cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Burung kontes
Status dan konservasi
Rusli Turut, hobiis burung dan penulis memberi contoh: burung pemburu serangga, yang juga dimanfaatkan sebagai burung kontes dan menguntungkan petani juga mulai kekurangan populasi karena pelaku ekonomi dan pasar burung yang menjamur di sudut-sudut kota atau desa.
Beruntung, beberapa burung telah ditangkarkan sehingga populasi burung yang telah berkurang tidak mencapai ke arah kepunahan.
Penembakan Uherský Brod
Pada 24 Februari 2015, sebuah penembakan massal terjadi di rumah makan Družba Uherský Brod, Republik Ceko. Sembilan orang tewas dalam kejadian itu, termasuk sang pelaku Zdeněk Kovář yang berusia 63 tahun, dan satu orang lainnya luka-luka. Uherský Brod terletak sejauh 260 km (160 mil) arah tenggara kota Praha.
Eromoko, Wonogiri
Eromoko adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Kecamatan ini berjarak sekitar 29 Km dari ibu kota Kabupaten Wonogiri ke arah selatan. Pusat pemerintahannya berada di Desa Eromoko. Di sebelah timur kecamatan ini terletak Waduk Gajah Mungkur. Mata pencaharian masyarakatnya kebanyakan adalah petani, selain itu banyak juga yang merantau ke luar daerah.
Batas wilayah
Batas-batas wilayahnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Desa/kecamatan
Kecamatan Eromoko terdiri atas 13 desa dan 2 kelurahan, yaitu:
Giriwoyo, Wonogiri
Giriwoyo adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah. Kecamatan ini di sebelah utara berbatasan dengan Waduk Gajah Mungkur. Kecamatan ini adalah salah satu kecamatan terbaik di kabupaten Wonogiri.
Geografi
Sebagian besar Wilayah Kec. Giriwoyo merupakan Daerah Pegunungan yang berbukit bukit terutama yang berbatasan dengan Kecamatan Giritontro dan Kecamatan Batuwarno dengan Iklim Tropis bermusim hujan dan Kemarau.
Batas
Batas-batas wilayah kecamatan Giriwoyo antara lain:
Kecamatan Giriwoyo memiliki wilayah seluas 100060,1306 Ha yang terdiri dari:
Desa/kelurahan
Kecamatan Giriwoyo terdiri dari 16 desa dan 2 kelurahan dan terdiri dari 335 RT,136 RW,127 Dusun dan 20 Lingkungan. Desa-desa tersebut adalah:
Rencana pembangunan jalan lintas selatan
Pada bulan Agustus 2004 yang lalu telah diawali Sosiaslisasi Rencana Pengadaan Tanah untuk Pembangunan Jalan Lintas Selatan Pulau Jawa, dan telah dilanjutkan tahapan tahapannya sampai sekarang sudah sampai Pada Pembayaran Ganti Rugi.
Saat ini, pembangunan atau perbaikan Jalan Lintas di Giriwoyo - Baturetno di lakukan pada bulan Juni, 2016 dan selesai hingga September, 2016.
Kemasyarakatan
Untuk Kecamatan Giriwoyo, daerah rawan bencana kekeringan terutama air bersih terdapat pada 3 (tiga) desa/kelurahan, yaitu:
Data Keluarga Berencana tingkat kecamatan mencapai 76,63 % dari total PUS 7.593. Metode Kontrasepsi jangka panjang ada 27,69 %
Hasil pendataan Keluarga Miskin di Kecamatan Giriwoyo pada bulan Desember 2004 yang lalu berjumlah 7.677 Kepala Keluarga
Jumlah Kepala Keluarga miskin di kecamatan Giriwoyo yang mendapatkan Raskin sebanyak 2.050 KK dengan total bantuan sejumlah 41.000 Kg beras.
Sarana prasarana
Sarana kesehatan:
Sarana pendidikan:
Sarana perdagangan:
Sarana ibadah:
BUMD yang ada
Gedung Serbaguna
Bre-X
Bre-X Minerals Ltd., anggota Kelompok perusahaan Bre-X, adalah sebuah perusahaan tambang Kanada yang pernah dilaporkan menguasai sebuah cadangan emas yang sangat besar di Busang, Kalimantan. Bre-X membeli situs Busang pada Maret 1993 dan pada Oktober 1995 mengumumkan telah menemukan emas dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, sehingga menyebabkan harga sahamnya membubung tinggi. Pada mulanya sahamnya bernilai sangat kecil, tetapi setelah pengumuman itu, harga sahamnya mencapai nilai tertinggi pada $286.50 (dolar Kanada) di Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), dengan kapitalisasi total senilai lebih dari $6 miliar dolar Kanada.
Cadangan emas di Busang dilaporkan sebesar 200 juta ounces (6.200 ton), atau sama dengan 8% dari seluruh cadangan dunia. Namun, ternyata ini adalah penipuan besar-besaran, dan di sana tidak ada emas. Sampel-sampel utamanya telah dipalsukan dengan menaburkannya dengan emas dari luar. Sebuah laboratorium independen belakangan mengklaim bahwa penipuan itu telah dilakukan dengan buruk, termasuk dengan menggunakan pengerokan dari perhiasan emas. Pada 1997, Bre-X runtuh dan sahamnya menjadi tidak bernilai dalam skandal saham terbesar dalam sejarah Kanada.
Kekristenan di Malaysia
Kekristenan di Malaysia adalah agama minoritas dengan 9,2% dari total populasi (sensus 2010), sebagian besar tinggal di Malaysia Timur. Denominasi Kristen utama di Malaysia termasuk Anglikan, Baptis, Brethren, gereja-gereja non-denominasi, gereja-gereja Karismatik independen, Lutheran, Methodis, Presbyterian dan Katolik Roma.
Bre-X
<!--==History== David Walsh founded Bre-X Minerals Ltd. in 1989 as a subsidiary of Bresea Resources Ltd. The company did not make a significant profit before 1993, when Walsh followed the advice of prospector John Felderhof and bought a property in the middle of a jungle near Busang River in Borneo, Indonesia. When they hired Filipino geologist Michael de Guzman to evaluate the site, the results were impressive: the first estimate was 17 million ounces of gold, at the time worth $25 billion, which would have made it the richest gold deposit ever.
Kekristenan di Malaysia
Penyebaran
Kebebasan untuk mempraktikkan dan menyebarkan agama dijamin di bawah Pasal 11 dari Konstitusi Malaysia dan ini umumnya dihormati. Namun, Konstitusi memungkinkan pembatasan penyebaran agama selain Islam kepada komunitas Muslim dan ambiguitas dari ketentuan tersebut telah mengakibatkan beberapa masalah.
Bre-X
The estimate of the site's worth increased over time; in 1995 it was 30 million ounces (900 t); in 1996, 60 million (1,900 t); finally, in 1997, 200 million ounces (6,200 t). The stock price of Bre-X rose to $280 per share by 1997 (split adjusted) and at its peak it had a market capitalization equal to US$4.4 billion. As the estimated size of the deposit grew, so did the stock price and the hysteria. Junior energy and mining stocks usually flounder and are ignored by the financial establishment, but the immensity of this opportunity was too great for the big players to ignore. In a greedy frenzy the Toronto Stock Exchange listed Bre-X in its premium TSE 300 index, and there was real talk about adding it to the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Selogiri, Wonogiri
Selogiri adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah.
Di sebelah utara kecamatan ini berbatasan dengan Kabupaten Sukoharjo, di sebelah barat dengan kecamatan Manyaran, dan di sebelah timur dan selatan dengan kecamatan Wonogiri.
Di kecamatan ini terletak tempat ziarah pemakaman Astana Giri yang merupakan tempat pemakaman keluarga kerajaan Mangkunegaran.
Bre-X
Unraveling of the fraud
Several months before Bre-X’s boss salter vanished analysis of variance (see also Volk's Applied Statistics for Engineers) had already proved that the intrinsic variance of Busang’s gold was statistically identical to zero, as one would expect in a phantom gold deposit. Meanwhile, geostatistical software continued to convert Bre-X’s bogus grades and Busang’s barren rock into the largest phantom gold resource the world has never seen.
The fraud began to unravel even more on March 19, 1997 when Filipino Bre-X geologist Michael de Guzman jumped, fell, or was pushed to his death from a helicopter in Indonesia. His body was found four days later in the jungle, mostly eaten by animals and identified from molars and a thumbprint. (On May 12, 2005, however, the National Post published a front-page story asking if de Guzman might still be alive; one of his multiple wives claimed to have received a Brazilian money order from him, dated February 2005.)
The aftermath
By May, Bre-X faced a number of lawsuits and angry investors who had lost billions. Among the major losers were three Canadian public sector organizations: The Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement Board (loss of $45 million), the Quebec Public Sector Pension fund ($70 million), and the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan ($100 million). There was fallout in the Canadian financial sector also; the fraud proved a major embarrassment for Peter Munk, the head of Barrick Gold, as well as for the then head of the Toronto Stock Exchange (resulting in his ousting by 1999), and began a tumultuous realignment of the Canadian stock exchanges whose effects are still being felt.
Walsh moved to the Bahamas and died there of an apparent stroke in 1998, still protesting his innocence; Felderhof moved to the Cayman Islands.
In 1999 the RCMP (Canadian federal police) announced it was ending its investigation without laying criminal charges against anyone. Critics charged that the RCMP was underfunded and understaffed to handle complex criminal fraud cases, and also charged that Canadian laws in this area were inadequate. However, despite the dropping of criminal charges, civil class action suits continued.-->
Bre-X akhirnya dinyatakan bangkrut pada 2002 meskipun sejumlah perusahaan subsidernya seperti Bro-X berlanjut hingga 2003.
Felderhof tetap tinggal di Kepulauan Cayman, yang tidak mempunyai perjanjian ekstradisi dengan Kanada, meskipun sejumlah laporan mengatakan dia berada di negara-negara lain. Pada 2000 dan 2001, Komisi Keamanan Ontario menuduhnya melakukan insider trading. Pengadilan dilangsungkan tanpa kehadirannya, tetapi diskors pada April 2001 ketika Komisi berusaha menyingkirkan hakim kepalanya, Peter Hryn dengan alasan ia bias terhadap tuntutannya. Hal ini disangkal, dan pada 10 Desember 2003 bandingnya juga ditolak.
Solenoptera chalumeaui
Solenoptera chalumeaui adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Solenoptera, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Bre-X
The aftermath
Proses peradilannya dilanjutkan pada 6 Desember 2004 dan diharapkan akan berlanjut hingga setidak-tidaknya April 2005.
Kasus ini berlanjut terus dan pada 21 Agustus 2006 pendapat penasihat hukum untuk Komisi Keamanan Ontario dan John Bernard Felderhof akan didengar di gedung pengadilan di Balai Kota Lama (Toronto).
Junji Majima
Junji Majima (間島 淳司) merupakan seorang pengisi suara asal Jepang yang dikontrak oleh I'm Enterprise. Ia lahir di Nagoya, Aichi.
Solenoptera chalumeaui
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Thomas Malthus
Pdt. Thomas Robert Malthus, FRS, yang biasanya dikenal sebagai Thomas Malthus, meskipun ia lebih suka dipanggil "Robert Malthus", adalah seorang pakar demografi Inggris dan ekonom politik yang paling terkenal karena pandangannya yang pesimistik namun sangat berpengaruh tentang pertambahan penduduk.
Kehidupan
Malthus dilahirkan dalam sebuah keluarga yang kaya. Ayahnya, Daniel, adalah sahabat pribadi filsuf dan skeptik David Hume dan kenalan dari Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Malthus muda dididik di rumah hingga ia diterima di Jesus College, Cambridge pada 1784. Di sana ia belajar banyak pokok pelajaran dan memperoleh penghargaan dalam deklamasi Inggris, bahasa Latin dan Yunani. Mata pelajaran utamanya adalah matematika. Ia memperoleh gelar magister pada 1791 dan terpilih menjadi fellow dari Jesus College dua tahun kemudian. Pada 1797, ia ditahbiskan dan menjadi pendeta Anglikan di desa.
Uherský Brod
Uherský Brod (Ungarisch Brod, Arungan Hungaria) adalah sebuah kota di Region Zlín, Republik Ceko. Kota tersebut terletak sejauh 300 km di sebelah tenggara kota Praha.
Boninoleiops kitajimai
Boninoleiops kitajimai adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Boninoleiops, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Revolusi 1989
Revolusi 1989 (disebut juga dengan Kejatuhan Komunisme atau Revolusi Eropa Timur ) adalah revolusi yang pecah di negara komunis di beberapa negara Eropa Tengah dan Timur.
Thomas Malthus
Kehidupan
Malthus dikebumikan di Bath Abbey di Inggris.
Revolusi 1989
Revolusi dimulai di Polandia tahun 1988, kemudian berlanjut di Hungaria, Jerman Timur, Bulgaria, Cekoslowakia, dan Rumania. Salah satu hal penting dalam perkembangan revolusi ini adalah penggunaan demonstrasi anti kekerasan terhadap pemerintahan partai tunggal dan tuntutan untuk perubahan. Rumania adalah satu-satunya negara Blok Timur yang menggulingkan rezim komunisnya melalui kekerasan. Demokrasi Tiananmen 1989 gagal mengubah keadaan politik China. Revolusi anti-komunis yang paling terkenal adalah runtuhnya Tembok Berlin, yang akhirnya menjadi pintu gerbang Reunifikasi Jerman tahun 1990.
Thomas Malthus
Prinsip kependudukan
Pandangan-pandangan Malthus umumnya dikembangkan sebagai reaksi terhadap pandangan-pandangan yang optimistik dari ayahnya dan rekan-rekannya, terutama Rousseau. Esai Malthus juga dibuat sebagai tanggapan terhadap pandangan-pandangan Marquis de Condorcet. Dalam An Essay on the Principle of Population (Sebuah Esai tentang Prinsip mengenai Kependudukan), yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada 1798, Malthus membuat ramalan yang terkenal bahwa jumlah populasi akan mengalahkan pasokan makanan, yang menyebabkan berkurangnya jumlah makanan per orang. (Case & Fair, 1999: 790). Ia bahkan meramalkan secara spesifik bahwa hal ini pasti akan terjadi pada pertengahan abad ke-19, sebuah ramalan yang gagal karena beberapa alasan, termasuk penggunaan analisis statisnya, yang memperhitungkan kecenderungan-kecenderungan mutakhir dan memproyeksikannya secara tidak terbatas ke masa depan, yang hampir selalu gagal untuk sistem yang kompleks. <!-- The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation. They are the precursors in the great army of destruction; and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague, advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and tens of thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow levels the population with the food of the world.
Revolusi 1989
Uni Soviet dibubarkan akhir tahun 1991 yang menghasilkan 14 negara baru: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarusia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraina dan Uzbekistan. Mereka mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dari Uni Soviet dan saat ini sebagian besar sisa Uni Soviet adalah Federasi Rusia. Komunisme diabaikan di Albania dan Yugoslavia tahun 1990 sampai 1992, sampai akhirnya Yugoslavia terpecah menjadi 5 negara: Bosnia dan Herzegovina, Kroasia, Makedonia, Slovenia, dan Republik Federal Yugoslavia (nantinya berganti nama menjadi Serbia dan Montenegro, dan kemudian mereka berpisah lagi menjadi Serbia dan Montenegro). Serbia kemudian terpecah lagi dengan pernyataan kemerdekaan Kosovo tahun 2008. Cekoslowakia terpecah secara damai menjadi Republik Ceko dan Slowakia tahun 1992. Dampaknya terasa di negara-negara sosialis, di mana komunis ditinggalkan di Kamboja, Ethiopia, Mongolia, dan Yaman Selatan. Hancurnya komunisme disebut-sebut oleh para pengamat sebagai akhir Perang Dingin.
Thomas Malthus
Prinsip kependudukan
This Principle of Population was based on the idea that population if unchecked increases at a geometric rate (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc.) whereas the food supply grows at an arithmetic rate (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.).
Only natural causes (eg. accidents and old age), misery (war, pestilence, and above all famine), moral restraint and vice (which for Malthus included infanticide, murder, contraception and homosexuality) could check excessive population growth. See Malthusian catastrophe for more information.
Malthus favoured moral restraint (including late marriage and sexual abstinence) as a check on population growth. However, it is worth noting that Malthus proposed this only for the working and poor classes. Thus, the lower social classes took a great deal of responsibility for societal ills, according to his theory. Essentially what this resulted in was the promotion of legislation which some claim degenerated the conditions of the poor in England, but may have discouraged increases in poverty.
Malthus himself noted that many people misrepresented his theory, and took pains to point out that he did not just predict future catastrophe. He argued "...this constantly subsisting cause of periodical misery has existed ever since we have had any histories of mankind, does exist at present, and will for ever continue to exist, unless some decided change takes place in the physical constitution of our nature."
Thus, Malthus regarded his Principle of Population as an explanation of the past and the present situation of humanity, as well as a prediction of our future.
Additionally, many have argued that Malthus did not recognise the human capacity to increase our food supply. On this subject Malthus wrote "The main peculiarity which distinguishes man from other animals, is the means of his support, is the power which he possesses of very greatly increasing these means."
However, see criticism below.
Malthus’s Evolutionary System
Some claim that there is no specific prediction in Malthus regarding the future, that what many interpret as a prediction is merely Malthus's illustration of the power of geometric (or exponential) population growth compared to the arithmetic growth of food production. Rather than a prediction of the future the Essay is an evolutionary social theory. Eight major points regarding evolution are found in the 1798 Essay:
The influence of Malthus
The influence of Malthus's theory of population was very great. Michael H. Hart published a book called The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History in 1978 which placed Malthus at number 80 in this worldwide ranking. Ironically, Malthus did not make the top 100 Greatest Britons.
At Haileybury, Malthus developed a theory of demand supply mismatches which he called gluts. Considered ridiculous at the time, his theory was a precursor to later theories about the Great Depression, and to the works of admirer and economist John Maynard Keynes.
Previously, high fertility had been considered an economic plus since it increased the number of workers available to the economy. Malthus, however, looked at fertility from a new perspective and convinced most economists that even though high fertility might increase the gross output it tended to reduce output per capita. Malthus has been widely admired by, and has influenced, a number of other notable economists such as David Ricardo (whom Malthus knew personally) and Alfred Marshall.
A distinguished early convert was British Prime Minister, William Pitt The Younger. In the 1830s Malthus' writings strongly influenced Whig reforms which overturned Tory paternalism and brought in the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834.
Concerns about Malthus's theory also helped promote the idea of a national population Census in the UK. Government official John Rickman was instrumental in the first modern Census being conducted in 1801.
Malthus was proud to include amongst the earliest converts to his population theory the leading creationist and natural theologian, Archdeacon William Paley whose Natural Theology was first published in 1802. Both men regarded Malthus' Principle of Population as additional proof of the existence of a deity.
Malthus’s idea of man’s “Struggle for existence” had decisive influence on Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution. Other scientists related this idea to plants and animals which helped to define a piece of the evolutionary puzzle. This struggle for existence of all creatures is the catalyst by which natural selection produces the “survival of the fittest”, a phrase coined by Herbert Spencer (Spiegel 282). Darwin, in his book The Origin of Species, called his theory an application of the doctrines of Malthus in an area without the complicating factor of human intelligence. Darwin, a life-long admirer of Malthus, referred to Malthus as "that great philosopher" (Letter to J.D. Hooker 5th June, 1860) and wrote in his notebook that "Malthus on Man should be studied". Wallace called Malthus's essay "...the most important book I read..." and considered it "the most interesting coincidence" that both he and Darwin were independently led to the theory of evolution through reading Malthus.
Thanks to Malthus, Darwin recognised the significance of intraspecies competition between populations of the same species (eg. the lamb and the lamb), not just interspecies competition between species (eg. the lion and the lamb). Malthusian population thinking also explained how an incipient species could become a full-blown species in a very short timeframe.
The significance of Malthus's influence on Darwin was perhaps best highlighted by Robert M. Young (Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture, 1965), Professor of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalytic Studies at Sheffield University, England.
Founder of UNESCO, evolutionist and Humanist, Julian Huxley wrote of "The Crowded World" in his Evolutionary Humanism (1964), calling for a World Population Policy. Huxley was openly critical of Communist and Catholic attitudes to birth control, population control and overpopulation. Today world organisations such as the United Nations Population Fund acknowledge that the debate over how many people the Earth can support effectively started with Malthus. Julian's brother, Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, also seems to have been influenced by Malthusian theories on population. In Brave New World, the popular form of birth control is known as the Malthusian Belt. It is mentioned frequently by the females in the novel including the female protagonist Lenina Crowne.
Karl Marx's social determinism has its roots in Malthus’s theory as well. Marx however rejected Darwin’s biological determinism and instead embraced social determinism (in other words one’s decisions are made as a direct reaction to one’s circumstances). He saw social ills as caused by unjust or faulty institutions and social arrangements in large part caused by capitalism.
Malthus continues to have considerable influence to this day. One famous recent example of this is Paul R. Ehrlich, author of The Population Bomb. Ehrlich predicted, in the late 1960s, that hundreds of millions would die from a coming overpopulation crisis in the 1970s, and that by 1980 life expectancy in the United States would be only 42 years. Other famous examples are the 1972 book The Limits to Growth from the self-styled Club of Rome, and the Global 2000 report to the then President of the United States of America. Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov issued many appeals for population control reflecting the perspective articulated by people from Thomas Malthus through Paul R. Ehrlich.
Malthus is widely regarded as the founder of modern demography. Malthus had proposed his Principle of Population as a universal natural law for all species, not just humans. Instead, today, his theory is widely regarded as only an approximate natural law of population dynamics for all species. This is because it can be proven that nothing can sustain exponential growth at a constant rate indefinitely.
Nonetheless, Malthus continues to openly inspire and influence even futuristic visions, such as those of K Eric Drexler relating to space advocacy and molecular nanotechnology. As Drexler put it in Engines of Creation: "In a sense, opening space will burst our limits to growth, since we know of no end to the universe. Nevertheless, Malthus was essentially right."
Malthus has also inspired retired physics professor, Albert Bartlett, to lecture over 1,500 times on "Arithmetic, Population, and Energy", which promotes sustainable living and explains the mathematics of overpopulation.
The Malthusian growth model now bears Malthus' name. The logistic function of Pierre Francois Verhulst results in the well known S-curve. Yet the logistic growth model favoured by so many critics of the Malthusian growth model was created by Verhulst in 1838 only after reading Malthus's essay.
Malthus's arithmetic model of food supply is almost universally rejected as it can be clearly demonstrated that food supply has kept pace with population for the past two centuries (see below).
Although it is popularly assumed that these pessimistic views gave economics the nickname "the Dismal Science", the phrase was actually coined by the historian Thomas Carlyle in reference to laissez-faire economic theories in general.
Contemporary
William Godwin responded to Malthus's criticisms of his own arguments with On Population (1820).
Other theoretical and political critiques of Malthus and Malthusian thinking emerged soon after the publication of the first Essay on Population, most notably in the work of the reformist industrialist Robert Owen, the essayist William Hazlitt (Malthus And The Liberties Of The Poor, 1807) and economists John Stuart Mill and Nassau William Senior (Two Lectures on Population, 1829), and moralist William Cobbett. Also of note wasTrue Law of Population (1845) by politician Thomas Doubleday, an adherent of Cobbett's views.
Marxist
The highpoint of opposition to Malthus's ideas came in the middle of the nineteenth century with the writings of Karl Marx (Capital, 1867) and Friedrich Engels (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy, 1844), who argued that what Malthus saw as the problem of the pressure of population on the means of production was actually that of the pressure of the means of production on population. They thus viewed it in terms of their concept of the labor reserve army. In other words, the seeming excess of population that Malthus attributed to the seemingly innate disposition of the poor to reproduce beyond their means was actually a product of the very dynamic of capitalist economy.
Engels called Malthus's hypothesis "...the crudest, most barbarous theory that ever existed, a system of despair which struck down all those beautiful phrases about love thy neighbour and world citizenship."
After the Russian famine of 1921 and the Soviet-made 1932-1933 famine of Holodomor, which resulted from maldistribution rather than overpopulation, the official Soviet spokesman at the 1954 United Nations conference on population in Rome, T.V. Ryabushkin claimed "...In a socialist country...the problem of excessive population no longer arises...the Malthusian theory is completely wrong..."
Evolutionist
Evolutionists John Maynard Smith and Ronald Fisher were both critical of Malthus's hypothesis, though it was Fisher who referred to the growth rate r (used in equations such as the logistic function) as the Malthusian parameter. Fisher referred to "...a relic of creationist philosophy..." in observing the fecundity of nature and deducing (as Darwin did) that this therefore drove natural selection. Smith doubted that famine was the great leveller that Malthus insisted it was.
Cornucopian
Many 20th century economists, such as Julian Lincoln Simon, have criticised Malthus's conclusions. They note that despite the predictions of Malthus and the Neo-Malthusians, massive geometric population growth in the 20th century has not resulted in a Malthusian catastrophe, largely due to the influence of technological advances (see below) and the expansion of the market economy, division of labor, and stock of capital goods. Such arguments are echoed by skeptical environmentalist, Bjorn Lomborg. Malthus is thus regarded by some such as British physicist John Maddox as little more than a failed prophet of doom.
Anthropological
To date, the most sustained and trenchant critique of Malthusian doctrine and its influence on policy is from anthropologist Eric Ross. In The Malthus Factor: Population, Poverty, and Politics in Capitalist Development, Ross depicts Malthus's work as a pseudo-scientific rationalization of the social inequities produced by the Industrial Revolution, anti-immigration movements, the eugenics movement, the various international development movements.
Empirical
Recent research and significant empirical evidence have showed some of Malthus's predictions to be unrealized. For example, the population has continued to grow, yet the prices of resources and foods relative to wages has decreased, indicating the supply of food (and resources) has grown relative to population size. This paradox can be easily resolved because Malthus made three assumptions which are further elucidated by history after his death.
First, it is widely acknowledged that population growth is almost never exponential, but instead influenced by so many factors that no simple mathematical model can describe it. Demography since Malthus's time show that population growth rates flatten and then invert as a function of economic prosperity. Malthus lived in the time when England went through a geometric growth before birth rates in that country flattened.
Second, the growth of food production has never been restricted to the rudimentary processes Malthus described. Twentieth-century researchers have provided documentation of the process of agricultural intensification (pioneered by economist Ester Boserup) by which production can be raised in response to population increases and market demands. Production has also been expanded by societal and technological advances in agriculture such as the Neolithic Revolution, British Agricultural Revolution, and the Green Revolution, food supply has outgrown population and is expected to continue doing so by the Food and Agriculture Organization. A review of the most recent edition of USDA Agricultural Statistics reveals that the yield of corn has grown from 113.5 to 160.5 bushels per acre between 1995 and 2004. This represents a 3.5% average annual compound rate of growth. Similar results are reported for wheat -- with growth rates varying by type of wheat. (Tables 1-3 and 1-36) However this growth has been based heavily on a finite resource, petrochemicals, and may yet prove unsustainable. This growth has also been based upon exhaustion of certain soil resources, such as creation of the barren central highland plateau of Madagascar, which by definition cannot be repeated. (Some debate exists on the extent to which Genetically Modified Crops will contribute to continued agricultural growth.) However, the market economy - defined as mutually beneficial exchange between decentralized actors - is responsible for increases in productivity, and is internally sustainable. Likewise, Malthus clearly underestimated the power of the human capacity to increase the means of human subsistence on Earth. For example, Malthus did not fully understand the additional leeway built into the agricultural system - diets composed of different kinds of foods can have a wide range of different land-use efficiencies.
Third, Mathus assumed that technology would be held constants, even while population was growing at an exponential rate.
Epitaph
Sacred to the memory of the Rev Thomas Robert Malthus, long known to the lettered world by his admirable writings on the social branches of political economy, particularly by his essay on population.
One of the best men and truest philosophers of any age or country, raised by native dignity of mind above the misrepresentation of the ignorant and the neglect of the great, he lived a serene and happy life devoted to the pursuit and communication of truth.
Supported by a calm but firm conviction of the usefulness of his labors.
Content with the approbation of the wise and good.
His writings will be a lasting monument of the extent and correctness of his understanding.
The spotless integrity of his principles, the equity and candour of his nature, his sweetness of temper, urbanity of manners and tenderness of heart, his benevolence and his piety are still dearer recollections of his family and friends.
Born Feb 14 1766                     Died 29 Dec 1834. -->
Pranala luar
T. Robert Malthus's Homepage
Wuryantoro, Wonogiri
Wuryantoro adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Kecamatan Wuryantoro berjarak 16 Km dari pusat Kabupaten Wonogiri ke arah selatan. Wilayahnya terletak di sisi barat Waduk Gajah Mungkur bahkan hampir 1/3 luas wilayahnya terendam air waduk tersebut. Geografis wilayah Kecamatan Wuryantoro sebagian besar merupakan daerah pegunungan dan dataran rendah sebagai areal pertanian. Ibu kotanya berada di Kelurahan Wuryantoro.
Freadelpha confluens
Freadelpha confluens adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Freadelpha, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Freadelpha coronata
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Xystrocera sudanica
Xystrocera sudanica adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Xystrocera, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
1 Litre no Namida (seri televisi)
1 Litre no Namida (1リットルの涙) adalah sebuah drama televisi Jepang yang ditayangkan di Fuji TV pada tahun 2005. Drama ini diangkat dari kisah nyata seorang gadis bernama Aya Kito yang menderita sebuah penyakit yang tidak dapat disembuhkan saat berusia 15 tahun, namun dapat bertahan hidup hingga usia 25 tahun. Naskah drama ini diadaptasi dari buku harian yang terus ditulis oleh Aya hingga ia tidak dapat memegang pena lagi. Buku harian tersebut diberi judul 1 Litre no Namida dan berhasil terjual lebih dari 1,1 juta copy di Jepang.
Sinopsis
Aya Ikeuchi adalah seorang gadis berusia 15 tahun yang hidup di sebuah keluarga pembuat tahu. Pada suatu hari, hal-hal yang tidak biasa mulai dialami Aya. Ia mulai sering terjatuh dan berjalan dengan aneh. Ibunya Shioka, membawa Aya untuk menemui dokter, dan Aya di diagnosis terkena penyakit Ataksia Spinoserebelar, sebuah penyakit langka di mana otak kecil secara bertahap memburuk hingga ke keadaan di mana sang penderita tidak dapat berjalan, berbicara, menulis atau makan lagi. Sebuah penyakit yang kejam, namun tidak mempengaruhi pikiran.
Pemeran lainnya
Asae Oonishi membintangi versi film 1 Litre no Namida yang rilis pada tahun 2004 sebagai Aya Ikeuchi.
Informasi episode
Sumber: Video Research, Ltd.
Versi lain dari drama ini
Miniseri buatan Rumah Produksi Indonesia SinemArt yang berjudul Buku Harian Nailah season 1 diadaptasi dari 1 Litre of Tears. Miniseri tersebut merupakan adaptasi langsung dari serial ini, dan memiliki beberapa kemiripan yang mencolok, seperti nama "Aya" diadaptasi menjadi "Nailah" (Chelsea Olivia) dan "Moses" (Glenn Alinskie) menggantikan tempat Haruto. Tak seperti versi asli yang ditayangkan di Indosiar, versi remake ditayangkan di RCTI sebagai sinetron religi untuk menyambut Natal. Naskah Buku Harian Nailah ditulis oleh Serena Luna (atau terkadang dipanggil Chevyra Edenia). Namun, memasuki season keduanya, yang berlatar belakang 8 tahun setelah kematian Nailah, jalan ceritanya sudah tak lagi mengikuti 1 Litre of Tears.
Stasiun TV China Shanxi 2 menyangkan serial China Tears of Happiness yang merupakan adptasi dari novel yang sama dengan serial ini.
Oncideres malleri
Oncideres malleri adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Oncideres, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Kismantoro, Wonogiri
Kismantoro adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah.
Nadhifa Salsabila
Nadhifa Salsabila atau yang akrab disapa Nadse (juga dikenal sebagai DJ NAD$, sebelumnya sebagai Nadse JKT48 (selama menjadi anggota JKT48)) adalah salah seorang penyanyi dan DJ Indonesia dan mantan anggota dari grup idola JKT48 Generasi ke-3. Nadse yang mempunyai postur 160 cm / 43 kg ini adalah keturunan dari mantan Wali kota Sawahlunto, Sumatra Barat, Drs. Shaimoery, SH (periode 1971 - 1983). Klub sepak bola favorit Nadse adalah Real Madrid C.F.. Nadse juga pernah bergabung di sub-unit JKT48 Dance Project (sebagai seorang DJ) pada 11 September 2016.
Freadelpha crux-nigra
Freadelpha crux-nigra adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Freadelpha, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Nadhifa Salsabila
Pada 16 Februari 2017, Nadse memutuskan untuk mengundurkan diri dari JKT48, melalui situs resmi JKT48 diumumkan bersamaan dengan Chintya Wirawan.
Kismantoro, Wonogiri
Batas wilayah
Sebelah timur Kecamatan Kismantoro berbatasan dengan Kabupaten Ponorogo, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Maka tidak heran meskipun terletak Kabupaten Wonogiri Provinsi Jawa Tengah, tetapi kesenian Kismantoro diwarnai oleh kesenian Ponorogo, seperti Reog dan Warok. Sedangkan sebelah selatan kismantoro berbatasan dengan pacitan.
Potensi daerah
Kecamatan Kismantoro terletak pada tanah perbukitan, dengan curah hujan yang relatif kurang maka pohonan jati (perhutani maupun milik rakyat) dan tanaman mete/mede merupakan tanaman yang cocok untuk daerah ini. Buah mete/mede dari Kismantoro cukup terkenal produksi dan kelezatannya, meskipun masih diusahakan secara tradisional dan home industri. Panen mete biasanya sekitar bulan Nopember. Sedangkan bulan September panen Mangga dan Desember/Januari panen Petai.
Selain itu, sungai-sungai di Kismantoro banyak mengandung batuan akik. Industri Batu Akik masih diusahakan sebagai usaha sampingan.
Abu Qatadah
Al-Harits bin Rab'i lebih dikenal dengan Abu Qatadah merupakan salah seorang sahabat nabi. Ia turut serta dalam pertempuran di Uhud dan Hudaibiyyah.
Institut Nasional untuk Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH; "Institut Nasional untuk Keselamatan dan Kesehatan pada Pekerjaan") adalah sebuah kantor federal Amerika Serikat yang bertanggungjawab untuk melaksanakan riset dan memberi rekomendasi bagi pencegahan luka-luka dan penyakit yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan. NIOSH adalah bagian dari Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) dalam Department of Health and Human Services Amerika Serikat.
NIOSH berkantor pusat di Washington, D.C., dengan sejumlah laboratorium riset dan kantor di Cincinnati, Ohio; Morgantown, West Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Denver, Colorado; Anchorage, Alaska; Spokane, Washington; dan Atlanta, Georgia. NIOSH merupakan sebuah organisasi profesional beragam dengan jumlah pekerja 1.200 orang yang mewakili cakupan luas disiplin ilmu termasuk epidemiologi, kedokteran, industrial hygiene, keselamatan, psikologi, teknik, kimia dan statistik.
Direktur NIOSH adalah John Howard. <!--
Strategic goals
NIOSH abides by a strategic plan for meeting institutional goals and allocating resources. The Institute has three overarching goals:
The goals are supported by NIOSH's program portfolio. The portfolio categorizes Institute efforts into 8 groups representing industrial sectors. The program portfolio further subdivides efforts into 24 cross sectors.
NIOSH authority
Unlike its counterpart, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, NIOSH is not a regulatory agency. It does not issue safety and health standards that are enforceable under U.S. law. Rather, NIOSH's authority under the Occupational Safety and Health Act [29 CFR § 671] is to "develop recommendations for health and safety standards", to "develop information on safe levels of exposure to toxic materials and harmful physical agents and substances", and to "conduct research on new safety and health problems". NIOSH may also "conduct on-site investigations (Health Hazard Evaluations) to determine the toxicity of materials used in workplaces" and "fund research by other agencies or private organizations through grants, contracts, and other arrangements".
NIOSH was intended to function as an agency at the same level as, and independent from, the Centers for Disease Control. NIOSH was initially placed within the Centers for Disease Control in order to obtain administrative support from the Centers until NIOSH was ready to assume those responsibilities for itself; the Centers, however, never relinquished control and the original intent of the Act never came to pass.
Also, pursuant to its authority granted to it by the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, NIOSH may "develop recommendations for mine health standards for the Mine Safety and Health Administration", "administer a medical surveillance program for miners, including chest X‑rays to detect pneumoconiosis (black lung disease) in coal miners", "conduct on-site investigations in mines similar to those authorized for general industry under the Occupational Safety and Health Act; and "test and certify personal protective equipment and hazard-measurement instruments".
NIOSH education and research centers
NIOSH Education and Research Centers are multidisciplinary centers supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health for education and research in the field of occupational health. Through the centers, NIOSH supports academic degree programs and research opportunities. The ERCs, distributed in regions across the United States, establish academic, labor, and industry research partnerships. The research conducted at the centers is related to the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) established by NIOSH.
Founded in 1977, NIOSH ERCs are responsible for nearly half of post-baccalaureate graduates entering occupational health and safety fields. The ERCs focus on industrial hygiene, occupational health nursing, occupational medicine, occupational safety, and other areas of specialization. At many ERCs, students in specific disciplines have their tuition paid in full and receive additional stipend money. ERCs provide a benefit to local businesses by offering reduced price assessments to local businesses. -->
Xystrocera ugandensis
Xystrocera ugandensis adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Xystrocera, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Jatiroto, Wonogiri
Jatiroto adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Kecamatan ini berjarak sekitar 31 Km dari ibu kota Kabupaten Wonogiri ke arah timur. Pusat pemerintahannya berada di Kelurahan Jatiroto. Sebagian wilayah selatan kecamatan ini berbatasan langsung dengan Kabupaten Pacitan.
Batas wilayah
Batas-batas wilayahnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Desa/kelurahan
Kecamatan Jatiroto terdiri atas 13 desa dan 2 kelurahan, yaitu:
Ivan Nitchev
Ivan Nitchev (Иван Ничев; kelahiran 31 Juli 1940) adalah sebuah sutradara dan penulis latar Bulgaria.
Ia telah menyutradarai 16 film sejak 1972. Film 1989-nya Ivan and Alexandra masuk dalam Festival Film Internasional Berlin ke-39. Film 2014-nya Bulgarian Rhapsody menjadi perwakilan Bulgaria untuk Film Berbahasa Asing Terbaik di Academy Awards ke-87.
Ia lulus dari Akademi Negara untuk Teater dan Film di Łódź, Polandia. Pada 1978, ia menjadi guru untuk penyutradaraan film dan televisi di NATFA, dimana ia menjadi kepala dosen Fakultan Seni Layar Lebar. Ia menyutradarai lebih dari 15 film fitur yang memenangkan sejumlah penghargaan nasional dan internasional.
Bonipogonius fujitai
Bonipogonius fujitai adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Bonipogonius, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Oncideres manauara
Oncideres manauara adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Oncideres, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Xystrocera unicolor
Xystrocera unicolor adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Xystrocera, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Distribusi kosmopolitan
Dalam biogeografi, suatu takson dikatakan memiliki distribusi kosmopolitan jika jangkauan meliputi seluruh atau sebagian besar dunia di habitat yang sesuai. Takson tersebut dikatakan menunjukkan kosmopolitanisme atau kosmopolitisme. Kebalikan ekstrem adalah endemisme.