cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
radieshon na apụta
Ihe osise dị mfe na ewere ọnọdụ kwụ chịm, mana n'ime ụwa n'ezie, okirikiri ehihie, yana okirikiri oge na nsogbu ihu igwe, na eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. Okpomọkụ anyanwụ na emetụta naanị n'ehihie. N'abalị, ikuku na ajụ oyi, mana ọ bụghị nke ukwuu n'ihi na okpomọkụ nke usoro ihu igwe na eguzogide mgbanwe ehihie na abalị, yana ogologo oge. Mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke ehihie na ebelata na ịdị elu na ikuku.
Ihe ndị dị na ikuku
thumb|Otu CO2 si akpata mmetụta okpomọkụ.
Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ
Gas na ekpo ọkụ (GHG) bụ gas nwere ike ijide okpomọkụ site na igbochi ikuku infrared na ekpuchi ikuku nke mbara ala. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na enye aka n'ọtụtụ mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa.
Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ gụnyere ọtụtụ gas diatomic nwere atọm abụọ dị iche iche (dị ka carbon monoxide, CO) na gas niile nwere atọm ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta radieshon infrared na ogologo oge ụfọdụ, ebe ọ bụ na ịma jijiji intramolecular ha na emepụta oge dipole. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe karịrị 99% nke ikuku kpọrọ nkụ bụ IR na apụta ìhè (n'ihi na ndị isi mejupụtara N2, O2, na Ariz enweghị oge dipole ma si otú a ghara inwe ike ịmịkọrọ ma ọ bụ wepụta radieshon infrared n'onwe ha), mgbagwoju anya intermolecular elastic na eme ka ike nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na amị ma wepụta na ekerịta ya na gas ndị ọzọ na abụghị IR. N'ikpeazụ dị ka mmetụta na adịghị ike, gas niile nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta obere IR broadband site na mgbagwoju anya.
Enwere ike kewaa gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ụdị abụọ, kpọmkwem na nke na apụtaghị ìhè. Gases nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon ọkụ infrared bụ gas na ekpo ọkụ, dịka, mmiri, carbon dioxide na ozone. Mkpụrụ ndụ nke gas ndị a nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon infrared na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke wavelength. Ụfọdụ gas bụ gas na ekpo ọkụ na apụtaghị ìhè, ebe ọ bụ na ha anaghị amịkọrọ radieshon okpomọkụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, mana ha nwere ike ịmepụta gas ndị ọzọ na ekwo ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, methane na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ozone tropospheric na ịmepụta carbon dioxide. NOx na CO nwekwara ike ịmepụta ozone tropospheric na carbon dioxide site na usoro fotochemical. thumb|Gas ikuku na-amịkọrọ naanị ụfọdụ wavelengths nke ike mana ha na apụta ìhè nye ndị ọzọ. Usoro ịmịkọrọ mmiri (ọnụ ọgụgụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ) na carbon dioxide (ọnụ ọgụgụ pinki) na agbakọta na ụfọdụ wavelengths. Carbon dioxide abụghị gas na ekpo ọkụ dị ike dị ka ikuku mmiri, mana ọ na amịkọrọ ike n'ogologo ebili mmiri (12-15 micrometers) nke ikuku mmiri na adịghị eme, na emechi "windo" nke okpomọkụ sitere n'elu ga esi na ya gbalaga na mbara igwe. (Ihe osise NASA, Robert Rohde) Site na pasentị ha nyere aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ n'ụwa, nnukwu gas okpomọkụ anọ bụ:
Ọ baghị uru ịnye pasentị a kapịrị ọnụ na gas ọ bụla n'ihi na absorption na emission bands nke gas na agbakọta (ya mere, ọnụọgụ ndị e nyere n'elu). Mmiri na anọ naanị n'ikuku maka nkezi ụbọchị 8 ruo 10, nke kwekọrọ na nnukwu mgbanwe na onyinye sitere na igwe ojii na iru mmiri n'oge na ebe ọ bụla.
E nwere gas ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta na enye aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ, gụnyere nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbones (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbures (HFCs), na sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).: AVII-60 A na emepụta gas ndị a site na ọrụ mmadụ, ya mere ha arụwo akụkụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Mgbanwe nke gas na ekpo ọkụ site na 1750 ruo 2019 (ppm: akụkụ kwa nde; ppb: akụkụ kwa ijeri):
Ikike okpomọkụ ụwa (GWP) nke gas na ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe atụ nke oke mmetụta ihu igwe nke gas nwere mgbe agbakwunyere na ikuku. A na agbakọ GWP site n'ịkọwa oge ndụ na arụmọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ nke gas. Dị ka ọ na adịkarị, nitrous oxide nwere ndụ nke ihe dị ka afọ 121, na ihe karịrị okpukpu 270 nke GWP karịa carbon dioxide maka afọ 20. Sulfur hexafluoride nwere ndụ nke ihe karịrị afọ 3000 na okpukpu 25000 karịa GWP karịa carbon dioxide.
Igwe ojii
Igwe ojii na ekere òkè dị mkpa na nguzozi radiative zuru ụwa ọnụ na igwe ojii cirrus dị nro nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na eme ka okpomọkụ. Ha nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta radieshon infrared ma si otú a metụta ihe ndị radiative nke ikuku. Igwe ojii gụnyere igwe ojii mmiri, igwe ojii ngwakọta na igwe ojii ice. Igwe ojii mmiri bụ igwe ojii dị ala ma nwee nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma. Igwe ojii na agwakọta ọnụ bụ igwe ojii na ebikọ ọnụ na mmiri mmiri na ice siri ike na okpomọkụ na ekpo ọkụ na ihe onwunwe ha na egbuke egbuke (omimi anya ma ọ bụ ọkpụrụkpụ anya) na emetụta nke ukwuu site na mmiri dị n'ime. Igwe ojii ice bụ igwe ojii dị elu na ike radiative ha na adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ice crystal, ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii na mmiri ice.
Ihe onwunwe radiative nke igwe ojii mmiri na adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na ihe onwunwe igwe ojii microphysical, dị ka ihe dị na mmiri mmiri igwe ojii na nkesa nha igwe ojii. Igwe mmiri nwere mmiri dị elu na obere mmiri ga enwe ike radiative siri ike. Mmiri mmiri igwe ojii na ejikarị ya na ikuku na ikuku. N'elu oké osimiri na ekpo ọkụ, ikuku na enwekarị mmiri na ekpuchi mmiri ma ya mere igwe ojii mmiri nwere mmiri dị elu. Mgbe ikuku na ekpo ọkụ na agbakọta n'ígwé ojii ma na emepụta mmiri siri ike, mmiri nwere ike ịdị elu karịa. Aerosols ga emetụta nkesa nha igwe ojii. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na emetọ emetọ nwere ọtụtụ aerosols, mmiri na adọba n'ígwé ojii mmiri na adịkarị obere.
Egwuregwu vidiyo
thumb|[[Usòrò:ArcadeGames.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu vidiyovideo game]] Egwuregwu vidiyo, [lower-alpha 1] nke a makwaara dị ka egwuregwu kọmputa, bụ egwuregwu eletrọnịkị nke gụnyere mmekọrịta nke onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ntinye - dị ka joystick, njikwa, kiiboodu, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ mmetụta ngagharị - iji mepụta nzaghachi anya. A na-egosipụtakarị nzaghachi a na ngwaọrụ ngosi vidiyo, dị ka ihe onyonyo, ihe nleba anya, ihuenyo mmetụ, ma ọ bụ ekweisi eziokwu mebere. Ụfọdụ egwuregwu kọmputa anaghị adabere mgbe niile na ihe ngosi eserese, dịka ọmụmaatụ, egwuregwu njem egwuregwu ederede na chess kọmputa nwere ike ịme site na ngwa nbipute teletype. A na-agbakwunye egwuregwu vidiyo site na nzaghachi ọdịyo ewepụtara site na ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ ekweisi, yana mgbe ụfọdụ ụdị nzaghachi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere teknụzụ haptic.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Igwe ojii
Igwe ojii ndị a na agwakọta ọnụ nwere nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma. Mmanye radieshon nke igwe ojii ngwakọta oge nwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka karịa igwe ojii mmiri. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na microphysics dị mgbagwoju anya karịa n'ihi ịdị n'otu nke mmiri na mmiri siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro Wegeneron-Bergeron-Findeisen nwere ike imebi nnukwu mmiri ma mee ka obere kristal ice buru ibu n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Usoro Hallett-Mossop ga agbaji mmiri mmiri na nnukwu kristal ice na ada ma kpọnwụọ n'ime ọtụtụ obere ice splinters. Igwe ojii radieshon nwere ike ịgbanwe n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'oge usoro ndị a n'ihi na obere kristal ice nwere ike igosipụta ọtụtụ ìhè anyanwụ ma mepụta nnukwu ike radieshon, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri mmiri.
Igwe ojii Cirrus nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta okpomọkụ, dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii. A na ewere cirrus dị nro dị ka nke nwere ike radieshon na cirrus dị arọ nwere ike radieshon na adịghị mma. Mmiri ice dị na nkesa oke ice na ekpebi ihe onwunwe cirrus radieshon. Mmiri ice ka ukwuu dị, mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ karị cirrus nwere. Mgbe mmiri ice nke igwe ojii bụ otu, cirrus nwere obere ice crystals nwere mmetụta dị jụụ ka ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere cirrus nwere nnukwu ice crystels. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na atụ aro ka a na-etinye ụfọdụ cirrus n'ime igwe ojii cirrus dị nro iji belata ogo nke ice crystals ma si otú a belata mmetụta ha na ekpo ọkụ, mana ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na enwe obi abụọ banyere ịdị irè ya ma chee na ọ ga abaghị uru ịlụ ọgụ na okpomọkụ ụwa.
Aerosols
A na akọwa aerosols ikuku dị ka nkwụsị nke mmiri, siri ike, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke nwere kemịkal na ihe dị iche iche, nke na arụ ọrụ dị ezigbo mkpa n'ịgbanwe mmefu ego ike ụwa nke ga akpatakwu mgbanwe ihu igwe. E nwere isi ihe abụọ na akpata ikuku aerosols, otu bụ isi ihe okike, nke ọzọ bụ isi ihe sitere n'aka mmadụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, uzuzu ọzara, nnu oké osimiri, ntụ ọkụ, ihe ndị na agbanwe agbanwe (VOC) site na ahịhịa na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa sitere na aerosols. Maka aerosols ndị sitere na ọrụ mmadụ, dị ka ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, na ọkụ nke ihe mkpofu ugbo, a na ewere ha dị ka aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ amụbaala nke ukwuu kemgbe oge preindustrial, nke a na ewere dị ka nnukwu onyinye maka mmetọ ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ebe ọ bụ na aerosols ndị a nwere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịmepụta mmetụta dị iche iche nke radiative na eme ka ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ dị jụụ.
Enwere ike ịhazi mmetụta nke ikuku ikuku na ihu igwe dị ka kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na apụtaghị ìhè n'ihe gbasara nrụgide radiative nke usoro ihu igwe. Aerosols nwere ike ịgbasa ma mịkọrọ ìhè anyanwụ na infrared n'ime ikuku, ya mere ọ nwere ike radiative na-amanye usoro ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Aerosols nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka igwe ojii condensation nuclei (CCN) iji mepụta igwe ojii, na akpata ịgbanwe nhazi na arụmọrụ nke mmiri mmiri, ice na igwe ojii ngwakọta, si otú ahụ na akpatara radiative na apụtaghị ìhè nke metụtara mgbanwe ndị a na njirimara igwe ojii.
Esan North-East
Esan North-East ( Uromi / Uzea ) bụ obodo na ọchịchị ime obodo dị na Edo steeti Naijiria nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ruru 119,346.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Aerosols
Aerosols nke na agbasa radieshon anyanwụ nwere ike igosipụta radieshon nke anyanwụ azụ na mbara igwe, nke ga akpata mmetụta oyi na ihu igwe ụwa. Aerosols niile dị na ikuku nwere ikike dị otú ahụ ịgbasa radieshon anyanwụ na abata. Mana ọ bụ naanị ụdị aerosols ole na ole nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon anyanwụ, dị ka Black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) na uzuzu mineral, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta okpomọkụ na enweghị isi na ikuku ụwa. Mpụta nke carbon ojii buru ibu n'ezie na mba ndị na emepe emepe, dị ka China na India, a ka na atụkwa anya na mmụba a ga aga n'ihu. Enwere ike ibuga carbon ojii n'ebe dị anya, ma gwakọta ya na aerosols ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ.Ịrụ ọrụ nke anyanwụ nwere njikọ dị mma na oke carbon ojii na sulphate, ya mere ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na ikuku carbon ojii na oke ikuku nke carbon na sulphat. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ngwakọta nwere ike ikpebi arụmọrụ nke BC, kamakwa ọ na emetụta ndụ nke BC. Enwere ike ibelata albedo elu nke snow ma ọ bụ ice kpuchiri n'ihi nkwụsị nke ụdị aerosol na amịkọrọ, nke ga akpatakwa mmetụta okpomọkụ. Mmetụta okpomọkụ sitere na carbon ojii n'ebe dị elu dị ezigbo mkpa dị ka carbon dioxide na ịgbaze snowpacks na glaciers. Na mgbakwunye na aerosols ndị a na amịkọrọ, a chọpụtara na stratospheric aerosol nwekwara ike ime ka okpomọkụ dị ike site n'ịbawanye radieshon ogologo oge n'elu ma belata radieshon ogologo nke na apụ apụ.
Esan North-East
Ọ nwere mpaghara 338 km2  na onu ogugu ndi mmadu nke 472.8 bi e no kwa square
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ okpomọkụ nke ụwa (ihe osise) bụ n'ihi ihe ndị gụnyere mmetụta okpomọkụ dị elu. A maara ime ka mmetụta okpomọkụ site na ọrụ mmadụ sie ike dị ka mmetụta okpuru okpomọkụ (ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ). Tinyere na a na ekwu site na nyocha nke ARGO, CERES na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ime narị afọ nke 21,: A hụla mmụba a na radiative forcing site na ọrụ mmadụ ozugbo, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara ya bụ mmụba nke ikuku carbon dioxide. Dị ka akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 2014 si n'aka Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe si kwuo, "nchịkọta ikuku nke carbon dioxide, methane na nitrous oxide enweghị atụ na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 800,000 gara aga. A chọpụtala mmetụta ha, tinyere nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka mmadụ, n'usoro ihu igwe niile ma o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara okpomọkụ a hụrụ kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 20. áká_èkpè|thumb|Keeling Curve nke ikuku CO2 bara ụba. A na emepụta CO2 site na ọkụ mmanụ ọkụ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mmepụta ciment na igbutu osisi. Ntụle nke CO2 sitere na Mauna Loa Observatory na egosi na mkpokọta abawanyela site na ihe dị ka akụkụ 313 kwa nde (ppm) na 1960, na-agafe 400 ppm milestone na 2013. Ọnụ ego nke CO2 dị ugbu a karịa ihe ndekọ geological maxima (≈300 ppm) site na data nke ice. Mmetụta nke carbon dioxide na emepụta combustion na ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe pụrụ iche nke mmetụta griin haus nke mbụ kọwara na 1896 site n'aka Svante Arrhenius, ka a na akpọkwa mmetụta Callendar.
Esan North-East
kilomita (1,225/sq . (2016).
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe
N'ime afọ 800,000 gara aga, data ice na egosi na carbon dioxide dịgasị iche site na uru dị ala dị ka 180 ppm ruo ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke 270 ppm. Ndị paleoclimatologists na ewere ọdịiche dị na carbon dioxide dị ka ihe dị mkpa na emetụta ọdịiche ihu igwe n'oge a.
Esan North-East
Obodo na obodo nta
Uromi, Egbele, Unuwazi, Utako, Onewa, Awo, Uzea, Eror, Idumoza, Arue, Ubierumu-Oke, Ebue, Ewoyi, Odigwele, Eguare, Oyomon, Eko-Ibadin, Efandion, Atani, Ualor-Oke, Amedokhian, Ukoni, Ewoki, na Ebun.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Ezigbo ụlọ ndị na ere nri
thumb|Ụlọ okpomọkụ nke oge a na RHS Wisley A na akpọ "mmetụta greenhouse" nke ikuku site na ntụnyere na greenhouses nke na ekpo ọkụ n'ìhè anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ okpomọkụ anaghị eme ka ọ dị ọkụ site na "mmetụta ụlọ okpompe". "Mmetụta Greenhouse" bụ n'ezie aha na ezighi ezi ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ a na ahụkarị bụ n'ihi mbelata nke convection, ebe "mmetụta greenhouse" na arụ ọrụ site na igbochi okpomọkụ na amị amị site na ịhapụ mbara ala site na nnyefe radieshon.
A na eji ihe ọ bụla na agafe ìhè anyanwụ wuo ụlọ okpomọkụ: ọ na abụkarị iko ma ọ bụ plastik. Anyanwụ na-eme ka ala na ekpo ọkụ ma na etinye ya n'ime ya dịka n'èzí, ndị a na emezi ka ikuku na ekwo ọkụ. N'èzí, ikuku na ekpo ọkụ dị nso n'elu na arị elu ma na agwakọta na ikuku dị jụụ n'elu, na eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala karịa n'ime, ebe ikuku na aga n'ihu na ekwo ọkụ n'ihi na ọ dị n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ. Enwere ike igosi nke a site na imeghe obere windo dị nso n'elu ụlọ okpomọkụ: okpomọkụ ga ada nke ukwuu. E gosipụtara ya site na nnwale (R. W. Wood, 1909) na "greenhouse" (nke na adịghị ekpo ọkụ) nke nwere mkpuchi nnu nkume (nke na'ahụ anya na infrared) na-ekpo ọkụ ogige yiri nke nwere mkpo iko. Ya mere, ụlọ okpomọkụ na arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ bụ isi site na igbochi convective jụrụ.
Greenhouses na ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe ọzọ: ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ihe dị n'ime nke na ekpuchi okpomọkụ, ọ dị mma iji belata oke okpomọkụ na apụta site na radieshon jụrụ. Enwere ike ime nke a site na iji glazing zuru oke.
Esan North-East
Isi ngwaahịa ugbo
Akpụ, osikapa, ji, ọka, tomato, okra, egusi, kokoyam, na rọba.
Hospitallọ ọgwụ izugbe, ụlọọgwụ na ụlọ ebe ọmụmụ.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Ezigbo ụlọ ndị na ere nri
Ọ ga ekwe omume n'echiche iwu ụlọ okpomọkụ nke na ebelata okpomọkụ ya n'oge ọchịchịrị; ụlọ okpompe dị otú ahụ ga ejide okpomọkụ site na usoro anụ ahụ abụọ dị iche iche, na ejikọta ọtụtụ mmetụta okpomọkụ, otu n'ime ha yiri usoro ikuku, na eme ka arụmụka na ezighị ezi.
Mmetụta na adịghị mma nke okpomọkụ
Mmetụta okpomọkụ na agụnye gas okpomọkụ nke na-ebelata ọnụego nke radieshon jụrụ na mbara igwe, dabere na ihe ga eme ma ọ bụrụ na gas ndị ahụ adịghị. Nke a na eme n'ihi na gas na ekpo ọkụ na egbochi radieshon okpomọkụ na ala dị ala, mana na ewepụta radieshon na elu ebe ikuku dị jụụ na ọnụego radieshon dị ala.
N'ọnọdụ ebe enwere mgbanwe okpomọkụ siri ike, nke mere na ikuku na ekpo ọkụ karịa elu, ọ ga ekwe omume ka a gbanwee mmetụta a, nke mere ka ọnụnọ nke gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ na eme ka ọnụego nke radiative cooling na mbara igwe dịkwuo elu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radieshon okpomọkụ na apụta na mbara igwe dị ukwuu karịa ọnụego nke radieshan okpomọkụ sitere n'elu. A na akpọ ọnọdụ a "mmetụta na adịghị mma".
Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo na, mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mpaghara Antartica.
Kathleen Annie Lansdell
thumb|Crassula perfoliata Kathleen Annie Lansdell (afọ 1888 Durban rụọ úbọchị àtó n'ọnwa Eprel 1967 Pietermaritzburg), bụ ónyé na-ese ihe ọkụkụ nà South Africa.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Mmetụta na emegide greenhouse
Mmetụta anti-greenhouse bụ usoro yiri ma kwekọọ na mmetụta greenhouse: na mmetụta greenhouses, ikuku na ahapụ radiation ka ọ ghara ikwe ka radiation okpomọkụ pụọ, si otú a na ekpo ọkụ n'elu ahụ; na mmetụta anti-greinhouse, ikuku na'ime ka radiation pụọ mgbe ọ na ahapụrụ radiation okirikiri, nke na ebelata okpomọkụ elu. A tụwo aro mmetụta dị otú ahụ maka ọnwa Saturn bụ Titan.
Kathleen Annie Lansdell
Ọ zụrụ nà Government Art School na Durban nakwa nà Royal College of Art na South Kensington. Ọ malitere ọrụ na Natal Herbarium, nke dị n'ala nke Durban Botanic Gardens, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1915, na-anọchi Millicent Franks onye hapụrụ na Nọvemba 1914. O tinyere aka n'ịkwadebe ihe osise maka Mpịakọta nke asaa nke John Medley Wood's Natal Plants, mpịakọta na-ezughị ezu ma ghara ibipụta ya n'ihi ọnwụ ya n'ọnwa Ọgọst 1915. Ụfọdụ n'ime efere ndị ahụ na-acha mmiri ma ka na-anọdụ na Natal Herbarium. Mgbe 1917 gasịrị, ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ógè ya na Division of Botany and Plant Pathology na Pretoria, ọrụ ya n'ebe ahụ bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mkpali màkà mbipụta nke Flowering Plants of South Africa. O mepụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ bụrụ ibu nkè efere màkà mpịakọta mbụ e bipụtara, na mpịakọ irí àtó nà isé nke afọ 1962 raara ya nye.
Mgbè ọ làrà ezumike nká, ọ gàrà bírí na Durban ma gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe osise Natal, ọbá akwụkwọ Killie Campbell natara akwụkwọ irí asaá na isii nke ihe osise ya na 1962.
Mmetụta okpomọkụ
Mmetụta na eme ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ
Mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ na eme mgbe gas na ekwo ọkụ na agbakọta na ikuku site na nzaghachi nzaghachi dị mma ruo n'ókè nke na ha na egbochi okpomọkụ radiated ka ọ ghara ịbanye na mbara igwe, si otú a na egide mbara ala ka ọ ghara ịdị jụụ.
Ihe odide
The Elusive Absolute Surface Temperature (SAT). Goddard Institute for Space Studies. NOAA. Edebere site na izizi na 5 Septemba 2015. Ewetara na 3 Septemba 2008.
Rebecca (2009-01-14). Ihu igwe na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa : Akụkọ njirimara. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Edebere na nke izizi na 21 Jenụwarị 2021. eweghachiri na 2020-12-14.
Lindsey. Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. NOAA Climate.gov.
Worley. Greenhouses: kpo oku, jụrụ na ikuku. Mahadum Georgia Extension. Edebere site na izizi na 12 Maachị 2023. Eweghachitere na 12 Maachị 2023.
Ntụnye nke Otu Ọrụ I na akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke ngalaba gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe, 2007, Isi nke 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom na New York, NY, USA.. eweghachitere na 24 Maachị 2023. “Mgbidi ugogbe ahụ. na griin haus belata ikuku ma mee ka okpomọkụ nke ikuku dị n'ime. N'otu aka ahụ, mana site na usoro anụ ahụ dị iche, mmetụta griin haus nke ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu ụwa. "
Fourier (1824). "Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires" (na fr). Annales de Chimie et de Physique 27: 136–167. eweghachiri na 8 June 2020.
Ụkwụ (Nọvemba 1856). Ọnọdụ ndị na-emetụta Ọkụ nke ụzarị anyanwụ, 382–383. eweghachiri na 31 Jenụwarị 2016.
Huddleston (17 Julaị 2019). Obi ụtọ ụbọchị ọmụmụ 200th Eunice Foote, onye ọsụ ụzọ sayensị ihu igwe zoro ezo. NOAA Climate.gov. Edebere na nke izizi na 30 Septemba 2020. Eweghachitere na 8 Ọktoba 2019.
John Tyndall, Heat a tụlere dị ka Mode of Motion (peeji 500; afọ 1863, 1873)
Easterbrook (18 Ọgọst 2015). Ònye bu ụzọ chepụta okwu ahụ bụ "Greenhouse Effect"?. Obi iru ala. Edebere na nke mbụ na 13 Nọvemba 2015. Ewetara na 11 Nọvemba 2015.
Ekhlm N (1901). "Na ọdịiche nke ihu igwe nke Geological na akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga na ihe kpatara ya". Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke anọ nke Royal Meteorological Society 27: 1–62. DOI:10.1002/qj.49702711702.
Annex VII - Nkọwa okwu. Edebere ya na mbụ na 2021-08-09.
(2021) "Isi nke asaa: mmefu ego ike ụwa, nzaghachi ihu igwe, na mmetụta ihu igwe", Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2021: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. IPCC. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023.
Raval (1989). "Mkpebi nyocha nke mmetụta griin haus". Ọdịdị 342: 758–761. DOI: 10.1038/342758a0.
Raval (1990). "Mkpebi nyocha nke mmetụta griin haus". Nzaghachi ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ihe omume nke Brookhaven National Laboratory Workshop: 5-16. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023.
Kedu ihe bụ mmefu ego ike nke ụwa? Ajụjụ ise na otu nwoke maara. NASA.gov. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023.
Ntụle Radiation Ụwa. CIMSS: Mahadum nke Wisconsin. eweghachiri na 25 Eprel 2023.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ NASA Ụwa. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Edebere site na mbụ na 25 Disemba 2015. Ewetara na 2010-10-15.
Jacob (1999). "7. Mmetụta Greenhouse", Okwu Mmalite nke Chemistry ikuku. Mahadum Princeton Press. ISBN 978-1400841547. eweghachiri na 9 Disemba 2009.
Radiation anyanwụ na nha ike nke ụwa. Eesc.columbia.edu. Edebere na mbụ na 17 Julaị 2012. Ewetara na 2010-10-15.
Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mkpesa nyocha nke anọ. Isi nke 1: Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe
"Okpomọkụ ikuku zuru oke," lee mkparịta ụka GISS
Mann. METEO 469: Site na Meteorology ruo Mbelata - Ịghọta Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ - Ihe ọmụmụ 5 - Nlezigharị nke Sistemụ ihu igwe - Otu-Layer Energy Balance Model. Penn State College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Ngalaba Meteorology na Sayensị ikuku. Edebere na nke izizi na 31 Ọktoba 2022. Eweghachitere na 4 Nọvemba 2022.
Michon Scott (2006-04-24). Akwa Okpomọkụ Ụwa - Akụkọ ọjọọ, Ozi Ọma. NASA Earth Observatory. Edebere site na izizi na 4 Disemba 2022. eweghachiri na 4 Disemba 2022.
Mitchell (1989). Mmetụta "Greenhouse" na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nlebanya nke Geophysics 27 (1): 115–139. DOI: 10.1029/RG027i001p00115. eweghachiri na 2008-03-23.
Mobilis (Algeria)
ATM (Algérie Télécom Mobile) Mobilis ma ọ bụ naanị Mobilis (Arabic: موبيليس, :, styled mobilis in its logo), a subsidiary of Groupe Télécom Algérie [fr], bụ onye mbụ na otu n'ime ndị isi ọrụ ekwentị atọ na Algeria. Ọ ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya n'August 2003.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2016, Mobilis bụ onye ọrụ mbụ na Algeria ka e nyere ya ikikere iji malite netwọk 4G. 2016 na Ouargla na Hassi Messaoud, [5] wee gbasaa na mpaghara ndị ọzọ: Tlemcen, Constantine, Batna, Bordj Bou Arreridj, El Oued, Biskra, Boumerdes, Tipaza, Blida, Tizi Ouzou na Sidi Bel-Abbes, na 21 Disemba..
N'afọ 2017, Mobilis nwere 40.06% nke ngụkọta ahịa ekwentị mkpanaaka nke mba ahụ, na 10,204,002 3G debanyere aha na ihe na-erughị 3,505,803 4G debanyesiri aha (47.26% na 35.53% ahịa ahịa, n'otu n'otu).
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2195
Mkpebi nke afọ 2195 nke otú United Nations Security Council kwadoro n'otu olu site na UN Security Council n'ụbọchị 19 Disemba nke afọ 2014. Mkpebi ahụ sochiri arụmụka nke Mịnịsta mba ofesi nke Chad malitere bụ onye kọwara mkpa ọ dị ịnakwere usoro mba ụwa iji gbochie ndị na-eyi ọha egwu irite uru site na mpụ mba dị iche iche. Nke a ga-agụnye ikpe nke ịzụ ahịa ngwá agha, ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ, iji ụgbọelu maka ịzụ ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị, ịzụ ahịa na mineral, ịtọrọ mmadụ, ịpụnara mmadụ ihe na izu ohi ụlọ akụ. A gwara mba nke ndị otu United ka ha wusie ike na-eche ókèala ha nche iji gbochie nnwere onwe ije nke ndị na-eyi ọha egwu.
Ọdịnaya
Mkparịta ụka ahụ gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị ibuli ịlụso ụdị iyi ọha egwu niile ọgụ na ọkwa mba dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ dị mkpa, n'ime usoro a, bụ ịkwụsị ụzọ isi nweta ego maka iyi ọha egwu nke gụnyere mpụ a haziri ahazi, yana mkpa ọ dị ịlụ ọgụ megide nrụrụ aka, mmefu ego na ego na-akwadoghị.
Al Qaeda, n'ihi ya, anọwo na-efu ego n'ụzọ dị otú a. Ya mere, a kpọrọ mba ka ha nọgide na-ekere òkè na-arụ ọrụ na Al Qaeda Sanctions List.
Mpaghara nke chọrọ enyemaka n'ọgụ megide iyi ọha egwu bụ mba Africa, ebe ngwakọta nke iyi ọha egwu, ime ihe ike, na mpụ a haziri ahazi nwere ike ime ka esemokwu ka njọ. Ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mba amalitelarị n'ebe ahụ iji dozie nsogbu ndị ahụ. Otu bụ AFRIPOL; Nkwekọrịta imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti African Police Cooperation Mechanism (Afripol) na International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) guzobere n'ọnwa Febrụwarị 2014.
29 Ọktoba
29 Ọktoba bu ubochi nke 29th (nke iri abụọ na itenanị) na onwa ana kpo Ọktoba. Na Gregorian calender, 29 Ọktoba bu ubochi nke 302nd (303rd na afo nke ana-kpo leap year) na afo. Anyi nwere agugu ubochi 63 du mgbe afo na agwu.
Onye wuru
Òtù:Ọktoba
Sabaayad
Sabayad, nke a makwaara dịka kimis, bụ ụdị achịcha dị larịị a na-eri na obodo Somalia ya na Djibouti. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na paratha nke mpaghara India.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
O bukwazi achicha a na ekekari n’obodo Somalia. A na-erikarị achịcha a na-eri n'oge nri ụtụtụ maọbụ nri abalị. A na-eme ya site na ntụ ọka, mmiri na nnu. Dịka paratha, a na-afụkọta ya n'ime square maọbụ okirikiri ma sie ya n'oge na-adịghị anya na pan. Otú ọ dị, a na-akwadebe sabayad n'ụzọ ọdịnaala obodo Somali. [nkọwapụta dị mkpa]
Obodo mgbanwe
thumb|OfObodo Mgbanwe Witzenhausen Okwu mgbanwe obodo, mgbanwe mgbanwe na ihe nlereanya mgbanwe na-ezo aka na ọrụ obodo ndị na-achọ ịbawanye afọ ojuju onwe ha iji belata mmetụta nke mmanụ kachasị elu, mbibi ihu igwe, na ọgba aghara akụ na ụba  site na atụmatụ nhazi ọhụrụ, ọkachasị gburugburu mmepụta nri na ojiji ike. N'afọ 2006, ntọala nke Transition Town Totnes na United Kingdom ghọrọ ihe mkpali maka otu ndị ọzọ iji guzobe. E hiwere ọrụ ebere Transition Network na mbido 2007, iji kwado ọrụ ndị a. Ọtụtụ n'ime otu ndị a ka edebanye aha na Transition Network. Amalitela atụmatụ mgbanwe n'ebe dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa, yana ọtụtụ dị na United Kingdom na ndị ọzọ na Europe, North America na Australia. Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnobi a ka dị otu, ihe ngwọta nke usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe na-adabere na njirimara mpaghara.
Okwu mmalite
Okwu ahụ, "obodo mgbanwe" bụ nke Louise Rooney na Catherine Dunne chepụtara.
Enwere ike itinye ihe nlereanya mgbanwe ahụ n'ụdị ebe dị iche iche ebe ndị mmadụ bi, dị ka obodo nta, mpaghara, agwaetiti na obodo. Okwu a bụ "mgbalị mgbanwe", nke gụnyere mpaghara mgbanwe, obodo, na obodo ukwu, ọ bụ ezie na "obodo mgbanwe" bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe.
Site na Kinsale ruo Totnes
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Totnes, Devon, England: obodo mgbanwe N'afọ 2004, onye na-emepụta permaculture Rob Hopkins setịpụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na Kinsale Further Education College ọrụ nke itinye ụkpụrụ permaculture na echiche nke mmanụ kachasị elu. Nsonaazụ nke mmemme ụmụ akwụkwọ a bụ 'Kinsale Energy Descent Action Plan'.
Nke a lere anya mmegharị ihe okike n'ofe n'akụkụ mmepụta ike, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, akụ na ụba na ọrụ ugbo dị ka "maapụ okporo ụzọ" maka ọdịnihu ga-adigide maka obodo ahụ. Abụọ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, Louise Rooney na Catherine Dunne, mepụtara echiche obodo Transition. Ha kwuziri echiche ha n'ihu Kansụl obodo Kinsale. Ndị kansụl ahụ kpebiri ịnakwere atụmatụ ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ maka nnwere onwe ike.
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Bank of Africa Tanzania Limited, nke a makwaara dị ka BOA Tanzania (BOAT), bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akụ azụmahịa dị na Tanzania nke Bank of Tanzania nyere ikikere, ụlọ akụ etiti nke mba ahụ na onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ mba ahụ.
Önwa ishií 17
Önwa ishií 17 bu ubochi nke iri na asaa na onwa nke ana-kpo Juun. Na Gregorian calender, 17 Juun bu ubochi nke 168th (169th na afo nke ana-kpo leap year) na afo. Anyi nwere agugu ubochi 197 du mgbe afo na agwu.
Onye wuru
Òtù:Önwa ishií
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Ebe
Isi ụlọ ọrụ na isi alaka nke Bank of Africa Tanzania Limited, dị na National Development Corporation House, Ohio Street, na nkuku na Kivukoni Road, na mpaghara azụmahịa etiti nke Dar es Salaam, isi obodo azụmahịa Tanzania na obodo kachasị ukwuu. Ndekọ ala nke isi ụlọ akụ ahụ bụ: 6°49'03.0"S, 39°17'31.0"E (Latitude:-6.817500; Longitude:39.291944).
Bakkes
Aha nna Bakkes sitere Ndida Africa nke nwere ike izo aka na
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Nchịkọta
BOA Tanzania bụ ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa na-ere ahịa nke na-enye ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche, ụlọ ọrụ dị n'etiti, na obere azụmaahịa. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba 2019, BOA Tanzania bụ onye na-enye ọrụ ego dị n'etiti, nwere ngụkọta akụ nke ijeri TSh 564 (ihe dịka US $ 245.4 nde), yana ego ndị ahịa ruru ijeri Tsh 390 (ihe dịka $ 169.7 nde).
Obodo mgbanwe
Site na Kinsale ruo Totnes
Hopkins kwagara n'obodo ya Totnes, England, ebe ya na Naresh Giangrande mepụtara echiche ndị a n'ime ihe nlereanya mgbanwe. Na mbido afọ 2006, e guzobere Transition Town Totnes ma bụrụ ihe mkpali maka ntọala nke atụmatụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ.
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Bank of Africa Group
Ụlọ akụ ahụ bụ onye otu Bank of Africa Group, ụlọ akụ mba dị iche iche, Pan African nke nwere isi na Bamako, Mali, na mba 18, gafee netwọk nke ụlọ akụ azụmahịa 16, otu ụlọ ọrụ ego, otu ụlọ akụ, otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-etinye ego, otu njikwa akụ na otu ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya na Paris. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ngụkọta akụ nke otu ahụ ruru ijeri euro 7.62 (ijeri US $ 8.24).
Obodo mgbanwe
E hiwere Transition Network
thumb|Onye na-emepụta permaculture Rob Hopkins na mkparịta ụka ya na Silver Donald Cameron banyere Obodo Transition. Na mbido afọ 2007, onye nkuzi permaculture bụ Rob Hopkins, Peter Lipman na Ben Brangwyn guzobere ọrụ ebere Transition Network UK. Dabere na Totnes, a malitere ya iji kwado atụmatụ mgbanwe na-apụta gburugburu ụwa. Ọ na-azụ ma na-akwado ndị na-etinye aka na atụmatụ ndị ahụ. Ọ na-agbasa echiche nke obodo mgbanwe.
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
BOA Tanzania malitere ọrụ ya na June 2007, mgbe Bank of Africa Group nwetara Euroafrican Bank Tanzania, nke na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1995.
Obodo mgbanwe
2008 ruo taa
N'afọ 2008, ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo ndị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ahụ amụbaala na ọtụtụ mpaghara na-aghọ obodo mgbanwe "nke gọọmentị". Nke a bụkwa afọ e bipụtara Transition Handbook.
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Ọchịchị
Ndị isi ụlọ akụ ahụ na-elekọta ụlọ akụ ahụ, nke Nehemiah Kyando Mchechu, onye na-abụghị onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, bụ onye isi oche ya. Onye isi nchịkwa na onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ akụ ahụ bụ Adam Charles Mihayo.
Obodo mgbanwe
2008 ruo taa
Atumatu a gbasara ma ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Mee 2010 enwere ihe karịrị atụmatụ obodo 400 ghọtara dị ka obodo mgbanwe ọchịchị na United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Italy na Chile. Okwu atumatu mgbanwe ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị iji gosipụta oke na ụdị obodo metụtara - dịka ọmụmaatụ. obodo (Kinsale), agbataobi nke obodo (Portobello, Edinburgh), site na mpaghara kansụl (Penwith) ruo obodo na mpaghara obodo (Brixton).
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Mgbasa ozi
Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba 2019, ụlọ akụ ahụ nwere alaka 27 na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere alaka 13 na Dar es Salaam, alaka 13 na obodo na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Tanzania na otu Ụlọ Azụmaahịa na Dar es salaam.
Obodo mgbanwe
2008 ruo taa
Site na Septemba 2013, enwere atụmatụ 1130 edebanye aha (462 Official, 654 Muller) na mba 43.
Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Africa Tanzania Limited
Ihe odide
<references group="" responsive="1">
Obodo mgbanwe
Mmetụta
Mmetụta gụnyere echiche permaculture dị ka akọwara na Bill Mollison's Permaculture, a Designers Manual (1988) na David Holmgren's Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability (2003), yana ọrụ David Fleming na obodo, omenala na nkwụsi ike.
Nhazi
Obodo mgbanwe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ nwere oke nnwere onwe. Agbanyeghị, a ga-akpọrịrị atụmatụ gọọmentị ụfọdụ njirisi ga-emerịrị. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nweghị ihe ga-akwụsị atụmatụ 'na-akwadoghị' site n'iji echiche sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ obodo Transition. Ọzọkwa, enwere 'ụlọ ọrụ' dị iche iche iji hazie ọrụ na ọkwa mpaghara.
Usoro Mgbanwe
Transition Network (TN) bụ ọrụ ebere UK hibere iji kwado atụmatụ mgbanwe. O bipụtala akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri, zụọ ndị mmadụ ma kwado ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet. Weebụsaịtị TN nwere ndepụta atụmatụ edebanyere aha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-anabata nke ọma.
TN agbaala nzukọ asaa: Nailsworth (2007), Royal Agriculture College, Cirencester (2008), Battersea Arts Centre (2009), Dame Hannah na Seale Hayne (2010), Hope University, Liverpool (2011), Battersea Art Centre (2012) na Dame Hannah na Saale Hayne (2015)
Mgbanwe US
Na United States, a malitere usoro mgbanwe n'ọtụtụ obodo. Transition US bụ isi obodo mba. Ọhụụ ya kwuru bụ "na obodo ọ bụla dị na United States ga-etinye aka n'ịmepụta ihe okike ya iji wepụta mgbanwe pụrụ iche na akụkọ ihe mere eme gaa n'ọdịnihu karịa ihe ndị a na-agbanye n'ime ala; ọdịnihu nke dị ike karị, bara ụba ma na-eguzogide; nke kachasị mma karịa ugbu a".
Ebumnuche e kwuru nke Transition US bụ ịbụ ihe enyemaka na "ihe na-akpali iwulite obodo ndị siri ike gafee United States nke nwere ike iguzogide oke ike, ihu igwe, ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba ka ọ na-emepụta ndụ ka mma na usoro ahụ". Ha na-eme atụmatụ imezu nke a site na "ịkpali, ịgba ume, ịkwado, ịkparịta ụka na ọzụzụ ndị mmadụ na obodo ha ka ha na-atụle, na-anabata, na-eme mgbanwe, ma na-etinye usoro mgbanwe maka ike na mgbanwe obodo".
E guzobekwara ọtụtụ saịtị steeti site na iji ikpo okwu netwọk mmekọrịta Ning. E guzobere saịtị steeti ndị a, n'okpuru nchebe nke saịtị Ning nke mba, iji nyere aka mee ka ọ dị mfe, netwọk, mara, nyochaa, ma mee atụmatụ mgbanwe mpaghara na nke nhazi. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ịkwalite mgbasa nke mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbe ọ na-ejikọta òtù, ọrụ, echiche na ọrụ ndị metụtara netwọk.
Ntuziaka maka ìgwè ọhụrụ
Ụfọdụ ọrụ na-eji ntuziaka TN 'ihe 12', ma ọ bụ 'ihe ndị edegharịrị', mgbe ha na-ahazi otu ha.
Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
Transition Network's (TN) kwuru ebumnobi ya bụ ịkwalite mmata maka ibi ndụ na-adigide yana iwulite nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi.
Mmanụ kachasị elu na ike ime obodo
Akwụkwọ ntuziaka mgbanwe: Site na ịdabere na mmanụ gaa na nkwụghachi azụ mpaghara site n'aka Rob Hopkins na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime usoro dị n'azụ Mgbanwe mgbanwe ma kọwaa ụzọ maka obodo mgbanwe mpaghara iji tinye aka.
Ụgbọ njem
Transition Network na-agba ndị obodo ume ka ha chọọ ụzọ ha ga-esi ebelata ojiji ike yana ibelata ndabere ha na ụdọ ogologo ọkọnọ nke dabere kpamkpam na mmanụ ọkụ maka ihe ndị dị mkpa (lee mgbako gburugburu ebe obibi).
Mmepụta nri
Dị ka The Transition si kwuo, nri bụ ebe dị mkpa maka mgbanwe, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji okwu "Food feet, not food miles". Ihe ndị e mere ruo ugbu a gụnyere ịmepụta ogige obodo ma ọ bụ iji mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ osisi nut dochie osisi ndị mara mma iji kọọ nri.
Ihe mkpofu na imegharị ihe
Mgbanwe mkpofu azụmahịa na-achọ ka ọ dakọtara n'efu nke otu ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọzọ na-eji ihe mkpofu ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ symbiosis ụlọ ọrụ. A na-atụ aro na usoro a nwere ike inyere ụlọ ọrụ aka ịba ụba uru site n'ibelata akụrụngwa na mkpofu mkpofu, na-ebelata ikuku carbon, na-eme ka ngwaahịa ha bụrụ isi iyi ego nke azụmahịa ndị ọzọ zụrụ. [ihe mgbakwunye (s) ọzọ achọrọ] Ọ na-atụkwa aro ka ekwesịrị ịtụle ịrụzi ihe ochie kama ịtụfu ha.
Nkà na ụbụrụ
Network Transition na-atụpụta ụzọ ọzọ site na azụmahịa dị ka ọ na-adị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ site na mmeghachi omume 'uju/doomladen' na mmanụ kacha elu yana njedebe nke uto akụ na ụba na-akparaghị ókè. Dabere na Southend-on-Sea in Transition,
Otu isiokwu nke Transition Network bụ ịnakwere mmetụta mmetụta uche nke ịgbanwe gaa na ụwa ike dị ala. Ụfọdụ otu Transition Network nwere otu 'Obi na Mkpụrụ obi' ileba anya n'akụkụ a.
Atụmatụ ime ihe na-agbadata ike (EDAP)
Obodo ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-achọ ibelata ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ, otu ụzọ ha si eme nke a bụ site n'ịmepụta atụmatụ ime ihe ike nke obodo (EDAP). Dịka egosiri n'ihe gbasara Totnes, a kọwapụtara okwu a bụ "obodo" ka ọ gụnyere ndị obodo, ụlọ ọrụ obodo, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na kansụl ime obodo. Mmepe nke EDAP chọrọ itinye aka na mmemme mpaghara na ọkwa dị iche iche. Emebere atụmatụ izizi zuru oke maka Totnes na 2010, nke akpọrọ Transition in Action: Totnes & District 2030.
Na France, ebe a na-akpọ òtù ahụ Villes et Territoires en Transition, njikọ négaWatt na-enye nkwado maka mgbanwe mgbanwe.
Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba
Obodo ụfọdụ na-agbanwe agbanwe etinyela aka na ịmalite ego obodo gụnyere Totnes pound, Lewes pound, Stroud pound na Brixton pound.
Iji nyere aka n'ịga n'ihu na ebumnuche ndị a, Transition Network guzobere REconomy Project, n'ihe dị ka afọ 2012.
Emere na 2007, pound Totnes, nke a na-agụta na ụlọ ahịa na azụmaahịa dị n'ógbè ahụ, nyere aka belata kilomita nri ma na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'obodo ahụ.
N'afọ 2008, obodo atọ nke Welsh, gụnyere Cardiff, tụlere echiche ahụ.
N'omenala a ma ama
E gosipụtara obodo mgbanwe na usoro ihe omume nke BBC Radio 4 ogologo oge The Archers. Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke nlebara anya mgbasa ozi nke usoro ahụ nwetara afọ ole na ole mgbe e guzobere ya.
Akwụkwọ
Ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere: otu obodo ga-esi zụlite atụmatụ obodo Transition ha. Ọ gwụla ma ekwuputara ya, ebipụtara akwụkwọ ndị a dị ka mmekorita n'etiti Green Books na Transition Network (n'okpuru akara akwụkwọ Transition):
N'afọ 2008, akwụkwọ ntuziaka Transition bụ akwụkwọ nke ise kachasị ewu ewu na ezumike n'oge ezumike oge okpomọkụ site n'aka ndị omeiwu UK.
Ihe nkiri
Emeela ihe nkiri abụọ site na mmegharị gbasara mmegharị ahụ. Ha na-edekọ ọganihu nke atụmatụ dị iche iche:
Nkatọ na nyocha
Ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na-elele ọganihu echiche a:
Zainab Bangura
Haja Zainab Hawa Bangura (/ˈzaɪnəb ˈhɑːwə bəŋˈɡuːrə/; amụrụ na 18 Disemba 1959) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sierra Leone na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke United Nations Office na Nairobi (UNON) kemgbe 2018, nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu United Nations António Guterres họpụtara. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke United Nations nke abụọ na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na esemokwu na ọkwa nke Under-Secretary-General nke United Nations site na 2012 ruo 2017, na-anọchi onye mbụ nwere ọkwa ahụ, Margot Wallström. N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na asaa, Pramila Patten nọchiri ya.
N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na asaa, Bangura ghọrọ minista mba ọzọ nke Sierra Leone na ọchịchị nke Onye isi ala Ernest Bai Koroma nke All People's Congress (APC) Party. Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ jere ozi n'ọkwa ahụ, na-esote Shirley Gbujama onye nọ n'ọkwá ahụ site na 1996 ruo 1997. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista nke Ahụike na Ahụike site na 2010 ruo 2012.
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ nwa nwanyị nke onye imam, Zainab Hawa Bangura "Zainab Hawa Sesay" na obere ime obodo nke Yonibana, Tonkolili District na Northern Province nke British Sierra Leone. [citation needed] Ọ si n'agbụrụ Temne. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ nwere ego ole na ole, ọ gakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na agụmakwụkwọ nke Mathora Girls Secondary School dị nso na Magburaka nyere ya. O mechara gaa Annie Walsh Girls Secondary School na isi obodo Freetown.
Mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Sierra Leone's Fourah Bay College, Bangura kwagara United Kingdom maka diplọma dị elu na Insurance Management na City University Business School nke London na Mahadum Nottingham. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị kachasị ukwuu na mba ya.
Mgbalị ndị mbụ
Bangura ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'oge siri ike mgbe ndị agha NPRC na-achị Sierra Leone. Ọ malitere site na mgbalị ime ka ndị inyom na-azụ ahịa n'obodo ukwu mara, na-echetara ndị na-eso ụzọ ya na nne ya bụ nwanyị ahịa. N'afọ 1994, o guzobere Women Organized for a Morally Enlightened Nation (W.O.M.E.N.), otu mbụ na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba ahụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, o guzobere Campaign for Good Governance (CGG). Mgbe ahụ, na-eji CGG dị ka ikpo okwu ya, ọ gbara mbọ maka ịme ntuli aka mba nke mechara chụpụ NPRC n'ọchịchị na 1996 ma weghachite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Nke a bụ ntuli aka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya mbụ na Sierra Leone n'ime afọ 25, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Sierra Leone na ọha na eze kwuru na ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mbọ ya.
N'oge agha obodo Sierra Leone (1991X2002) Bangura kwuru okwu n'ike megide arụrụala ndị Revolutionary United Front (RUF) mere megide ndị nkịtị ma bụrụ onye otu ahụ lekwasịrị anya maka igbu ọchụ ọtụtụ ugboro. O kwukwara okwu megide nrụrụ aka na gọọmentị ndị nkịtị nke Onye isi ala Ahmad Tejan Kabbah na arụrụala ndị agha gọọmentị mere megide ndị nkịtị. Na June 1997, ka agha na-ekpuchi mba ahụ, Bangura ji ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu azụ gbaga Guinea dị nso.
Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2002, Bangura gbara ọsọ megide Kabbah maka ọkwa onye isi ala nke Sierra Leone, na-apụ na nke mbụ ya site na ọrụ ọ na-arụ dị ka onye na-abụghị onye na-akwado ọha na eze. O meriri ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke votu, na otu Movement for Progress (MOP) ya enwetaghị oche ọ bụla na ndị omeiwu Sierra Leone. Bangura kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke pati ya sitere na nrụrụ aka na usoro ịtụ vootu.
Mgbe ntuli aka afọ pụkụ abụọ na abụọ gasịrị, Bangura guzobere National Accountability Group (NAG) nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịlụ ọgụ megide nrụrụ aka gọọmentị na ịkwalite nghọta na ịza ajụjụ na gọọmentị. N'afọ 2006, ọ hapụrụ Sierra Leone gaa Liberia dị nso ebe a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nke Civil Affairs Office na United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) ma nye ya ọrụ maka iwughachi ụlọ ọrụ 16 nke Liberia na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị 30 mgbe agha obodo ahụ gasịrị.
Bangura laghachiri Sierra Leone na 2007 mgbe Ernest Bai Koroma meriri onye isi ala na ntuli aka mba siri ike ma kpọọ ya minista mba ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. N'oge ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị Sierra Leone kwenyere na onye isi ala ọhụrụ ahụ buliri onye nkatọ a ma ama nke gọọmentị n'ọkwa dị elu iji gosipụta ezi okwukwe ya na mgbanwe na-ekwe nkwa.
Dị ka onye Alakụba raara onwe ya nye, Bangura wepụrụ oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 2009 iji gaa n'obodo nsọ nke Mecca na Saudi Arabia iji sonye na mmemme njem ala nsọ Hajj nke 2009.
Ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa
N'afọ 2012, Bangura jere ozi na United Nations Commission on Life-Saving Commodities, nke Goodluck Jonathan na Jens Stoltenberg jikọrọ aka duzie, ma nye aro iji mụbaa ohere na ojiji nke ihe 13 dị mkpa maka ahụike ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka.
Bangura mechara were ọnọdụ ya ọzọ dị ka onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na esemokwu na ọkwa nke Under-Secretary-General na 4 Septemba 2012. N'ọrụ a, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke netwọk interagency UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, o nyere aka malite usoro mba ụwa na 2014 maka ịnagide ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na esemokwu, na-enye ntuziaka maka nyocha nke mpụ mmekọahụ na nchịkọta ihe akaebe maka ikpe n'ọdịnihu. O kwurịtara nkwekọrịta June 2015 ya na ndị isi ndị agha na Ivory Coast iji kpụpụ ndị agha a na-ebo ebubo ime ihe ike mmekọahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gara Iraq na Syria ma rụọ ọrụ na atụmatụ ime ihe iji dozie ime ihe ike mmekọahụ nke ndị agha Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) na-eme.
Nkwado
Bangura enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa maka ịkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ikike mmadụ n'Africa, gụnyere: African International Award of Merit for Leadership (Nigeria, 1999); Human Rights Award nke Kọmitii Ndị Ọkaiwu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nyere (New York, 2000); Bayard Rustin Humanitarian Award nke A. Philip Randolph Institute (Washington, DC, ); na Democracy Award nke National Endowment for Democracy nyere (Washington. DC, 2006).
N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na atọ, Bangura natara onyinye site na Project 1808 Inc, otu nzukọ na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Wisconsin Madison African Studies, Division of International Studies. Ihe nrite ahụ kwetara na Bangura nwere ike ime nke ọma n'ịdọrọ uche gaa n'okwu ndị gbara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ gburugburu n'ụwa niile site na itinye ndị isi ụwa ibe ya, ndị nnupụisi, ndị agha, ndị merụrụ ahụ na obodo.
Ebenside
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
High Commission of Nigeria, Accra
Kọmịshọn dị elu nke Naijiria dị na Accra bụ isi ọrụ nnọchiteanya nke Naijeria na Ghana. Ọ dị na 20/21 Onyasia Crescent Roman Ridge na Accra. Onye Kọmishọna Ukwu gara aga bụ onye bụbu Senator nke na-anochi anya Lagos Central Musiliu Olatunde Obanikoro, nke Onye isi ala Umaru Yar'Adua họpụtara na Mee 2008.
Onye Kọmishọna Ukwu n'afọ 2012 bụ Hon. Ademola Oluseyi Onafowokan.
Njikọ gọọmentị na akụ na ụba
N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2007, ụlọ ọrụ dị elu nke Naịjirịa na Ghana malitere emume ncheta nnwere onwe nke iri anọ na asaa nke Naịjaria na Accra. Minista onye nnọchi anya Simon Ejike Eze kelere Ghana maka ịsọpụrụ ndị Naijiria site n'ịkpọ aha nnukwu okporo ụzọ aha onye bụbu onye isi ala Naijiria, Olusegun Obasanjo. O kwukwara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ agaghị ala azụ inyefe ndị Naijiria na-eme mpụ na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa Ghana oge ọ bụla. Mgbe Musiliu Obanikoro nyere onye isi ala John Agyekum Kufuor asambodo ya na Mee 2008, onye isi ala ahụ kwurịtara ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti mba abụọ dị n'ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, ma kwuo na nka Naijiria ga-aba uru ugbu a na Ghana achọpụtala mmanụ.
N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2009, ụlọ ọrụ kọmịshọn dị elu nke Naijiria na Accra na-arụkọ ọrụ na Vintage Vision, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka azụmahịa nke Naijeria, nke dị na Accra, na-eme atụmatụ ịmalite ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa Ghana-Nigeria na ịmalite nkwekọrịta azụmahịa na itinye ego ogologo oge n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ. N'ikwu okwu n'ihe ngosi akwụkwọ na Nọvemba 2009 Adedapo Oyekanuri, Minista na Kọmitii Ukwu Naịjirịa, kwuru na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ ekwesịghị ịbụ naanị na azụmahịa, mmekọrịta mba na mba na idebe udo kamakwa nkwado ọdịbendị site n'ịgụ ihe.
Ndị Naijiria nọọ na Ghana
Mmekọrịta enweela nsogbu mgbe ụfọdụ. N'afọ 1969, Ghana chụpụrụ ndị mba ọzọ bụkarị ndị Naijiria. N'afọ ndị 1980 Naịjirịa chụpụrụ ndị mba ọzọ bụ ndị Ghana. N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, onye isi kọmishọna ahụ batara iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ dị jụụ na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Kwame Nkrumah, Kumasi, mgbe a mara otu nwa akwụkwọ mma ma gbuo ụmụ akwụkwọ Naijiria abụọ ọzọ site n'aka onye ohi ji égbè.
Kọmishọna dị elu nke Naịjirịa ekwuola na mgbasa ozi na Accra na-enye aka na esemokwu site n'ịgbasa akụkọ mpụ metụtara ndị Naịjirị. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2009, Obanikoro kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ dị elu amalitela mkpọsa iji gosipụta akụkụ dị mma nke Naịjirịa na nnukwu ikike. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ gwara ndị nta akụkọ na ndị Naijiria ruru narị atọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Ghana maka mpụ ndị dị ka ịtọrọ mmadụ, ire ọgwụ ọjọọ na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.
N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, ndị ikom ji égbè wakporo ala ebe ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa kọmịshọn aru ụlọ ma kwatuo akụkụ nke ụlọ ahụ a na-ekwu na Accra.
Elizabeth Acuei Yor
Hon Elibeth Acuei bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Sudan, onye isi ala ya Salva Kiir Mayardit họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Ahụike na 2020 mgbe a kpọrọ ya aha n'ọkwa. Olushayo Olu onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ụwa na ndịda Sudan kpọrọ minista a na-asọpụrụ na 27 Eprel 2020