2009. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Minista nke Mba maka imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa na dị ka onye nnọchi anya na United Kingdom.
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Rosemary Museminali na afọ 1962 na Uganda, nne na nna ya bụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ a mụrụ na Rwanda, bụ ndị gbapụrụ na mba ahụ na afọ 1959 Rwandan Revolution gasịrị, nke hụrụ ka e mepụtara mba nke ọtụtụ ndị Hutu na-achịkwa, na mkpagbu nke ndị Tutsi pere mpe. [1] Museminali tolitere ma gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ ya na Uganda, nweta nzere na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nchịkwa na Mahadum Makerere na afọ 1986. Mgbe ọ ka nọ na Uganda, Museminali rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa nchịkwa maka Nyanza Textile Industries Limited.
N'afọ ndị 1990, ndị agha nnupụisi nke Paul Kagame duziri, onye bụkwa onye gbara ọsọ ndụ na Uganda, malitere agha obodo afọ anọ nke rụzuru na afọ 1994 Rwandan genocide, nke ndị Hutu na-emebiga ihe ókè gburu n'etiti 500,000 na 1,000,000 Tutsi na ndị Hutu nwere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [1] Agha ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe ndị agha Kagame weghaara mba ahụ dum, na-eme ka ọtụtụ puku ndị Tutsi a chụgara, gụnyere Museminali, laghachi n'ala nna ha.
Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Mgbe ọ bịarutere na Rwanda, Museminali malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Ministry of Social Welfare, na-enyere ndị ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ aka na-anwa ịlaghachi na mba ahụ ma na-anwa ijikọ ezinụlọ ndị agbụrụ ahụ kewara. Ọ nọgidere na ozi ahụ ruo afọ ise, tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Red Cross nke Rwanda, ọrụ ọ rụrụ naanị obere oge. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara Museminali ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Rwanda na United Kingdom, gụnyere ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka onye nnọchianya na Republic of Ireland na mba Scandinavia. Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa a, nke dị na London, ruo afọ ise.
Mgbe ọ laghachiri Rwanda n'afọ 2005, Onye isi ala Paul Kagame họpụtara Museminali ka ọ bụrụ obere minista na Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MINAFFET), nke na-ahụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa. A kwalitere ya n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2008 ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka mba ofesi, onye na-ahụ maka ozi ahụ. N'oge ọ bụ minista na-ahụ maka mba ofesi, o butere ụzọ idebe udo na nchekwa na Rwanda, yana ịmanye iwulite udo na mba ụwa. Dị ka akụkụ nke ebumnauche nke ikpeazụ, ọ lèkọtàrà itinye aka Rwanda na United Nations African Union Mission na Darfur. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na mba ụwa iji zụlite akụ na ụba Rwanda. N'ọnwa Disemba, na afọ 2009, Onye isi ala Kagame chụpụrụ Museminali, jiri Minista nke Ozi Louise Mushikiwabo dochie ya. E nyeghị Museminali ọkwa ọzọ na gọọmentị.
Oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị gọọmentị, Museminali kwagara Addis Ababa ịrụ ọrụ maka Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS), dị ka onye nnọchiteanya ya na African Union na United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Ọ nọgidere na ọrụ a site na afo 2016.
Ọrụ ndị e depụtara
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1962
Òtù African maka Mmepe na Ọganihu
Ótù onye isi òtù ahụ, Antoine Kolawolé Idji, ka a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke National Assembly n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 5 Machị afọ 2006, onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala, Antoine Kolawolé Idji, nwetara ọnọdụ nke ise na 3.25% nke votu.
Na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Machị afọ 2007, MADEP sonyere na Alliance for a Dynamic Democracy, nke meriri ngụkọta oche ruru 20.
Ndị otu ahụ ejirila foto ọkụkọ mee ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya na akwụkwọ mkpọsa ya.
Lettie Viljoen
Lettie Viljoen bụ aha edemede akpọrọpseudonym nke onye odee South Africa Ingrid Winterbach, onye na-edekarị na edemede na asụsụ Afrikaans. Ọ bi na Jamestown, Stellenbosch.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Oke mbara ala
Akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro a bụ na ọha mmadụ enwewo ike ime nke ọma n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe kwụsiri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Holocene. Ruo n'ókè nke usoro usoro ụwa ndị a na-agafebeghị ókè, ha na-aka akara "mpaghara nchebe" maka ọha mmadụ na mbara ala. Echiche a enweela mmetụta na mba ụwa (dịka United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development), gụnyere gọọmentị na ọkwa niile, òtù mba ụwa, ọha mmadụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Usoro ahụ nwere usoro mgbanwe ụwa itoolu. N'afọ 2009, dị ka Rockström na ndị ọzọ si kwuo, agafeelarị oke atọ (mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, mgbanwe ihu igwe na usoro nitrogen), ebe ndị ọzọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị nso nke ịgafe.
Na 2015, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na otu mbụ bipụtara mmelite, na-eweta ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na nyocha ọhụrụ dabeere na ihe nlereanya. Dị ka mmelite a si dị, a gafere anọ n'ime oke: mgbanwe ihu igwe, mfu nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke biosphere, mgbanwe usoro ala, mgbanwe biogeochemical cycles (phosphorus na nitrogen). Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbanwekwara aha nke ókèala "Loss of biodiversity" na "Change in biosphere integrity" iji mesie na ọ bụghị naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị kamakwa ịrụ ọrụ nke biosphere n'ozuzu ya dị mkpa maka nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa. N'otu aka ahụ, oke "Chemical pollution" ka ahagharịrị ka ọ bụrụ "Mmebata nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ", na-agbasawanye ohere iji tụlee ụdị ihe dị iche iche nke mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpaghasị usoro usoro ụwa.
N'afọ 2022, dabere na akwụkwọ ndị dịnụ, mmechi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ bụ nke 5th mebiri emebi nke mbara ala.
Nchịkọta usoro na ụkpụrụ
Echiche bụ isi nke usoro mbara ala mbara ala bụ na ịnọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa na Holocene bụ ihe ndabere maka ịchụso ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ maka mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba ogologo oge. The Planetary Boundaries framework na-enye aka na nghọta nke nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi na ọ na-eweta ọnụ ọgụgụ mbara ala na ogologo oge na-elekwasị anya.
Usoro ahụ kọwara "usoro nkwado ndụ mbara ala" itoolu dị mkpa maka idobe "steeti Holocene a na-achọsi ike", ma nwaa ịkọwapụta ebe asaa n'ime usoro ndị a agbagoro ugbua. A kọwapụtara oke iji nyere aka kọwapụta "oghere dị mma maka mmepe mmadụ", nke bụ nkwalite na ụzọ ndị na-achọ ibelata mmetụta mmadụ na mbara ala.
Usoro a dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị na omume ụmụ mmadụ, ọkachasị nke obodo mepere emepe kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe mmepụta ihe, aghọwo isi ihe na-akpata mgbanwe gburugburu ụwa. Dị ka usoro ahụ si kwuo, "ịmefe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ókèala ụwa nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọdachi n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke ịgafe ọnụ ụzọ nke ga-akpalite mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke linear na mberede n'ime mpaghara kọntinent ruo na usoro mbara ala." Usoro ahụ nwere usoro mgbanwe ụwa itoolu. N'afọ 2009, agafeelarị ókèala abụọ, ebe ndị ọzọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị nso nke ịbụ ndị a ga-agafe. Atụmatụ ndị e mechara gosi gosiri na atọ n’ime ókèala ndị a—mgbanwe ihu igwe, mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ n’ihe ndị dị ndụ—dị ka a gaferela.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ kọwapụtara otú imebi ókèala ahụ si eme ka ihe iyi egwu nke mmebi ọrụ na-abawanye, ọbụnadị daa, na sistemụ biophysical nke ụwa n'ụzọ nwere ike ịkpata ọdịmma mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ha kọwapụtara ejighị n'aka sayensị, ha gosipụtara na imebi oke nwere ike "kpalite nzaghachi nke nwere ike ibute ngafe ọnụ ụzọ nke na-ebelata ike ịlaghachi n'ime ọkwa dị mma". Ókèala ndị ahụ bụ "ihe siri ike, naanị atụmatụ mbụ, nke nnukwu ejighị n'aka na oghere ihe ọmụma gbara ya gburugburu" nke na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ mgbagwoju anya na-aghọtabeghị nke ọma.
Usoro ókèala mbara ala na-atọ ntọala maka mgbanwe mgbanwe maka ọchịchị na njikwa, pụọ na nyocha nke ngalaba nke njedebe na uto nke ezubere iji belata mpụ na-adịghị mma, n'echiche nke ohere nchekwa maka mmepe mmadụ. Ókèala mbara ala na-ekpebi, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, “ọgbọ egwuregwu mbara ala” maka ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-ezere nnukwu mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmadụ na-ebute n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Ndị dere ya
Ndị dere usoro a bụ otu usoro ụwa na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na 2009 nke Johan Rockström sitere na Stockholm Resilience Center na Will Steffen sitere na Mahadum Mba Australia. Ha na 26 na-eduga agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen, Goddard Institute for Space Studies ihu igwe ọkà mmụta sayensị James Hansen, oceanographer Katherine Richardson, geographer Diana Liverman na German Chancellor's isi ihu igwe ndụmọdụ Hans Joachim Schellnhuber.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụnye aka na-etinye aka na nhazi atụmatụ maka Mmekọrịta Sayensị Sistemụ Ụwa, ihe mmalite nke netwọk nyocha mgbanwe mba ụwa Future Earth. Otu a chọrọ ịkọwapụta "oghere arụ ọrụ dị mma maka mmadụ" maka obodo sayensị ka ukwuu, dịka ihe nkwado maka mmepe na-adigide.
Ọnụ ụzọ na ntụnye aka
Ọmụmụ 2009 chọpụtara oke mbara ala itoolu na, na-erute na nghọta sayensị ugbu a, ndị nchọpụta ahụ tụrụ aro ọnụọgụ maka asaa n'ime ha. Ndị a bụ:
Maka otu usoro dị na mbara ala mbara ala, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akọwapụtaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ oke ala zuru ụwa ọnụ:
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oke mbara ala nke onye ọ bụla dabere na njiri mara nke usoro sistemụ ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe gụnyere n'usoro. A họọrọ mgbanwe njikwa n'ihi na ọnụ ha na-enye ụzọ dị irè iji soro ngbanwe nke mmadụ kpatara site na ọnọdụ Holocene.
Maka ụfọdụ usoro dị ike nke ụwa, data akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosiputa ọnụ ụzọ n'etiti ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, oge ice gara aga na-egosi na n'oge ọnọdụ glacial kacha elu, ikuku ikuku nke CO2 bụ ~ 180-200 ppm. N'ime oge interglacial (gụnyere Holocene), ntinye uche CO2 agbanweela gburugburu 280 ppm. Iji mara ihe ọnọdụ ihu igwe gara aga dị ka ikuku nwere ihe karịrị 350 ppm CO2, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwesịrị ileghachi anya azụ ihe dị ka nde afọ 3. Ihe ndekọ paleo nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi na biogeochemical na-egosi na usoro ụwa enwetala isi ihe, mgbe ntakịrị mmụba maka mgbanwe nchịkwa (dị ka CO2) na-ebute nnukwu, ikekwe ọdachi, mgbanwe na mgbanwe nzaghachi (ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ) site na. feedbacks na eke Earth System n'onwe ya.
"Ebe ọrụ dị nchebe"
Usoro oke ala mbara ala na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ dị iche iche maka mgbanwe njikwa ya. Oke a kwesiri ka ọ dị ogologo n'etiti 'oghere arụ ọrụ dị mma' ebe enwere ike idowe ihe ike dị ka Holocene yana ụwa ejighị n'aka na nke a na-atụghị anya ya ebe usoro ụwa na-agbanwe nwere ike ịbawanye ihe egwu nye ọha mmadụ. Akọwapụtara oke dị ka ngwụcha ala nke oke ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na a na-agabiga oke ókè, ụwa na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara ihe egwu.
O siri ike iweghachi 'oghere arụ ọrụ dị mma' maka mmadụ nke a kọwara site na echiche oke ala ụwa. Ọbụlagodi na enwere ike ibelata mgbanwe mgbanwe biophysical gara aga, ihe atụ kachasị nke mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na-egosi na ọ nweghị mmasị na ohere na-ada ada nke nnukwu ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi kpatara site na omume mmadụ. Oke iwu nwere ike inye aka idobe ihe omume mmadụ, mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ naanị dị ka ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ime na ịmanye ha.
Mmekọrịta n'etiti ókèala
thumb|300x300px|Forest Landscape Integrity Index na-egosi mgbanwe anthropogenic nke oké ọhịa fọdụrụnụ Ịghọta usoro ụwa bụ isi maka ịghọta mmekọrịta n'etiti usoro mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-akọwa oke mbara ala na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ dị ike nke usoro ụwa, mana mkparịta ụka sayensị gbasara otú oke mbara ala dị iche iche si metụta ibe ha na-ejikarị nkà ihe ọmụma na nyocha nyocha. Nkọwapụta nke ọma nke echiche na okwu ndị bụ isi nwere ike inye aka mee ka idoanya.
Enwere ọtụtụ mmekọrịta n'etiti usoro na oke mbara ala nke usoro. Ọ bụ ezie na mmekọrịta ndị a nwere ike ịmepụta ma nkwụsi ike na nkwụsịtụ nzaghachi na usoro ụwa, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-atụ aro na njedebe nke mbara ala agafeela ga-ebelata ohere ọrụ dị mma maka usoro ndị ọzọ na nhazi ahụ kama ịgbasa ya site na ọkwa ókèala a chọrọ. Ha na-enye ihe atụ na oke ala eji eme ihe nwere ike "ịgbanwe ala" ma ọ bụrụ na agbajie oke mmiri dị ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ala bụrụ nkụ na enweghị ọrụ ugbo. N'ọkwa mpaghara, akụ mmiri nwere ike ibelata na Eshia ma ọ bụrụ na igbutu osisi na-aga n'ihu na Amazon. Ụzọ ahụ e si ahazi mmekọrịta ahụ si na nkọwapụta biophysical nke usoro ahụ dabere na ọnọdụ Holocene gaa na nkọwa nke anthropocentric (chọrọ maka ala ubi). N'agbanyeghi mwepu echiche a, nleba anya nke mmekorita usoro uwa ama ama n'ofe akpịrịkpa na-egosi mkpa ọ dị "oke ịkpachara anya na ịbịaru nso ma ọ bụ mebie ókèala mbara ala ọ bụla."