Sankara
Al'umma Da Al'adu
Al'umma da al'adu Duk da cewa cututtuka da yawa (kamar gazawar zuciya) na iya samun hasashen mafi muni fiye da mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji, ciwon daji shine batun tsoro da fargaba. Har ila yau ana amfani da lafazin “kananan rashin lafiya” na bayyana ciwon daji da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin tarihin mutuwa, maimakon sanya sunan cutar a sarari, yana nuna wani abin kunya da ya bayyana.[220] Har ila yau, ciwon daji ana kiransa "kalmar C";[221] [222] [223] Macmillan Cancer Support yana amfani da kalmar don kokarin rage tsoro game da cutar.[224]. A Najeriya, wani sunan gida na kansa da ake fassarawa zuwa Turanci zuwa “cutar da ba za a iya warkewa ba”[225]. Wannan imani mai zurfi cewa ciwon daji dole ne mai wuyar gaske kuma yawanci cuta mai kisa yana nunawa a cikin tsarin da al'umma suka zaba don tattara kididdigar ciwon daji: mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji-wanda ba melanoma ba, yana lissafin kusan kashi daya bisa uku na cututtukan daji a duniya, amma kadan kaɗan ne ke mutuwa[226][227]—ba a kebe su daga kididdigar ciwon daji musamman saboda ana samun saukin bi da su kuma kusan koyaushe ana warkar da su, sau da yawa a cikin hanya ɗaya, gajeriyar hanya.[228]. Tunanin yammacin duniya game da haƙƙin marasa lafiya ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa sun haɗa da alhakin bayyana cikakken yanayin lafiyar mutum, da hakkin shiga cikin yanke shawara tare ta hanyar mutunta kimar mutum. A wasu al'adu, an fi son sauran hakkoki da ƙima. Misali, yawancin al'adun Afirka suna daraja iyalai gaba daya maimakon dabi'a. A wasu sassa na Afirka, an fi sanin cutar da a makara ta yadda ba za a iya samun magani ba, kuma idan ana samun magani, za ta yi saurin ruguza iyali. A sakamakon wadannan dalilai, masu ba da kiwon lafiya na Afirka sukan bar 'yan uwa su yanke shawara ko, lokacin da kuma yadda za a bayyana cutar, kuma suna yin hakan sannu a hankali da da'ira, yayin da mutum ya nuna sha'awa da kuma ikon jure wa mummunan labari. [225] Mutane daga kasashen Asiya da Kudancin Amurka suma sun fi son a hankali, rashin gaskiya wajen bayyanawa fiye da yadda aka tsara a Amurka da Yammacin Turai, kuma sun yi imanin cewa wani lokaci zai fi kyau kada a ba da labarin cutar sankara.[225] ] Gabadaya, bayyana cutar ta ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake yi a karni na 20, amma ba a ba da cikakken bayanin hasashen ba ga yawancin marasa lafiya a duniya.[225] A Amurka da wasu al'adu, ana daukar cutar kansa a matsayin cuta da dole ne a "yaki" don kawo karshen "tashe-tashen hankula"; An ayyana Yaƙi akan Ciwon daji a Amurka. Misalai na soja sun zama ruwan dare musamman a cikin kwatancin illolin cutar kansa, kuma suna jaddada yanayin lafiyar majiyyaci da kuma buƙatar ɗaukar matakan gaggawa da kansa maimakon jinkirtawa, yin watsi ko dogara gaba ɗaya ga wasu. Ƙididdigar soja kuma suna taimakawa wajen tantance tsattsauran ra'ayi, magunguna masu lalata.[229][230] A cikin 1970s, wani sanannen madadin maganin ciwon daji a Amurka wani nau'i ne na maganin magana na musamman, bisa ra'ayin cewa mummunan hali ne ke haifar da kansa.[231] Mutanen da ke da "ɗabi'ar ciwon daji"-masu bakin ciki, dannewa, ƙiyayya da kuma tsoron bayyana motsin zuciyar su-an yi imani da cewa sun bayyana kansa ta hanyar sha'awar tunani. Wasu masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun ce maganin da zai canza tunanin majiyyaci game da rayuwa zai magance cutar kansa[231]. Daga cikin illolin, wannan imani ya baiwa al'umma damar zargin wanda aka azabtar da shi da ya haddasa cutar daji (ta hanyar "son" ta) ko hana maganinta (ta rashin zama cikakkiyar farin ciki, marar tsoro da ƙauna).[232]. Hakanan yana kara damuwa ga marasa lafiya, yayin da suka yi imani da kuskure cewa motsin rai na bakin ciki, fushi ko tsoro yana rage rayuwarsu.[232] Susan Sontag ta yi wa ra’ayin ba’a, wadda ta buga Illness as Metaphor yayin da take murmurewa daga maganin cutar kansar nono a 1978.[231]. Ko da yake ainihin ra'ayin yanzu gabaɗaya ana daukarsa azaman banza, ra'ayin wani kan pe