cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mathilde dari Boulogne
Sejarah
Pada saat kematian Henry I tahun 1135, Étienne bergegas ke Inggris, mengambil kesempatan untuk menguasai Boulogne dari pelabuhan terdekat, dan dimahkotai sebagai raja, memukul saingannya, Permaisuri Matilda. Mathilde sedang hamil tua pada saat itu dan menyeberangi Channel setelah melahirkan seorang putra yang bernama Eustache IV, yang suatu hari akan menggantikannya sebagai Pangeran Boulogne. Mathilde dimahkotai sebagai ratu pada hari raya paskah - 22 Maret 1136.
Diikuti dengan terjadinya perang saudara, yang dikenal sebagai Anarki, Mathilde terbukti sebagai pendukung terkuat suaminya. Setelah ia ditangkap di dalam Perang Lincoln ia berunjuk rasa kepada para pendukung raja, dan mengumpulkan pasukan dengan bantuan Guillaume. Ratu Mathilde mengepung saudara laki-laki Étienne Henri, namun ia berbalik mengepung Ratu tersebut, mengusirnya keluar dan menawan saudara laki-laki Ratu, Robert.
Sekitar tahun 1125, ayahnya meninggal dan ia menggantikannya sebagai Comtesse Boulogne. Ia memimpin wilayah ini beserta dengan suaminya sampai tahun 1150, ketika ia memerintah sendiri sampai tahun 1151, ketika provinsi tersebut diberikan kepada putra tertuanya Eustache, kemudian putranya yang selamat Guillaume mewarisinya, dan kemudian putrinya Marie.
Mathilde meninggal karena sebuah penyakit demam di Puri Hedingham, Essex, Inggris dan dimakamkan di Biara Faversham, yang didirikan olehnya dan suaminya.
Keturunan
Étienne dan Mathilde memiliki 3 orang putra:
Mereka juga memiliki 2 orang putri:
Referensi
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A Good Day to Die Hard
A Good Day to Die Hard adalah sebuah film aksi Amerika Serikat tahun 2013 yang disutradarai John Moore dan ditulis oleh Skip Woods. Ini adalah film kelima dalam seri film Die Hard. Bruce Willis kembali memerankan tokoh utama John McClane, yang kali ini pergi ke Rusia untuk membantu putranya, Jack (Jai Courtney), terbebas dari masalah hukum, tetapi terjebak dalam suatu rencana terorisme.
Diskusi mengenai sekuel keempat Die Hard sudah berlangsung sebelum Live Free or Die Hard (2007) dirilis. Willis membenarkan bahwa film tersebut bukan yang terakhir dalam seri ini. Pra-produksinya sendiri baru mulai pada September 2011 setelah John Moore dinyatakan resmi sebagai sutradara. Syuting dimulai bulan April 2012 di Budapest, Hungaria.
A Good Day to Die Hard tayang perdana di Los Angeles pada tanggal 31 Januari 2013, bersamaan dengan peresmian mural Die Hard di Fox Lot, dan dirilis di sejumlah negara di Asia Timur dan Tenggara tanggal 7 Februari. Film ini baru dirilis di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada pada 14 Februari. Ini merupakan film Die Hard pertama yang memakai Dolby Atmos Surround Mixing dan ditayangkan di bioskop IMAX.
Tropidion aurulentum
Tropidion aurulentum adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong familia Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Tropidion, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Aleksandar Vučić
Aleksandar Vučić (Александар Вучић,, ) adalah seorang politikus Serbia yang menjadi Perdana Menteri Serbia sejak 27 April 2014. Dia juga adalah pemimpin dan presiden dari Partai Progresif Serbia. Vučić menjabat sebagai Menteri Informasi periode 1998−2000 dan kemudian sebagai Menteri Pertahanan tahun 2012−2013, serta Wakil Perdana Menteri Pertama pada 2012−2014. Dia adalah lulusan dari Fakultas Hukum Universitas Belgrade.
Kehidupan awal
Aleksandar Vučić lahir dari pasangan Anđelko dan Angelina (née Milovanov) di Beograd. Keluarga dari pihak ayah berasal dari Čipuljići dekat Bugojno di tengah Bosnia, di mana mereka diusir oleh organisasi fasis Kroasia, Ustaše, memaksa mereka menetap di dekat Beograd di mana ayahnya, Anđelko lahir. Kakeknya Vučić dari pihak ayah, dan puluhan kerabat dekat lainnya tewas oleh Ustaše. Ibunya lahir di Bečej, Vojvodina. Kedua orang tuanya adalah lulusan ekonomi; ayahnya bekerja sebagai ekonom, ibunya sebagai wartawan.
Vučić dibesarkan di Beograd Baru, dan menyelesaikan sekolah dasar Branko Radičević, dan kemudian gimnasium di Zemun. Ia lulus dari Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Beograd. Dia belajar bahasa Inggris di Brighton, Inggris, dan bekerja sebagai pedagang di London untuk beberapa waktu. Setelah kembali ke Yugoslavia, ia bekerja sebagai wartawan di Pale, Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Di sana, ia mewawancarai politikus Radovan Karadžić dan bermain catur sekali dengan Jenderal Ratko Mladić. Sebagai anak muda, Vučić adalah penggemar klub sepak bola Red Star, dan sering menonton pertandingan Red Star di stadion, termasuk salah satu yang dimainkan antara Dinamo Zagreb dan Red Star pada 13 Mei 1990, yang berubah menjadi kerusuhan besar. Rumah keluarganya hancur dalam Perang Kroasia.
Karier politik
Vučić bergabung dengan Partai Radikal Serbia (PRS) pada tahun 1993 dan terpilih menjadi anggota Majelis Nasional setelah pemilihan parlemen tahun 1993. Dua tahun kemudian, pada usia 24, Vučić menjadi Sekretaris Jenderal PRS. Setelah partainya memenangkan pemilu lokal di Zemun pada tahun 1996, ia menjadi Direktur Pinki Hall. Selama bergabung di PRS, Vučić membuat banyak penampilan publik. Salah satunya adalah pernyataannya di Majelis Nasional Serbia pada tanggal 20 Juli 1995, di mana ia menyatakan: "Jika Anda membunuh satu orang Serbia, kami akan membunuh 100 Muslim." Hal ini terjadi tak lama setelah pembantaian Srebrenica oleh pasukan Serbia.
Pada tahun 1995, Vučić mengunjungi Knin, Kroasia (yang kemudian berada di bawah kendali pemberontak Republik Krajina Serbia) dengan Vojislav Šešelj untuk memprotes rencana Z-4. Vučić maju dalam pemilihan Wali Kota Beograd dua kali, pada tahun 2004 dan lagi pada tahun 2008, namun ia kalah dalam dua kali pemilihan tersebut.
Harry Houdini
Harry Houdini (nama lahir Erik Weisz di Budapest, kemudian Ehrich Weiss atau Harry Weiss) adalah seorang pesulap terkemuka asal Hungaria yang kemudian menetap di Amerika Serikat. Pesulap ini paling dikenal melalui trik-trik meloloskan dirinya, antara lain melepaskan diri dari ikatan tali, borgol, rantai, dan yang paling terkenal: trik Chinese water torture, di mana Houdini yang tubuhnya digantung terbalik berhasil meloloskan diri dari lemari kaca yang diisi penuh dengan air.
Houdini mulai menjadi pesulap pada tahun 1891. Awalnya ia hanya berkutat pada sulap-sulap kartu, namun kariernya menanjak sejak memfokuskan diri pada aksi-aksi meloloskan diri. Pertunjukan terakhir Houdini berlangsung pada 24 Oktober 1926. Sehari kemudian ia masuk rumah sakit dan meninggal dunia akibat peritonitis di bagian umbai cacing pada 31 Oktober 1926.
Masa muda
Weisz tiba di Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 3 Juli 1878 dengan kapal SS Fresia bersama ibunya (yang sedang hamil) dan empat saudara laki-lakinya. Keluarga itu mengganti penulisan nama keluarga mereka dari bahasa Jerman ejaan Hungaria Weisz menjadi ejaan Jerman yang baku, Weiss, sedangkan nama depan Erik diganti menjadi Ehrich. Teman-teman dia memanggil dengan "Ehrie" atau "Harry".
Ketika masih anak-anak, Ehrich Weiss mengambil beberapa pekerjaan, membuat debut publik sebagai pemain trapeze pada usia 9 tahun, menyebut dirinya "Ehrich, Pangeran Udara" (Prince of the Air). Ia juga menjadi juara lari cross country pada masa mudanya. Kemudian Weiss menjadi pesulap profesional dan mulai menyebut dirinya "Harry Houdini" karena ia sangat dipengaruhi oleh pesulap Prancis Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, yang buku riwayat hidupnya dibacanya pada tahun 1890. Temannya Jack Hayman mengatakan Weiss secara keliru mengira bahwa di Prancis, menambahkan "i" di belakang nama "Houdin" dalam bahasa Prancis akan berarti "seperti Houdin". Dalam kehidupan selanjutnya, Houdini menyatakan nama depan "Harry" merupakan penghormatan kepada Harry Kellar, yang juga dikaguminya.
Karier sebagai Pesulap
Ia mulai karier sebagai pesulap pada tahun 1891, tetapi tidak sukses. Ia mengadakan pertunjukan di museum-museum kecil dan pertunjukan sampingan, bahkan bekerja rangkap sebagai "The Wild Man" di suatu sirkus. Mulanya Houdini berfokus pada trik sulap kartu tradisional. Pada satu ketika, ia menyebut dirinya "Raja Kartu" ("King of Cards"). Ia kemudian mulai bereksperimen dengan aksi pelolosan diri.
Pada tahun 1893, ketika mengadakan pertunjukan bersama saudara laki-lakinya "Dash" (Theodore) di Coney Island sebagai "The Brothers Houdini" ("Houdini Bersaudara"), Harry bertemu Wilhelmina Beatrice "Bess" Rahner yang sama-sama melakukan pertunjukan. Bess awalnya dirayu oleh Dash, tetapi ia dan Houdini menikah pada tahun 1894, lalu Bess menggantikan Dash pada pertunjukan-pertunjukan selanjutnya, hingga dikenal sebagai "The Houdinis." Sampai akhir karier pertunjukan Houdini, Bess bekerja sebagai asistennya di panggung.
Gebrakan Houdini datang pada tahun 1899 ketika ia berkenalan dengan manajer Martin Beck di daerah pedesaan Woodstock, Illinois. Terkesan dengan aksi Houdini lolos dari borgol, Beck menasihati Houdini untuk berkonsentrasi pada aksi pelolosan diri dan membookingnya di Orpheum vaudeville circuit. Dalam beberapa bulan, ia melakukan pertunjukan di gedung-gedung vaudeville terkemuka di seluruh negeri. Pada tahun 1900, Beck mengatur tur Houdini di Eropa. Setelah gagal melakukan wawancara selama berhari-hari di London, Houdini dapat menarik perhatian Dundas Slater, kemudian manajer Alhambra Theatre. Ia mendemonstrasikan pelolosan dari borgol di Scotland Yard, dan berhasil dalam mencengangkan para polisi secara begitu efektif sehingga ia dibook di Alhambra selama 6 bulan.
Houdini menjadi terkenal sebagai "The Handcuff King" ("Raja Borgol"). Ia mengadakan tur ke Inggris, Skotlandia, Belanda, Jerman, Prancis, dan Rusia. Di setiap kota, Houdini menantang polisi setempat untuk memborgolnya dan menguncinya dalam penjara. Dalam banyak tantangan pelolosan diri ini, Houdini sebelumnya diperiksa total sampai harus telanjang. Di Moskow, Houdini lolosa dari sebuah mobil van transportasi penjara Siberia. Houdini mengatakan bahwa, jikalau ia gagal meloloskan diri, ia harus pergi ke Siberia di mana satu-satunya kunci disimpan. Di Cologne, Jerman, ia menuntut seorang polisi bernama Werner Graff ke pengadilan, karena menuduhnya bahwa Houdini lolos setelah menyuapnya. Houdini memenangkan kasus ini ketika ia berhasil membuka brankas hakim yang mengadilinya (ia kemudian berkata hakim itu lupa mengunci brankasnya). Dengan kekayaan yang diperolehnya, Houdini membeli sebuah gaun yang dikatakan dibuat untuk Ratu Victoria. Kemudian ia menyelenggarakan suatu pesta besar di mana ia mempersembahkan gaun itu kepada ibunya di hadapan seluruh sanak saudaranya. Houdini mengatakan itu merupakan hari paling bahagia dalam hidupnya. Pada tahun 1904, Houdini kembali ke Amerika Serikat dan membeli sebuah rumah seharga $25,000, terbuat dari "batu bata coklat" (brownstone) di jalan 278 W. 113th Street, di kota Harlem, New York City.
Sejak tahun 1907 dan sepanjang tahun 1910-an, Houdini sukses besar melakukan pertunjukan di Amerika Serikat. Ia meloloskan diri dari berbagai penjara, borgol, rantai, ikatan tali dan straitjacket, sering kali dalam keadaan tergantung dengan seutas tali dilihat langsung oleh para penonton dari jalanan. Karena banyaknya peniru, pada tanggal 15 Januari 1908, Houdini tidak lagi melakukan "aksi lolos dari borgol" (disebut "handcuff act") dan mulai meloloskan diri dari tabung susu yang terkunci dan diisi penuh dengan air. Kemungkinan gagal dan kematian membuat para penonton tercekam. Houdini juga mengembangkan repertoire (pertunjukan) dengan tantangan kepada publik untuk membuat jebakan yang dapat menahannya. Ini termasuk peti kayu yang dipaku (kadang kala dimasukkan ke dalam air), boiler (=tangki pemanas) yang dipaku besi, kain basah, kantung surat,, dan bahkan perut ikan paus yang terdampar di pantai Boston. Para pembuat bir di Scranton, Pennsylvania dan kota-kota lain menantang Houdini untuk meloloskan diri dari sebuah barrel yang diisi penuh dengan bir.
Banyak tantangan ini diorganisir oleh pedagang-pedagang lokal dalam suatu penggunaan awal "pemasaran massal" (mass tie-in marketing). Houdini tidak menggunakan ide bahwa ia dibantu oleh roh-roh, sebagaimana pesulap Davenport Brothers dan lain-lain, melainkan iklan-iklan Houdini menunjukkan bahwa ia lolos dengan cara "teleportasi" atau "dematerialisasi" (dematerializing), meskipun Houdini sendiri tidak pernah mengatakan mempunyai kekuatan supranatural. <!-- His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. Houdini's brother, (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as Theodore Hardeen), discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city.
For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in vaudeville. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at New York's Hippodrome Theater, when he vanished a full-grown elephant (with its trainer) from the stage, beneath which was a swimming pool. In 1923, Houdini became president of Martinka & Co., America's oldest magic company. The business is still in operation today.
He also served as President of the Society of American Magicians (aka S.A.M.) from 1917 until his death in 1926. Founded on May 10, 1902 in the back room of Martinka's magic shop in New York, the Society expanded under the leadership of Harry Houdini during his term as National President from 1917 to 1926. Houdini was magic's greatest visionary. He sought to create a large, unified national network of professional and amateur magicians. Wherever he traveled, Houdini gave a lengthy formal address to the local magic club, made speeches, and usually threw a banquet for the members at his own expense. He said "The Magicians Clubs as a rule are small: they are weak...but if we were amalgamated into one big body the society would be stronger, and it would mean making the small clubs powerful and worth while. Members would find a welcome wherever they happened to be and, conversely, the safeguard of a city-to-city hotline to track exposers and other undesirables."
For most of 1916, while on his vaudeville tour, Houdini, at his own expense, had been recruiting local magic clubs to join the S.A.M. in an effort to revitalize what he felt was a weak organization. Houdini persuaded groups in Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Kansas City to join. As had happened in London, Houdini persuaded magicians to join. The Buffalo club joined as the first branch, (later assembly) of the Society. Chicago Assembly No. 3 was, as the name implies, the third regional club to be established by the S.A.M., whose assemblies now number in the hundreds. In 1917, he signed Assembly Number Three's charter into existence, and that charter and this club continue to provide Chicago magicians with a connection to each other and to their past. Houdini dined with, addressed, and got pledges from similar clubs in Detroit, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, Cincinnati and elsewhere. This was the biggest movement ever in the history of magic. In places where no clubs existed, he rounded up individual magicians, introduced them to each other, and urged them into the fold.
By the end of 1916, magicians' clubs in San Francisco and other cities that Houdini had not visited were offering to become assemblies. He had created the richest and longest-surviving organization of magicians in the world. It now embraces almost 6,000 dues-paying members and almost 300 assemblies worldwide. In July, 1926, Houdini was elected for the ninth successive time President of the Society of American Magicians. Every other president has only served for one year. He also was President of the Magicians' Club of London.
In the final years of his life (1925/26), Houdini launched his own full-evening show, which he billed as "Three Shows in One: Magic, Escapes, and Fraud Mediums Exposed".
Mirror challenge
In 1904, the London Daily Mirror newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from special handcuffs that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from Birmingham, five years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theater. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event. The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his "ghost house" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. On one occasion he asked if the cuffs could be removed so he could take off his coat. The Mirror representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuffs were unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a pen-knife and, holding the knife in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. Many thought that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuffs. However, it has since been suggested that Bess did not in fact enter the stage at all, and that this theory is unlikely due to the size of the 6-inch key Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. Houdini later said it was the most difficult escape of his career.
After Houdini's death, his friend Martin Beck was quoted in Will Goldston's book, Sensational Tales of Mystery Men, as admitting that Houdini was bested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldston goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the Mirror representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. It was stated in the book The Secret Life of Houdini that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was 6" long, and could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldston offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuffs) that the Mirror challenge may have been arranged by Houdini and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship.
This escape was discussed in depth on the Travel Channel's Mysteries at the Museum in an interview with Houdini expert, magician and escape artist Dorothy Dietrich of Scranton's Houdini Museum.
A full-sized design of the same Mirror Handcuffs, as well as a replica of the Bramah style key for it, is on display to the public at the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. This is the only public display of this style cuff anywhere, as well as several others.
Milk can escape
In 1908, Houdini introduced his own original act, the milk can escape. In this act, Houdini was handcuffed and sealed inside an over-sized milk can filled with water and made his escape behind a curtain. As part of the effect, Houdini invited members of the audience to hold their breath along with him while he was inside the can. Advertised with dramatic posters that proclaimed "Failure Means A Drowning Death," the escape proved to be a sensation. Houdini soon modified the escape to include the milk can being locked inside a wooden chest, being chained or padlocked. Houdini performed the milk can escape as a regular part of his act for only four years, but it has remained one of the acts most associated with him. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, continued to perform the milk can escape and its wooden chest variant into the 1940s.
The American Museum of Magic has the milk can and overboard box used by Houdini.
Chinese water torture cell
Around 1912, the vast number of imitators prompted Houdini to replace his milk can act with the Chinese water torture cell. In this escape, Houdini's feet were locked in stocks, and he was lowered upside down into a tank filled with water. The mahogany and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks were locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain concealed his escape. In the earliest version of the torture cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult - the cage prevented Houdini from turning - the cage bars also offered protection should the front glass break. The original cell was built in England, where Houdini first performed the escape for an audience of one person as part of a one-act play he called "Houdini Upside Down." This was so he could copyright the effect and have grounds to sue imitators, which he did. While the escape was advertised as "The Chinese Water Torture Cell" or "The Water Torture Cell," Houdini always referred to it as "the Upside Down" or "USD". The first public performance of the USD was at the Circus Busch in Berlin, on September 21, 1912. Houdini continued to perform the escape until his death in 1926.
Suspended straitjacket escape
One of Houdini's most popular publicity stunts was to have himself strapped into a regulation straitjacket and suspended by his ankles from a tall building or crane. Houdini would then make his escape in full view of the assembled crowd. In many cases, Houdini drew tens of thousands of onlookers who brought city traffic to a halt. Houdini would sometimes ensure press coverage by performing the escape from the office building of a local newspaper. In New York City, Houdini performed the suspended straitjacket escape from a crane being used to build the New York subway. After flinging his body in the air, he escaped from the straitjacket. Starting from when he was hoisted up in the air by the crane, to when the straitjacket was completely off, it took him two minutes and thirty-seven seconds. There is film footage in the Library of Congress of Houdini performing the escape. Films of his escapes are also shown at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA. After being battered against a building in high winds during one escape, Houdini performed the escape with a visible safety wire on his ankle so that he could be pulled away from the building if necessary. The idea for the upside-down escape was given to Houdini by a young boy named Randolph Osborne Douglas (March 31, 1895 – December 5, 1956), when the two met at a performance at Sheffield's Empire Theatre.
Overboard box escape
Another of Houdini's most famous publicity stunts was to escape from a nailed and roped packing crate after it had been lowered into water. Houdini first performed the escape in New York's East River on July 7, 1912. Police forbade him from using one of the piers, so Houdini hired a tugboat and invited press on board. Houdini was locked in handcuffs and leg-irons, then nailed into the crate which was roped and weighed down with two hundred pounds of lead. The crate was then lowered into the water. Houdini escaped in 57 seconds. The crate was pulled to the surface and found still to be intact, with the manacles inside. Houdini performed this escape many times, and even performed a version on stage, first at Hamerstein's Roof Garden where a 5,500-gallon (20,820 litres) tank was specially built, and later at the New York Hippodrome.
Buried alive stunt
Houdini performed at least three variations on a buried alive stunt during his career. The first was near Santa Ana, California in 1915, and it almost cost Houdini his life. Houdini was buried, without a casket, in a pit of earth six feet deep. He became exhausted and panicked while trying to dig his way to the surface and called for help. When his hand finally broke the surface, he fell unconscious and had to be pulled from the grave by his assistants. Houdini wrote in his diary that the escape was "very dangerous" and that "the weight of the earth is killing."
Houdini's final buried alive was an elaborate stage escape that featured in his full evening show. Houdini escaped after being strapped in a straitjacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While posters advertising the escape exist (playing off the Bey challenge by boasting "Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed buried alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for buried alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit back to New York following his death on Hallowe'en. -->
Karier film
Pada tahun 1906 Houdini mulai mempertontonkan film pelolosannya di luar gedung sebagai bagian aksi vaudeville. Di Boston ia menunjukkan sebuah film pendek berjudul Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt (Houdini mengalahkan Hackenschmidt). Georg Hackenschmidt adalah seorang pegulat terkenal pada zaman itu, tetapi bagaimana pertandingan itu dilakukan tidak diketahui jelas karena filmnya sekarang hilang. <!--In 1909 Houdini made a film in Paris for Cinema Lux titled Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris (Marvellous Exploits of the Famous Houdini in Paris). It featured a loose narrative designed to showcase several of Houdini's famous escapes, including his straitjacket and underwater handcuff escapes. Pada tahun yang sama Houdini mendapat tawaran untuk membintangi film bisu 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea sebagai Captain Nemo, tetapi proyek ini tidak pernah berlanjut sampai produksi. It is often erroneously reported that Houdini served as special-effects consultant on the Wharton/International cliffhanger serial, The Mysteries of Myra, shot in Ithaca, New York, because Harry Grossman, director of The Master Mystery also filmed a serial in Ithaca at about the same time. The consultants on the serial were pioneering Hereward Carrington and Aleister Crowley.
In 1918 Houdini signed a contract with film producer B.A. Rolfe to star in a 15-part serial, The Master Mystery (released in January 1919). As was common at the time, the film serial was released simultaneously with a novel. Financial difficulties resulted in B.A. Rolfe Productions going out of business, but The Master Mystery led to Houdini being signed by Famous Players-Lasky Corporation/Paramount Pictures, for whom he made two pictures, The Grim Game (1919) and Terror Island (1920).
While filming an aerial stunt for The Grim Game, two biplanes collided in mid-air with a stuntman doubling Houdini dangling by a rope from one of the planes. Publicity was geared heavily toward promoting this dramatic "caught on film" moment, claiming it was Houdini himself dangling from the plane. While filming these movies in Los Angeles, Houdini rented a home in Laurel Canyon. Following his two-picture stint in Hollywood, Houdini returned to New York and started his own film production company called the "Houdini Picture Corporation". He produced and starred in two films, The Man From Beyond (1921) and Haldane of the Secret Service (1923). He also founded his own film laboratory business called The Film Development Corporation (FDC), gambling on a new process for developing motion picture film. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, left his own career as a magician and escape artist to run the company. Magician Harry Kellar was a major investor.
Neither Houdini's acting career nor FDC found success, and he gave up on the movie business in 1923, complaining that "the profits are too meager". His celebrity was such that, years later, he was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 7001 Hollywood Blvd.
Dalam bulan April 2008 Kino International released a DVD box set of Houdini's surviving silent films, including The Master Mystery, Terror Island, The Man From Beyond, Haldane of the Secret Service, and five minutes from The Grim Game. The set also includes newsreel footage of Houdini's escapes from 1907 to 1923, and a section from Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris, although it is not identified as such. -->
Aviator
Pada tahun 1909, Houdini sangat tertarik kepada dunia penerbangan. Ia membeli sebuah pesawat terbang Voisin biplane buatan Prancis seharga $5000 dan menggaji penuh seorang mekanik, Antonio Brassac. Setelah jatuh satu kali, ia berhasil terbang pada tanggal 26 November 1909 di Hamburg, Jerman. Pada tahun berikutnya, Houdini mengadakan tur di Australia. Ia membawa serta pesawat terbangnya, Voisin biplane, dengan maksud menjadi orang pertama yang terbang di Australia. <!--
Falsely reported as pioneer
On March 18, 1910, he made three flights at Diggers Rest, Victoria, near Melbourne. It was reported at the time that this was the first aerial flight in Australia, and a century later, some major news outlets still credit him with this feat.
Wing Commander Harry Cobby wrote in Aircraft in March 1938 that "the first aeroplane flight in the Southern Hemisphere was made on December 9, 1909 by Mr Colin Defries, a Londoner, at Victoria Park Racecourse, Sydney, in a Wilbur Wright aeroplane". Colin Defries was a trained pilot, having learnt to fly in Cannes, France. By modern standards his flight time was minimal, but in 1909 he had accumulated enough to become an instructor. On his first flight he took off, maintained straight and level flight, albeit briefly, and landed safely. His crash landing on his second flight, when he tried to retrieve his hat which was blown off, demonstrated what a momentary lack of attention could cause while flying a Wright Model A.
It is acknowledged by Australian historians and the Aviation Historical Society of Australia that the definition of flight established by the Gorell Committee on behalf of the Aero Club of Great Britain dictates the acceptance of a flight or its rejection, giving Colin Defries credit as the first to make an aeroplane flight in Australia, and the Southern Hemisphere.
In 2010 Australia Post issued stamps commemorating Colin Defries, Houdini and John Robertson Duigan, crediting only Defries and Duigan with historical firsts. Duigan was an Australian pioneer aviator who built and flew the first Australian-made aircraft. Australia Post did acknowledge the part Houdini played (Harry Houdini can't escape being part of Australia's history) but did not attribute any record to him.
After Australia
After completing his Australia tour, Houdini put the Voisin into storage in England. He announced he would use it to fly from city to city during his next Music Hall tour, and even promised to leap from it handcuffed, but he never flew again.
Debunking spiritualists
In the 1920s Houdini turned his energies toward debunking psychics and mediums, a pursuit that inspired and was followed by latter-day stage magicians. Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None was able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valentine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. As his fame as a "ghostbuster" grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was Mina Crandon, also known as "Margery". "Houdini exposed numerous phony mediums and inspired other magicians to follow suit. The Amazing Randi, (Dorothy) Dietrich, Penn & Teller and Dick Brookz are magicians that have exposed these unscrupulous mediums."
Houdini chronicled his debunking exploits in his book, A Magician Among the Spirits, co-authored with C. M. Eddy, Jr., who was not credited. These activities cost Houdini the friendship of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle, a firm believer in spiritualism during his later years, refused to believe any of Houdini's exposés. Doyle came to believe that Houdini was a powerful spiritualist medium, and had performed many of his stunts by means of paranormal abilities and was using these abilities to block those of other mediums that he was "debunking". This disagreement led to the two men becoming public antagonists and led Sir Arthur to view Houdini as a dangerous enemy.
Before Houdini died, he and his wife agreed that if Houdini found it possible to communicate after death, he would communicate the message "Rosabelle believe", a secret code which they agreed to use. Rosabelle was their favorite song. Bess held yearly séances on Halloween for ten years after Houdini's death. She did claim to have contact through Arthur Ford in 1929 when Ford conveyed the secret code, but Bess later said the incident had been faked. The code seems to have been such that it could be broken by Ford or his associates using existing clues. Evidence to this effect was discovered by Ford's biographer after he died in 1971. In 1936, after a last unsuccessful séance on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel, she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that "ten years is long enough to wait for any man."
The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues, held by magicians throughout the world. The Official Houdini Séance was organized in the 1940s by Sidney Hollis Radner, a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts. Yearly Houdini séances are also conducted in Chicago at the Excalibur nightclub by "necromancer" Neil Tobin on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the Society of American Magicians; and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician Dorothy Dietrich who previously held them at New York's Magic Towne House with such magical notables as Houdini biographers Walter B. Gibson and Milbourne Christopher. Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the original seance tradition. After doing them for many years at New York's Magic Towne House, before he died, Walter passed on the tradition of conducting of the Original Seances to Dorothy Dietrich.
In 1926, Harry Houdini hired H. P. Lovecraft and his friend C. M. Eddy, Jr., to write an entire book about debunking religious miracles, which was to be called The Cancer of Superstition. Houdini had earlier asked Lovecraft to write an article about astrology, for which he paid $75. The article does not survive. Lovecraft's detailed synopsis for Cancer does survive, as do three chapters of the treatise written by Eddy. Houdini's death derailed the plans, as his widow did not wish to pursue the project.
Appearance and voice recordings
Unlike the image of the classic magician, Houdini was short and stocky and typically appeared on stage in a long frock coat and tie. Most biographers give his height as 5 ft 5 in, but descriptions vary. Houdini was also said to be slightly bow-legged, which aided in his ability to gain slack during his rope escapes. In the 1997 biography Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss, author Kenneth Silverman summarizes how reporters described Houdini's appearance during his early career:
"They stressed his smallness—"somewhat undersized"—and angular, vivid features: "He is smooth-shaven with a keen, sharp-chinned, sharp-cheekboned face, bright blue eyes and thick, curly, black hair." Some sensed how much his complexly expressive smile was the outlet of his charismatic stage presence. It communicated to audiences at once warm amiability, pleasure in performing, and, more subtly, imperious self-assurance. Several reporters tried to capture the charming effect, describing him as "happy-looking", "pleasant-faced", "good natured at all times", "the young Hungarian magician with the pleasant smile and easy confidence"."
Houdini made the only known recordings of his voice on Edison wax cylinders on October 29, 1914, in Flatbush, New York. On them, Houdini practices several different introductory speeches for his famous Chinese water torture cell. He also invites his sister, Gladys, to recite a poem. Houdini then recites the same poem in German. The six wax cylinders were discovered in the collection of magician John Mulholland after his death in 1970. They are part of the David Copperfield collection. -->
Kematian
Harry Houdini meninggal akibat peritonitis, penyakit sekunder dari ruptured appendix pada pukul 1:26 siang tanggal 31 Oktober 1926 di kamar 401 pada Grace Hospital, Detroit, pada usia 52 tahun. Pada hari-hari terakhirnya, dengan optimis ia percaya akan segera sembuh, tetapi kata-kata terakhirnya sebelum meninggal dikabarkan adalah "Aku lelah untuk melawan." Para saksi mata dari suatu insiden di kamar ganti Houdini di Princess Theatre di Montreal membangkitkan spekulasi bahwa kematian Houdini diakibatkan oleh seorang mahasiswa McGill University, J. Gordon Whitehead, yang memukul Houdini secara mendadak dan berkali-kali pada perutnya sebagai suatu tes. <!-- The eyewitnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), proffered accounts of the incident that generally corroborated one another. Price describes Whitehead asking Houdini "if he believed in the miracles of the Bible" and "whether it was true that punches in the stomach did not hurt him". He then delivered "some very hammer-like blows below the belt". Houdini was reclining on a couch at the time, having broken his ankle while performing several days earlier. Price states that Houdini winced at each blow and stopped Whitehead suddenly in the midst of a punch, gesturing that he had had enough, and adding that he had had no opportunity to prepare himself against the blows, as he did not expect Whitehead to strike him so suddenly and forcefully. Had his ankle not been broken, he would have risen from the couch into a better position to brace himself.
Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of 102 °F and acute appendicitis, and advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show. When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 F. Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital.
It is not entirely clear what relationship the encounter in the dressing room had on Houdini's eventual death. As Snopes points out, the relationship between blunt trauma and appendicitis is not clear. One theory suggests that Houdini was unaware that he was suffering from appendicitis. If he had not realized that his stomach pains were symptomatic of appendicitis, he would not have appreciated the potentially critical effect of the blows to his abdomen.
After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid double indemnity. -->
Kuburan Houdini
Pemakaman Houdini diselenggarakan pada tanggal 4 November 1926 di New York City, dihadiri oleh lebih dari 2000 orang yang berkabung. Ia dikuburkan diMachpelah Cemetery di Glendale, Queens, dengan lambang kebesaran Society of American Magicians dipahat pada makamnya. Suatu patung setengah dada ditambahkan pada exedra pada tahun 1927, suatu hal yang jarang terjadi, karena pahatan patung dilarang pada makam-makam Yahudi. Pada tahun 1975 patung itu dihancurkan oleh para perusak. Patung pengganti sementara ditempatkan di makam itu sampai tahun 2011 ketika sebuah kelompok yang kemudian dinamai Houdini Commandos dari Houdini Museum di Scranton, Pennsylvania, menempatkan patung permanen dengan izin dari keluarga Houdini dan tempat pekuburan. <!-- Machpelah Cemetery operator Jacobson said, they "never paid the cemetery for any restoration of the Houdini family plot in my tenure since 1988," claiming that the money came from the cemetery's dwindling funds. The granite monuments of Houdini's sister, Gladys, and brother, Leopold were also destroyed by vandals. For many years, until recently, The Houdini grave site has been only cared for by Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
The Houdini Gravesite Restoration Committee under the Chairmanship of National President-Elect David Bowers, is working closely with National President Kenrick "Ice" McDonald to see this project to completion. Bowers said it is a foregone conclusion that the Society will approve the funding request, because “Houdini is responsible for the Society of American Magicians being what it is today. We owe a debt of gratitude to him.” Like Bowers, McDonald said the motivation behind the repairs is to properly honor the grave of the “Babe Ruth of magicians.” “This is hallowed ground,” he said. “When you ask people about magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini.” While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration.
Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist’s Queens grave over the years. “This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis,” said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. "The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years." "The Houdini Museum has teamed with The Society of American Magicians, one of the oldest fraternal magic organizations in the world, to give the beloved site a facelift." The organization has a specific Houdini gravesite committee made up of nine members headed up by President elect David Bowers who brought this project to the Society’s attention. Kenrick “Ice” McDonald, the current president of the Society of American Magicians said “You have to know the history. Houdini served as President from 1917 until his death in 1926. Houdini’s burial site needs an infusion of cash to restore it to its former glory." Magician Dietrich said the repairs could cost “tens of thousands of dollars,” after consulting with glass experts and grave artisans. “It’s a wonderful project, but it’s taken a lifetime to get people interested,” she said. “It’s long overdue, and it’s great that it’s happening.” Houdini was a living superhero,” Dietrich said. “He wasn’t just a magician and escape artist, he was great humanitarian.” --> Sampai hari ini yayasan ("Society") itu terus mengadakan "upacara pemutusan tongkat pesulap" (broken wand ceremony) pada makam itu setiap bulan November. Janda Houdini, Bess, meninggal karena serangan jantung pada tanggal 11 Februari 1943, dalam usia 67 tahun, di Needles, California dalam perjalanan kereta api dari Los Angeles ke New York City. Ia berkeinginan untuk dimakamkan di samping suaminya, tetapi akhirnya dikuburkan 35 mil sebelah utaranya di Gate of Heaven Cemetery di Westchester County, New York, karena keluarganya yang beragama Katolik menolak untuk mengizinkan mayatnya dikuburkan dalam pekuburan Yahudi.
Artefak, perpustakaan dan museum
Saudara laki-laki Houdini, Theodore Hardeen, kembali melakukan pertunjukan setelah kematian Houdini. Ia mewarisi semua peralatan saudaranya itu. Surat wasiat Houdini berisi stipulasi bahwa semua peralatan itu harus "dibakar dan dihancurkan" setelah Hardeen meninggal. Hardeen menjual sebagian besar koleksinya kepada seorang pesulap yang mengagumi Houdini, Sidney Hollis Radner, selama tahun 1940-an, termasuk sel penyiksaan air (water torture cell). Radner mengizinkan sejumlah barang pilihan dari koleksi itu untuk dipamerkan pada "Houdini Magical Hall of Fame" di Niagara Falls, Ontario. Pada tahun 1995, museum itu terbakar. Kerangka logam water torture cell masih tersisa dan direstorasi oleh pembuat ilusi John Gaughan. Banyak barang-barang yang disimpan di museum termasuk borgol kaca, kotak peyimpanan asli milik Houdini, tabung susu, dan sebuah straitjacket, selamat dari kebakaran dan dilelang pada tahun 1999 dan 2008.
Radner meminjamkan sebagian koleksinya untuk diarsipkan pada "Outagamie Museum" di Appleton, Wisconsin; tetapi memintanya kembali pada tahun 2003, dan melelangnya setahun kemudian di Las Vegas, pada tanggal 30 Oktober 2004.
Publikasi
Houdini menerbitkan berbagai buku selama kariernya (beberapa di antaranya ditulis oleh sahabat karibnya Walter Brown Gibson, pencipta The Shadow):
Therapy?
Therapy? adalah kelompok musik heavy metal dari Irlandia Utara yang dibentuk pada 1989 oleh guitarist/vocalist Andy Cairns dari Ballyclare dan drummer Fyfe Ewing dari Larne. Mereka merekam demo pertama dengan Cairns memainkan bass. Untuk melengkapi formasi mereka menggaet bassist Michael McKeegan.
Pierre Tchernia
Pierre Tcherniakowski, lebih dikenal sebagai Pierre Tchernia, adalah seorang aktor, animator presenter, penulis skenario dan produser televisi maupun film asal Prancis. Di Prancis, ia dikenal sebagai "Magic" Tchernia dan Monsieur Cinema.
Referensi
<!-- Parfois surnommé Monsieur Cinéma suite à sa collaboration à l'émission éponyme, ou encore Pierre Magique Tchernia, surnom qui lui a été attribué par Arthur dans le cadre de sa participation à l'émission Les Enfants de la télé.
Carrière à la télévision française
Sortant de l'École Louis-Lumière en 1947, il participe à la création du journal télévisé français en 1949. Il crée des émissions, La clé des champs, Monsieur Muguet s'évade et La Boîte à sel à partir de 1955. Il co-anime Cinq colonnes à la Une à partir de 1965. C'est le début de L'ami public n°1, sur des films de Walt Disney en 1969. Il remporte la Rose d'Or au festival de Montreux en 1966. Il a également commenté le concours Eurovision de la chanson pour la télévision française, dans les années 1960. De 1976 à 1982, il est le maitre de cérémonie des Césars (en 1982 avec Jacques Martin).
Il a animé pendant de longues années le jeu télévisé Monsieur Cinéma.
Il anime aux côtés d'Arthur l'émission Les Enfants de la télé depuis sa création, en septembre 1994 jusqu'en juin 2006, l'émission se poursuivant sans lui depuis lors. En novembre 2007, le voici de retour aux côtés d'Arthur toujours dans cette émission.
Carrière au cinéma
Pierre Tchernia co-scénarise (avec Robert Dhéry et Alfred Adam) le film La Belle Américaine en 1961 avec la troupe des Branquignols dont Louis de Funès et Jean Carmet. Le film est un succès, et est le début d'une belle collaboration avec Robert Dhéry.