cyanic-selkie/wikianc huggingface dataset:
JavaServer Pages (जावासर्वर पेजेस)
Model-view-controller paradigm (मॉडल-दृश्य-नियंत्रक प्रतिमान)
सन की सिफारिश है कि मोडल-दृश्य-नियंत्रक-प्रतिरूप का उपयोग JSP फाइलों में किया जाता है ताकि request processing (अनुरोध प्रसंस्करण) और computer data storage (कंप्यूटर डेटा भंडारण)से प्रेजेंटेशन का विभाजन किया जा सके। या तो नियमित सर्वलेट्स या JSP फाइलों का उपयोग अनुरोध को प्रोसेस करने के लिए किया जाता है। अनुरोध प्रसंस्करण के पूरा हो जाने के बाद, नियंत्रण को JSP को भेज दिया जाता है जिसका उपयोग आउटपुट के निर्माण में किया जाता है। वेबटायर्स के लिए मोडल-दृश्य-नियंत्रक-प्रतिरूप पर आधारित कई प्लेटफोर्म होते हैं (जैसे Barracuda, Apache Struts, Stripes और the Spring MVC framework)।
JSP का संकेतन
JSP पेज एक HTML या XML दस्तावेज़ में टैग लगते हैं जिनका मूल्यांकन कम्पाइलर के द्वारा किया जाता है। इसे उन स्क्रिप्टिंग टैग का उपयोग करके किया जा सकता है, जो PHP या ASP.NET में प्रयुक्त किये जाने वाले टैग्स के समान होते हैं, या JSP टैग लाइब्रेरी के आयात के द्वारा भी इसे किया जा सकता है।
JSP डायरोक्टिव
JSP डायरोक्टिव को एक JSP पेज के शीर्ष पर जोड़ा जाता है। ये निर्देश इस बात पर नियंत्रण करते हैं कि JSP कम्पाइलर कैसे सर्वलेट को उत्पन्न करता है।
निम्नलिखित डायरोक्टिव उपलब्ध हैं:
क्रियात्मक रूप से यह इस बात के समान है जैसे वह जो C प्री प्रोसेसर के द्वारा उपलब्ध कराया गया है। शामिल फाइलों में आम तौर पर एक्सटेनशन "jspf" होता है। (JSP फ्रेगमेंट के लिये):
<%@ include file="somefile.jspf" %>
Default value (डिफ़ॉल्ट का मान) गलत है।
फाल्स का मान, कभी कभी ही प्रयुक्त किया जाता है, यह सूचित करता है कि जब बफर अतिभारित (ओवरफ्लो) हो जाये तब एक अपवाद फेंका जाना चाहिए।
बफर का उपयोग करते समय भी फाल्स का मान गैर कानूनी होता है="कोई नहीं"
अभी, एकमात्र संभव मान '(java) जावा' है।
आप इस का उपयोग नहीं तब तक नहीं करेंगे जब तक आप को वास्तव में यह न पता हो कि आप क्या कर रहें हैं-यह कंटेनर के द्वारा उपलब्ध कराये गए क्लास पदानुक्रम को ओवरराइड करता है।
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %> <%-- example import --%> <%@ page contentType="text/html" %> <%-- example contentType --%> <%@ page isErrorPage="false" %> <%-- example for non error page --%> <%@ page isThreadSafe="true" %> <%-- example for a thread safe JSP --%> <%@ page session="true" %> <%-- example for using session binding --%> <%@ page autoFlush="true" %> <%-- example for setting autoFlush --%> <%@ page buffer="20kb" %> <%-- example for setting Buffer Size --%>
<%@ taglib prefix="myprefix" uri="taglib/mytag.tld" %>
अंतर्निहित वस्तुएं (Implicit Objects)
एक दिया HTML पेज एकाधिक JSPs में पारित किया जा सकता है।
स्क्रिप्टिंग तत्त्व
स्क्रिप्टिंग तत्वों के तीन मूल प्रकार होते हैं जो जावा कोड को सीधे सर्वलेट में प्रविष्ट होने की अनुमति देता है।
स्थैतिक डेटा सदस्यों को भी इसी तरह से परिभाषित किया जा सकता है। साथ ही भीतरी वर्ग भी यहां परिभाषित किये जाने चाहियें. % <! int serverInstanceVariable = 1; %> declaration टैग परिभाषित किये जाने वाली विधि की भी अनुमति देते हैं।
% <! / ** * एक ऑब्जेक्ट को एक स्ट्रिंग में बदल देता है या यदि * ऑब्जेक्ट नल है, यह खाली स्ट्रिंग में लौट जाता है। * / public String toStringOrBlank(Object obj){ if(obj != null){ return obj.toString; } return ""; } %>
<% int localStackBasedVariable = 1; out.println(localStackBasedVariable); %>
expression को एक अर्ध विराम के साथ ख़त्म नहीं किया जाना चाहिए. <%= "expanded inline data " + 1 %>
JSP एकशन्स
JSP actions (JSP एकशन्स) XML टैग्स होते हैं जो बिल्ट-इन वेब सर्वर क्रियाशीलता को बढ़ावा देते हैं।
इसके बाद नियंत्रण चालू JSP को लौट जाता है, एक बार जब अन्य JSP पूरा हो चुका होता है। इस का प्रयोग करते हुए, JSP कोड को डुप्लीकेट के बजाय, अन्य एकाधिक JSP के बीच शेयर किया जायेगा.
एक पैरामीटर को निर्दिष्ट करता है जिसे अनुरोध के चालू मानकों में जोड़ दिया जायेगा.
नियंत्रण कभी भी वर्तमान JSP को नहीं लौटेगा.
jsp:forward
इस अग्रेषण उदाहरण में, अनुरोध को "subpage.jsp" को अग्रेषित किया जाता है। अनुरोध हैंडलिंग इस पृष्ठ पर वापस नहीं लौटती है।
jsp:plugin
प्लगइनउदाहरण एक वेब पेज में एपलेट्स को प्रविष्ट करने का एक समान तरीका बताते हैं। <OBJECT > टैग के आने से पहले, एपलेट्स को प्रविष्ट करने का कोई सामान्य तरीका नहीं था।
वर्तमान में, jsp:plugin टैग गतिशीलता की अनुमति नहीं देता है जिसे एपलेट कहते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, jsp: params का उपयोग एक चार्टिंग एपलेट के साथ नहीं किया जा सकता है जिसे मानकों के रूप में देता बिन्दुओं को पास करने की आवश्यकता होती है, जब तक डाटा बिन्दुओं की संख्या स्थिर है।
उदाहरण के लिए आप jsp:param टैग्स के निर्माण के लिए एक ResultSet के माध्यम से लूप नहीं कर सकते हैं।
प्रत्येक jsp: param टैग हस्त कोडित होना चाहिए। हालांकि, उन में से प्रत्येक jsp: param टैग का एक गतिशील नाम और एक गतिशील मान हो सकता है।
JSP टैग लायब्ररी
पूर्ण परिभाषित JSP एक्शन्स के अतिरिक्त, डेवलपर्स JSP टैग एक्सटेंशन API का उपयोग करते हुए अपने खुद के कस्टम एक्शन्स को जोड़ सकते हैं। डेवलपर्स एक जावा वर्ग को लिखते हैं जो एक टैग इंटरफेस का क्रियान्वयन करती है और एक टैग लायब्ररी XML वर्णन फाइल उपलब्ध करती है जो टैग्स और जावा वर्गों को विशिष्टीकृत करती है और टैग्स का क्रियान्वयन करती है।
निम्नलिखित JSP पर विचार करें।
<%@ taglib uri="mytaglib.tld" prefix="myprefix" %> ... <myprefix:myaction> <%-- The start tag %> ... </myprefix:myaction> <%-- The end tag %> ...
JSP कम्पाइलर mytaglib.tld XML फाइल को लोड करेगा और देखेगा कि टैग 'myaction' का क्रियान्वयन 'MyActionTag' जावा वर्ग के द्वारा किया जा रहा है। पहली बार जब टैग को फाइल में प्रयोग किया जाता है, यह 'MyActionTag' का एक उदाहरण निर्मित करता है। तब (और प्रत्येक अतिरिक्त समय जिसका टैग के द्वारा प्रयोग किया जाता है), यह विधि doStartTag को लागु करेगा, जब इसका सामना शुरुआत करने वाले टैग से होता है। यह स्टार्ट टैग के परिणाम को देखता है और निर्धारित करता है कि टैग के निकाय की प्रक्रिया कैसे होती है। निकाय प्रारंभिक टैग और अंतिम टैग के बीच का पाठ्य है। DoStartTag विधि निम्न में से एक पर वापसी कर सकती हैं:
नोट: यदि टैग विस्तृत होता है तो निकाय टैग वर्ग का समर्थन करता है, doAfterBody विधि का उपयोग तब किया जायेगा जब doEndTag की शुरुआत से पहले निकाय का प्रसंस्करण किया जाता है।
इस विधि का उपयोग लूपिंग सरंचना के क्रियान्वयन में किया जाता है।
जब यह अंतिम टैग का सामना करता है, यह doEndTag विधि को बढ़ावा देता है।
यह विधि इन दो में से एक मान पर लौट सकती है।
इस उपर्युक्त myaction टैग में क्रियान्वयन वर्ग होगा जो कुछ निम्न के जैसा दिखाई देगा:
निकाय टैग विवरण जोड़ें.
यदि आप निकाय के इट्रेशन की पुनरावृति करना चाहते हैं, तो जावा वर्ग (टैग हेन्डलर) इट्रेशन टैग इंटरफेस का क्रियान्वयन करता है।
यह EVAL_BODY_AGAIN पर लौट जाता है जिसका अर्थ है निकाय को फिर से लागू करना।
JSP मानक टैग लाइब्रेरी (JSTL)
JavaServer Pages (जावासर्वर पेजेस) मानक टैग लाइब्रेरी (JSTL) जावा EE वेब अनुप्रयोग विकास प्लेटफोर्म का एक घटक है। यह सामान्य कार्यों के लिए JSP टैग्स के एक टैग लायब्ररी को जोड़ कर JSP विशिष्टीकरण का विस्तार करता है, जैसे XML डाटा प्रसंस्करण, सशर्त निष्पादन, लूप्स और अंतर्राष्ट्रीयकरण.
अंतर्राष्ट्रीयीकरण
JSP में अंतर्राष्ट्रीयकरण उसी तरह से प्राप्त किया जाता है जैसे सामान्य जावा अनुप्रयोग में, ऐसा स्रोत बण्डल का उपयोग करके किया जाता है।
JSP 2.0
JSP specification (JSP विनिर्देशन) के नए संस्करण में नयी विशेषताएं शामिल हैं, जो प्रोग्रामर की उत्पाकता में सुधर लाती हैं।
नामतः
कुछ बीन्स पर विचार करें।
तो, यदि एक व्यक्ति के नाम के नीचे विशेषता अनुरोध पर एक "व्यक्ति" का उदाहरण रखा जाना था।
Java EE 5 Platform में JSP प्रौद्योगिकी
Java EE 5 का ध्यान जावा भाषा एनोटेशन के उपयोग के द्वारा विकास पर केन्द्रित रहा है जिसे J2SE 5.0 के द्वारा शुरू किया गया था। JSP 2.1 इस लक्ष्य में सहायता करता है, इसके लिए वह JSP टैग संचालकों और संदर्भ श्रोताओं पर निर्भरता इंजेक्शन के लिए एनोटेशन को परिभाषित करता है।
Java EE 5 विनिर्देशन का एक अन्य प्रमुख सन्दर्भ है इसकी वेब टायर तकनीकों का संरेखन, नामतः JavaServer Pages (जावासर्वर पेजेस) (JSP), JavaServer Faces (जावा सर्वर फेसेज) (JSF) और JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library (जावा सर्वर पेजेस स्टेनडर्ड टैग लाइब्रेरी) (JSTL)।
एकीकृत EL के लिए मुख्य कुंजी जोड़ जो कि संरेखण के काम से बाहर आया, वह है: जावा वस्तुओं में चर संदर्भ को हल करने और इन जावा वस्तुओं पर लागू संपत्तियों को हल करने के लिए के लिए एक pluggable API, आस्थगित अभिव्यक्ति के लिए सहायता, जिसका मूल्यांकन एक टैग हेन्डलर के द्वारा आवश्यकता पड़ने पर किया जाता है, इसके विरीत उनके अभिव्यक्ति समकक्ष, जिनका मूल्यांकन तुंरत किया जाता है जब एक पेज का क्रियान्वयन किया जाता है।
lvalue अभिव्यक्ति के लिए सहयोग, जो असाइन्मेंट आपरेशन के बाईं ओर दिखाई देता है। जब इसे एक lvalue, के रूप में प्रयुक्त किया जाता है, एक EL अभिव्यक्ति एक डाटा सरंचना के लिए एक सन्दर्भ का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, उदाहरण के लिए: एक जावा बीन प्रोपर्टी, जो किसी यूजर इनपुट को सौंपी जाती है।
नई एकीकृत EL को इसके अपने विनिर्देशन दस्तावेज में परिभाषित किया जाता है, जिसे JSP 2.1 विनिर्देश के साथ डिलीवर किया जाता है।
एकीकृत EL, JSTL टैग, जैसे JSTL इट्रेशन टैग्स का धन्यवाद, जिनका उपयोग अब JSF अवयवों के साथ एक सहज तरीके से किया जा सकता है।
JSP 2.1 leverages the Servlet 2.5 विनिर्देश इसके वेब सिमेन्टिक्स के लिए।
द ग्रेंज क्लब
द ग्रेंज क्लब एडिनबर्ग, स्कॉटलैंड के स्टॉकब्रिज जिले में एक क्रिकेट और खेल क्लब है। क्रिकेट ग्राउंड, जिसे आमतौर पर द ग्रेंज के रूप में जाना जाता है, स्कॉटलैंड की राष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट टीम का नियमित घर है, और एडिनबर्ग अकादमी के खेल मैदान के निकट स्थित है, जो रायबर्न प्लेस में है।
नदी वेदिकाएं
नदी वेदिकाएं (River Terrace - रिवर टेरेस) एक प्रमुख प्रवाही जल (नदी) कृत सीढ़ीनुमा अपरदनात्मक स्थलरुप हैं। जब कभी प्रौढावस्था की नदी का पुनरूत्थान हो जाता है तो वह अपनी घाटी को पुनः गहरा काटने का कार्य करने लगती है। ऐसी दशा में पूर्व निर्मित बाढ़ के मैदान नदी के तल से बहुत ऊंचे हो जाते हैं जिससे नदी घाटी के दोनों और वे चौड़ी एवं ऊंची वेदिका ओं के समान प्रतीत होने लगते हैं घाटी के गहरे हो जाने से इन ऊंची वेदिकाओं का छोर बहुत डलवा हो जाता है। अतः जलधारा के दोनों और तीव्र चोर वाली ऊंची और चौड़ी स्थल पार्टियों को ही नदी में दिखाएं अथवा जल और वेदिका कहा जाता है।
बकुची
बकुची (Psoralea corylifolia) औषधी के काम में प्रयुक्त होने वाला एक पौधा है।
यह पौधा हाथ, सवा हाथ ऊँचा होता है। इसकी पत्तियाँ एक अँगुल चौड़ी होती हैं और डालियाँ पृथ्वी से अधिक ऊँची नहीं होतीं तथा इधर उधर दूर तक फैलती हैं। इसका फूल गुलाबी रंग का होता है। फूलों के झड़ने पर छोटी छोटी फलियाँ घोद में लगती हैं जिनमें दो से चार तक गोल गोल चौड़े और कुछ लंबाई लिए दाने निकलते हैं। दानों का छिलका काले रंग का, मोटा और ऊपर से खुरदार होता है। छिलके के भीतर सफेद रंग की दो दालें होती हैं जो बहुत कड़ी होती हैं और बड़ी कठिनाई से टूटती हैं। बीज से एक प्रकार की सुगंध भी आती है। यह औषधी में काम आता है। वैद्यक में इसका स्वाद मीठापन और चरपरापन लिए कड़वा बताया गया है और इसे ठंढ़ा, रुचिकर, सारक, त्रिदोषध्न और रसायन माना है। इसे कुष्टनाशक और त्वग्रोग की औषधि भी बतलाया है। कहीं कहीं काले फूल की भी बहुत होती है।
अन्य नाम
इसे सोमराजी, कृष्णफल, वाकुची,शोमा,पूतिफला, बेजानी, कालमेषिका, अबल्गुजा, ऐंदवी, शूलोत्था, कांबोजी, सुपर्णिका आदि नामों से भी जाना जाता है।
नेक्सस एस
इतिहास और उपलब्धता
नेक्सस एस का प्रदर्शन गूगल के सीईओ एरिक श्मिट के द्वारा 15 नवम्बर 2010 को वेब 2.0 सम्मेलन में किया गया था। गूगल ने आधिकारिक तौर पर 6 दिसम्बर 2010 को अपने ब्लॉग पर फोन की घोषणा की। फोन अमेरिका में 16 दिसम्बर को और ब्रिटेन में 22 दिसम्बर को खरीदने के लिए उपलब्ध हो गया।
8 फ़रवरी 2011 को एनगैजेट ने घोषणा की कि वोडाफ़ोन ब्रिटेन में फोन का एक सफेद संस्करण बेचने वाला है। वर्तमान में वोडाफ़ोन के ब्रिटेन के वेबसाइट में यह सूचीबद्ध है कि सफेद संस्करण 'जल्द आ रहा है'.
ब्रिटेन में, वोडाफ़ोन द्वारा बेचे गए गूगल नेक्सस वन के विपरीत, गूगल नेक्सस एस को कारफोन वेयरहाऊस द्वारा बेचा गया जो वोडाफ़ोन ब्रिटेन, O2 ब्रिटेन, टी-मोबाइल ब्रिटेन और ऑरेंज ब्रिटेन नेटवर्क के पास उपलब्ध है।
प्रोसेसर
नेक्सस एस के पास सैमसंग S5PC110 प्रोसेसर है। यह प्रोसेसर 45 nm 1 GHz ARM कोरटेक्स A8 आधारित CPU कोर के साथ पावर VR SGX 540 GPU को जोड़ती है। CPU कोर का कोड-नाम "हम्मिंगबर्ड" है, जिसे सैमसंग और इनट्रीनसिटी द्वारा सह-विकसित किया गया था। GPU, इमेजिनेशन टेक्नोलॉजीज द्वारा बनाया गया, जो OpenGL ES 1.1/2.0 को समर्थन देता है और 90 मिलियन ट्रायएंगल प्रति सेकेंड तक के लिए सक्षम है।
मेमोरी
नेक्सस एस के पास 512 MB ऑफ डेडीकेटेड RAM (मोबाइल DDR) और 16 GB ऑफ़ iNAND मेमोरी, 1 GB इंटर्नल स्टोरेज और 15 GB "USB स्टोरेज" के रूप में विभाजित है।
रिसेप्शन
एक टेकरडार ने नेक्सस एस की प्रशंसा GPS समस्याओं को ठीक करने के लिए की जो सैमसंग गैलक्सी एस में थीं: "सैमसंग गैलक्सी एस में अपग्रेड की चाहत रखने वालों के लिए अच्छी खबर - जीपीएस मुद्दों का समाधान कर दिया गया है, वास्तव में जिसमें अब आप बिना किसी समस्या के सिगनल पा सकते हैं।
बांद्रा टर्मिनस एक्स्प्रेस 2936
बांद्रा टर्मिनस एक्स्प्रेस 2936  भारतीय रेल द्वारा संचालित एक मेल एक्स्प्रेस ट्रेन है। यह ट्रेन सूरत रेलवे स्टेशन (स्टेशन कोड:ST) से 04:10PM बजे छूटती है और बांद्रा टर्मिनस रेलवे स्टेशन (स्टेशन कोड:BDTS) पर 08:30PM बजे पहुंचती है। इसकी यात्रा अवधि है 4 घंटे 20 मिनट।
नेक्सस एस
रिसेप्शन
सीनेट की समीक्षा डिसप्ले, ॲपरेटिंग सिस्टम और प्रदर्शन के बारे में उत्साहित करती थी, लेकिन इस बात पर गौर करना होगा कि अमेरिका में यह डिवाइस केवल टी मोबाइल के साथ ही उपयोग किया जा सकता है और यह 4G के अनुकूल नहीं है। आनंदटेक की तरह, सीनेट ने भी 720p वीडियो रिकॉर्डिंग, HDMI उत्पादन और बाह्य (एसडी कार्ड) मेमोरी के समर्थन की कमी की आलोचना की. सीनेट ने फोन के "कुछ नाजुक" स्पर्शी होने, एलईडी सूचनाओं की कमी और नेक्सस वन की कुछ नई सुविधाओं की भी आलोचना की।
गूगल ने स्वीकार किया कि कुछ नेक्सस एस में बग मौजूद होने के कारण अनियमित रूप से रिबूट की समस्या है, लेकिन अभी तक यह स्पष्ट नहीं है कि समस्या हैंडसेट के सॉफ्टवेयर में निहित है या हार्डवेयर में. गूगल कुछ हफ्तों में ही इस समस्या का समाधान कर देगें.
बाल शिव
भूखंड
इस शो में मां और बेटे, महासती अनुसूया और बाल शिव की अनदेखी पौराणिक कहानी और उनके शाश्वत बंधन को दिखाया गया है। भगवान शिव ने कई अवतार लिए थे लेकिन भगवान शिव ने बचपन और मां के प्यार का कभी अनुभव नहीं किया था क्यूंकि उन्हें अनंत और अजन्मा माना जाता है, हालाँकि, उनका साधु स्वभाव अक्सर देवी पार्वती को चिंतित करता था क्योंकि उन्हें लगा कि उन्हें अधिवास कर्तव्यों की समझ की कमी है। देवी पार्वती की इच्छा को पूरा करने के लिए, महादेव ने बाल रूप धारण किया और मातृ प्रेम का अनुभव करने और अपने पारिवारिक कर्तव्यों को पूरा करने के लिए महासती अनुसूया के कर्तव्यपरायण पुत्र बन गए।
कुरेली गाँव, फर्रुखाबाद (फर्रुखाबाद)
कुरेली फर्रुखाबाद, फर्रुखाबाद, उत्तर प्रदेश स्थित एक गाँव है।
ईकोटूरिज़्म
पर्यावरण प्रेमी पर्यटक (अंग्रेज़ी:ईकोट्रैवलर) वे पर्यटक होते हैं, जो अपनी यात्राओं के दौरान कुछ बातों का ध्याण रखकर पर्यावरण को बचाने में अपना सहयोग देते हैं। इस प्रकार के पर्यटन को ही ईकोटूरिज़्म कहते हैं। पर्यावरण पर बढ़ते दुष्प्रभावों को देखते हुए सभी देशों में पर्यावरण-प्रेमी जीवनशैली अपनाए जाने पर जोर दिया जा रहा है। ऐसी जीवनशैली जो घर तक ही सीमित न हो। लोग अपने व्यवसाय और नौकरी के काम से अथवा मौज-मस्ती के लिए कहीं बाहर घूमने जा रहे हों, तो भी ईको-ट्रैवलर बनकर जाएं। यह ध्यान योग्य है कि यात्रा के दौरान गतिविधियां कार्बन फुटप्रिंट को कम करने में सहायक हो। इसके लिए सबसे आवश्यक होगा अपनी गतिविधियों पर नियंत्रण रखना और पर्यावरण-प्रेमी बातें अपनाने में आगे रहना।
विश्व भर में कई ऐसे होटल हैं, जो अपने यहां ग्रीन होटल्स अभ्यास अपना रहे हैं। उनकी ऐसी गतिविधियों के लिए होटल प्रबंधक और कर्मचारियों के प्रयासों की प्रशंसा करना न भूलें। जहां तक संभव हो सीधी उड़ान लें। हर साल की जाने वाली वायु यात्राओं की संख्या में भी कमी ला सकते हैं यानी कम यात्रा, पर लंबी यात्रा की योजना बना सकते हैं। इस तरह अपनी यात्राओं से उत्सजिर्त होने वाली कार्बन मात्र को कम कर सकते हैं। इकोनॉमी क्लास में यात्रा करें। एक फ्लाइट में जितने अधिक लोग होंगे, प्रति व्यक्ति कार्बन फुटप्रिंट की संख्या उतनी ही कम होगी। यदि होटल में ठहरे हैं, तो बाहर निकलते समय कमरे की प्रकाश व्यवस्था, रेडियो, टीवी और एसी आदि बंद करना न भूलें। डिस्पोजेबल कप व अन्य बर्तनों की जगह दोबारा इस्तेमाल किए जा सकने वाले बर्तनों का इस्तेमाल करें। अतिरिक्त पैकेजिंग, प्लास्टिक बैग, बोतल, व्यर्थ सामान अथवा प्रदूषण फैलाने वाली क्रियाओं पर नियंत्रण बनाएं। सामान का अधिकतम उपयोग करें। यदि वस्तु को दोबारा इस्तेमाल में ला सकते हैं तो अवश्य यूज करें। कागज पर दोनों ओर लिखें। ऐसे सामान की खरीदारी करें, जो पुनर्प्रयोगनीय पदार्थ से बने हों। यदि किसी पहाड़ी इलाके में घूमने गए हैं, तो वहां की सुंदरता को बनाए रखने में अपना पूरा योगदान दें। खाने-पीने के सामान को यहां-वहां न फैंके। यदि किसी जगह पर कूड़ेदान की व्यवस्था नहीं है, तो अपने पास एक पॉलीथीन रखें और बेकार सामान को उसमें एकत्र करें।
जाँ जैक रूसों
There is one famous French Philosopher, called Jean-Jacques Rosseau.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( UK: /ˈruːsoʊ/, US: /ruːˈsoʊ/; French: [ʒɑ̃ ʒak ʁuso]; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.
= Early Life = Rousseau was born in Geneva, which was at the time a city-state and a Protestant associate of the Swiss Confederacy (now a canton of Switzerland). Since 1536, Geneva had been a Huguenot republic and the seat of Calvinism. Five generations before Rousseau, his ancestor Didier, a bookseller who may have published Protestant tracts, had escaped persecution from French Catholics by fleeing to Geneva in 1549, where he became a wine merchant. The house where Rousseau was born at number 40, Grand-Rue, Geneva Rousseau was proud that his family, of the moyen order (or middle-class), had voting rights in the city. Throughout his life, he generally signed his books "Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Citizen of Geneva".
Geneva, in theory, was governed "democratically" by its male voting "citizens". The citizens were a minority of the population when compared to the immigrants, referred to as "inhabitants", whose descendants were called "natives" and continued to lack suffrage. In fact, rather than being run by vote of the "citizens", the city was ruled by a small number of wealthy families that made up the "Council of Two Hundred"; these delegated their power to a 25-member executive group from among them called the "Little Council".
There was much political debate within Geneva, extending down to the tradespeople. Much discussion was over the idea of the sovereignty of the people, of which the ruling class oligarchy was making a mockery. In 1707, a democratic reformer named Pierre Fatio protested this situation, saying "a sovereign that never performs an act of sovereignty is an imaginary being". He was shot by order of the Little Council. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's father, Isaac, was not in the city at this time, but Jean-Jacques's grandfather supported Fatio and was penalized for it.
Rousseau's father, Isaac Rousseau, followed his grandfather, father and brothers into the watchmaking business. He also taught dance for a short period.[page needed] Isaac, notwithstanding his artisan status, was well educated and a lover of music. Rousseau wrote that "A Genevan watchmaker is a man who can be introduced anywhere; a Parisian watchmaker is only fit to talk about watches".
In 1699, Isaac ran into political difficulty by entering a quarrel with visiting English officers, who in response drew their swords and threatened him. After local officials stepped in, it was Isaac who was punished, as Geneva was concerned with maintaining its ties to foreign powers.
Rousseau's mother, Suzanne Bernard Rousseau, was from an upper-class family. She was raised by her uncle Samuel Bernard, a Calvinist preacher. He cared for Suzanne after her father, Jacques, who had run into trouble with the legal and religious authorities for fornication and having a mistress, died in his early 30s. In 1695, Suzanne had to answer charges that she had attended a street theater disguised as a peasant woman so she could gaze upon M. Vincent Sarrasin, whom she fancied despite his continuing marriage. After a hearing, she was ordered by the Genevan Consistory to never interact with him again. She married Rousseau's father at the age of 31. Isaac's sister had married Suzanne's brother eight years earlier, after she had become pregnant and they had been chastised by the Consistory. The child died at birth. The young Rousseau was told a fabricated story about the situation in which young love had been denied by a disapproving patriarch but later prevailed, resulting in two marriages uniting the families on the same day. Rousseau never learnt the truth.
Rousseau was born on 28 June 1712, and he would later relate: "I was born almost dying, they had little hope of saving me". He was baptized on 4 July 1712, in the great cathedral. His mother died of puerperal fever nine days after his birth, which he later described as "the first of my misfortunes".
He and his older brother François were brought up by their father and a paternal aunt, also named Suzanne. When Rousseau was five, his father sold the house that the family had received from his mother's relatives. While the idea was that his sons would inherit the principal when grown up and he would live off the interest in the meantime, in the end the father took most of the substantial proceeds.[page needed] With the selling of the house, the Rousseau family moved out of the upper-class neighborhood and moved into an apartment house in a neighborhood of craftsmen—silversmiths, engravers, and other watchmakers.[page needed] Growing up around craftsmen, Rousseau would later contrast them favorably to those who produced more aesthetic works, writing "those important persons who are called artists rather than artisans, work solely for the idle and rich, and put an arbitrary price on their baubles". Rousseau was also exposed to class politics in this environment, as the artisans often agitated in a campaign of resistance against the privileged class running Geneva.[page needed]
Rousseau had no recollection of learning to read, but he remembered how when he was five or six his father encouraged his love of reading:"Every night, after supper, we read some part of a small collection of romances [adventure stories], which had been my mother's. My father's design was only to improve me in reading, and he thought these entertaining works were calculated to give me a fondness for it; but we soon found ourselves so interested in the adventures they contained, that we alternately read whole nights together and could not bear to give over until at the conclusion of a volume. Sometimes, in the morning, on hearing the swallows at our window, my father, quite ashamed of this weakness, would cry, 'Come, come, let us go to bed; I am more a child than thou art.' (Confessions, Book 1)"Rousseau's reading of escapist stories (such as L'Astrée by Honoré d'Urfé) had an effect on him; he later wrote that they "gave me bizarre and romantic notions of human life, which experience and reflection have never been able to cure me of".[page needed] After they had finished reading the novels, they began to read a collection of ancient and modern classics left by his mother's uncle. Of these, his favorite was Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, which he would read to his father while he made watches. Rousseau saw Plutarch's work as another kind of novel—the noble actions of heroes—and he would act out the deeds of the characters he was reading about.[page needed] In his Confessions, Rousseau stated that the reading of Plutarch's works and "the conversations between my father and myself to which it gave rise, formed in me the free and republican spirit".
Witnessing the local townsfolk participate in militias made a big impression on Rousseau. Throughout his life, he would recall one scene where, after the volunteer militia had finished its manoeuvres, they began to dance around a fountain and most of the people from neighboring buildings came out to join them, including him and his father. Rousseau would always see militias as the embodiment of popular spirit in opposition to the armies of the rulers, whom he saw as disgraceful mercenaries.
When Rousseau was ten, his father, an avid hunter, got into a legal quarrel with a wealthy landowner on whose lands he had been caught trespassing. To avoid certain defeat in the courts, he moved away to Nyon in the territory of Bern, taking Rousseau's aunt Suzanne with him. He remarried, and from that point Jean-Jacques saw little of him. Jean-Jacques was left with his maternal uncle, who packed him, along with his own son, Abraham Bernard, away to board for two years with a Calvinist minister in a hamlet outside Geneva. Here, the boys picked up the elements of mathematics and drawing. Rousseau, who was always deeply moved by religious services, for a time even dreamed of becoming a Protestant minister. Les Charmettes, where Rousseau lived with Françoise-Louise de Warens from 1735 to 1736, now a museum dedicated to Rousseau Virtually all our information about Rousseau's youth has come from his posthumously published Confessions, in which the chronology is somewhat confused, though recent scholars have combed the archives for confirming evidence to fill in the blanks. At age 13, Rousseau was apprenticed first to a notary and then to an engraver who beat him. At 15, he ran away from Geneva (on 14 March 1728) after returning to the city and finding the city gates locked due to the curfew.
In adjoining Savoy he took shelter with a Roman Catholic priest, who introduced him to Françoise-Louise de Warens, age 29. She was a noblewoman of Protestant background who was separated from her husband. As professional lay proselytizer, she was paid by the King of Piedmont to help bring Protestants to Catholicism. They sent the boy to Turin, the capital of Savoy (which included Piedmont, in what is now Italy), to complete his conversion. This resulted in his having to give up his Genevan citizenship, although he would later revert to Calvinism to regain it.
In converting to Catholicism, both de Warens and Rousseau were likely reacting to Calvinism's insistence on the total depravity of man. Leo Damrosch writes: "An eighteenth-century Genevan liturgy still required believers to declare 'that we are miserable sinners, born in corruption, inclined to evil, incapable by ourselves of doing good'". De Warens, a deist by inclination, was attracted to Catholicism's doctrine of forgiveness of sins.
Finding himself on his own, since his father and uncle had more or less disowned him, the teenage Rousseau supported himself for a time as a servant, secretary, and tutor, wandering in Italy (Piedmont and Savoy) and France. During this time, he lived on and off with de Warens, whom he idolized and called his maman. Flattered by his devotion, de Warens tried to get him started in a profession, and arranged formal music lessons for him. At one point, he briefly attended a seminary with the idea of becoming a priest.
Early adulthood
Françoise-Louise de Warens When Rousseau reached 20, de Warens took him as her lover, while intimate also with the steward of her house. The sexual aspect of their relationship (a ménage à trois) confused Rousseau and made him uncomfortable, but he always considered de Warens the greatest love of his life. A rather profligate spender, she had a large library and loved to entertain and listen to music. She and her circle, comprising educated members of the Catholic clergy, introduced Rousseau to the world of letters and ideas. Rousseau had been an indifferent student, but during his 20s, which were marked by long bouts of hypochondria, he applied himself in earnest to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and music. At 25, he came into a small inheritance from his mother and used a portion of it to repay de Warens for her financial support of him. At 27, he took a job as a tutor in Lyon.
In 1742, Rousseau moved to Paris to present the Académie des Sciences with a new system of numbered musical notation he believed would make his fortune. His system, intended to be compatible with typography, is based on a single line, displaying numbers representing intervals between notes and dots and commas indicating rhythmic values. Believing the system was impractical, the Academy rejected it, though they praised his mastery of the subject, and urged him to try again. He befriended Denis Diderot that year, connecting over the discussion of literary endeavors. Palazzo belonging to Tommaso Querini at 968 Cannaregio Venice that served as the French Embassy during Rousseau's period as Secretary to the Ambassador From 1743 to 1744, Rousseau had an honorable but ill-paying post as a secretary to the Comte de Montaigue, the French ambassador to Venice. This awoke in him a lifelong love for Italian music, particularly opera: I had brought with me from Paris the prejudice of that city against Italian music; but I had also received from nature a sensibility and niceness of distinction which prejudice cannot withstand. I soon contracted that passion for Italian music with which it inspires all those who are capable of feeling its excellence. In listening to barcaroles, I found I had not yet known what singing was...
—  Rousseau's employer routinely received his stipend as much as a year late and paid his staff irregularly. After 11 months, Rousseau quit, taking from the experience a profound distrust of government bureaucracy.
Return to Paris
Returning to Paris, the penniless Rousseau befriended and became the lover of Thérèse Levasseur, a seamstress who was the sole support of her mother and numerous ne'er-do-well siblings. At first, they did not live together, though later Rousseau took Thérèse and her mother in to live with him as his servants, and himself assumed the burden of supporting her large family. According to his Confessions, before she moved in with him, Thérèse bore him a son and as many as four other children (there is no independent verification for this number).
Rousseau wrote that he persuaded Thérèse to give each of the newborns up to a foundling hospital, for the sake of her "honor". "Her mother, who feared the inconvenience of a brat, came to my aid, and she [Thérèse] allowed herself to be overcome" (Confessions). In his letter to Madame de Francueil in 1751, he first pretended that he wasn't rich enough to raise his children, but in Book IX of the Confessions he gave the true reasons of his choice: "I trembled at the thought of intrusting them to a family ill brought up, to be still worse educated. The risk of the education of the foundling hospital was much less". Thérèse Levasseur 1791 Ten years later, Rousseau made inquiries about the fate of his son, but no record could be found. When Rousseau subsequently became celebrated as a theorist of education and child-rearing, his abandonment of his children was used by his critics, including Voltaire and Edmund Burke, as the basis for ad hominem attacks.
Beginning with some articles on music in 1749, Rousseau contributed numerous articles to Diderot and D'Alembert's great Encyclopédie, the most famous of which was an article on political economy written in 1755.
Rousseau's ideas were the result of an almost obsessive dialogue with writers of the past, filtered in many cases through conversations with Diderot. In 1749, Rousseau was paying daily visits to Diderot, who had been thrown into the fortress of Vincennes under a lettre de cachet for opinions in his "Lettre sur les aveugles", that hinted at materialism, a belief in atoms, and natural selection. According to science historian Conway Zirkle, Rousseau saw the concept of natural selection "as an agent for improving the human species."
Return to Geneva
On returning to Geneva in 1754, Rousseau reconverted to Calvinism and regained his official Genevan citizenship. In 1755, Rousseau completed his second major work, the Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (the Discourse on Inequality), which elaborated on the arguments of the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences. A contemporary portrait of the Countess of Houdetot He also pursued an unconsummated romantic attachment with the 25-year-old Sophie d'Houdetot, which partly inspired his epistolary novel, Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (also based on memories of his idyllic youthful relationship with Mme de Warens). Sophie was the cousin and houseguest of Rousseau's patroness and landlady Madame d'Épinay, whom he treated rather highhandedly. He resented being at Mme. d'Épinay's beck and call and detested the insincere conversation and shallow atheism of the Encyclopedistes whom he met at her table. Wounded feelings gave rise to a bitter three-way quarrel between Rousseau and Madame d'Épinay; her lover, the journalist Grimm; and their mutual friend, Diderot, who took their side against Rousseau. Diderot later described Rousseau as being "false, vain as Satan, ungrateful, cruel, hypocritical, and wicked... He sucked ideas from me, used them himself, and then affected to despise me". Mme d'Épinay by Jean-Étienne Liotard, ca 1759 (Musée d'art et d'histoire, Geneva)
Rousseau's break with the Encyclopedistes coincided with the composition of his three major works, in all of which he emphasized his fervent belief in a spiritual origin of man's soul and the universe, in contradistinction to the materialism of Diderot, La Mettrie and D'Holbach. During this period, Rousseau enjoyed the support and patronage of Charles II François Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg and the Prince de Conti, two of the richest and most powerful nobles in France. These men truly liked Rousseau and enjoyed his ability to converse on any subject, but they also used him as a way of getting back at Louis XV and the political faction surrounding his mistress, Madame de Pompadour. Even with them, however, Rousseau went too far, courting rejection when he criticized the practice of tax farming, in which some of them engaged.
Rousseau's 800-page novel of sentiment, Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, was published in 1761 to immense success. The book's rhapsodic descriptions of the natural beauty of the Swiss countryside struck a chord in the public and may have helped spark the subsequent nineteenth-century craze for Alpine scenery. In 1762, Rousseau published Du Contrat Social, Principes du droit politique (in English, literally Of the Social Contract, Principles of Political Right) in April. Even his friend Antoine-Jacques Roustan felt impelled to write a polite rebuttal of the chapter on Civil Religion in the Social Contract, which implied that the concept of a Christian republic was paradoxical since Christianity taught submission rather than participation in public affairs. Rousseau helped Roustan find a publisher for the rebuttal.
Rousseau published Emile, or On Education in May. A famous section of Emile, "The Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar", was intended to be a defense of religious belief. Rousseau's choice of a Catholic vicar of humble peasant background (plausibly based on a kindly prelate he had met as a teenager) as a spokesman for the defense of religion was in itself a daring innovation for the time. The vicar's creed was that of Socinianism (or Unitarianism as it is called today). Because it rejected original sin and divine revelation, both Protestant and Catholic authorities took offense.
Moreover, Rousseau advocated the opinion that, insofar as they lead people to virtue, all religions are equally worthy, and that people should therefore conform to the religion in which they have been brought up. This religious indifferentism caused Rousseau and his books to be banned from France and Geneva. He was condemned from the pulpit by the Archbishop of Paris, his books were burned and warrants were issued for his arrest. Former friends such as Jacob Vernes of Geneva could not accept his views, and wrote violent rebuttals.
A sympathetic observer, David Hume "professed no surprise when he learned that Rousseau's books were banned in Geneva and elsewhere". Rousseau, he wrote, "has not had the precaution to throw any veil over his sentiments; and, as he scorns to dissemble his contempt for established opinions, he could not wonder that all the zealots were in arms against him. The liberty of the press is not so secured in any country... as not to render such an open attack on popular prejudice somewhat dangerous."
Voltaire and Frederick the Great
After Rousseau's Emile had outraged the French parliament, an arrest order was issued by parliament against him, causing him to flee to Switzerland. Subsequently, when the Swiss authorities also proved unsympathetic to him—condemning both Emile, and also The Social Contract—Voltaire issued an invitation to Rousseau to come and reside with him, commenting that: "I shall always love the author of the 'Vicaire savoyard' whatever he has done, and whatever he may do...Let him come here [to Ferney]! He must come! I shall receive him with open arms. He shall be master here more than I. I shall treat him like my own son."
Rousseau later expressed regret that he had not replied to Voltaire's invitation. In July 1762, after Rousseau was informed that he could not continue to reside in Bern, d'Alembert advised him to move to the Principality of Neuchâtel, ruled by Frederick the Great of Prussia. Subsequently, Rousseau accepted an invitation to reside in Môtiers, fifteen miles from Neuchâtel. On 11 July 1762, Rousseau wrote to Frederick, describing how he had been driven from France, from Geneva, and from Bern; and seeking Frederick's protection. He also mentioned that he had criticized Frederick in the past and would continue to be critical of Frederick in the future, stating however: "Your Majesty may dispose of me as you like." Frederick, still in the middle of the Seven Years' War, then wrote to the local governor of Neuchatel, Marischal Keith who was a mutual friend of theirs:"We must succor this poor unfortunate. His only offense is to have strange opinions which he thinks are good ones. I will send a hundred crowns, from which you will be kind enough to give him as much as he needs. I think he will accept them in kind more readily than in cash. If we were not at war, if we were not ruined, I would build him a hermitage with a garden, where he could live as I believe our first fathers did...I think poor Rousseau has missed his vocation; he was obviously born to be a famous anchorite, a desert father, celebrated for his austerities and flagellations...I conclude that the morals of your savage are as pure as his mind is illogical."Rousseau, touched by the help he received from Frederick, stated that from then onwards he took a keen interest in Frederick's activities. As the Seven Years' War was about to end, Rousseau wrote to Frederick again, thanking him for the help received and urging him to put an end to military activities and to endeavor to keep his subjects happy instead. Frederick made no known reply, but commented to Keith that Rousseau had given him a "scolding".
Fugitive
For more than two years (1762–1765) Rousseau lived at Môtiers, spending his time in reading and writing and meeting visitors such as James Boswell (December 1764). In the meantime, the local ministers had become aware of the apostasies in some of his writings, and resolved not to let him stay in the vicinity. The Neuchâtel Consistory summoned Rousseau to answer a charge of blasphemy. He wrote back asking to be excused due to his inability to sit for a long time due to his ailment. Subsequently, Rousseau's own pastor, Frédéric-Guillaume de Montmollin, started denouncing him publicly as the Antichrist. In one inflammatory sermon, Montmollin quoted Proverbs 15:8: "The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord, but the prayer of the upright is his delight"; this was interpreted by everyone to mean that Rousseau's taking communion was detested by the Lord. The ecclesiastical attacks inflamed the parishioners, who proceeded to pelt Rousseau with stones when he would go out for walks. Around midnight of 6–7 September 1765, stones were thrown at the house Rousseau was staying in, and some glass windows were shattered. When a local official, Martinet, arrived at Rousseau's residence he saw so many stones on the balcony that he exclaimed "My God, it's a quarry!" At this point, Rousseau's friends in Môtiers advised him to leave the town.
Since he wanted to remain in Switzerland, Rousseau decided to accept an offer to move to a tiny island, the Ile de St.-Pierre, having a solitary house. Although it was within the Canton of Bern, from where he had been expelled two years previously, he was informally assured that he could move into this island house without fear of arrest, and he did so (10 September 1765). Here, despite the remoteness of his retreat, visitors sought him out as a celebrity. However, on 17 October 1765, the Senate of Bern ordered Rousseau to leave the island and all Bernese territory within fifteen days. He replied, requesting permission to extend his stay, and offered to be incarcerated in any place within their jurisdiction with only a few books in his possession and permission to walk occasionally in a garden while living at his own expense. The Senate's response was to direct Rousseau to leave the island, and all Bernese territory, within twenty four hours. On 29 October 1765 he left the Ile de St.-Pierre and moved to Strasbourg. At this point:"He had invitations to Potsdam from Frederick, to Corsica from Paoli, to Lorraine from Saint-Lambert, to Amsterdam from Rey the publisher, and to England from David Hume."He subsequently decided to accept Hume's invitation to go to England.
Back in Paris
On 9 December 1765, having secured a passport from the French government to come to Paris, Rousseau left Strasbourg for Paris where he arrived after a week, and lodged in a palace of his friend, the Prince of Conti. Here he met Hume, and also numerous friends, and well wishers, and became a very conspicuous figure in the city. At this time, Hume wrote:"It is impossible to express or imagine the enthusiasm of this nation in Rousseau's favor...No person ever so much enjoyed their attention...Voltaire and everybody else are quite eclipsed."One significant meeting could have taken place at this time: Diderot wanted to reconcile and make amends with Rousseau. However, both Diderot and Rousseau wanted the other person to take the initiative, so the two did not meet.
Letter of Walpole
On 1 January 1766, Grimm wrote a report to his clientele, in which he included a letter said to have been written by Frederick the Great to Rousseau. This letter had actually been composed by Horace Walpole as a playful hoax. Walpole had never met Rousseau, but he was well acquainted with Diderot and Grimm. The letter soon found wide publicity; Hume is believed to have been present, and to have participated in its creation. On 16 February 1766, Hume wrote to the Marquise de Brabantane: "The only pleasantry I permitted myself in connection with the pretended letter of the King of Prussia was made by me at the dinner table of Lord Ossory." This letter was one of the reasons for the later rupture in Hume's relations with Rousseau.
In Britain
On 4 January 1766 Rousseau left Paris along with Hume, the merchant De Luze (an old friend of Rousseau), and Rousseau's pet dog Sultan. After a four-day journey to Calais, where they stayed for two nights, the travelers embarked on a ship to Dover. On 13 January 1766 they arrived in London. Soon after their arrival, David Garrick arranged a box at the Drury Lane Theatre for Hume and Rousseau on a night when the King and Queen also attended. Garrick was himself performing in a comedy by himself, and also in a tragedy by Voltaire. Rousseau became so excited during the performance that he leaned too far and almost fell out of the box; Hume observed that the King and Queen were looking at Rousseau more than at the performance. Afterwards, Garrick served supper for Rousseau, who commended Garrick's acting: "Sir, you have made me shed tears at your tragedy, and smile at your comedy, though I scarce understood a word of your language."
At this time, Hume had a favorable opinion of Rousseau; in a letter to Madame de Brabantane, Hume wrote that after observing Rousseau carefully he had concluded that he had never met a more affable and virtuous person. According to Hume, Rousseau was "gentle, modest, affectionate, disinterested, of extreme sensitivity". Initially, Hume lodged Rousseau in the house of Madam Adams in London, but Rousseau began receiving so many visitors that he soon wanted to move to a quieter location. An offer came to lodge him in a Welsh monastery, and he was inclined to accept it, but Hume persuaded him to move to Chiswick. Rousseau now asked for Thérèse to rejoin him.
Meanwhile, James Boswell, then in Paris, offered to escort Thérèse to Rousseau. (Boswell had earlier met Rousseau and Thérèse at Motiers; he had subsequently also sent Thérèse a garnet necklace and had written to Rousseau seeking permission to occasionally communicate with her.) Hume foresaw what was going to happen: "I dread some event fatal to our friend's honor." Boswell and Thérèse were together for more than a week, and as per notes in Boswell's diary they consummated the relationship, having intercourse several times. On one occasion, Thérèse told Boswell: "Don't imagine you are a better lover than Rousseau."
Since Rousseau was keen to relocate to a more remote location, Richard Davenport—a wealthy and elderly widower who spoke French—offered to accommodate Thérèse and Rousseau at Wootton Hall in Staffordshire. On 22 March 1766 Rousseau and Thérèse set forth for Wootton, against Hume's advice. Hume and Rousseau would never meet again. Initially Rousseau liked his new accommodation at Wootton Hall, and wrote favorably about the natural beauty of the place, and how he was feeling reborn, forgetting past sorrows.