cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Sejarah Roma
Guelphs and Ghibellines
In an attempt to imitate more successful communes, in 1252 the people elected a foreign Senator, the Bolognese Brancaleone degli Andalò. In order to bring peace in the city he suppressed the most powerful nobles (destroying some 140 towers), reorganised the working classes and issued a code of laws inspired by those of northern Italy. Brancaleone was a tough figure, but died in 1258 with almost nothing of his reforms turned into reality. Five years later Charles I of Anjou, then king of Naples, was elected Senator. He entered the city only in 1265, but soon his presence was needed to face Conradin, the Hohenstaufen's heir who was coming to claim his family's rights over southern Italy, and left the city. After June 1265 Rome was again a democratic republic, electing Henry of Castile as senator. But Conradin and the Ghibelline party were crushed in the Battle of Tagliacozzo (1268), and therefore Rome fell again in the hands of Charles.
Nicholas III, a member of Orsini family, was elected in 1277 and moved the seat of the Popes from the Lateran to the more defensible Vatican. He also ordered that no foreigner could become senator of Rome. Being a Roman himself, he had himself elected senator by the people. With this move, the city began again to side for the papal party. In 1285 Charles was again Senator, but the Sicilian Vespers reduced his charisma, and the city was thenceforth free from his authority. The next senator was again a Roman, and again a pope, Honorius IV of the Savelli.
Boniface VIII and the Babylonian captivity
The successor to Celestine V was a Roman of the Caetani family, Boniface VIII. Entangled in a local feud against the traditional rivals of his family, the Colonna, at the same time he struggled to assure the universal supremacy of the Holy See. In 1300 he launched the first Jubilee and in 1303 founded the first University of Rome. The Jubilee was an important move for Rome, as it further increased its international prestige and, most of all, the city's economy was boosted by the flow of pilgrims. Boniface died in 1303 after the humiliation of the Schiaffo di Anagni ("Slap of Anagni"), which signalled instead the rule of the King of France over the Papacy and marked another period of decline for Rome.
Boniface's successor, Clement V, never entered the city, starting the so-called "Babylonian captivity", the absence of the Popes from their Roman seat in favour of Avignon, which would last for more than 70 years. This situation brought the independence of the local powers, but these were revealed to be largely unstable; and the lack of the holy revenues caused a deep decay of Rome. For more than a century Rome had no new major buildings. Furthermore, many of the monuments of the city, including the main churches, began to fall into ruin.
Cola di Rienzo and the Pope's return to Rome
With the emperor back in his lands, Albornoz could regain a certain control over the city, while remaining in his safe citadel in Montefiascone, in the Northern Lazio. The senators were chosen directly by the Pope from several cities of Italy, but the city was in fact independent. The Senate council included six judges, five notaries, six marshals, several familiars, twenty knights and twenty armed men. Albornoz had heavily suppressed the traditional aristocratic families, and the "democratic" party felt confident enough to start an aggressive policy. In 1362 Rome declared war on Velletri. This move, however, provoked a civil war. The countryside party hired a condottieri band called "Del Cappello" ("Hat"), while the Romans bought the services of German and Hungarian troops, plus a citizen levy of 600 knights and even 22,000 infantry. This was the period in which condottieri bands were active in Italy. Many of the Savelli, Orsini and Annibaldi expelled from Rome became leaders of such military units. The war with Velletri languished, and Rome again gave itself to the new Pope, Urban V, provided Albornoz did not enter the walls.
Only on 17 January 1377, Gregory XI could finally reinstate the Holy See in Rome.
Western schism and conflict with Milan
The incoherent behaviour of his successor, the Italian Urban VI, provoked in 1378 the Western Schism, which impeded any true attempt of improving the conditions of the decaying Rome. The 14th century, with the absence of the popes during the Avignon Papacy, had been a century of neglect and misery for the city of Rome, which dropped to its lowest level of population. With the return of the papacy to Rome repeatedly postponed because of the bad conditions of the city and the lack of control and security, it was first necessary to strengthen the political and doctrinal aspects of the pontiff.
When in 1377 Gregory XI was in fact returned to Rome, he found a city in anarchy because of the struggles between the nobility and the popular faction, and in which his power was now more formal than real. There followed four decades of instability, characterised by the local power struggle between the commune and the papacy, and internationally by the great Western Schism, at the end of which was elected Pope, Martin V. He restored order, laying the foundations of its rebirth.
In 1433 the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti signed a peace treaty with Florence and Venice. He then sent the condottieri Niccolò Fortebraccio and Francesco Sforza to harass the Papal States, in vengeance for Eugene IV's support to the two former republics.
Fortebraccio, supported by the Colonna, occupied Tivoli in October 1433 and ravaged Rome's countryside. Despite the concessions made by Eugene to the Visconti, the Milanese soldiers did not stop their destruction. This led the Romans, on 29 May 1434 to institute a Republican government under the Banderesi. Eugene left the city a few days later, during the night of 4 June.
However, the Banderesi proved incapable of governing the city, and their inadequacies and violence soon deprived them of popular support. The city was therefore returned to Eugene by the army of Giovanni Vitelleschi on 26 October 1434. After the death in mysterious circumstances of Vitelleschi, the city came under the control of Ludovico Scarampo, Patriarch of Aquileia. Eugene returned to Rome on 28 September 1443.
Renaissance Rome
The latter half of the 15th century saw the seat of the Italian Renaissance move to Rome from Florence. The Papacy wanted to surpass the grandeur of other Italian cities. To this end the popes created increasingly extravagant churches, bridges, town squares and public spaces, including a new Saint Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, Ponte Sisto (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity), and Piazza Navona. The Popes were also patrons of the arts engaging such artists as Michelangelo, Perugino, Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.
Under Pope Nicholas V, who became Pontiff on 19 March 1447, the Renaissance can be said to have begun in Rome, heralding a period in which the city became the centre of Humanism. He was the first Pope to embellish the Roman court with scholars and artists, including Lorenzo Valla and Vespasiano da Bisticci.
On 4 September 1449 Nicholas proclaimed a Jubilee for the following year, which saw a great influx of pilgrims from all Europe. The crowd was so large that in December, on Ponte Sant'Angelo, some 200 people died, crushed underfoot or drowned in the River Tiber. Later that year the Plague reappeared in the city, and Nicholas fled.
Nicholas was also actively involved in Rome's urban renewal, in collaboration with Leon Battista Alberti, including the construction of a new St Peter's Basilica. Nicholas' successor Calixtus III neglected Nicholas's cultural policies, instead devoting himself to his greatest passion, his nephews. The Tuscan Pius II, who took the reins after his death in 1458, was a great Humanist, but did little for Rome. During his reign Lorenzo Valla demonstrated that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. Pius was the first Pope to use guns, in campaign against the rebel barons Savelli in the neighbourhood of Rome, in 1461. One year later the bringing to Rome of the head of the Apostle St. Andrew produced a great number of pilgrims. The reign of Pope Paul II (1464–1471) was notable only for the reintroduction of the Carnival, which was to become a very popular feast in Rome in the following centuries. In the same year (1468) a plot against the Pope was uncovered, organised by the intellectuals of the Roman Academy founded by Pomponio Leto. The conspirators were sent to Castel Sant'Angelo.
More important by far was the Pontificate of Sixtus IV, considered the first Pope-King of Rome. In order to favour his relative Girolamo Riario, he promoted the unsuccessful Congiura dei Pazzi against the Medici of Florence (26 April 1478) and in Rome fought the Colonna and the Orsini. The personal politics of intrigue and war required much money, but in spite of this Sixtus was a true patron of art in the manner of Nicholas V. He reopened the Academy and reorganised the Collegio degli Abbreviatori, and in 1471 began the construction of the Vatican Library, whose first curator was Platina. The Library was officially founded on 15 June 1475. He restored several churches, including Santa Maria del Popolo, the Aqua Virgo and the Hospital of the Holy Spirit; paved several streets and also built a famous bridge over the Tiber river, which still bears his name. His main building project was the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace. Its decoration called on some of the most renowned artists of the age, including Mino da Fiesole, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Pietro Perugino, Luca Signorelli and Pinturicchio, and in the 16th century Michelangelo decorated the ceiling with his famous masterpiece, contributing to what became one of the most famous monuments of the world. Sixtus died on 12 August 1484.
Chaos, corruption and nepotism appeared in Rome under the reign of his successors, Innocent VIII and Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503). During the vacation period between the death of the former and the election of the latter there were 220 murders in the city. Alexander had to face Charles VIII of France, who invaded Italy in 1494 and entered Rome on 31 December of that year. The Pope could only barricade himself into Castel Sant'Angelo, which had been turned into a true fortress by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. In the end, the skilful Alexander was able to gain the support of the king, assigning his son Cesare Borgia as military counsellor for the subsequent invasion of the Kingdom of Naples. Rome was safe and, as the King directed himself southwards, the Pope again changed his position, joining the anti-French League of the Italian States which finally compelled Charles to flee to France.
The most nepotist Pope of all, Alexander, favoured his ruthless son Cesare, creating for him a personal Duchy out of territories of the Papal States, and banning from Rome Cesare's most relentless enemy, the Orsini family. In 1500 the city hosted a new Jubilee, but grew ever more unsafe as, especially at night, the streets were controlled by bands of lawless "bravi". Cesare himself assassinated Alfonso of Bisceglie; as well as, presumably, the Pope's son, Giovanni of Gandia.
The Renaissance had a great impact on Rome's appearance, with works like the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartment, all made during Innocent's reign. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII, both members of the Medici family. During this twenty-year period Rome became the greatest centre of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like Bramante, who built the Temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican; Raphael, who in Rome became the most famous painter in Italy, creating frescos in the Cappella Niccolina, the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's Rooms, and many other famous paintings. Michelangelo began the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of Moses for the tomb of Julius. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. Its economy was prosperous, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including Agostino Chigi, a friend of Raphael and a patron of the arts. Despite his premature death, and to his eternal credit, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins.
Sack of Rome (1527)
In 1527 the ambiguous policy followed by the second Medici Pope, Pope Clement VII, resulted in the dramatic sack of the city by the unruly Imperial troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. After the execution of some 1,000 defenders, the pillage began. The city was devastated for several days, many of the citizens were killed or took shelter outside the walls. Of 189 Swiss Guards on duty only 42 survived. The Pope himself was imprisoned for months in Castel Sant'Angelo. The sack marked the end of one of the most splendid eras of modern Rome.
The 1525's Jubilee resulted in a farce, as Martin Luther's claims had spread criticism and even hatred against the Pope's greed throughout Europe. The prestige of Rome was then challenged by the defections of the churches of Germany and England. Pope Paul III (1534–1549) tried to recover the situation by summoning the Council of Trento, although being, at the same time, the most nepotist Pope of all. He even separated Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States to create an independent duchy for his son Pier Luigi. He continued the patronage of art supporting the Michelangelo's Last Judgment, asking him to renovate the Campidoglio and the ongoing construction of St. Peter's. After the shock of the sack, he also called the brilliant architect Giuliano da Sangallo the Younger to strengthen the walls of the Leonine City.
The need for renovation in the religious customs became evident in the vacancy period after Paulus' death, when the streets of Rome became seat of masked carousels which satirised the Cardinals attending the conclave. His two immediate successors were feeble figures who did nothing to escape the actual Spanish suzerainty over Rome.
Counter-Reformation
Pope Paul IV, elected in 1555, was a member of the anti-Spanish party in the Italian War of 1551–59, but his policy resulted in the Neapolitan troops of the viceroy again besieging Rome in 1556. Paul sued for peace, but had to accept the supremacy of Philip II of Spain. He was one of the most hated Popes of all, and, after his death the raging populace burned the Holy Inquisition's palace and destroyed his marble statue on the Campidoglio.
Pope Paul's Counter-Reformation views are well shown by his order that a central area of Rome, around the Porticus Octaviae, be delimited, creating the famous Roman Ghetto, the very constricted area in which the city's Jews were forced to live in seclusion. They had to remain in the rione Sant'Angelo and locked in at night. The Pope decreed that Jews should wear a distinctive sign, yellow hats for men and veils or shawls for women. Jewish ghettos existed in Europe for the next 315 years.
The Counter-Reformation gained pace under his successors, the milder Pope Pius IV and the severe Saint Pius V. The former was a nepotist lover of court splendours, but more severe customs arrived anyway through the ideas of his advisor, the prelate Charles Borromeo, who was to become one of the most popular figures among the Rome's people. Pius V and Borromeo gave Rome a true Counter-Reformation character. All pomp was removed from the court, the jokers were expelled, and cardinals and bishops were obliged to live in the city. Blasphemy and concubinage were severely punished. Prostitutes were expelled or confined in a reserved district. The Inquisition's power in the city was reasserted, and its palace rebuilt with an increased space for prisons. During this period Michelangelo opened the Porta Pia and turned the Baths of Diocletian into the spectacular basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, where Pius IV was buried. The expression of mannerism was meticulously widespread with Vignola, for civil and religious buildings in Rome and throughout the Papal States, his masterpieces, even before the Church of the Gesù (1568), became villas such as Villa Giulia and Villa Farnese.
The pontificate of his successor, Gregory XIII, was considered a failure. As he tried to use milder measures than those of St. Pius, the worst element of the Roman population felt free to scourge again the streets. The French writer and philosopher Montaigne maintained that "life and goods were never as unsure as at the time of Gregorius XIII, perhaps", and that a confraternity even held same-sex marriage in the church of San Giovanni a Porta Latina. The courtesans repressed by Pius had now returned.
Sixtus V was of very different temper. Although short (1585–1590), his reign however remembered as one of the most effective in the modern Rome's history. He was even tougher than Pius V, and was variously nicknamed castigamatti ("punisher of the mad"), papa di ferro ("Iron Pope"), dictator and even, ironically, demon, since no other Pope before him pursued with such a determination the reform of the church and the customs. Sixtus profoundly reorganised the Papal States' administration, and cleaned the streets of Rome of thugs, procurers, dueling and so on. Even the nobles and Cardinals could not consider themselves free from the arms of Sixtus' police. The money from taxes, which were not now wasted in corruption, permitted an ambitious building program. Some ancient aqueducts were restored, and new one, the Acquedotto Felice (from Sixtus' name, Felice Peretti) was constructed. New houses were built in the desolate district of Esquilino, Viminale and Quirinale, while old houses in the centre of the city were destroyed to open new, larger streets. Sixtus's principal aim was to make Rome a better destination for pilgrimages, and the new streets were intended to permit a better access to the major Basilicas. Old obelisks were moved or erected to embellish St. John in Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore and St. Peter, as well as Piazza del Popolo, in front of Santa Maria del Popolo.
Baroque period
In the 18th century, the Papacy reached the peak of its temporal power, the Papal States including most of Central Italy, including Latium, Umbria, Marche and the Legations of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna extending north into the Romagna, as well as the small enclaves of Benevento and Pontecorvo in southern Italy and the larger Comtat Venaissin around Avignon in southern France.
Baroque and Rococo architecture flourished in Rome, with several famous works being completed. Work on the Trevi Fountain began in 1732 and was completed in 1762. The Spanish Steps were designed in 1735. Pope Clement XIII's tomb by Canova was completed in 1792.
The arts also flourished throughout this period. Palazzo Nuovo became the world's first public museum in 1734 and some of the most famous views of Rome in the 18th century were etched by Giovanni Battista Piranesi. His grand vision of classic Rome inspired many to visit the city and examine the ruins themselves.
Italian unification
In 1870, the Pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the Piedmont-led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the "Roman Question". The successive Popes were undisturbed in their palace, and certain prerogatives recognized by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929. Other states continued to maintain international recognition of the Holy See as a sovereign entity.
The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic (1798), which was under the influence of the French Revolution. During Napoleon's reign, Rome was annexed into his empire and was technically part of France. After the fall of Napoleon's Empire, the Papal States were restored by the Congress of Vienna, with the exception of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, which remained part of France.
Another Roman Republic arose in 1849, within the framework of revolutions of 1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic. However, the actions of these two great men would not have resulted in unification without the sly leadership of Camillo Benso di Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia.
Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento. Many leading revolutionaries wanted a republic, but eventually it was a king and his chief minister who had the power to unite the Italian states as a monarchy.
In his attempt to unify Northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour enacted major industrialisation of the country in order to become the economic leader of Italy. In doing so, he believed that the other states would naturally come under his rule. Next, he sent the army of Piedmont to the Crimean War to join the French and British. Making minor successes in the war against Russia, cordial relations were established between Piedmont-Sardinia and France; a relationship to be exploited in the future. The return of Pope Pius IX in Rome, with help of French troops, marked the exclusion of Rome from the unification process that was embodied in the Second Italian Independence War and the Mille expedition, after which all the Italian peninsula, except Rome and Venetia, would be unified under the House of Savoy. Garibaldi first attacked Sicily, luckily under the guise of passing British ships and landing with little resistance.
Taking the island, Garibaldi's actions were publicly denounced by Cavour but secretly encouraged via weapons supplements. This policy or real-politik, where the ends justified the means of unification, was continued as Garibaldi faced crossing the Strait of Messina. Cavour privately asked the British navy to allow Garibaldi's troops across the sea while publicly he again, denounced Garibaldi's actions. The maneuver was a success and Garibaldi's military genius carried him on to take the entire kingdom.
Cavour then moved to take Venetia and Lombardy via an alliance with France. The Italians and French together would attack the two states with France getting the city of Nice and the region of Savoy in return. However, the French pulled out of their agreement soon after, enraging Cavour who subsequently resigned. Only Lombardy had been captured at the time.
With French units still stationed at Rome however, Cavour, being called back to office, foresaw a possibility of Garibaldi attacking the Papal States and accidentally disrupting French-Italian relations. The army of Sardinia was therefore mobilised to attack the Papal States but remain outside Rome.
In July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War started, and French Emperor Napoleon III could no longer protect the Papal States. Soon after, the Italian army under general Raffaele Cadorna entered Rome on 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours, through Porta Pia (see capture of Rome). The Leonine City was occupied the following day, a provisional Government Joint created by Cadorna out of local noblemen to avoid the rise of the radical factions. Rome and Latium were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite held on 2 October. 133,681 voted for annexion, 1,507 opposed (in Rome itself, there were 40,785 "Yes" and 57 "No").
Kingdom of Italy
Rome became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification when the rest of Italy was reunited under the Kingdom of Italy with a temporary capital at Florence. In 1861, Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the control of the Pope. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under the French protection of Napoleon III. And it was only when this was lifted in 1870, owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, that Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia. Afterwards, Pope Pius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican, and in 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.
Soon after World War I, Rome witnessed the rise to power of Italian Fascism guided by Benito Mussolini, who, at the request of King Victor Emmanuel III, marched on the city in 1922, eventually declaring a new Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany.
This Roman Question was finally resolved on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy. The Lateran Treaty was signed by Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI. The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, and the Concordat established the independent State of the Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy.
During World War II, Rome suffered few bombings (notably at San Lorenzo) and relatively little damage because none of the nations involved wanted to endanger the life of Pope Pius XII in Vatican City. There were some bitter fights between Italian and German troops in the south of the city and even in sight of the Colosseum, shortly after the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces. On 4 June 1944 Rome became the first capital city of an Axis nation to fall to the Allies, but was relatively undamaged because on 14 August 1943, a day after the last allied bombing, the Germans declared it an "open city" and withdrew, meaning that the Allies did not have to fight their way in.
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Orang Balkar
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Sejarah Roma
Kingdom of Italy
In practice Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, they confiscated church property in many other places, including the Quirinal Palace, formerly the pope's official residence. Pope Pius IX (1846–78), the last ruler of the Papal States, claimed that after Rome was annexed he was a "Prisoner in the Vatican".
2010 AH129
2010 AH129 adalah sebuah asteroid. Asteroid ini merupakan bagian dari asteroid Troya Yupiter, yang terletak di orbit Yupiter. Eksentrisitas orbit asteroid ini tercatat sebesar 0.163, sementara magnitudo mutlaknya adalah 15.2.
Sejarah Roma
Kingdom of Italy
Vatican City officially pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although the city of Rome was occupied by Germany from 1943 and the Allies from 1944, Vatican City itself was not occupied. One of Pius XII's main diplomatic priorities was to prevent the bombing of Rome; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality. Before the American entry into the war, there was little impetus for such a bombing, as the British saw little strategic value in it.
2010 AH129
Pembentukan
Seperti asteroid secara keseluruhan, asteroid ini terbentuk dari nebula matahari primordial sebagai pecahan planetisimal, sesuatu di nebula matahari muda yang tidak cukup besar untuk berubah menjadi planet.
Sejarah Roma
Kingdom of Italy
After the American entry, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, while the British then supported it. Pius XII similarly advocated for the declaration of Rome as an "open city", but this occurred only on 14 August 1943, after Rome had already been bombed twice. Although the Italians consulted the Vatican on the wording of the open city declaration, the impetus for the change had little to do with the Vatican.
Capital of the Italian Republic
Rome grew substantially after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation. It became a fashionable city in the 1950s and early 1960s, the years of "la dolce vita" ("the sweet life"), with popular classic films such as Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, Roman Holiday and La Dolce Vita being filmed in the city's iconic Cinecittà Studios.
A new rising trend in population continued until the mid-1980s, when the commune had more than 2.8 million residents; after that, population started to slowly decline as more residents moved to nearby suburbs. The Rome metropolitan area has about 4.4 million inhabitants.
Being the capital city of Italy, all the principal institutions of the nation are located there, including the President; the seat of government with its single Ministeri; the Parliament; the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives for both Italy and the Vatican City. A number of notable international cultural, scientific and humanitarian institutions are located in Rome, including the German Archaeological Institute, and the FAO.
Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues. For the Olympic Games new structures were created: the Olympic Stadium (which was itself enlarged and renovated to host qualifying rounds and the final match of the 1990 FIFA football World Cup); the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village), created to house the athletes, was later redeveloped as a residential district.
Rome's Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport opened in 1961. Tourism brings an average of 7–10 million visitors a year. Rome is the 3rd most visited city in the European Union, after London and Paris. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a 2009 study. Many of the ancient monuments of Rome were restored by the Italian state and by the Vatican for the 2000 Jubilee.
Pusat kota bersejarah
Meskipun sekarang ini Roma merupakan sebuah metropolis modern, berbagai tahap dalam penjalanan panjang sejarahnya masih tampak membekas pada kota ini. Pusat bersejarah, yang diidentifikasi sebagai bagian dari lingkungan yang pernah dikelilingi tembok pada zaman Kekaisaran Roma, penuh dengan tinggalan-tinggalan arkeologis dari zaman Romawi Kuno. Tinggalan-tinggalan tersebut terus-menerus diekskavasi dan dibuka untuk umum, misalnya Koloseum, Forum Romawi, dan katakombe-katakombe. There are areas with remains from Medieval times. There are palaces and artistic treasures from the Renaissance; fountains, churches and palaces from Baroque times. There is art and architecture from the Art Nouveau, Neoclassic, Modernist and Rationalist periods. There are museums, such as the Musei Capitolini, the Vatican Museums, Galleria Borghese.
Parts of the historical centre were reorganised after the 19th-century Italian Unification (1880–1910 – Roma Umbertina). The increase of population caused by the centralisation of the Italian state necessitated new infrastructure and accommodation. There were also substantial alterations and adaptations made during the Fascist period, for example, the creation of the Via dei Fori Imperiali; and the Via della Conciliazione in front of the Vatican. These projects involved the destruction of a large part of the old Borgo neighbourhood. New quartieri were founded, such as EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma), San Basilio, Garbatella, Cinecittà, Trullo and Quarticciolo. So great was the influx of people that on the coast, there was restructuring of Ostia and the inclusion of bordering villages such as Labaro, Osteria del Curato, Quarto Miglio, Capannelle, Pisana, Torrevecchia, Ottavia, Casalotti.-->
Lawang, Matur, Agam
Lawang merupakan salah satu nagari yang terdapat dalam kecamatan Matur, kabupaten Agam, provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
Bride of the Regiment
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Tory Belleci
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Tim Persija Junior ini terdiri dari beberapa tim kelompok usia yaitu.
Insiden Monas
Insiden Monas adalah istilah yang digunakan oleh media dalam laporannya mengenai serangan yang terjadi pada aksi yang dilakukan oleh "Aliansi Kebangsaan Untuk Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan" (AKKBB) di Monas pada 1 Juni 2008, tepat pada hari kelahiran Pancasila. Insiden ini bermula ketika AKKBB akan menggelar aksi di Monas, Jakarta, pada 1 Juni 2008 namun belum lama aksi dimulai, kumpulan masa AKKBB diserang oleh masa beratribut FPI. Massa FPI memukuli anggota Aliansi Kebangsaan dengan berbagai cara, anggota FPI tak berhenti menyerang mereka juga menghancurkan peralatan pengeras suara, merusak dan membakar spanduk. Tercatat 14 orang terluka dan sembilan di antaranya dirujuk ke rumah sakit. Aksi yang sudah dikoordinasikan dengan polisi ini bubar tercerai berai, beberapa orang melarikan diri ke Galeri Nasional sembari mengajak wartawan untuk ikut menyelamatkan diri. Kepala Divisi Humas Mabes Polri Inspektur Jenderal Abubakar Nataprawira membantah polisi telah melakukan pembiaran pada aksi yang dikawal polisi ini.
Munarman sebagai ketua Laskar Islam menyatakan bahwa penyerangan itu dilakukan karena aksi ini merupakan aksi kelompok pendukung Ahmadiyah, dan bukan untuk peringatan hari Pancasila. Munarman juga mengkoreksi pemberitaan media yang melibatkan FPI sebagai pelaku, dan menyatakan bahwa penyerangan itu dilakukan oleh Komando Laskar Islam. Ketua Forum Umat Muslim, Mashadi, juga menunjukkan video yang diklaim sebagai provokasi kepada pihak FPI dan menyebabkan FPI menyerang AKKBB. Video tersebut berisi gambar seorang peserta aksi yang diduga kelompok aliasnsi akan mengeluarkan senjata, tetapi tak jelas bentuknya.
Dampak
Aksi masa beratribut FPI juga telah berakibat beberapa fasilitas di Monas rusak berat. Hal ini disampaikan oleh Gubernur Jakarta Fauzi Bowo yang menyatakan bahwa setiap langkah-langkah yang bertentangan dengan hukum itu ada konsekuensinya. Gubernur meminta tramtib untuk mengusut siapa saja pelaku perusakan tersebut. Insiden ini juga ditindak lanjuti dengan pengerahan 1.500 anggota polisi ke Markas FPI di Jalan Petamburan III, Tanahabang, Jakarta Pusat pada 4 Juni 2008 dan ditangkapnya 57 orang anggota FPI untuk diselidiki, di antara yang dijadikan tersangka yaitu ketua FPI, Habib Rizieq. Ketua Laskar Islam Munarman telah ditetapkan sebagai DPO Polisi (Daftar Pencarian Orang) karena telah melarikan diri dan keberadaannya tidak diketahui. Insiden Monas ini juga telah memicu aksi protes terhadap kekerasan secara nasional.
Pakan Sinayan, Banuhampu, Agam
Pakan Sinayan merupakan salah satu nagari yang terdapat di dalam Kecamatan Banuhampu, Kabupaten Agam, Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Nagari ini terdiri dari sepuluh wilayah setingkat dusun/jorong, yaitu jorong Tobo Ladang, jorong Surau Baru, jorong Ladang Lungguak Batu, jorong Cupak, jorong Kandang Jilatang, jorong Kalampaian, jorong Dalam Koto, jorong Tiagan, jorong Kubu Anau dan jorong Tabek Sarik an.
Pakan Sinayan berbatasan dengan Nagari Sungai Tanang (Kecamatan Banuhampu), Nagari Guguak Tabek Sarojo dan Nagari Koto Tuo (Kecamatan IV Koto).
Di Pakan Sinayan terdapat ikon wisata lereng Gunung Singgalang dan tempat wisata Sajuta Janjang.
Di bidang pendidikan terdapat SMA Negeri 1 Banuhampu, 4 buah sekolah dasar, satu taman kanak-kanak. Juga terdapat 4 MDA dan 2 pondok tahfiz.
Untuk sarana ibadah terdapat 2 buah mesjid yaitu Mesjid Jamik dan Masjid Baiturrahman, juga terdapat 15 mushala.
Matua Hilia, Matur, Agam
Matua Hilia merupakan salah satu nagari yang terdapat dalam kecamatan Matur, kabupaten Agam, provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
Cornutrypeta superciliata
Cornutrypeta superciliata adalah spesies lalat yang tergolong famili Tephritidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Kebanyakan anggota spesies ini bertelur dalam jaringan tumbuhan, tempat larva menemukan makanan pertamanya setelah lahir. Lalat dewasa biasanya berumur sangat pendek. Beberapa hidup selama kurang dari seminggu.
Mark Medoff
Mark Medoff adalah seorang pengarang drama, penulis naskah, sutradara film dan teater, pemeran dan prodesor asal Amerika Serikat. Dramanya Children of a Lesser God meraih Tony Award dan Olivier Award.
Universitas Politeknik
Polytechnic University, Japan (bahasa Jepang: 職業能力開発総合大学校, Syokugyou nouryoku kaihatsu sougou daigakkou), adalah perguruan tinggi kedinasan Jepang yang berlokasi di Ogawa Nishimachi 2-32-1, Kodaira, Tokyo. Polytechnic University (biasanya disingkat PTU) didirikan pada tahun 1961.
Sampai dengan tahun 2012, PTU juga memiliki kampus di Sagamihara, Prefektur Kanagawa. Terhitung mulai April 2013, kampus Sagamihara ditutup dan seluruh kegiatan di kampus Sagamihara dipindahkan ke kampus Kodaira.
Kegiatan
Sebagai perguruan tinggi kedinasan, PTU tidak berada di bawah yurisdiksi Kementerian Pendidikan, Budaya, Olahraga, Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Jepang, tetapi di bawah yurisdiksi Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja dan Sosial Jepang. Fokus utama pendidikan di PTU adalah untuk menghasilkan dan meningkatkan kapasitas instruktur latihan kerja serta melakukan penelitian terkait pengembangan kompetensi kerja dan pelatihan kerja berbasis teknologi canggih.
Filosofi
Filosofi PTU adalah "monozukuri" dan "hitozukuri. Dalam mengembangkan monozukuri atau manufaktur, menitikberatkan pada integrasi sains, teknologi, dan keterampilan. Hitozukuri atau pengembangan sumber daya manusia diterjemahkan sebagai pendidikan dan pelatihan mengenai monozukuri untuk diteruskan kepada generasi berikutnya.
UD Salamanca
Unión Deportiva Salamanca, S.A.D. merupakan sebuah tim sepak bola Spanyol yang bermain di divisi dua Segunda División. Didirikan pada tahun 1923. Berbasis di Salamanca. Klub ini memainkan pertandingan kandangnya di Estadio El Helmántico yang berkapasitas 17.341 kursi. Seragam mereka berwarna putih hitam.
Karak Apung, Bathin III Ulu, Bungo
Karak Apung adalah dusun yang berada di kecamatan Bathin III Ulu, Kabupaten Bungo, Jambi, Indonesia.
Bill Nelson (teknisi suara)
Bill Nelson adalah seorang teknisi suara asal Amerika Serikat. Ia dinominasikan untuk dua Oscar dalam kategori Tata Suara Terbaik.
Cinachyrella clavigera
Cinachyrella clavigera adalah spesies spons yang tergolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Cinachyrella dan famili Tetillidae. Nama ilmiah spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1912 oleh Hentschel.
Undang-Undang Dasar Pemerintahan Sekuler Negara Gereja
Undang-Undang Dasar Pemerintahan Sekuler Negara Gereja adalah undang-undang dasar Negara Gereja yang merupakan salah satu bentuk konsesi dari Paus Pius IX untuk meredam Revolusi 1848. Undang-undang dasar tersebut dipublikasikan pada tanggal 14 Maret 1848.
Daftar Wasit Internasional FIFA
Daftar Wasit Internasional FIFA adalah daftar global wasit sepak bola-sejenis yang dikendalikan oleh FIFA – Asosiasi sepak bola (sepak bola luar ruangan), Futsal dan sepak bola Pantai. Anggota dari daftar yang memenuhi syarat untuk memimpin di tingkat internasional dan berhak untuk memakai Lencana FIFA pada seragam mereka dengan tahun di mana mereka terdaftar.
Undang-Undang Dasar Pemerintahan Sekuler Negara Gereja
Undang-undang dasar tersebut membentuk dua kamar legislatif. Dewan tinggi terdiri dari anggota-anggota yang diangkat oleh Paus dan memiliki masa jabatan seumur hidup, sementara yang kedua terdiri dari 100 anggota yang dipilih rakyat. Undang-undang yang disahkan oleh lembaga legislatif tersebut harus diteliti oleh Dewan Kardinal terlebih dahulu sebelum diserahkan kepada Paus untuk memperoleh persetujuannya. Urusan-urusan gerejawi tidak termasuk ke dalam wewenang lembaga legislatif tersebut.
Daftar Wasit Internasional FIFA
Nominasi
Anggota negara-negara FIFA diundang setiap tahunnya untuk mencalonkan laki-laki dan perempuan menjadi offisial sepak bola, futsal dan sepak bola pantai. Masing-masing negara Pengurus Wasit memilih wasit yang akan dinominasikan untuk FIFA.
FIFA memberi kesempatan untuk lima orang Wasit yaitu: Wasit sepak bola laki-laki dan perempuan, Wasit futsal laki-laki dan perempuan, dan satu daftar wasit dari sepak bola pantai. Pengurus sepak bola dinominasikan sebagai salah satu wasit atau asisten wasit. Futsal dan sepak bola pantai di tingkat internasional yang biasanya dikendalikan oleh dua bidang wasit dan tidak ada yang setara dengan asisten wasit.
Kebugaran
Wasit yang dinominasikan harus lulus tes kebugaran yang terdiri dari serangkaian sprint 40 meter dan selang waktu tes yang terdiri dari 75 meter sprint dan 2x 12,5 meter berjalan. Asisten wasit yang dinominasikan harus lulus tes kebugaran yang terdiri dari CODA-drill, seri 30 meter sprint dan selang waktu tes yang terdiri dari 75 meter sprint dan 2x 12,5 meter berjalan.
Cinachyrella clavigera
Seperti spons pada umumnya, spesies ini memiliki tubuh yang berpori dan permukaan yang keras seperti batu. Selain itu, Cinachyrella clavigera juga dapat menyerap oksigen dari air melalui proses difusi.
(122581) 2000 RJ24
(122581) 2000 RJ24 adalah sebuah asteroid. Asteroid ini merupakan bagian dari asteroid Troya Yupiter, yang terletak di orbit Yupiter. Eksentrisitas orbit asteroid ini tercatat sebesar 0.071, sementara magnitudo mutlaknya adalah 11.9.
Daftar Wasit Internasional FIFA
Lencana FIFA
Bagi mereka yang lulus tes, wasit akan menerima lencana dari FIFA. Lencana menunjukkan kategori resmi di mana mereka telah terdaftar – sebagai wasit, asisten wasit, wasit Futsal atau wasit sepak bola Pantai. Sementara wasit pertandingan dalam kategori mereka telah dinominasikan, wasit ini, diharapkan untuk memakai lencana. Di mana wasit mengendalikan pertandingan di luar kategori (misalnya, asisten wasit bertindak sebagai wasit atau wasit Futsal) lencana tersebut tidak dipakai. Anggota dari daftar wanita hanya diperbolehkan untuk bekerja dalam pertandingan internasional pria jika mereka telah melengkapi verifikasi tes kebugaran untuk pria. Yang terdaftar untuk pertama kalinya ini sering disebut sebagai penerima Lencana FIFA.
(122581) 2000 RJ24
Pembentukan
Seperti asteroid secara keseluruhan, asteroid ini terbentuk dari nebula matahari primordial sebagai pecahan planetisimal, sesuatu di nebula matahari muda yang tidak cukup besar untuk berubah menjadi planet.
Daftar Wasit Internasional FIFA
Usia
Wasit harus minimal 25 tahun pada tanggal 1 januari pada tahun seleksi untuk dapat memenuhi syarat menjadi Wasit Internasional. Asisten wasit yang memenuhi syarat pada usia 23 tahun.
Sebelum 2016, wasit harus tidak lebih dari 45 tahun agar memenuhi syarat menjadi wasit. Sebelumnya tidak tercantum wasit harus tidak lebih dari 38.
FIFA berhak untuk meminta wasit di atas usia 45 untuk menjalani tambahan penilaian teknis serta spesifik pemeriksaan kesehatan dan kebugaran pengujian pada kasus per kasus. Sarkis Demirdjian merupakan Wasit FIFA paling lama mengabdi yaitu 20 tahun dan 10 bulan, dari September 1962 sampai bulan juli 1983.
Wasit oleh Asosiasi
Pada tahun 2016, total 3,378 wasit dari 201 asosiasi di seluruh dunia yang telah menyandang status internasional FIFA.
Padang Lua, Banuhampu, Agam
Padang Lua merupakan salah satu nagari yang terdapat dalam Kecamatan Banuhampu, Kabupaten Agam, Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
Keluarga Bosque
Keluarga Bosque Sebuah reality show yang menampilkan artis terkenal Baim Wong dan Paula Verhoeven sebagai bintang utamanya. Mereka akan berbagi seluruh sisi kehidupan mereka, mulai dari kehidupan pernikahan, keseruan bersama sang buah hati Kiano Tiger Wong, keluarga dan orang terdekat serta bintang tamu.
Padang Lua, Banuhampu, Agam
Padang lua punya wilayah yang didiami warga tujuh suku (marga):
Keluarga Bosque
Acara ini ditayangkan setiap Senin—Jumat pukul 18.00 WIB setelah sebelumnya tayang Sabtu—Minggu pukul 18.00 WIB.Dikarenakan kesibukan dari pengisi acara maka acara ini dihentikan pada tanggal 12 April 2021
Padang Lua, Banuhampu, Agam
Perekonomian
Di Padang Lua terdapat Pasar Sayur terbesar di Kabupaten Agam yang aktif setiap hari dari pukul 04.00 sampai sore. Dulu pasar ini hanya dua kali seminggu, yakni Ahad dan Kamis. Sekarang pasar ini buka tiap hari kecuali hari senin.
Di Padang lua sejak zaman Belanda berdiri Sentral listrik PLN, Dulu PLTU (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap) berbahan bakar batubara yang dikirim langsung dengan kereta api dari Tambang Batubara Ombilin, Sawahlunto. Tahun 1967, PLTU dihentikan dan berubah menjadi Sentral PLTD (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Diesel) berbahan bakar minyak solar yang juga diangkut dengan gerbong kereta api tanki dan mobil tanki.
Namun sejak tahun 1980 PLTD dihentikan. Gedung bangunan "Sintaran" - sebutan untuk Sentral oleh warga setempat, kemudian berubah menjadi Sentral distribusi dari PLTA (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air) Batang Agam.