cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
Mobile Suit Gundam
Novel
Seri tiga novel ini diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris oleh Frederik Schodt dan diterbitkan oleh Del Rey Books pada September 1990. Pada waktu itu, belum ada alih aksara resmi dari nama-nama tokoh dan mecha pada seri Gundam, sehingga komunitas penggemar berbahasa Inggris kala itu banyak menggunakan ejaan yang berbeda-beda. Pada terjemahan itu, Schodt menuliskan nama "Char" menjadi "Sha", yang merupakan transliterasi dari pelafalan bahasa Jepangnya, walau Tomino mengkonfirmasi di Anime Expo New York tahun 2002 bahwa nama "Char" diambil dari nama Charles Aznavour, seorang penyanyi berbahasa Prancis yang terkenal. (Di edisi terjemahan tahun 2004, Schodt mengungkapkan bahwa dia merasa nama "Char" tampaknya "terlalu dekat" dengan nama Charles Aznavour.) Schodt juga mengubah "Zaku" (mobile suit terkenal milik Zeon) menjadi "Zak", dan "Zeon" menjadi "Jion", daripada "Zion", setelah berkonsultasi dengan Tomino. Beberapa penggemar dari Amerika Utara murka besar terhadap terjemahan yang dilakukan Schodt karena lupa bahwa di versi asli berbahasa Jepang, kebanyakan dari nama tokoh dan mecha ditulis dengan katakana, dan tidak adanya "ejaan resmi". Beberapa tahun kemudian, setelah seri Gundam banyak dilisensi di Amerika Utara, para pemegang hak lisensi membuat daftar "ejaan resmi" untuk digunakan dalam edisi berbahasa Inggris, dan beberapa dari ejaan tersebut termasuk pula terjemahan yang ditulis Schodt, serta terjemahan yang menjadi favorit para penggemar tertentu di Amerika Utara.
Pada tahun 2004, Schodt merevisi terjemahannya dahulu yang bukunya sediri sudah tidak dicetak hampir sedekade. Tiga set volume Mobile Suit Gundam versi novel terbitan Rel Dey Books diterbitkan ulang kembali oleh Stone Bridge Press dan menggabungkan ketiga volume tersebut menjadi satu buku berjumlah 476 halaman (dengan peningkatan pada desain sampul) dengan judul Mobile Suit Gundam: Awakening, Escalation, Confrontation. Sejak para pemegang hak lisensi di Jepang telah membuat daftar terpadu (walau masih berkembang) alih aksara nama-nama tokoh dan mecha, Schodt bisa menggunakannya dan nama "Char" tetap menjadi "Char", bukan "Sha", serta nama "Zaku" tetaplah "Zaku", bukan "Zak" lagi.
Film
Setelah kesuksesan penayangan seri Mobile Suit Gundam di televisi, Tomino mengerjakan ulang rekaman adegan-adegan yang ada di seri dan diubah menjadi kompilasi tiga film. Dua film pertama yang berjudul Mobile Suit Gundam dan Mobile Suit Gundam: Soldier of Sorrow dirilis pada tahun 1981 dan film ketiga yang berjudul Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space dirilis pada tahun 1982.
Ketiga film tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari rekaman adegan-agean lama yang telah tayang di televisi, namun Tomino merasa bahwa ada beberapa hal yang perlu dirubah agar menjadi lebih baik. Tomino menghapus beberapa aspek yang dia rasa masih bergaya super robot dalam seri Gundam yang dimaksudkan sebagai seri real robot, seperti senjata Gundam Hammer. Bagian upgrade untuk Gundam, G-Armor, juga dihapus secara total dan diganti dengan pesawat tempur pendukung Core Booster yang lebih realistis, dan Hayato, salah satu tokoh protagonis, juga mendapatkan mecha RX-77 Guncannon saat adegan pertempuran di Jaburo untuk menggantikan RX-75 Guntank yang tidak cocok untuk digunakan. Pada film ketiga, terdapat penambahan sejumlah adegan pada pertempuran di benteng Solomon dan A Baoa Qu.
Ketika film pertama ditayangkan perdana di bioskop pada 22 Februari 1981, sebanyak 15.000 penonton datang untuk penonton sehingga pihak polisi dan media khawatir karena banyaknya penonton bisa menimbulkan kerusuhan. Kejadian tersebut dianggap sebagai titik balik dalam sejarah anime dan disebut sebagai "hari dimana anime berubah" oleh koran Asahi Shimbun. Film pertama meraup keuntungan sebanyak 1,76 miliar Yen, film kedua sebanyak 1,38 miliar Yen, dan film ketiga menjadi film terlaris keempat di Jepang pada tahun 1982 dengan keuntungan distribusi sebanyak 1,29 miliar Yen dan pendapatan box office sebanyak 2,31 miliar Yen. Secara keseluruhan, ketiga film meraup keuntungan sebanyak 5,45 miliar Yen di bioskop Jepang.
Manga
Sudah terdapat tiga adaptasi manga dari seri Mobile Suit Gundam. Adaptasi pertama dikarang oleh Yū Okazaki antara tahun 1979 dan 1980 yang telah disusun menjadi dua volume. Lalu, Mobile Suit Gundam 0079 oleh Kazuhisa Kondo yang diterbitkan di majalah Dengeki Comics dari tahun 1993 hingga 2005 dengan jumlah keseluruhan 12 volume tankōbon. Viz Media telah menerbitkan sembilan volume pertama dari manga tersebut antara tahun 2000 dan 2003 dalam bahasa Inggris. Manga yang ketiga adalah Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin oleh Yoshikazu Yasuhiko yang diterbitkan dari Juni 2001 hingga Juni 2011 di majalah Gundam Ace milik Kadokawa Shoten dan telah disusun sebanyak 23 volume secara keseluruhan. Manga tersebut pertama kali dirilis oleh Viz Media dalam bahasa Inggris, namun tidak diselesaikan; kemudian dirilis kembali oleh Vertical dari Maret 2013 hingga Desember 2015.
Kelanjutan dari manga Mobile Suit Gundam 0079 yang berjudul Mobile Suit Gundam 0079 Episode II Luna telah dimuat di majalah Gundam Ace pada 26 November 2022.
Penerimaan, pengaruh, dan warisan
Walaupun dirilis di tahun 1979, seri pertama Gundam masih diingat dan dikenali oleh komunitas penggemar anime karena seri tersebutlah yang merevolusikan anime mecha dengan mengenalkan genre baru, Real Robot, yang selama bertahun-tahun menjadi identik dengan genre mecha itu sendiri bagi banyak orang. Alhasil, contohnya, anime-anime yang memparodikan genre mecha biasanya menampilkan homage terhadap seri Mobile Suit Gundam karena memang sangat dikenali.
Seri Mobile Suit Gundam menjadi pemenang pertama penghargaan Anime Grand Prix yang diselenggarakan oleh majalah Animage pada tahun 1979 dan awal tahun 1980. Seri ini juga berada di peringkat ke-24 pada daftar 100 anime terbaik di majalah Animage dan menjadi anime terbaik kedua sepanjang masa oleh majalah Wizard. Pada akhir 2007, penjualan kaset yang mencakup setiap episode di seri pertama Gundam dalam berbagai format (VHS, DVD, BD, dan lainnya) mencapai rata-rata 80.928 kopi. Penjualan set box DVD pertama terjual lebih dari 100.000 kopi di bulan pertama perilisan dari 21 Desember 2007 hingga 21 Januari 2008. Sebagai bagian dari peringatan hari jadi ke-30 seri Gundam, diumumkan rencana pembuatan patung Gundam berskala 1:1 di Jepang sebagai bagian dari proyek Real-G pada 11 Maret 2009. Pembuatan patung dengan tinggi 18 meter tersebut selesai pada Juli 2009 dan dipamerkan di Tokyo yang kemudian diturunkan, lalu dibuat kembali di Prefektur Shizuoka dan diturunkan lagi pada Maret 2011. Pada Agustus 2011, patung tersebut dibongkar untuk dipamerkan kembali di Odaiba, Tokyo pada 19 April 2012 dan berdiri di dekat toko suvenir bernama "Gundam Front Tokyo" sebelum dibongkar lagi pada Maret 2016.
Kebanyakan tanggapan kritis dari seri Mobile Suit Gundam ditujukan kepada latar dan tokoh-tokohnya. John Oppliger mengamati bahwa karakter pada tokoh Amuro Ray yang merupakan perwujudan dari semangat pemuda Jepang di tahun 70-an dan Char Aznable yang bisa dibilang "mempesona" menjadi kontribusi utama atas populernya seri ini. Dia juga menyimpulkan bahwa "dalam banyak hal, anime Gundam pertama adalah nilai-nilai identifikasi nostalgia dari segala sesuatu yang dilambangkan anime itu sendiri". Seri ini juga dipuji oleh situs Anime News Network dalam caranya untuk menggambarkan perang dengan tokoh Amuro yang menghadapi momen traumatis setelah membunuh tentara musuh dalam perjalanannya menjadi seorang tentara. Seri ini juga dikenal karena menggambarkan manusia dari ras lain sebagai pihak antagonis daripada makhluk asing jahat. Namun, animasinya tergolong kuno juga dibandingkan dengan seri anime di tahun 2000an.
Pembuat anime mecha Shoji Kawamori berkuliah di Universitas Keio di tahun yang sama dengan penulis skenario Hiroshi Ōnogi dan pendesain karakter Haruhiko Mihimoto, dimana mereka mendirikan klub penggemar seri Mobile Suit Gundam bernama "Gunsight One" yang kemudian digunakan dalam seri anime Macross buatan mereka sebagai tanda panggilan pesawat luar angkasa SDF-1 yang terdapat pada anime tersebut. Seri Macross juga terinspirasi oleh Gundam dalam berbagai aspek pada pengembangan awal seri tersebut. Sutradara film Guillermo del Toro juga menyebutkan seri Gundam juga mempengaruhi film Pacific Rim yang disutradarai olehnya.
Oligodranes humbug
Oligodranes humbug adalah spesies lalat yang berasal dari genus Oligodranes dan famili Bombyliidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Crocidium karooanum
Crocidium karooanum adalah spesies lalat yang berasal dari genus Crocidium dan famili Bombyliidae. Lalat ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Samuel Beckett
Samuel Barclay Beckett adalah seorang novelis avant-garde dari Irlandia, penulis buku, naskah drama drama, puisi, dan sutradara teater. Ia juga menerjemahkan banyak karya sastra terkenal lainnya. Samuel dianugerahi Hadiah Nobel Sastra pada 1969. Naskah dramanya yang paling terkenal adalah Menunggu Godot (bahasa Inggris: Waiting For Godot) yang sering dipentaskan di panggung pertunjukan dan ditayangkan di stasiun televisi. Banyak dramawan dan sastrawan yang berpendapat bahwa dia adalah penulis terpenting abad ke-20. Banyak buku tentang dia yang telah ditulis. Meskipun tinggal di Paris, dia menulis karya-karyanya dalam dua bahasa; Inggris dan Prancis.
Oligodranes humbug
Lalat ini biasanya memakan nektar dan polen yang ada dalam bunga.
Crocidium karooanum
Lalat ini biasanya memakan nektar dan polen yang ada dalam bunga.
Samuel Beckett
<!--Beckett's work is stark, fundamentally minimalist, and, according to some interpretations, deeply pessimistic about the human condition. The perceived pessimism is mitigated both by a great and often wicked sense of humour, and by the sense, for some readers, that Beckett's portrayal of life's obstacles serves to demonstrate that the journey, while difficult, is ultimately worth the effort. His later work explores his themes in an increasingly cryptic and attenuated style. He was awarded the Penghargaan Nobel dalam Sastra in 1969 "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation". Beckett was elected Saoi of Aosdána in 1984.
Early life and education
The Beckett family (originally Becquet) were rumoured to be of Huguenot stock and to have moved to Ireland from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, though this theory seems unlikely. The Becketts were members of the Church of Ireland. The family home, Cooldrinagh in the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, was a large house and garden complete with tennis court that was built in 1903 by Beckett's father William. The house and garden, together with the surrounding countryside where he often went walking with his father, the nearby Leopardstown Racecourse, Foxrock railway station and Harcourt Street station at the city terminus of the line, all feature in his prose and plays.
Golden Kamuy (musim 1)
Golden Kamuy adalah sebuah seri anime asal Jepang produksi tahun 2018, yang didasarkan dari seri manga berjudul sama karya Satoru Noda. Seri anime ini diumumkan pada bulan Juli 2017 di dalam majalah Weekly Young Jump. Musim pertamanya disutradarai oleh Hitoshi Nanba, kemudian ada Noboru Takagi sebagai penulis skenario, Kenichiro Suehiro sebagai pencipta musik, dan Kenichi Ohnuki sebagai desainer karakternya. Sama seperti manga-nya, Hiroshi Nakagawa, seorang pakar bahasa Ainu dari Universitas Chiba, berperan sebagai pengawas bahasa Ainu untuk seri anime ini. Seri anime ini ditayangkan sejak tanggal 9 April hingga 25 Juni 2018 pada saluran Tokyo MX, ytv, STV, dan BS11 sebanyak 12 episode. Lagu tema pembukanya adalah "Winding Road" yang dibawakan oleh Man with a Mission, sedangkan lagu tema penutupnya yang berjudul "Hibana" dibawakan oleh The Sixth Lie.
Seri anime ini ditayangkan secara simulcast oleh Crunchyroll, sementara versi sulih suara bahasa Inggrisnya ditayangkan secara streaming di Funimation sejak tanggal 30 April 2018. Musim pertama ini juga dirilis dalam bentuk tiga volume DVD dan Blu-ray di Jepang sejak bulan Juli 2018. Versi tersebut awalnya direncanakan untuk dirilis sejak bulan Juni, tetapi ditunda selama sebulan dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas adegannya—dibandingkan dengan versi yang disiarkan pada televisi. Versi tersebut juga mencantumkan episode-episode Golden Dōga Gekijō berdurasi pendek, termasuk empat episode yang dikhususkan untuk volume pertama.
Samuel Beckett
Early life and education
At the age of five, Beckett attended a local playschool, where he first started to learn music, and then moved to Earlsford House School in the city centre near Harcourt Street. In 1919, Beckett went to Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh—which school Oscar Wilde had also attended. A natural athlete, Beckett excelled at cricket as a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler. Later, he was to play for Dublin University and played two first-class games against Northamptonshire. As a result, he became the only Nobel laureate to have an entry in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, the bible of cricket.
Early writings
Beckett studied French, Italian and English at Trinity College, Dublin from 1923 to 1927. While at Trinity one of his tutors was the eminent Berkeley scholar and Berkelian Dr. A.A.Luce. Beckett graduated with a B.A., and—after teaching briefly at Campbell College in Belfast—took up the post of lecteur d'anglais in the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author James Joyce by Thomas MacGreevy, a poet and close confidant of Beckett who also worked there. This meeting was soon to have a profound effect on the young man, and Beckett assisted Joyce in various ways, most particularly by helping him do research for the book that would eventually become Finnegans Wake. In 1929, Beckett published his first work, a critical essay entitled Dante...Bruno.Vico..Joyce. The essay defends Joyce's work and method, chiefly from allegations of wanton obscurity and dimness, and was Beckett's contribution to Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress, a book of essays on Joyce which also included contributions by Eugene Jolas, Robert McAlmon, and William Carlos Williams, among others. Beckett's close relationship with Joyce and his family, however, cooled when he rejected the advances of Joyce's daughter Lucia. It was also during this period that Beckett's first short story, "Assumption", was published in Jolas' periodical Transition. The next year he won a small literary prize with his hastily composed poem "Whoroscope", which draws from a biography of René Descartes that Beckett happened to be reading when he was encouraged to submit.
In 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College as a lecturer. He soon became disillusioned with his chosen academic vocation, however. He expressed his aversion by playing a trick on the Modern Language Society of Dublin, reading a learned paper in French on a Toulouse author named Jean du Chas, founder of a movement called Concentrism; Chas and Concentrism, however, were pure fiction, having been invented by Beckett to mock pedantry.
Beckett resigned from Trinity at the end of 1931, terminating his brief academic career. He commemorated this turning point in his life by composing the poem "Gnome", inspired by his reading of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and eventually published in the Dublin Magazine in 1934:
After leaving Trinity, Beckett began to travel in Europe. He also spent some time in London, where in 1931 he published Proust, his critical study of French author Marcel Proust. Two years later, in the wake of his father's death, he began two years of Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Wilfred Bion, who took him to hear Carl Jung's third Tavistock lecture, an event which Beckett would still recall many years later. In 1932, he wrote his first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, but after many rejections from publishers decided to abandon it; the book would eventually be published in 1993. Despite his inability to get it published, however, the novel did serve as a source for many of Beckett's early poems, as well as for his first full-length book, the 1933 short-story collection More Pricks Than Kicks.
David Coote
David Coote (lahir 11 Juli 1982) adalah seorang wasit sepak bola profesional asal Inggris. Ia merupakan anggota Grup 1 PGMOL, yang utamanya bertugas memimpin pertandingan di Liga Utama Inggris, sejak 2018.
Coote merupakan wasit FIFA sejak 2020 hingga 2022 dan asisten wasit video FIFA sejak 2022.
Samuel Beckett
Early writings
In 1935—the year that Beckett successfully published a book of his poetry, Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates—he was also working on his novel Murphy. In May of that year, he wrote to MacGreevy that he had been reading about film and wished to go to Moscow to study with Sergei Eisenstein at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography in Moscow. In the summer of 1936, he wrote to Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin, offering to become their apprentices. Nothing came of this, however, as Beckett's letter was lost due to Eisenstein's quarantine during the smallpox outbreak, as well as his focus on a script re-write of his postponed film production. Beckett, meanwhile, finished Murphy, and then in 1936 departed for extensive travel around Germany, during which time he filled several notebooks with lists of noteworthy artwork that he had seen, also noting his distaste for the Nazi savagery which was then overtaking the country. Returning to Ireland briefly in 1937, he oversaw the publishing of Murphy (1938), which he himself translated into French the next year. He also had a falling-out with his mother, which contributed to his decision to settle permanently in Paris (where he would return for good following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, preferring—in his own words—'France at war to Ireland at peace' Sometime around December 1937, Beckett had a brief affair with Peggy Guggenheim.
In Paris, in January of 1938, while refusing the solicitations of a notorious pimp who ironically went by the name of Prudent, Beckett was stabbed in the chest and nearly killed. James Joyce arranged a private room for the injured Beckett at the hospital. The publicity surrounding the stabbing attracted the attention of Suzanne Descheveaux-Dumesnil, who knew Beckett slightly from his first stay in Paris; this time, however, the two would begin a lifelong companionship. At a preliminary hearing, Beckett asked his attacker for the motive behind the stabbing, and Prudent casually replied, "Je ne sais pas, Monsieur. Je m'excuse" ("I do not know, sir. I'm sorry"). Beckett occasionally recounted the incident in jest, and eventually dropped the charges against his attacker—partially to avoid further formalities, but also because he found Prudent to be personally likeable and well-mannered.
World War II
Beckett joined the French Resistance after the 1940 occupation by Germany, working as a courier, and on several occasions over the next two years was nearly caught by the Gestapo.
In August 1942, his unit was betrayed and he and Suzanne fled south on foot to the safety of the small village of Roussillon, in the Vaucluse département in the Provence Alpes Cote d'Azur region. Here he continued to assist the Resistance by storing armaments in the back yard of his home. During the two years that Beckett stayed in Roussillon he indirectly helped the Maquis sabotage the German army in the Vaucluse mountains, though he rarely spoke about his wartime work.
Beckett was awarded the Croix de guerre and the Médaille de la Résistance by the French government for his efforts in fighting the German occupation; to the end of his life, however, Beckett would modestly refer to his work with the French Resistance as 'boy scout stuff'. '[I]n order to keep in touch', he continued work on the novel Watt (begun in 1941 and completed in 1945, but not published until 1953) while in hiding in Roussillon.
Fame: novels and the theatre
In 1945, Beckett returned to Dublin for a brief visit. During his stay, he had a revelation in his mother’s room in which his entire future literary direction appeared to him. This experience was later fictionalized in the 1958 play Krapp's Last Tape. In the play, Krapp’s revelation is set on the East Pier in Dún Laoghaire during a dark and stormy night, and some critics have identified Beckett with Krapp to the point of presuming Beckett's own artistic epiphany was at the same location, in the same weather.
In 1946, Jean-Paul Sartre’s magazine Les Temps Modernes published the first part of Beckett’s short story "Suite" (later to be called "La fin", or "The End"), not realizing that Beckett had only submitted the first half of the story; Simone de Beauvoir refused to publish the second part. Beckett also began to write his fourth novel, Mercier et Camier, which was not to be published until 1970. The novel, in many ways, presaged his most famous work, the play Waiting for Godot, written not long afterwards, but more importantly, it was Beckett’s first long work to be written directly in French, the language of most of his subsequent works, including the "trilogy" of novels he was soon to write: Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnamable. Despite being a native English speaker, Beckett chose to write in French because—as he himself claimed—French was a language in which it was easier to write 'without style'.
Beckett is most renowned for the play Waiting for Godot. In a much-quoted article, the critic Vivian Mercier wrote that Beckett "has achieved a theoretical impossibility—a play in which nothing happens, that yet keeps audiences glued to their seats. What's more, since the second act is a subtly different reprise of the first, he has written a play in which nothing happens, twice." (Irish Times, 18 February 1956, p. 6.) Like most of his works after 1947, the play was first written in French with the title En attendant Godot. Beckett worked on the play between October 1948 and January 1949. He published it in 1952, and premiered it in 1953. The English translation appeared two years later. The play was a critical, popular, and controversial success in Paris. It opened in London in 1955 to mainly negative reviews, but the tide turned with positive reactions by Harold Hobson in the Sunday Times and, later, Kenneth Tynan. In the United States, it flopped in Miami, and had a qualified success in New York City. After this, the play became extremely popular, with highly successful performances in the U.S. and Germany. It is still frequently performed today.
As noted, Beckett was now writing mainly in French. He translated all of his works into the English language himself, with the exception of Molloy, whose translation was collaborative with Patrick Bowles. The success of Waiting for Godot opened up a career in theatre for its author. Beckett went on to write numerous successful full-length plays, including 1957's Endgame, the aforementioned Krapp's Last Tape (written in English), 1960's Happy Days (also written in English), and 1963's Play.
In 1961, in recognition for his work, Beckett received the International Publishers' Formentor Prize, which he shared that year with Jorge Luis Borges.
Later life and work
In 1969, Beckett, vacationing in Tunis with Suzanne, learned he had won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Suzanne, who saw that her intensely private husband would be, from that moment forth, saddled with fame, called the award a "catastrophe." . Still, Beckett often personally met the artists, scholars, and admirers who sought him out in the anonymous lobby of Paris' Hotel PLM, which was near his Montparnasse home.
Suzanne died on July 17 1989. Beckett, suffering from emphysema and possibly Parkinson's disease and confined to a nursing home, died on December 22 of the same year. The two were interred together in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris, and share a simple marble gravestone which follows Beckett's directive that it be "any colour, so long as it's grey."
Works
Beckett's career as a writer can be roughly divided into three periods: his early works, up until the end of World War II in 1945; his middle period, stretching from 1945 until the early 1960s, during which period he wrote what are probably his most well-known works; and his late period, from the early 1960s until Beckett's death in 1989, during which his works tended to become shorter and shorter and his style more and more minimalist.
Early works
Beckett's earliest works are generally considered to have been strongly under the influence of the work of his friend James Joyce in that they are very erudite, sometimes seeming to display the author's learning merely for the sake of displaying it. As a result, they can, in places, be quite obscure. The opening phrases of the short-story collection More Pricks than Kicks (1934) can serve as an example of this style:
"It was morning and Belacqua was stuck in the first of the canti in the moon. He was so bogged that he could move neither backward nor forward. Blissful Beatrice was there, Dante also, and she explained the spots on the moon to him. She shewed him in the first place where he was at fault, then she put up her own explanation. She had it from God, therefore he could rely on its being accurate in every particular."
The passage is rife with references to Dante Alighieri's Commedia, which can serve to confuse readers not familiar with that work. At the same time, however, there are many portents of Beckett's later work: the physical inactivity of the character Belacqua; the character's immersion in his own head and thoughts; the somewhat irreverent comedy of the final sentence.
Similar elements are present in Beckett's first published novel, Murphy (1938), which also to some extent explores the themes of insanity and chess, both of which would be recurrent elements in Beckett's later works. The novel's opening sentence also hints at the somewhat pessimistic undertones and black humour that animate many of Beckett's works: 'The sun shone, having no alternative, on the nothing new'. Watt, written while Beckett was in hiding in Roussillon during World War II, is similar in terms of themes, but less exuberant in its style. This novel also, at certain points, explores human movement as if it were a mathematical permutation, presaging Beckett's later preoccupation—in both his novels and dramatic works—with precise movement.
It was also during this early period that Beckett first began to write creatively in the French language. In the late 1930s, he wrote a number of short poems in that language, and these poems' spareness—in contrast to the density of his English poems of roughly the same period, collected in Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates (1935)—seems to show that Beckett, albeit through the medium of another language, was in process of simplifying his style somewhat, a change also evidenced in Watt.
Middle period
After World War II, Beckett turned definitively to the French language as a vehicle. It was this, together with the aforementioned "revelation" experienced in his mother's room in Dublin—in which, basically, he realized that his art must be subjective and drawn wholly from his own inner world—that would result in the works for which Beckett is probably best remembered today.
During the 15 years subsequent to the war, Beckett produced four major full-length stage plays: En attendant Godot (written 1948–1949; Waiting for Godot), Fin de partie (1955–1957; Endgame), Krapp's Last Tape (1958), and Happy Days (1960). These plays—which are often considered, rightly or wrongly, to have been instrumental in the so-called "Theatre of the Absurd"—deal in a very blackly humorous way with themes similar to those of the roughly contemporary existentialist thinkers, though Beckett himself cannot be pigeonholed as an existentialist. Broadly speaking, the plays deal with the subject of despair and the will to survive in spite of that despair, in the face of an uncomprehending and, indeed, incomprehensible world. The words of Nell—one of the two characters in Endgame who are trapped in ashbins, from which they occasionally peek their heads to speak—can best summarize the themes of the plays of Beckett's middle period:
"Nothing is funnier than unhappiness, I grant you that. ... Yes, yes, it's the most comical thing in the world. And we laugh, we laugh, with a will, in the beginning. But it's always the same thing. Yes, it's like the funny story we have heard too often, we still find it funny, but we don't laugh any more."
Beckett's outstanding achievements in prose during the period were the three novels Molloy (1951), Malone meurt (1951; Malone Dies) and L'innommable (1953; The Unnamable). In these novels—sometimes referred to as a "trilogy", though this is against the author's own explicit wishes—the reader can trace the development of Beckett's mature style and themes, as the novels become more and more stripped down, barer and barer. Molloy, for instance, still retains many of the characteristics of a conventional novel—time, place, movement and plot—and is indeed, on one level, a detective novel. In Malone Dies, however, movement and plot are largely dispensed with, though there is still some indication of place and the passage of time; the "action" of the book takes the form of an interior monologue. Finally, in The Unnamable, all sense of place and time are done away with, and the essential theme seems to be the conflict between the voice's drive to continue speaking so as to continue existing and its almost equally strong urge to find silence and oblivion. It is tempting to see in this a reflection of Beckett's experience and understanding of what the war had done to the world. Despite the widely-held view that Beckett's work, as exemplified by the novels of this period, is essentially pessimistic, the will to live seems to win out in the end; witness, for instance, the famous final phrase of The Unnamable: 'I can't go on, I'll go on'.
Subsequent to these three novels, Beckett struggled for many years to produce a sustained work of prose, a struggle evidenced by the brief "stories" later collected as Texts for Nothing. In the late 1950s, however, he managed to create one of his most radical prose works, Comment c'est (1961; How It Is). This work relates the adventures of an unnamed narrator crawling through the mud whilst dragging a sack of canned food, and was written as a sequence of unpunctuated paragraphs in a style approaching telegraphese:
"you are there somewhere alive somewhere vast stretch of time then it's over you are there no more alive no more then again you are there again alive again it wasn't over an error you begin again all over more or less in the same place or in another as when another image above in the light you come to in hospital in the dark"
Following this work, it would be almost another decade before Beckett produced a work of non-dramatic prose, and indeed How It Is is generally considered to mark the end of his middle period as a writer.
Late works
Throughout the 1960s and on into the 1970s, Beckett's works exhibited an increasing tendency—already evident in much of his work of the 1950s—towards compactness that has led to his work sometimes being described as minimalist. The extreme example of this, among his dramatic works, is the 1969 piece Breath, which lasts for only 40 seconds and has no characters (though it was likely intended to offer ironic comment on Oh! Calcutta!, the theatrical revue for which it served as an introductory piece ).
In the dramas of the late period, Beckett's characters—already few in number in the earlier plays—are whittled down to essential elements. The ironically titled 1962 Play, for instance, consists of three characters stuck to their necks in large funeral urns, while the 1963 television drama Eh Joe—written for the actor Jack MacGowran—is animated by a camera that steadily closes in to a tight focus upon the face of the title character, and the 1972 play Not I consists almost solely of, in Beckett's words, 'a moving mouth with the rest of the stage in darkness'. Many of these late plays, taking a cue from Krapp's Last Tape, were concerned to a great extent with memory, or more particularly, with the often forced recollection of haunting past events in a moment of stillness in the present; it is in this treatment of a species of involuntary memory that Beckett most clearly reveals his debt to the French novelist Marcel Proust, about whom Beckett had written a monograph in 1931. Moreover, as often as not these late plays dealt with the theme of the self confined and observed insofar as a voice either comes from outside into the protagonist's head, as in Eh Joe, or else the protagonist is silently commented upon by another character, as in Not I. Such themes also led to Beckett's most politically charged play, 1982's Catastrophe, dedicated to Václav Havel, which dealt relatively explicitly with the idea of dictatorship.
Though Beckett's writing of prose during the late period was not so prolific as his writing of drama—as hinted at by the title of the 1976 collection of short texts entitled Fizzles, which was illustrated by American artist Jasper Johns—he did experience something of a renaissance in this regard beginning with the 1979 novella Company, and continuing on through 1982's Ill Seen Ill Said and 1984's Worstward Ho. In the prose medium of these three so-called '"closed space" stories', Beckett continued his preoccupation with memory and its effect on the confined and observed self, as well as with the positioning of bodies in space, as the opening phrases of Company make clear:
"To one on his back in the dark. This he can tell by the pressure on his hind parts and by how the dark changes when he shuts his eyes and again when he opens them again. Only a small part of what is said can be verified. As for example when he hears, You are on your back in the dark. Then he must acknowledge the truth of what is said."
Beckett's final work, the 1988 poem "What is the Word", was written in bed in the nursing home where he spent the last days of his life.
Legacy
Of all the English-language modernists, Beckett's work represents the most sustained attack on the realist tradition. He, more than anyone else, opened up the possibility of drama and fiction that dispense with conventional plot and the unities of place and time in order to focus on essential components of the human condition. Writers like Václav Havel, John Banville, Aidan Higgins and Harold Pinter have publicly stated their indebtedness to Beckett's example, but he has had a much wider influence on experimental writing since the 1950s, from the Beat generation to the happenings of the 1960s and beyond. In an Irish context, he has exerted great influence on writers like Trevor Joyce and Catherine Walsh, who write in the modernist tradition as an alternative to the dominant realist mainstream.
Many major 20th-century-composers, including György Kurtág, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass and Heinz Holliger, have created musical works based on his texts. Beckett's work was also an influence on many visual artists, including Bruce Nauman, Alexander Arotin, and Avigdor Arikha; Arikha, in addition to being inspired by Beckett's literary world, also drew a number of portraits of Beckett and illustrated several of his works.
Beckett has divided critical opinion. Some, such as Sartre and Theodor Adorno, praise him, one for his revelation of absurdity, the other for his works' critical refusal of simplicities; others such as Georg Lukacs condemn for 'decadent' lack of realism.
Since Beckett's death, all rights for performance of his plays are handled by the Beckett estate, currently managed by Edward Beckett, the author's nephew. The estate has a reputation for maintaining firm control over how Beckett's plays are performed and does not grant licences to productions that do not strictly adhere to the stage directions.
The best known pictures of Beckett were taken by photographer John Minihan, who photographed him between 1980 and 1985 and developed such a good relationship with the writer that he became, in effect, his official photographer. Some consider one of these to be among the top three photographs of the 20th century.
Actor Cary Elwes explains in his video diary of The Princess Bride that Samuel Beckett was a neighbour of the Roussimoff family while living in France. He used to give one of the Roussimoff sons, André René, a lift to school every day, since the boy was unable to take the school bus owing to his large size. André René Roussimoff would, in later years, go on to become the famed professional wrestler André the Giant. -->
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Dariusz Wolny (perenang)
Dariusz Wolny adalah seorang perenang asal Polandia. Ia berkompetisi dalam lomba medley tunggal 400 meter putra pada Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980.
Salvia flaccidifolia
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Washington Mystics
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Stasiun Rikuzen-Inai
Stasiun Rikuzen-Inai (陸前稲井駅) adalah sebuah stasiun kereta api di kota Ishinomaki, Prefektur Miyagi, Jepang, yang dioperasikan oleh East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Jalur
Stasiun Rikuzen-Inai dilayani oleh Jalur Ishinomaki, dan berjarak 30.9 kilometer dari terminus jalur tersebut di Stasiun Kogota. Stasiun tersebut juga dilayani oleh kereta-kereta lokal dari Jalur Senseki-Tōhoku
Wanita dalam pertanian di Jepang
Sejarah
Setelah Perang Dunia II, produksi pertanian menurun di Jepang. Pada 2013, para petani Jepang hanya memproduksi 39 persen kebutuhan pangan di Jepang. Setelah PDII, beberapa kebun dimiliki oleh tuan tanah non-petani yang diambil alih oleh bekas pemukim pedesaan. Setelah perang, wanita diperbolehkan untuk ikut dalam organisasi-organisasi pria, namun sering kali dengan batasan-batasan.
Beberapa norma tradisional dilanjutkan di Jepang setelah penerapan Konstitusi 1947. Wanita pedesaan yang bekerja di kebun pada masa tersebut memiliki peran ganda merawat anggota-anggota keluarga dan bekerja di kebun. Meskipun wanita juga mulai bekerja di luar kebun, mereka masih berminat untuk berkebun.
Pada 1980an, terdapat perubahan besar dalam demografi pertanian, dengan kaum muda, khususnya wanita muda, meninggalkan pekerjaan bertani dan pergi untuk bekerja di kawasan-kawasan perkotaan.
Pada 1994, jaringan pertanian terkenal dan terbesar, Para Pahlawan Wanita Pedesaan (atau Inakano Heroine Wakuwaku Network) dibentuk. Para Pahlawan Wanita Pedesaan telah membantuk sebuah konvensi nasional untuk petani wanita menjadi jaringan, menerbitkan Heroine News, dan menyelenggarakan ceramah lokal, seminar dan pertukaran produksi.
Pada 1995, pertanian berubah bagi wanita. Petani wanita yang lebih muda dianggap lebih independen ketimbang generasi-generasi sebelumnya. Pada 1996, sebuah sekolah yang dinamai Sekolah Pertanian Perempuan (Redīsu Fāmu Sukūru) dibentuk di Hokkaido untuk melatih wanita untuk menjadi "petani-petani wanita yang diemansipasi". Sekolah tersebut tak hanya dibentuk untuk mengajarkan wanita tentang pertanian, namun juga mendorong wanita untuk kembali ke kawasan pedesaan.
Setelah 1999, saat (Danjo Kyōdō Sankaku Shakai Kihon Hō) diterapkan, komite dan kooperatif pertanian mulai mendorong keikutsertaan wanita dan meningkatkan peran-peran kepemimpinan wanita dalam pertanian sepanjang waktu.
Riam Bunut, Sungai Laur, Ketapang
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Phạm Văn Thành (perenang)
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Salvia flava
Salvia flava adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Lamiaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Lamiales. Spesies Salvia flava sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Salvia. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh Forrest ex Diels.
Salvia flocculosa
Salvia flocculosa adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Lamiaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Lamiales. Spesies Salvia flocculosa sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Salvia. Nama ilmiah dari spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan oleh Benth..
Taman Nasional Bako
Taman Nasional Bako, yang didirikan pada 1957, adalah taman nasional tertua di Sarawak, timur Malaysia, di pulau Borneo. Tempat tersebut meliputi wilayah seluas 27.27 km2 di semenanjung Muara Tebas di mulut Sungai Bako dan Kuching. Tempat tersebut berjarak sekitar 40 km melalui jalan dari Kuching.
Bako adalah salah satu taman nasional terkecil di Sarawak.
Plasminogen
Plasminogen adalah protein 92-kDa yang berada dalam darah sebagai prekursor inaktif dari plasmin protease serin. Plasminogen akan diubah menjadi plasmin melalui pembelahan ikatan peptide Arg561-Val562 (tPA) atau melalui aktivator plasminogen tipe urokinase (uPA). Aktivasi plasminogen oleh tPA adalah jalur utama yang menyebabkan lisis bekuan fibrin. Interaksi tPA dan plasminogen relatif lambat.
Plasminogen merupakan protease serin kuat yang berperan dalam pemecahan bekuan darah akibat fibrin. Plasminogen disebut juga profibrionolisin, pertama kali dipostulasikan oleh Dastre pada tahun 1938 dan diidentifikasi oleh Christensen pada tahun 1945 dan diisolasi oleh Kline pada tahun 1953. Plasminogen dibiosintesis di hati dengan waktu paruh 2,2 hari (Glu-plasminogen) dan 0,8 hari (Lys-plasminogen). Struktur utamanya adalah protein dengan 791 asam amino.
Peretas Etis Bersertifikat
Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) adalah kualifikasi yang diperoleh dengan menunjukkan pengetahuan dalam menilai keamanan sistem komputer dengan mencari kelemahan dan kerentanan dalam sistem target, menggunakan pengetahuan dan alat yang sama dengan peretas blackhat, tetapi dengan cara yang sah dan legal untuk menilai postur keamanan sistem target. Pengetahuan ini dinilai dengan menjawab pertanyaan pilihan ganda mengenai berbagai teknik dan alat peretasan etis. Kode untuk ujian CEH adalah 312-50. Sertifikasi ini sekarang telah dijadikan dasar dengan perkembangan ke CEH (Praktis), yang diluncurkan pada Maret 2018, tes keterampilan pengujian penetrasi di lingkungan lab di mana kandidat harus menunjukkan kemampuan untuk menerapkan teknik dan menggunakan alat pengujian penetrasi untuk berkompromi berbagai sistem simulasi dalam lingkungan virtual.
Tahapan aktivitas hacking
Berikut ini akan dijelaskan tahapan-tahapan tertentu yang dilakukan dalam aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh seorang peretas.
Reconnaissance
Tahap ini merupakan tahap mengumpulkan data. Peretas akan mengumpulkan semua data sebanyak-banyaknya mengenai target. Proses pengintaian terbagi menjadi dua yaitu pengintaian secara aktif dan pasif.
Scanning
Scanning merupakan tanda dari dimulainya sebuah serangan oleh peretas (pre-attack). Pada tahap ini, peretas akan mencari berbagai kemungkinan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengambil alih komputer atau sistem dari target. Tahapan ini dapat dilakukan jika informasi yang didapat pada tahap reconnaissance mencukupi sehingga peretas bisa mencari “jalan masuk” untuk menguasai sistem. Berbagai peralatan (tools) dapat membantu seorang peretas untuk melalui tahapan ini.
Pengambilan alih
Pada tahap ini peretas akan memulai proses penyerangan terhadap komputer atau sistem korban melalui penetrasi setelah peretas mengetahui kelemahan dari komputer atau sistem korban.
Memelihara akses
Setelah mendapatkan kekuasaan terhadap suatu sistem, terdapat kemungkinan ulah peretas diketahui oleh korban sehingga akan timbul tindakan dari korban untuk memperbaiki kelemahan dari sistemnya. Seorang peretas akan mempertahankan kekuasaannya terhadap sistem tersebut dengan berbagai cara seperti menanamkan backdoor, rootkit, trojan, dan lain-lain. Agar dapat mempertahankan kekuasaannya, peretas bahkan bisa memperbaiki beberapa kelemahan yang ada pada komputer atau sistem korban agar peretas lain tidak bisa memanfaatkannya untuk mengambil alih komputer atau sistem yang sama.
Menutupi jejak
Agar kegiatan dari seorang peretas tidak diketahui oleh korban, maka ada tahapan saat peretas menghapus log file serta menutupi semua jejak yang mungkin ditinggalkan. Maka itu sering kali korban tidak menyadari akan aktivitas peretas karena mereka membuatnya dalam modus tersembunyi (hidden).
Teknologi hacking
Untuk menguasai komputer korban, peretas hanya perlu mengeksploitasi salah satu elemen yang bermasalah pada komputer korban. Elemen-elemen atau jenis serangan bisa dikelompokan menjadi beberapa bagian.
Level sistem operasi
Banyaknya patch yang harus di-install dalam jangka waktu tertentu merupakan kelemahan dari sistem operasi pada umumnya, hal ini dapat diperbaiki dengan rajin meng-update komputer atau sistem dengan tambahan patch yang disediakan oleh vendor sistem operasi seperti Windows atau Linux.
Shrink wrap code
Banyak dari program-program memiliki fitur tambahan yang tidak disadari oleh penggunanya, yang malah bisa merusak sistem tersebut.
Kesalahan konfigurasi
Beberapa sistem bisa memiliki kesalahan konfigurasi atau berada pada tingkat kemanan terendah untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan bagi penggunanya, yang sebenarnya malah menimbulkan kelemahan pada sistem dan mendatangkan ancaman.
Pengelompokan peretas
Peretas bisa dikelompokan berdasarkan aktivitas yang dilakukan. Peretas yang beretika terdapat dalam golongan kategori white hat hacker, tetapi ada juga yang terdapat dalam kategori grey hat hacker yang kemudian menjadi profesional kemanan dan menggunakan kemampuan mereka sesuai dengan peraturan peretas yang beretika
Black hat hacker
Black hat hacker adalah jenis peretas yang menggunakan kemampuan mereka untuk melakukan hal-hal yang dianggap melanggar hukum dan merusak. Ini adalah tipe peretas yang selalu digambarkan dan mendapatkan berita dari media massa karena ulah mereka. Kelompok ini juga disebut sebagai cracker.