cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Universitas Andalas
Peringkat dan prestasi
Pada tahun 2006, Unand berusia 50 tahun. Dalam rangka merayakan ulang tahun emasnya, Unand mengadakan berbagai kegiatan. Di antaranya, pemberian gelar Doktor Honoris Causa dalam bidang Pembangunan Pertanian Berkelanjutan kepada Presiden RI Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono pada tanggal 21 September 2006. Di samping itu, Unand juga menerbitkan 52 buku karya dosen-dosennya. Universitas Andalas juga merupakan salah satu perguruan tinggi pionir yang menyelenggarakan kuliah umum kewirausahaan untuk membangkitkan jiwa enterpreunership mahasiswanya yang rutin diadakan setiap hari Jumat sejak tahun akademik 2007/2008.
Pada tahun 2014, Unand mendapat akreditasi A dari BAN PT. Dengan demikian, Unand menjadi universitas keenam di Indonesia yang terakreditasi A setelah Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Universitas Airlangga, Institut Teknologi Bandung, dan Universitas Hasanuddin, atau yang pertama di Sumatra.
Majelis Wali Amanat
Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 95 Tahun 2021, Universitas Andalas adalah sebuah Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum (PTN-BH). Sebuah Majelis Wali Amanat (MWA) bertugas untuk "menetapkan, memberikan pertimbangan pelaksanaan kebijakan umum, dan melaksanakan pengawasan di bidang nonakademik." MWA terdiri atas 17 (tujuh belas) orang, yang terdiri atas Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Rektor, Ketua Senat Akademik Universitas (SAU), 3 (tiga) orang wakil dari masyarakat, 8 (delapan) orang wakil dari dosen, 1 (satu) orang wakil dari alumni, 1 (satu) orang wakil dari tenaga kependidikan, dan 1 (satu) orang wakil dari mahasiswa.
Per tahun 2022, Ketua MWA Unand adalah Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Sakti Wahyu Trenggono.
Pimpinan
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Meißen (distrik)
Meißen adalah sebuah Landkreis atau semacam kabupaten yang terletak di negara bagian Sachsen, Jerman. Meißen berbatasan dengan (dari utara searah jarum jam) Brandenburg, Distrik Bautzen, Dresden, Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, Mittelsachsen, dan Nordsachsen.
Biji
Biji (semen) adalah bakal biji (ovulum) dari tumbuhan berbunga yang telah masak. Biji dapat terlindung oleh organ lain (buah, pada Angiospermae atau Magnoliophyta) atau tidak (pada Gymnospermae). Dari sudut pandang evolusi, biji merupakan embrio atau tumbuhan kecil yang termodifikasi sehingga dapat bertahan lebih lama pada kondisi kurang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan. (Lihat pergiliran keturunan).
Dengan demikian biji telah memperlihatkan diri sebagai perkembangan penting dalam reproduksi dan pemencaran Spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbunga atau tumbuhan berbiji; bahasa Yunani: sperma biji, phyton tumbuhan); dibandingkan dengan tanaman yang lebih primitif seperti lumut, lumut hati dan pakis, yang tidak memiliki biji dan menggunakan cara lain untuk menyebarkan diri. Ini tampak pada kenyataan bahwa tumbuhan berbiji mendominasi relung-relung biologi sejak dari padang rumput hingga ke hutan, baik di wilayah tropis maupun daerah beriklim dingin.
Kata "biji" adalah pinjaman dari bahasa Sanskerta, bija. Kata "biji" acap dipertukarkan penggunaannya dengan "benih" dan "bibit". Dalam istilah teknis pertanian dan kehutanan, "benih" adalah biji yang dipersiapkan khusus untuk menghasilkan tanaman baru, sedangkan "bibit" (atau juga disebut "semai") adalah tanaman (atau hewan) muda siap tanam (kalau hewan, siap dibesarkan) setelah ditumbuhkan atau dibesarkan sampai umur tertentu atau hasil perbanyakan tanaman dengan cara yang lain (misalnya cangkok, stek, okulasi dan lain-lain).
Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis
Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis adalah sebuah Landkreis atau semacam kabupaten yang terletak di negara bagian Sachsen, Jerman.
Biji
Di samping itu dalam bahasa awam kata "biji" juga kerap dilekatkan secara kurang tepat: 'biji' padi (gabah), 'biji' jagung, dan 'biji' bunga matahari—misalnya—yang secara botani sesungguhnya adalah buah kering tak memecah, sementara bijinya yang sejati terletak di dalamnya. Juga 'biji' mangga dan 'biji' aneka buah batu lainnya, yang sebetulnya biji terlapis oleh endokarp; yakni bagian dalam buah yang mengeras atau liat untuk melindungi biji yang sesungguhnya.
Struktur biji
1. Lembaga (embrio) adalah jaringan bakal tumbuhan dari mana tumbuhan yang baru akan berkembang manakala kondisi lingkungannya sesuai. Lembaga ini memiliki satu helai daun lembaga (kotiledon) pada tetumbuhan berkeping satu (monokotil); dua helai daun lembaga pada hampir semua tetumbuhan berkeping dua (dikotil); dan dua atau lebih pada tetumbuhan berbiji terbuka (Gymnospermae). Selanjutnya lembaga juga memiliki calon akar yang disebut radikula dan calon tunas yang disebut plumula. Calon batang yang terletak di atas titik perlekatan daun lembaga disebut epikotil, dan yang terletak di bawahnya disebut hipokotil.
2. cadangan makanan, yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan baru ketika mulai tumbuh membesar. Bentuk nutrisi yang disimpan bervariasi tergantung pada jenis tumbuhan tersebut. Pada Angiospermae, cadangan ini bermula dari jaringan yang disebut endosperma, yang berasal dari tetumbuhan induk melalui proses pembuahan ganda. Endosperma yang biasanya triploid ini kaya akan minyak nabati atau zat pati dan protein.
Pada Gymnospermae seperti halnya konifera, jaringan makanan cadangan ini berasal dari bagian gametofit betina, jadi bersifat haploid. Pada beberapa spesies, lembaga melekat pada endosperma atau gametofit betina, yang cadangan makanannya kelak digunakan ketika lembaga berkecambah. Pada jenis-jenis yang lain, cadangan makanan pada endosperma telah diserap lembaga dalam tahap perkembangan biji, dan kemudian disimpan di dalam daun lembaga. Dalam kasus terakhir ini, biji yang telah masak tidak lagi memiliki endosperma dan disebut biji eksalbumina (exalbuminous seeds).
Beberapa contohnya adalah biji kacang-kacangan (misalnya buncis, kacang merah, dan kacang ercis), pasang, lobak, dan bunga matahari. Sementara biji yang tetap memiliki endosperma hingga masak dikenal sebagai biji albumina (albuminous seeds). Kebanyakan monokotil (misalnya jenis-jenis rumput dan palma), sebagian dikotil (misalnya jarak), dan semua Gymnospermae memiliki tipe biji albumina ini.
3. Kulit biji (testa) berkembang dari jaringan integumen yang semula mengitari ovula (bakal biji). Tatkala biji masak, kulit biji ini dapat setipis kertas (misalnya pada kacang tanah) atau tebal dan keras seperti pada kelapa. Kulit biji ini berguna untuk menjaga lembaga dari kekeringan dan kerusakan mekanis.
Di samping ketiga bagian utama biji di atas, beberapa spesies memiliki bagian tambahan pada biji yang dihasilkannya; misalnya salut biji (arilus) pada pala, rambut pada kapas, atau sejenis struktur yang mengandung minyak yang disebut elaiosome (misalnya pada biji jarak dan biji aneka jenis Euphorbiaceae lainnya). Biji-biji juga acap memiliki tanda bekas tali pusat yang disebut hilum (pusar atau pusat) dan rafe (garis biji).
Tangga Batu II, Parmaksian, Toba
Tangga Batu II adalah salah satu desa di Kecamatan Parmaksian, Kabupaten Toba, Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.
Pemerintahan
Kepala Desa Tangga Batu II pada tahun 2020 adalah Rudi Butarbutar.
Suku
Mayoritas penduduk Desa Tangga Batu II adalah suku Toba.
Agama
Mayoritas penduduk Desa Tangga Batu II memeluk agama Kristen. Di Desa Tangga Batu II juga terdapat sarana ibadah yaitu dua bangunan Gereja.
Daftar Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Myanmar
Berikut ini adalah daftar Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Myanmar
MBTA Commuter Rail
The MBTA Commuter Rail system serves as the commuter rail arm of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's (MBTA's) transportation coverage of Greater Boston in the United States. Trains run over 394 mi of track to 134 stations. It is operated under contract by Keolis, which took over operations on July 1, 2014, from the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company (MBCR).
In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of , making it the fifth-busiest commuter rail system in the U.S., behind the three New York-area systems and the Chicago-area system. The line's characteristic purple-trimmed coaches operate as far south as North Kingstown, Rhode Island, and as far north as Newburyport and as far west as Fitchburg, both in Massachusetts.
Trains originate at two major terminals in Boston – South Station and North Station. The only connection between the two halves of the system is the non-revenue Grand Junction Branch. The North–South Rail Link is a proposed tunnel between North Station and South Station to allow through-running service.
Lines
The system consists of twelve lines – four of which have branches – radiating from downtown Boston. Eight "southside" lines terminate at South Station, with four (Framingham/Worcester, Needham, Franklin/Foxboro, and Providence/Stoughton) also running through Back Bay station. Four "northside" lines terminate at North Station. The Kingston Line and Middleborough/Lakeville Line are often grouped together as the Old Colony Lines. The lines vary in length from the 9.2 mile Fairmount Line to the 62.9 mile Providence/Stoughton Line, with typical lengths in the 25-40 mile range. The system has 394 mi of revenue trackage and covers roughly the eastern third of Massachusetts plus central Rhode Island.
Most lines do not share trackage outside the Boston terminal areas, with several exceptions. The Providence/Stoughton Line and Franklin/Foxboro Line both use the Northeast Corridor between Readville and South Station, with the Needham Line also sharing the tracks between Forest Hills and South Station. The Old Colony Lines and the Greenbush Line all use the Old Colony mainline between South Station and Braintree. The Haverhill Line and Newburyport/Rockport Line share tracks between North Station and near Sullivan Square. A small number of Haverhill Line trains use the inner Lowell Line and the Wildcat Branch, while a small number of Franklin/Foxboro Line trains use the Fairmount Line rather than the Northeast Corridor. Several Amtrak intercity routes run on MBTA tracks: the and  over the Providence/Stoughton Line, the  over the Framingham/Worcester Line, and the  over portions of the Lowell and Haverhill lines. Private companies also operate freight service over much of the system (see ).
Universitas Nanjing
Universitas Nanjing, atau Universitas Nanking (Hanzi: 南京大學, singkatan 南大) adalah sebuah Universitas yang berlokasi di Nanjing (Nanking), ibu kota Cina pada masa lalu. Didirikan pada tahun 1915, merupakan salah satu Universitas pilihan dan terbaik di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Setelah penarikan pemerintahan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dari Nanjing, pemerintah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok pada malam pendiriannya, mengubah nama Universitas tersebut menjadi Universitas Nasional Pusat. Maka resmilah Universitas Nanjing menjadi Universitas Nasional Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Presiden Republik Rakyat Tiongkok Jiang Zemin belajar di Nanjing Universitas Pusat. Pengusaha Mochtar Riady belajar di Universitas pada fakultas filsafat. Republik Rakyat Tiongkok pernah mengirim 7 perwakilan di PBB, 3 di antaranya lulusan dari Universitas Nanjing, termasuk Wakil Sekjen PBB sekarang yaitu Sha Zukang. Menteri Perdagangan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, Chen Deming adalah lulusan Universitas Nanjing. Menteri Luar Negerinya, Yang Jiechi memperoleh gelar doktor dalam sejarah dari Universitas Nanjing.
MBTA Commuter Rail
Stations
Stations range in size from small platforms like North Wilmington to the sprawling downtown terminals. Most stations outside downtown Boston have one or two side platforms or a single island platform. Standard MBTA platforms are about 800 feet long – enough for a nine-car train – and a minimum of 12 feet wide for side platforms and 22 feet wide for island platforms. 108 active stations are accessible, including all terminals and all stations with rapid transit connections; 26 are not. The MBTA uses 48 in-high platforms for accessible level boarding, as is standard in the northeastern United States. Some accessible stations have full-length high platforms for accessible boarding on all cars; others only have "mini-high" platforms about 40 feet long – which allow for level boarding on two cars – with the rest of the platform length not accessible. , the MBTA is designing a temporary accessible platform that can be added to stations pending full reconstructions.
Operations
The MBTA Commuter Rail system is operated by Keolis Commuter Services – a subsidiary of French company Keolis – under contract to the MBTA. The MBTA owns all passenger equipment and most stations. Most trackage is also owned by the MBTA. The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (parent agency of the MBTA) owns several portions of the Framingham/Worcester Line as well as the Grand Junction Branch, which is used for non-revenue equipment moves between the northside and southside lines. Pan Am Southern owns the section of the Fitchburg Line between Fitchburg and Wachusett, while Amtrak owns the section of the Northeast Corridor (used by the Providence/Stoughton Line) in Rhode Island.
All MBTA commuter rail service is provided by push-pull trains powered by diesel locomotives (see ). Maximum speed for trains is 79 mph, though some lines have lower limits. The entire system is signalled and operates with Positive Train Control using the Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System. The southside lines have cab signals for automatic train control; cab signals will be placed in service on the northside lines in 2023. The MBTA is a member of the Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee (NORAC) and uses its operating rules. Most portions of the system operate under NORAC rules 261 and 562, which allow bidirectional train movements on every track (such as an express train passing a local train in the same direction). Portions of the Fitchburg, Haverhill, and Newburyport/Rockport lines operate under NORAC rule 251, which allow trains to run only in a single direction on each track. Most lines are either double track, or single track with passing sidings; portions of the Northeast Corridor have three or four tracks.
Freight service
CSX also operates on most northside lines; prior to its 2022 purchase by CSX, Pan Am Railways operated over these lines. Pan Am Southern (planned to be replaced by the Berkshire and Eastern Railroad) operates over the Fitchburg Line west of Ayer. Their combined Freight Main Line between Mechanicville, New York, and Mattawamkeag, Maine, shares tracks with sections of the Fitchburg, Lowell, and Haverhill lines. No freight service is operated over the Newburyport/Rockport Line north of Salem.
Weight limits and loading gauge vary across the system. The full Framingham/Worcester line is rated for car weights of 315000 lb, sections of lines that are part of the Freight Main Line for 286000 lb, and other lines for lower weights. The western portion of the Framingham/Worcester Line and the southern section of the Providence/Stoughton line can accommodate cars up to 20 ft (AAR Plate H or Plate K). The Fitchburg Line west of Ayer can accommodate cars up to 19 ft (AAR Plate J), while most of the other northside lines can accommodate up to 17 ft (AAR Plate F). The inner Fitchburg and Newburyport/Rockport Lines, and the southside except for the outer Framingham/Worcester Line, have height restrictions smaller than Plate F.
Fares
MBTA Commuter Rail uses a zone fare system, with fares increasing with distance. Zone 1A includes the downtown terminals and other inner core stations up to about 5 miles from downtown. Ten additional zones, numbered 1 through 10, extend outwards from Boston. Each zone is about 5 miles, with most outer terminals in zones 6 through 8. Only two stations use further zones: T.F. Green Airport in Zone 9, and Wickford Junction in Zone 10. Zone 1A fares are identical to MBTA subway fares (though subway passes on CharlieCards are not accepted, except for Fairmount Line stations that have CharlieCard validator machines). , one-way fares within Zone 1A are $2.40, while fares between further zones and Zone 1A range from $6.50 for Zone 1 to $13.25 for Zone 10. Trips that do not enter Zone 1A have less expensive interzone fares;, these range from $2.75 for travel within a single zone to $7.25 for travel between Zone 1 and Zone 10.
Fares can be purchased on the MBTA mTicket app, at automatic vending machines located at major stations, from businesses near some stations, or from conductors on board trains. Discounted passes include monthly passes (with or without free transfer to other MBTA services), "flex passes" valid for five 24-hour periods, and $10 passes offering unlimited travel on a single weekend. As with other MBTA services, discounted fares and passes are available for several groups including disabled passengers, passengers over age 65, and students attending certain schools. Foxboro special event services and the CapeFlyer have separate fares; regular MBTA fares and passes are not valid. Fares are collected by train conductors; while fare evasion is explicitly illegal under state law, it is not criminal. Faregates have also been installed at North Station, with plans for installation at Back Bay and South Station. The second-generation MBTA fare collection system, planned for completion in 2024, will standardize fare media across modes and allow uses of CharlieCards for all commuter rail trips.
Looking Glass Studios
Looking Glass Studios, Inc. (dulunya Blue Sky Productions dan Looking Glass Technologies, Inc.) adalah sebuah perusahaan pengembangan permainan video Amerika Serikat yang berbasis di Cambridge, Massachusetts. Perusahaan tersebut dibentuk oleh Paul Neurath dengan Ned Lerner dengan nama Blue Sky Productions pada 1990.
MBTA Commuter Rail
Early history
Eight intercity mainlines radiating from Boston opened between 1834 and 1855: the Boston and Worcester Railroad (B&W) in 1834–35, Boston and Providence Railroad (B&P) in 1834–35, Boston and Lowell Railroad (B&L) in 1835, Eastern Railroad in 1838–1840, Fitchburg Railroad in 1843–45, Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) in 1845, Old Colony Railroad and Fall River Railroad in 1845–46, and Norfolk County Railroad in 1849–55. Commuter rail service allowing suburban residents to work in Boston began with the B&W in 1834; by the 1860s, commuting was possible on the eight mainlines and a number of branch lines. Mergers prior to the 1880s were primarily acquisitions of branch lines and consolidations with connecting lines: the B&A merged with the Western Railroad in 1874 to become the Boston and Albany Railroad (B&A), the Fall River Railroad and several other lines merged into the Old Colony Railroad, and the Norfolk County Railroad eventually became part of the New York and New England Railroad (NY&NE). The narrow gauge Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad (BRB&L) opened in 1875, competing with the inner portion of the Eastern Railroad. Unlike the other lines, it never built rails into downtown Boston, and instead relied on a ferry connection from East Boston.
The B&M obtained control of the Eastern in 1883, the B&L in 1887, and the Fitchburg in 1900, giving it a near-monopoly on rail service north of Boston. North Union Station was built in 1893 to provide a union station for northside service; it was replaced by North Station in 1928. The Old Colony obtained control of the B&P in 1888; the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad acquired the Old Colony in 1893 to obtain access to Boston. The New Haven also acquired the New England Railroad (successor to the NY&NE) in 1898. South Station opened in 1899 as a union station for the southside lines (New Haven and B&A). The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad – which later became the New York Central) (NYC) – leased the B&A in 1900; this brought all Boston commuter service save the BRB&L under the control of three large multi-state railroads.
The three railroads all planned electrification of some suburban lines in the early 20th century. The New Haven tested electrification on small parts of the Old Colony system, but never followed through on its plans to electrify South Station and the inner section of the ex-B&P. Despite a study to electrify the mainline to Framingham plus the Highland branch, the NYC only electrified the short Lower Falls Branch. Quadruple-tracking and electrification of part of the ex-Eastern Railroad was planned by the B&M around 1910 when it was briefly under control of the New Haven, but this fell through when they separated. Service levels on the three major railroads peaked around 1910 and began to decline from streetcar and later auto competition in the 1910s. The independent BRB&L electrified its mainline and single branch line in 1928 and increased service to near-rapid transit levels. Two Old Colony branches were converted to an extension of Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) rapid transit in the 1920s.
Consolidation under MBTA control
The three railroads all made major cuts to suburban service in 1958–1960 as commuters began using new expressways. The B&M became unprofitable in 1958 and moved to shed its money-losing passenger operations. Four branch lines were cut that May, and most stations in the MTA service area were closed; three more branches closed in 1959. The New Haven experimentally increased Old Colony Division service for several years in the 1950s, but new management soon sought to reduce costs. Service to Fall River and New Bedford was cut in 1958; a one-year state subsidy was given for the remaining Old Colony service, which ended in 1959 after the Southeast Expressway opened. The inner portion of the B&A was reduced from four to two tracks in 1959 for construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike, with several inner stations closed; all local stops west of Framingham were closed in 1960. The New Haven filed for bankruptcy for the last time in 1961. Faced with the imminent threat of losing what service remained, public opinion began to support subsidies for commuter rail.
The state agreed in December 1971 to purchase 145 miles of Penn Central rights of way to prevent them being sold off in bankruptcy. The MBTA purchased the lines effective January 27, 1973. They included almost all the lines with passenger service: the Attleboro Line and Stoughton Branch, Franklin Branch, Needham Branch, and the Riverside–Framingham portion of the Worcester Main Line. (The inner section of that line was already owned by the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority.) The purchase also included several freight-only or abandoned lines, including the Old Colony mainline between Braintree and Brockton. Subsidies began for the Framingham Line in January 1973, for Canton Junction and Sharon stations in June 1973, and all Providence/Stoughton Line service on September 28, 1976. The MBTA purchased the B&M Western Route between Somerville and Wilmington Junction in September 1973 for construction of the Haymarket North Extension
From 1967 to 1973, a series of state appropriations covered 90–100% of outside-of-district subsidy. This was reduced to 50% in January 1974, substantially increasing the cost of these municipalities. This resulted in several cuts as municipalities refused the higher subsidies: Ayer service was cut to South Acton on March 1, 1975; the single Newburyport trip ended on April 1, 1976; and the single Haverhill trip ended on April 2, 1976 (North Andover and Andover having previously ended subsidies.) The single round trip to Worcester, never subsidized, was cut to Framingham on October 27, 1975. Amtrak began running the Lake Shore Limited over that route four days later, restoring rail service to Worcester. State subsidies were increased back to 75% in June 1976 to prevent further cuts.
Combined operations
Rapid transit extension was slower than expected; by 1971, the only extension in service was the first portion of the Red Line Braintree Branch on the Old Colony mainline. In 1972, as part of a funding shift from highways to transit, Governor Francis Sargent initiated a Commuter Rail Improvement Program. On October 8, 1974, the MBTA began using purple to represent the commuter rail system, as had been done in 1965 with the rapid transit lines. MBTA maps began showing the B&M and Penn Central lines as a single system. Penn Central became Conrail on April 1, 1976; the MBTA purchased most of their commuter rolling stock at that time. After delays due to the B&M bankruptcy, the MBTA purchased the B&M commuter equipment, maintenance facility, and 250 miles of right of way on December 27, 1976. This included all lines with passenger service, as well as a number of freight-only or abandoned lines. This also marked the start of a five-year contract for the B&M to operate the service, replacing a series of one-year contracts. After acquiring the B&M and Penn Central rolling stock, the MBTA painted it with purple, yellow, silver, and black to create a visual identity.
Federal subsidies allowed MBTA subsidies to Penn Central to remain the same until March 1977, when a large increase was expected. Since it owned the tracks and equipment, the MBTA bid out the operating contract, which was won by the B&M. The B&M began operating the southside lines on March 15, 1977; for the first time, all Boston commuter service was operated by one entity. Although all operation was subsidized by this time, a small number of cuts took place. The lightly used Lexington Branch closed after a snowstorm on January 10, 1977. Declining subsidies from Rhode Island resulted in off-peak Providence service being cut back to Attleboro in April 1979, with peak service cut on February 20, 1981. Woburn Branch service ended on January 30, 1981, amid state budget cuts.
Guilford Transportation Industries purchased the B&M in 1983. This did not initially affect commuter rail operations. Guilford's attempts to regain profitability, which included reducing employee headcount and pay, soon soured labor relations. This resulted in two strikes by Guilford employees; the first shut down the commuter rail system from March 21 to May 12, 1986. Local media was critical of Guilford during the strike; the company did not bid for a renewal of the commuter rail operating contract, which expired at the end of 1986. Amtrak won the contract for commuter rail operations and took over the system on January 1, 1987. Gardner service was cut back to Fitchburg at that time due to a dispute between Amtrak, Guilford, and the MBTA.
Expansions
The late 1980s saw the beginning of substantial expansion of the system. The Southwest Corridor project was completed in 1987 with a new below-ground alignment for commuter rail, Amtrak, and Orange Line trains. Back Bay and Forest Hills stations were completely rebuilt as transfer stations, and Ruggles opened to serve the growing Longwood Medical Area. The Needham Line, closed since 1979 for construction, was reopened. The Attleboro and Franklin lines had been diverted over the previously freight-only Dorchester Branch during construction; after they returned to the Southwest Corridor, a shuttle service was retained as the Fairmount Line. Peak-hour service to Providence resumed in 1988 (with off-peak and weekend service later added); South Attleboro was added in 1990 as a park-and-ride station to replace Pawtucket–Central Falls. The Franklin Line was extended to Forge Park/495 in 1988; infill stations in that era included Yawkey in 1988 to serve Boston Red Sox games at Fenway Park, and Dedham Corporate Center in 1990.
Massachusetts had state accessibility laws since 1977 – prior to 1990 federal legislation. At times, the MBTA clashed with state regulators: several stations including West Natick and Chelsea were built without accessible platforms despite state rules; the latter resulted in fines from the Massachusetts Architectural Access Board (MAAB). The opening of South Attleboro was delayed by the MAAB because of the MBTA's refusal to build full-length high-level platforms. However, the MBTA did slowly increase accessibility of the system. Most Ipswich/Rockport line stations were made accessible during the 1984–85 closure, and renovations followed at other stations. South Station was made accessible in the late 1980s, Back Bay during the Southwest Corridor project, and North Station in the early 1990s, providing accessibility at the main downtown Boston stations. By 1992, 44 commuter rail stations were accessible.
In 1991, the state agreed to build a set of transit projects as part of the settlement of a lawsuit by the Conservation Law Foundation (CLF) over auto emissions from the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Big Dig). Among these project were extensions of the Framingham Line to Worcester and the Ipswich/Rockport Line to Newburyport, restoration of the Old Colony Lines, and addition of 20,000 park and ride spaces outside the urban core. Peak-hour service to Worcester began in 1994, followed by off-peak and weekend service; four intermediate stations were added in 2000 and 2002. Service on the Old Colony Lines (Middleborough/Lakeville Line and Kingston/Plymouth Line) began in 1997. Newburyport and Rowley opened in 1998. The MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility, which replaced the ex-B&M Boston Engine Terminal, was completed in 1998.
Two tenders were submitted in 2003, one from GTI and another from the newly formed Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company (MBCR), a partnership between Connex (later Veolia), Bombardier Transportation and Alternate Concepts, Inc. MBCR won the contract, and took over the MBTA Commuter Rail operation from Amtrak in July 2003. The MBCR contract originally expired in July 2008 but had an additional five-year option; it was later extended three years to July 2011 and then another two to July 2013. After concerns about on-time performance, the 2011 extension increased the fine for late trains from $100 to $300.
The MBTA considered running the service directly rather than contracting it out, but this "public option" was rejected in 2012. In August 2012, MBCR and Keolis were the two bidders for the contract. On January 8, 2014, the MBTA awarded Keolis the contract for $2.68 billion over eight years, with the possibility of two two-year extensions that could bring the total price to $4.3 billion. Keolis took over the operations on July 1, 2014. Keolis lost $29.3 million in its first year of operation. In June 2020, the MBTA extended the contract through at least 2025.
Free Wi-Fi internet service was piloted in January 2008 on the Worcester Line, where 45 coaches were fitted with routers which connected to cellular data networks. This was the first Wi-Fi available on a commuter rail service in the United States. The program was considered successful; in December 2008, the MBTA announced that Wi-Fi would be available on all trains by mid-2009. In July 2014, the MBTA announced that a private company would be building a new network by 2016 to replace the 2008-built network. The MBTA would not pay for the new network; the company would have a two-tier model with a fee for higher bandwidth. The MBTA canceled the plan in August 2017 due to local opposition to the erection of 320 monopoles, each 70 feet tall, as well as the need to focus on more critical projects like the Green Line Extension. By that time, the 2008-built system was largely unusable to the decommissioning of 3G networks.
Positive Train Control was implemented on the entire system per a federal mandate, which required installation by the end of 2018 with the possibility of a two-year extension. Construction began in 2017. The final segment of the system to have Positive Train Control activated was the inner Worcester Line on August 15, 2020. Most of the southside lines already had cab signals for automatic train control (ATC) prior to PTC implementation, but the northside lines did not. Cab signals on the southside were completed in 2020; cab signals on the northside will be completed in 2023. Temporary bus replacements for several lines took place between 2017 and 2022 during PTC and ATC construction and testing.
COVID-19 pandemic
Weekday service was substantially cut on March 17, 2020, due to reduced ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 22, service was increased to 85% of normal weekday levels. Changes effective November 2 reduced peak service and increased off-peak service, providing more consistent midday headways on some lines; Foxboro pilot service was suspended.
In November 2020, as part of service cuts during the pandemic, the MBTA proposed to close six low-ridership stations. On December 14, the MBTA Board voted to enact a more limited set of cuts, including indefinitely closing five stations. That day, temporary reduced schedules were again put into place, with four of the five stations (Hastings, Silver Hill, Prides Crossing, and Plimptonville) not served.
On January 23, 2021, reduced schedules based on the December 14 vote went into place, with no weekend service on seven lines. Service changes on April 5, 2021, increased midday service on most lines as part of a transition to a regional rail model. Weekend service on the seven lines resumed on July 3, 2021. Ridership dropped substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with daily boardings just 12,800 during the first quarter of 2021. Ridership rose to 47,100 average weekday boardings in the first quarter of 2022, and 85,000 (69% of 2018 ridership) in October 2022.
Rolling stock
All MBTA commuter rail service is provided by push-pull trains powered by diesel locomotives with a cab car on the opposite end. The locomotive is usually on the end facing away from Boston so that diesel exhaust does not enter the passenger concourses at North Station and South Station. Trains typically have four to eight coaches (with six the most common) and seat between 400 and 1,400 passengers. Approximately 65 trainsets are needed for weekday service.
The primary heavy maintenance facility is the MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility, located in the Inner Belt District in Somerville. It is also used for midday and overnight storage of trains on the northside lines. Southampton Street Yard and the Readville Interim Layover facility are used for light maintenance and layover service. Various other layover facilities are used for midday and overnight storage; most are located near the outer ends of the lines. Some maintenance and storage of MBTA equipment is contracted out to the Seaview Transportation Company in North Kingstown, Rhode Island.
Several additional yards are under construction or planned. Two layovers are under construction for South Coast Rail, with completion planned for late 2023, and the Haverhill Line layover at Bradford is proposed for relocation later in the 2020s. A new midday layover yard at the former Beacon Park Yard is planned to be constructed by 2032 as part of the realignment of I-90. A large midday and overnight layover yard, which would support expanded service including regional rail and electrification, is planned at Widett Circle near South Station. The MBTA also plans to construct a southside maintenance and layover facility at Readville in 2023–2028, replacing the existing layover yard there, as the Grand Junction Branch will be closed for several years during the I-90 project.
Locomotive fleet
, the MBTA owned 110 locomotives. Of these, 86 were in active passenger service and two used for work service. Thirteen were undergoing rebuild, five awaiting repairs, and four retired and awaiting disposition. All passenger locomotives are equipped with head end power. Rebuilding of 37 F40PH-2C and F40PHM-2C locomotives to F40PH-3C class by MotivePower (MPI) began in 2017; other older locomotives are also being rebuilt by MPI or in-house.
Coach fleet
, the MBTA owned 479 coaches. Of these, 403 were in active service, seven being repaired or overhauled, 16 leased to the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) for use on the Hartford Line, and 53 pending disposition or reuse. Coaches whose designations start with BTC (Blind Trailer Coach) are conventional coaches, while those starting with CTC (Control Trailer Coach) are cab cars. Coaches acquired before 1990 were single-level cars with 88 to 127 seats; those since are bilevel cars with 173 to 185 seats. Some coaches are equipped with electronic doors for use on the Old Colony Lines and Greenbush Line, which have full-length high-level platforms at all stops. All BTC-3, CTC-3, BTC-4C, and BTC-4D coaches have restrooms. During winter months, a Ski Train serving Wachusett Mountain runs on the Fitchburg Line, using a coach car which is equipped for carrying bicycles or skis. Three converted coaches – a bike car and two cafe cars – are reserved for the CapeFLYER.
The agency issued a $279 million contract (total project cost of $345 million) for 80 additional Rotem bilevel coaches in September 2019, with delivery expected from September 2022 to June 2024. The contract was later modified to 83 coaches, of which 43 are cab cars. The first four of the 83 bilevel cars arrived in June 2022; they entered service in 2023. An additional procurement of 100 bilevel cars, to be delivered from 2024 to 2027, was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Retired equipment
As the MBTA assumed control of the commuter rail during the 1970s, it inherited various equipment from predecessor railroads. The 1976 purchase of B&M and Penn Central equipment included 94 Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDCs) – 86 from the B&M and eight from Penn Central – plus 116 Penn Central coaches and 25 Penn Central E8 and GP9 diesel locomotives. Although the MBTA purchased some new equipment in 1978–1980, large locomotive and coach fleets were not purchased until the late 1980s, so the first decade of combined operations used a variety of secondhand equipment in addition to that acquired in 1976: Most of the secondhand and inherited equipment was retired between 1979 and 1989. 33 ex-B&M RDCs were converted to locomotive-hauled coaches (designated BTC-2 and CTC-2) in 1980 and 1982; they were retired by 1989. This left all MBTA service operated by locomotives and coaches purchased new by the MBTA. At several points since, the MBTA or its contract operator has temporarily leased locomotives when needed. Some passenger equipment acquired new by the MBTA has been retired:
Regional rail and electrification
The MBTA plans to convert the system from diesel-powered commuter rail – which is primarily designed for Boston-centric trips at peak hours – to an electric regional rail system with frequent all-day service. Initial steps were taken in fall 2020 when some peak service was moved to midday, and in April 2021 when 9 of the 15 lines were moved to clock-face scheduling. A previous attempt at regional rail was made in 2013–2014 with a procurement for diesel multiple units for the Fairmount Line, new Track 61 service, and several other lines with the new service being labeled as the Indigo Line. The DMU procurement as well as the Indigo Line proposal was canceled in 2015.
In June 2022, the MBTA indicated plans to purchase battery electric multiple units, with catenary for charging on part of the network. This is intended to reduce the amount of catenary installation required, avoid reconstructions of overhead bridges, and avoid poor existing power grids on some branch lines. Plans call for electric service on the Providence/Stoughton Line and Fairmount line by 2028–29, followed by the Newburyport/Rockport Line in 2031; all lines would be electrified by 2050. Pilot electric service between Boston and Providence would be possible after the late 2023 introduction of the Avelia Liberty freed up ACS-64 locomotives for use. Funding for electrification of the Framingham/Worcester Line was included in a 2022 state bond bill. Transit advocates have expressed concern that a hybrid service plan remains unproven for regional rail applications and could be more expensive to operate than full-build electrification; others have criticized that the MBTA's cost and construction projections for system-wide catenary installation were overestimated in comparison to similar project costs in Europe and North America.
North–South Rail Link
No direct connection exists between the two downtown commuter rail terminals; passengers must use the MBTA subway or other modes to transfer between the two halves of the system. (For non-revenue transfers of equipment, the MBTA and Amtrak use the Grand Junction Branch.) The proposed North–South Rail Link would add a new rail tunnel under downtown Boston to allow through-running service, with new underground stations at South Station, North Station, and possibly a new Central Station. A feasibility study was conducted in 2018.
South Coast Rail
The South Coast Rail project is under construction to extend service to the South Coast cities of Taunton, Fall River, and New Bedford, which were last served by commuter service in 1958. A full planning process was held from 1990 until its suspension in 2002. Planning restarted in 2007, with environmental documentation completed in August 2013. Plans were modified into two phases in 2017 due to an increase in costs. Phase I is under construction to run diesel service beginning in 2023 as an extension of the Middleborough/Lakeville Line via the Middleboro Secondary. Phase II, planned for 2030, would extend the Stoughton Branch of the Providence/Stoughton Line over a reactivated line with electric service.
Other extensions
Two extensions of existing lines have been studied in the 2020s:
Beberapa perluasan lain dari jalur yang ada dan pemulihan layanan ke jalur yang tidak digunakan telah dipelajari di masa lalu:
Stasiun pengisian
Beberapa stasiun pengisi di jalur yang ada sedang dibangun atau diusulkan:
Pejman Montazeri
Pejman Montazeri adalah seorang pemain sepak bola berkewarganegaraan Iran yang bermain untuk klub Esteghlal pada posisi Bek.
Tikus pasir kurus
Tikus pasir kurus atau tikus pasir kecil (Psammomys vexillaris) adalah sebuah spesies hewan pengerat dalam keluarga Muridae. Spesies tersebut juga sebelumnya bernama tikus pasir pucat berdasarkan pada karya yang diterbitkan oleh Oldfield Thomas pada 1925. Spesies tersebut ditemukan di Aljazair, Libya, dan Tunisia, dan habitat alaminya adalah lahan bersemak kering subtropis atau tropis dan pinggiran danau garam.
Eurosta floridensis
Eurosta floridensis adalah spesies lalat yang tergolong famili Tephritidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Kebanyakan anggota spesies ini bertelur dalam jaringan tumbuhan, tempat larva menemukan makanan pertamanya setelah lahir. Lalat dewasa biasanya berumur sangat pendek. Beberapa hidup selama kurang dari seminggu.
Gedung Konser Walt Disney
Gedung Konser Walt Disney terletak di 111 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, California, Amerika Serikat. Gedung ini dirancang oleh Frank Gehry dan memiliki kapasitas sekitar 2.265 orang.
Konstruksi gedung konser ini selesai pada 23 Oktober 2003.
Mainan tekan
Mainan tekan adalah jenis mainan yang apabila ditekan akan mengeluarkan bunyi. Salah satu jenis yang populer adalah bebek karet. Bentuk lain adalah boneka yang dapat mengucapkan kata-kata dan juga buku-buku yang dapat bersuara.
Mainan anak-anak dan binatang
Awalnya jenis mainan ini dirancang untuk digunakan oleh anak-anak yang sedang dalam pertumbuhan dan juga binatang peliharaan (anjing). Mainan ini umumnya dibunyikan saat penekanan dilakukan dengan cara menggigit. Rangsangan berupa umunculnya bunyi saat anak atau bayi menggigigt atau meremas jenis mainan ini diharapkan dapat menumbuhkan kepekaannya terhadap bunyi-bunyian secara aktif, mereka yang membuat bunyi-bunyian tersebut.
Mekanisme pembangkitan bunyi
Terdapat berbagai mekanisme untuk mengeluarkan bunyi pada jenis mainan ini. Salah diantaranya adalah terdapat semacam rongga yang dapat mengembang dan mengempis saat ditekan dan di mulut rongga diletakkan sebuat celah yang akan berbunyi saat aliran udara melewatinya. Prinsip kerja yang sama terdapat pula pada alat-alat musik tiup. Alternatif lain yang dewasa ini lebih diminati adalah dengan menggunakan rangkaian elektronik yang dilengkapi dengan saklar pada salah satu bagian mainan. Saat mainan ditekan, rangkaian elektronik tersebut akan menghasilkan bunyi-bunyian: dari suara hewan, sampai ucapan-ucapan tertentu.
Jony Buyung Saragih
Jonny atau Jonny Buyung Saragih adalah anggota DPR periode 2009 - 2014 yang berasal dari Partai Demokrat mewakili Sumatra Utara daerah pemilihan I. Ia duduk sebagai anggota Komisi VI. Untuk pemilihan legilsatif 2019-2024 ia kembali maju sebagai calon legislatif dari Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya.
Chondropsis columnifera
Chondropsis columnifera adalah spesies spons yang tergolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Chondropsis dan famili Chondropsidae. Nama ilmiah spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1895 oleh Dendy.
Jony Buyung Saragih
Riwayat Hidup
Jonny menyelesaikan pendidikan dasarnya di SDN Rajamaligas dan SMPN Rajamaligas di Hutabayu Raja, Simalungun. Jiwa petualang pria ini memantapkan keinginannya untuk melanjutkan pendidikan di ibu kota untuk menyelesaikan studinya di SMAN 8 Jakarta dengan prestasi yang baik dan kecintaannya pada laut menuntunnya masuk ke dunia pelayaran dan perkapalan.
Pekerjaan
Menyelesaikan studi di sekolah pelayaran pada 1986, Jonny Buyung Saragih langsung bekerja sebagai ABK atau anak buah kapal. Kariernya terus menanjak hingga dipercaya menjadi nakhoda kapal di Samudera Indonesia (perusahaan) hingga 1991. Selain laut, Jonny Buyung Saragih juga mempunyai kecintaan lain yaitu bekerja keras. Pernah menjabat pengawas pengepakan di PT Nippon Shokubai Indonesia, politisi kelahiran 1962 ini juga pernah membuat perusahaan konsultan jasa sumber daya manusia. Melalui usaha wiraswasta PT Cahaya Andhika yang bergerak di bidang jasa konsultan dan perekrutan tenaga kerja, jiwa bisnis Jonny Buyung Saragih makin terasah. Memasuki 2007, tak urung beberapa perusahaan berhasil didirikan seperti PT Antamy bidang periklanan, PT Tamara Valas bidang penukaran mata uang asing, PT Tamara Tour&Travel untuk jasa perjalanan wisata, dan PT Andhika Adrian sebagai penyedia jasa kontraktor pembangunan jembatan.
Chondropsis columnifera
Seperti spons pada umumnya, spesies ini memiliki tubuh yang berpori dan permukaan yang keras seperti batu. Selain itu, Chondropsis columnifera juga dapat menyerap oksigen dari air melalui proses difusi.
Rioxa sexmaculata
Rioxa sexmaculata adalah spesies lalat yang tergolong famili Tephritidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Muldentalkreis
Muldentalkreis adalah sebuah Landkreis atau semacam kabupaten yang terletak di negara bagian Sachsen, Jerman.
Rioxa sexmaculata
Kebanyakan anggota spesies ini bertelur dalam jaringan tumbuhan, tempat larva menemukan makanan pertamanya setelah lahir. Lalat dewasa biasanya berumur sangat pendek. Beberapa hidup selama kurang dari seminggu.
Martha Marcy May Marlene
Martha Marcy May Marlene adalah film drama misteri thriller Amerika Serikat tahun 2011 yang disutradarai oleh Sean Durkin dan diproduseri oleh Antônio Campos, Patrick S. Cunningham dan Josh Mond. Naskah film ini ditulis oleh Sean Durkin. Film ini dibintangi oleh Elizabeth Olsen, John Hawkes, Sarah Paulson dan Hugh Dancy.