cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Isadora Verwey
Ọrụ
Site na 1982 ruo 1986 n'oge ndụ ya na mahadum, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dịka; Equus (1982), Oidipus (1982). Die Keiser (1983), The Crucible (1983), Die Van Aardes van Grootoor (1984), The Trojan Women (1984), Liefdeskringloop (1985), Spring Awakening (1984), na The Caucasian Chalk Circle (1986). Mgbe ahụ, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri dị ka Blue Moon, Shoestring, na Hecate ma rụọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ndị dị ka: El Grande de Coca-Cola, Is die Muis Baas, Kombuis Blues, The Adventures of Gilgamesh, n Brommer in die Boord (1989), Liewe Heksie (1990), Oedipus (1990), Die Nag van Legio (1990), Kloue (1991), Groot Wit Roos (1991), Gelf, Generaal (1991), Flikie (1991), Macbeth (1991), Hospitaal op Horings (1992), 'n Lam vir die Pase (1993), Die Kwinkslaers (1994), Die Pakkamer (1996), Griet Skryf 'n Sprokie (1997), Twelfth Night, or What You Will (1998), Vlerkdans (1999), Jack and the Beanstalk (1999), Adamas (2000), Skroot (2000), Pendoring (Edms) Beperk (2002), and Fringe Benefits (2006).
N'afọ 1988, o ritere ihe nrite maka Best Young Actress na Cobus Roussouw Bursary. Mgbe ahụ na 1992, ọ meriri IGI Life Vita Award maka Best Actress maka ọrụ ya na egwuregwu Lady Macbeth. N'afọ 1993, ọ meriri Piers Nicholson Award maka itinye aka na ihe nkiri na Orange Free State. Ọzọkwa na 1996, e nyere ya onyinye FNB Vita Best Supporting Actress Award maka ọrụ ya na usoro Die Pak Kamer. N'afọ 2000, ọ natara Vita Award Nomination maka egwuregwu El Grande de Coca-Cola. N'afọ 2009, ọ rụrụ ọrụ "Miem" na egwuregwu Mis. N'afọ 2012, ọ rụrụ ọrụ "Ma Let" na egwuregwu Mooi Maria. Maka ọrụ ya na 2010 Afrikaans play Mooi Maria, ọ natara nhọpụta Aardklop maka Best Actress.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Maureen Mmadu
Maureen Nkeiruka Mmadu (amụrụ 7 Mee afọ 1975) Ọ bụ nwaafọ Naijiria bụ onye nchikwa na bọọlụ ma ọ bu bu  midFielder. Dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọ na-anọchi anya Avaldsnes IL n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, otu Ngalaba nke mbụ dabere na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Norway. Ọ gbaraa ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọlụ na Toppserien nke Norway ya na Linköpings FC na QBIK na Swedish Damallsvenskan.
Ọrụ
O gwuburu ndi Klepp IL egwuregwu na Norwegian Toppserien. Mmadu gbara Kolbotn na Oslo, Norway maka oge 2010, wee nyere ha aka i nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na otu egwuregwu Toppserien. Enwere ike ịhụ ya ka ọ na-egwuru Avaldsnes IL na asọmpi nke Oslo na 5 Febụwari afọ 2012
Ọrụ mba ụwa
Ọ bụ onye otu na-ahụ maka Naịjirịa ma mee ihe karịrị otu narị egwuregwu maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa, gụnyere ịpụta ugboro anọ na FIFA World Cups  wee sọọ mpi na 2000 na 2004 Summer Olympics.
Ebe m si nwete
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Lornah Kiplagat
Lornah Kiplagat (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1974) bụ onye Dutch ọkachamara na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge. A mụrụ ya na Kabiemit, Rift Valley Province, Kenya wee bịa Netherlands na afọ 1999. O nwetara nwa amaala Dutch n'afọ 2003 ma na-asọ mpi maka Netherlands kemgbe ahụ. Ọ na-agba ọsọ ọ bụghị naanị ihe omume okporo ụzọ kamakwa na cross country na track and field.
Ọ gbara ọsọ na afọ 2004, 2008 na 2012 Summer Olympics, bụ onye nwetara ọla edo na afọ 2007 na IAAF World Cross Country Championships, ma were utu aha atọ na-aga n'ihu na World Road Running Championship site na 2006 ruo 2008. Na marathon, o nwere oge kachasị mma nke 2:22:22 awa ma merie nnukwu agbụrụ na Rotterdam, Amsterdam na Osaka. Ọ na-ejide ihe ndekọ okporo ụzọ ụwa ugbu a karịa kilomita 5 na kilomita 10. Oge kachasị mma ya karịa kilomita 20 na ọkara marathon bụ ihe ndekọ ụwa site na afo 2007 ruo 2011 ma bụrụ oge nke abụọ kachasị ọsọ.
Akụkụ nke ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ nke ọma, ndị ikwu ya gụnyere Sylvia Kibet, Hilda Kibet na Susan Sirma.
Ọ bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ dị elu a ma ama na Iten Kenya. Ebe etiti ahụ dị mita 2400 n'elu oke osimiri. Ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ndị na-agba ọsọ ntụrụndụ si n'akụkụ ụwa niile na-eleta HATC kwa afọ maka ọzụzụ. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere akara egwuregwu nke ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ n'Afrịka nke a na-akpọ Lornah.
Ọrụ
Kiplagat na-eme nke ọma mgbe ọ gbara ọsọ maka Kenya. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri Falmouth Road Race na Peachtree Road Race. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006 ọ ka bụ naanị nwanyị mere nke a, mana o mere ya ugboro atọ n'usoro (2000, 2001 na 2002) na oge nke anọ na 2005. N'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ ọ rụzuru bụ Amsterdam Marathon, Rotterdam Marathon, Osaka Ladies Marathon na Los Angeles Marathon.
N'afọ 1999, Kiplagat kwagara Netherlands; afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, ọ nwetara nwa amaala Dutch nke nyere ya na afọ ohere ịgba ọsọ maka Netherlands site na 2003. N'otu afọ ahụ, o belatara ihe ndekọ marathon Dutch ruo 2:23.43 n'oge New York City Marathon. O sonyekwara na 2004 Summer Olympics, ebe o mechara nke ise na 10,000m.
Afọ 2005 bụ nke gara nke ọma maka Kiplagat: ọ meriri ọlaọcha na afo 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships wee were aha na afo 2005 European Cross Country Championships, ihe omume nke mere ka ọ malite ịhọrọ dị ka onye egwuregwu Dutch nke afọ. Na 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships ọ mechara nke abụọ na Japan, merie ọlaọcha. O mechakwara bụrụ onye nke ise na 10,000m na 2006 European Athletics Championships.
O meriri na afo 2007 World Cross Country Championship nke emere na Mombasa, Kenya. Na mbido, na Febụwarị 2007, ọ sonyere na asọmpi Kenyan Cross Country Championships dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu a kpọrọ òkù wee merie asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihu ndị isi n'etiti ndị obodo ya. N'ịmeri asọmpi ndị a, ọ meriri ihe ịma aka niile nke Etiopia, nke onye na-agbachitere Tirunesh Dibaba, onye mmeri dị mkpirikpi Gelete Burka, na onye nwetara ọla nchara abụọ site na 2006, Meselech Melkamu. Ha mechiri: Dibaba, nke abụọ, Melkamu, nke atọ, Burka, nke anọ.
E wezụga ihe ndekọ Dutch maka marathon, Kiplagat nwekwara ihe ndekọ ụwa anọ. N'ọsọ okporo ụzọ 5 kilomita ọ gbara ọsọ ahụ na 14:47, ebe ọ belatara ihe ndekọ nke ya na 10 kilomita nke 50.54 site na sekọnd abụọ ruo 50.50 n'afọ 2006 Dam tot Damloop, nke ọ merikwara na afọ 2002. N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2007, Kiplagat setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke 1:06:25 na World Road Running Championships na Udine, Ịtali, mgbe ọ na-agbachitere aha mbụ ọ meriri na afọ 2006. O mebiri ihe ndekọ ụwa nke ya nke kilomita 20 n'ụzọ, na-agba ọsọ 1:02:57. Otú ọ dị, Paula Radcliffe agbaala ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ na Great North Run na 2003.
A chụpụrụ Kiplagat n'afọ 2009 niile wee laghachi na asọmpi site na mmeri na Runner's World Zandvoort Circuit Run na Machị na afọ 2010. N'ọnwa Septemba, ọ gbara ọsọ na Dam tot Damloop ma bụrụ onye nke abụọ n'azụ nwa nwanne ya nwanyị Hilda Kibet, jiri oge 52:03. Ọ laghachiri na ihe omume marathon maka afo 2011 London Marathon wee mechaa ọsọ mbụ ya n'ime afọ anọ, na-abịa nke iri na asatọ na oge nke 2:27:57 awa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọ n'ebe dị anya site na podium ma ghara inweta oge iru eru nke World Championship, o weere asọmpi ahụ dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma na-esote oge ndị merụrụ ahụ gara aga. Ọ meziwanyere na afo 2011 Amsterdam Marathon, gafere akara mgbe 2:25:52 awa gasịrị iji nweta ọnọdụ nke atọ, aha mba Dutch, na oge iru eru nke afo 2012 Summer Olympics. N'agbanyeghị na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkeji anọ karịa onye mmeri (Tiki Gelana), o kwuru, sị: "Abụ m nwanyị kachasị nwee obi ụtọ na Amsterdam, ma eleghị anya n'ụwa niile".
Njikọ mpụga
www.lornahsports.com
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Onome Akinbode-James
Onome Akinbode-James (ka amụrụ na Machị 9, 2000) bụ onye egwuregwu basketball nke Naijiria. Ọ nọchitere anya Naịjirịa na FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women. Ọ na-egwu basketball kọleji maka otu egwuregwu basketball ụmụ nwanyị Duke Blue Devils.
Mmalite ndụ
Onome bụ (amụrụ na Machị 9, 2000) na Abeokuta, Ogun steeti, South western Nigeria. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Abeokuta. Ọ nọ n'ụlọakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Naịjirịa mgbe ọ malitere ịgba bọọlụ basketball mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Ọ gafere na Blair Academy na Blairstown Township, New Jersey, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.
Ọrụ ụlọakwụkwọ sekọndrị
A kpọbatara Onome na Blair Academy mgbe FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women gasịrị. N'afọ ya nke okenye, ọ nwetara akara 13.0, 11.8 rebounds, na 2.2 blocks kwa egwuregwu.
Onome nyere TED Talk na ụlọakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya Blair Academy n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. A kpọrọ okwu a Africa, Country or Continent: The Broken Perception.
Ọrụ kọleji
Onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa Duke bụ Joanne P. McCallie kpọbatara Onome na Duke Blue Devils. N'oge ọhụrụ ya, ọ nwetara akara anọ na 5.7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.
Ọrụ ndị otu mba
Onome nọchitere anya Naịjirịa na FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women ebe ọ nwetara akara 5.7, 10.3 rebounds na 0.8 na-enyere aka kwa egwuregwu n'oge asọmpi ahụ. Ndị otu Naịjirịa ritere ihe nrite ọla ọcha mgbe ha meriri obodo Mali 57–46 na Final, si otú a mee ka ha ruo eru na World U-17 Championship for Women. Naịjirịa esoghị na asọmpi ahụ.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya
Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya (onye amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke iri n'isii nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1952) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria  nke jere ozi na Sineti nke Naịjirịa kemgbe 2007, na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndịda Kano nke Kano Steeti. O so n’otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị All Progressive Congress (APC) na-achị achị.
Ndabere
A mụrụ Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya N'ụbọchị iri n'isii nke ọnwa Juun afọ 1952 na Alkala quarters Gaya LG, na ezinụlọ Magajin Garin Gaya Sani. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Gaya site n'afọ 1961 ruo afọ 1964 na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Tsangaya ebe ọ gụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya n'afọ 1968 nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụzi Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ naAbdullahi Aliyu Sumaila bụ onye na-enyere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ aka kụziiri ya mgbakọ na mwepụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.
Mbido Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Ọ bụ onye otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị National Party of Nigeria (NPN) na Naịjirịa nke abụọ N'afọ 1992, n'oge mgbanwe nke obodo Naịjirịa  nke atọ, ọ bụ onye otu etiti aka nri Republic National Convention (NRC) bụ onye a họpụtara n'okpuru otu a dịka gọvanọ  Kano steeti site n'afo 1992 rue afọ 1993. N'afọ 1997, n’oge mgbanwe General Sani Abacha, ọ banyere otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP) ọ bụ kwa onye otu Kọmitii mba Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Mba. UNCP gụnyere ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Atiku Abubakar, Emeka Ojukwu, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Mohammed Daggash, Ali Modu Sheriff, Ibrahim Saminu Turaki, Attahiru Bafarawa, Bello Matawalle, Hope Uzodinma, Adamu Aliero, Anyim Pius Anyim na ndị ọzọ. N’afọ 2003, Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya zọrọ ọkwa National Democratic Party (NDP) na ntuli aka gọvanọ steeti n'afọ 2003.
Sịnetọ
A họpụtara Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya na Sịneti nke ndịda Kano n'afọ 2007. A họpụtara ya na kọmitii maka ikuku mmanụ ala, Ụgwọ Obodo na mba Ofesi, Steeti na gọọmenti ime obodo na Akụrụngwa mmanụ ala elu ugwu na ọrụ  Na nyocha nke etiti oge nke arụmọrụ nke ndị Sịnetọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ  ThisDay kwuru na ọ kwadoro Bill Management and Accountability Bill, 2009, na Millennium Development Agency Bill, 2009. Ọ kwadoro nkwado ise ma nye aka nke ọma na arụmụka na nnọkọ ọnụ.
N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2008, dịka onye isi oche kọmitii ndị omebe iwu sineti na-arụmọrụ, Kabiru Gaya kwara arịrị na ụfọdụ ọrụ na-aga nwayọ nwayọ, ma kwuo na Sineti agaghị ekwenye n'echiche nke ịtọzị ụzọ Naịjirịa. N’ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2009, ọ kwadoro mkpalite nke otu ANPP isi nke Kano iji nye gọvanọ steeti ahụ Ibrahim Shekarau, ikike  ka ọ kpọpụta onye ga azọ ọkwa ọchịchị gọvanọ n’afọ 2011. Onye nhoputa ndi ochichi bu Sheikh Ibrahim Khaleel. Kabiru Gaya zọrọ ọkwa dịka Sịnetọ na anọchite anya ndịda Kano n'oche ANPP n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, ma bụrụkwa sịnetọ ọzọ. Gaya bụ osote onye ụtarị ndị omeiwu ka dị obere n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sịnetị site na 2007 ruo 2011. A họputara ya ugboro atọ ịnọchite anya ndịda kano ntuli aka nke afọ 2011, 2015 na 2019.
Ukpono
A họpụtara Kabiru Gaya dịka osote onye isi nke Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) maka Africa na ọgbakọ izugbe nke 135 nke njikọ na Geneva, Switzerland n'ọnwa Ọktoba nke afọ 2016.
Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) na Nigerian Large Scale Farmers Association (NLSFA). Ndi University of Science And Applied Management, Porto-Novo, Benin nyere ya nzere digiri ugwu. Ọ bụkwa onye otu kọmitii na'ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri.
Ebensidee
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Ȯra Kano Òtù:Category:Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchi afọ Narị nke iri abụọ n'otu Òtù:Category:Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchi nke All naijirias Peoples Party Òtù:Category:Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchi National Democratic Party (Naijiria) Òtù:Category:Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchi United Naijiria Congress Party Òtù:Category:Ndị Gọvanọ Kano Steeti Òtù:Category:Ndị Otu Sịnetị (Naijiria) Òtù:Category:Ndị Alakụba Naijiria Òtù:Category:Ndị Amụrụ 'afọ 1952 Òtù:Category:Kano Steeti
Obassi
Obassi bụ chi kachasị elu nke ndị Ekoi, onye bi na Naijiria na Cameroon.
Nọmba njirimara a na-agbanwe agbanwe
Nọmba njirimara a naeme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ (ma ọ bụ RIN) bụ nọmba a naenye otu ìgwè mmanụ ụgbọala maka ebumnuche nke ịchọpụta mmepụta, ojiji, na ahia ya dị ka United States Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) nke etinyere nọrụ dịka Iwu Iwu Ike nke 2005 na Iwu Nnwere Onwe na Nchebe nke 2007.
Ihe ndị mejupụtara RIN
Dị ka akọwapụtara na iwu ahụ: Ya mere, a gaanọgide naakọwa RIN dị ka ndị a:
RIN: KYYYCCCCFFFBBBRRDSSSSEEEEEEEE
Ebe:
Iwu naenye ikike
Nokpuru Iwu Iwu Ike nke afọ 2005, e nyere EPA ikike ịtọpụta oke kwa afọ nke naekwu pasentị nke ngụkọta nke mmanụ ụgbọala a naeri na US gaanọchite anya biofuel agwakọta na mmanụ ala. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị naedozi, naebubata ma ọ bụ naagwakọta mmanụ ala naakwụ ụgwọ izute ụfọdụ RFS notu notu dabere na oke mmanụ ha naewebata nahịa. Site nimezu ihe ndị a chọrọ, EPA naeme atụmatụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gaejikọ ọnụ iji mezuo oke mba ha setịpụrụ. Iji hụ na ndị naagbaso iwu, a naachọ ka ndị otu naahụ maka iwu mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji gosipụta na ha ezuola RFS ha site ninye ụfọdụ RINs na EPA. N'ihi na nke ọ bụla nime RINs ndị a naanọchite anya ọnụ ọgụgụ nke biofuel nke agwakọtawo na mmanụ ala, RINs nke ndị naakwụ ụgwọ nyere EPA bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmanụ ala nke agwakọtara na mmanụ ala eji eme ihe na America.
Ndebanye aha na ahia
Onye ọ bụla nwere RINs gaedebanye aha na EPA kwa afọ ma rubere isi na ihe ndekọ ndekọ. A naenye RIN naanị ma ọ bụrụ na emeela mmanụ ụgbọala edebanyere aha dịka iwu EISA si dị. A naetinye iwu ndị a megide ma ndị naemepụta ihe nime obodo ma ndị mba ọzọ. A naagwa EPA RIN niile mgbe e kere ya.
Ịghọ aghụghọ
Enwere ike ire nọmba njirimara ọhụrụ ma zụọ ya iche site na biofuels nke mepụtara ha. Nke a emeela ka e nwee "RIN aghụghọ", ebe a naere RIN ndị e mepụtara nụzọ naekwesịghị ekwesị nenweghị mmepụta nke biofuels kwekọrọ.
Obassi
Mmalite nke mmiri
Nwoke mbụ, Etim Ne, rịọrịọ Obassi Osaw maka mmiri n'ụwa, nke na-adịbeghị. Na nzaghachi, Obassi Osaw nyere Etim nkume asaa. Mgbe e debere otu n'ime nkume ndị a n'ụwa, mmiri si nʼebe ahụ pụta. Mmiri ọ bụla ga-emepụta usoro nkume ọhụrụ asaa. Etim na ụmụ ya gara n'ihu na-emepụta mmiri ọhụrụ n"ụwa site na itinye otu nkume n'otu oge nʼebe ọhụrụ. Otú ọ dị, otu n'ime ụmụ ụmụ ya agbasoghị iwu a wee kpebie itinye nkume asaa niile ahụ n'otu ebe, nke bụ ugbo ya. N'ihi ya, nnukwu idei mmiri malitere ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka mmiri kpuchie ụwa niile. Etim, onye ka dị ndụ, rịọrọ Obassi Osaw maka enyemaka iji kwụsị ọdachi ahụ ka ọ ghara ịga n'ihu. Obassi Osaw nabatara arịrịọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ hapụrụ ọdọ mmiri n'ebe ugbo nke nwa nwa nnupụisi ahụ nwere dị
Mmalite nke ọkụ
Etim 'Ne zigara nwa nwoke n'eluigwe ịrịọ Obassi Osaw maka ọkụ, nke ọ jụrụ. Nwa okorobịa ahụ kpebiri ịga n'ihu na-achọ ya, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, o mekwara ka ọ bụrụ otu onye n'ụlọ Obassi Osaw. Mgbe o gosipụtara onwe ya site n'ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ, Obassi Osaw zigara nwata nwoke ahụ iji weghachite oriọna n'aka otu na-ejide ya. Ìhè a na-ejide ire ọkụ ebighi ebi n'ime ya, nwa okorobịa ahụ kpebiri iji ya munye osisi ọkụ ma weta ya n'ụwa. N'ụzọ dị mwute, Obassi Osaw chọpụtara ma ziga nwa ya nwoke, Akpan Obassi, ịta onye ohi ahụ ahụhụ. Nwa ya nwoke chọtara nwa nwoke ahụ wee bụọ ya ọnụ ka ọ ghara ịga ije ọzọ.
Channels TV
Channels Television bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-arụ ọrụ na-arụpụta akụkọ na telivishọn na-arụ na Lagos, Naijiria. E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna, Channels Incorporated, na afọ 1992, otu afọ tupu gọọmentị Naijiria ewepụ usoro mgbasa ozi. Ọ malitere mgbasa ozi na afọ 1995. Isi ihe ọ na-elekwasị anya bụ ịmepụta akụkọ na mmemme ihe omume ugbu a na nsogbu ụlọ Naijiria. Ebumnache nke Channel bụ ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eche nche na iwu na ọrụ gọọmentị.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere Channels Television na afọ 1995 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn onwe onye nwere naanị ndị ọrụ 15 site n'aka onye mgbasa ozi na onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria bụ John Momoh na Sola Momoh, onye bụkwa onye mgbasa ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ọrụ na Lagos, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa ma kemgbe ahụ etolitela ịgụnye ọdụ atọ ndị ọzọ na Abuja, Edo na Kano steeti. O nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ steeti ọ bụla na Naịjirịa, gụnyere ndị na-agbanye na ndị mmekọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ n'Afrika, yana mmekọrịta siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa nke na-enye ohere ịnweta ozi gburugburu ụwa.
Mmechi nke afọ 2008
Na Septemba, na afọ 2008, Onye isi ala Yar'Adua mechiri Channels Television, onye zigara Ngalaba Nchebe steeti Naịjirịa (SSS) iji mechie ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma jide ndị isi ya n'ihi akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ banyere ọrịa Yar'Adia. Akụkọ nke Channels Television kwuru na ọ bụ ozi e nwetara site na News Agency of Nigeria (NAN). Otú ọ dị, mgbe nyocha ahụ gasịrị, NAN kwupụtara na ọwa ahụ enyeghị nkwupụta ọ bụla gbasara onye isi ala ịpụ, kama kama nke ahụ, e mebiri kọmputa ya. Iji mee mkpesa, Channels TV kwụsịrị iji ọrụ waya NAN ruo ụbọchị a. E gosipụtara na ozi ịntanetị nke Channels TV natara bụ aghụghọ sitere na kọmputa dị na Ivory Coast. Minista na-ahụ maka ozi na Naịjirịa, John Odey, nyere BBC nkwupụta ahụ na-ekwusi ike na gọọmentị were iwe maka akụkọ ahụ.
Mmepụta
Ndị otu Channels Television emepụtala mmemme mmemme, nke natara otuto na mba ahụ dum. Ihe nkiri vidio nke ihe omume na ihe na-eme na Naịjirịa, nke ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi Channels Television gbara, ejirila ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị ka BBC, CNN na ITN. A na-ewere usoro ihe omume ya, "News at Ten", dị ka akụkọ kachasị ewu ewu na nke a na-ele anya na Naịjirịa.
Kemgbe afọ 2009, Channels Television na-ahazi ma na-akwado "Channels National Kids Cup", ihe omume egwuregwu maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ si steeti iri na isii nke Naịjirịa nke emere na Teslim Balogun Stadium na Lagos. Onye isi njikwa nke Channels Television, Steve Judo, kwuru na Channels Television bụ mgbasa ozi na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma n'ihi ya họọrọ itinye aka na mmepe nke bọọlụ site na mgbọrọgwụ.
2012 Bọmbụ Naijiria
Na Jenụwarị, na afọ 2012, a gbagburu onye nta akụkọ Enenche Akogwu, onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Kano maka Channels Television, mgbe ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere mwakpo a haziri ahazi n'ebe ahụ nke òtù Islamist siri ike a maara dị ka Boko Haram kwuru. Dị ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya si kwuo, Akogwu pụtara mgbe a gbasịrị bọmbụ wee malite ise ihe nkiri nke ìgwè mmadụ gbakọtara n'ebe ahụ n'amaghị na ha bụ ndị òtù nzuzo ji égbè. link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Channels_TV_headquarters.jpg/300px-Channels_TV_headquarters.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Isi ụlọ ọrụ Channel TV
Njikọ
N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2014, Tezuka Productions na Channels TV jikọrọ aka na mgbasa ozi 8 nke Astro Boy, Little Astro Boy.
Na Fraịde, 14 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2015, Deutsche Welle kwuru na ya na "Channels TV" bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta iji gosipụta ọdịnala ogologo oge nke igosi echiche dị mma banyere Afrika. Peter Limbourg, onye isi nchịkwa nke Deutsche Welle kọwara Channels TV dị ka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na onye mmekọ zuru oke maka Deutsche Welle. Limbourg kwuru "Anyị nọ na Deutsche Welle chere na anyị ga-akọ akụkọ banyere nnukwu ihe na-eme n'Africa, ọkachasị na Naịjirịa.
John Momoh, Chief Executive Officer nke Channels TV kọwara mmekọrịta ahụ dị ka "E si n'eluigwe mee". O kwuru, sị, "Nke a bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ anyị iji kọọ akụkọ Afrịka, ọkachasị nke Naịjirịa, site n'echiche Afrịka ka anyị ghara ịhapụ isi ihe a nke nkọwa nke onye anyị bụ, ihe anyị na-eme na ihe kpatara ya, nye ndị ọzọ ka anyị gwa maka anyị".
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2015, Channels TV bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na United Nations na akụkọ. Ban Ki-moon, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nation, nọchitere anya United Nation.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Ụlọ ọkụ mgbasa ozi na Lagos Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Mpho Osei Tutu
Mpho Osei Tutu (a mụrụ na 31 Disemba 1981), bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa na-eme na France na onye na-ese olu nke sitere na Ghanaian-Mosotho. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri telivishọn: Seriously Single, Mrs Right Guy na The Jakes Are Missing. Ewezuga ime nkiri, ọ bụkwa onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta ihe. Tutu gosipụtakwara dịka onye isi nke usoro South African n'afọ 2018 a na-akpọ The Imposter nke bụ ọhụụ nke abụọ nke nwa nwoke na-esote ọhụụ nke nwa agbọghọ mbụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ Tebogo na Gary Mokoena.
Ndụ onwe
A mụrụ ya na 31 Disemba 1981 na Paris, France na nna Ghana na nne Mosotho. N'ihi na ọ bụ onye mba dị iche iche, ọ ebiela n'ọtụtụ mba: Lesotho, France, England, Togo na Ghana. N'afọ 1992, ezinụlọ ya biri na South Africa. Ọ malitere ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. O mechara nweta nzere B.A. (Hons) na Dramatic Art na Mahadum Wits.
Ọrụ
Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ebe ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri Zakes Mda's The Mother Of All Eating, Pieter-Dirk Uys' MacBeki, Paul Slabolepsky's For Your Ears Only, The Island. Ya na nke ikpeazụ, ọ gara UK, US na Gris. Mgbe ahụ o mere Getting it On nke meriri Best Overall Short Cut Award na Multi Choice VUKA! Onyinye n'afọ 2006. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe odide na Convincing Carlos nke o dere n'onwe ya ebe ọ natara onyinye Standard Bank Ovation Award n'afọ 2010. Maka ọrụ 'La Fleche' na egwuregwu Sylvaine Strike The Miser ọ meriri Best Play na 2013 Naledi Theatre Awards.
Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ sonyeere telivishọn, na-eme ihe nkiri na ọtụtụ sitcoms Kota Life Crisis, High Rollers, Samsokolo; nke a họpụtara ya maka onye na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma na TV Comedy na 2014 SAFTAs. Mgbe ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka 'Desmond' na International Emmy Nominated serial Home Affairs. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gosipụtara ọrụ 'Bomba' na ihe nkiri a ma ama na mba ụwa A Million Colors. A họpụtakwara ya maka onye na-akwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri n'afọ 2013 SAFTAs maka ihe nkiri a. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ese olu a ma ama ebe ọ sụgharịrị olu ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ redio.
O mechara soro mepụta ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Joburg nke a họpụtara maka Sundance Film Festival n'afọ 2010. O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nkiri, 'What Not Entertainment' ma mesịa mepụta 2 Seasons nke sitcom Kota Life Crisis maka Mzansi Magic. Site n'afọ 2012 ruo 2014, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ nke The South African Guild of Actors (SAGA). Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ onye nhazi nke Repertory Amateur Players Society (RAPS) One Act Plays Festival, nke a na-ewere dị ka mmemme ihe nkiri kachasị ogologo na nke kachasị ewu ewu na South Africa.
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị gbasara mmekọahụ Seriously Single nke Katleho Ramaphakela na Rethabile Ramaphakella duziri. A tọhapụrụ ya na July 31, 2020 na Netflix.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Miriem Bensalah-Chaqroun
Miriem Bensalah-Chaqroun (a mụrụ ya n'ọnwa Nọvemba 14, 1962) bụ onye omere ahia Moroccan. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Confedération générale des entreprises du Maroc site na 2012 ruo 2018. Ọ natara Wissam Al-Moukafa Al-Watania (Order of National Merit) na 2013, Order of Civil Merit na 2017 na Legion of Honor na 2020.
Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Bensalah-Chaqroun n'ọnwa Nọvemba 14, 1962 na Casablanca, Morocco, n'ime ezinụlọ mmadụ ise. Ọ bụ ada Abdelkader Bensalah, otu n'ime ndị debanyere aha nke 1944 Manifesto of Independence na onye guzobere otu Holmarcom, nwụrụ n'afọ 1993, na nwanne Holmarcom CEO Mohamed Hassan Bensalah. Na 1986, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ESCP Europe na Mahadum Dallas na MBA na njikwa na ego mba ụwa. O nwere ụmụ atọ ma bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ Harley-Davidson, yana onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu nwere ikike.
N'oge njem na Rabat n'ọnwa Februari nke afọ 2019, Prince Harry, Duke nke Sussex na Meghan, Duchess nke Sussex, nwere mkparịta ụka na ọtụtụ ndị ọchụnta ego a ma ama gụnyere Bensalah-Chaqroun.
Ọrụ
Na Mee 2012, Confedération générale des entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) họpụtara Bensalah-Chaqroun ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ ga-abụ onye isi nzukọ a. Ka emechara ntuli aka ọzọ n'afọ 2015, Eze Mohammed VI zigaara ekele ya ma chọọ ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, na-ekwu maka "ezi ịhụ mba n'anya" na "nkwenye nke mkparịta ụka bara uru na ndị mmekọ akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba Morocco". N'okpuru onye isi oche ya, Bensalah-Chaqroun nwetara ọkwa onye na-ahụ maka CGEM na 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Marrakech. Ọ chịchara nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ ya dị ka onye isi ala n'ọnwa Mee nke afọ 2018.
Na Nọvemba 2012, Bensalah-Chaqroun sonyeere ndị isi oche nke onye ọrụ satịlaịtị Europe Eutelsat. Na Juun 15, 2017, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi nke Renault, na ọ ga-agbada dị ka onye nduzi nke Eutelsat iji nweta ọkwa ahụ. áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Bensalah-Chaqroun (ahịrị n'ihu, nke anọ site n'aka nri) ya na ndị isi ụwa na nnọkọ 2017 G20 Hamburg A kpọrọ Bensalah-Chaqroun na 2017 G20 Hamburg nzuko site n'aka onyeisi oche nke World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, iji nyere aka malite Ụlọ akụ Ụwa nke Women's Entrepreneur Finance Initiative. O sonyekwara na panel nke Chrystia Freeland kwadoro ebe o welitere okwu chere ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego ihu na Middle East na Africa.
Bensalah-Chaqroun ugbu a bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Les Eaux Minérales d'Oulmès, na onye nduzi nke Holmarcom.
Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite
Na Julaị 30, 2013, na nnabata ụbọchị ocheeze, Eze Mohammed VI nyere Bensalah-Chaqroun na Wissam Al-Moukafa Al-Watania (Order of National Merit) na ọkwa nke Grand Officer.
Na ememe na January 9, 2017, onye nnọchianya Spanish Ricardo Díez-Hochleitner, n'aha Eze Felipe VI, nyere Bensalah-Chaqroun na Order nke Civil Merit maka onyinye ya na mmekọrịta akụ na ụba n'etiti Spain na Morocco.
Na Machị 29, 2019, Bensalah-Chaqroun nwetara onyinye nturu ugo Fès Gate 2019 n'aka Idriss Azami Al Idrissi.
Forbes Middle East edepụtala Bensalah-Chaqroun dị ka nwanyị Arab nke iri na ise kachasị ike n'okpuru ụdị azụmaahịa ezinụlọ na 2014, ndị inyom Arab siri ike nke iri atọ na 2017,  na iri abụọ na isii kacha nwee mmetụta. nwanyị na 2018.
Na Machị 10, 2020, emere ya mma ka Knight of the Legion of Honor.
Ebenside
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Penka Metodieva
Penka Metodieva (Bulgarian; amụrụ na 12 Ọktoba 1950 na Pernik, Bulgaria) bụ onye Bulgaria bụbu onye na agba bọọlụ basketball nke sonyere na 1976 Olimpik oge okpomọkụ na 1980 Olimpik oge okpomọkụ.
Ihe odide
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Balgis Osman-Elasha
Balgis Osman-Elasha bụ onye sayensị ihu igwe nke Sudan nke na-amụ mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na Africa ma na-akwalite mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ bụ onye edemede na-eduga na IPCC Fourth Assessment Report nke nwetara Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Nobel Peace Prize, a kpọkwara ya onye mmeri nke 2008 United Nations Environment Programme Champion of the Earth.
Osman-Elasha bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe na African Development Bank kemgbe afọ 2009. Ọ kọwaala mmetụta siri ike nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'Africa, ọkachasị na mpaghara Horn of Africa; kwalitere mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe; ma gosipụta onyinye dịgasị iche iche na mgbanwe ihu igwe site na mba ndị mepere emepe. Ọ na-ekwu na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, na ụmụ nwanyị, karịsịa, na-emetụta mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, n'ihi ịdabere na ha na ihe onwunwe ndị dị egwu na n'ihi na ịda ogbenye na-egbochi ikike ha ime mgbanwe. frame|Balgis Osman-Elasha (nke abụọ site n'aka nri) na-ekere òkè na panel na "ime mgbanwe nke oké ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe". Ọ bụ IUFRO, CIFOR, ICRAF na PROFOR-World Bank haziri ya; Jenụwarị 2011. Osman-Elasha malitere ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Sudan's Ụlọ ọrụ Forest National na 1980s. Ọrụ Fuelwood Development for Energy ya kwusiri ike na ọrụ ọhịa obodo, nchekwa mmanụ, na njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ, ndị otu ya kesara ihe oriri ka mma iji belata ojiji nkụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ọrụ a mere ka ọ mata mgbanwe ihu igwe nke obodo Sudan, na nsogbu ndị obodo ime obodo na-eche ihu.
Osman-Elasha malitere ọrụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ya dị ka onye nchọpụta na Ihu igwe Gbanwee otu na Sudan's Ụlọ kansụl dị elu  nke oke ohia na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ gụnyere ịme nyocha nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta njikọ dị n'etiti gas na-arị elu na mgbukpọ ọhịa na Sudan. Nnyocha ya n'ebe ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe na mpaghara ndị mmiri na-enwekarị.
Osman-Elasha bụ onye otu Ụgbọ elu gọọmentị etiti Na mgbanwe ihu igwe ma bụrụkwa onye edemede na Ippc anọ Akụkọ nyocha. Ọ gara emume nrite Nobel dị ka onye nnọchi anya IPCC mgbe e nyere nzukọ ahụ 2007 Noble peace prize maka ọrụ ahụ.
E nyere Osman-Elasha ihe nrite United Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba Onye mmeri nke Ụwa n'afọ 2003. Ihe nrite ahụ kwuru na "Dọkịta Osman-Elasha kwusiri ike na okpomọkụ ụwa na mgbanwe na Sudan dị mkpa n'ihi njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti mgbanwe ihu igwe na esemokwu na mba ahụ" ma kwado ọrụ ya na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Charity Reuben
Charity Chetachukwu Reuben (amụrụ ya na ọnwa disemba 25, n'afo 2000) O bụ onye Naijiria  na akpa bọọlụ ukwu, O na  agbara ndi  BIIK Kazygurt. Ọ nọchitere anya Ibom Angels na Naijiria Women Premier League, na ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụnwaanyị Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ. Maka asọmpi iko Naịjirịa nke afọ 2017, o nyere goolu asatọ, nke bụ nke kachasị di okpurukpu n'egwuruegwu niile.
Ọrụ
Mgbe o sonyere na Rivers Angels n'afo 2015, Reuben meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ isii n'oge 2016 Naijiria Women Premier League. Charity so na asọmpi  egwuregwu iko mba ụwa FIFA 2016 U-20 Iko Mba nile nke umu nwanyi. Na Febụwarị 2018, a họpụtara ya site na Naijiria Football Federation maka afọ 2017  umu nwanyi ọkpụkpọ nke afo ahu    N’ọnwa Mee nke afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya ka onye kachasị egwu n’egwuregwu 2017 Naijiria Women Premier League na Naijiria Pitch Awards, ma na Rasheedat Ajibade tufuru onyinye a. Charity Reuben na agbara  ndị umu nwanyi njikọ nke Kazakhstan   maka BIIK Kazygurt football klọb kemgbe 2019.
Ebe nsi nweta
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ganza language
Ganza (nke a na-akpọkwa Ganzo, Koma) (Arabic: غانزا) bụ asụsụ Omotic a na-asụ na mpaghara Al Kurumik nke Blue Nile (mba) na Sudan na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Benishangul-Gumuz nke Etiopia, ọkachasị na mpaghara obodo Penishuba ya na Yabeldigis.
Ọ na-agakwa aha Ganzo, Gwami, Koma, na Koma-Ganza.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ọ bụ ezie na ogologo ụdaume na-adịkarị iche n'asụsụ Omotic, Ganza enweghị ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti ụdaume ogologo na mkpirikpi. Kama nke ahụ, Ganza nwere ogologo ụdaume ikpeazụ a na-ahụ anya na usoro okwu monosyllabic nwere ụdaume abụọ: 109
Ntụaka
Òtù:Asusu ndi Naijiria
Tiona Nekkia McClodden
Tiona Nekkia McClodden (July 2, 1981, Blytheville, Arkansas) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na-eme nchọpụta, ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na ónyé nlekọta na Philadelphia, PA.
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ McClodden na Blytheville, Arkansas, na 1981. Ọ gàrà Mahadum Clark Atlanta, na-amụ ihe nkiri na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ wee gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ihe nkírí na Spelman College.
Ọrụ na ọrụ
Ọrụ McClodden na-enyocha echiche nke okike, mmekọahụ na agbụrụ, na-elekwasị anya na ndị isi ojii, ndị na-eme ihe ike. Ọ na-emepụta ọrụ ya site na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkírí na mgbasa ozi ya bụ Harriet's Gun, nke o kwùrù na ọ na-ezo aka na Harriet Tubman.
O mepụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ na nraranye nye ndị édémédé na ndị egwu Africa America dị ka Langston Hughes na Florence B. Price ma ọ bụ Essex Hemphill, Brad Johnson na Julius Eastman, bụ ndị rụrụ ọrụ na 1980s n'oge nsogbụ ọrịa AIDS na US.
E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Institute of Contemporary Art na Philadelphia dị ka akụkụ nkè ngosi Okwu / Ihe omume na 2017.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
CarbonFix Standard
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere njikọ CarbonFix na afọ 1999. N'afọ 2007, njikọ ahụ mepụtara ụdị mbụ nke CarbonFix Standard, nke e gosipụtara na World Climate Conference na Bali, na ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007.
Ọkọlọtọ ahụ nwere njirisi nke ọrụ oke ọhịa ga-emerịrị iji nweta asambodo. Achọrọ nlekọta ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide
West Virginia v. EPA
West Virginia v. Ụlọ Ọrụ Naahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), bụ mkpebi dị ịrịba ama nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States metụtara Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, na ókè Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) nwere ike ịchịkwa ikuku carbon dioxide metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Ikpe ahụ naelekwasị anya na Atụmatụ Ike Dị Ọcha (CPP) nke EPA chepụtara na 2015 site na gọọmentị Obama. Netiti ndokwa ndị ahụ, CPP gụnyere iwu na ụlọ ọrụ ike dị ugbu a nokpuru Nkebi 7411 (d) nke Isiokwu 42 nke United States Code iji mejuputa "nime eriri mgbidi" teknụzụ mbelata ikuku na "nèzí eriri mgbidi " mmepụta naagagharị na isi mmalite ike dị ọcha dị ka anyanwụ na ike ifufe. Ọtụtụ steeti na ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta coal naama akụkụ mgbanwe nke CPP aka, ụlọ ikpe wee nọgide na CPP ma ọ bataghị nime mmanye. EPA nke gọọmentị Trump wepụtara iwu Affordable Clean Power na 2019 nke yiri ya ma nọrọ n'ụlọ ikpe. Ọtụtụ steeti na ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta coal mara nnọkọ ahụ aka, naachọ ịjụ ikike EPA nwere ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị nokpuru 7411 (d) dịka atụmatụ ya na CPP. A sụgharịghị ikpe ahụ mgbe gọọmentị Biden weghaara ọchịchị na 2020, dịka EPA nopuru gọọmentịiden kwupụtara ọchịchọ ha itinye njikwa "nèzí akara mgbidi", naeme ka ikpe ahụ ka dị mkpa maka ikike EPA nwere n'ịkọwa akwụkwọ ikike ha.
Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
Dị ka akụkụ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha (CAA) gbanwere, nokpuru § 7411 (d) (ma ọ bụ Nkebi 111 na iwu ahụ a tụrụ aro ya), Congress nyere Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) ikike ịchọpụta "usoro kachasị mma nke mbelata ikuku" site na ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta ike ma ọ bụ nnukwu isi mmalite ndị ọzọ, ma soro steeti rụọ ọrụ iji mezue atụmatụ mmejuputa iji tinye usoro ndị ahụ. E kewara ikike a netiti iwu abụọ, otu naekpuchi njikwa ikuku maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, nke edepụtara na § 7411 (b), na nke ọzọ naachịkwa ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a, na § 7411. Nime oke nke § 7411 (d), ọ bụ ezie na EPA nonwe ya enweghị ike ịtọ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị naemezughị ụkpụrụ mmepụta, ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na steeti na atụmatụ mmejuputa ha iji manye ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta ihe ịwụnye teknụzụ nchịkwa ikuku ma ọ bụ sonye na mmemme azụmaahịa ikuku, ma ọ bụ kwe ka steeti tinye ụtụ isi nke ha na ụlọ ọrụ naụzọ naemebi. E jiri ya tụnyere ojiji EPA naeji § 7411 (b) nilekọta ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, EPA ekwughi § 7411 "d) na iwu ọ bụla, ya mere § 7411
Ikpe nke EPA gara aga
Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke ikpe metụtara Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 2007 Massachusetts v. EPA, nke na mkpebi 5-4, chọpụtara na ndị Congress nyere iwu ka EPA chịkwaa ikuku naekpo ọkụ ma nwee ike ịgba ya akwụkwọ maka ịghara itinye iwu maka njedebe a nokpuru Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha. Massachusetts v. EPA a naewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ikpe kachasị mkpa na ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe ọ na-enye ohere maka ọtụtụ ikpe ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịmanye ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ikuku ka ha belata ikuku ha.
Akụkụ ikpe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 2015 Michigan v. EPA, nke na mkpebi 5-4 kwenyere na EPA ga-atụle ụgwọ nakwa na ọ kọwara Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi mgbe o kpebiri na ọ dịghị mkpa ịtụle ụgwọ mgbe ọ wepụtara "ịchọpụta" na ọ bụ "dị mkpa ma kwesị ekwesị" iji chịkwaa ụlọ ọrụ ike mmanụ ala. Michigan v. EPA a na-ewere ya dị ka ikpe na-ese okwu na ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi ka a katọrọ ya maka ibelata mmetụta ahụike na igosi mbelata nke nkwanye ùgwù Chevron, ebe a na-enye nkọwa nke iwu ndị omeiwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi mere nkwanye ùgwù n'ụlọ ikpe e guzobere na Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., na iwu nchịkwa.
Atụmatụ Ike Dị Ọcha
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2015, ndị na-emegide CPP, nke gụnyere steeti 28 na ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ, gbara ikike EPA aka n'ime iwu ya nke CPP, na-etinye akwụkwọ na United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) mgbe e bipụtara iwu ahụ na Federal Register. Ikpe ha mara CPP aka nụzọ bụ isi nihe atọ. Nke mbụ metụtara nlekọta noge ime udo nke Clean Air Act na 1990 nke mere ka nsụgharị House na Senate nke § 7411 (d) ghara ime udo, a naedekwa nsụgharị abụọ ahụ nime iwu a bịanyere aka. Nkọwa ụlọ ahụ kwuru na nihi na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha kpuchiri iwu nke carbon dioxide, EPA enweghị ike iji § 7411 (d) kpuchie ikuku carbon dioxide sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a, ebe mbipụta Senate nyere ohere maka § 7411 "d) iji kpuchie ikuku ikuku carbon dioxide. EPA kwubiri na ha nwere nkwanye ùgwù ikpe iji kọwaa iwu ahụ, naesote mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 2015 na King v. Burwell, ma jiri asụsụ Senate mepụta CPP, ebe ndị naemegide ya kwenyere na nsụgharị ụlọ ahụ bụ asụsụ a chọrọ iji kwekọọ nakụkụ ndị ọzọ nke iwu ahụ.
Ihe nke abụọ ndị naemegide CPP welitere bụ na iwu EPA karịrị ikike ha site ninye steeti ikike ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ike gafee bọọdụ ahụ kama ịnọ notu ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị naemegide ya kwenyere na ọ bụ ezie na EPA ma ọ bụ steeti nwere ike ime ka ụlọ ọrụ mee ihe dịka itinye nọrụ njikwa ikuku dịka ndị ahụ dịn'ime njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ "n'ime fenceline", a naewere iwu ndị metụtara mmelite arụmọrụ na renewables dị ka "nèzí fenceline". Ihe nke atọ metụtara arụmụka nke Ndezigharị nke Iri na EPA naenyefe ikike gọọmentị etiti na steeti nụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Na Jenụwarị 2016, D.C. Circuit kwetara ịnụ ikpe ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha enyeghị iwu nwa oge iji nọgide na-eme CPP. Nọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2016, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere iwu ka a kwụsị mmejuputa CPP. Ọ bụ ezie na a bịaghị aka niwu ahụ, ndị ọka ikpe Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor na Elena Kagan kwuru na ha gaara ajụ arịrịọ ahụ. D.C. Circuit nwere ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe na Septemba 2016.
Mgbe ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016 na ntinye nke ọchịchị Trump na mbido afọ 2017, EPA kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịkagbu atụmatụ ike dị ọcha site na Machị 2017 ma jiri iwu ọhụrụ dochie ya nke e bu nobi idebe ikike ya "nime fenceline", ma rịọ D.C. District ka ọ kwụsị ikpe ahụ. Nọnwa Eprel 2017, ụlọ ikpe distrikti nke D.C. nyere arịrịọ ahụ ma nye ndọtị naaga nihu nafọ ahụ. Nọnwa Ọktoba 2017, EPA wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya iji kagbuo CPP, ma gaa nihu naarịọ D.C. Circuit ka ọ kwụsị ikpe ahụ ruo mgbe iwu ahụ gwụchara. Ndị naakwado CPP gbara ụlọ ikpe distrikti ume ka ha gaa nihu na mkpebi site na Septemba 2016, ebe ọ bụ na igbu oge ọ bụla gaenye EPA ohere izere ọrụ ya ịkwado Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha. Ọ bụ ezie na D.C. Circuit gara nihu naenye oge ndị ọzọ ruo na June 2018, ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwuru nọnwa ahụ na ọ gaghịzi enye arịrịọ ọ bụla ọzọ iji gbuo oge ikpe ahụ, naachọ ka EPA wepụta iwu ikpeazụ ya naagbagha CPP ma na-ewebata iwu dochie anya, ma ọ bụ ikwe ka ụlọ ikpe gaa nihu nyocha ya.
Iwu Ike Dị Ọcha Dị Ọnụ Ahịa
Site na ụlọ ikpe D.C. Circuit jụrụ inye oge ọzọ, EPA wepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke iwu ikuku, iwu Affordable Clean Energy (ACE), nọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018. Ndị a kagburu CPP, na EPA naarụ ụka na e mepụtara ihe ndị a nụzọ naezighi ezi nke nkọwa iwu nke § 7411 (d). E mepụtara iwu ACE dabere na ọrụ EPA guzobere na Massachusetts v. EPA, mana naanị ịtọ obere nchebe na ihe achọrọ maka mbelata dị otú ahụ, naelekwasị anya naanị mbelata nke dị netiti 0.7% na 1.5% nke ikuku carbon dioxide site na ọkwa 2005 site na 2030, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 32% nke CPP setịpụrụ. Ọzọkwa, ACE debere iwu EPA naanị na nzọụkwụ "nime fenceline" nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ site na njikwa ikuku ma ghara ikikere ọ bụla maka mmelite arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ isi mmalite naagbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ ike ndị naetinye nọrụ njikwa ikuku gaanọgide naenwe nyocha ọhụrụ, iwu ACE chọkwara ime ka ihe achọrọ nke nyocha a ghara ịdị ike ma nwee ike ka ụlọ ọrụ ochie gafee nenweghị ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ ha. Nnyocha EPA mere atụmatụ na iwu a gaabawanye mmetọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe a tụrụ aro ya nokpuru CPP, nke nwere ike iduga ọnwụ 1,500-3,600 kwa afọ site na 2030 na ihe ruru 15,000 ndị ọzọ nwere nsogbu iku ume elu, netiti mmetụta ahụike mmadụ ndị ọzọ. EPA kwuru na iwu ndị a dabere na nkọwa dị nta nke § 7411 (d), nakwa na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha nwere ike iji dozie mmetọ ndị ọzọ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a. Site na ntọhapụ nke iwu ACE na ebumnuche iwepụ CPP, D.C. Circuit jụrụ ikpe ahụ na CPP dị ka ihe naenweghị isi, nke mechara kwụsị ịnọ na CPP nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere.
A naahụ iwu ọhụrụ ahụ dị ka ihe bara uru nye steeti na ụlọ ọrụ ndị megidere CPP, ọkachasị site naka Onye isi ala Donald Trump onye hụrụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi kwado ụlọ ọrụ coal naada ada, mana ọtụtụ steeti ndị ọzọ na ndị otu ahụike ọha na eze katọrọ iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, naetinye uru nke ngalaba mmanụ ala karịa ahụike ọha. Ndị naemegide ya kwukwara na e mezuru ihe mgbaru ọsọ 32% nke mbelata na CPP noge ewepụtara ACE ọhụrụ, ya mere ACE naanọchite anya mgbanwe nke mmeri ndị ahụ nibelata ikuku. Mgbe e bipụtara iwu ikpeazụ na June 2019, American Lung Association na American Public Health Association gbara akwụkwọ nụlọ ikpe D.C. Circuit iji maa iwu ahụ aka na July 2019. Ihe karịrị otu narị na iri asaa ndị ọzọ sonyeere ndị gbara akwụkwọ, gụnyere steeti iri abụọ na atọ, ọtụtụ obodo, na ndị ọzọ naahụ maka ahụike ọha na eze ka oge naaga. Ikpe ahụ kwuru na site na iwu ACE, EPA naemezughị ọrụ ya iji belata ikuku na imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze nokpuru Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, yana igbochi steeti iji usoro ndị ọzọ dị ogologo oge dị ka ịzụ ahịa ikuku dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mmejuputa ha. A nụrụ okwu ọnụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020.
D.C. Circuit kpebiri 2-1 na Jenụwarị 19, 2021, site na ihe mberede nụbọchị tupu emeghe Joe Biden dị ka onye isi ala US naesote, naakwado ndị gbara akwụkwọ, na-ahapụ ACE na mwepụ ya nke CPP. Echiche nke ọtụtụ ndịkpebiri na e mere iwu ACE nke EPA nụzọ naenweghị isi na nke naenweghị atụ nke e bu nuche "iji belata usoro maka mbelata ikuku", nakwa na mmejuputa ya "naemetụta mmejọ dị mkpa" nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha 7411 (d). Nihi na ikpe mbụ megide CPP ka a sụgharịrị ma chụpụ ya, mkpebi a mere ka CPP banye nọrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na EPA họọrọ ịga nihu na ya, ma ọ bụ mepụta iwu ọhụrụ dịka ụlọ ikpe distrikti DC. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ naerule netiti afọ 2021, gọọmentị Biden tụrụ aro na ọ gaabụ na ọ naachọ atụmatụ ọzọ karịa CPP maka ikuku carbon dioxide.
Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu
Nọnwa Ọktoba 2021, e tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa anọ dị iche iche (gụnyere abụọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ coal na otu sitere na North Dakota), naarịọ Ụlọikpe ka ọ nyochaa ọbụghị naanị mkpebi D.C. Circuit kamakwa nkọwa nke ike ndị Congress nyere EPA site na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha iji tinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a n'okpuru § 7411 (d). Nihe banyere arịrịọ West Virginia, enwere nchegbu na site na nkọwa nke § 7411 (d) nke ụlọ ikpe D.C. Circuit mere, EPA "nwere ike ịtọ ụkpụrụ na mpaghara ma ọ bụ ọbụna mba, naamanye mgbanwe dị egwu notú e si emepụta ọkụ eletrik, yana ịgbanwe ngalaba ọ bụla ọzọ nke akụ na ụba ebe isi mmalite naewepụta gas naekpo ọkụ". N'ikwekọ na nchọpụta sitere na Michigan v. EPA, ndị naarịọ arịrịọ gosipụtara nchegbu na nokpuru nkọwa a nke § 7411 (d) "gaetinye ego anyị enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ihi na E.P.A., steeti, na ndị ọzọ gaamanye ha itinye ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ na ihe onwunwe nime ụlọ ọrụ nke - nụzọ kachasị mma - naejighị naka. Ụlọikpe kwesịrị itinye aka ugbu a. "
Gọọmentị Biden gbara Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ume ka ọ ghara itinye aka, naenye EPA ohere ịnye iwu ọhụrụ ya "naeburu nuche ihe niile dị mkpa, gụnyere mgbanwe na ngalaba ọkụ eletrik nke mere nime afọ ole na ole gara aga", ma nye ohere ka a nyochaa ya, kama ikpebi iwu EPA naakọ nkọ. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwadoro arịrịọ anọ ahụ na Ọktoba 29, 2021, naejikọta ikpe ndị ahụ nokpuru West Virginia v. EPA. Nihi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere ikpe ahụ maka nyocha, EPA gosipụtara na ọ gaechere ruo mgbe mkpebi Ụlọikpe ahụ tupu ọ gaa nihu na ide iwu ọhụrụ ọ bụla iji dochie CPP ma ọ bụ ACE.
Na Febụwarị 28, 2022, a nụrụ arụmụka ọnụ ma ụlọ ikpe ahụ tụlere ma ọ bụrụ na akụkụ nke ikpe ahụ adaba nime nkuzi ajụjụ ya, nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ejirila chọọ ka ndị ọka ikpe debe ya na Congress karịa ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ihe ọ naahụ na ọ bụ mmetụta na nsonaazụ dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụhaala na o kwenyere na Congress enyeghị ikike ahụ nụzọ doro anya.
Echiche nke Ụlọikpe
Na June 30, 2022, e nyere mkpebi 6-3 nke Ụlọikpe ahụ na Chief Justice John Roberts na-ede echiche nke ọtụtụ ndị ọka ikpe ndị ọzọ naagbaso omenala sonyeere. Roberts bu ụzọ jụ arụmụka EPA na ikpe ahụ bụ ihe naenweghị isi ebe ọ bụ na a gbahapụrụ CPP. Roberts kwuru na ikpe ahụ ka dị ndụ "ọ gwụla ma 'ọ doro anya na a pụghị ịtụ anya na omume a naekwu na ọ bụghị eziokwu ka ọ laghachi". Roberts gara n'ihu kwuo na ebe ọ bụ na Onye isi ala Biden ekwupụtala ebumnuche ya "ịgbachitere" otu usoro ahụ dị ka CPP, na e nwere ihe kpatara ịtụle iwu CPP.
Justice Neil Gorsuch dere echiche kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke Justice Samuel Alito sonyeere. Gorsuch dere banyere mkpa ozizi ajụjụ ndị bụ isi, naekwu na "naachọ ichebe megide 'ihe naenweghị isi, ihe naadịghị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe naagaghị ekwe omume' intrusions" na mpaghara nke "gọọmentị onwe onye, ịha nhata, ọkwa ziri ezi, federalism, na nkewa nke ike".
Justice Elena Kagan dere nkwenye ahụ, nke ndị Justice Stephen Breyer na Sonia Sotomayor sonyeere, naekwu maka nchegbu banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe na itinye aka nụlọ ikpe iji wepụ nka nke EPA. Kagan dere, sị: "Ihe gbasara iwu ebe a naeme ka ntinye aka nke Ụlọikpe ahụ naenye nsogbu. Ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ụlọ ikpe a nwere ike ịmara, ọ nweghị ihe ọmụma banyere otu esi edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ka anyị kwuo ihe doro anya: Ihe ndị a dị ebe a dị elu. Ma ụlọ ikpe taa naegbochi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nyere ikike ime ihe iji gbochie ikuku carbon dioxide nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. Ụlọikpe ahụ naahọpụta onwe ya - kama Congress ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara - onye na-eme mkpebi na iwu ihu igwe. Enweghị m ike iche ehiche banyere ọtụtụ ihe naatụ egwu. Nụzọ nkwanye ùgwù, ekwenyeghị m".