cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Bonnie Ntshalintshali
Ọrụ
Na Ardmore, Bonnie Ntshalintshali bụ onye mmụta na mbụ, mana ka oge na-aga, ya na Halsted na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ndị mmekọ. N'afọ 1988, Ntshalintshali meriri ihe nrite Corobrik National Ceramics Award. A kpọrọ ya na Halsted ndị mmeri nke Standard Bank Young Artist Award na 1990. Ndepụta maka ihe ngosi a, nke onye na-ese ihe na South Africa bụ Andrew Verster dere, kọwara arịa Ntshalintshali dị ka ndị a: "Ndị na-ese onyinyo n'ọrụ Bonnie, ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ na ndị mmadụ niile bụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Otu onye na-adọrọ mmasị ha kpọmkwem n'ihi na ha bụ ndị dị ike. " N'afọ 1991, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ mepụta ihe osise ákwà dabere na arịa ya maka emume na Grahamstown. E gosipụtara ite ya na Seville Expo na 1992, na Venice Biennale na 1993, na South African Bienniale na 1995. Atụmatụ Ntashalintashali na-esikarị na omenala ọdịnala Zulu ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na Bible. Nwanne nwanyị dị ya, Beauty Ntshalintshali, nwanne ya nwoke Vuzi Ntshalintshala, na onye ikwu ọzọ, Somandla Ntshalintshal, sonyeere ya na Ardmore ma mụta ụdị ụlọ ahịa ahụ pụrụ iche.
Ọnwụ na ihe ncheta
Bonnie Ntshalintshali nwụrụ na 1999, site na ọrịa metụtara HIV/AIDS. Ọ dị afọ iri atọ na abụọ. Iji wee mee ncheta ya, e hiwere Bonnie Ntshalintshali Museum na 2003, ebe ngosi nka mbụ na South Africa aha ya bụ nwanyị ojii na-ese ihe. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ dị na Ardmore Farm na Caversham, KwaZulu-Natal, ma nwee ọrụ Ntshalintshali yana ihe ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe Ardmore. E bipụtara akụkọ ndụ akwụkwọ foto maka ndị na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ, Bonnie Ntshalintshali: A New Way with Paint and Clay na 2006. Ardmore: We Are Because of Others, akwụkwọ nke Fée Halsted-Berning nke na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke arịa Ardmore, ma nwee ọtụtụ nkọwa gbasara ndụ na ọrụ Ntshalintshali (nke gụnyere ihe oyiyi nke arịa ya) na 2012.
Drumma Boy
Christopher James Gholson (amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 11, 1983), nkè a maara nke ọma site na aha ya bụ Drumma Boy, bụ ónyé na-emepụta ihe ndekọ America.
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ ya na Memphis, Tennessee, ma zụlite ya na Cordova, Tennessee, ọ hụrụ egwu mgbè ọ dị obérè. Nne ya, Billie Baker Gholson, bụ onye na-ahụ màkà ego nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwu opera ógè ụfọdụ ma bụrụ onye Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rudi E. Scheidt School of Music na Mahadum Memphis. Nna ya, G. James Gholson, bụ onye clarinetist lara ezumike nká na prọfesọ egwu na Rudi E. Scheidt School of Music, bụ nwoke mbụ si Afrịka na Amerịka nwere oche mbụ na Memphis Symphony Orchestra. Nna ya bụ onye emeritus nke Memphis Woodwind Quintet na onye na-egwu egwu na United States Navy Band. Nna nna ya bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma nwee ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị aha ya na Washington, D.C. Ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere nne nne na nwanne nne ya bụkwa ndị egwu ma na-akụzi egwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Drumma Boy na-ekwu na o nwèrè ihe ndekọ n'aka ya mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ na clarinet mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. Nna ya nyere aka n'ịkụziri ya banyere egwu ọdịnala mana ọ bụ nne ya mere ka ọ mata Curtis Mayfield na 1970s rhythm and blues. Gholson bụ onye egwu a zụrụ azụ n'egwú oge ochie, ọ malitere ịme clarinet E-flat mgbè ọ dị afọ isii wee gaa clarinet B-flat. Mgbè ọ dị afọ isii, Gholson malitere ịmụ piano.
Mathematics bụ isiokwu ụlọ akwụkwọ kachasị amasị ya. Na klas nke itoolu, o mèrè abụ banyéré usoro quadratic maka otuto ọzọ ma nweta ọkwa kachasị elu maka klas ahụ. Gholson malitere ịme egwu hip hop mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ma nweta ntinye mmepụta mbụ ya na redio ọbọdọ ya na Memphis rapper Tela's “Double Dose'. O mepụtara abọm dum mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. N'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Gholson na-egwu basketball ma nye ya ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ egwuregwu. E nyere ya ọkwa na Memphis Youth Symphony Orchestra yana inye ya agụmakwụkwọ egwu kọleji. Dị ka ónyé na-emepụta ihe n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ malitere ịkwụ ụgwọ $ 200 maka egwu ọ bụla o mere ma mesịa nweta $ 500 kwa egwu mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.
Gholson gàrà Mahadum nke Memphis dị ka ónyé isi Music Business, matriculating na 2001. N'ihi nrụgide sitere n'aka nne na nna ya iji nweta agụmakwụkwọ, nna ya dụrụ ya ọdụ na nzere kọleji ga-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ màkà ọganihu ọrụ, nne ya mesikwara ike mkpà ọ dị inwe ego. Gholson gakwara kọleji iji mezuo nkwenye nna ya na nzere kọleji bụ tiketi maka ọrụ siri ike ma kwụsie ike. N'ịgbaso ndụmọdụ nna ya na site n'afọ ya dị obere, Drumma Boy guzobere aha maka onwe ya ma na-aghọ ngwa ngwa ndị na-emepụta ihe kachasị achọ na Tennessee. Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ezumike ya n'èzí klas na keyboard na igwe drum na-eme egwu hip hop n'ime ụlọ ya. N'etiti ịga klas, ọ ga-azụta egwu ya na-eme n'ụlọ nye ndị na-eti egwu Memphis dị ka Gangsta Boo, yana ịga Texas ịrụ ọrụ egwu maka Scarface na Bun B nke UGK. Ọ bụ ezie na Gholson nwetara ezigbo akara, a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'afọ 2004 n'ihi enweghị ndị bịara ya. Ego sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta egwu ya siri ike nke na Gholson na-adọta $ 20,000 kwa ọnwa ébé o mechara chọpụta na ọ nweghị ihe mere ọ ga-eji nọrọ na kọleji. Nna ya màrà ya aka, na mgbalị iji mee ka ọ laghachi na kọleji, iji nweta $ 100,000 n'ime ọnwa iri na abụọ iji gosipụta nnwere onwé ya. Drumma Boy nwetara $ 100,000 n'ime ọnwa iri. Ọ bụ ezie na Gholson alaghachighị na Mahadum Memphis, ya na nna ya guzobere James na Christopher Gholson Scholarship Fund, agụmakwụkwọ nke na-aga n'ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-amụ egwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-eme ka nnà ya na ezinụlọ ya nwee nkwa na ụkpụrụ màkà agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ akwụkwọ ọdịbendị.
Ọrụ
Gholson arụla ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe omume sitere na hip hop, R&B, na reggae. Gholson kwagara Atlanta n'afọ 2004 ma lekwasị anya ịghọ ónyé na-emepụta egwu na onye ọchụnta ego. N'ihota echiche ya nke azụmahịa site n'aka nne ya, onye ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ego, Gholson hiwere Drum Squad, ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na-enweghị onwé ya nke gụnyere Drum Squad Productions, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta egwu nke na-anọchite anya ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ede egwu, Drum Squad Records (akara ndekọ), na Drum Squad Films, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nkírí na nkesa.
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2008, Gholson ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta hip hop kachasị achọ na ụlọ ọrụ égwu. N'afọ 2008, Vibe Magazine kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe ise kachasị elu "na-eme mkpọtụ" na ụlọ ọrụ egwu. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, The New York Times kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe anọ na-ekpo ọkụ "na-akwọ ọbọdọ" na Atlanta, na-akọwa ụda ya dị ka "ìgwè aṅụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke synths na-ekpuchi ya na injections bass nke hà nhata Memphis na Atlanta". E hotara ya na mbipụta Jenụwarị 2010 nke Rolling Stone gbara ọrụ mmepụta ya màkà ónyé na-edekọ egwu Gucci Mane's #1 rap album The State vs. Radric Davis.
Ọrụ ndị ọzọ
N'afọ 2013, Gholson wepụtara ụdị mmanya okomoko ya nke a na-akpọ Moreno BHLV. Gholson emeghewokwa “G Factory’; ụlọ ọrụ ihe okike 20,000 square foot n’obodo ya bụ Memphis, màkà mmepụta ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi TV nke ga-emesị gụnye ụlọ ahịa osisi, na ndị ọrụ nkọwa ụgbọ ala ebe a ga-ahọpụta ohere ahụ maka ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta ihe, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ese ihe iji mee ka nkà ha dị mma. Gholson malitekwara ngalaba mmepụta ihe nkírí na nkesa nke a na-akpọ Drum Squad Films n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ya, Drum Squad. Otu n'ime ihe nkírí ole na ole mbụ a na-akpọ "Chapters" malitere site na ihe nkírí Drum Squad na 2012, nke Gholson mèrè ihe nkírí ọzọ màkà ya. “Know your History” bụ ihe nkiri ọzọ nweere onwe ya nke ihe nkiri Drum Squad wepụtara na-edekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọbọdọ Memphis.
Ihe nrite
Drumma Boy meriri "Best Indie Producer of the Year" n'usoro na 2009, 2010 na 2011 Southern Entertainment Awards. O nwetara nhọpụta maka "Onye Mmepụta nke Afọ" na 2008 Ozone Awards na 2010 BET Hip Hop Awards. Egwu ya nyere aka na nhọpụta abụọ n'oge 2009 Grammy Awards gụnyere ọrụ ya na T.I's Paper Trail (Best Rap Album) na "Put On" nke Young Jeezy & Kanye West (Best Performance by a Rap Duo.). Drumma mepụtakwara "Stranger" na Usher's 2010 Versus (EP), wepụtara ya na mbipụta deluxe nke Raymond v. Raymond; abọm ahụ meriri Grammy Awards abụọ maka Best Contemporary R&B Album na Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. N'afọ 2011, egwu Drumma "No Hands" maka Waka Flocka, Roscoe Dash na Wale natara nhọpụta maka "Best Collaboration" na 2011 BET Awards ma nweta nkwanye ùgwù maka "Best Club Banger" na 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards.
Albums
Hosted mixtapes
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Cletus Ibeto
Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto   (amụrụ ya na Nọvemba nke isiị, na afo otu puku na narị iteghete na iri ise na abụọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria si n'obodo Nnewi. Ọ bụ onye isi nke otu Ibeto, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa sitere na Nnewi, obodo pụrụ iche maka mmụọ ọchụnta ego ya. Na mbido afọ otu puku na narị iteghete na iri asatọ, mgbe ihe mberede mmanụ na usoro ikikere mbubata na-ese okwu na-emebi gburugburu ebe nrụọrụ meputa Naijiria, Nnewi gafere oge uto. Ibeto Group n'okpuru nduzi Ibeto bụ onye na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara na azụmaahịa mba na mmepe mmepụta mgbe e mesịrị.
Akụkọ mmalite
Cletus Ibeto malitere dị ka onye na-ere ahịa na-ebubata Akụkụ ụgbọ ala mapụtara a maputa, mgbe ọ nọsịrị oge dị ka onye mmụta na azụmaahịa akụkụ moto, nzọụkwụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ahịa ọwụwa anyanwụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mee. N'ọnwa Machị afọ otu puku na narị iteghete na iri asatọ na asatọ, ọ kwụsịrị mbubata batrị ụgbọ ala na-ebute mmiri na ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ plastik, mgbe ọ rụchara ụlọ ọrụ ya na Nnewi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ otu puku na narị iteghete na iri itoolu na ise, otu Ibeto aburula otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akụkụ ụgbọ ala na mba ahụ.
N'October abụọ, otu puku na narị iteghete na iri iteghete na isii, o guzobere Ibeto Petrochemical Industries Ltd, nke na-etinye aka na ngwakọta mmanụ mmanụ yana mmepụta nke ụdị ngwaahịa mmanụ dị iche iche maka ahịa mpaghara na nke mba ụwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nchekwa mmiri maka ngwaahịa mmanụ na Naịjirịa nwere ikike nke ihe karịrị Puku iri isii metric ton dị na Apapa Wharf na Ibru Jetty Complex, Lagos.
N'ọnwa Mee afọ Puku abụọ na iri na asatọ, Ibeto Cement Company Limited kwuputala njikọta ya na Century Petroleum Corporation, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepụta mmanụ ala na-ere ahịa na United States n'ihu ọha na-aga ịbanye n'ahịa ụwa ma na-agafe usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke ndepụta. Ibeto nwetara pasent iri asaa na-achịkwa osisi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma mee Cletus Ibeto onye isi oche nke Otu ndị isi oche. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka na nzere na Akaụntụ.
Nkwanye ugwu
N'afọ Puku abụọ na asatọ, Ibeto natara nsọpụrụ mba nke onye isi nke Order of the Niger (OON) site na Federal Republic of Nigeria maka onyinye ya pụtara ìhè nye mba ahụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya. N'afọ Puku abụọ na iri na abụọ, e nyere ya Honour of Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) maka ọrụ ọ gara n'ihu na mba ahụ.
Ebe nsidee
Orient Petroleum PLC website
"Ibeto: An enthralling story of an achiever". The Sun Nigeria. 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
"Ibeto cement firm reverses merger decision, set for listing in U.S." Retrieved 2018-06-25.
full list of 2010 and 2011 Nigeria national honours award recipients
Frikkadel
thumb|Frikkadel Frikkadel bụ nri ọdịnala Afrikaner nke na-ejikarị eme achịcha, ma mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-esi ya n'ọkụ, anụ e ji yabasị, achịcha, àkwá, vinegar na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike inye anụ anụ ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-ajụ oyi. Ọtụtụ ntụziaka emeela ka ihe dị egwu nke oge a dị ka ịgbanwe ọkụkọ na nwa atụrụ na anụ ehi ọdịnala. Frikkadel na-ewu ewu na nri Sri Lanka site n'aka ndị Burgher.
Cletus Ibeto
Ebe nsidee
full list of Nigerians shortlisted for awards
Frikkadel
Ndị Afrikaner Frikkadel
Dị ka omenala si dị, a na-eri frikkadels naanị ya ma ọ bụ na ofe a na-enye ya na poteto, osikapa na pasta.
Ụdị Danish
Danish Frikadeller bụ ụdị anụ a na-esi esi, nke e ji anụ ezì mee.
Cletus Ibeto
Ebe nsidee
2. Ibeto cement acquires US oil firm
3. Allafrica feature
reclusive Nigerian billionaire gets highest national honour
Ibeto Group website
Ibeto cement acquires US oil firm
Allafrica feature
honours award recipients
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ Òtù:Ndị Naijiria nwere ego Ijeri Òtù:Ndị Mmadu si Nnewi Òtù:Ndị isi Owe usoro nke Naijiria Òtù:Ndị Naijiria bu ndi oji ego akpata ego na aruputara ihe Òtù:Mmadụ ndi dị ndu Òtù:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria Òtù:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria Òtù:Ndị amuru na afo Otu puku na narị itoolu na iri ise na abụọ
Remi Raji
Aderemi Raji-Oyelade (amụrụ n'afọ 1961) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri, na-ede akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Bekee. A maara yà nkè ọma site na aha édémédé ya, Remi Raji.
Ọrụ
Ónyé Salzburg Fellow na prọfesọ na-eleta na ónyé édémédé n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, n'etiti ha Southern Illinois University na Edwardsville, Mahadum California na Riverside na Irvine, Mahadim Cape Town, South Africa, na Mahadum Cambridge, UK, Raji ebipụtala édémédé agụmakwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gụnyere Research in African Literatures and African Literature Today. Ọ gụrụ uri ya n'ọtụtụ ébé n'Africa, Europe na America. N'afọ 2005, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé edemede ọbịa na obodo Stockholm, Sweden.
A họpụtara Remi Raji dị ka odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke isi nke Oyo State nke Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) n'afọ 1989. Ọnọdụ nke abụọ a họpụtara ya bụ dịka osote ónyé isi oche nke ANA na 1997. Ọ ghọrọ ónyé isi oche nke ANA site n'afo 1998 ruo afọ 2000, na nhọpụta nke Dr. Wale Okediran na kọmitii ntụziaka mba nke ANA. Raji jere ozi dị ka Ónyé nchịkọta akụkọ Afọ 2000 nke ANA Review, akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị nke njikọ ahụ. N'ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2011, n'ogè emume ncheta afọ iri atọ nke ntọala Association of Nigerian Authors, a họpụtara Remi Raji dị ka ónyé isi oche nke iri na otu nke ANA.
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
thumb|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ụwa na ekpebi n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na mmefu ego ike nke mbara ala, ya bụ, nguzozi nke radieshon na-abata na nke na apụ apụ. A na atụle ya site na satellites ma gosipụta ya na W / m2. Enweghị nkwekọ (ma ọ bụ ọnụego nke okpomọkụ ụwa; nke egosiri na ihe osise dị ka "net absorbed" ego) toro site na +0.6 W / m2 (2009 est.) ruo n'elu +1.0 W / m3 na 2019. Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa na akọwa nguzozi n'etiti ike nke ụwa nwetara site na Anyanwụ na ike nke ụwa furu azụ na mbara igwe. A na atụle obere isi mmalite ike, dị ka okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa, mana na enye obere onyinye ma e jiri ya tụnyere ike anyanwụ. Mmefu ego ike na akọkwa otú ike si agafe usoro ihu igwe. N'ihi na Anyanwụ na ekpo ọkụ na mpaghara okpomọkụ karịa mpaghara polar, a na ekesa ìhè anyanwụ n'ụzọ na adịghị mma. Ka ike na achọ nguzozi gafee mbara ala, ọ na akpali mmekọrịta na usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa, ya bụ, mmiri, ice, ikuku, mkpo nkume, na ihe niile dị ndụ. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ihu igwe nke ụwa.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, dị ka ikuku ikuku, gas na ekpo ọkụ, albedo elu mbara ala (ntụgharị), igwe ojii, ahịhịa, usoro iji ala eme ihe, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ike na abata na nke na apụ apụ na akwụsi ike, ụwa nọ na nguzozi radiative na usoro ihu igwe ga adịtụ mma. Okpomọkụ ụwa na eme mgbe ụwa na enweta ike karịa ka ọ na enyeghachi na mbara igwe, na oyi ụwa na ewere ọnọdụ mgbe ike na apụta dị ukwuu. Ọtụtụ ụdị nha na nchọpụta na egosi enweghị nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 1970. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okpomọkụ sitere na ihe omume a sitere na mmadụ enweghị atụ.
Mgbe mmefu ego ike na agbanwe, a na egbu oge tupu nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa agbanwe nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ n'ihi inertiya okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri, ala na cryosphere. Nkọwa ziri ezi nke ike ndị a na nchekwa bụ ihe achọrọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe.
Ike na-aga n'ụwa
thumb|Incoming, top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave flux radiation, na-egosi ike natara site na Anyanwụ dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha CERES (2627 Jenụwarị 2012). Ebe ndị na-acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke na-egosi ngosipụta kachasị elu (nke na-adịchaghị adọrọ) nke ike anyanwụ, ebe ebe ebe ndị na-adịghị anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi nnukwu adọrọ. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu nnyefe nke ike n'ime na site n'ụwa, ọ na ejigide okpomọkụ na adịgide adịgide n'ihi na, n'ozuzu ya, enwere obere uru ma ọ bụ mfu: Ụwa na ewepụta site na radieshon ikuku na nke ụwa (gbanwere na ogologo oge electromagnetic wavelengths) na mbara igwe banyere otu ike ahụ ka ọ na enweta site na insolation anyanwụ (ụdị radieshon electromagnetic niile).
Ike anyanwụ na-abata (shortwave radiation)
A na atụle ngụkọta nke ike natara kwa sekọnd n'elu ikuku nke ụwa (TOA) na watts ma na enye ya site na oge anyanwụ na adịgide adịgide ebe gafere ụwa kwekọrọ na radiation. N'ihi na ebe elu nke okirikiri bụ okpukpu anọ nke ebe okirikiri (ya bụ, ebe okirikiti nke okirikiti), nkezi TOA zuru ụwa ọnụ na kwa afọ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke anyanwụ na adịgide adịgide ma yabụ ọ bụ ihe dịka 340 watts kwa square mita (W / m2). Ebe ọ bụ na ịmịkọrọ na adịgasị iche na ọnọdụ yana mgbanwe nke ehihie, oge na kwa afọ, ọnụọgụ ndị e depụtara bụ nkezi ọtụtụ afọ nwetara site na ọtụtụ nyocha satellite.
N'ime ~340 W / m2 nke radieshon anyanwụ nke ụwa natara, nkezi nke ~77 W / m 2 na egosipụta azụ na mbara igwe site na igwe ojii na ikuku na ~23 W / m2) na egosipụtakwa site na albedo elu, na ahapụ ~240 W / mm2 nke ike anyanwụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa. A na akpọ ọnụọgụ a radieshon anyanwụ (ASR). Ọ na egosi uru nke ihe dị ka 0.3 maka albedo nke ụwa, nke a na akpọkwa Bond albedo (A):
Ọdịdị radieshon na-apụta
thumb|Ọpụpụ, ogologo oge radiation na-aga n'elu ikuku (26:27) Jenụwarị 2012). A na-egosi ike okpomọkụ sitere n'ụwa (na watts kwa square mita) na agba odo, ọbara ọbara, acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọcha. Mpaghara ndị na-acha odo odo na-enwu gbaa bụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ewepụta ike kachasị na mbara igwe, ebe ebe ebe ndị na-adịghị anụnụ anụnụ na igwe ojii na-acha ọcha na-enwetụ ọkụ na-ajụ oyi, na-ewepụ ike kacha nta. A na akọwakarị radiation longwave na apụ apụ (OLR) dị ka ike na apụ na mbara ala, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na infrared band. N'ozuzu, a na agbanwe ike anyanwụ a na amịpụta n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ike okpomọkụ.   A na ewepụta ụfọdụ n'ime ike a dị ka OLR kpọmkwem na mbara igwe, ebe a na ebute ndị ọzọ site na usoro ihu igwe dị ka radiant na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke ike okpomọkụ.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku na apụtaghị ìhè na eme mgbe ebugharị okpomọkụ site na mbara ala (ala na oké osimiri) gaa na ikuku site na evapotranspiration na okpomọkụ zoro ezo ma ọ bụ usoro conduction / convection. N'ikpeazụ, a na-ewepụta ike niile na apụta n'ụdị radiation longwave laghachi na mbara igwe.
Mbugharị nke OLR site n'elu ụwa site na ikuku ya nwere ọtụtụ okpukpu na agbaso iwu Kirchoff nke radiation okpomọkụ. Ihe nlereanya nwere otu ọkwa na emepụta nkọwa zuru oke nke OLR nke na enye okpomọkụ n'elu (Ts=288 Kelvin) na n'etiti troposphere (Ta=242 Kelvin) nke dị nso na ọnụọgụ nkezi:
N'okwu a, σ bụ Stefan-Boltzmann constant na ε na anọchite anya emissivity nke ikuku. Aerosols, igwe ojii, mmiri na ekpo ọkụ, na gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ na enye aka na uru dị irè nke ihe dị ka ε=0.78. Mmetụta okpomọkụ siri ike (ike nke anọ) na eme ka ọ dị nso na nguzozi nke ike na apụta na abata site na obere mgbanwe na okpomọkụ zuru oke nke mbara ala.
Ihe ndị na enye okpomọkụ n'ime ụwa na obere mmetụta ndị ọzọ
A na eme atụmatụ na okpomọkụ na esi n'ime ụwa na agafe bụ 47 terawatts (TW) ma kewaa ihe dịka n'otu n'etiti okpomọkụ radiogenic na okpompe fọdụrụ site na nhazi ụwa. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkezi nke 0.087 W / m2 ma na anọchite anya naanị 0.027% nke mmefu ego ike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'elu, na adị obere site na 173,000 TW nke radieshon anyanwụ na abata.
Mmepụta ike nke mmadụ dị ala ọbụna na atụmatụ 160,000 TW-hr maka afọ 2019. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkezi okpomọkụ na aga n'ihu nke ihe dị ka 18 TW. Otú ọ dị, oriri na eto ngwa ngwa na mmepụta ike na mmanụ ala na emepụta mmụba na gas na ekpo ọkụ, na-eduga na ihe karịrị okpukpu 20 nke enweghị nkwekọ na abata / na apụ apụ nke sitere na radieshon anyanwụ.
Photosynthesis nwekwara mmetụta dị ịrịba ama: A na eme atụmatụ 140 TW (ma ọ bụ gburugburu 0.08%) nke ike na eme na photosynthesis, na enye ike na osisi iji mepụta biomass. A na ewepụta ike okpomọkụ yiri nke ahụ n'ime otu afọ mgbe a na eji osisi eme ihe dị ka nri ma ọ bụ mmanụ.
Nnyocha mmefu ego
thumb|Ihe osise Sankey na-egosi ihe atụ ziri ezi nke mmefu ego ike nke ụwa. Ọkpụrụkpụ nke akara na adabere n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na oke ike. N'okwu ndị dị mfe, mmefu ego ike nke ụwa na adabere mgbe mmiri na abata na aha ka mmiri na apụ apụ. Ebe ọ bụ na a na egosipụta akụkụ nke ike na abata ozugbo, a pụkwara ịkọwa nguzozi ahụ dị ka radieshon na abịanụ (obere oge) nke na abọta na radieshon ogologo oge na apụ apụ:
Nnyocha nke mmiri na asọ n'ime
Iji kọwaa ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime mmefu ego ahụ, ka insolation natara n'elu ikuku bụrụ 100 nkeji (=340 W / m2), dịka egosiri na eserese Sankey na esote. A na akpọ albedo nke ụwa, ihe dị ka nkeji 35 n'ihe atụ a na egosipụta ozugbo na mbara igwe: 27 site n'elu igwe ojii, 2 site na snow na ebe ice kpuchiri, na 6 site n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ikuku. A na amịkọrọ nkeji 65 fọdụrụnụ (ASR=220 W / m2): 14 n'ime ikuku na 51 n'elu ụwa.
A na ewepụ nkeji iri ise na otu na eru ma na amịkọrọ n'elu ala site na ụdị dị iche iche nke ike ala: iri na asaa na amụta na mbara igwe na iri atọ na anọ na amịrị ikuku (19 site na okpomọkụ na adịghị ahụ anya nke vaporisation, itoolu site na convection na turbulence, na isii dị ka infrared nke gas na amiri). A na emecha weghachite nkeji iri anọ na asatọ nke ikuku na amị (34 nkeji site na ike ala na 14 site na insolation). Ihe atụ a dị mfe na eleghara ụfọdụ nkọwa nke usoro ndị na-agagharị, na echekwa, ma si otú a na eduga n'ịgbakwunye okpomọkụ n'akụkụ elu.
N'ikpeazụ, a na ewepụta nkeji 65 (17 site n'ala na 48 site na ikuku) dị ka OLR. Ha na jikọta ihe 65 nkeji (ASR) sitere na anyanwụ iji nọgide na enweta ike site na ụwa.
Leo Stan Ekeh
Leonard Stanley Nnamdi Ekeh (amụrụ na Febụwarị 22, 1956 na Imo State, Naijiria) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Zinox Group. Ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Konga.com.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Ọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ
Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na amị ihe ka ukwuu n'ike infrared nke na ekpuchi ụwa. Gas ndị ahụ na enyekwa ike infrared na ekpo ọkụ n'akụkụ niile. Na radiation na aga n'akụkụ niile, mmetụta net bụ na nke ahụ bụ obere nnyefe ike ( nnyefe okpomọkụ radiation) na ikuku dị ala. Ikuku na ebelata na ịdị elu, na ihe dịka kilomita 5, na agbakọta gas na ikuku dị n'elu ya dị nnọọ obere nke na okpomọkụ nwere ike ịpụ na mbara igwe.
Leo Stan Ekeh
Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Ekeh na Ubomiri Mbaitoli, Imo State n'ezinụlọ nọ n'etiti nwere ụmụnne nwoke atọ na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka nri, nna ya bụ onye nọọsụ.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Ọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ
N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ gas na ekpo ọkụ na enye ike infrared n'akụkụ niile, ụfọdụ n'ime ya na agbasa ala ma mesịa laghachi n'elu ụwa, ebe a na amị ya. Ike radiative a na agbadata na eme ka ọtụtụ n'ime ike radiative na agbanye n'elu site n'elu ụwa, na ebelata nke ukwuu ọnụego nke radiative cooling nke elu. Ihe na eduga na ike anyanwụ na agbakọta, na ebuli okpomọkụ elu ruo mgbe elu ya na ekpo ọkụ nke na ọnụego nke ịjụ oyi kwekọrọ na ọnụego okpomọkụ sitere na ìhè anyanwụ. Nke a na eme ka elu ya na ekpo ọkụ karịa ka ọ ga abụ ma ọ bụrụ na gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ anaghị egbochi ọnwụ okpomọkụ radiative. Nke a na ebelata oyi na oke okpomọkụ metụtara ya bụ mmetụta okpomọkụ okike. Ọ dị ka a ga asị na e kpuchiri ụwa na blanket nke na enye ohere radiation shortwave (ìhè anyanwụ) ịbanye, mana ọ na egbochi ọnụego nke radiation infrared longwave na apụ.
Leo Stan Ekeh
Oge ọ malitere
Ekeh gara Holy Ghost College, Owerri maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ chọrọ inwe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ njem na Naịjirịa.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Ọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ
Dị ka a na ele ya anya site na mbara igwe gbara ụwa gburugburu, gas na ekpo ọkụ na emetụta ikuku nke mbara ala (ε). Mgbanwe na ihe mejupụtara ikuku nwere ike ịgbanwe nguzozi radiation n'ozuzu ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba nke njide okpomọkụ site na mmụba na arịwanye elu nke gas na ekpo ọkụ (ya bụ, mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ) na eme ka mbelata OLR na okpomọkụ (nweghachi) ike na adịghị mma. N'ikpeazụ mgbe ọnụọgụ nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na abawanye ma ọ bụ na ebelata, okpomọkụ dị n'elu ala na arị elu ma ọ bụ daa ruo mgbe ASR = OLR ga enweta nguzozi ọzọ.
Ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ
thumb|320x320px|Mmụba na arịwanye elu nke ike n'oké osimiri, ala, ice, na ikuku nke usoro ihu igwe ụwa kemgbe 1960. Ala, ice, na oké osimiri bụ ihe ndị na arụ ọrụ nke usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa yana ikuku. Ha nwere oke na ikike okpomọkụ dị ukwuu, ya mere ọtụtụ inertiya okpomọkụ. Mgbe radiation na-amịkọrọ ozugbo ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ dị n'elu na agbanwe, ike okpomọkụ ga aga dị ka okpomọkụ nwere ezi uche ma ọ bụ n'ime ma ọ bụ pụọ n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị a site na usoro nnyefe okpomọkụ / convection. Mgbanwe nke mmiri n'etiti steeti siri ike / mmiri / ikuku na arụkwa ọrụ dị ka isi iyi ma ọ bụ mmiri nke ike nwere ike ịnwe n'ụdị okpomọkụ zoro ezo. Usoro ndị a na egbochi ọnọdụ elu megide ụfọdụ mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na ikuku. N'ihi ya, ọdịiche dị n'ehihie na n'abalị na okpomọkụ dị n'elu dị ntakịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa n'ozuzu ya na egosi mmeghachi omume dị nwayọ na mgbanwe na nguzozi radieshon ikuku.
Leo Stan Ekeh
Ọrụ azụmahịa
Leo Stan Ekeh bidoro Zinox Technologies Limited n'afọ 2001 ịrụpụta kọmpụta. Ọ hụkwara na na mbido Zinox Kọmputa enweela asambodo WHQL, nke mbụ na Sub-Saharan Africa, ka afọ 5 gachara wee nweta Asambodo NIS ISO 2000: 9001 QMS. N'October 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwupụtara mmepụta nke eriri mbadamba kọmputa ya aha ya bụ Zipad. Na Febụwarị 2018, ụlọ ọrụ Ekeh bụ Zinox nwetara Konga.com n'aka ndị nwe ya na-azụta pasent 99 nke ngụkọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ
Mita ole na ole kachasị elu nke oké osimiri ụwa nwere ike okpomọkụ karịa ikuku ya dum. Dị ka gas ikuku, mmiri mmiri mmiri na ebugharị nnukwu ike dị otú ahụ n'elu mbara ala. Okpomọkụ na emetụ n'ahụ na-abanye ma na apụ n'ime omimi dị ukwuu n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na akwado downwelling ma ọ bụ upwelling.
Leo Stan Ekeh
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ
Ihe karịrị pasent 90 nke ike ọzọ nke gbakọtara n'ụwa site na okpomọkụ ụwa na aga n'ihu kemgbe 1970 echekwara n'oké osimiri. Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ agbasaala na omimi n'okpuru mita 700. Ọnụ ọgụgụ uto zuru oke arịwo elu n'ime iri afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, na eru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 500 TW (1 W / m2) ka ọ na erule 2020. Nke ahụ dugara n'ihe dị ka 14 zettajoules (ZJ) nke mmụba okpomọkụ maka afọ ahụ, na agafe 570 exajoules (=160,000 TW-hr) nke ngụkọta ike mbụ ụmụ mmadụ na eri site na ọ dịkarịa ala 20.
Nnyocha nke okpomọkụ / ịjụ oyi
N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, enwere ike iche na mgbanwe na nguzozi ike nke ụwa dị ka nsonaazụ nke nrụgide mpụga (ma nke okike ma nke mmadụ, radiative na nke na abụghị radiative), usoro nzaghachi, na mgbanwe nke usoro dị n'ime. A na egosipụta mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mgbanwe a na ahụ anya na okpomọkụ (T), igwe ojii (C), ikuku mmiri (W), aerosols (A), gas na ekpo ọkụ (G), ala / oké osimiri / ice surface reflectance (S), yana dị ka obere mgbanwe na insolaton (I) n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime. Enwere ike nyochaa ọnụego okpomọkụ / ịjụ oyi nke ụwa n'elu oge ahọpụtara (Δt) dị ka mgbanwe mgbanwe na ike (ΔE) metụtara àgwà ndị a:
Mmetụta ihu igwe dị mgbagwoju anya ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịmepụta nzaghachi kpọmkwem na nke na apụtaghị ìhè nke na eme ka ( nzaghachi dị mma) ma ọ bụ na emebi ( nzaghachiri na adịghị mma) nrụgide mbụ. Ndị a na agbaso mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ. Mmiri na aga n'ihu dị ka nzaghachi dị mma gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'ihi mgbanwe evaporation na mmekọrịta Clausius Clapeyron. Mmụba nke mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na ebute ΔEW dị mma n'ihi mmụba nke mmetụta okpomọkụ. Nzaghachi dị mma nke dị nwayọ bụ nzaghachi ice-albedo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnwụ nke ice Arctic n'ihi ịrị elu okpomọkụ na-eme ka mpaghara ahụ ghara iche echiche, na-eduga n'inweta ike ka ukwuu na ọbụna ngwa ngwa ice na-agbaze, ya mere mmetụta dị mma na ΔES. N'ozuzu, nzaghachi na-emekarị ka okpomọkụ ụwa ma ọ bụ ịjụ oyi.
Ogige ntụrụndụ Africa Safari
Africa Safari Adventure Park (nke a na-akpọbu África mía Safari) bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke onwe ya nke ihe dịka 100 hekta, nke dị na El Salto, n'ebe ndịda obodo Liberia, Costa Rica. Ụmụ anụmanụ niile nwere ihe ngosi safari nke Afrịka nwere ogige maka ụmụ anụmanụ dịka zebras, warthogs na giraffes, nke niile na-amụba na safari. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-enyekwa eriri zip, ụzọ okike site n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere nsụda mmiri a ma ama na ọdọ mmiri maka ịnya ụgbọ mmiri. Nnukwu ala dị larịị nke Guanacaste Province na ala mmiri na-enye Safari ikuku nke yiri nke ala dị larịrịị ụfọdụ nke Africa.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Enweghị ike zuru oke n'ụwa
thumb| Uto nke enweghị ike nke ike nke ụwa site na satellite na n'ebe a na-atụle ya (2005[[2019). Ọnụego nke +1.0 W / m2 gbakọrọ n'elu mbara ala ahụ kwekọrọ na okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu nke ihe dị ka 500 terawatts (~ 0.3% nke radieshon anyanwụ). Ọ bụrụ na ike na-abata n'ụwa buru ibu ma ọ bụ dị obere karịa ike na-apụta, mgbe ahụ, mbara ala ga-enweta (okpomọkụ) ma ọ bụ tụfuo (okpomanyụ) ike okpomọkụ dị ka iwu nke nchekwa ike si dị:
Ogige ntụrụndụ Africa Safari
A na-amụ ụmụ dị n'agbata 30-40 kwa afọ n'ebe nchekwa ahụ. Ogige anụmanụ ahụ bụ nke mbụ na Central America na anịgọ a mụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Enweghị ike zuru oke n'ụwa
Mgbe ike na-adịghị mma nke ụwa (EEI) na-agbanwe site na nnukwu ego, a na-atụle ya ozugbo site na iji ngwá ọrụ radiometric nke satellite. Enweghị nkwụsi ike nke na-adabaghị n'oge ga-akpatakwa mgbanwe okpomọkụ ogologo oge na ikuku, oké osimiri, ala, na ice nke usoro ihu igwe. Mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'ọnọdụ na mmetụta ndị metụtara ya na-enye usoro na-apụtaghị ìhè nke EEI. Site n'etiti afọ 2005 ruo n'etiti ọnwa 2019, nyocha nke satellite na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri gosipụtara nke ọ bụla n'onwe ya okpukpu abụọ nke (n'ụwa niile) na-ekpo ọkụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa.
Ogige ntụrụndụ Africa Safari
Ihe ngosi
África mía Safari nwere naanị anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa n'ihe ngosi. E nwere ihe dịka anụmanụ 250 n'otu n'otu nke ụdị 16 dị iche iche.
Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa
Ịtụle n'onwe ya
Ọtụtụ satellites na-atụle ike nke ụwa na-amị ma na-agbasa, ya mere site na nkwubi okwu ike na-adịghị mma. Ọrụ NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) gụnyere atọ dị otú ahụ: Satellite Earth Radiation budget (ERBS), nke a malitere n'October 1984; NOAA-9, nke a malitere na December 1984; na NOAA-10, nke a malitere site na September 1986.
NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments bụ akụkụ nke Earth Observing System (EOS) kemgbe 1998. E mepụtara CERES iji tụọ ma anyanwụ na-egbukepụ egbukepụ (ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi) na radieshon sitere n'ụwa (ogologo). Nnyocha nke data CERES site n'aka ndị isi nchọpụta ya gosipụtara mmụba na EEI site na +0.42±0.48 W / m2 na 2005 ruo +1.12±0.48W / m2 Na 2019. Ihe ndị na-enye aka gụnyere mmiri na-abawanye, igwe ojii na-abaghị uru, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-aba ụba, na ice na-ebelata nke okpomọkụ na-arị elu na-egbochi. Nnyocha na-esote banyere omume ahụ site na iji ụdị ihu igwe GFDL CM4/AM4 kwubiri na enwere ihe na-erughị 1% ohere na mgbanwe ihu igwe dị n'ime naanị kpatara ọnọdụ ahụ. áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke orbit nke ụgbọ mmiri NASA nke 2011 nke ebe nyocha ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ụwa. Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ ejirila data sitere na CERES, AIRS, CloudSat, na ngwaọrụ EOS ndị ọzọ chọọ ọnọdụ nke radiative forcing etinye n'ime data EEI. Nnyocha ha gosipụtara ịrị elu siri ike nke +0.53±0.11 W/m2 site na afọ 2003 ruo 2018. Ihe dị ka 80% nke mmụba ahụ nwere njikọ na mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke belatara radieshon na-apụ apụ.
Nnyocha satellite ndị ọzọ gụnyere data TRMM na CALIPSO egosila mmiri ozuzo ọzọ, nke a na-akwado site na ike dị ukwuu na-ahapụ elu site na evaporation (okpomọkụ na-adịghị ahụ anya), na-egbochi ụfọdụ mmụba na ogologo oge na-ekpo ọkụ na-aga n'elu.
Ọ bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke radiometric calibration na-egbochi ikike nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a nke ngwaọrụ satellite, nke na-akwụsi ike ma bụrụ nke ziri ezi. N'ihi ya, mgbanwe dị iche iche na EEI nwere ike ịlele ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi nke a na-apụghị inweta maka otu nha ọ bụla nke enweghị nkwekọ zuru oke.
Ntụle n'ebe ahụ
Ihe okpomọkụ dị n'oké osimiri (OHC): Mmiri oké osimiri bụ ihe na-amịkọrọ ike anyanwụ nke ọma ma nwee ikike okpomọkụ zuru oke karịa ikuku. Ụgbọ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha anwalewo okpomọkụ oké osimiri na omimi na gburugburu ụwa kemgbe tupu 1960. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe afọ 2000 gasịrị, netwọk na-agbasawanye nke ihe karịrị 3000 Argo robotic floats atụlewo ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu aka ahụ mgbanwe okpomọkụ (ΔOHC). Kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 1990, OHC amụbaala n'ụzọ kwụ chịm ma ọ bụ na-eme ngwa ngwa. Mgbanwe ndị a na-enye ihe kachasị sie ike nke EEI ebe ọ bụ na oké osimiri na-eburu ihe karịrị 90% nke okpomọkụ karịrị:
Mfu ice zuru ụwa ọnụ: Satellite na-atụle oke ice na-ese n'elu mmiri na nke dị n'ala, ebe a na-atụgharị mgbanwe dị na oke site na mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ na ọkwa oké osimiri na njikọ ya na ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ nke na-akọwa mgbasawanye okpomọkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha kemgbe 1994 na-egosi na ice esila n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ụwa pụọ na ọsọ ọsọ. thumb|Ihe osise nke oke okpomọkụ nke ụwa dịka ọ na-emetụta enweghị ike nke mbara ala maka oge abụọ na-adịbeghị anya. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth, James Hansen, na ndị ọrụ ibe ha achọpụtala nlekota nke enweghị ike nke ụwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji nyere ndị na-eme iwu aka iduzi ọsọ nke atụmatụ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ihi inertia nke usoro ihu igwe, usoro EEI ogologo oge nwere ike ịkọ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dị "na pipeline".
N'afọ 2012, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị NASA kọrọ na iji kwụsị okpomọkụ ikuku ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ, a ga-ebelata CO2 ruo 350 ppm ma ọ bụ obere, na-eche na a kwadoro ihe ndị ọzọ niile na-eme ka ihu igwe dị mma. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, CO2 ikuku ruru 415 ppm na gas niile na-ekpo ọkụ na-adịte aka karịrị 500 ppm CO2-equivalent concentration n'ihi na-aga n'ihu na uto na ikuku mmadụ.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Àlà Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Africa Zamorano
África Zamorano Sanz (amụrụ na 11 Jenụwarị 1998) bụ onye na-egwu mmiri na Spain. O sonyere na asọmpi medley nke ụmụ nwanyị nke mita 200 na 2016 Summer Olympics. O sonyere na medley nke ụmụ nwanyị nke mita 200, 200 mita azụ, na 4 × 100 mita medley relay na 2020 Summer Olympics na Tokyo, Japan.
Njikọ mpụga
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Aminata Sophie Dièye
Aminata Sophie Dièye (1973 -Febụwarị 17, 2016) bụ onye nta akụkọ, onye edemede, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na Senegal.
A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kwa izu n'okpuru aha edemede Ndèye Takhawalou na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke Prix Emmanuel Roblès-winning afọ 2004 La nuit est tombée sur Dakar, nke e bipụtara n'okpuru pseudonym Aminata Zaaria.
Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Aminata Sophie Dièye n'afọ 1973 na obodo Thiès, Senegal, n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Sufi Muslim. Nna ya bụ onye nyocha ụtụ isi na-agagharị agagharị ma ọ nọghị ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.
Mgbe ọ dị afọ 21, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ, kwaga agwaetiti Ngor [fr] na Dakar. N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere ide maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Sud Quotidien.
Ọrụ
Ọchịchọ Dièye nke ide ihe sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nne ya, onye nwekwara mmasị ide ihe. A kọwawo ọrụ ya dịka "oghere na-eme ka mmadụ dịkwuo ukwuu nke na-ekpughe omume ọjọọ kachasị njọ nke ọha mmadụ". Ọ na-egosipụtakwa olu mkparị ma ọ bụ satirical, na akara ahịa "mgwakọta nke trauma na ọchị".
Ide Akwụkwọ akụkọ
Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Sud Quotidien, Dièye malitere ide edemede kwa izu na L'Observateur (Senegal) [fr], akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-agụkarị kwa ụbọchị na Senegal, n'okpuru aha edemede Ndèye Takhawalou. Ọ ga-anọgide na-ede kọlụm ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ bụkwa ihe a ma ama na mbipụta Saturday nke mbipụta ahụ.
Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ
Dièye lụrụ onye edemede na onye nduzi French Lucio Mad [fr]. Ya na ya kwagara mba France n'afọ 2004. Mad nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa n'afọ sochirinụ, na-ahapụ ya ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 32.
Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, Dièye laghachiri mba Senegal. Ọnwụ ya na ihe mgbu ndị ọzọ hapụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị ike, ọ nọrọ oge n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka na Thiès, nke o dere n'ihu ọha na L'Obs.
Aminata Dièye nwụrụ n'otu abalị n'ihi ọrịa shuga a na-agwọghị agwọ na Febụwarị 17, 2016, mgbe ọ dị afọ 42.
Ọ hapụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ a na-ebipụtaghị na ọnwụ mberede ya. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere atụmatụ ibipụta otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nke akpọrọ Lʹépitaphe signée Vénus, ọrụ abụọ ahụ ka a na-ebipụtaghị.
Ngbako ọbara
QuikClot bụ ụdị ejiji ọnyá ọbara nke nwere ihe na-akwalite ọbara ịkpụkọ. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ Z-Medica korporation nwe akara ahụ. Ọ bụ ndị agha na ndị mmanye iwu na-eji ya agwọ ọbara ọgbụgba site na mmerụ ahụ.
Akụkọ ihe mere oge gara aga
Frank Hursey nyere ikike iji ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha, dị ka zeolite, n'ime ihe na-ejikọta ya iji gwọọ ọnyá n'afọ 1989. Mgbe mwakpo nke Septemba 11 gasịrị, ndị agha US mere nnyocha iji tụnyere teknụzụ mgbochi ọbara, nke QuikClot nwetara akara kachasị mma. Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na mgbe ejiri ya gwọọ mmerụ ahụ na-egbu egbu n'ọkpụkpụ ezì, anụmanụ ndị a gwọrọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndụ 100%. N'ịgbaso ule ndị a, ndị agha US kwadoro iji ya na Afghanistan na Iraq.
Zeolite
Nhazi mbụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ nwere ihe na-arụ ọrụ zeolite, nke na-akwalite ọbara na-akpụ akpụ. Zeolite ga-enwe mmeghachi omume exothermic (ịtọhapụ okpomọkụ) na ọbara n'oge usoro ọbara, nke nwere ike ịkpata ọkụ nke abụọ. N'ihi nke a, ngwaahịa ahụ adịghị maka ire ere ma jiri ya mee ihe naanị n'ọnọdụ mberede, dịka na ọgụ. Usoro zeolite ọhụrụ na-abịa tupu mmiri, nke na-emepụta okpomọkụ dị ala, ma nwee ike iji ya mee n'enweghị nsogbu iji kwado ọnyá ma kwụsị ọbara ọgbụgba.
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009, a na-eji gaze e ji kaolin mee ngwaọrụ QuikClot kama iji zeolite. Ngwaọrụ kaolin rụrụ ọrụ dịka bandeeji hemostatic mepụtara n'oge gara aga. Kaolin anaghị akpata allergies akpụkpọ ahụ n'ihi njirimara ya na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.
QuikClot dị na mbụ dị ka granulate a ga-awụnye kpọmkwem na ọnyá iji mee ka ọbara na-agbapụta.
Kaolin na QuikClot Interventional bandeeji na-amịkọrọ mmiri dị n'ọbara, na-ahapụ platelets buru ibu na mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme ka ọbara kpụkọọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ na molekụl ndị fọdụrụnụ na-eme ka ha na-akpụ akpụ ngwa ngwa. Kaolin na-eme ka ihe XII rụọ ọrụ, ihe protein nke na-enyere aka na mmalite nke coagulation cascade, mmeghachi omume protein nke na'akwalite ọbara na-akpụ akpụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. Ka e mesịrị, e mepụtara QuikClot site na iji beads zeolite, nke na-akwalite akpụkọ ozugbo site na ịrụ ọrụ nke coagulation cascade.
Ụzọ ndị agha mba US si eme
Na ihe gbasara otu na ahụ maka ọgụ ndị dị oké mkpa (Committee on Tactical combat Casualty care) bipụtara na 2014, edepụtara ihe na ahụ maka ọbara ogbugba nke na egosi na onwere ike igbabo hemostatic dị mma iji mee ihe maka ọbara ọgbụgba n'èzí nke na-enweghị ike iji ya mee ihe ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na mwepụ tourniquet ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ anya na ọpụpụ karịa awa 2. Na ntuziaka TCCC bipụtara na 2021, Combat Gauze nọgidere na-abụ nhọrọ hemostatic ejiji maka mmerụ ahụ dị otú ahụ.
Berry Gordy
Berry Gordy III (amụrụ na Nọvemba 28, 1929), nke a maara dịka Berry Gorty Jr., bụ ónyé America bụbu ónyé isi ndekọ, onye na-emepụta ndekọ, onye édémédé egwu, onye na'emepụta ihe nkiri na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye guzobere akara ndekọ Motown na ndị enyemaka ya, nke bụ azụmaahịa kachasị elu nke ndị Africa America ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ
Dị ka ónyé na-ede egwu, o dere ma ọ bụ soro dee ọtụtụ egwu gụnyere "Lonely Teardrops" na "That's Why" (Jackie Wilson), "Shop Around" (The Miracles), na "Do You Love Me" (the Contours), nke niile nọ n'elu chaatị R&B nkè US, yana egwu mba ụwa "Reet Petite" (Jackye Wilson). Dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, o dere ọtụtụ egwu egwu màkà Jackson 5, gụnyere "I Want You Back" na "ABC". Dị ka ónyé na-emepụta ihe ndekọ, ọ malitere Miracles ma bịanye aka na ọrụ dịka Supremes, Marvin Gaye, Temptations, Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, na Stevie Wonder. A maara ya màkà iji nlezianya na-eduzi onyinyo ọha, uwe, omume, na usoro ihe omume ya.
A nabatara Gordy n'ime Rock and Roll Hall of Fame na 1988, onye isi ala Barack Obama nyèrè ya National Medal of Arts na 2016, na Kennedy Center Honors na 2021. N'afọ 2022, a nabatara ya na Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.
Afọ ndị mbụ
Berry Gordy III (nke a makwaara dị ka Berry Gorty Jr.) bụ nwa nke asaá n'ime ụmụ asatọ (Fuller, Esther, Anna, Loucye, George, Gwen, Berry na Robert), amụrụ na Nọvemba 28, 1929, na Detroit, n'ezinụlọ Berry Gardy II (nke a maara dị ka Berries Gordy Sr.), onye si Oconee na Washington County, Georgia kwaga Detroit na 1922. Nna nna ya, aha ya bụ Berry Gordy I, bụ nwa James Gordy, ónyé nwe ubi ọcha na Georgia, na nwanyị ọ zụrụ ohu. Nwanne ya nwoke, James (nwa nke okenye James na nwunye ya), bụ nna nna nke Ónyé isi ala Jimmy Carter. A kpọgara Berry Gordy II na Detroit ma site na ohere ọrụ nke azụmaahịa ụgbọ ala na-aga n'ihu na-enye, yana nchegbu banyéré ikuku dị na South America ebe ndị isi ojii na-egbu ndị mmadụ "na-eme ka ndị Ku Klux Klan na-eme ihe mgbe niile"; n'ime afọ iri abụọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, a kọrọ na 1,502 lynchings, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na steeti ndịda. Nna Gordy meghere ụlọ ahịa nri, nwere azụmahịa plastering na ọkwa nkà, na ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụnne ya Fuller na George nwere obi ụtọ ịrụ ọrụ n'ọrụ nna ha nyere ha n'iwu na obibi akwụkwọ, Berry na Robert, ụmụ nwoke ndị na-eto eto, enweghị mmasị ịgbaso ụzọ ahụ. Ma Robert na Berry nwèrè mmasị ịgba egwú na egwu, mana mmasị kachasị ukwuu Berry bụ ịkụ ọkpọ. thumb|Ụlọ Berry Gordy, nke a maara dị ka ụlọ Motown, na Boston-Edison Historic District nke Detroit
Onyinye na otuto
A nabatara Gordy na Rock and Roll Hall of Fame n'afọ 1988. A nabatara ya na Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame na 1998 na Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame n'afọ 2009.
Mgbè Gordy natara Songwriters Hall of Fame's Pioneer Award na June 13, 2013, ọ bụ ónyé mbụ dị ndụ natara nsọpụrụ ahụ.
N'afọ 2016, Gordy natara National Medal of Arts site n'aka Onye isi ala Obama màkà "inyere aka mepụta ụda ọhụrụ na egwu America. Dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ na ónyé na-ede egwu, o nyere aka wuo Motown, na-amalite ọrụ egwu nke ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama. Ụda ya pụrụ iche nyèrè aka ịkpụzi akụkọ mba anyị. "
Edensibia
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù Ụmụnna nke Ọbara Africa
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
N'ime afọ iri nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nnwere onwe nke ndị isi ojii America malitere ịmalite na mpaghara Harlem nke New York City. Mgbanwe ahụ gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị si na British West Indies na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ si na mpaghara Caribbean, bụ ndị, ebe a zụlitere ha ma gụọ akwụkwọ dị ka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ n'ala nna ha, hụrụ onwe ha n'ọnọdụ nke ndị agbụrụ na-emegbu emegbu na America. Dị ka ihe sitere na usoro na-ahaghị nhata nke ọchịchị ndị eze, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ a bịara America nwere obi ọjọọ megide ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na echiche nke iwu alaeze ukwu.
Otu n'ime ndị a si na Caribbean bụ Cyril Briggs, amụrụ na 1888 n'àgwàetiti Nevis, onye kwagara Harlem n'oge ọkọchị nke 1905. N'afọ 1912, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi ojii, New York Amsterdam News, were Briggs n'ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ n'afọ niile nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'ịbụ onye okwu nke "nkwupụta onwe onye nke mba" nke Onye isi ala Woodrow Wilson kwadoro kpaliri, na Septemba 1918 Briggs malitere mbipụta kwa ọnwa a na-akpọ The Crusader, iji kwalite echiche nke "ịlaghachi" nke ndị isi ojii na Afrịka a chụpụrụ, echiche yiri echiche nke oge a n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị Juu Europe nke Zionism na "ịlaghachikwute" Palestine.
Onye malitere Crusader bụ George Wells Parker, onye ọchụnta ego ojii si Omaha, Nebraska, dị ka akụkụ nke League of Legends, otu mba Afrịka. Parker bipụtara isiokwu n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ekwupụta na Afrịka bụ ebe mmepeanya malitere ma na-arụ ụka na agbụrụ ndị isi ojii dị elu. O nyere aka n'ụzọ ego maka mbipụta ahụ, nke bụ n'ezie ihe na-ebute echiche ya.
Na Febụwarị 1919, Briggs malitere ịgbanwe echiche ya, a gosikwara echiche ọhụrụ ya na edemede na Crusader. Ọ malitere iji tụnyere nsogbu nke ndị ọrụ ojii na United States na ndị ọcha na-arụ ọrụ, ndị na-abụkarị ndị mbịarambịa ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha si Europe. N'ime ọnwa ndị sochirinụ, Briggs malitere ịtụle usoro nke akụrụngwa dị ka onye ọjọọ, ọ rụkwara ụka maka otu ihe kpatara ya na otu ihe ndị ọrụ agbụrụ niile na-eme.
Onye Ntụte ahụ mechara nweta ngụkọta nke mmadụ 36,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ na Harlem.
Ntọala nke nzukọ
Oge okpomọkụ nke 1919 na America bụ oge ọgba aghara agbụrụ na ime ihe ike, nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-echeta dịka "Red Summer". Ndị agha si n'ọgbọ agha Europe lọta, gụnyere ndị isi ojii nwere atụmanya dị elu maka nnwere onwe na nha nhata na ndị ọcha na-achọ ịlaghachi n'ọrụ ndị nkịtị na ọnọdụ dị n'ihu bellum, na ndị ọrụ ojii ọhụrụ si n'ime ime obodo South mepụtara ngwakọta na-agbanwe agbanwe nke malitere ime ihe ike na Chicago, Omaha, na obodo niile dị na Midwest na South.
N'ịzaghachi mwakpo ndị a, onye agha ntụte ahụ kwadoro iji ngwá agha chebe onwe onye. Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Briggs jiri ya tụnyere mwakpo gọọmentị na ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii. O gosipụtara akụrụngwa dị ka ihe kpatara mmegbu nke ndị ogbenye nke agbụrụ niile. Mgbe ọ na-akwado nyocha Marxist, The Crusader kwadoro otu nzukọ dị iche nke ndị Africa America iji chebe megide mwakpo agbụrụ na United States, ma jiri nke a tụnyere ndị Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ala ọzọ ọgụ.
Na Septemba 1919, The Crusader kwupụtara nguzobe nke otu nzukọ ọhụrụ a na-akpọ African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka nzukọ na-echebe onwe onye maka ndị isi ojii na-eyi egwu site na ọgba aghara agbụrụ na igbu ọchụ. Nke a sonyeere mbipụta nke uri Claude McKay If We Must Die.
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Briggs malitere ịmekọrịta ndị isi ojii America dị ka Otto Huiswoud a mụrụ na Surinam na onye na-ede uri na onye edemede Jamaica Claude McKay. Ndị a jikọtara Briggs na mbipụta ya na ndị Kọmunist ọcha a mụrụ n'ala gụnyere Robert Minor na Rose Pastor Stokes, bụ ndị nwere mmasị siri ike na ihe a na-akpọ "Negro Question". Briggs ga-esonye na Communist Party n'onwe ya na 1921.
Esemokwu ya na Marcus Garvey na Bureau of Investigation
ABB gbalịrị ịhazi site n'ime UNIA-ACL ma kwado iwu nkwado dị oke egwu maka onye ndú ya, Marcus Garvey Ndị isi ABB Briggs na Claude McKay sonyere na nzukọ mba UNIA nke 1920 na 1921 na New York. Na nnọkọ nke abụọ, McKay mere ndokwa maka Rose Pastor Stokes, onye ndú ọcha nke Communist Party, ka ọ kwuo okwu na mgbakọ ahụ.