cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Babilonia
Permulaan zaman Besi – pemerintahan pribumi, kulawangsa Isin kedua (1155–1026 SM)
In 1072 BC Marduk-shapik-zeri signed a peace treaty with Ashur-bel-kala (1075–1056 BCE) of Assyria, however, his successor Kadašman-Buriaš was not so friendly to Assyria, prompting the Assyrian king to invade Babylonia and depose him, placing Adad-apla-iddina on the throne as his vassal. Assyrian domination continued until c. 1050 BC, with Marduk-ahhe-eriba and Marduk-zer-X regarded as vassals of Assyria. After 1050 BCE the Middle Assyrian Empire descended into a period of civil war, followed by constant warfare with the Arameans, Phrygians, Neo-Hittite states and Hurrians, allowing Babylonia to once more largely free itself from the Assyrian yoke for a few decades.
However, East Semitic-speaking Babylonia soon began to suffer further repeated incursions from West Semitic nomadic peoples migrating from the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse, and during the 11th century BCE large swathes of the Babylonian countryside was appropriated and occupied by these newly arrived Arameans and Suteans. Arameans settled much of the countryside in eastern and central Babylonia and the Suteans in the western deserts, with the weak Babylonian kings being unable to stem these migrations.
Zaman kekacauan (1026–911 SM)
The ruling Babylonian dynasty of Nabu-shum-libur was deposed by marauding Arameans in 1026 BCE, and the heart of Babylonia, including the capital city itself descended into anarchic state, and no king was to rule Babylon for over 20 years.
However, in southern Mesopotamia (a region corresponding with the old Dynasty of the Sealand), Dynasty V (1025–1004 BC) arose, this was ruled by Simbar-shipak, leader of a Kassite clan, and was in effect a separate state from Babylon. The state of anarchy allowed the Assyrian ruler Ashur-nirari IV (1019–1013 BCE) the opportunity to attack Babylonia in 1018 BC, and he invaded and captured the Babylonian city of Atlila and some northern regions for Assyria.
The south Mesopotamian dynasty was replaced by another Kassite Dynasty (Dynasty VI; 1003–984 BCE) which also seems to have regained control over Babylon itself. The Elamites deposed this brief Kassite revival, with king Mar-biti-apla-usur founding Dynasty VII (984–977 BCE). However, this dynasty too fell, when the Arameans once more ravaged Babylon.
Babylonian rule was restored by Nabû-mukin-apli in 977 BCE, ushering in Dynasty VIII. Dynasty IX begins with Ninurta-kudurri-usur II, who ruled from 941 BCE. Babylonia remained weak during this period, with whole areas of Babylonia now under firm Aramean and Sutean control. Babylonian rulers were often forced to bow to pressure from Assyria and Elam, both of which had appropriated Babylonian territory.
Penjajahan Asyur (911–619 SM)
Babylonia remained in a state of chaos as the 10th century BCE drew to a close. A further migration of nomads from the Levant occurred in the early 9th century BCE with the arrival of the Chaldeans, another nomadic northwest Semitic people described in Assyrian annals as the "Kaldu". The Chaldeans settled in the far southeast of Babylonia, joining the already long extant Arameans and Suteans. By 850 BCE the migrant Chaldeans had established their own land in the extreme southeast of Mesopotamia.
From 911 BCE with the founding of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BCE) by Adad-nirari II, Babylon found itself once again under the domination and rule of its fellow Mesopotamian state for the next three centuries. Adad-nirari II twice attacked and defeated Shamash-mudammiq of Babylonia, annexing a large area of land north of the Diyala River and the towns of Hīt and Zanqu in mid Mesopotamia. He made further gains over Babylonia under Nabu-shuma-ukin I later in his reign. Tukulti-Ninurta II and Ashurnasirpal II also forced Babylonia into vassalage, and Shalmaneser III (859–824 BCE) sacked Babylon itself, slew king Nabu-apla-iddina, subjugated the Aramean, Sutean and Chaldean tribes settled within Babylonia, and installed Marduk-zakir-shumi I (855–819 BCE) followed by Marduk-balassu-iqbi (819–813 BCE) as his vassals. It was during the late 850's BCE, in the annals of Shalmaneser III, that the Chaldeans and Arabs are first mentioned in the pages of written recorded history.
Upon the death of Shalmaneser II, Baba-aha-iddina was reduced to vassalage by the Assyrian queen Shammuramat (known as Semiramis to the Persians, Armenians and Greeks), acting as regent to his successor Adad-nirari III who was merely a boy. Adad-nirari III eventually killed Baba-aha-iddina and ruled there directly until 800 BCE until Ninurta-apla-X was crowned. However, he too was subjugated by Adad-Nirari II. The next Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad V then made a vassal of Marduk-bel-zeri.
Babylonia briefly fell to another foreign ruler when Marduk-apla-usur ascended the throne in 780 BCE, taking advantage of a period of civil war in Assyria. He was a member of the Chaldean tribe who had a century or so earlier settled in a small region in the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia, bordering the Persian Gulf and southwestern Elam. Shalmaneser IV attacked him and retook northern Babylonia, forcing a border treaty in Assyria's favour upon him. However, he was allowed to remain on the throne, and successfully stabilised the part of Babylonia he controlled. Eriba-Marduk, another Chaldean, succeeded him in 769 BCE and his son, Nabu-shuma-ishkun in 761 BCE. Babylonia appears to have been in a state of chaos during this time, with the north occupied by Assyria, its throne occupied by foreign Chaldeans, and civil unrest prominent throughout the land.
The Babylonian king Nabonassar overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BCE, and successfully stabilised Babylonia, remaining untroubled by Ashur-nirari V of Assyria. However, with the accession of Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BCE) Babylonia came under renewed attack. Babylon was invaded and sacked and Nabonassar reduced to vassalage. His successors Nabu-nadin-zeri, Nabu-suma-ukin II and Nabu-mukin-zeri were also in servitude to Tiglath-Pileser III, until in 729 BCE the Assyrian king decided to rule Babylon directly as its king instead of allowing Babylonian kings to remain as vassals of Assyria as his predecessors had done for two hundred years.
It was during this period that Eastern Aramaic was introduced by the Assyrians as the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and Mesopotamian Aramaic began to supplant Akkadian as the spoken language of the general populace of both Assyria and Babylonia.
The Assyrian king Shalmaneser V was declared king of Babylon in 727 BCE, but died whilst besieging Samaria in 722 BCE.
Penghancuran Babilonia
Sennacherib (705–681 BCE) succeeded Sargon II, and after ruling directly for a while, he placed his son Ashur-nadin-shumi on the throne. However, Merodach-Baladan and his Elamite protectors continued to unsuccessfully agitate against Assyrian rule. Nergal-ushezib, an Elamite, murdered the Assyrian prince and briefly took the throne. This led to the infuriated Assyrian king Sennacherib invading and subjugating Elam and sacking Babylon, laying waste to and largely destroying the city. Sennacherib was soon murdered by his own sons while praying to the god Nisroch in Nineveh in 681 BC. A puppet king Marduk-zakir-shumi II was placed on the throne by the new Assyrian king Esarhaddon. However, Marduk-apla-iddina returned from exile in Elam, and briefly deposed him, forcing Esarhaddon to attack and defeat him, whereupon he once more fled to his masters in Elam, where he died in exile.
Pemugaran dan pembangunan kembali
Esarhaddon (681–669 BCE) ruled Babylon personally, he completely rebuilt the city, bringing rejuvenation and peace to the region. Upon his death, and in an effort to maintain harmony within his vast empire (which stretched from the Caucasus to Egypt and Nubia and from Cyprus to Iran), he installed his eldest son Shamash-shum-ukin as a subject king in Babylon, and his youngest, the highly educated Ashurbanipal (669–627 BCE), in the more senior position as king of Assyria and overlord of Shamash-shum-ukin.
Pemberontakan bangsa Babilonia
However, Assyria soon descended into a series of brutal internal civil wars which were to cause its downfall. Ashur-etil-ilani was deposed by one of his own generals, named Sin-shumu-lishir in 623 BCE, who also set himself up as king in Babylon. After only one year on the throne amidst continual civil war, Sinsharishkun (622–612 BCE) ousted him as ruler of Assyria and Babylonia in 622 BC. However, he too was beset by constant unremitting civil war in the Assyrian heartland. Babylonia took advantage of this and rebelled under Nabopolassar, a previously unknown malka (chieftain) of the Chaldeans, who had settled in southeastern Mesopotamia by c. 850 BCE.
It was during the reign of Sin-shar-ishkun that Assyria's vast empire began to unravel, and many of its former subject peoples ceased to pay tribute, most significantly for the Assyrians; the Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians, Arameans and Cimmerians.
Methia knulli
Methia knulli adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Methia, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Babilonia
Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru (Kekaisaran Kasdim)
In 620 BC Nabopolassar seized control over much of Babylonia with the support of most of the inhabitants, with only the city of Nippur and some northern regions showing any loyalty to the beleaguered Assyrian king. Nabopolassar was unable to utterly secure Babylonia, and for the next four years he was forced to contend with an occupying Assyrian army encamped in Babylonia trying to unseat him. However, the Assyrian king, Sin-shar-ishkun was plagued by constant revolts among his people in Nineveh, and was thus prevented from ejecting Nabopolassar.
The stalemate ended in 615 BCE, when Nabopolassar entered the Babylonians and Chaldeans into alliance with Cyaxares, an erstwhile vassal of Assyria, and king of the Iranian peoples; the Medes, Persians, Sagartians and Parthians. Cyaxares had also taken advantage of the Assyrian destruction of the formerly regionally dominant pre-Iranian Elamite and Mannean nations and the subsequent anarchy in Assyria to free the Iranic peoples from three centuries of the Assyrian yoke and regional Elamite domination. The Scythians from north of the Caucasus, and the Cimmerians from the Black Sea who had both also been subjugated by Assyria, joined the alliance, as did regional Aramean tribes.
Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah
Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah (CAFA) adalah asosiasi negara-negara yang bermain sepak bola di Asia Tengah.
Methia knulli
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Babilonia
Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru (Kekaisaran Kasdim)
In 615 BCE, while the Assyrian king was fully occupied fighting rebels in both Babylonia and Assyria itself, Cyaxares launched a surprise attack on the Assyrian heartlands, sacking the cities of Kalhu (the Biblical Calah, Nimrud) and Arrapkha (modern Kirkuk), Nabopolassar was still pinned down in southern Mesopotamia and thus not involved in this breakthrough.
From this point on the coalition of Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians, Cimmerians and Sagartians fought in unison against a civil war ravaged Assyria. Major Assyrian cities such as Ashur, Arbela (modern Irbil), Guzana, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad), Imgur-Enlil, Nibarti-Ashur, Gasur, Kanesh, Kar Ashurnasipal and Tushhan fell to the alliance during 614 BCE. Sin-shar-ishkun somehow managed to rally against the odds during 613 BCE, and drove back the combined forces ranged against him.
Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah
Pada Juni 2014, kehadiran asosiasi ini disetujui oleh Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia dan disetujui pada Kongres Luar Biasa Januari 2015 selama Piala Asia AFC 2015. Sebagai hasilnya, CAFA akan dapat memiliki anggota dalam Komite Eksekutif AFC.
Babilonia
Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru (Kekaisaran Kasdim)
However, the alliance launched a renewed combined attack the following year, and after five years of fierce fighting Nineveh was sacked in late 612 BCE after a prolonged siege, in which Sin-shar-ishkun was killed defending his capital.
Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah
Pembentukan CAFA dipelopori oleh Federasi Sepak Bola Iran setelah perselisihan dengan anggota Federasi Sepak Bola Asia Barat. Dilaporkan bahwa Presiden AFC Salman Bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa memperoleh keuntungan secara politis dari pembentukan zona baru ini.
Sejarah
Asosiasi dari enam negara bertemu dengan presiden AFC, Salman bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa, pada 10 Mei 2014 untuk membicarakan tentang kemungkinan pembentukan region baru di sepak bola Asia. Para delagasi diundang oleh presiden AFC yang diprakarsai oleh Iran dan Afganistan. Pada 9 Juni 2014, saat kongres luar biasa AFC di São Paulo, rencana pembentukan organisasi regional baru disetujui oleh kongres.
Babilonia
Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru (Kekaisaran Kasdim)
House to house fighting continued in Nineveh, and an Assyrian general and member of the royal household, took the throne as Ashur-uballit II (612–605 BCE). He was offered the chance of accepting a position of vassalage by the leaders of the alliance according to the Babylonian Chronicle. However, he refused and managed to successfully fight his way out of Nineveh and to the northern Assyrian city of Harran in Upper Mesopotamia where he founded a new capital. The fighting continued, as the Assyrian king held out against the alliance until 607 BCE, when he was eventually ejected by the Medes, Babylonians, Scythians and their allies, and prevented in an attempt to regain the city the same year.
The Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II, whose dynasty had been installed as vassals of Assyria in 671 BCE, belatedly tried to aid Egypt's former Assyrian masters, possibly out of fear that Egypt would be next to succumb to the new powers without Assyria to protect them, having already been ravaged by the Scythians. The Assyrians fought on with Egyptian aid until what was probably a final decisive victory was achieved against them at Carchemish in northwestern Assyria in 605 BCE. The seat of empire was thus transferred to Babylonia for the first time since Hammurabi over a thousand years before.
Nabopolassar was followed by his son Nebuchadnezzar II (605–562 BCE), whose reign of 43 years made Babylon once more the ruler of much of the civilized world, taking over portions of the former Assyrian Empire, with the eastern and northeastern portion being taken by the Medes and the far north by the Scythians.
Nebuchadnezzar II may have also had to contend with remnants of the Assyrian resistance. Some sections of the Assyrian army and administration may have still continued in and around Dur-Katlimmu in northwest Assyria for a time, however, by 599 BCE Assyrian imperial records from this region also fell silent. The fate of Ashur-uballit II remains unknown, and he may have been killed attempting to regain Harran, at Carchemish, or continued to fight on, eventually disappearing into obscurity.
The Egyptians attempted to remain in the Near East, possibly in an effort to aid in restoring Assyria as a secure buffer against Babylonia and the Medes and Persians, or to carve out an empire of their own. Nebuchadnezzar II campaigned against the Egyptians and drove them back over the Sinai. However, an attempt to take Egypt itself as his Assyrian predecessors had succeeded in doing failed, mainly due to a series of rebellions from the Israelites of Judah and  the former kingdom of Ephraim, the Phoenicians of Caanan and the Arameans of the Levant. The Babylonian king crushed these rebellions, deposed Jehoiakim, the king of Judah and deported a sizeable part of the population to Babylonia. Cities like Tyre, Sidon and Damascus were also subjugated. The Arabs and other South Arabian peoples who dwelt in the deserts to the south of the borders of Mesopotamia were then also subjugated.
In 567 BCE he went to war with Pharaoh Amasis, and briefly invaded Egypt itself. After securing his empire, which included marrying a Median princess, he devoted himself to maintaining the empire and conducting numerous impressive building projects in Babylon. He is credited with building the fabled Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Amel-Marduk succeeded to the throne and reigned for only two years. Little contemporary record of his rule survives, though Berosus later stated that he was deposed and murdered in 560 BCE by his successor Neriglissar for conducting himself in an "improper manner".
Neriglissar (560–556 BCE) also had a short reign. He was the son in law of Nebuchadnezzar II, and it is unclear if he was a Chaldean or native Babylonian who married into the dynasty. He campaigned in Aram and Phoenicia, successfully maintaining Babylonian rule in these regions. Neriglissar died young however, and was succeeded by his son Labashi-Marduk (556 BCE), who was still a boy. He was deposed and killed during the same year in a palace conspiracy.
A number of factors arose which would ultimately lead to the fall of Babylon. The population of Babylonia became restive and increasingly disaffected under Nabonidus. He excited a strong feeling against himself by attempting to centralize the polytheistic religion of Babylonia in the temple of Marduk at Babylon, and while he had thus alienated the local priesthoods, the military party also despised him on account of his antiquarian tastes. He seemed to have left the defense of his kingdom to his son Belshazzar (a capable soldier but poor diplomat who alienated the political elite), occupying himself with the more congenial work of excavating the foundation records of the temples and determining the dates of their builders. He also spent time outside Babylonia, rebuilding temples in the Assyrian city of Harran, and also among his Arab subjects in the deserts to the south of Mesopotamia. Nabonidus and Belshazzar's Assyrian heritage is also likely to have added to this resentment. In addition, Mesopotamian military might had usually been concentrated in the martial state of Assyria. Babylonia had always been more vulnerable to conquest and invasion than its northern neighbour, and without the might of Assyria to keep foreign powers in check and Mesopotamia dominant, Babylonia was ultimately exposed.
It was in the sixth year of Nabonidus (549 BCE) that Cyrus the Great, the Achaemenid Persian "king of Anshan" in Elam, revolted against his suzerain Astyages, "king of the Manda" or Medes, at Ecbatana. Astyages' army betrayed him to his enemy, and Cyrus established himself at Ecbatana, thus putting an end to the empire of the Medes and making the Persian faction dominant among the Iranic peoples. Three years later Cyrus had become king of all Persia, and was engaged in a campaign to put down a revolt among the Assyrians. Meanwhile, Nabonidus had established a camp in the desert of his colony of Arabia, near the southern frontier of his kingdom, leaving his son Belshazzar (Belsharutsur) in command of the army.
In 539 BCE Cyrus invaded Babylonia. A battle was fought at Opis in the month of June, where the Babylonians were defeated; and immediately afterwards Sippar surrendered to the invader. Nabonidus fled to Babylon, where he was pursued by Gobryas, and on the 16th day of Tammuz, two days after the capture of Sippar, "the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting." Nabonidus was dragged from his hiding place, where the services continued without interruption. Cyrus did not arrive until the 3rd of Marchesvan (October), Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon, and a few days afterwards Belshazzar the son of Nabonidus died in battle. A public mourning followed, lasting six days, and Cyrus' son Cambyses accompanied the corpse to the tomb.
One of the first acts of Cyrus accordingly was to allow the Jewish exiles to return to their own homes, carrying with them their sacred temple vessels. The permission to do so was embodied in a proclamation, whereby the conqueror endeavored to justify his claim to the Babylonian throne.
Cyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of Bel-Marduk, who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus in removing the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines to his capital Babylon.
The Chaldean tribe had lost control of Babylonia decades before the end of the era that sometimes bears their name, and they appear to have blended into the general populace of Babylonia even before this (for example, Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnezzar II and their successors always referred to themselves as Shar Akkad and never as Shar Kaldu on inscriptions), and during the Persian Achaemenid Empire the term Chaldean ceased to refer to a race of people, and instead specifically to a social class of priests educated in classical Babylonian literature, particularly Astronomy and Astrology. By the mid Seleucid Empire (312–150 BCE) period this term too had fallen from use.
Zaman Persia
A year before Cyrus' death, in 529 BCE, he elevated his son Cambyses II in the government, making him king of Babylon, while he reserved for himself the fuller title of "king of the (other) provinces" of the empire. It was only when Darius I acquired the Persian throne and ruled it as a representative of the Zoroastrian religion, that the old tradition was broken and the claim of Babylon to confer legitimacy on the rulers of western Asia ceased to be acknowledged.
Immediately after Darius seized Persia, Babylonia briefly recovered its independence under a native ruler, Nidinta-Bel, who took the name of Nebuchadnezzar III, and reigned from October 522 BCE to August 520 BCE, when Darius took the city by storm, during this period Assyria to the north also rebelled. A few years later, probably 514 BCE, Babylon again revolted under the Armenian king Nebuchadnezzar IV; on this occasion, after its capture by the Persians, the walls were partly destroyed. The Esagila, the great temple of Bel, however, still continued to be kept in repair and to be a center of Babylonian religious feelings.
Badan Publik
Badan Publik adalah lembaga eksekutif, legislatif, yudikatif, dan badan lain yang fungsi dan tugas pokoknya berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan negara, yang sebagian atau seluruh dananya bersumber dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara dan/atau Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah, atau organisasi nonpemerintah sepanjang sebagian atau seluruh dananya bersumber dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara dan/atau Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah, sumbangan masyarakat, dan/atau luar negeri.
Istilah 'Badan Publik' digunakan dalam Undang-Undang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik (UU no. 14 tahun 2008) yang mengatur hak dan kewajiban Badan Publik dalam menyediakan akses informasi publik bagi masyarakat, termasuk sanksi bagi badan publik apabila tidak memberikan informasi tersebut sesuai aturan. Dalam peraturan undang-undang lain seperti Undang-Undang Pelayanan Publik, istilah yang digunakan yaitu 'penyelenggara pelayanan publik'
Badan Publik di Indonesia diantaranya yaitu:
Babilonia
Zaman Persia
There was a brief interlude of Roman conquest (the provinces of Assyria and Mesopotamia; 116–118 AD) under Trajan, after which the Parthians reasserted control.
Eko Jokowiyono
Laksamana Pertama TNI Eko Jokowiyono, S.E., M.Si. adalah seorang perwira tinggi TNI-AL yang sejak 27 Juni 2022 mengemban amanat sebagai Staf Khusus Kasal.
Star 27
Star 27 membantu muatan sampai ke orbit yang lebih tinggi, di luar magnetosfer bumi.
Eko Jokowiyono
Eko, merupakan alumnus Akademi Angkatan Laut (AAL) angkatan ke-XXXVII/tahun 1991. Jabatan terakhir jenderal bintang satu ini adalah Kepala Staf Koarmada I.
Bombylius shah
Bombylius shah adalah spesies lalat yang berasal dari genus Bombylius dan famili Bombyliidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Babilonia
Zaman Persia
Daerah kesatrapan Babilonia disatukan dengan Asōristān (artinya negeri bangsa Asyur dalam bahasa Persia) pada zaman Kekaisaran Sasaniyah yang bermula pada tahun 226 M. Ketika itulah agama Kristen Suryani beramalan Ritus Suryani Timur, yang muncul di Asyur dan daerah Mesopotamia Hulu pada abad pertama Masehi, menjadi agama yang dominan di dalam masyarakat Asyur-Babilonia, yang tidak pernah mengadopsi agama Mazda maupun agama-agama Helenis dan bahasa-bahasa para penguasa mereka.
Bombylius shah
Lalat ini biasanya memakan nektar dan polen yang ada dalam bunga.
Bombylius shelkovnikovi
Bombylius shelkovnikovi adalah spesies lalat yang berasal dari genus Bombylius dan famili Bombyliidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Babilonia
Kebudayaan
Kebudayaan Mesopotamia dari Zaman Perunggu sampai Zaman Besi Awal kadang-kadang dirangkum dengan sebutan "kebudayaan Asyur-Babilonia" karena eratnya saling ketergantungan etnis, bahasa, dan budaya kedua pusat kekuatan politik itu. Dulunya istilah "Negeri Babilonia" atau "Babilonia", khususnya di dalam karya-karya tulis dari sekitar awal abad ke-20, digunakan dengan makna yang juga mencakup sejarah awal kawasan selatan Mesopotamia pra-Babilonia, dan bukan semata-mata sebagai sebutan bagi negara kota Babilon saja. Di dalam karya-karya tulis termutakhir, pemakaian istilah "Babilonia" sebagai nama kawasan pada umumnya sudah diganti dengan istilah yang lebih tepat, yakni Sumeria atau Sumeria-Akkadia yang mengacu kepada peradaban Mesopotamia pra-Asyur-Babilonia.
Bombylius shelkovnikovi
Lalat ini biasanya memakan nektar dan polen yang ada dalam bunga.
Babilonia
Ilmu falak
Loh-loh yang diduga berasal dari zaman Kekaisaran Babilonia Lama mencatat penerapan ilmu matematika dalam penghitungan variasi waktu siang sepanjang satu tahun surya. Kegiatan mengamati fenomena langit yang sudah berlangsung selama berabad-abad terabadikan di dalam serangkaian loh beraksara baji yang dikenal dengan judul "Enūma Anu Enlil". Loh yang memuat teks astronomi signifikan tertua yang masih ada saat ini adalah Enūma Anu Enlil Loh 63, yakni loh Venus Ami-Saduqa. Loh ini memuat daftar waktu terbit Venus yang pertama sampai terakhir kali tertangkap mata dalam kurun waktu 21 tahun, dan merupakan bukti tertua yang menunjukkan bahwa fenomena sebuah planet sudah diketahui terjadi secara berkala. Astrolab persegi panjang tertua diperkirakan berasal dari zaman Babilonia sekitar tahun 1100 SM. Naskah MUL.APIN memuat daftar bintang dan rasi bintang maupun skema-skema untuk untuk memprakirakan kemunculan bintang dan terbenamnya planet-planet, panjang waktu siang berdasarkan jam air, gnomon, dan bayang-bayang, serta interkalasi.<!-- Naskah GU dari Babilonia menata bintang-bintang pada semacam 'kawat' sepanjang lingkaran yang that lie along declination circles dan dengan demikian mengukur thus measure right-ascensions or time-intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences.
Ilmu pengobatan
Medical diagnosis and prognosis "We find [medical semiotics] in a whole constellation of disciplines. ... There was a real common ground among these [Babylonian] forms of knowledge ... an approach involving analysis of particular cases, constructed only through traces, symptoms, hints. ... In short, we can speak about a symptomatic or divinatory [or conjectural] paradigm which could be oriented toward past present or future, depending on the form of knowledge called upon. Toward future ... that was the medical science of symptoms, with its double character, diagnostic, explaining past and present, and prognostic, suggesting likely future. ..."
The oldest Babylonian (i.e., Akkadian) texts on medicine date back to the First Babylonian dynasty in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE although the earliest medical prescriptions appear in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur period. The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the ummânū, or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa, during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069–1046 BCE).
The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, creams and pills. If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses. Esagil-kin-apli's Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its aetiology and future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery.
Esagil-kin-apli discovered a variety of illnesses and diseases and described their symptoms in his Diagnostic Handbook. These include the symptoms for many varieties of epilepsy and related ailments along with their diagnosis and prognosis. Later Babylonian medicine resembles early Greek medicine in many ways. In particular, the early treatises of the Hippocratic Corpus show the influence of late Babylonian medicine in terms of both content and form.
Sastra
There were libraries in most towns and temples; an old Sumerian proverb averred that "he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn". Women as well as men learned to read and write, and in Semitic times, this involved knowledge of the extinct Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive syllabary.
A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be written in the old agglutinative language of Sumer. Vocabularies, grammars, and interlinear translations were compiled for the use of students, as well as commentaries on the older texts and explanations of obscure words and phrases. The characters of the syllabary were all arranged and named, and elaborate lists of them were drawn up.
There are many Babylonian literary works whose titles have come down to us. One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sin-liqi-unninni, and arranged upon an astronomical principle. Each division contains the story of a single adventure in the career of Gilgamesh. The whole story is a composite product, and it is probable that some of the stories are artificially attached to the central figure .-->
Kebudayaan Babilonia Baru
Kebangkitan singkat budaya Babilonia pada abad ke-7 sampai abad ke-6 SM terjadi terjadi bersamaan dengan sejumlah kemajuan kebudayaan yang penting.
Astronomi
Dari semua ilmu pengetahuan, astronomi dan astrologilah yang paling diutamakan masyarakat Babilonia. Astronomi adalah ilmu yang sudah lama digeluti di Babilonia. Zodiak adalah salah satu penemuan bangsa Babilonia pada Abad Kuno, bahkan para ilmuwan Babilonia sudah dapat memperkirakan waktu terjadinya gerhana Matahari dan gerhana Bulan. Ada lusinan catatan beraksara baji mengenai observasi-observasi gerhana yang dilakukan sendiri oleh bangsa Mesopotamia.
Astronomi Babilonia menjadi dasar pengembangan ilmu astronomi Yunani Kuno, Abad Klasik, Kekaisaran Sasaniyah, Bizantin, Syam, Dunia Islam pada Abad pertengahan, Asia Tengah, dan Eropa Barat. Oleh karena itu, ilmu astronomi zaman Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru dapat dianggap sebagai leluhur langsung dari ilmu matematika dan astronomi bangsa Yunani, yang menjadi pangkal revolusi ilmu pengetahuan di Dunia Barat. <!--
During the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Babylonian astronomers developed a new approach to astronomy. They began studying philosophy dealing with the ideal nature of the early universe and began employing an internal logic within their predictive planetary systems. This was an important contribution to astronomy and the philosophy of science and some scholars have thus referred to this new approach as the first scientific revolution. This new approach to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy.
In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were of a thoroughly scientific character; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy.
The only Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported the heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system, but it is not known what arguments he used.-->
Matematika
Naskah-naskah matematika Babilonia berlimpah ruah dan tersunting rapi. Dari segi waktu pembuatan, peninggalan-peninggalan tertulis tersebut terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yakni kelompok naskah dari zaman Kekaisaran Babilonia Lama (1830–1531 SM), dan kelompok naskah yang sebagian besar merupakan peninggalan Kekaisaran Seleukia dari abad ke-4 atau abad ke-3 SM. Dari segi isi, kedua kelompok naskah tersebut nyaris tidak berbeda. Oleh karena itu hakikat dan kandungan ilmu matematika Babilonia dapat dibilang berjalan di tempat, karena hanya ada sedikit sekali kemajuan dan inovasi selama hampir dua ribu tahun.
Sistem matematika Babilonia adalah seksagesimal atau sistem bilangan dengan 60 angka dasar. Sistem seksagesimal adalah cikal bakal pembagian 1 menit menjadi 60 detik, pembagian 1 jam menjadi 60 menit, dan pembagian 1 lingkaran menjadi 360 (60x6) derajat. Bangsa Babilonia mampu meraih capaian-capaian besar bidang matematika lantaran dua faktor. Yang pertama, bilangan 60 dapat habis dibagi dengan banyak angka lain (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, dan 30), sehingga hitung-hitungan menjadi lebih mudah. Selain itu, tidak seperti bangsa Mesir dan bangsa Romawi, bangsa Babilonia memiliki suatu sistem nilai-tempat sejati. Deret angkanya berurut dari kiri ke kanan, mulai dari yang paling besar sampai yang paling kecil nilainya, sangat mirip dengan sistem desimal yang digunakan sekarang ini (734 = 7×100 + 3×10 + 4×1). Salah satu capaian bangsa Babilonia di bidang matematika adalah menghitung akar pangkat dua dari bilangan 2 dengan benar sampai tujuh angka di belakang koma (loh lempung YBC 7289). Bangsa Babilonia tampaknya sudah memahami teorema Pitagoras sebelum dicetuskan Pitagoras sendiri, terbukti dari isi loh lempung dengan pertanggalan kira-kira tahun 1900 SM yang diterjemahkan Dennis Ramsey sebagai berikut: Panjangnya sama dengan 4 dan diagonalnya sama dengan 5. Berapakah lebarnya? Tidak diketahui ukurannya. 4 kali 4 sama dengan 16 dan 5 kali 5 sama dengan 25. Kurangkan 16 dari 25 maka tinggal 9 sisanya. Berapa kali berapa yang sama dengan 9? 3 kali 3 sama dengan 9. Jadi lebarnya sama dengan 3.
Ner (kelipatan 600) dan sar (kelipatan 3600) dibentuk dari bilangan 60, berpadanan dengan jarak 1 derajat di khatulistiwa. Loh-loh berisi perhitungan pangkat dua dan pangkat tiga dari 1 sampai 60 sudah ditemukan di situs Senkera, lagi pula bangsa yang sudah mengenal jam matahari, jam air, tuas, dan katrol mestilah memiliki pengetahuan mekanika yang mumpuni. lensa-lensa dari kaca timbal yang dibuat menggunakan mesin bubut ditemukan Austen Henry Layard di situs Nimrud bersama-sama dengan bejana-bejana kaca berukir nama Sargon. Lensa-lensa tersebut menjawab misteri aksara-aksara dengan ukuran yang sangat kecil pada beberapa loh keluaran Asyur.
Bangsa Babilonia mungkin sudah terbiasa menerapkan kaidah-kaidah umum untuk mengukur luas bangun datar. Mereka menghitung panjang keliling lingkaran dengan rumus tiga kali panjang garis tengah, sementara luasnya dihitung dengan rumus seperdua belas kali panjang keliling yang dipangkatkan dua, dan bisa saja benar jika π dianggap sama dengan 3. Volume silinder dihitung dengan rumus luas alas kali tinggi, tetapi volume frustum kerucut atau limas persegi dihitung dengan cara yang keliru, yakni dengan rumus separuh luas alas kali tinggi. Belakangan ini ditemukan sebuah loh yang menggunakan π dengan nilai 3 1/8 (tiga seperdelapan). Bangsa Babilonia juga dikenal karena menghasilkan satuan mil Babilonia, yang kurang lebih sama dengan 11 kilometer (7 mil) sekarang ini. Satuan yang digunakan untuk mengukur jarak ini pada akhirnya diubah menjadi satuan mil-waktu yang dipakai mengukur jarak tempuh matahari, dan oleh karena itu merupakan perhitungan waktu. Bangsa Babilonia juga menggunakan graf ruang waktu untuk menghitung kecepatan Yupiter. Perhitungan ini merupakan sebuah gagasan yang terbilang sangat modern, yang jejaknya dapat dirunut sampai ke Inggris dan Prancis pada abad ke-14 dan mendahului kalkulus integral.
Filsafat
Asal-usul filsafat Babilonia dapat dilacak sampai kepada kesusastraan hikmat Mesopotamia, yang menyarikan filsafat-filsafat hidup tertentu, khususnya etika, dalam bentuk dialektika, dialog, wiracarita, cerita rakyat, himne, lirik lagu, prosa, dan peribahasa. Penalaran dan rasionalitas bangsa Babilonia berkembang di luar observasi empiris.
Kemungkinan besar filsafat Babilonia juga mempengaruhi filsafat Yunani, khususnya filsafat Helenistis. Karya tulis Babilonia yang dijuduli Dialog Pesimisme menampakkan kemiripan dengan fikrah agonistis para filsuf sofis, doktrin kontras para filsuf heraklitan, dan dialog-dialog Plato. Dialog Pesimisme juga merupakan pendahulu dari metode maieutis yang dicetuskan filsuf Sokrates. Filsuf Tales yang bermazhab Miletos diketahui pernah belajar filsafat di Mesopotamia.
Aileen Convery
Aileen Convery adalah seorang perenang asal Irlandia. Ia berkompetisi dalam dua lomba pada Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988.
Methia juniperi
Methia juniperi adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Methia, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Babilonia
Warisan sejarah
Babilonia, teristimewa ibu kotanya, Babilon, sudah lama dijadikan lambang kekuasaan yang bejat dan kelewat batas di dalam agama-agama Abrahamik. Babilonia kerap disebut-sebut di dalam Alkitab (sebagai Babel), baik dalam arti harfiah (historis) maupun dalam arti kias (alegoris). Penyebutan Babel di dalam Alkitab Ibrani cenderung bersifat historis atau profetis, sementara sebutan apokaliptis Pelacur Babel di dalam Perjanjian Baru sepertinya lebih bersifat kiasan, dan mungkin sekali merupakan kata sandi untuk Roma yang pagan atau semacam arketipe lainnya. Taman Gantung Babilonia dan Menara Babel yang legendaris itu masing-masing dipandang sebagai lambang kemewahan dan lambang keangkuhan kekuasaan.
Umat Kristen perdana adakalanya menyebut Roma dengan nama Babel. Rasul Petrus mengakhiri suratnya yang pertama dengan kalimat berikut ini:
"Salam kepada kamu sekalian dari kawanmu yang terpilih yang di Babilon, dan juga dari Markus, anakku."
Kitab Wahyu memuat kalimat berikut ini:
"Dan seorang malaikat lain, malaikat kedua, menyusul dia dan berkata: "Sudah rubuh, sudah rubuh Babel, kota besar itu, yang telah memabukkan segala bangsa dengan anggur hawa nafsu cabulnya.""
Contoh-contoh lain adalah dan.
- Al-Baqarah 102
Methia lata
Methia lata adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Methia, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Soyuz-2-1v
Soyuz-2-1v (Russian: Союз 2.1в, Union 2.1v), indeks Grau 14A15, dikenal sebelumnya dalam pembangunan sebagai Soyuz-1 (Rusia: Союз 1, Union 1), adalah roket pembawa dibuang Rusia. Roket itu berasal dari Soyuz-2.1b, dan merupakan anggota dari keluarga roket R-7. Hal ini dibangun oleh TsSKB Progress, di Samara di Federasi Rusia.
Luncurkan dilakukan dari fasilitas yang ada di Kosmodrom Plesetsk di Rusia Barat Laut, dengan bantalan juga tersedia di Kosmodrom Baikonur di Kazakhstan, dan fasilitas baru di Vostochny Cosmodrome di Rusia Timur.
Sejarah operasional
Penerbangan perdana membawa mikrosatelit Aist 1 dan sepasang bola kalibrasi SKRL-756. Menjelang peluncuran, roket diluncurkan ke Situs 43 di Kosmodrom Plesetsk pada 18 Desember 2013 dan peluncurannya dijadwalkan pada 23 Desember 2013.
Danau Texcoco
Danau Texcoco (Lago de Texcoco) adalah danau yang terletak di Lembah Meksiko. Lembah danau ini kini merupakan lokasi Ciudad de México. Pada zaman Pleistosen, danau ini meliputi wilayah yang lebih luas. Agrikultur di danau ini dimulai pada tahun 7.000 sebelum Masehi. Di sisi timur laut danau antara tahun 1700 dan 1250 SM, beberapa desa muncul. Pada tahun 1250 SM sudah terdapat peradaban Tlatilco. Sekitar 800 SM, Cuicuilco muncul sebagai kekuatan utama di Lembah Meksiko untuk 200 tahun kedepan. Gunung berapi Xitle menghancurkan Cuicuilco sekitar tahun 30, kehancuran yang menyebabkan bangkitnya Teotihuacan.
Setelah jatuhnya Teotihuacan tahun 600-800, negara-kota muncul di sekitar danau, seperti Xoloc, Azcapotzalco, Tlacopan, Coyohuacan, Culhuacán, Chimalpa and Chimalhuacán.
Seluruh cekungan danau sekarang hampir seluruhnya ditempati oleh Mexico City, ibu kota negara Meksiko saat ini. Drainase danau telah menyebabkan konsekuensi ekologis dan manusia yang serius: iklim lokal dan ketersediaan air telah banyak berubah, berkontribusi terhadap kelangkaan air di daerah tersebut; ekstraksi air tanah berikutnya menyebabkan penurunan tanah di sebagian besar kota; dan spesies asli yang endemik di kawasan danau telah menjadi sangat terancam atau punah karena perubahan ekosistem, seperti axolotl.
Setelah pembatalan Bandara Mexico City Texcoco, pemerintah memulai proyek restorasi besar-besaran di sebagian besar danau dalam bentuk Taman Ekologi Danau Texcoco, ruang publik seluas 14.000 hektar, dan restorasi ekologi.
Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Terapan Internasional
Perserikatan Internasional Fisika Murni dan Terapan (nama resmi dalam bahasa Inggris: International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, disingkat IUPAP) adalah LSM internasional yang berkarya untuk mendampingi pengembangan fisika di seluruh dunia, mendorong kerjasama internasional yang berkaitan dengan fisika dan membantu dalam penerapan fisika terhadap pemecahan masalah yang menjadi perhatian umat manusia. Organisasi ini didirikan pada 1922 dan sidang umum pertama kali digelar pada 1923 di Paris.
IUPAP mewujudkan karya-karya tersebut dengan mendukung dan membiayai berbagai pertemuan internasional; membina hubungan dan penerbitan; mendorong penelitian dan pendidikan; mendorong peredaran bebas dari ilmuwan; mendorong perjanjian internasional tentang penggunaan lambang, satuan, tata nama dan baku; serta bekerja sama dengan organisasi lain pada masalah disiplin dan interdisipliner.
IUPAP merupakan anggota dari Dewan Internasional Serikat Ilmiah (ICSU).
Pengelolaan organisasi
Dalam pengelolaannya, organisasi ini diatur oleh Majelis Umum yang menggelar sidang umum setiap tiga tahun sekali. Dewan organisasi merupakan pimpinan tertinggi yang mengawasi kegiatan Panitia Internasional dan Panitia Gabungan. Organisasi ini terdiri dari anggota-anggota mewakili masyarakat fisika yang diakui. Saat ini terdapat 60 anggota di IUPAP.
C1. Panitia Keuangan
C2. Panitia Lambang, Satuan, Tata Nama, Massa Atom dan Tetapan Dasar (SUNAMCO)
(41429) 2000 GE2
(41429) 2000 GE2 adalah sebuah asteroid. Asteroid ini merupakan bagian dari asteroid Apollo, yang terletak dekat dengan bumi. Eksentrisitas orbit asteroid ini tercatat sebesar 0.556, sementara magnitudo mutlaknya adalah 20.5.
Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Terapan Internasional
Pengelolaan organisasi
C3. Panitia Fisika Statistik
Methia longipennis
Methia longipennis adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Methia, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Terapan Internasional
Pengelolaan organisasi
C4. Panitia Sinar Kosmik
(41429) 2000 GE2
Pembentukan
Seperti asteroid pada umumnya, asteroid ini terbentuk dari nebula matahari primordial sebagai pecahan planetisimal, sesuatu di nebula matahari muda yang tidak cukup besar untuk berubah menjadi planet.
Methia longipennis
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Terapan Internasional
Pengelolaan organisasi
C5. Panitia Fisika Suhu Rendah
C6. Panitia Fisika Biologi
C8. Panitia Semikonduktor
C9. Panitia Kemagnetan
C10. Panitia Struktur dan Pergerakan Benda Terkondensasi
C11. Panitia Partikel dan Medan
C12. Panitia Fisika Nuklir
C13. Panitia Fisika untuk Pengembangan
C14. Panitia Pendidikan Fisika
C15. Panitia Fisika Atom, Molekul dan Optika
C16. Panitia Fisika Plasma
C17. Panitia Listrik Kuantum
C18. Panitia Matematika Fisika
C19. Panitia Astrofisika
AC.1. Panitia Internasional untuk Optik
AC.2. Panitia Internasional untuk Relativitas Umum dan Gravitasi