Hak-hak_reproduktif
Hak-hak reproduktif mulai berkembang sebagai hak asasi manusia di Konferensi Internasional mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada tahun 1968. Proklamasi Teheran yang dihasilkan dari konferensi tersebut merupakan dokumen internasional pertama yang mengakui salah satu dari hak-hak tersebut dengan menyatakan bahwa "orang tua memiliki hak asasi manusia untuk menentukan secara bebas dan bertanggung jawab jumlah dan jarak antara anak-anak mereka." Namun, proses perumusan hak-hak tersebut di dalam perjanjian internasional yang mengikat secara hukum berlangsung lamban. Maka dari itu, beberapa hak sudah diakui sebagai bagian dari hukum internasional yang mengikat, tetapi hak-hak lain hanya terbatas di rekomendasi-rekomendasi yang tidak mengikat, sehingga hanya berstatus sebagai soft law dalam hukum internasional. Bahkan masih ada hak yang belum diterima oleh seluruh komunitas internasional dan hanya terbatas pada aktivis-aktivis HAM. Center for Reproductive Rights, International Legal Program, Establishing International Reproductive Rights Norms: Theory for Change, US CONG. REC. 108th CONG. 1 Sess. E2534 E2547 (Rep. Smith) (Dec. 8, 2003): We have been leaders in bringing arguments for a woman's right to choose abortion within the rubric of international human rights. However, there is no binding hard norm that recognizes women's right to terminate a pregnancy. (...) While there are hard norms prohibiting sex discrimination that apply to girl adolescents, these are problematic since they must be applied to a substantive right (i.e., the right to health) and the substantive reproductive rights of adolescents are not `hard' (yet!). There are no hard norms on age discrimination that would protect adolescents' ability to exercise their rights to reproductive health, sexual education, or reproductive decisionmaking. In addition, there are no hard norms prohibiting discrimination based on marital status, which is often an issue with respect to unmarried adolescents' access to reproductive health services and information. The soft norms support the idea that the hard norms apply to adolescents under 18. They also fill in the substantive gaps in the hard norms with respect to reproductive health services and information as well as adolescents' reproductive autonomy. (...) There are no hard norms in international human rights law that directly address HIV/AIDS directly. At the same time, a number of human rights bodies have developed soft norms to secure rights that are rendered vulnerable by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. (...) Practices with implications for women's reproductive rights in relation to HIV/AIDS are still not fully covered under existing international law, although soft norms have addressed them to some extent. (...) There is a lack of explicit prohibition of mandatory testing of HIV-positive pregnant women under international law. (...) None of the global human rights treaties explicitly prohibit child marriage and no treaty prescribes an appropriate minimum age for marriage. The onus of specifying a minimum age at marriage rests with the states' parties to these treaties. (...) We have to rely extensively on soft norms that have evolved from the TMBs and that are contained in conference documents to assert that child marriage is a violation of fundamental human rights. Maka isu mengenai hak-hak reproduktif adalah salah satu isu HAM yang paling diperdebatkan di dunia akibat perbedaan agama dan budaya.